Datasets:

Seungjuhan

/

hover_full_wiki_pages_240918

like 0

Augustus_Jesse_Bowie_Jr.

<Infotable> Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. Augustus Jesse Bowie III looks over a portion of anelectrical switchhe designed for use atHoover Damin 1934. At the time of their manufacture, these 287kv switches were by far the world's largest. Born: Augustus Jesse Bowie III(1872-12-10)December 10, 1872San Francisco, California, U.S Died: June 22, 1955(1955-06-22)(aged 82)San Francisco, California, U.S Known for: Inventing and supplying (via the Bowie Switch Company) large-capacity electrical switches that made mass electrification possible in the Western United States </Infotable> Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. (December 10, 1872 – June 22, 1955, birth name Augustus Jesse Bowie III) was a pioneering American technology engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. His early innovations in large-capacity [electrical switches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch), including the 1000lb. [287Kv disconnecting switch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disconnector), were important in the spread of electrification on the West Coast of the United States during the 1910s-1920s, and became essential to the [New Deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal)'s mass-scale [rural electrification efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act) in the 1930s. Bowie was an 1896 graduate of the engineering program at [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT) in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston), the region of the United States was the center of innovation in and promulgation of electrification, which was primarily oriented towards centralized urban office/industrial use. Bowie, however, was born and bred in the [San Francisco bay area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_bay_area) of [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California), and his mass electrification innovations were put into use in that geographically spread out region first, allowing for the building of an [electrical grid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid) that would spawn a decentralized regional culture of technological innovation; a region eventually recognized as [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley). Bowie leveraged his many patents in business as the founder of San Francisco's Bowie Switch Company, located in the waterfront [Dogpatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogpatch,_San_Francisco) district. The Bowie Switch Company would directly supply and implement his large-capacity switches for the [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco) metro area, [Hoover Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam), and [Grand Coulee Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam), among many others; and during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) the company expanded in order to produce switches for the U.S. war effort. More a businessman and inventor than an academic, Bowie's relative paucity of published writing outside electrical engineering journals (and his extensive legacy of patents) kept him largely unheralded outside electrical engineering circles following his death in 1955, despite his pivotal role in mass-scale electrification of the western United States and the bay area/Silicon Valley in particular. Early life and family Augustus Jesse Bowie III was born in San Francisco, California, and generally referred to himself as Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. He was the grandson of Dr. Augustus Jesse Bowie (Oct. 23, 1815 – July 6, 1887), a descendant of the [revolutionary period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution) Scottish [loyalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist) and Maryland plantation owner John Bowie. Dr. Bowie came to San Francisco in April 1849, lured by the booming economy of the [California Gold Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush). An experienced [orthopedic surgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic_surgeon) with the U.S. Navy as early as 1837, he set up a private practice in downtown San Francisco in 1851 and soon occupied a prominent place among San Francisco's arriviste elite. Named first surgeon at St. Mary's hospital&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1861 then Chair of Surgery in the Medical Department of the [University of the Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_(United_States)) in 1863, he was named to the then-new board of UC Regents in 1876. However, like his grandson AJ Bowie III, Dr. Bowie's lack of an academic publishing record kept him relatively under-recognized in historic terms. Augustus Jesse Bowie III's father, Augustus Jesse Bowie II (1845–1917) was Dr. Bowie's son, and was known as Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. (as his own son would be later). In 1863, Augustus Jesse Bowie II received the first Bachelor of Arts degree to be awarded by San Francisco's [St. Ignatius College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco), then went to Europe, receovog received a doctorate in engineering at [Heidelberg University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University) He returned to San Francisco with his German fiancée, Eliza Friedlander, and married her there in 1870. An experienced and widely published geologist, hydrologist, and mining engineer, Bowie II wrote treatises on mining in the Sierra and irrigation in the Central Valley that are still found in print, including the seminal ''A Practical Treatise on Hydraulic Mining in California'' (pub. 1885, i online at internet archive). Bowie II and Eliza Friedlander's's eldest son was Augustus Jesse Bowie III (born in San Francisco in 1872),. Education Like his father, Augustus Jesse Bowie III studied at Saint Ignatius College (now the [University of San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco)), following which he went east and entered [Harvard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College), graduating with honors and an A.B. in Mathematics in 1893. Bowie's coming of age and intellectual interests coincided with the biggest technological shift of the early 20th century – electrification. The locus of innovation in and promulgation of electrification in the United States was in the northeast, where the major players of this tech revolution were [Joseph Swan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Swan), [Thomas A. Edison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison), [Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla), and numerous others. After Harvard, Bowie III developed a strong interest in electrification and stayed in the Northeast, to pursue an S.B. in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering MIT. in 1896 he got. In his ensuing engineering and business career, Bowie III would generally identify himself by the same title as his father, Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. This was the name under which he would also patent his inventions and eventually establish his business. Early Career and Patents At some point following his graduation from MIT in 1896, A.J. Bowie III returned to California and took up residence in Sacramento, where he found work as an engineer with the [Sacramento Electric, Gas and Railroad Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company). Bowie was back in San Francisco by early 1906, where he filed his first patent application: a sophisticated electrical switch that would cleanly create a break in an electrical circuit, dramatically reducing the risk of damage to the electrical apparatus and/or the potential electrocution of the user. Only rudimentary means for such technology had existed up until this time. Application filed January 23, 1906. Serial No. 297,433. To all whom it may concern, Be it known that I, Augustus J. Bowie, Jr., a citizen of the United States, residing in San Francisco city and county, State of California, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Electrical Switches; and I do hereby declare the following to be and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same. This invention relates of electric switches; The object of the invention is to provide a switch which shall be durable and shall promptly and surely destroy arcs formed at a complete and perfect break in the circuit to be interrupted…. Between this start in 1906 and the 1920s, Bowie was busy inventing and patenting products that helped lay the groundwork for this wider-scale electrification, the majority of which were new designs that vastly improved the safety, efficiency, and capacity of electrical current transmission. Among the most important of these patents are: US 1110374 A: Filed 23 Jan. 1906, pub. 15 Sept. 1914, [Electrical Switch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_switch). US 982789 A: Filed 18 Apr. 1907, pub. 31 Jan. 1911, Electromagnetic Power Transmitting Mechanism. Power transmission mechanism comprising a positively driven primary element mounted on a rotatable main shaft, and a sec ondary element mounted on a rotatable counter-shaft, out of alignment with the main shaft and driven therefrom, said primary and secondary elements forming an electromagnetic inductive system involving a magnet having an air gap, and an energizing coil for said magnet, and an electric conductor interposed in said air gap. --Journal of Electricity, Power, and Gas, Jan-June 1911 US 1230372 A: Filed 9 Dec. 1909, pub. 19 Jun. 1917, [Electric Switch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_switch). US 1168595 A: Filed 26 Feb. 1910, pub. 18 Jan 1916, [Lightning-Arrester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_arrester). US 1287851 A: Filed 12 Mar. 1914, pub. 17 Dec 1918, [Electric-energy converter and meter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_converter). Bowie Switch Company and Electrification While George Roe's [California Electric Light Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company) had commenced electrification operations in San Francisco in 1879, with a capacity to light 21 lights, San Francisco did not realize a significant, widely available electrical capacity until over four decades later; partially as a result of the infrastructural devastation wrought by the earthquake of 1906. Demand for electricity, however, continued to grow exponentially. In 1920, the California Electric Light Company hosted hundreds of people (who were lined up around the block) in a showcase of the first all-electric model home, replete with dozens of new appliances that required electricity to function – electricity that was still not available in many parts of California, particularly rural areas and outlying suburbs. With the patents he created in the first two decades of the twentieth century, AJ Bowie III was poised to leverage the market potential of demand for electricity as electrification took full force. His eponymously named Bowie Switch Company had been successfully marketing his inventions since at least 1913 and operated a facility at 18th and Folsom Streets in San Francisco, and in 1926 the company moved to a newly built factory at 815 Tennessee Street in the [Dogpatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogpatch,_San_Francisco) neighborhood of San Francisco. The Bowie Switch Company building, a brick-faced [classic revival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Classical_architecture) style structure in the [utilitarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_follows_function) tradition, was designed by noted Swedish architect August J. Nordin, designer of the historic landmark [Swedish American Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafe_Du_Nord) on [upper Market Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_San_Francisco#Upper_Market). Built to integrate production with the newly emergent long-haul trucking industry, the Bowie Switch Company building was well-positioned to distribute its products to locales both local and national, including in rural areas that were not serviced by existing rail transport networks.: 4 This broad distributive capacity, combined with rapidly increasing demand for electrification, would prove to be instrumental in positioning the Bowie Switch Company squarely in the center of the [Franklin Delano Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt) administration's efforts in the [Rural Electrification Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act) and related major public works in the American West during the 1930s, including designing switches for the unprecedented amount of [hydropower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower) being generated by the newly built [Boulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam) and [Grand Coulee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam) Dams WPA Hydropower Projects (Boulder and Grand Coulee dams) Electrification in the United States' urban centers became standard during the 1920s and early 1930s, while rural and suburban electrification remained largely unrealized. This was in part due to U.S. political dynamics that discouraged the use of public funds for major infrastructure projects in favor of private development, and as rural electrification was yet to be proven a profitable endeavor private enterprise ventures were unconvinced of its viability. However, while the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression) was in full swing, the early 1930s saw the initiation of new, publicly funded programs under President Franklin D. Roosevelt to support electrification in rural America where there was both great need and great poverty. This activity culminated in a new [WPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration) program, the [Rural Electrification Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act) of 1935, which extended the electrification wave beyond urban centers and across the continental United States. The major infrastructural expansion of electrical capacity from these programs increased demand for Bowie III's products, and placed his company into an important position as a government contractor. As the 1930s began, low-voltage (2300 volt) electrical distribution systems were the standard, and they could only carry electricity about four miles before [voltage drop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_drop) rendered the remaining current useless for standard domestic applications. To increase the viability of high-voltage current carriage to rural and suburban areas (including outlying regions of Bowie's Bay Area home such as San Jose, Gilroy, Mountain View, Martinez, etc.), innovative (and often expensive) higher-voltage systems were needed to handle capacity for lines that would carry power over 40 miles from a station. For these new high-voltage systems, as well as centralized hydropower projects that generated unprecedented amounts of electrical current, the potential for injuries, explosions, and destruction of equipment was very high, so new high-capacity switches were required to be able to manage the power effectively and safely – the Bowie Switch Company was a locus for innovation and implementation of these switches, and the company kept very busy during the 1930s. One of Bowie's greatest achievements during this period were the innovative 287,000 volt (287kv) disconnecting switches, which at the time and for many years thereafter were by far the world's largest (in mass and capacity) and weighed over 1000 pounds each. These switches were designed for the enormous quantity of power generated by [Hoover Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam) and [Grand Coulee Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam), and were the only way to safely regulate the flow of electricity from the harsh environmental surroundings of their generation sites through power lines that had the capacity to carry electricity over 250 miles to urban, rural, and newly developing suburban areas. World War II and Post-War When the U.S. entered into [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) in 1941, the war effort further increased the demand for Bowie's products in both military and civilian capacities, particularly for the high voltage and safety controls (disconnecting switches) needed in the industrial-scale production of military goods, vehicles, weapons, and ships. In 1942 the Bowie Switch Co. added an assembly facility to the east, increasing the company's ability to manufacture goods at the scale and speed required by the military. On August 19, 1944, President Roosevelt issued [Executive Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)) 9466, which directed the Secretary of the Navy "to take possession of and operate the plants and facilities of certain machine shop companies" in San Francisco, one of the 99 temporarily nationalized industries was the Bowie Switch Company of San Francisco. While the managerial structure and employees of the Bowie Switch Company remained intact during this time, the company exclusively produced products to aid the war effort. Soon after the war's conclusion in 1945, the Bowie Switch Company (along with other temporarily nationalized industries) was brought back to full private control under A.J. Bowie Jr (A.J. Bowie III). However, by the end of the year Bowie sold Bowie Switch Company to the A.B. Chance Company of Moberly, Missouri; a sale which had been pending since 1941. At the time of sale in December 1945, the Bowie Switch Company employed approximately 70–100 people, and after the sale Bowie was kept on as a consulting engineer. World War II turned out to have been the apogee of the Bowie Switch Company, but under the ownership of A.B. Chance, it continued to produce electrical products until 1960 before ceasing operations. Legacy Augustus Jesse Bowie Jr. (AKA Augustus Jesse Bowie III) was one of the San Francisco Bay Area's earliest technology pioneers, and his invention, marketing, and production of groundbreaking disconnecting switch technology was a key component in the spread of electrification outside city centers on the American west coast. The early development of this capacity would prove to have a lasting impact in the rural areas of the state and the sprawling, decentralized [DIY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY) technology laboratory of the bay area suburbs that would eventually become known as [Silicon Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley) – a metaphorically appropriate outcome, given that the [binary code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code) underlying all digital technology is based on a series of switches. As noted earlier, Bowie was highly regarded and very influential in electrical engineering circles and was sought-after by planners as a top-flight engineer, but he was much more a businessman than an academic and was little-known outside his profession due to a relative lack of published materials (besides several articles in electrical engineering journals and his numerous patents). In 1913, Bowie married his close friend Esther Donnelly (who already had a six-year-old child); however, the couple had no children of their own and divorced in 1918. AJ Bowie Jr. (III) never remarried, and died on June 22, 1955, in Children's Hospital San Francisco at the age of 82. He is buried in Colma, California.

2024-09-18 17:23:47

The_Jungle_Book_(1994_film)

<Infotable> Rudyard Kipling'sThe Jungle Book Theatrical release poster byJohn Alvin Directed by: Stephen Sommers Screenplay by: Stephen SommersRonald YanoverMark Geldman Story by: Ronald YanoverMark Geldman Based on: The Jungle BookandThe Second Jungle BookbyRudyard Kipling Produced by: Edward S. FeldmanRaju Patel Starring: Jason Scott LeeCary ElwesLena HeadeySam NeillJohn Cleese Cinematography: Juan Ruiz Anchía Edited by: Bob Ducsay Music by: Basil Poledouris Productioncompanies: Vegahom EuropeBaloo ProductionsJungle Book Films[1] Distributed by: Walt Disney Pictures[2](throughBuena Vista Pictures Distribution; United States, United Kingdom,Benelux,Nordics)MDP Worldwide(International) Release date: December 25, 1994(1994-12-25) Running time: 111 minutes[3] Country: United States Language: English Budget: $30 million[4] Box office: $70 million </Infotable> [Jason Scott Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Scott_Lee) [Cary Elwes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Elwes) [Lena Headey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Headey) [Sam Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Neill) [John Cleese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cleese) December 25, 1994(1994-12-25) Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, also known as The Jungle Book, is a 1994 American [adventure film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film) co-written and directed by [Stephen Sommers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sommers), produced by [Edward S. Feldman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Feldman) and [Raju Patel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Patel), from a story by Ronald Yanover and Mark Geldman. It is a live-action adaptation of the [Mowgli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli) stories from [The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book) (1894) and [The Second Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book) (1895) by [Rudyard Kipling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling). Unlike its counterparts, the animal characters in this film do not talk. The film stars [Jason Scott Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Scott_Lee), [Cary Elwes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Elwes), [Lena Headey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Headey), [Sam Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Neill), and [John Cleese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cleese). Released on December 25, 1994, the film received generally positive reviews and grossed $70 million worldwide against a $30 million budget. It was distributed by [Buena Vista Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Motion_Pictures). In 2016, [Walt Disney Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures) produced and released its own live-action adaptation, [The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)), which was more similar and faithful to both Disney's 1967 animated feature film and Kipling's book. Plot During the [British rule in India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj), Mowgli is the five-year-old son of Nathoo, a widowed guide who is guiding an expedition in the jungle for fellow widower Colonel Geoffrey Brydon and his five-year-old daughter, Kitty. Shere Khan the tiger is stalking the group because fellow guide Buldeo and two other soldiers have been killing animals for sport, which is against the jungle law. Shere Khan attacks the camp at night, killing two of the soldiers and Nathoo, who dies trying to fight him off to defend Buldeo. In the chaos, Mowgli and his wolf cub, Grey Brother, are separated and presumed dead. Mowgli meets Bagheera the panther who leads him to the wolf pack and also befriends bear cub Baloo. Years later, a monkey steals a bracelet from Mowgli, which Kitty had given to him when they were children. Mowgli chases the monkey to an ancient city honoring [Hanuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman) which hosts piles of treasure. He battles and subdues Kaa the snake and is given the bracelet back by King Louie. Meanwhile, Kitty still resides in India with Brydon. She meets Mowgli again and does not recognize him, although he remembers her. Mowgli then arrives in the village, and Kitty recognizes him after seeing the bracelet. Mowgli is pursued by Captain William Boone, Kitty's suitor. After a chase, he is caught by Buldeo, who discovers that Mowgli has a dagger from Monkey City. Boone and his men imprison Mowgli and attempt to find out where he got the dagger, torturing him in the process. Kitty informs her father that the prisoner is Mowgli, though Brydon remains skeptical; Kitty and Brydon's friend, Dr. Plumford attempt to reintroduce Mowgli to the world of man. Boone learns from Buldeo and his friend Tabaqui about the legendary lost city and attempts to persuade Mowgli to show him the way. However, Mowgli refuses, citing that Boone does not keep the jungle law by killing animals for fun. Brydon later announces that Boone and Kitty are to be married. A heartbroken Mowgli returns to the jungle after Boone and his men treat him poorly; Kitty refuses to marry Boone following this, enabling Brydon to send her back to England. Boone, desperate to find the treasure, recruits fellow soldiers Wilkins and Harley, and they team up with Buldeo and Tabaqui. They attempt to capture Mowgli but fail and Baloo is shot while defending Mowgli. The men later ambush Kitty and her father with the help of bandits, who later are attacked by Bagheera and the wolves and Brydon is shot in the leg. The would-be treasure hunters hold Kitty and Brydon hostage as leverage for Mowgli to lead them to the treasure. At night, Shere Khan returns; Mowgli promises to protect Kitty and Brydon from him and escapes the next morning with Bagheera's aid. Harley gives chase, only to fall into quicksand and drown. The party continues their journey, Boone leaving behind a wounded Brydon, who is helped back to the village on an elephant courtesy of Mowgli. Later, Tabaqui decides that Mowgli is no longer needed and tries to murder him, only to die after falling from a cliff. As they near Monkey City, Wilkins becomes separated from the group and is mauled to death by Shere Khan. Inside the lost city, Buldeo attempts to shoot Mowgli but is entombed in a booby trap. Boone and Kitty make it to the treasure room, where Boone tries to kill Mowgli with a sword, though Mowgli injures him with a dagger and escapes with Kitty. Boone gathers treasure for himself, however his victory is cut short when Kaa kills him. Outside the ruins, Mowgli and Kitty are confronted by Shere Khan who roars at Mowgli. Mowgli roars back and Shere Khan sees him as a creature of the jungle, fulfilling a childhood dream of Mowgli's. Returning to the jungle, Mowgli and Kitty are delighted to find that both the lives of Brydon and Baloo have been saved by Dr. Plumford. Mowgli becomes lord of the jungle and begins a relationship with Kitty. Cast [Jason Scott Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Scott_Lee) as [Mowgli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli), a wild man who was orphaned at 5 years old and was raised by the animals in the jungle of India. Sean Naegeli as 5-year-old Mowgli [Cary Elwes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Elwes) as Captain William Boone, Kitty's suitor who desires the wealth of the ancient ruins and leads a mutiny in search of it. [Lena Headey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Headey) as Katherine "Kitty" Brydon, the feisty and benevolent daughter of Colonel Brydon who is also the childhood friend and romantic interest of Mowgli. Joanna Wolff as 5-year-old Kitty [Sam Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Neill) as Colonel Geoffrey Brydon, Kitty's firm but reasonable father who is the head of the British army stationed in India. He is also the narrator of the film. [John Cleese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cleese) as Dr. Julius Plumford, Colonel Brydon's friend who is the medical professional of Brydon's battalion and who assists Kitty in teaching Mowgli the ways of mankind. [Jason Flemyng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Flemyng) as Lieutenant John Wilkins, a soldier in Brydon's battalion and Boone's close friend. [Stefan Kalipha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Kalipha) as Buldeo, an outlaw who knows about the ancient ruins. He is also the man responsible for provoking Shere Khan and causing the death of Mowgli's father Nathoo. [Ron Donachie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Donachie) as Sergeant Harley, a brutish soldier who sides with Boone in the mutiny. [Anirudh Agarwal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anirudh_Agarwal) as Tabaqui, a ruthless jungle guide working for Boone. He shares the same name as a [golden jackal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal) in Kipling's stories, who was Shere Khan's henchman. [Faran Tahir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faran_Tahir) as Nathoo, Mowgli's father who served as a guide for Colonel Brydon until he was killed by Shere Khan. This was also Tahir's film debut. Sean Naegeli as 5-year-old Mowgli Joanna Wolff as 5-year-old Kitty Trained animals Casey as [Baloo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloo), a [black bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_black_bear) who was rescued by Mowgli as a cub and his best friend among the animals. Shadow as [Bagheera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheera), a wise [black panther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_panther) who took Mowgli to be raised by the wolves and watches over him. Shannon as [Grey Brother](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Brother), an [Indian wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wolf) that Mowgli had since childhood and has been his closest companion. Lowell as [King Louie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louie), an [orangutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan) who is the leader of a community of monkeys in the ancient ruins. Bombay as [Shere Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan), a fierce and vicious [Bengal tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger) who is the keeper of the jungle law. Unlike most versions where he is the main villain, this version of the character served as a neutral force of nature in the film. Kaa is portrayed by both a CGI and an animatronic [python](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(genus)), as well as a trained [green anaconda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_anaconda). Other trained animals include [monkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey), [Indian elephants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant), [camels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel), [horses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse), [zebus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebu), and [wolves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves). The sounds used for the monkeys were actually those of [chimpanzees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzee) and [siamangs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamang). KNB FX Group crew member Shannon Shea doubled for Baloo in certain shots in an animatronic bear suit. Production Pre-production Raju Patel, an Indian producer, figured the 100th anniversary of Kipling's "Jungle Book" stories publication should be commemorated with a film adaptation. On June 7, 1993, [The Walt Disney Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) secured distribution rights for the film in the United States, the United Kingdom, the [Nordics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries), and [Benelux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux), in exchange for providing half of the production budget and funding, estimated between $15 and 20 million. In other countries, [MDP Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDP_Worldwide) ([Mark Damon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Damon)'s company) was the sales agent for the film rights. Disney chairman [Jeffrey Katzenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg) saw the potential of adapting the [animated classic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)) and assigned Ronald Yonver and Mark Geldman to write the project. Dissatisfied with these scripts, one of which was 180 pages long with no dialogue for the first 70 pages, Katzenberg handed the project to [Stephen Sommers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sommers) after being satisfied with his work on [The Adventures of Huck Finn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Huck_Finn_(1993_film)). Sommers, who is a huge fan of the original animated film and various jungle adventure films, was eager to do a lush, romantic adventure and to show the beauty of the jungle. Executives were stunned by Sommers' decisions for the project as some were expecting an exact recreation of the original animated film and others wanted a teen romance to be the main focus. Casting [Jason Scott Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Scott_Lee) was Sommers' only choice for [Mowgli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli). Disney executives labeled him as "too old" for the role until Sommers convinced them that he would be a much more believable leading man than an unknown teenager. Lee was also cast because the animals reacted to him the best. Sommers and his crew did try to cast actors in India, but due to [Bollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood) guidelines, their schedules and limits on the number of films they could work on restricted their involvement. However, they were able to cast [Stefan Kalipha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Kalipha) and [Anirudh Agarwal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anirudh_Agarwal) before they agreed to any Bollywood productions. The casting of [Cary Elwes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Elwes) as Captain William Boone, [Lena Headey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Headey) as Kitty Brydon, and [Sam Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Neill) as Colonel Geoffrey Brydon soon followed. Neill, in particular, found himself drawn to the role as he comes from a long line of family who served in the British Army during the [Raj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj). The role of Dr. Julius Plumford was always written for [John Cleese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cleese) but Sommers was discouraged that Cleese would never accept it. Cleese agreed to the role after he received the script and fell in love with it. [Jason Flemyng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Flemyng) made his film debut with this film and his role grew after Sommers instantly bonded with him. Animals For the principal animal actors, a male [black bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear) named Casey was chosen to play a role of [Baloo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloo), a male [panther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_panther) named Shadow was chosen to play [Bagheera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheera), a purebred female [wolf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf) named Shannon was chosen to play [Grey Brother](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Brother), a male [tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger) named Bombay was chosen to play [Shere Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan), and a male [orangutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan) named Lowell was chosen to play [King Louie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louie). Lowell was the only animal to play his character all the way through and, according to Sommers, was the easiest and most entertaining animal to work with. Sommers did not want the animal characters to speak like in the animated film and had them perform with the actors and exhibit natural behavior as much as possible. In total, 52 animals including tigers, leopards, bears, wolves, elephants, bulls, monkeys, and horses appear in the film. Filming Filming in [Jodhpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur) in India took eight weeks and included scenes with [rhesus macaques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_macaque) and [Asian elephants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant). Indoor scenes like the lost treasure city set were shot on sound stages in [Bombay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai). The jungles in India did not have the exact rainforest look envisioned by the filmmakers, so the jungle scenes were mostly shot in [Fripp Island, South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fripp_Island,_South_Carolina) (scenes featuring Bagheera and Shere Khan) as well as [Ozone Falls State Natural Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Falls_State_Natural_Area) and [Fall Creek Falls State Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Creek_Falls_State_Park) in [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee) (scenes featuring Baloo and the wolf pack). Scenes featuring Lowell were shot in a [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles) studio against a blue screen due to the production not being able to bring him to India. One of the Asian elephants in the production was named Shirley, and she lived at [Wild Adventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Adventures) Theme Park in [Valdosta, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdosta,_Georgia). Score While electronics dominated most of his work during the early 1990s, composer [Basil Poledouris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Poledouris) returned to his symphonic roots for his score to the film. Most European versions of [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Records)'s official CD release include "Two Different Worlds", a pop song performed by [Kenny Loggins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Loggins). <Infotable> The Jungle Book (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Film scorebyBasil Poledouris Released: December 13, 1994 Genre: Soundtrack Length: 48:20 Label: Milan Records </Infotable> Release The film was released in theaters on December 25, 1994. Home media The film was released by [Buena Vista Home Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment) on [VHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS) and LaserDisc on May 19, 1995. Disney also released the film on [DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD) on January 15, 2002. Reception Critical response On [review aggregator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator) website [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes), the film received an [approval rating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approval_rating) of 80% based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book may not hew as closely to the book as its title suggests, but it still offers an entertaining live-action take on a story best known in animated form." The film was well received, with praise for its performances, action, and visuals, but it was also chided for not staying true to Kipling's work, even though his name remains in the title. Most notably, [Roger Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert) of [The Chicago Sun-Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Sun-Times) shared this sentiment. He said the film "has so little connection to Rudyard Kipling or his classic book that the title is beyond explanation." The sweet innocence of Kipling's fables about a boy who learns to live among the animals is replaced here by an "Indiana Jones" clone, an action thriller that Kipling would have viewed with astonishment. He goes on to say that it is a good film, awarding it three stars out of four, but it does not fit its target audience; some "scenes are unsuitable for small children, and the 'PG' rating is laughable." Brian Lowry of [Variety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) said that "technically, Jungle Book is an encyclopedia of wonders, from the dazzling scenery (shot largely in Jodhpur, India), cinematography, costumes and sets, to the animals, who frequently out-emote their two-legged counterparts. Even so, Book may have been more effective had its story stayed on one page." Rita Kempley from [The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) was more favorable, stating that "the narrative shifts from romance to adventure the way Cheetah used to hop from foot to foot, but Sommers nevertheless delivers a bully family picture." Box office The film grossed $43.2 million in the United States and Canada. Internationally it grossed $27.5 million for a worldwide total of $70.7 million. Accolades The film was nominated for Excellence in Media's 1994 Golden Angel Award for Best Motion Picture. It was also nominated for [Best Action, Adventure or Thriller Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Action_or_Adventure_Film) at the [Saturn Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Awards). Year-end lists Honorable mention – Betsy Pickle, [Knoxville News-Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_News-Sentinel) Top 18 worst (alphabetically listed, not ranked) – Michael Mills, [The Palm Beach Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post) Video game The film was adapted into a 1996 video game, which includes clips from the film, while providing an original story and new characters. The game follows the player in their quest to save the jungle. Soldiers have stolen King Louie's crown and the player must recover it to prevent the jungle from losing its magic. The player is aided by a Scotsman named Ilgwom ("Mowgli" spelled backwards) and his [chimpanzee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee) Lahtee, while also guided by a spirit made from Mowgli's memories.

2024-09-18 16:11:19

Monuments_to_an_Elegy

<Infotable> Monuments to an Elegy Studio albumbyThe Smashing Pumpkins Released: December 9, 2014(2014-12-09) Recorded: March–July 2014 Genre: Alternative rock[1][2]pop rock[3]synth-pop[4] Length: 32:35 Label: Martha's Music Producer: Billy CorganHoward WillingJeff Schroeder The Smashing Pumpkinschronology Oceania(2012)Monuments to an Elegy(2014)Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun.(2018) Oceania(2012) Monuments to an Elegy(2014) Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun.(2018) Oceania(2012) Monuments to an Elegy(2014) Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun.(2018) SinglesfromMonuments to an Elegy "Being Beige"Released: October 20, 2014"One and All (We Are)"Released: November 5, 2014"Drum + Fife"Released: November 20, 2014"Run2me"Released: October 23, 2015 </Infotable> [Alternative rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock) [pop rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock) [synth-pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop) [Billy Corgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Corgan) Howard Willing [Jeff Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Schroeder) "[Being Beige](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_Beige)"Released: October 20, 2014 "[One and All (We Are)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_and_All_(song))"Released: November 5, 2014 "[Drum + Fife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_%2B_Fife)"Released: November 20, 2014 "[Run2me](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run2me)"Released: October 23, 2015 Monuments to an Elegy is the ninth studio album by American [alternative rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock) band [The Smashing Pumpkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins), released on December 9, 2014 on Martha's Music. Band leader [Billy Corgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Corgan) noted that—like the band's previous release, [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(The_Smashing_Pumpkins_album))—the album is part of the 34-track music project, [Teargarden by Kaleidyscope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teargarden_by_Kaleidyscope). [[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] It turned out to be the last part of the series due to cancellation of the project in 2018. Corgan and guitarist [Jeff Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Schroeder) recorded the album as a duo, with [Mötley Crüe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe)'s [Tommy Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee) adding drum parts. This was the last album before the return of original guitarist [James Iha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Iha) and drummer Chamberlin in 2018. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics, but sold poorly compared to the band's previous albums, peaking at number 33 in the U.S. and number 59 in the U.K., thus making it (at the time) their lowest charting album in both regions since their debut, [Gish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gish) (1991). Background On March 25, 2014, the band announced that they had signed a record deal with record label [BMG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group). The band's next two albums would be part of the deal: Monuments to an Elegy and Day for Night. On April 29, The Smashing Pumpkins' frontman [Billy Corgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Corgan) stated that the band had chosen the top songs for the album, and that they would be spending the following three days on [drum tracking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit), vocal arrangements, lyrics and tweaking of the songs. Corgan described the album's planned sound as being "guitars, guitars, guitars, and more guitars; but more so on the epic side of things than say, grossly metallic." On May 7, it was announced that [Tommy Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee), founding member of [Mötley Crüe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe), would be playing drums on all nine of the album's tracks. According to Corgan, [Jeff Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Schroeder) was the only person apart from himself officially in the Smashing Pumpkins, and that [Mike Byrne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Byrne_(musician)) and [Nicole Fiorentino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Fiorentino) were no longer working with the group in any capacity. On July 21, Billy Corgan indicated that recording on Monuments to an Elegy had finished. Mixing for the album commenced on August 18. The album's final release date was announced as December 9. To the suggestion that Monuments… is "a very Smashing Pumpkins-like album", Corgan responded, "I think people are hearing an emotional quality that reminds them of [something in the past](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_Dream). By extension, they assume I'm trying to get back there. But the truth is the opposite – I stopped trying to avoid it. I went off to have this [Hermann Hesse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse)-style spiritual journey through different sounds and subcultures. And then I came home, and allowed myself to make the music I might naturally make." Release and promotion The album's first single, "[Being Beige](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_Beige_(song))", was premiered on [SoundCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud) on October 20. On November 4, it was revealed that the album's next single would be "One and All", and that it would be released on November 5. On November 17, it was announced that, by preordering the album through participating record stores, you can get a free Monuments to an Elegy sampler, which includes the two previously released singles and the as-of-yet not released "Tiberius". Later that day, "Tiberius" was premiered on [Vice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)). On November 20, it was announced that the album's next single would be "[Drum + Fife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_%2B_Fife)", which was released on November 21. On December 2, one week before the physical release, the album was made available for full streaming on [iTunes Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Radio). The band toured in support of the album starting on November 26, with [Rage Against the Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine)'s [Brad Wilk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wilk) filling in on drums and [The Killers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killers)' [Mark Stoermer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stoermer) filling in on bass, although Corgan indicated that Wilk and Stoermer may only play at a select set of early shows in their tour. The band promoted the album on [Jimmy Kimmel Live!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!) on December 10, 2014. They played lead single "[Being Beige](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_Beige)". Reception <Wikitable> Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic? 6.6/10[27] Metacritic 70/100[28] Review scores Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [29] Chicago Tribune [30] Classic Rock [31] Consequence of Sound B−[32] DIY [33] The Guardian [34] NME 7/10[35] Pitchfork 6.0/10[36] Rolling Stone [4] Uncut 8/10[28] </Wikitable> The album earned generally positive reviews. At [Metacritic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic), which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, it holds an [average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_mean) score of 70 out of 100, which indicates "generally favorable", based on 31 reviews. "Nine ass-booting pop metal [bullets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_with_Butterfly_Wings) with [SR-71 Blackbird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird) wings," marvelled Classic Rock. "It's not just the most svelte, direct and immediate Pumpkins album ever, it's the most misleadingly titled – these are no funeral dirges, but songs of redemption, recovery and romance, drizzled with [synth-pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop) and hooks that could send [Cloverfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover_(creature)) to [the canvas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_ring)." [DIY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_(magazine)) stated the album "...is certainly the easiest Pumpkins record to listen to since their original reformation in 2006. It acts as something of a midpoint in sound between [Siamese Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_Dream) and 2003's [Zwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwan) album, [Mary Star of the Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Star_of_the_Sea_(album)). This brevity helps to make it such an effortless listen." [Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone)'s Kory Grow described it as a "deep dive into synth pop", and "a surprise" yet authentic because of "Corgan's characteristically acid vocals". Track listing All tracks are written by Billy Corgan Personnel The Smashing Pumpkins [Billy Corgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Corgan) – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards and synthesizers [Jeff Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Schroeder) – guitar Additional musicians [Tommy Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee) – drums Sstaria (Sheri Shaw) – backing vocals on "Anaise!" Production [David Bottrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bottrill) – [mixing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)) Nikola Dokic – 2nd Engineer Smiley Sean – 2nd Engineer Jonathan DeRing – Assistant Engineer [Howie Weinberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Weinberg) – [mastering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering) Sam Wiewel – 2nd Engineer Howard Willing – production Charts <Wikitable> Chart (2014) Peak position Australian Albums (ARIA)[37] 55 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[38] 136 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[39] 142 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)[40] 94 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[41] 62 Italian Albums (FIMI)[42] 95 Irish Albums (IRMA)[43] 83 Scottish Albums (OCC)[44] 60 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[45] 33 UK Albums (OCC)[46] 59 UK Independent Albums (OCC)[47] 3 US Billboard 200[48] 33 US Independent Albums (Billboard)[49] 1 US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)[50] 2 US Top Rock Albums (Billboard)[51] 6 </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 22:39:24

These_Days_(Foo_Fighters_song)

<Infotable> "These Days" SinglebyFoo Fighters from the albumWasting Light Released: November 1, 2011[1] Genre: Alternative rock,post-grunge Length: 4:58 Label: RCA Songwriter(s): Dave GrohlTaylor HawkinsNate MendelChris ShiflettPat Smear Producer(s): Butch Vig Foo Fighterssingles chronology "Arlandria"(2011)"These Days"(2011)"Bridge Burning"(2012) "Arlandria"(2011) "These Days"(2011) "Bridge Burning"(2012) "Arlandria"(2011) "These Days"(2011) "Bridge Burning"(2012) Music video These DaysonYouTube </Infotable> [Dave Grohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl) [Taylor Hawkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hawkins) [Nate Mendel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Mendel) [Chris Shiflett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Shiflett) [Pat Smear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Smear) "These Days" is the fourth single, (fifth in the United Kingdom), from the American [rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music) band [Foo Fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters)' seventh studio album [Wasting Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasting_Light). It was written by [Dave Grohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl) and co-produced by [Butch Vig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Vig). Dave Grohl has stated that it is his favorite song that he has ever written. On August 18, 2012, the Foo Fighters performed "These Days" at [Pukkelpop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukkelpop), as a tribute to the people who either died or were injured there a year earlier, due to a violent thunderstorm that raged over the festival grounds. Music video The official video was released on January 30, 2012. The video featured live shots from their June 2011 Milton Keynes performances, Australian and New Zealand tour. It was directed by [Wayne Isham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Isham). Reception The writers of [Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone) magazine named it the fourth best single of the year. As of April 9, 2012 "These Days" spent sixteen weeks on the Australian Singles Chart, and was certified gold in Australia. Charts Weekly charts <Wikitable> Chart (2011–12) Peak position Australia (ARIA)[4] 60 Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)[6] 10 Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[7] 63 Canada Rock (Billboard)[8] 1 Czech Republic Modern Rock (IFPI)[9] 8 Mexico Ingles Airplay (Billboard)[10] 37 UK Singles (OCC)[11] 169 UK Rock & Metal (OCC)[12] 4 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[13] 11 US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)[14] 2 </Wikitable> Year-end charts <Wikitable> Chart (2012) Position US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[15] 2 </Wikitable> Certifications <Wikitable> Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA)[16] Platinum 70,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. </Wikitable> ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

2024-09-18 22:50:25

Dan_&quot;OGRE_1&quot;_Ryan

The requested page title is invalid. It may be empty, contain [unsupported characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_name#Technical_restrictions_and_limitations), or include a non-local or incorrectly linked [interwiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking) prefix. You may be able to locate the desired page by searching for its name (with the interwiki prefix, if any) in the search box. Possible causes are: an attempt to load a [URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator) such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/|](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%7C) (the | character is unsupported); an attempt to load a URL pointing to a "non-local" interwiki page (usually those not run by the Wikimedia Foundation). For example, the URL [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meatball:WikiPedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meatball:WikiPedia) will give this error, because the "meatball:" interwiki prefix is not marked as local in the interwiki table. Certain interwiki prefixes are marked as local in the table. For example, the URL [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meta:Main_Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meta:Main_Page) can be used to load meta:Main_Page. All interlanguage prefixes are marked as local, and thus URLs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Accueil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Accueil) will work as expected. However, non-local interwiki pages can still be accessed by interwiki linking or by entering them in the search box. For example [[meatball:WikiPedia]] can be used on a page, like this: meatball:WikiPedia. Return to [Main Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).

2024-09-18 22:28:03

Comeback_(album)

Comeback, The Comeback or Come Back may refer to: General [Comeback (publicity)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(publicity)), a return to prominence by a well-known person [Comeback (retort)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(retort)), a witty response to an insult or criticism [Comeback (sports)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(sports)), an event where an athlete or team losing a contest by a wide margin ultimately prevails [The Comeback (American football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(American_football)), a 1993 NFL playoff game between the Buffalo Bills and the Houston Oilers [Comeback (sheep)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(sheep)), a breed of domestic sheep [Comeback sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_sauce), a dipping sauce for fried foods or as a salad dressing in the cuisine of central Mississippi [The Comeback Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_Seattle), a defunct gay bar in Seattle, Washington, U.S. [The Comeback (American football)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(American_football)), a 1993 NFL playoff game between the Buffalo Bills and the Houston Oilers Film [The Comeback (1978 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(1978_film)), also known as The Day the Screaming Stopped, a British horror film [The Comeback (1980 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(1980_film)), a documentary about Arnold Schwarzenegger [The Comeback (2001 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(2001_film)), an Italian independent drama film [The Comeback (2010 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(2010_film)), aka Cabotins, a Canadian comedy film directed by Alain Desrochers [The Comeback (2015 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(2015_film)), a Filipino independent comedy film by Ivan Andrew Payawal starring Kaye Abad [Comeback (film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(film)), a 1982 film starring Eric Burdon [Comeback (1983 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(1983_film)), or Love Is Forever, a film by Hall Bartlett, starring Michael Landon [The Comebacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comebacks), a 2007 comedy film [Come-Back!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come-Back!), a 1981 Dutch film Music [Comeback (K-pop)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(K-pop)), a Korean pop music marketing term for promotions of an artist's single or album that is not their debut Albums [Comeback (Eric Burdon album)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(Eric_Burdon_album)), 1982 [Comeback (Tic Tac Toe album)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(Tic_Tac_Toe_album)), 2006 [The Comeback (Zac Brown Band album)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(Zac_Brown_Band_album)), 2021 [The Comeback (EP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(EP)), by Stars, 2001 [Comeback: Single Collection '90–'94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback:_Single_Collection_%2790%E2%80%93%2794), by Bonnie Tyler, 1994 The Comeback, by [Baby Rasta & Gringo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Rasta_%26_Gringo), 2008 Songs ["Come Back" (Chicane song)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back_(Chicane_song)), 2010 ["Come Back" (Jessica Garlick song)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back_(Jessica_Garlick_song)), 2002 ["Come Back" (The J. Geils Band song)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back_(The_J._Geils_Band_song)), 1980 ["Comeback" (Ella Eyre song)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(Ella_Eyre_song)), 2014 ["Comeback" (Grinspoon song)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(Grinspoon_song)), 2009 ["The Comeback" (song)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(song)), by Danny Gokey, 2017 "Come Back", by Algebra from [Purpose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpose_(Algebra_album)) "Come Back", by Bananarama from [Wow!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_(Bananarama_album)) "Come Back", by Ben Platt from [Reverie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverie_(Ben_Platt_album)) "Come Back", by Depeche Mode from [Sounds of the Universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_of_the_Universe) "Come Back", by Foo Fighters from [One by One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_by_One_(Foo_Fighters_album)) "Come Back", by [iamnot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamnot) "Come Back", by [Johnny Mathis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mathis_discography#Singles) "Come Back", by Lazlo Bane from [Back Sides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Sides) "Come Back", by [The Mighty Wah!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mighty_Wah!) "Come Back", by Pearl Jam from [Pearl Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam_(album)) "Come Back", by Usher featuring Jermaine Dupri from [My Way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Way_(Usher_album)) "Come Back (Before You Leave)", by Roxette from [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_(Roxette_album)) "Comeback", by Eric Burdon from [Power Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Company_(album)) "Comeback", by Jonas Brothers from [Happiness Begins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_Begins) "Comeback", by Kelly Rowland from [Ms. Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Kelly) "The Comeback", by Big Pooh from [The Delightful Bars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Delightful_Bars) "The Comeback", by Gomez from [Bring It On](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_It_On_(Gomez_album)) "The Comeback", by Joe Williams from [Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie_Swings,_Joe_Williams_Sings) "The Comeback", by Shout Out Louds from [Howl Howl Gaff Gaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl_Howl_Gaff_Gaff) Television [Comeback (TV series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(TV_series)), a Czech sitcom [The Comeback (TV series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(TV_series)), a series produced by HBO The Comeback, a 1997 [TV series produced by Asia Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asia_Television_series) ["The Comeback" (Seinfeld)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(Seinfeld)), a 1997 episode of Seinfeld ["Comeback" (Glee)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(Glee)), a 2011 episode of Glee ["Comeback" (Land of the Giants)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(Land_of_the_Giants)), a 1969 episode of Land of the Giants Literature [The Comeback (novel)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(novel)), a 1985 novel by Ed Vega [The Comeback (play)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comeback_(play)), a 2020 comedy by Ben Ashenden and Alex Owen of the double act The Pin The Comeback, a play by [A. R. Gurney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Gurney)

2024-09-18 17:56:44

Live_Your_Life_(T.I._song)

<Infotable> "Live Your Life" SinglebyT.I.featuringRihanna from the albumPaper Trail B-side: "Collect Call" Released: September 8, 2008(2008-09-08) Recorded: August 2007 Genre: Hip hopR&Bpop[1] Length: 5:38(main version)4:01(radio edit) Label: Grand HustleAtlantic Songwriter(s): Dan BălanClifford HarrisMakeba RiddickJustin Smith Producer(s): Just BlazeCanei Finch T.I.singles chronology "Ready for Whatever"(2008)"Live Your Life"(2008)"Just Like Me"(2008) "Ready for Whatever"(2008) "Live Your Life"(2008) "Just Like Me"(2008) "Ready for Whatever"(2008) "Live Your Life"(2008) "Just Like Me"(2008) Rihannasingles chronology "Disturbia"(2008)"Live Your Life"(2008)"Rehab"(2008) "Disturbia"(2008) "Live Your Life"(2008) "Rehab"(2008) "Disturbia"(2008) "Live Your Life"(2008) "Rehab"(2008) Music video "Live Your Life"onYouTube </Infotable> [Hip hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music)[R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B)[pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music) 5:38 (main version)4:01 (radio edit) [Grand Hustle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hustle_Records)[Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records) [Dan Bălan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_B%C4%83lan)[Clifford Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.I.)[Makeba Riddick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeba_Riddick)[Justin Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Blaze) [Just Blaze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Blaze)Canei Finch "Live Your Life" is a song by American [rapper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping) [T.I.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.I.), featuring Barbadian singer [Rihanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna), from T.I.'s sixth studio album, [Paper Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Trail) (2008). It was released as the seventh [single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)) from the album on September 8, 2008. The song's lyrics speak of T.I.'s rise to fame and optimism of the future. It also gives dedication to the American troops fighting in [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War). The song both samples and [interpolates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)) the 2003 song "[Dragostea Din Tei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragostea_Din_Tei)" by [O-Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Zone). "Live Your Life" was a commercial success worldwide. In the United States, the song topped the [Billboard Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100), marking T.I.'s third number-one single, and Rihanna's fifth. The song also attained top ten placements in twelve other countries, reaching the top five in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, "Live Your Life" topped the US [Mainstream Top 40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40) and [Rap Songs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_Songs) charts and reached number two on the [Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs) chart. The song was T.I.'s highest charting and most successful single worldwide until "[Blurred Lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blurred_Lines)" in 2013. The song's accompanying music video, directed by [Anthony Mandler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mandler), depicts a story of T.I.'s rise to fame in a narrated form, featuring Rihanna performing in a dressing room and bar. The duo performed "Live Your Life" at the [2008 MTV Video Music Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_MTV_Video_Music_Awards). The song is featured in the 2009 film [The Hangover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hangover) as well as the trailer, the 2015 film [Daddy's Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy%27s_Home_(film)) and in the 2021 film [The Mitchells vs. the Machines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mitchells_vs._the_Machines). Background and release "Live Your Life" includes a sample of the chorus of the [O-Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Zone) song "[Dragostea Din Tei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragostea_Din_Tei)" at its beginning and ending, as well as an interpolation of the chorus, with English-language lyrics sung by Rihanna, at the beginning. The song was produced by [Just Blaze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Blaze) and [Makeba Riddick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeba_Riddick), and was written by T.I., Just Blaze (credited as Justin Smith) and Riddick. [Moldovan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova) singer-songwriter [Dan Bălan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Balan), who wrote "Dragostea Din Tei", is also credited as a writer. Of Rihanna's involvement, T.I. later stated, "It was a back and forth studio thing with Rihanna. I picked her. I was just able to 'hear' her voice on this record. I could hear her, so I reached out and she said, 'Yes,' thankfully." The first unfinished version of "Live Your Life" leaked onto the Internet on August 26, 2008. The official album version additionally contains Rihanna's own verse, and T.I.'s spoken-word introduction, in which he states, "Ay... This a special what's happenin' to all my, all my soldiers over there in Iraq. Errbody right here, what you need to do is be thankful for the life you got you know what I'm sayin'? Stop lookin' at what you ain't got, start and be thankful for what you do got. Let's give it to 'em baby girl". The radio edit lasts for a duration of 4:01, while the album version is 5:39 long, including extended verses from Rihanna. "Live Your Life" was released in the United States on September 23, 2008.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] A worldwide release of the song followed on September 26 as a digital download via [iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes). It was sent to US [rhythmic contemporary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary) radio on October 20, 2008. Critical reception Alex Fletcher of [Digital Spy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy) awarded "Live Your Life" two out of five stars saying, "While some will be charmed by T.I's well-meaning lyrics and Rihanna's hypnotic chorus hooks, others will find the mixture of samples and robotic effects grating. Our view? Well, hats off to Rihanna for finally taking time out from mining her [Good Girl Gone Bad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Girl_Gone_Bad) album, but it's a shame she had to waste her break on a naff novelty release like this." Weekly newspaper [The Village Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice) put "Live Your Life" at number 13 on their annual [Pazz & Jop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazz_%26_Jop) critics' poll in 2008; T.I.'s song "[Whatever You Like](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_You_Like_(T.I._song))" ended up at number 14 on the same poll. Chart performance North America In the United States, "Live Your Life" debuted at number 80 on the [Billboard Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) for the chart week of October 11, 2008. The song surged to number one the following week, setting a record for the highest jump to number one in history, a feat previously set by T.I. himself six weeks prior with his song "[Whatever You Like](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_You_Like_(T.I._song))", which jumped from number 71 to number one on the chart. However, this record was broken again the following week by [Britney Spears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears)' "[Womanizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanizer_(song))" that jumped from number 96 to one. The song marked T.I.'s second Hot 100 number one as a lead artist, and third overall, while it became Rihanna's fifth chart topper. With the latter, Rihanna became the first female artist to have five number ones in the 21st century. In addition, "Live Your Life" replaced "Whatever You Like" at number one on the Hot 100, making T.I. the ninth artist to replace themselves at number one in the history of the chart. "Whatever You Like" simultaneously occupied the number two position on the chart that week, marking the first time an artist has held the top two positions since [Akon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akon) in 2006. "Live Your Life" had three separate runs at number one on the Hot 100. Prior to this, the only other songs to have three separate turns at the top had been "[Le Freak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Freak)" by [Chic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_(band)) in late 1978 and early 1979 plus two other 2008 chart-toppers, [Leona Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona_Lewis)' "[Bleeding Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Love)" and T.I's own "Whatever You Like". For the issue dated December 6, 2008, "Live Your Life" topped the US [Pop Songs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Songs) chart, marking T.I.'s first ever number one single on the chart, and Rihanna's fourth. The single held the top spot for two non-consecutive weeks. The song also topped the [Rap Songs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_Songs) chart for ten consecutive weeks. The song entered the US [Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs) chart as the week's "Hot Shot Debut" at number 77. The following week, it rose to number 38. After ten weeks on the chart, the song made a final peak of number two, where it remained for ten consecutive weeks, being barred from the top spot by [Beyoncé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9)'s hit single "[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It))". The song was certified triple-platinum by the [RIAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA) and it has sold 4.7 million copies in the US. The song also peaked at number four on the [Canadian Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100). Oceania and Europe In New Zealand, "Live Your Life" debuted at number 23 on October 6, 2008. It entered the top ten in its third week on the chart, steadily rising over the following weeks culminating in its number two peak on December 8, 2008. The song was certified Platinum by the [Recording Industry Association of New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand) for sales of 15,000 copies. On the [Australian Singles Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts), the song debuted at number 48 on October 26, 2008. By its fourth week, it had reached the top ten of the chart. The song reached its peak of number three on December 21, where it remained for four consecutive weeks. It received a Platinum certification from the [Australian Recording Industry Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association) for sales of 70,000 copies. In the United Kingdom, "Live Your Life" entered the [UK Singles Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart) at number 39 for the week dated November 15, 2008. The following week, it surged to number two, automatically becoming T.I.'s highest-charting single in the country. It also gave Rihanna her sixth top two single on the chart. The song debuted at number three on the [Irish Singles Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart), giving T.I. his highest-charting single in the country. It also gave Rihanna her tenth top ten in the region. Music video The music video for "Live Your Life" was filmed in October 2008 in [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles) and was directed by [Anthony Mandler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mandler). The video, using the radio edit of the song, features both T.I. and Rihanna. It plays backwards, starting with the end of T.I.'s day. In the opening scene, T.I. is shown walking along the [Los Angeles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River) in a suit with bloody wounds culminating in the song beginning. It then goes into a series of underground shots of him with interspersed scenes of Rihanna in a dressing room. T.I. is then shown being thrown out of a car, in the Los Angeles river. The video then cuts again to the day with T.I. wearing the same suit seen earlier in the video, but undamaged. He then encounters a group of thugs whom he brawls with. The video then begins a different story arc, showing T.I. before he made his fortune, rapping in a recording studio and in front of a house playing dice and dominoes with friends. This portion of the video is interspersed with clips of the other story arc, such as showing T.I. with a briefcase full of money. He is then shown in the bathroom of a bar, before walking out into the bar passing Rihanna who has exited her dressing room. Rihanna performs on stage with a microphone while T.I. talks to a man saying "I want out."; the man replies by explaining that there is no getting out, not for him nor for the character that Rihanna plays. T.I slams the money briefcase down on the table and shows it to the man saying that "I'm done. I got myself here, I'll get myself out". Then he is seen walking into that same bar, in a flashback, with a CD in his hand. The man that T.I. spoke to earlier calls him over. This is a flashback showing T.I. trying to get a record deal. The last shot of the video takes place at around the same time as the first shot of the video. T.I. is walking down the [Los Angeles River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River), raising his hands triumphantly in the air with a bloodied and scarred face. The song's producer, [Just Blaze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Blaze), is briefly seen playing pool in the bar during the second verse and final chorus. Live performances T.I. performed the track with Rihanna at the [2008 MTV Video Music Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) on September 7, 2008, following a solo performance of "[Whatever You Like](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_You_Like)" prior. The track was included on the set list of Rihanna's [Last Girl on Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Girl_on_Earth) (2010–11) in a medley with Rihanna's own "[Wait Your Turn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_Your_Turn)", and the [Jay-Z](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z), Rihanna and [Kanye West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West) single "[Run This Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_This_Town)". It was also performed with "Run This Town" on Rihanna's [Loud Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud_Tour) (2011), promotional tour [777 Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna_777_Documentary..._7Countries7Days7Shows) (2012), [Rock in Rio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_in_Rio) performance (2015) and [Anti World Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_World_Tour) (2016). Awards <Wikitable> Year Ceremony Award Result 2009 ASCAP Pop Music Awards Most Performed Song Won 2009 BMI Urban Awards Award-Winning Songs Won 2009 Barbados Music Awards Best Collaboration Nominated 2009 BET Awards Best Collaboration Nominated 2009 BET Awards Video of the Year Nominated 2009 BET Awards Viewer's Choice Award Won 2009 BET Hip-Hop Awards Best Hip-Hop Collaboration Won 2009 BET Hip-Hop Awards Best Hip-Hop Video Won 2009 BET Hip-Hop Awards Track of the Year Nominated 2009 MTV Australia Awards Best Collaboration Won 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Collaboration Nominated 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Hip-Hop Video Nominated 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Best Male Video Won 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Artist Video Nominated 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Music: Hook Up Nominated 2010 ASCAP Pop Music Awards Most Performed Song Won 2010 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards Most Performed Song Won 2010 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards Song R&B/Hip-Hop Won 2010 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards Song Rap Won 2010 BMI Urban Awards Award-Winning Songs Won 2010 BMI Urban Awards EMI Music Publishing Won 2010 BMI Pop Awards Publisher of the Year Won 2010 BMI Pop Awards Award-Winning Songs Won 2010 People's Choice Awards Favorite Music Collaboration Nominated </Wikitable> Track listing Charts Weekly charts <Wikitable> Chart (2008–2009) Peak position Australia (ARIA)[21] 3 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[22] 5 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[23] 15 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[24] 19 Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[25] 4 CIS (TopHit)[26] 195 Croatia (HRT)[27] 2 Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[28] 6 Denmark (Tracklisten)[29] 15 Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[30] 4 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[31] 9 France (SNEP)[32] 17 Germany (Official German Charts)[33] 12 Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[34] 33 Ireland (IRMA)[35] 3 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[36] 5 Netherlands (Single Top 100)[37] 21 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[38] 2 Norway (VG-lista)[39] 6 Scotland (OCC)[40] 9 Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[41] 37 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[42] 6 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[43] 8 UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)[44] 1 UK Singles (OCC)[45] 2 US Billboard Hot 100[46] 1 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[47] 2 US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[48] 1 US Pop Airplay (Billboard)[49] 1 US Rhythmic (Billboard)[50] 1 </Wikitable> Year-end charts <Wikitable> Chart (2008) Position Australia (ARIA)[51] 45 Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[52] 98 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[53] 99 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[54] 83 UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[55] 38 US Billboard Hot 100[56] 37 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[57] 62 </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Chart (2009) Position Australia (ARIA)[58] 75 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[59] 71 Brazil (Crowley)[60] 39 Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[61] 24 Germany (Official German Charts)[62] 94 Hungary (Mahasz)[63] 144 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[64] 70 UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[65] 137 US Billboard Hot 100[66] 18 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[67] 17 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[68] 15 US Rhythmic (Billboard)[69] 10 </Wikitable> Decade-end charts <Wikitable> Chart (2000–2009) Rank Australia Singles (ARIA) [70] 81 US Billboard Hot 100 37 </Wikitable> All-time charts <Wikitable> Chart (1958–2018) Position US Billboard Hot 100[71] 202 </Wikitable> Certifications <Wikitable> Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA)[72] Platinum 70,000^ Italy (FIMI)[73] Gold 50,000‡ New Zealand (RMNZ)[74] Platinum 15,000* United Kingdom (BPI)[75] 2× Platinum 1,200,000‡ United States (RIAA)[76] 3× Platinum 4,700,000[11] United States (RIAA)[76] Mastertone Platinum 1,000,000^ * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. </Wikitable> * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history <Wikitable> Region Date Format Label(s) Ref. United States September 23, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [citation needed] Australia September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [77] Austria September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [78] Belgium September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [79] Canada September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [80] Denmark September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [81] Finland September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [82] France September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [83] Ireland September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [84] Italy September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [85] Mexico September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [86] Netherlands September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [87] New Zealand September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [88] Norway September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [89] Spain September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [90] Sweden September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [91] Switzerland September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [92] United Kingdom September 26, 2008 Digital download Atlantic [20] United States October 20, 2008 Rhythmic contemporary radio Def JamGrand HustleIsland Def JamAtlantic [3] United Kingdom November 24, 2008 CD Atlantic [93] </Wikitable> [Def Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings)[Grand Hustle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hustle_Records)[Island Def Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group)[Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records) Legacy Eventually after the song was released, official remixes were released with American rappers [Pitbull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)) and [Rick Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ross). In 2009, Nicki Minaj, Brinx and Busta Rhymes sampled "Live Your Life" on the song "[Mind on My Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_on_My_Money)". In the 2021 animated film [The Mitchells vs. the Machines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mitchells_vs._the_Machines), Rick Mitchell and his daughter Katie Mitchell sing in their remix.

2024-09-18 22:34:03

Maniac_(2011_film)

<Infotable> Maniac Promotional poster Directed by: Shia LaBeouf Written by: Shia LaBeoufKid CudiCage Produced by: Jeff BalisT. J. SakasegawaLorenzo Eduardo Starring: Shia LaBeoufKid CudiCage Cinematography: Phedon Papamichael Edited by: Justin Mitchell Music by: Scott MescudiDot da Genius Productioncompanies: Grassy SlopeRagin4DayzDilated Pixels Distributed by: Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment Release date: October 31, 2011(2011-10-31)(United States) Running time: 10 minutes Country: United States Language: French </Infotable> Jeff Balis T. J. Sakasegawa Lorenzo Eduardo Shia LaBeouf [Kid Cudi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Cudi) [Cage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(rapper)) Scott Mescudi [Dot da Genius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_da_Genius) Grassy Slope Ragin4Dayz Dilated Pixels October 31, 2011(2011-10-31) (United States) Maniac is an American [short](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film) [slasher film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slasher_film), directed by [Shia LaBeouf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf). It was released for free on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube), on October 31, 2011. The short film stars American rappers [Scott "Kid Cudi" Mescudi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Cudi) and [Chris "Cage" Palko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(rapper)) as [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language)-speaking [serial killers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer). Mescudi and Palko also co-wrote the film with LaBeouf. Synopsis A filmmaker ([Shia LaBeouf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf)) documents the exploits of two serial killers ([Scott Mescudi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Cudi) and [Chris Palko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(rapper))). Background [Shia LaBeouf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf) first directed a [music video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video) for New York-based rapper [Cage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(rapper)) in 2009, for his track "I Never Knew You": "I'm 22 and I'm directing my favorite rapper's music video," LaBeouf told [LA Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly) of the project, "This shit is better than riding unicorns." It was through that project that he met Cleveland-bred rapper [Kid Cudi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Cudi), which led to LaBeouf filming and directing Kid Cudi's video for "[Marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_(song))", which was shot at the 2010 [High Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Times) [Cannabis Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Cup) in [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam). LaBeouf subsequently went on to collaborate with Cudi and Cage on a [short film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film) titled MANIAC. Kid Cudi first spoke of the short film on March 5, 2011, via his [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter) feed, when he announced: "[the] maniac horror [short](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film) will be released on [halloween](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween), [rager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Rager) short this summer, [marijuana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana_(song)) video this spring. i got you guys, no worries." The short film was inspired by Cudi's song of the same name, from his 2010 album [Man on the Moon II: The Legend of Mr. Rager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_on_the_Moon_II:_The_Legend_of_Mr._Rager) and is an homage to the 1992 [Belgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) [black comedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy) crime mockumentary, [Man Bites Dog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Bites_Dog_(film)). In an interview with [Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)), Cudi went into detail about the short film, as he discussed how Shia LaBeouf reached out to him to do the project, playing the role of a killer, funding the video and why was it in French: "It was me creating the back story for this person in my mind. What you see just seems like senseless acts of crime happening but in my character’s mind it was always justified. When you watch it, it’s like, ‘Why are these things happening?’ You want answers but there's no answers really given. When I was in character, it was always justified for me." He also added "When it came time to shoot, it was as real as possible and you were scared of this character. I literally transformed into this person. I didn’t talk much on set, didn’t crack many jokes, I kept to myself." Release On June 3, 2011, Kid Cudi released the first [trailer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)) for the short film. On October 31, 2011, in the spirit of [Halloween](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween), Kid Cudi released the short film via [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube). Cast [Scott Mescudi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mescudi) as Twisted Killer [Chris Palko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(rapper)) as Dark Killer [Shia LaBeouf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf) as The Director Ron Ayers as Sound Man Ariel M. Carlson as Murdered Woman in Park Jeremy Cook as Pedestrian Erika Hoveland as Waitress Bill Lumbert as French Diner Stud Sydney Lumbert as Hallway Girl Melissa Marra as Restaurant Patron Eric Adam Swenson as Diner Patron Bryan Valko as Shotgun Murder Victim Laurie Valko as Murder Victim Johnny Marra as Restaurant Patron (uncredited)

2024-09-18 16:15:25

Garden_City,_New_York

<Infotable> Garden City, New York Village Incorporated Village of Garden City Garden City's town center in August 2017 FlagSeal Nickname:"Stewart's Folly" Location inNassau Countyand the state ofNew York Garden City, New YorkLocation on Long IslandShow map of Long IslandGarden City, New YorkLocation within the state of New YorkShow map of New York Coordinates:40°43′37″N73°38′59″W / 40.72694°N 73.64972°W /40.72694; -73.64972 Country: United States State: New York County: Nassau Towns: HempsteadNorth Hempstead Incorporated: 1919 Founded by: Alexander Turney Stewart Government •Mayor: Mary Carter Flanagan •Trustees: Trustees' List• Bruce J. Chester• Edward T. Finneran• Michele Beach Harrington• Charles P. Kelly• Lawrence N. Marciano, Jr.• Michael J. Sullivan• Bruce A. Torino Area[1] • Total: 5.36 sq mi (13.87 km2) • Land: 5.33 sq mi (13.80 km2) • Water: 0.03 sq mi (0.07 km2) Elevation: 89 ft (27 m) Population(2020) • Total: 23,272 • Density: 4,367.87/sq mi (1,686.39/km2) Time zone: UTC-5(Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST): UTC-4(EDT) ZIP Code: 11530 Area codes: 516, 363 FIPS code: 36-28178 GNISfeature ID: 0950875 Website: www.gardencityny.net </Infotable> • Bruce J. Chester• Edward T. Finneran• Michele Beach Harrington• Charles P. Kelly• Lawrence N. Marciano, Jr.• Michael J. Sullivan• Bruce A. Torino Garden City is a [village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)#Village) located in [Nassau County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York), on [Long Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island), in [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)), United States. The population was 23,272 at the time of the 2020 census. The Incorporated Village of Garden City is primarily located within the [Town of Hempstead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead,_New_York), with the exception being a small area at the northern tip of the village located within the [Town of North Hempstead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hempstead,_New_York). It is the Greater Garden City area's anchor community. History 19th century In 1869, Irish-born millionaire [Alexander Turney Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Turney_Stewart) bought a portion of the lightly populated [Hempstead Plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead_Plains). In a letter, Stewart described his intentions for Garden City: Having been informed that interested parties are circulating statements to the effect that my purpose in desiring to purchase the Hempstead Plains is to devote them to the erection of tenement houses, and public charities of a like character, etc. I consider it proper to state that my only object in seeking to acquire these lands is to devote them to the usual purposes for which such lands, so located, should be applied that is, open them by constructing extensive public roads, laying out the lands in parcels for sale to actual settlers, and erecting at various points attractive buildings and residences, so that a barren waste may speedily be covered by a population desirable in every respect as neighbour taxpayers and as citizens. In doing this I am prepared and would be willing to expend several millions of dollars. The central attraction of the new community was the [Garden City Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_Hotel). It was replaced by a new hotel in 1895, designed by the acclaimed firm of [McKim, Mead & White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White). This hotel was destroyed by fire in 1899 and then rebuilt and expanded, before being replaced again in 1983. The hotel still stands on the original grounds, as do many nearby [Victorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture) homes. Access to Garden City was provided by the [Central Railroad of Long Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_Long_Island), another Stewart project which he undertook at the same time. This railroad, in conjunction with the Flushing & North Side Railroad, ran from Long Island City through Garden City to Farmingdale (with a spur to the location of the Stewart's brickworks in Bethpage), and then to Babylon. It opened in 1873, with a branch to Hempstead. Stewart's wife, Cornelia, founded the Cathedral Schools of St. Paul (for boys) and St. Mary (for girls), [[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-12) a Bishop's Residence and the Gothic [Cathedral of the Incarnation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Incarnation_(Garden_City,_New_York)), which is today the center of the [Episcopal Diocese of Long Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Long_Island), as well as the final resting place of Alexander Turney Stewart and Cornelia Stewart. This elaborate memorial was completed in 1885. Mrs. Stewart died the following year. In 2008, the Cathedral of the Incarnation underwent a multimillion-dollar renovation and rehabilitation project, which was completed in 2012. Voters selected [Mineola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineola,_New_York) (in the town of North Hempstead) to be the county seat for the new county of Nassau in November 1898 (before Mineola incorporated as a village in 1906 and set its boundaries), winning out over Hicksville and Hempstead. The Garden City Company (founded in 1893 by the heirs of Alexander Turney Stewart) donated 4 acres (1.6 ha) of land for the county buildings just south of the Mineola train station and the present-day Incorporated Village of Mineola, in the Town of Hempstead. The land and the buildings have a Mineola postal address but are within the present-day village of Garden City, which did not incorporate, or set its boundaries, until 1919. The early village did well due to its proximity to Hempstead, which was at that time the commercial center of Long Island. In time, thanks to the railroad and to automobiles, as well, Garden City's population increased. In its early years, the press referred to Garden City as "Stewart's Folly" due to the lack of residents that Stewart had envisioned would populate his project. 20th century In 1910, [Doubleday, Page, and Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)), one of the world's most important publishers, moved its operations to the east side of Franklin Avenue and had its own train station called Country Life Press added nearby. The Doubleday company purchased much of the land on the west side of Franklin Avenue, and built estate homes for many of its executives on Fourth Street. In 1916, company co-founder and Garden City resident [Walter Hines Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page) was named [Ambassador to Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom). The area to the west of Garden City, named Garden City Estates, was established in 1907. It was merged with Garden City with both incorporated as the Village of Garden City in 1919. Garden City's growth promoted the development of many nearby towns, including [Stewart Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Manor,_New_York), [Garden City Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_Park,_New_York), [Garden City South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_South,_New_York) and [East Garden City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Garden_City,_New_York). The Village is home to three golf courses, the first having been laid out under the direction of [Devereux Emmet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devereux_Emmet) in 1896, now called the Garden City Golf Club. Subsequently, the now-named Cherry Valley Club (originally Salisbury Club) and Garden City Country Club were opened. For a short time in the late 1920s a fourth course existed, the Old Westbury Golf Club (initially the Intercollegiate Golf Club), east of Clinton Road. Aviation played a big role in the history of the Village. The Nassau Boulevard Aerodrome, west of the Estates section, hosted the Second International Aviation Meet in 1911, which featured the first official airmail service. Other airfields included the Washington Avenue Field and the Hempstead Aerodrome, which ultimately became Roosevelt Field before being replaced by the Roosevelt Field Mall in the 1950s. In the 1920s, the community continued to grow, with houses built in Garden City Estates as well as the eastern section of Garden City. Housing construction slowed after the [1929 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929). But in the 1930s, hundreds of houses were built to accommodate a population boom, though Garden City used a strict zoning code to preserve Stewart's vision. The Village retained a sense of orderly development, true to its rigorously planned roots. Starting in the 1930s many branches of well-known New York City stores, including [Best & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_%26_Co.), [Saks Fifth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue), [Bloomingdale's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s), and [Lord & Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor), opened along Franklin Avenue. All of these have subsequently closed due to relocation to nearby Roosevelt Field Mall or closure. The large buildings have been rebuilt as office spaces. After World War II, following a trend of urban residents moving to the suburbs, Garden City continued to grow. Post-war construction filled out the present borders of Garden City with many [split-level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-level_home) and [ranch-style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch-style_house) homes, with construction occurring in the town's far eastern, northern and western sections.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] The [Waldorf School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_education) of Garden City was founded in 1947 (one of the first Waldorf schools in the United States), originally as a part of [Adelphi University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_University). The village's [new public high school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_High_School_(New_York)) was also constructed in 1956, supplementing the original Cherry Valley school, which had opened in 1925. The flat expanse of the land adjacent to Garden City allowed its use for military activities. For the Civil War, Camp Winfield Scott existed, for the Spanish-American War of 1898, Camp Black was established, and for World War I in 1917, Camp Albert Mills occupied land in the southeast part of the village. Although Camp Mills was decommissioned after the war, the airbase [Mitchel Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchel_Air_Force_Base), which was established at the same time just east of the Village, existed until 1962. In the 1960s, The World discotheque in Garden City featured multi-media supplied by [USCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCO). In the 1970s, the old Garden City Hotel declared bankruptcy and subsequently closed, and was ultimately demolished in 1973. A new Garden City Hotel was constructed on the site of the old Garden City Hotel. In 1978, fifty of the original structures collectively known as the [A. T. Stewart Era Buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._T._Stewart_Era_Buildings) were designated a national [historic district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States) and listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places). In 1989, St. Paul's School also closed and in 1993 was purchased by the Village of Garden City, eventually designating St. Paul's and its property as "[park land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park). St. Mary's School, the sister school of St. Paul's, was demolished in 2002. Since then, six large single-family houses have been built on the property. The Garden City Public Library, first established in 1952 as a volunteer service, now serves its residents from its building erected in 1973. On December 7, 1993, the Long Island Rail Road's [Merillon Avenue station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merillon_Avenue_station), which is located within the village, was the location of the [Long Island Rail Road massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road_massacre) in which six people were murdered and 19 injured in a racially motivated mass shooting perpetrated by Colin Ferguson, a black Jamaican immigrant. 21st century Garden City lost 23 residents during the [September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks) on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. Every year on the anniversary of the attack, the Garden City Fire Department holds a remembrance ceremony. A bell tolls after the reading of each of the 23 residents' names, which are etched in the memorial monument stone on the Village Green. Geography According to the [U.S. Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau), the village has a total area of 5.3 square miles (14 km2), all land. The village lost some territory between the 1990 census and the 2000 census. Garden City is located approximately 18.5 miles (29.8 km) east of [Midtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan) [Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan) in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City).[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Greater Garden City area In addition to the Incorporated Village of Garden City, the Garden City 11530 ZIP code includes another incorporated village, [Stewart Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Manor,_New_York), as well as two unincorporated areas of the Town of Hempstead: [Garden City South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_South,_New_York) and [East Garden City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Garden_City,_New_York) – the latter of which was absorbed by the CDP of [Uniondale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York) in the 2010s. Demographics As of the [census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census) of 2020, 23,272 people lived in Garden City. The population density was 4,059.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,567.4/km2). The town included 7,715 housing units at an average density of 1,415.2 units per square mile (546.4 units/km2). The [racial makeup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census) of the village was 88.8% White, 1.1% African American, 0.0% Native American, 4.7% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.3% of the population. Garden City included 7,338 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were [married couples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage) living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.7% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.27. In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 20 to 24, 7.2% from 25 to 34, 42.6% over 45, 21.6% over 60 and 1.9% who were over the age of 85. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.1 males. As of the census of 2020, the median income for a household in the village was $186,607. The [per capita income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income) for the village was $83,823. Government As of April 2023, the Mayor of Garden City is Mary Carter Flanagan and the Village Trustees are Bruce J. Chester, Edward T. Finneran, Michele Beach Harrington, Charles P. Kelly, Lawrence N. Marciano Jr., Michael J. Sullivan, and Bruce A. Torino. The Village Administrator is [Ralph V. Suozzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_V._Suozzi), the former Mayor of the [City of Glen Cove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Cove,_New_York) and the cousin of Congressman [Thomas R. Suozzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Suozzi). From its inception until 2021, the Mayor and Trustees were elected via a "Community Agreement" in which the four Property Owners' Associations, representing different areas of the Village, held primary elections in January. Winners were entered on the official ballot in March as the "Community Agreement Party" without opposition. Other departments Garden City has its own police department and volunteer fire department. Firefighting operations are conducted from three fire houses across the Village. The Department of Recreation and Parks maintains many programs for Village residents, and operates the Community Pool in the Summer months. The Senior Center is used by all ages for meetings and recreational activities. In addition, this commission is responsible for the maintenance of the trees located on streets and municipal property. One of the most important features of the Village is the prohibition of power lines on most streets, allowing the proper development of its street trees. The Department of Public Works is responsible for the upkeep of the Village. Its equipment is maintained by its own staff at its municipal garage. It provides garbage and rubbish collection, water service, and street maintenance including snow plowing. Education Public schools All of Garden City is within the boundaries of the [Garden City Union Free School District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_Union_Free_School_District). As such, most students who reside within Garden City and attend public schools go to Garden City's schools. Private schools One [independent school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school), the [Waldorf School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_education) of Garden City (grades pre-K–12), and two [Roman Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church) elementary schools (K–8), St. Joseph School and St. Anne School, are in Garden City. The former St. Paul's School and St. Mary's School are now defunct.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Higher education In 1929, Adelphi College, which later became [Adelphi University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_University), moved from [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn) to its present 76-acre (31 ha) campus in Garden City, becoming the first four-year college in Nassau or Suffolk counties. Infrastructure Transportation [Clinton Road (Nassau County Route 1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Cove_Road) traverses the village and is one of its major north–south thoroughfares. [Old Country Road (Nassau County Route 25)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Country_Road) forms much of Garden City's northern border. Other major roads within the village are Franklin Avenue, Rockaway Avenue, Nassau Boulevard, New Hyde Park Road, [Stewart Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_177_(Nassau_County,_New_York)), and Washington Avenue. The Village of Garden City maintains approximately 74 miles (119 km) of roads. Much of Garden City's street network is laid out to resemble the [traditional street grid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_grid). A major exception is the Mott Section, which features a series of parallel, semicircular streets and numerous north–south streets connecting the crescents. There are five [Long Island Rail Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road) (LIRR) train stations in the village: [Stewart Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Manor_(LIRR_station)), [Nassau Boulevard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Boulevard_(LIRR_station)), [Garden City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_(LIRR_station)), and [Country Life Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Life_Press_(LIRR_station)) on the LIRR's [Hempstead Branch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead_Branch) – and [Merillon Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merillon_Avenue_station) on the LIRR's [Main Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_(Long_Island_Rail_Road)). Several bus lines traverse the village provided by [Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Inter-County_Express). Utilities [National Grid USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_USA) provides [natural gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas) to homes and businesses that are hooked up to natural gas lines in Garden City. [PSEG Long Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEG_Long_Island) provides power to all homes and businesses within Garden City. Garden City is connected to [sanitary sewers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer). The village maintains a sanitary sewer system which flows into [Nassau County's system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County_Sewage_District), which treats the sewage from the village's system through the Nassau County-owned [sewage treatment plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plants). The Village of Garden City owns and maintains its own water system. Garden City's water system serves the majority of the Village with water. The Water Authority of Western Nassau County services Village residents who live in the westernmost part of the Village. Notable landmarks [Adelphi University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_University) [Apostle Houses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._T._Stewart_Era_Buildings#Apostle_Houses) [Cathedral of the Incarnation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Incarnation_(Garden_City,_New_York)) [Garden City Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_Hotel) [Garden City High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_High_School_(New_York)) [Theodore Roosevelt Executive and Legislative Building (old Nassau County Courthouse)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nassau_County_Courthouse_(New_York)) [St. Paul's School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School_(Garden_City,_New_York)) Legacy Garden City inspired the names of several nearby municipalities (as stated above), and is the namesake of [Garden Village, Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Village,_Kentucky). Notable people [Madeleine Albright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright) (1937–2022), diplomat, political scientist, and United States Secretary of State [Herbert M. Allison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_M._Allison), businessman [Eddie Arcaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Arcaro) (1916–1997), jockey, and [Triple Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing_(United_States)) winner [Jason Blake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Blake_(ice_hockey)), NHL All-Star [Steven Chu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu), Secretary of Energy, [Nobel Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize) winner in physics [Cliff Compton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Compton), retired professional wrestler who is a former [WWE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE) Tag Team Champion [Bruce Coslet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Coslet), former [New York Jets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets) head coach [Matt Daley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Daley), [New York Yankees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees) pitcher [Dave DeBusschere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_DeBusschere), NBA Hall of Famer [Nelson DeMille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_DeMille), author [Kent Desormeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Desormeaux), jockey [Kemp Hannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp_Hannon), New York state senator [Liza Huber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Huber), soap opera actress, [Passions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passions) [Joe Iconis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Iconis), musical theater writer [Dave Jennings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Jennings_(American_football)), former [New York Giants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants) punter [Greg Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kelly), television anchor [Harvey J. Levin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_J._Levin), pioneer of communications economics, holder of Long Island's first research chair, [Hofstra University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_University) [Susan Lucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Lucci), actress; grew up in Garden City, worked at the Garden City Hotel, and in 1978 moved back to Garden City [Eric Mangini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Mangini), former New York Jets coach [Christopher Masterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Masterson), actor [Danny Masterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Masterson), actor [Kevin Mawae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Mawae), former NFL Pro Bowl center and president of NFL Player's Association [Tom McArdle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McArdle), Oscar-nominated film editor, [Spotlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotlight_(film)) [Kiaran McLaughlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiaran_McLaughlin), horse trainer [Jennifer McLogan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_McLogan), TV news reporter [Richard Migliore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Migliore), horse jockey [Mike Milbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Milbury), ex-New York Islanders Head Coach and General Manager [Alexandra Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Miller), Florida politician and businesswoman [Joe Mohen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mohen), Internet entrepreneur [Bill Moyers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Moyers), journalist [Elliott Murphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Murphy), singer-songwriter [Joe Namath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Namath), former NFL quarterback [Walter Hines Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page), United States Ambassador to England during [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I), and co-founder of Doubleday, Page and Co. publishing [Žigmund Pálffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDigmund_P%C3%A1lffy), four-time NHL All-Star [Mark Parrish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Parrish), NHL All-Star [Larry Pasquale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Pasquale), former special teams coach for the New York Jets [Kash Patel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kash_Patel), former chief-of-staff of the [U.S. Secretary of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense). [Ethan Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Phillips), television actor, [Star Trek: Voyager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager) [Todd Pletcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Pletcher), Award-winning [thoroughbred](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred) [horse trainer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer). [Denis Potvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Potvin), NHL All-Star [Nicole Rajičová](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Raji%C4%8Dov%C3%A1), Olympic figure skater representing [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia). [Kathleen Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Rice) 4th District of New York Representative; grew up in Garden City on Nassau Boulevard [Telly Savalas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telly_Savalas), actor [Leslie Segrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Segrete), [Trading Spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Spaces) carpenter, designer [Dennis Seidenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Seidenberg), two-time Stanley Cup Champion [Lara Spencer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Spencer), TV host [Mark Streit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Streit), NHL All-Star [Johnny Sylvester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Sylvester) (1915–1990) received as a seriously ill child a promise from [Babe Ruth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth) that Ruth would hit a home run in the [1926 World Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_World_Series) on his behalf. [John Tesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tesh), musician, news anchor [William B. Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Turner), World War I hero, recipient of the Medal of Honor [Chris Weidman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Weidman), [UFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship) fighter [Paul Zaloom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zaloom), actor and puppeteer best known as Beakman on [Beakman's World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman%27s_World) In popular culture The film [The Spirit of St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_St._Louis_(film)) (1957), starring [James Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart), features [Charles Lindbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh)'s historical flight to Paris from Roosevelt Field in Garden City in 1927. Its first few scenes occur at the [Garden City Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_Hotel), where Lindbergh had a room reserved (but did not use, contrary to the film's portrayal), and the press corps stayed who were covering the event spent the night prior to his flight; Lindbergh was up all night working on his plane the night before the flight, although he did have dinner and take a nap at the Garden City home of his friend, Gregory J. Brandewiede, at 105 Third Street.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] The opening shot of the film's first scene shows the hotel's front exterior and sign. Subsequent scenes take place and were filmed at [Roosevelt Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Field_(airport)). Musician [John Tesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tesh)'s fourth album, released in 1989, is titled Garden City (Cyprus Records), an homage to his hometown, and includes a song with the same title. The record company he created in 1995 and currently owns is Garden City Records. Films [Boiler Room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_Room_(film)) (2000) [Election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_(1999_film)) (1999) [Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Space_Monster) (1965) [Santa Claus Conquers the Martians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_Conquers_the_Martians) (1964) [Storytelling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling_(film)) (2001) Street of the Dead (2008) [The Antics of Ann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Antics_of_Ann) (1917) [The Godfather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather) (1972) The Judgment of Weeping Mary (2008) [The Spirit of St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_St._Louis_(film)) (1957) Notes ^ The principal of the school was Charlotte Titcomb, a member of the class of 1852 at [Dedham High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham_High_School)

2024-09-18 18:00:28

Yevgeny_Kafelnikov

<Infotable> Yevgeny Kafelnikov in 2023 Full name: Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Kafelnikov Country (sports): Russia Residence: Sochi, Russia Born: (1974-02-18)18 February 1974(age 50)Sochi,Russian SFSR,Soviet Union Height: 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Turned pro: 1992 Retired: 2010 (last match 2003) Plays: Right-handed (two-handed backhand) Prize money: $23,883,79720th all-time leader in earnings Int. Tennis HoF: 2019(member page) Singles Career record: 609–306 Career titles: 26 Highest ranking: No.1(3 May 1999) Grand Slam singles results Australian Open: W(1999) French Open: W(1996) Wimbledon: QF (1995) US Open: SF (1999,2001) Other tournaments Tour Finals: F (1997) Grand Slam Cup: SF (1995,1996) Olympic Games: W(2000) Doubles Career record: 358–213 Career titles: 27 Highest ranking: No. 4 (30 March 1998) Grand Slam doubles results Australian Open: QF (1995,1999) French Open: W(1996,1997,2002) Wimbledon: SF (1994,1995) US Open: W(1997) Team competitions Davis Cup: W(2002) Medal recordOlympic Games –Tennis2000 SydneySingles Olympic Games –Tennis 2000 Sydney Singles Olympic Games –Tennis 2000 Sydney Singles </Infotable> [20th all-time leader in earnings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_men%27s_singles#Prize_money) Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Kafelnikov (Russian: Евгений Александрович Кафельников, .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}IPA: [[jɪvˈɡʲenʲɪj ˈkafʲɪlʲnʲɪkəf]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ru-Yevgeny-Kafelnikov.ogg); born 18 February 1974) is a Russian former [world No. 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_singles_players) [tennis player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_player). He won two [Grand Slam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)) singles titles; the [1996 French Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles) and the [1999 Australian Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles), and a gold medal at the [2000 Sydney Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles). He also won four Grand Slam doubles titles, and is the most recent man to have won both the men's singles and doubles titles at the same Grand Slam tournament (which he accomplished at the [1996 French Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_French_Open)). In 2019, Kafelnikov was inducted into the [International Tennis Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame). Career In his breakthrough year in 1994, Kafelnikov won three titles, reached the [Hamburg Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Masters) final and beat world top-5 players on six occasions. His ranking rose from 102 at the beginning of the year, to a year-end ranking of 11. In 1995, he reached his first Grand Slam semifinals, beating world No. 1, [Andre Agassi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi), in straight sets in the quarterfinals. He also defeated three top-10 players ([Michael Stich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stich), [Goran Ivanisevic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Ivanisevic) and [Boris Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Becker)) on his way to the title in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Indoor). At the [1996 French Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles), Kafelnikov became the first Russian to ever win a Grand Slam title, defeating [Michael Stich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stich) in the final in straight sets, having beaten world No. 1, [Pete Sampras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Sampras), in the semifinals. Kafelnikov was finalist at the [1997 ATP Tour World Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_ATP_Tour_World_Championships), and won three titles during that season. In doubles, he won both the French Open and US Open partnering [Daniel Vacek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Vacek). At the 1999 Australian Open, 10th seed Kafelnikov won his second singles Grand Slam title, defeating [Thomas Enqvist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Enqvist) in the final in four sets. He also won in [Rotterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_ABN_AMRO_World_Tennis_Tournament_%E2%80%93_Singles) and [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Kremlin_Cup_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles), was runner-up at the [Canadian Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_du_Maurier_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles) and reached the semifinals of the US Open. Seeded fifth, Kafelnikov won the gold medal in the men's singles tournament at the [2000 Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles), beating second seed [Gustavo Kuerten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Kuerten) in the quarterfinals and [Tommy Haas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Haas) in the final in five sets. He also reached the final of the Australian Open and the quarterfinals of the French Open. In 2001, he defeated world No. 1 Gustavo Kuerten in the quarterfinals of the US Open for the loss of just seven games, before losing to [Lleyton Hewitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt) in the semifinals. Kafelnikov was also a finalist at the [Paris Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Masters), quarterfinalist at the Australian Open and French Open, and won a record fifth consecutive title in [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Kremlin_Cup_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles). Kafelnikov won his fourth and final doubles Grand Slam at the French Open in 2002, partnering [Paul Haarhuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Haarhuis), and his final career singles title, in [Tashkent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Open). He was also a member of Russia's [Davis Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup)-winning team in 2002. Kafelnikov played his last ATP Tour match in October 2003 (in [St Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petersburg)). In total, he won 53 titles across singles and doubles during his career, and he remains the last male player to win both singles and doubles titles at the same grand slam. Post-retirement Since retiring from tennis, Kafelnikov cashed three times at the [2005 World Series of Poker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Series_of_Poker). He also played golf on the [European Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Tour) at the 2005, 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2015 [Russian Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Open), 2012, 2013 and 2014 [Austrian Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Open_(tennis)), and the 2014 Czech Masters, plus several [Challenge Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Tour) events, without making any cuts. During the 2008 [Miami Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Masters), Kafelnikov coached [Marat Safin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat_Safin) (in the absence of Safin's usual coach, [Hernán Gumy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Gumy)). In 2009 and 2010, he participated in the [ATP Champions Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Champions_Tour) (for retired ATP-professional tennis players), finishing in third place in tournaments in Chengdu, Bogotá and São Paulo. Kafelnikov was inducted into the [International Tennis Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame) in 2019, not counting enough votes in his previous nominations in 2012 (compared to [Gustavo Kuerten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Kuerten) and [Jennifer Capriati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Capriati)), in 2015 (compared to [David Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hall_(Australian_tennis)) and [Amélie Mauresmo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmo)), and in 2018 (compared to [Michael Stich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stich,_Michael) and [Helena Suková](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Sukov%C3%A1)). In May 2017, Kafelnikov was extensively interviewed by the most popular Russian website Sports.ru considering his current political preferences. In August 2020, Kafelnikov announced his plans to settle in [Western / old] Europe. In March 2021, Kafelnikov faced another wave of rumors about his retirement in 2003 as really being caused by ATP's desire to avoid a betting scandal considering his match in Lyon against [Fernando Vicente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Vicente). Russian volleyball player [Aleksey Spiridonov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Spiridonov_(volleyball)) said in an interview: "Kafelnikov is corrupt. He made bets against himself during his career. And then he finished abruptly when being grabbed by the ass. I know. My friends work in the offices. And someone in an interview also said that Kafelnikov offered him to bet against himself and lose the match. Who pinned him down? There was no [powerful] tennis federation back then. I think, the gangsters". One week after his match in 2003, Kafelnikov said about the accusations: "This is a complete bullshit, but now in the locker room, they [players] look at me like at an enemy of the people. Even in my country where I have always been a role model they [people] have begun to look at me that way. I talked to Fernando and he said his mother was crying on the phone because of this. Those who made this mess should be punished. The article says Kafelnikov has been involved in match-fixing and it rips me to pieces. I do not want to be associated with betting in any way". To a lesser extent, the player has been commemorated for his outspoken jealousy towards the much more impressive incomes of [golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf) players in general, if compared to his colleagues in tennis. [Lindsay Davenport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Davenport) correspondingly voiced some support for Kafelnikov's claim who was also worried "it would be a shame to see the public lose sympathy in me just because I am making such a statement". In January 2001, during the [2001 Australian Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Australian_Open), he concluded: "If you look at the golfers, we are taking an extreme example now, of course, the golfers make $540,000 a week to the winner. And this is the lowest tournament that they have on the U.S. Tour. If you look at the tennis players, to win a tournament, win five matches [at the] absolutely lowest level tournament you make only $42,000. I think it is quite bizarre to see that kind of money in a tennis game." Significant finals Grand Slam tournaments <Wikitable> Result Year Championship Surface Opponent Score Win 1996 French Open Clay Michael Stich 7–6(7–4), 7–5, 7–6(7–4) Win 1999 Australian Open Hard Thomas Enqvist 4–6, 6–0, 6–3, 7–6(7–1) Loss 2000 Australian Open Hard Andre Agassi 6–3, 3–6, 2–6, 4–6 </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Result Year Championship Surface Partner Opponents Score Win 1996 French Open Clay Daniel Vacek Jakob Hlasek Guy Forget 6–2, 6–3 Win 1997 French Open Clay Daniel Vacek Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde 7–6(7–1), 4–6, 6–3 Win 1997 US Open Hard Daniel Vacek Jonas Björkman Nicklas Kulti 7–6(10–8), 6–3 Win 2002 French Open Clay Paul Haarhuis Mark Knowles Daniel Nestor 7–5, 6–4 Loss 2003 French Open Clay Paul Haarhuis Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6–7(3–7), 3–6 </Wikitable> Olympic Games <Wikitable> Result Year Championship Surface Opponent Score Win 2000 Sydney Olympics Hard Tommy Haas 7–6(7–4), 3–6, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3 </Wikitable> Year-end championships <Wikitable> Result Year Championship Surface Opponent Score Loss 1997 ATP Tour World Championships Hard (i) Pete Sampras 3–6, 2–6, 2–6 </Wikitable> Masters 1000 tournaments <Wikitable> Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Loss 1994 Hamburg Masters Clay Andrei Medvedev 4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 3–6 Loss 1996 Paris Masters Carpet (i) Thomas Enqvist 2–6, 4–6, 5–7 Loss 1998 Stuttgart Masters Hard (i) Richard Krajicek 4–6, 3–6, 3–6 Loss 1999 Canadian Open Hard Thomas Johansson 6–1, 3–6, 3–6 Loss 2001 Paris Masters Carpet (i) Sébastien Grosjean 6–7(3–7), 1–6, 7–6(7–5), 4–6 </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Result Year Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 1994 Monte Carlo Masters Clay Daniel Vacek Nicklas Kulti Magnus Larsson 6–3, 6–7, 4–6 Win 1994 Rome Masters Clay David Rikl Wayne Ferreira Javier Sánchez 6–1, 7–5 Win 1995 ATP German Open Clay Wayne Ferreira Byron Black Andrei Olhovskiy 6–1, 7–6 Win 1995 Canadian Open Hard Andrei Olhovskiy Brian MacPhie Sandon Stolle 6–2, 6–2 Loss 1996 Paris Masters Carpet (i) Daniel Vacek Jacco Eltingh Paul Haarhuis 4–6, 6–4, 6–7 Win 2000 Monte Carlo Masters Clay Wayne Ferreira Paul Haarhuis Sandon Stolle 6–3, 2–6, 6–1 Loss 2000 Rome Masters Clay Wayne Ferreira Martin Damm Dominik Hrbatý 4–6, 6–4, 3–6 Win 2001 Indian Wells Masters Hard Wayne Ferreira Jonas Björkman Todd Woodbridge 6–2, 7–5 Win 2001 Rome Masters Clay Wayne Ferreira Daniel Nestor Sandon Stolle 6–4, 7–6(8–6) Loss 2002 Monte Carlo Masters Clay Paul Haarhuis Jonas Björkman Todd Woodbridge 3–6, 6–3, 7–10 Win 2003 Indian Wells Masters Hard Wayne Ferreira Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 3–6, 7–5, 6–4 </Wikitable> ATP career finals Singles: 46 (26 titles, 20 runner-ups) <Wikitable> Legend Grand Slam (2–1) Year-end championships (0–1) ATP Masters Series (0–5) ATP Championship Series (4–3) ATP International Series (19–10) </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Finals by surface Hard (9–10) Grass (3–1) Clay (3–3) Carpet (11–6) </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Result No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score Win 1.0 Jan 1994 Adelaide, Australia Hard Alexander Volkov 6–4, 6–3 Win 2.0 Mar 1994 Copenhagen, Denmark Carpet (i) Daniel Vacek 6–3, 7–5 Loss 1.0 May 1994 Hamburg, Germany Clay Andrei Medvedev 4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 3–6 Win 3.0 Aug 1994 Long Island, USA Hard Cédric Pioline 5–7, 6–1, 6–2 Win 4.0 Feb 1995 Milan, Italy Carpet (i) Boris Becker 7–5, 5–7, 7–6(8–6) Win 5.0 Mar 1995 St. Petersburg, Russia Carpet (i) Guillaume Raoux 6–2, 6–2 Loss 2.0 Apr 1995 Nice, France Clay Marc Rosset 4–6, 0–6 Win 6.0 Jul 1995 Gstaad, Switzerland Clay Jakob Hlasek 6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 Win 7.0 Aug 1995 Long Island, USA Hard Jan Siemerink 7–6(7–0), 6–2 Win 8.0 Jan 1996 Adelaide, Australia Hard Byron Black 7–6(7–0), 3–6, 6–1 Loss 3.0 Mar 1996 Rotterdam, Netherlands Carpet (i) Goran Ivanišević 4–6, 6–3, 3–6 Loss 4.0 Apr 1996 St. Petersburg, Russia Carpet (i) Magnus Gustafsson 2–6, 6–7(4–7) Win 9.0 May 1996 Prague, Czech Republic Clay Bohdan Ulihrach 7–5, 1–6, 6–3 Win 10.0 Jun 1996 French Open, Paris, France Clay Michael Stich 7–6(7–4), 7–5, 7–6(7–4) Loss 5.0 Jun 1996 Halle, Germany Grass Nicklas Kulti 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 4–6 Loss 6.0 Jul 1996 Stuttgart, Germany Clay Thomas Muster 2–6, 2–6, 4–6 Win 11.0 Oct 1996 Lyon, France Carpet (i) Arnaud Boetsch 7–5, 6–3 Loss 7.0 Nov 1996 Paris, France Carpet (i) Thomas Enqvist 2–6, 4–6, 5–7 Loss 8.0 Nov 1996 Moscow, Russia Carpet (i) Goran Ivanišević 6–3, 1–6, 3–6 Win 12.0 Jun 1997 Halle, Germany Grass Petr Korda 7–6(7–2), 6–7(5–7), 7–6(9–7) Win 13.0 Aug 1997 New Haven, USA Hard Patrick Rafter 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Win 14.0 Nov 1997 Moscow, Russia Carpet (i) Petr Korda 7–6(7–2), 6–4 Loss 9.0 Nov 1997 Year-end championships, Hanover Hard (i) Pete Sampras 3–6, 2–6, 2–6 Loss 10.0 Feb 1998 Marseille, France Hard (i) Thomas Enqvist 4–6, 1–6 Win 15.0 Mar 1998 London, UK Carpet (i) Cédric Pioline 7–5, 6–4 Win 16.0 Jun 1998 Halle, Germany Grass Magnus Larsson 6–4, 6–4 Loss 11.0 Sep 1998 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Hard Tim Henman 5–7, 4–6 Loss 12.0 Nov 1998 Stuttgart, Germany Hard (i) Richard Krajicek 4–6, 3–6, 3–6 Win 17.0 Nov 1998 Moscow, Russia Carpet (i) Goran Ivanišević 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5) Win 18.0 Feb 1999 Australian Open, Melbourne Hard Thomas Enqvist 4–6, 6–0, 6–3, 7–6(7–1) Win 19.0 Feb 1999 Rotterdam, Netherlands Carpet (i) Tim Henman 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Loss 13.0 Aug 1999 Montreal, Canada Hard Thomas Johansson 6–1, 3–6, 3–6 Loss 14.0 Aug 1999 Washington D.C., USA Hard Andre Agassi 6–7(3–7), 1–6 Win 20.0 Nov 1999 Moscow, Russia Carpet (i) Byron Black 7–6(7–2), 6–4 Loss 15.0 Jan 2000 Australian Open, Melbourne Hard Andre Agassi 6–3, 3–6, 2–6, 4–6 Loss 16.0 Feb 2000 London, UK Hard (i) Marc Rosset 4–6, 4–6 Win 21.0 Oct 2000 Sydney Olympics, Australia Hard Tommy Haas 7–6(7–4), 3–6, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3 Win 22.0 Oct 2000 Moscow, Russia Carpet (i) David Prinosil 6–2, 7–5 Loss 17.0 Nov 2000 Stockholm, Sweden Hard (i) Thomas Johansson 2–6, 4–6, 4–6 Win 23.0 Feb 2001 Marseille, France Hard (i) Sébastien Grosjean 7–6(7–5), 6–2 Loss 18.0 Sep 2001 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Hard Marat Safin 2–6, 2–6 Win 24.0 Oct 2001 Moscow, Russia Carpet (i) Nicolas Kiefer 6–4, 7–5 Loss 19.0 Nov 2001 Paris, France Carpet (i) Sébastien Grosjean 6–7(3–7), 1–6, 7–6(7–5), 4–6 Win 25.0 Jun 2002 Halle, Germany Grass Nicolas Kiefer 2–6, 6–4, 6–4 Win 26.0 Sep 2002 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Hard Vladimir Voltchkov 7–6(8–6), 7–5 Loss 20.0 Feb 2003 Milan, Italy Carpet Martin Verkerk 4–6, 7–5, 5–7 </Wikitable> Doubles: 41 (27–14) <Wikitable> Legend Grand Slam Tournaments (4–1) ATP Masters Series (7–4) ATP International Series Gold (6–4) ATP International Series (10–5) </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Finals by surface Hard (9–1) Clay (13–5) Grass (0–2) Carpet (5–6) </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Result No. Date Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 1.0 Feb 1994 Marseille, France Carpet (i) Martin Damm Jan Siemerink Daniel Vacek 7–6, 4–6, 1–6 Win 1.0 Apr 1994 Barcelona, Spain Clay David Rikl Jim Courier Javier Sánchez 5–7, 6–1, 6–4 Loss 2.0 Apr 1994 Monte Carlo, Monaco Clay Daniel Vacek Nicklas Kulti Magnus Larsson 6–3, 6–7, 4–6 Win 2.0 May 1994 Munich, Germany Clay David Rikl Boris Becker Petr Korda 7–6, 7–5 Win 3.0 May 1994 Rome, Italy Clay David Rikl Wayne Ferreira Javier Sánchez 6–1, 7–5 Win 4.0 Oct 1994 Lyon, France Carpet (i) Jakob Hlasek Martin Damm Patrick Rafter 6–7, 7–6, 7–6 Loss 3.0 Mar 1995 St. Petersburg, Russia Carpet (i) Jakob Hlasek Martin Damm Anders Järryd 4–6, 2–6 Win 5.0 Apr 1995 Estoril, Portugal Clay Andrei Olhovskiy Marc-Kevin Goellner Diego Nargiso 5–7, 7–5, 6–2 Win 6.0 May 1995 Hamburg, Germany Clay Wayne Ferreira Byron Black Andrei Olhovskiy 6–1, 7–6 Loss 4.0 Jun 1995 Halle, Germany Grass Andrei Olhovskiy Jacco Eltingh Paul Haarhuis 2–6, 6–3, 3–6 Win 7.0 Jul 1995 Montreal, Canada Hard Andrei Olhovskiy Brian MacPhie Sandon Stolle 6–2, 6–2 Win 8.0 Oct 1995 Lyon, France Carpet (i) Jakob Hlasek John-Laffnie de Jager Wayne Ferreira 6–3, 6–3 Loss 5.0 Feb 1996 Antwerp, Belgium Carpet (i) Menno Oosting Jonas Björkman Nicklas Kulti 4–6, 4–6 Win 9.0 Apr 1996 St. Petersburg, Russia Carpet (i) Andrei Olhovskiy Nicklas Kulti Peter Nyborg 6–3, 6–4 Win 10.0 May 1996 Prague, Czech Republic Clay Daniel Vacek Luis Lobo Javier Sánchez 6–3, 6–7, 6–3 Win 11.0 Jun 1996 French Open, Paris Clay Daniel Vacek Jakob Hlasek Guy Forget 6–2, 6–3 Loss 6.0 Jun 1996 Halle, Germany Grass Daniel Vacek Byron Black Grant Connell 1–6, 5–7 Win 12.0 Sep 1996 Basel, Switzerland Hard (i) Daniel Vacek David Adams Menno Oosting 6–3, 6–4 Win 13.0 Oct 1996 Vienna, Austria Carpet (i) Daniel Vacek Pavel Vízner Menno Oosting 7–6, 6–4 Loss 7.0 Nov 1996 Paris, France Carpet (i) Daniel Vacek Jacco Eltingh Paul Haarhuis 4–6, 6–4, 6–7 Win 14.0 Jun 1997 French Open, Paris Clay Daniel Vacek Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde 7–6, 4–6, 6–3 Win 15.0 Jul 1997 Gstaad, Switzerland Clay Daniel Vacek Trevor Kronemann David Macpherson 4–6, 7–6, 6–3 Win 16.0 Sep 1997 US Open, New York Hard Daniel Vacek Jonas Björkman Nicklas Kulti 7–6, 6–3 Win 17.0 Feb 1998 Antwerp, Belgium Hard (i) Wayne Ferreira Tomás Carbonell Francisco Roig 7–5, 3–6, 6–2 Loss 8.0 Mar 1998 London, England Carpet (i) Daniel Vacek Martin Damm Jim Grabb 4–6, 5–7 Win 18.0 Oct 1998 Vienna, Austria Carpet (i) Daniel Vacek David Adams John-Laffnie de Jager 7–5, 6–3 Loss 9.0 Nov 1998 Moscow, Russia Carpet (i) Daniel Vacek Jared Palmer Jeff Tarango 4–6, 7–6, 2–6 Win 19.0 Apr 1999 Barcelona, Spain Clay Paul Haarhuis Massimo Bertolini Cristian Brandi 7–5, 6–3 Loss 10.0 Feb 2000 Rotterdam, Netherlands Hard (i) Tim Henman David Adams John-Laffnie de Jager 7–5, 2–6, 3–6 Win 20.0 Apr 2000 Monte Carlo, Monaco Clay Wayne Ferreira Paul Haarhuis Sandon Stolle 6–3, 2–6, 6–1 Loss 11.0 May 2000 Rome, Italy Clay Wayne Ferreira Martin Damm Dominik Hrbatý 4–6, 6–4, 3–6 Win 21.0 Oct 2000 Vienna, Austria Hard (i) Nenad Zimonjić Jiří Novák David Rikl 6–4, 6–4 Win 22.0 Mar 2001 Indian Wells, United States Hard Wayne Ferreira Jonas Björkman Todd Woodbridge 6–2, 7–5 Win 23.0 May 2001 Rome, Italy Clay Wayne Ferreira Daniel Nestor Sandon Stolle 6–4, 7–6(8–6) Win 24.0 Oct 2001 St. Petersburg, Russia Hard (i) Denis Golovanov Irakli Labadze Marat Safin 7–5, 6–4 Loss 12.0 Apr 2002 Monte Carlo, Monaco Clay Paul Haarhuis Jonas Björkman Todd Woodbridge 3–6, 6–3, [7–10] Win 25.0 Jun 2002 French Open, Paris Clay Paul Haarhuis Mark Knowles Daniel Nestor 7–5, 6–4 Win 26.0 Mar 2003 Indian Wells, United States Hard Wayne Ferreira Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 3–6, 7–5, 6–4 Loss 13.0 Jun 2003 French Open, Paris Clay Paul Haarhuis Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6–7, 3–6 Loss 14.0 Jul 2003 Stuttgart, Germany Clay Kevin Ullyett Tomáš Cibulec Pavel Vízner 6–3, 3–6, 4–6 Win 27.0 Aug 2003 Washington, D.C., United States Hard Sargis Sargsian Chris Haggard Paul Hanley 7–5, 4–6, 6–2 </Wikitable> Performance timelines <Wikitable> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 W F SF QF #R RR Q# DNQ A NH </Wikitable> Singles <Wikitable> Tournament 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SR W–L Unnamed: 15 Unnamed: 16 Unnamed: 17 Unnamed: 18 Unnamed: 19 Unnamed: 20 Unnamed: 21 Unnamed: 22 Unnamed: 23 Unnamed: 24 Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Australian Open A Q1 2R QF QF A A W F QF 2R 2R 1 / 8 28–7 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN French Open A 2R 3R SF W QF 2R 2R QF QF 2R 2R 1 / 11 31–10 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Wimbledon A A 3R QF 1R 4R 1R 3R 2R 3R 3R 1R 0 / 10 16–10 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN US Open A A 4R 3R A 2R 4R SF 3R SF 2R 3R 0 / 9 24–9 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Win–loss 0–0 1–1 8–4 15–4 11–2 8–3 4–3 15–3 13–4 15–4 5–4 4–4 2 / 38 99–36 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Summer Olympics A Not Held Not Held Not Held A Not Held Not Held Not Held G Not Held Not Held Not Held 1 / 1 6–0 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships Year-end championships NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Tennis Masters Cup A A A RR RR F RR SF RR SF A A 0 / 7 11–14 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Grand Slam Cup A A A SF SF QF A QF Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held 0 / 4 5–4 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Indian Wells A Q3 A A A A 2R 2R 2R SF QF 2R 0 / 6 9–6 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Miami A Q2 A A A A 3R 2R 4R 3R 3R 3R 0 / 6 7–6 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Monte Carlo A A SF 3R 2R 2R 3R 2R 2R 1R 1R 2R 0 / 10 8–10 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Rome A A 2R 1R 3R 3R 3R 3R 2R 2R 2R SF 0 / 10 16–10 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Hamburg A A F 2R SF SF 2R A 1R 1R 1R A 0 / 8 11–8 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Canada A A A QF A SF QF F QF 1R 3R 2R 0 / 8 17–8 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Cincinnati A A 2R 2R QF QF SF SF 3R QF 1R 2R 0 / 10 17–10 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Stuttgart1 LQ 2R SF 3R 2R 3R F 2R SF SF 2R 1R 0 / 11 15–11 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Paris A Q2 3R A F SF SF 2R 3R F 3R A 0 / 8 17–8 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Win–loss 0–0 1–1 15–6 4–6 11–6 14–7 16–9 9–8 14–9 16–9 8–9 9–7 0 / 77 117–77 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Year-end ranking 275 102 11 6 3 5 11 2 5 4 27 41 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN </Wikitable> 1Held in [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Open) till 1994, held as [Stuttgart Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocard_Open) from 1995 until 2001. Held as [Madrid Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Open_(tennis)) from 2002 onwards. Doubles <Wikitable> Tournament 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SR W–L Unnamed: 15 Unnamed: 16 Unnamed: 17 Unnamed: 18 Unnamed: 19 Unnamed: 20 Unnamed: 21 Unnamed: 22 Unnamed: 23 Unnamed: 24 Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Australian Open A A 1R QF 3R A A QF 3R 3R 2R 2R 0 / 8 14–8 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN French Open A A 2R QF W W 2R QF QF 1R W F 3 / 10 34–7 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Wimbledon A A SF SF 3R 1R 3R 2R A A 3R 2R 0 / 8 17–6 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN US Open A A 1R 2R A W 2R 1R SF 2R 3R 1R 1 / 9 15–8 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Win–loss 0–0 0–0 5–4 11–4 10–2 12–1 4–3 7–3 9–3 3–3 11–3 8–3 4 / 35 80–29 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Summer Olympics A Not Held Not Held Not Held A Not Held Not Held Not Held 2R Not Held Not Held Not Held 0 / 1 1–1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series ATP Masters Series NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Indian Wells A A A A A A QF 1R SF W 1R W 2 / 6 14–4 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Miami A A A A A A QF 2R 2R A A 1R 0 / 4 2–4 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Monte Carlo A A F QF QF SF 1R 2R W 1R F QF 1 / 10 19–9 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Rome A A W A QF 2R QF 1R F W 2R QF 2 / 9 22–7 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Hamburg A A A W 1R SF 1R A 2R 1R SF A 1 / 7 10–6 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Canada A A A W A QF 1R 1R 2R 1R 1R 1R 1 / 8 5–7 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Cincinnati A A 1R 1R 1R 1R SF 2R 2R 2R 1R 2R 0 / 10 6–9 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Stuttgart1 A A QF QF 1R 1R QF 1R QF QF 2R A 0 / 9 10–8 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Paris A A 1R A F 1R 2R QF 2R A 2R A 0 / 7 6–7 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Win–loss 0–0 0–0 11–4 11–2 6–6 6–7 10–9 3–8 16–8 13–4 9–8 9–5 7 / 70 94–61 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Year-end ranking 484 156 12 9 5 6 19 46 12 28 15 17 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN </Wikitable> 1Held in [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Open) till 1994, held as [Stuttgart Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocard_Open) from 1995 until 2001. Held as [Madrid Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Open_(tennis)) from 2002 onwards. Top 10 wins <Wikitable> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Season 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Total Wins 0 2 11 6 3 6 3 7 3 3 0 2 46 </Wikitable> <Wikitable> # Player Rank Event Surface Rd Score KR 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1.0 Michael Stich 10 Barcelona, Spain Clay 3R 4–6, 6–3, 6–3 253 2.0 Michael Stich 4 Lyon, France Carpet (i) 1R 6–3, 7–6(7–4) 127 1994.0 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 3.0 Magnus Gustafsson 10 Rotterdam, Netherlands Carpet (i) 2R 6–1, 6–3 51 4.0 Michael Stich 2 Monte-Carlo, Monaco Clay 3R 7–6(7–3), 6–4 41 5.0 Goran Ivanišević 5 Hamburg, Germany Clay 2R 7–6(7–1), 6–0 29 6.0 Michael Stich 2 Hamburg, Germany Clay SF 6–3, 6–4 29 7.0 Jim Courier 7 Halle, Germany Grass QF 6–1, 6–4 19 8.0 Thomas Muster 10 Gstaad, Switzerland Clay QF 7–6(11–9), 3–6, 7–6(7–4) 15 9.0 Michael Chang 6 Long Island, United States Hard QF 3–6, 7–6(7–1), 6–4 14 10.0 Michael Stich 2 Davis Cup, Hamburg, Germany Hard RR 7–5, 6–3 12 11.0 Stefan Edberg 5 Stockholm, Sweden Carpet (i) 3R 7–6(7–4), 6–2 13 12.0 Sergi Bruguera 4 Stockholm, Sweden Carpet (i) QF 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 6–2 13 13.0 Stefan Edberg 7 Davis Cup, Moscow, Russia Carpet (i) RR 4–6, 6–4, 6–0 11 1995.0 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 14.0 Todd Martin 10 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia Hard 4R 6–1, 6–4, 6–2 12 15.0 Michael Stich 8 Milan, Italy Carpet (i) QF 7–6(7–4), 4–6, 6–0 10 16.0 Goran Ivanišević 4 Milan, Italy Carpet (i) SF 7–5, 6–7(4–7), 6–4 10 17.0 Boris Becker 3 Milan, Italy Carpet (i) F 7–5, 5–7, 7–6(8–6) 10 18.0 Andre Agassi 1 French Open, Paris, France Clay QF 6–4, 6–3, 7–5 9 19.0 Jim Courier 8 Davis Cup, Moscow, Russia Clay (i) RR 7–6(7–1), 7–5, 6–3 6 1996.0 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 20.0 Pete Sampras 1 World Team Cup, Düsseldorf, Germany Clay RR 6–3, 6–2 7 21.0 Pete Sampras 1 French Open, Paris, France Clay SF 7–6(7–4), 6–0, 6–2 7 22.0 Thomas Enqvist 9 ATP Tour World Championships, Hanover, Germany Carpet (i) RR 6–3, 7–6(7–5) 3 1997.0 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 23.0 Thomas Enqvist 8 Montreal, Canada Hard QF 7–5, 6–7(7–9), 6–1 7 24.0 Sergi Bruguera 6 Grand Slam Cup, Munich, Germany Carpet (i) 1R 6–4, 6–3 4 25.0 Greg Rusedski 5 Paris, France Carpet (i) QF 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 6 26.0 Jonas Björkman 4 ATP Tour World Championships, Hanover, Germany Hard (i) RR 6–3, 7–6(8–6) 6 27.0 Michael Chang 2 ATP Tour World Championships, Hanover, Germany Hard (i) RR 6–3, 6–0 6 28.0 Carlos Moyà 7 ATP Tour World Championships, Hanover, Germany Hard (i) SF 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–3) 6 1998.0 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 29.0 Tim Henman 10 Paris, France Carpet (i) 3R 6–3, 6–7(5–7), 7–6(7–2) 8 30.0 Marcelo Ríos 2 Paris, France Carpet (i) QF 6–3, 6–2 8 31.0 Karol Kučera 7 ATP Tour World Championships, Hanover, Germany Hard (i) RR 6–7(3–7), 6–3, 6–2 10 1999.0 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 32.0 Greg Rusedski 9 Rotterdam, Netherlands Carpet (i) SF 6–4, 6–2 2 33.0 Tim Henman 7 Rotterdam, Netherlands Carpet (i) F 6–2, 7–6(7–3) 2 34.0 Todd Martin 9 Montreal, Canada Hard QF 7–6(10–8), 6–7(3–7), 6–4 4 35.0 Andre Agassi 3 Montreal, Canada Hard SF 6–1, 6–4 4 36.0 Tim Henman 5 Cincinnati, United States Hard QF 7–5, 7–5 2 37.0 Todd Martin 7 ATP Tour World Championships, Hanover, Germany Hard (i) RR 6–4, 1–6, 6–1 2 38.0 Thomas Enqvist 4 ATP Tour World Championships, Hanover, Germany Hard (i) RR 7–5, 3–6, 6–4 2 2000.0 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 39.0 Lleyton Hewitt 9 World Team Cup, Düsseldorf, Germany Clay RR 6–1, 6–2 4 40.0 Gustavo Kuerten 3 Summer Olympics, Sydney, Australia Hard QF 6–4, 7–5 8 41.0 Magnus Norman 4 Tennis Masters Cup, Lisbon, Portugal Hard (i) RR 4–6, 7–5, 6–1 5 2001.0 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 42.0 Gustavo Kuerten 1 US Open, New York, United States Hard QF 6–4, 6–0, 6–3 7 43.0 Juan Carlos Ferrero 4 Tennis Masters Cup, Sydney, Australia Hard (i) RR 4–6, 6–1, 7–6(7–5) 6 44.0 Gustavo Kuerten 1 Tennis Masters Cup, Sydney, Australia Hard (i) RR 6–2, 4–6, 6–3 6 2003.0 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 45.0 Marat Safin 7 Rotterdam, Netherlands Hard (i) 2R 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 25 46.0 Carlos Moyá 4 Rome, Italy Clay 3R 6–4, 7–6(7–4) 24 </Wikitable> Team titles 2002 – [Davis Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Davis_Cup) winner with Russia 2000, 2001, 2002 - [World Team Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Team_Cup) finalist with Russia Tennis records He played exclusively with and endorsed racquets from Austrian company [Fischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer_(company)) throughout his career. In the episode of Sports Night "Shane", Dan and Jeremy spend over an hour recording and rerecording a ten-second commercial voiceover because Dan cannot say Yevgeny Kafelnikov. Kafelnikov is the only male player in the open era to have won two or more Grand Slam singles titles without also winning a Masters Series title, despite having reached five Masters Series finals. He won the [Kremlin Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Cup) in Moscow for a record five consecutive times from 1997 to 2001. Other interests Kafelnikov is an avid supporter of [Spartak Moscow FC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow). Kafelnikov is a professional golfer, he has won the Russian Amateur Open Championship of Golf in 2011. Note that this national tournament should not be confused with the [Russian Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Open) tournament that wasn't held that year. Kafelnikov starred in [Virtua Tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtua_Tennis), an arcade tennis game. Awards

2024-09-18 22:22:05

Atlético_Madrid_B

<Infotable> Full name: Club Atlético de Madrid, S.A.D. "B" Nickname(s): Atleti Founded: 17 September 1963; 61 years ago(1963-09-17) Ground: Estadio Cerro del Espino,Majadahonda,Madrid Capacity: 3,800[1] President: Enrique Cerezo Head coach: Fernando Torres League: Primera Federación– Group 2 2023–24: Primera Federación– Group 2, 9th of 20 Website: Club website Home coloursAway coloursThird colours Home colours Away colours Third colours Home colours Away colours Third colours </Infotable> Atlético de Madrid B is a [Spanish football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Spain) based in [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid). Founded on 17 September 1963, it is the [reserve team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_team) of [Atlético Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid) and currently plays in [Primera Federación](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Federaci%C3%B3n) – Group 2. They play their home games at [Cerro del Espino Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Cerro_del_Espino). History The club was founded in 1964 as Reyfra Atlético O.J.E. when CD Reyfra (1963–64) and CA Getafe [merged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions). In 1970 it absorbed Aviaco Madrileño CF, which was established in 1967 when Madrileño CF (1956–67) and AD Aviaco [merged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions), became affiliated with Atlético Madrid and in 1970 changed its name to Atlético Madrileño Club de Fútbol. In 1991, the club changed the name to Atlético Madrid B for the 1991–92 season. Having already played from 1980 to 1986 in [Segunda División](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n), the reserves fluctuated between that level and [Segunda División B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B) – created in 1977 as the new third division – in the following decades. In the [1998–99 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n), the team (which featured [Rubén Baraja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Baraja), future [Valencia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF) and [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team) star in central [midfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder)) finished in second position in the second division, but was ineligible for [La Liga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga) promotion – [Numancia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Numancia) gained the automatic promotion slot instead. The [following year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n), they were administratively relegated as the first team went down from La Liga, and in [2000–01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B) they missed out on promotion in [the play-offs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B_play-offs) but would have been ineligible in any case as the seniors failed to achieve the same goal (they went back up a year later). The entire 2000s were spent in the third level, but several players continued to make the transition to the first team, including the likes of [David de Gea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_de_Gea), [Álvaro Domínguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Soto), [Antonio López](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_(footballer,_born_1981)), [Gabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_(footballer,_born_1983)), [Mario Suárez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Su%C3%A1rez_(footballer)), [Koke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koke_(footballer,_born_1992)), [Ignacio Camacho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Camacho), [Saúl Ñíguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%91%C3%ADguez), [Thomas Partey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Partey) and [Lucas Hernandez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Hernandez). In [2020–21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B), a poor on-field season combined with reorganisation of the league structure meant that the team was relegated not to the fourth tier but the fifth ([Tercera División RFEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n_RFEF)), having only spent two seasons below the third level since their first few years of existence over 50 years earlier. They returned within two years, with the second promotion via the [2023 Segunda Federación play-offs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Segunda_Federaci%C3%B3n_play-offs). Naming history Club Deportivo Reyfra (1963–1964) Reyfra Atlético O.J.E. (1964–1970) Atlético Madrileño Club de Fútbol (1970–1990) Club Atlético de Madrid "B" (1990–1992) Club Atlético de Madrid, S.A.D. "B" (1992–) Season to season As Atlético Madrileño Club de Fútbol (independent club). <Wikitable> Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey 1966–67 4 1ª Reg. 2nd NaN 1967–68 3 3ª 10th NaN 1968–69 3 3ª 11th NaN 1969–70 3 3ª 5th Fourth round 1970–71 3 3ª 5th DNP 1971–72 3 3ª 3rd Third round 1972–73 3 3ª 2nd First round 1973–74 3 3ª 11th Third round 1974–75 3 3ª 10th DNP 1975–76 3 3ª 5th Third round 1976–77 3 3ª 5th DNP 1977–78 3 2ª B 11th DNP 1978–79 3 2ª B 10th DNP </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Season Tier Division Place Copa del Rey 1979–80 3 2ª B 2nd DNP 1980–81 2 2ª 14th Third round 1981–82 2 2ª 10th Round of 16 1982–83 2 2ª 13th Second round 1983–84 2 2ª 14th First round 1984–85 2 2ª 14th Third round 1985–86 2 2ª 20th Second round 1986–87 3 2ª B 14th Second round 1987–88 3 2ª B 11th First round 1988–89 3 2ª B 1st Second round 1989–90 2 2ª 20th Second round 1990–91 3 2ª B 8th NaN </Wikitable> As Club Atlético de Madrid "B" (reserve team of Atlético Madrid). <Wikitable> Season Tier Division Place 1991–92 3 2ª B 7th 1992–93 3 2ª B 7th 1993–94 3 2ª B 6th 1994–95 3 2ª B 9th 1995–96 3 2ª B 4th 1996–97 2 2ª 12th 1997–98 2 2ª 9th 1998–99 2 2ª 2nd 1999–2000 2 2ª 17th 2000–01 3 2ª B 1st 2001–02 3 2ª B 10th 2002–03 3 2ª B 12th 2003–04 3 2ª B 1st 2004–05 3 2ª B 6th 2005–06 3 2ª B 9th 2006–07 3 2ª B 14th 2007–08 3 2ª B 10th 2008–09 3 2ª B 13th 2009–10 3 2ª B 7th 2010–11 3 2ª B 11th </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Season Tier Division Place 2011–12 3 2ª B 5th 2012–13 3 2ª B 7th 2013–14 3 2ª B 16th 2014–15 3 2ª B 18th 2015–16 4 3ª 4th 2016–17 4 3ª 1st 2017–18 3 2ª B 10th 2018–19 3 2ª B 3rd 2019–20 3 2ª B 3rd 2020–21 3 2ª B 8th / 4th 2021–22 5 3ª RFEF 1st 2022–23 4 2ª Fed. 2nd 2023–24 3 1ª Fed. 9th 2024–25 3 1ª Fed. NaN </Wikitable> 11 seasons in [Segunda División](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n) 2 seasons in [Primera Federación](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Federaci%C3%B3n) 30 seasons in [Segunda División B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B) 1 season in [Segunda Federación](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Federaci%C3%B3n) 12 seasons in [Tercera División](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n) 1 season in [Tercera División RFEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n_RFEF) Current squad Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under [FIFA eligibility rules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules). Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. <Wikitable> No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK ESP Antonio Gomis 2 DF ESP Martín Pascual 3 DF ESP Julio Díaz 4 DF ESP Javier Boñar 5 DF GRE Ilias Kostis 6 MF ESP Javi Serrano 7 FW ESP Diego Bri 8 MF ESP Alejandro Mestanza 9 FW ESP Adrián Niño 10 MF ESP Aitor Gismera 11 FW MAR Salim El Jebari 12 DF ARG Gerónimo Spina 13 GK ESP Alejandro Iturbe </Wikitable> <Wikitable> No. Pos. Nation Player 14 MF ESP Joaquín González 15 DF ESP Dani Martínez 17 FW ESP Iker Luque 18 MF ESP Selu Diallo (on loan from Alavés) 19 FW MAR Abde Raihani 20 MF ESP Rayane Belaid 21 FW ESP Ale García (on loan from Las Palmas) 22 DF ESP Pablo Pérez 23 DF ESP Carlos Giménez 24 FW ESP Víctor Mollejo — MF ESP Alberto Moreno — FW ESP Koke Mota </Wikitable> Reserve team Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under [FIFA eligibility rules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules). Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. <Wikitable> No. Pos. Nation Player 26 MF ESP Jano Monserrate 27 FW ESP Omar Janneh </Wikitable> Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under [FIFA eligibility rules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules). Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. <Wikitable> Empty DataFrame Columns: [No., Pos., Nation, Player] Index: [] </Wikitable> Staff <Wikitable> Position Staff Head coach Fernando Torres Assistant coach Javi Pineda Goalkeeping coach Manolo Rubio Analyst Javier Aguirre Darío Losada Delegate Miguel Ángel Gómez González Fitness coach Luis Piñedo Club doctor Fabio Andrés Jiménez Physiotherapist Pablo Caride Alberto Casares Carlos Brenes Rehabilitation physio Francisco Lorite Kit man Saturnino Campo Díaz Santiago Álvarez Nondedeu Technical assistant team Julio Ortega Ruiz Roberto Avilés </Wikitable> Coaches Teddy Pacheco (1969–1970) José Antonio Olmedo (1970–1971) Ramón Cobo Antoranz (1971–1974) [Paquito García](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquito_Garc%C3%ADa) (1975–1976) [Máximo Hernández](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_Hern%C3%A1ndez) (1976–1978) [Joaquín Peiró](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Peir%C3%B3) (1978–1985) [José Ufarte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ufarte) (1985–1986) [Iselín Santos Ovejero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isel%C3%ADn_Santos_Ovejero) (1987–1988) [Emilio Cruz Roldán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Cruz_Rold%C3%A1n) (1988–1989) [Josu Ortuondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josu_Ortuondo) (1989–1990) Antonio Seseña Fernández (1990) [Antonio López Habas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_Habas) (1990–1991) [Manuel Ruiz Sosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Ruiz_Sosa) (1991) José Miguel Polo Lázaro (1991–1992) [Jesús Tartilán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Tartil%C3%A1n) (1992–1993) [Emilio Cruz Roldán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Cruz_Rold%C3%A1n) (1994–1995) [Santiago Martín Prado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Mart%C3%ADn_Prado) (1995–1996) [Carlos Diarte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Diarte) (1996–1997) [Carlos Sánchez Aguiar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_S%C3%A1nchez_Aguiar) (1997–1999) [Fernando Zambrano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Zambrano) (1999–2000) [Carlos García Cantarero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Garc%C3%ADa_Cantarero) (2000–2001)(2001–2002) [Luís Pereira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Pereira) (2002) [Santiago Martín Prado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Mart%C3%ADn_Prado) (2002–2003) [José Murcia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Murcia) (2003–2006) [Manuel Romero Paz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Romero_Paz) (2006) [Alfredo Merino Tamayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Merino_Tamayo) (2006–2007) [Abraham García](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Garc%C3%ADa) (2007–2009) [Antonio Rivas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rivas_(Spanish_footballer)) (2009–2011) [Milinko Pantić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milinko_Panti%C4%87) (2011–2012) [Alfredo Santaelena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Santaelena) (2012–2014) [Óscar Alcides Mena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Alcides_Mena) (2014) [Roberto Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Marina) (2014) [Carlos Sánchez Aguiar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_S%C3%A1nchez_Aguiar) (2014–2015) [Roberto Fresnedoso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Fresnedoso) (2015) [Víctor Afonso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Afonso) (2015–2016) [Óscar Fernández](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(football_manager,_born_1974)) (2016–2019) [Nacho Fernández](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Garc%C3%ADa) (2019–2021) [Antonio Rivas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rivas_(Spanish_footballer)) (2021) [Luis Tevenet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Tevenet) (2021–2024) [Fernando Torres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Torres) (2024–) Honours [Copa de la Liga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_la_Liga) ([Segunda División](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n)) (1): 1982–83 [Segunda División B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B) (3): [1988–89](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B), [2000–01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B), [2003–04](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B) [Tercera División](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n) (1): [2016–17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n) Records Top Scorers (All competitions) <Wikitable> Ranking Nationality Name Years Goals 1 Spain Juan Carlos de Diego 1988–1990 36 2 Spain Víctor 1978–1980, 1982–1983 34 2 Spain Manolo Alfaro 1989–1992 34 2 Spain Toché 2002–2004 34 5 Spain Santiago Martín Prado 1975–1976, 1978–1982 32 6 Spain Marcos Sequeiros 1997–1999 30 7 Spain Antonio Cuevas 1981–1982, 1983-1985 28 8 Spain Luis Tevenet 1997–1999 27 8 Spain Dani Aquino 2012–2015 27 10 Spain Miguelín 1984–1988 26 </Wikitable> Appearances (All competitions) <Wikitable> Ranking Nationality Name Years Games 1 Spain Juanín 1979–1983, 1984-1985 183 2 Spain Salva Malagón 1981–1986, 1988–1989 147 3 Spain Ricardo 1990–1991, 1992–1995, 1997-1998 146 4 Spain Gustavo 1994–1999 141 4 Spain César Ortiz 2007–2009, 2010–2013 141 6 Spain Fede Bahón 1994–1998 135 7 Spain Mínguez 1974–1981 133 8 Spain José Luis Arjol 1980–1981, 1981–1984 132 9 Spain Manuel Pinto 1986–1990, 1991–1992 130 10 Spain César 1992–1995, 1997-1999 127 </Wikitable> Stadium [Cerro del Espino Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Cerro_del_Espino) is located in [Majadahonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadahonda), [Community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Madrid). It also serves as an habitual training ground for the main squad, and as the home ground of local [CF Rayo Majadahonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Rayo_Majadahonda) ([second division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n)). Besides, this facility hosts simposiums on rules of the National Professional Soccer League on stadia security. Technical details: Dimensions: 106x70 meters Surface: Natural grass Capacity: 3,800 spectators Opening year: 1995 Services: Newsroom, radio booths and cafeteria of the club. There are also toilets and bars to the public Address: Calle Moreras, s/n, 28220, Majadahonda (Madrid) Dimensions: 106x70 meters Surface: Natural grass Capacity: 3,800 spectators Opening year: 1995 Services: Newsroom, radio booths and cafeteria of the club. There are also toilets and bars to the public Address: Calle Moreras, s/n, 28220, Majadahonda (Madrid) Notable players Note: This list includes players that have appeared in at least 100 top league games and/or have reached international status. [Keidi Bare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keidi_Bare) [Koldo Álvarez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koldo_%C3%81lvarez) [José Percudani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_Percudani) [Javier Pinola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Pinola) [Ivan Rocha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Rocha) [King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(footballer,_born_1970)) [Jean Dika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dika_Dika) [Daniel Kome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_N%27Gom_Kome) [Pierre Kunde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Kunde) [Kily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kily_%C3%81lvarez) [Salomón Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Obama) [Andrés Robles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Robles) [Xu Xin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Xin_(footballer)) [Cedrick Mabwati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrick_Mabwati) [Manny Rodríguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(footballer)) [Lucas Hernandez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Hernandez) [Théo Hernandez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Hernandez) [Sadick Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadick_Adams) [Thomas Partey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Partey) [Sekou Keita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekou_Keita_Souza) [Frantz Bertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Bertin) [Yassine Bounou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassine_Bounou) [Gabriel González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(Paraguayan_footballer)) [Ángel Guirado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Guirado) [Marco Ferreira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ferreira) [João Pinto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vieira_Pinto) [Ibrahima Baldé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahima_Bald%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1989)) [Amath Ndiaye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amath_Ndiaye) [Veljko Paunović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljko_Paunovi%C4%87) [Đorđe Tomić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Tomi%C4%87) [Zvonimir Vukić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvonimir_Vuki%C4%87) [Quinton Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinton_Fortune) [Mario Abrante](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Mario_%C3%81lvarez) [Carlos Aguilera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Aguilera) [Manolo Alfaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolo_Alfaro) [Javier Arizmendi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Javier_Arizmendi) [Rubén Baraja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Baraja) [Borja Bastón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borja_Bast%C3%B3n) [Ignacio Camacho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Camacho) [Javier Casquero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Casquero) [Domingo Cisma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Cisma) [José Ramón Corchado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Corchado) Cuaresma [Pichu Cuéllar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Cu%C3%A9llar) [Diego Díaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_D%C3%ADaz_Garrido) [Álvaro Domínguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Dom%C3%ADnguez_(footballer,_born_1989)) [Gabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_(footballer,_born_1983)) [Gaspar Gálvez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_G%C3%A1lvez_Burgos) [David de Gea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_de_Gea) [Juan Carlos Gómez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%ADaz) [Ramón González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Exp%C3%B3sito) Tomás González [Quique Estebaranz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quique_Estebaranz) [Santi Ezquerro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ezquerro) [Chema Jiménez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chema_(footballer,_born_1976)) [Roberto Jiménez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Jim%C3%A9nez_Gago) [Juanjo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanjo_Enr%C3%ADquez) [Juanito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanito_(footballer,_born_1954)) [Julio Alberto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Alberto) [Keko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keko_(footballer,_born_1991)) [Koke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koke_(footballer,_born_1992)) [Paco Llorente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Llorente_Gento) [Antonio López](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_(footballer,_born_1981)) [Juanma López](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_(footballer)) Armando Lucas [Mané](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1981)) [Javier Manquillo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Manquillo) [Roberto Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Marina) [Ángel Jésus Mejías](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Jes%C3%BAs_Mej%C3%ADas_Rodr%C3%ADguez) [César Mendiondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Mendiondo) [Jorge Miramón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Miram%C3%B3n) [Manu del Moral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_del_Moral) Sergio Morgado [Toni Muñoz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_G%C3%B3mez) [Saúl Ñíguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAl_%C3%91%C3%ADguez) [Juanma Ortiz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanma_Ortiz_(footballer,_born_1982)) Juan Carlos Pedraza [Rubén Pérez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_P%C3%A9rez_(footballer,_born_1989)) [Julio Prieto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Prieto_Mart%C3%ADn) [Quique Ramos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quique_Ramos) [Tomás Reñones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Re%C3%B1ones) [Abel Resino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Resino) [Ricardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_(footballer,_born_1971)) [Antonio Rivas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rivas_(Spanish_footballer)) [Diego Rivas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rivas_(footballer,_born_1980)) [Nano Rivas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_Rivas) [Joel Robles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Robles) [Carlos Rodríguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(footballer,_born_1980)) Juan José Rubio [Miguel Ángel Ruiz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ruiz_(footballer)) [Salva Sevilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Sevilla) [Roberto Solozábal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Soloz%C3%A1bal) [Mario Suárez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Su%C3%A1rez_(footballer)) [Luis Tevenet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Tevenet) [Óliver Torres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93liver_Torres) [Martín Vellisca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vellisca) Higinio Vilches [Clemente Villaverde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemente_Villaverde) [Yordi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordi) [Kader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelkader_Oueslati) [Pablo García](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Garc%C3%ADa_(footballer,_born_1977)) [Marcelo Saralegui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Saralegui)

2024-09-18 23:15:29

Thrownness

Thrownness ([German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language): Geworfenheit) is a concept introduced by [German philosopher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German-language_philosophers) [Martin Heidegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger) (1889–1976) to describe humans' individual existences as being 'thrown' (geworfen) into the world. Overview Geworfen denotes the arbitrary character of [Dasein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasein)'s experience in the sense of its having been born into a specific family in a particular culture at a given moment of human history. The past, through [Being-toward-death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being-toward-death), becomes a part of Dasein. Awareness and acknowledgment of the arbitrariness of Dasein is characterized as a state of "thrown-ness" in the present with all its attendant frustrations, sufferings, and demands that one does not choose, such as social conventions or ties of kinship and duty. The very fact of one's own existence is a manifestation of thrown-ness. The idea of the past as a matrix not chosen, but at the same time not utterly binding or deterministic, results in the notion of Geworfenheit—a kind of alienation that human beings struggle against, and that leaves a paradoxical opening for freedom: For [William J. Richardson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Richardson), Geworfenheit "must be understood in a purely [ontological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology) sense as wishing to signify the matter-of-fact character of human finitude".: 37 That's why "thrownness" is the best English word for Geworfenheit. Richardson: "[Other] attractive translations such as '[abandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandonment_(existentialism)#Martin_Heidegger),' 'dereliction,' '[dejection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)),' etc. [...] are [dangerous because they are] too rich with [ontic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontic), [anthropological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology) connotations. We retain 'thrown-ness' as closest to the original and, perhaps, least misleading.": 37 In his main work [The Principle of Hope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principle_of_Hope) (1954–1959), the anti-Heideggerian author [Ernst Bloch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Bloch) has correlated the thrownness into the world with a dog's life: hope "will not tolerate a dog's life which feels itself only passively thrown into What Is, which is not seen through, even wretchedly recognized." In popular culture Bloch's reference to the life of a dog may have been picked up by [The Doors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors) in a verse of their 1971 song "[Riders on the Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riders_on_the_Storm)": "Into this world we're thrown / Like a dog without a bone." In 2009, [Simon Critchley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Critchley) dedicated his column on [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) to Heidegger's concept of thrownness and explained it using the aforementioned verse of The Doors. Speaking with [Krieger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robby_Krieger) and [Manzarek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Manzarek), the German philosopher Thomas Collmer[de] tells how this verse recalls Heidegger's concept of thrownness: in 1963 at [Florida State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University) in [Tallahassee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida), [Jim Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Morrison) attended a whole lecture in which philosophers who had examined the philosophical tradition, such as [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche) and Martin Heidegger, were discussed. Legacy Beyond philosophy In their 1986 book Understanding Computers and Cognition. A New Foundation for Design, authors [Terry Winograd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Winograd) and [Fernando Flores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Flores) applied Heidegger's concept of thrownness to the field of software design.

2024-09-18 18:15:07

Baloo

View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider [adding a topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Expand_Italian#Topics_and_categorization) to this template: there are already 654 articles in the [main category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Italian_Wikipedia), and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide [copyright attribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the [edit summary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an [interlanguage link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Baloo]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Baloo}} to the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Baloo). For more guidance, see [Wikipedia:Translation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation). <Infotable> Baloo The Jungle Bookcharacter Baloo in the 1895 edition ofThe Second Jungle Book First appearance: "Mowgli's Brothers" Last appearance: The spring Running Created by: Rudyard Kipling In-universe information Species: Sloth Bear/Baluchistan Bear(described as aBrown bearin the book) Gender: Male </Infotable> Baloo (from [Hindi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language): भालू bhālū "bear") is a main fictional character featured in [Rudyard Kipling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling)'s [The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book) from 1894 and [The Second Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book) from 1895. Baloo, a [sloth bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear), is the strict teacher of the cubs of the Seeonee wolf pack. His most challenging pupil is the "man-cub" [Mowgli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli). Baloo and [Bagheera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheera), the [panther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_panther), save Mowgli from [Shere Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan), the [tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger), and endeavour to teach Mowgli [the Law of the Jungle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_jungle) in many of The Jungle Book stories. Name and species He is described in Kipling's work as "the sleepy brown bear". [Robert Armitage Sterndale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Armitage_Sterndale), from whom Kipling derived most of his knowledge of Indian fauna, used the Hindi word "Bhalu" for several bear species, though [Daniel Karlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Karlin), who edited the Penguin [reissue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissue) of The Jungle Book in 1987, states that, with the exception of colour, Kipling's descriptions of Baloo are consistent with the [sloth bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear), as [brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear) and [Asian black bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_black_bear) do not occur in the [Seoni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoni,_Madhya_Pradesh) area where the story takes place. Also, the name sloth can be used in the context of sleepiness. Karlin states, however, that Baloo's diet of "only roots and nuts and honey" is a trait more common to the Asian black bear than to the sloth bear. Nevertheless, this may be single observation only; according to [the dietary habits of sloth bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear#Dietary_habits), while sloth bears prefer termites and ants (which is also described as Baloo's special treat in The Jungle Book), their main sources of food are honey and fruits most of the year. In the 1967 Walt Disney's [The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)), he's portrayed as a [sloth bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear), while in the [Russian version](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Mowgli), he's portrayed as an [Asian black bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_black_bear). In the 1994 remake of [The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1994_film)), Baloo is depicted as a [cinnamon bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_bear), while live-action television shows and films often have Baloo as an [American black bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear). In the [2016 adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)), Baloo is stated to be a sloth bear by Bagheera, though his appearance is similar to that of a [Himalayan brown bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear). Though this subspecies of the brown bear is absent from historical records on Seoni, it might have ranged across most of northern India. Another possibility is that this character was named after Balochistan Bear, a sub-species of Asiatic black bear, which can be found around Baluchistan mountain range of Pakistan and India. Another strong supporting fact to this theory is that Balochistan bears love to eat bananas and other fruits. In several scenes of the Jungle Book, Baloo is shown to be eating bananas and prickly pears. Pronunciation In the Author's Notes in the Jungle Books, Kipling gives the pronunciation of the name as [/ˈbɑːluː/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [BAH-loo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key); although it is also commonly pronounced [/bəˈluː/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English). In film, television, and theatre Disney versions <Infotable> Baloo Baloo as he appears inWalt Disney'sThe Jungle Book(1967). First appearance: The Jungle Book(1967) Created by: Rudyard KiplingWalt Disney Voiced by: Phil Harris(The Jungle Book)Ed Gilbert(1990-1999;TaleSpin)Pamela Adlon(as a cub) andEd Gilbert(as an adult) (Jungle Cubs)Brian-Doyle Murray(The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story)John Goodman(The Jungle Book 2)Steven Curtis Chapman(The Jungle Book Groove Party,Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers)Kevin Carolan(The Jungle Book Musical)Joel McCrary(2002-present)Bill Murray(2016 adaptation)Jim Cummings(Once Upon a Studio) In-universe information Full name: Baloo von Bruinwald XIII (TaleSpinincarnation) </Infotable> [Rudyard Kipling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling) [Walt Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney) [Phil Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Harris) ([The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film))) [Ed Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Gilbert) (1990-1999; [TaleSpin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaleSpin)) [Pamela Adlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Adlon) (as a cub) and [Ed Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Gilbert) (as an adult) ([Jungle Cubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Cubs)) [Brian-Doyle Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian-Doyle_Murray) ([The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book:_Mowgli%27s_Story)) [John Goodman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodman) ([The Jungle Book 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2)) [Steven Curtis Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Curtis_Chapman) ([The Jungle Book Groove Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_Groove_Party), [Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(film))) [Kevin Carolan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Carolan) (The Jungle Book Musical) Joel McCrary (2002-present) [Bill Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray) ([2016 adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film))) [Jim Cummings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings) ([Once Upon a Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Studio)) Baloo, based on Kipling's creation, has appeared in various [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company) productions, starting with the company's [1967 feature-length animated film adaptation of The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)). In this version, Baloo (voiced by [Phil Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Harris)) is portrayed as a friendly, even-tempered character who lives a responsibility-free lifestyle, seemingly far removed from the law teacher in Kipling's book. Like in the novel, Baloo is one of [Mowgli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli)'s mentors and friends. Baloo is also patient and strong; his only apparent weakness is that he's ticklish. Baloo is initially opposed to bringing Mowgli to the Man Village, wanting to raise him as a son. However, when [Bagheera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheera) explains that Mowgli is easy prey for [Shere Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Khan) the tiger and that he's not safe in the jungle, even with Baloo's diligent protection, Baloo realizes he has a point and agrees to tell Mowgli the difficult truth. Mowgli turns on Baloo and runs away, prompting him and Bagheera to split up and search for the boy. Baloo isn't seen again until the climax of the film, when he sees Mowgli preparing to battle Shere Khan. Baloo attempts to stop the tiger, but almost gets killed in the process. After Mowgli follows a girl into the village and decides to stay there, Baloo is slightly disappointed, but is ultimately relieved that Mowgli is safe at last. He and Bagheera then return to the jungle as they sing a reprise of "[The Bare Necessities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bare_Necessities)" together. Baloo returns in the 2003 animated sequel [The Jungle Book 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2) in which he is voiced by [John Goodman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodman). He is eager to reunite with Mowgli, in spite of Bagheera's exasperation and the return of a vindictive Shere Khan, humiliated by his previous defeat at Mowgli's hands. He sneaks into the Man Village at night after eluding Bagheera and Colonel Hathi's herd to visit Mowgli and takes him off into the jungle after being caught by the village girl, now given the name Shanti, who felt bad for getting Mowgli in trouble and unknowingly saves him from Shere Khan, who also came to the village. This leads Shanti, Ranjan, and some of the other villagers to go into the jungle to search for him. Mowgli tells Baloo all about the negative aspects of the village while hiding the positive feelings he also has about the place. When Baloo makes fun of Mowgli's life in the village and scares Shanti like Mowgli asked him to, he unintentionally hurts Mowgli's feelings and annoys him. Baloo and Shanti continue to hate each other until they both say they're trying to save Mowgli from Shere Khan (who ambushed Mowgli when he went after Shanti and Ranjan to apologize) during an argument. From then on, they acknowledge one another as friends. After he, Mowgli, and Shanti trap Shere Khan under a statue on a rocky outcrop in a lava lake, Baloo understands that Mowgli's place is in the village and sadly says good-bye to him. However, it is revealed the next day that Mowgli, Shanti, and Ranjan have the village leader's permission to visit the jungle as they please (presumably because, with Shere Khan gone, the jungle is now "certified as safe"). The film ends with Baloo, Shanti, and Mowgli singing a reprise of "The Bare Necessities" while Ranjan plays with Bagheera. Baloo became a popular character after the success of the Disney films. He was made famous by the song "[The Bare Necessities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bare_Necessities)", sung by Phil Harris, in which he tells Mowgli how to live off the land and still have a life of luxury. In a 1978 live-action sketch titled The Wonderful World of Ernie from [Morecambe and Wise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe_and_Wise), which parodied "[I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wan%27na_Be_Like_You_(The_Monkey_Song))", Baloo is played by [Eric Morecambe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Morecambe) using a full costume, although lip-synching to [Phil Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Harris)'s original recording. In the 1990 Disney animated TV series [TaleSpin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaleSpin), Baloo (voiced by [Ed Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Gilbert)) is the main character of the series and is based primarily on the character from Disney's The Jungle Book, but he wears a flight cap and a khaki [shirt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirt). He's also more humanoid in appearance as he has four-fingered hands as opposed to his Jungle Book rendition's claws. He has an easy-going and cheeky personality just like the Jungle Book version. Although juvenile, scruffy, directionless, and a [slacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacker), he is also an excellent pilot and capable of dangerous aerial maneuvers. He [flies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_flying) a cargo plane called the Sea Duck. He will also bravely come to the aid of people in need of help. Some of his mannerisms survive from The Jungle Book, including his nickname of "Papa Bear", and he also calls his young sidekick, Kit Cloudkicker "Little Britches" much like he did to Mowgli. In [the 1994 Disney live-action film version of The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1994_film)), Baloo, like all the other animals featured, does not speak. He is portrayed by an [American black bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear) named Casey. He first meets Mowgli as a cub when Mowgli finds him trapped inside a broken log. Mowgli frees him and they become fast friends. In a later scene, while Mowgli is escorting his childhood sweetheart Katherine "Kitty" Brydon through the jungle, Baloo appears and playfully wrestles with Mowgli, in the process temporarily scaring Kitty until Mowgli introduces his jungle friends to her. In a later tussle against soldiers working for Captain William Boone, Baloo is shot and left for dead, but Mowgli finds him and locates Dr. Julius Plumford to save his life. In the final scene, after Boone's defeat, Dr. Plumford is shown to have successfully saved Baloo and is seen standing with Baloo beside a waterfall. In the 1996 Disney animated TV series [Jungle Cubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Cubs), Baloo (voiced by [Pamela Adlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Adlon)) is a kind-hearted and genial cub. He likes to play with his friends (including his best friend [Louie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louie)) and sometimes plays tricks on Bagheera in order to snap the latter out of his serious attitude. [Ed Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Gilbert) voices the character as an adult on three animated segments featured on the VHS releases of the series. Baloo appears in the 1998 live-action film [The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book:_Mowgli%27s_Story), voiced by [Brian-Doyle Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian-Doyle_Murray). His role in the film is similar to the 1967 animated version, but like the original novel, he also becomes Mowgli's teacher (alongside Bagheera) in which he teaches him how to hunt in the jungle and defend against Shere Khan. Disney's 2013 stage adaptation of The Jungle Book, directed by [Mary Zimmerman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Zimmerman), features [Kevin Carolan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Carolan) as Baloo. In [the 2016 version of The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)), Baloo is voiced by [Bill Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray), and appears as a [Himalayan brown bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear), although Bagheera mockingly refers to him as a [sloth bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_bear). Baloo claims to hibernate, which would suggest a brown bear, but Bagheera gets him to admit that he just "naps a lot". Baloo first appears when Kaa is about to devour Mowgli and rescues him from the python before she can eat him. Baloo then takes Mowgli back to his cave and tells him to help him gather honey in exchange for saving his life. Eventually, Baloo and Mowgli form a strong attachment with Mowgli deciding that he wants to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives. When Bagheera shows up, Mowgli reveals that he wants to live with Baloo. Baloo then speaks with Bagheera, and Baloo reluctantly agrees to send Mowgli away to the Man-village so he is safe from Shere Khan. To this end, he says he and Mowgli were never friends, hoping his lie will coerce Mowgli into going to the Man-village. However, before Mowgli can decide, monkeys under the command of [King Louie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louie), a [gigantopithecus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantopithecus), abduct him. Baloo and Bagheera track the monkeys back to their temple and fight them off long enough for Mowgli to hide from Louie. The ensuing chase results in Louie's apparent death. When Mowgli learns of Akela's death by Shere Khan from Louie, he angrily decides to face Shere Khan, and steals a torch from the man-village, accidentally starting a fire in the jungle. Baloo and Bagheera follow him in close pursuit and help to distract Shere Khan alongside Raksha and the rest of Mowgli's wolf pack so that Mowgli can set a trap that later kills Shere Khan. After Shere Khan is defeated and the fire extinguished, Mowgli is last seen sometime later with Baloo and Bagheera, having at last found his true home in the jungle. Baloo makes a cameo appearance in the 2022 film [Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(film)), where he was voiced by [Steven Curtis Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Curtis_Chapman). In the film, it was stated that he was originally from [TaleSpin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaleSpin) before appearing in [The Jungle Book reboot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)). In the 2023 short [Once Upon a Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Studio), Baloo is shown with Mowgli singing the verses for the song "[When You Wish Upon a Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You_Wish_Upon_a_Star)". In the short he is voiced by [Jim Cummings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings) who previously voiced him in an animated non-Disney version of The Jungle Book released by GoodTime Video in 1990. Japanese anime (1989) In 1989 [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) [anime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime) television series [Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Book_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Mowgli), also based on The Jungle Book, Baloo (voiced by [Banjō Ginga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banj%C5%8D_Ginga) in Japanese and A.J. Henderson in the English dub) is more faithfully depicted as a strict teacher of Mowgli, not above getting physical in his displeasure when the boy is being difficult. Like his Disney self, he is a sloth bear by species. In the episode "The Cold Fang", Akela reveals that Baloo lost his mother and sibling to a pack of Dholes, which became the reason for his serious nature. Live action series (1998) In the live-action TV series [Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli:_The_New_Adventures_of_the_Jungle_Book) based on the original Jungle Book stories, Baloo is once again given a more sensible personality faithful to that of the books. 2010 animated series (2010–2015) In the Indian animated TV series [The Jungle Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2010_TV_series)), Baloo (voiced by [Jimmy Hibbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hibbert) and [David Willis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Willis_(voice_actor))) is once again given a more conservative personality faithful to that of the books. He is also depicted in this series as wearing glasses and, like his Disney self, as a tall and obese himalayan brown bear with a bipedal gait. Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018 film) In the 2018 live-action film [Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli:_Legend_of_the_Jungle), Baloo was voiced and motion-captured by [Andy Serkis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Serkis) who also served as the film's director. Like his book counterpart, Baloo serves as Mowgli's primary teacher. Serkis has also described this incarnation of Baloo as almost being akin to a drill sergeant who pushes Mowgli to understand the rules of the jungle. When teaching Mowgli, he often advises him not to interact with the Bandar-log. When Mowgli is attacked near the finish line by Bagheera during the rite of passage, Baloo calls him off before it goes too far. Though Mowgli says that Bagheera cut him off, Baloo advises Mowgli not to let his guard down, meaning he had still failed. After Mowgli leaves upset, Baloo furiously scolds Bagheera for being too aggressive and cutting into the test; Bagheera revealed that he failed Mowgli on purpose so that he would go to the man village to be safe from Shere Khan. Baloo, feeling that Bagheera betrayed Mowgli and caused him to fail in being a teacher to him, gets into a physical altercation with the panther, saying that Bagheera was not the only one to care about Mowgli and showing underneath the gruff exterior, the bear did care. Both stop their fighting however when Bhoot, Mowgli's [albino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism_in_biology) wolf cub friend, informs them that the Bandar-log had made off with Mowgli. The two of them manage to rescue Mowgli from the Bandar-log, Shere Khan, and [Tabaqui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaqui) with the help of Kaa. When Akela orders Mowgli to leave the lair after he used fire to drive off Shere Khan and Tabaqui, Baloo is saddened to see him go. In the climax of the film, Baloo is among the animals that witness Mowgli's duel with Shere Khan outside the man village which ends with the death of Shere Khan.

2024-09-18 18:30:59

MetroSource

<Infotable> Categories: Gay periodical Publisher: Bent Share Entertainment, LLC Total circulation(2020): 127,665[1] Founded: 1990 Company: Bent Share Entertainment, LLC Country: United States Based in: New York City Language: English Website: www.metrosource.com ISSN: 1529-935X </Infotable> Metrosource is an American LGBTQ magazine. The bi-monthly [gay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay) and [lesbian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian) lifestyle magazine and business directory has three editions: Metrosource NY (Metrosource New York), Metrosource LA (Metrosource Los Angeles) and Metrosource National. The magazine is distributed in print and digital formats. History and profile Metrosource was first published in 1990 as a local [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) publication, the magazine has been distributed nationally since the mid-1990s. Metrosource is geared towards the modern metropolitan gay community. Metrosource covers popular culture, entertaining, design, travel, health, HIV, fitness, and telling the stories of gay and gay-friendly people. Metrosource connects its readers with the businesses that want to support the LGBT community. Publisher, and former owner, Rob Davis had a vision with a dual purpose: to create a publication with stories and imagery that readers could be proud to read and display in their homes and share with friends and family; and to create a place where advertisers could let LGBT people know that their patronage is welcome at their places of business. In March 2017, Metrosource was acquired by Davler Media Group (DMG), an integrated marketing and content company. In February 2019, Metrosource was acquired by Bent Share Entertainment, LLC. Metrosource is the second largest gay and lesbian publication in the United States.

2024-09-18 22:38:05

Osage_County,_Oklahoma

<Infotable> Osage County County Osage County Courthouse Location within the U.S. state ofOklahoma Oklahoma's location within theU.S. Coordinates:36°38′N96°24′W / 36.63°N 96.4°W /36.63; -96.4 Country: United States State: Oklahoma Founded: 1907 Named for: Osage Nation Seat: Pawhuska Largest city: Hominy Area • Total: 2,304 sq mi (5,970 km2) • Land: 2,246 sq mi (5,820 km2) • Water: 58 sq mi (150 km2)  2.5% Population(2020) • Total: 45,818 • Density: 20/sq mi (7.7/km2) Congressional district: 3rd </Infotable> Osage County ([/ˈoʊseɪdʒ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)) is the largest county by area in the [U.S. state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state) of [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma). Created in 1907 when Oklahoma was admitted as a state, the county is named for and is home to the federally recognized [Osage Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation). The county is coextensive with the Osage Nation Reservation, established by treaty in the 19th century when the Osage relocated there from Kansas. The county seat is in [Pawhuska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma), one of the first three towns established in the county. The total population of the county as of 2020 was 45,818. History During the 17th century, the Osage and other [Dhegihan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhegihan_languages) [Siouan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan) tribes were displaced westward from the [Ohio Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Country) following the [Beaver Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Wars). The Osage became established as a powerful nation in the areas of present-day Missouri and Arkansas between the [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River) and [Red rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South), as well as extending to the west. By 1760, they had increased their range to include the present Osage County. Historically one of the most powerful [Great Plains tribes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Indians), their numbers were reduced by [infectious disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease) and warfare after encounter with Europeans. In 1825, they ceded their claim to the land in present-day Oklahoma to the United States government, which included it in a "perpetual [outlet to the west](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Outlet) given to the [Cherokee Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation) by the [Treaty of New Echota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota)" in 1835. This treaty was to accomplish Cherokee [removal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal) to the Indian Territory. During the [American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War), on December 26, 1861, a band of pro-Union [Creek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)) and [Seminole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole) fought with a [Confederate Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army) unit at the [Battle of Chustenahlah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chustenahlah) on Bird Creek, near the present town of [Skiatook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiatook,_Oklahoma). Generally the Five Civilized Tribes were allied with the Confederacy. In 1870, the Osage finally prepared for removal from Kansas, after having negotiated payment for their land. They purchased 1.57 million acres (6,400 km2) of their former territory in present-day Oklahoma from the Cherokee. By owning it by title, they had a stronger position in relation to the US government than did other tribes. The Osage Agency was established in 1872 at Deep Ford, later renamed as [Pawhuska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma). It was designated as the county seat when Oklahoma was admitted as a state. The other chief settlements in the 1870s were [Hominy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy,_Oklahoma) and [Fairfax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_Oklahoma); each of the three was settled by a major Osage band. In 1875, the US designated their land as the Osage Reservation. Because the tribe owned the land directly, they retained more control over their affairs than did tribes whose land was held "in trust" by the United States government. This reservation became part of the [Oklahoma Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory) under the [Oklahoma Organic Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_organic_act) of 1890. It became a semi-autonomous district by the [Oklahoma Enabling Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act) of 1906, and Osage County at the time of Oklahoma Statehood in 1907. At that time, there were 2,229 registered Osage members. As owners, the Osage negotiated the retention of the communal mineral rights to their reservation lands. In October 1897, the Phoenix Oil Company drilled the first successful oil well on the Osage reservation and in Oklahoma Territory. It was located along Butler Creek. In 1901, Phoenix Oil and Osage Oil companies combined their assets to form the Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company (ITIO). It arranged with the [Bureau of Indian Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs) to sub-lease the eastern part of the Osage reservation until 1916. When ITIO's lease expired, the United States government supervised the public auctioning of leases for 160-acre (65 ha) tracts. All subsurface minerals, including oil, are owned by the [Osage Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation) and held in trust for them by the Federal Government. Each mineral lease was negotiated by the Osage National Council and approved by the [U.S. Secretary of the Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior). While the government forced allotment of lands and distribution of 160-acre (65 ha) plots to tribal members for farming in the early 20th century, the tribe continued to hold their "surplus" land after the distribution. Other tribes were forced to give up such "surplus" and allow for sales to non-Indians. The Osage distributed their surplus communal land to tribal members, so that in 1906 each Osage was given a total of 657 acres (266 ha), nearly four times the amount that other Indian households received in the allotment process. Later the enrolled Osage and their descendants received oil and other mineral royalties as payments based on these "headrights". The Burbank Oil Field was discovered in May 1920 with the Marland Oil Company's well 1 discovery. Peak production from the [dome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_(geology)) was in July 1923 at 88,950 barrels from 1020 wells, with total production of 200 million barrels by the end of 1938. Most production is from the Burbank [Sand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand) at a depth of 2700–3000 feet. By 1920, the Osage were receiving lucrative revenues from royalties and were counted as the richest people in the country. During the 1920s, Osage County was the site of the infamous [Osage Indian murders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders). Because of the great wealth being generated by oil, an estimated 60 tribal members were killed as whites tried to gain their headrights, royalties or land. The FBI believed that several white husbands of Osage women had committed or ordered murders of their wives. Other Osage were tricked out of their legal rights by unscrupulous white opportunists. Congress had passed a law in 1921 requiring all Osage of half or more Indian ancestry to have a guardian appointed by the court until the person proved to be "competent." Guardians were appointed by the courts even for minors with living parents. There was extensive corruption as such guardians manipulated people to give or bequeath land to them in order to get access to oil rights. The Osage called in the FBI to help solve several murders in the Kyle family. Three white men were ultimately convicted and sentenced. But, many murders were never solved. To try to protect the Osage, Congress passed a law in 1921 limiting the inheritance of headrights only to persons who were half or more Osage in ancestry. Geography According to the [U.S. Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau), the county has a total area of 2,304 square miles (5,970 km2), of which 2,246 square miles (5,820 km2) is land and 58 square miles (150 km2) (2.5%) is water. It is the largest county in Oklahoma by area. Most of the county is in the [Osage Plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Plains), and consists of open prairie. The eastern part of the county contains the [Osage Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Hills), an extension of the [Flint Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Hills) in [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas). [Tallgrass Prairie Preserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallgrass_Prairie_Preserve) is north of Pawhuska. Holmes Peak is a mountain northwest of Tulsa in Osage County. It was named by the United States Board on Geographic Names on October 5, 1983, for the fictional detective, [Sherlock Holmes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes). The name was proposed by Richard S. Warner. Holmes Peak is the highest point in the Tulsa Metropolitan area, with an elevation of 1,030 feet (310 m), though it ranks only as the 379th highest point in the state. Gray Horse Creek, Drum Creek and Salt Creek all drain the southwestern part of the county and flow into the [Arkansas River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River), which is part of the county's southern and western boundaries. Eastern Osage County drains into [Caney River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caney_River), [Bird Creek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Creek), Hominy Creek, and Delaware Creek. All of these streams flow into the [Verdigris River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris_River). Lakes and reservoirs in the county include: [Birch Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_Lake_(Oklahoma)) [Bluestem Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestem_Lake) [Hulah Lake (Oklahoma)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulah_Lake_(Oklahoma)) [Kaw Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaw_Lake) [Keystone Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Lake) [Skiatook Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiatook_Lake) In 2012, the Osage Nation took over management of [Wah-Sha-She State Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah-Sha-She_State_Park), which includes Hulah Lake, after state budget cuts would have closed it. Hunting is allowed there. The land is owned by the [US Army Corps of Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers), which developed the lake. In 2015, the Osage subleased the renamed [Wah-Sha-She Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah-Sha-She_Park) to the Hulah Lake Osage Association (HLOA), a non-profit group which took on the task of maintaining the park through volunteer efforts. As of 2020 HLOA still had the park open, supported by campground fees. It is the most populous and the second-largest county geographically (after [Corson County, South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corson_County,_South_Dakota)) of the six U.S. counties that lie entirely within an [Indian reservation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation). (The six counties in descending order of area are Corson; Osage; [Oglala Lakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglala_Lakota_County,_South_Dakota) and [Todd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_County,_South_Dakota) in [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota); [Sioux in North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_County,_North_Dakota); and [Mahnomen in Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahnomen_County,_Minnesota).) Three other counties, [Thurston in Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_County,_Nebraska); and [Dewey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_County,_South_Dakota) and [Ziebach in South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziebach_County,_South_Dakota), lie entirely in parts of two separate Indian reservations. A total of nine US counties lie entirely within reservation territory. Dewey County is slightly larger in area than Osage. Adjacent counties [Cowley County, Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowley_County,_Kansas) (northwest) [Chautauqua County, Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_Kansas) (north) [Washington County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Oklahoma) (east) [Tulsa County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_County,_Oklahoma) (southeast) [Pawnee County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_County,_Oklahoma) (southwest) [Kay County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_County,_Oklahoma) (west) [Noble County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_County,_Oklahoma) (west) Demographics As of the [2010 United States census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census), there were 47,472 people, 18,205 households, and 12,972 families residing in the county. The [population density](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density) was 20.6 people per square mile (8.0 people/km2). There were 21,143 housing units at an average density of 9.2 units per square mile (3.6/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 66% [White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)), 11.4% [Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)) or [African American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)), 14.4% [Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)), 0.3% [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)), less than 0.1% [Pacific Islander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)), 0.8% from [other races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)), and 7.1% from two or more races. Almost 3% of the population were [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)) or [Latino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)) of any race. By the 2020 census, its population declined to 45,818. As of 2010, there were 18,205 households, out of which 32.6% included children under the age of 18, 54.2% were [married couples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage) living together, 12% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.7% were non-families. Individuals living alone accounted for 24.8% of households and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.99. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 29.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.39 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were more than 100 males. As of 2010, the median income for a household in the county was $42,847, and the median income for a family was $53,815. Males had a median income of $42,658 versus $32,352 for females. The [per capita income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income) for the county was $21,797. About 11% of families and 13% of the population were below the [poverty line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line), including 18% of those under age 18 and 11% of those age 65 or over. According to 2021 census estimates, its median household income was $54,036 and the county had a poverty rate of 12.3%. Politics <Wikitable> Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of December 31, 2023[18] Party Party.1 Number of Voters Percentage Unnamed: 4_level_1 Unnamed: 5_level_1 NaN Republican 15686 54.85% NaN NaN NaN Democratic 8084 28.26% NaN NaN NaN Independent/Others 4828 16.88% NaN NaN Total Total 28598 100% NaN NaN </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies) Year No. % No. % No. % 2020 14121 68.76% 6002 29.22% 415 2.02% 2016 12577 66.31% 5597 29.51% 792 4.18% 2012 11242 62.64% 6704 37.36% 0 0.00% 2008 12160 61.86% 7498 38.14% 0 0.00% 2004 11467 58.70% 8068 41.30% 0 0.00% 2000 8138 51.15% 7540 47.39% 231 1.45% 1996 5827 38.38% 7342 48.36% 2014 13.26% 1992 5891 34.01% 6894 39.80% 4537 26.19% 1988 7162 47.57% 7778 51.66% 115 0.76% 1984 10083 62.02% 6095 37.49% 79 0.49% 1980 8044 56.46% 5687 39.92% 515 3.62% 1976 6398 47.93% 6832 51.18% 118 0.88% 1972 9288 73.77% 2968 23.57% 335 2.66% 1968 5499 46.50% 3919 33.14% 2407 20.36% 1964 5695 43.51% 7395 56.49% 0 0.00% 1960 7508 56.41% 5801 43.59% 0 0.00% 1956 7296 55.13% 5939 44.87% 0 0.00% 1952 7731 53.52% 6714 46.48% 0 0.00% 1948 3951 35.57% 7156 64.43% 0 0.00% 1944 5557 44.78% 6846 55.17% 7 0.06% 1940 6419 41.46% 9019 58.26% 43 0.28% 1936 4917 32.66% 10090 67.02% 49 0.33% 1932 4775 30.59% 10833 69.41% 0 0.00% 1928 10555 67.52% 5010 32.05% 67 0.43% 1924 6363 44.80% 7070 49.78% 769 5.41% 1920 4567 52.97% 3801 44.08% 254 2.95% 1916 1524 38.04% 2052 51.22% 430 10.73% 1912 1713 41.68% 1900 46.23% 497 12.09% </Wikitable> Communities Cities [Barnsdall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsdall,_Oklahoma) [Bartlesville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlesville,_Oklahoma) (part) [Hominy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy,_Oklahoma) [Pawhuska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma) [Ponca City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponca_City,_Oklahoma) (part) [Sand Springs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Springs,_Oklahoma) (part) [Skiatook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiatook,_Oklahoma) (part) [Shidler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shidler,_Oklahoma) [Tulsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma) (part) Towns [Avant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant,_Oklahoma) [Burbank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_Oklahoma) [Fairfax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_Oklahoma) [Foraker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraker,_Oklahoma) [Grainola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainola,_Oklahoma) [Osage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage,_Oklahoma) [Prue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prue,_Oklahoma) [Webb City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb_City,_Oklahoma) [Wynona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynona,_Oklahoma) Census-designated places [Bowring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowring,_Oklahoma) [McCord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCord,_Oklahoma) [Nelagoney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelagoney,_Oklahoma) [Pershing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing,_Oklahoma) [Whippoorwill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippoorwill,_Oklahoma) Other unincorporated communities [Carter Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Nine,_Oklahoma) [Gray Horse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Horse,_Oklahoma) Rock [Webb City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb_City,_Oklahoma) Wolco Education School districts include: K-12: [Barnsdall Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsdall_Public_Schools) [Bartlesville Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlesville_Public_Schools) Caney Valley Public Schools Cleveland Public Schools&action=edit&redlink=1) Dewey Public Schools [Hominy Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy_Public_Schools) [Pawhuska Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawhuska_Public_Schools) [Ponca City Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponca_City_Public_Schools) Prue Public Schools Sand Springs Public Schools [Shidler Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shidler_Public_Schools) [Skiatook Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiatook_Public_Schools) Sperry Public Schools [Tulsa Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Public_Schools) [Woodland Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_Public_Schools_(Oklahoma)) [Wynona Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynona_Public_Schools) Elementary only: [Anderson Public School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Public_School) [Avant Public School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant_Public_School) Bowring Public School McCord Public School Osage Hills Public School Former districts: [Burbank School District 20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank_School_District_20) - ended in 2002 NRHP sites The following sites in Osage County are listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places): [Bank of Bigheart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Bigheart), Barnsdall [Bank of Burbank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Burbank), Burbank [Bank of Hominy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Hominy), Hominy [Barnsdall Main Street Well Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsdall_Main_Street_Well_Site), Barnsdall Blacksmith's House, Pawhuska Chapman-Barnard Ranch Headquarters, Pawhuska Chief Ne-Kah-Wah-She-Tun-Kah Grave and Statue, Fairfax Pawhuska City Hall, Pawhuska [Fred and Adeline Drummond House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_and_Adeline_Drummond_House), Hominy [First National Bank and Masonic Lodge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_and_Masonic_Lodge), Fairfax [Hominy Armory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy_Armory), Hominy [Hominy Osage Round House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy_Osage_Round_House), Hominy [Hominy School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy_School), Hominy [Immaculate Conception Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Church_(Pawhuska,_Oklahoma)), Pawhuska Lincoln Colored School, Fairfax [Marland Filling Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marland_Filling_Station), Hominy Osage Agency, Pawhuska [Osage Bank of Fairfax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Bank_of_Fairfax), Fairfax Osage County Courthouse&action=edit&redlink=1), Pawhuska Pawhuska Armory, Pawhuska Pawhuska Downtown Historic District, Pawhuska Wolverine Oil Company Drayage Barn, Avant [Osage Nation Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation_Museum), Pawhuska In popular culture Osage County is the setting of Oklahoma native [Tracy Letts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Letts)'s play [August: Osage County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August:_Osage_County) (2007), which won the [Pulitzer Prize for Drama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama) and a [Tony Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award) in 2008, and the 2013 [movie adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August:_Osage_County_(film)) of the same name which stars [Meryl Streep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep). Filming took place in rural Osage County, including Pawhuska, Barnsdall and Bartlesville. [Killers of the Flower Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(film)), the 2023 film directed by Martin Scorsese, centers on a series of Oklahoma murders in the Osage Nation during the 1920s. Parts of the movie were filmed on location in Osage County. Highways [L.L. Tisdale Parkway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.L._Tisdale_Parkway) [Gilcrease Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilcrease_Expressway) [U.S. 412](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412_in_Oklahoma) [U.S. 60](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Oklahoma) [Oklahoma State Highway 99](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_99) [Oklahoma State Highway 20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_20) [Oklahoma State Highway 18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_18) [Oklahoma State Highway 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_11) [Oklahoma State Highway 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_10) [Oklahoma State Highway 123](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_123) [Oklahoma State Highway 97](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_97)

2024-09-18 18:43:17

Nick_Park

<Infotable> Nick ParkCBERDI Park at theBBC Radio 2 Folk Awardsin 2007 Born: Nicholas Wulstan Park(1958-12-06)6 December 1958(age 65)Preston,Lancashire, England Occupations: Filmmakeranimatorvoice actor Years active: 1985–present Works: Wallace & GromitCreature ComfortsChicken RunShaun the SheepEarly Man Spouse: Mags Connolly​(m.2016)​ Awards: FourAcademy Awards(1989, 1993, 1995, 2005) Nick Park's voicefrom the BBC programmeDesert Island Discs, 19 December 2010.[1] </Infotable> Filmmakeranimatorvoice actor [Wallace & Gromit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit) [Creature Comforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Comforts) [Chicken Run](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run) [Shaun the Sheep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_the_Sheep) [Early Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Man_(film)) Nicholas Wulstan Park [CBE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) [RDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Designer_for_Industry) (born 6 December 1958) is an English filmmaker and animator who created [Wallace & Gromit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit), [Creature Comforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Comforts), [Chicken Run](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run), [Shaun the Sheep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_the_Sheep), and [Early Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Man_(film)). Park has been nominated for an [Academy Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards) a total of six times and won four with [Creature Comforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Comforts) (1989), [The Wrong Trousers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Trousers) (1993), [A Close Shave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Close_Shave) (1995) and [Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit:_The_Curse_of_the_Were-Rabbit) (2005). He has also received five [BAFTA Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards), including the BAFTA for Best Short Animation for [A Matter of Loaf and Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Matter_of_Loaf_and_Death), which was also the most watched television programme in the United Kingdom in 2008. His 2000 film [Chicken Run](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run) is the [highest-grossing stop motion animated film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films#Stop_motion_animation). In 1985, Park joined [Aardman Animations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardman_Animations) based in [Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol), and for his work in animation he was among the British cultural icons selected by artist [Peter Blake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)) to appear in a 2012 version of Blake's most famous artwork—the Beatles' [Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band) album cover—to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life. Park was appointed a CBE by Queen [Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II) in the [1997 Birthday Honours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Birthday_Honours) for "services to the animated film industry". Early life Nicholas Wulstan Park was born on 6 December 1958 in [Preston, Lancashire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire), to [seamstress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamstress) Mary Cecilia ([née](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Ashton; born 1930) and Roger Wulstan Park (1925–2004), an architectural photographer. The middle child of five siblings, he grew up in [Penwortham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penwortham); the family later moved to [Walmer Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmer_Bridge). His sister Janet lives in [Longton, Lancashire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longton,_Lancashire). He attended Cuthbert Mayne High School (now [Our Lady's Catholic High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady%27s_Catholic_High_School,_Fulwood)). Park grew up with a keen interest in drawing cartoons, and as a 13-year-old, he made films with the help of his mother, her home film camera and cotton [bobbins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbin). He also took after his father, an amateur inventor, and would send homemade items like a bottle that squeezed out different coloured wools to [Blue Peter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Peter). He studied Communication Arts at Sheffield City Polytechnic (now [Sheffield Hallam University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University)) and then went to the [National Film and Television School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School), where he started making the first [Wallace and Gromit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_and_Gromit) film, [A Grand Day Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Grand_Day_Out). Career In 1985, Park joined the staff of [Aardman Animations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardman_Animations) in [Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol), where he worked as an animator on commercial products (including the dance scene involving oven-ready chickens for the music video for [Peter Gabriel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel)'s "[Sledgehammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledgehammer_(Peter_Gabriel_song))"). He also had a part in animating the Penny cartoons from the first season of [Pee-wee's Playhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pee-wee%27s_Playhouse), which featured [Paul Reubens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reubens) as his character [Pee-wee Herman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pee-wee_Herman). Along with all this, he had finally completed [A Grand Day Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Grand_Day_Out), and with that in post-production, he made [Creature Comforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Comforts) as his contribution to a series of shorts called "Lip Synch". Creature Comforts matched animated zoo animals with a soundtrack of people talking about their homes. The two films were nominated for a host of awards. A Grand Day Out beat Creature Comforts for the [BAFTA Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts), but it was Creature Comforts that won Park his first [Oscar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards). In 1990, Park worked alongside advertising agency GGK to develop a series of highly acclaimed television advertisements for the "Heat Electric" campaign. The [Creature Comforts advertisements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Comforts#The_advertisements) are now regarded as among the best advertisements ever shown on British television, as voted (independently) by viewers of the United Kingdom's main commercial channels [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)) and [Channel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4). Two more [Wallace and Gromit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_and_Gromit) shorts, [The Wrong Trousers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Trousers) (1993) and [A Close Shave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Close_Shave) (1995), followed, both winning Oscars. He then made his first feature-length film, [Chicken Run](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run) (2000), co-directed with Aardman founder [Peter Lord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lord). He also supervised a new series of Creature Comforts films for British television in 2003. His second theatrical feature-length film and first [Wallace and Gromit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_and_Gromit) feature, [Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit:_The_Curse_of_the_Were-Rabbit), was released on 5 October 2005, and won Best Animated Feature Oscar at the 78th Academy Awards, 6 March 2006. On 10 October 2005, a fire gutted one of [Aardman Animations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardman_Animations)' archive warehouses. The fire resulted in the loss of some of Park's creations, including the models and sets used in the movie [Chicken Run](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run). Some of the original Wallace and Gromit models and sets, as well as the master prints of the finished films, were elsewhere and survived. In 2007 and 2008, Park's work included a United States version of [Creature Comforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Comforts), a weekly television series that was on [CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS) every Monday evening at 8 pm [ET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone). In the series, Americans were interviewed about a range of subjects. The interviews were lip-synced to Aardman animal characters. In September 2007, it was announced that Park had been commissioned to design a bronze statue of Wallace and Gromit, which will be placed in his home town of Preston. In October 2007, it was announced that the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) had commissioned another Wallace and Gromit short film to be entitled Trouble at Mill (retitled later to [A Matter of Loaf and Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Matter_of_Loaf_and_Death)). Park studied at Preston College, which has since named its library for the art and design department after him: the Nick Park Library Learning Centre. He is the recipient of a gold [Blue Peter badge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Peter_badge). By the beginning of 2010, Park had won four Academy Awards, and had the distinction of having won an Academy Award every time he had been nominated (his only loss being when he was nominated twice in the same category). This streak ended in the 2010 Oscars when A Matter of Loaf and Death failed to win the best animated short Academy Award. Park had his first acting role in February 2011, voicing himself in a cameo on [The Simpsons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons) episode "[Angry Dad: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Dad:_The_Movie)". In the episode, the fictional Park's new Willis and Crumble short, Better Gnomes and Gardens, is a parody of Wallace and Gromit. In the end of 2011, Park directed a music video for "Plain Song"—a song by Native and the Name, a Sheffield band led by Joe Rose, the son of an old university friend. The video was filmed at Birkdale School, Sheffield, and Park also selected the track as one of his [Desert Island Discs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs) when he went on the show in 2011, which led to suggestions that Park was using his fame to give a friend a leg up in his career. Park denied these claims, insisting it had become one of his favourite songs. The song and video can be found on YouTube. In April 2013, Park was involved in the British stage adaptation of [Hayao Miyazaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki)'s animated film, [Princess Mononoke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mononoke). He was the executive producer of [Shaun the Sheep Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_the_Sheep_Movie) and he also voiced himself in a cameo. For 2018, he directed another Aardman Animations stop-motion film, titled [Early Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Man_(film)), which tells a story of a [caveman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveman) who unites his tribe against the [Bronze Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) while unintentionally inventing [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football). On 21 May 2019, Park announced that a new Wallace and Gromit project is currently in the works, with no projected release date. In January 2022, Park announced that the project is currently in production as a [television film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film) for release in 2024 for the BBC and [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix). Personal life [The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) remarked Park has taken on some attributes of Wallace, just "as dog owners come to look like their pets", overexpressing himself, possibly as a result of having to show animators how he wants his characters to behave. Park married Mags Connolly at the Gibbon Bridge Hotel near [Chipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping,_Lancashire) on 16 September 2016. Although by his own admission, he was not especially interested in [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) growing up, he has always nominally supported his hometown's local team, [Preston North End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C.). Awards and nominations <Wikitable> Year Nominated for Award Category Result[5] 1990 Creature Comforts BAFTA Best Animated Film Nominated 1990 Wallace & Gromit: A Grand Day Out BAFTA Best Animated Film Won 1991 Creature Comforts Oscar Best Animated Short Film Won 1991 Wallace & Gromit: A Grand Day Out Oscar Best Animated Short Film Nominated 1994 Wallace & Gromit: The Wrong Trousers BAFTA Best Animated Film Won 1994 Wallace & Gromit: The Wrong Trousers Oscar Best Animated Short Film Won 1994 Wallace & Gromit: The Wrong Trousers Animafest Best Animated Short Film Won 1996 Wallace & Gromit: A Close Shave BAFTA Best Animated Film Won 1996 Wallace & Gromit: A Close Shave Oscar Best Animated Short Film Won 2000 Chicken Run BAFTA Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film Nominated 2004 Creature Comforts BAFTA Comedy Programme or Series Award Nominated 2005 Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit Oscar Best Animated Feature Won 2006 Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit BAFTA Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film Won 2008 Creature Comforts Emmy Award Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour) Nominated 2009 Wallace & Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and Death BAFTA Best Short Animation Won 2010 Wallace & Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and Death Oscar Best Animated Short Film Nominated </Wikitable> 'Preston Legend' and Other Honours In 1996 he received an honorary doctorate from the [University of Bath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath). On 25 October 1997, Park was awarded the [Honorary Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City) of [Preston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire), his home town, now city which is the highest award a Council can bestow on an individual. In 2016, and following a vote by students on a number of nominated 'Preston Legends', the [University of Central Lancashire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire) named one of three new meeting rooms in the students' union after Park, who was born in the city where it is based. In response, Park sent the university a message to say how honoured he was by it. Influences Nick Park has stated that his main influences have been [Ray Harryhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Harryhausen), [Oliver Postgate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Postgate), [Peter Firmin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Firmin), [Chuck Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones), [Yuri Norstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Norstein), [Richard Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williams_(animator)), [Terry Gilliam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam), and [Bob Godfrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Godfrey). He was inspired by Gilliam's animation in [Monty Python](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python) "to be a bit wacky and off the wall." He is a fan of [Gerry Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Anderson), known for "[Supermarionation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarionation)" as seen in [Thunderbirds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)). He is a fan of [The Beano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beano) comic, and guest-edited the 70th-anniversary issue dated 2 August 2008. He stated, "My dream job was always to work on The Beano and it's such an honour for me to be Guest Editor." He also contributed to [Classics from the Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics_from_the_Comics) at the same time, picking his favourite classic stories for the comic reprint magazine's new Classic Choice feature. His film-making ideas were encouraged by his old English teacher; however, Park has denied that the character of Wallace was based on him. Filmography Feature films <Wikitable> Year Title Director Producer Writer Voice actor Notes 2000 Chicken Run Yes Yes Story No Co-directed with Peter Lord 2005 Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit Yes Yes Yes No Co-directed with Steve Box 2015 Shaun the Sheep Movie No Executive No Yes Voice cameo appearance; characters 2018 Early Man Yes Yes Story Yes As role Hognob 2019 A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon No Executive No No Characters 2023 Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget[36] No Executive No No Characters 2024 Wallace & Gromit: Vengeance Most Fowl[37] Yes No Story No Co-directing with Merlin Crossingham </Wikitable> Short films <Wikitable> Year Title Director Writer Animator Executive producer Notes 1985 Second Class Mail No No Color No NaN 1986 Babylon No No Yes No NaN 1989 War Story No No Yes No Documentary 1989 Creature Comforts Yes Yes Yes No NaN 1989 Wallace & Gromit: A Grand Day Out Yes Yes Yes No Also cinematographer 1993 Wallace & Gromit: The Wrong Trousers Yes Yes Yes No NaN 1995 Wallace & Gromit: A Close Shave Yes Yes Character No NaN 1997 Stage Fright No No No Yes NaN 2008 Wallace & Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and Death Yes Yes No No NaN 2012 Wallace & Gromit: Jubilee Bunt-a-thon Yes Yes No No NaN </Wikitable> Television and web series <Wikitable> Year Title Producer Creator Writer Animator Voice actor Notes 1986 Pee-wee's Playhouse No No No Yes No Animator for Penny cartoons 2002 Wallace & Gromit's Cracking Contraptions Yes Developer No No No NaN 2003–2006 Creature Comforts Executive Yes No No No NaN 2007–present Shaun the Sheep Executive Idea Yes No No Including 3D, Championsheeps & The Farmer's Llamas 2009–2012 Timmy Time Executive No No No No NaN 2010 Wallace & Gromit's World of Invention Executive Yes No No No NaN 2011 The Simpsons No No No No Yes Voice cameo in "Angry Dad: The Movie" 2012 The BBC Proms No No Yes No No ''Prom 20: Wallace & Gromit's Musical Marvels'' </Wikitable> Music videos <Wikitable> Year Performer Song Animator 1986 Peter Gabriel Sledgehammer Yes 1996 Tina Turner & Barry White In Your Wildest Dreams Yes </Wikitable> Commercials Burger King commercials The Electricity Association Video games Wallace & Gromit Fun Pack (1996) Wallace & Gromit Fun Pack 2

2024-09-18 18:32:06

Oregon_Territory

<Infotable> Territory of Oregon Organized incorporated territoryofthe United States 1846–1859 Sealof the Oregon Territory Capital: Oregon City(1848–1851)Salem(1851–1855)Corvallis(1855)Salem(1855–1859) Government: • Type: Organized incorporated territory •Motto: Alis volat propriis Governor: • 1848–1850; 1853: Joseph Lane • 1850: Kintzing Prichette • 1850–1853: John P. Gaines • 1853–1854: John W. Davis • 1854–1859: George L. Curry History: •Oregon Treaty: June 15, 1846 • Organized: 14 August 1846 •Washington Territorysplit off: March 2, 1853 •Statehood: 14 February Preceded bySucceeded byProvisional Government of OregonWashington TerritoryOregon Preceded by Succeeded by Provisional Government of Oregon Provisional Government of Oregon Washington TerritoryOregon Washington Territory Oregon Preceded by Succeeded by Provisional Government of Oregon Provisional Government of Oregon Washington TerritoryOregon Washington Territory Oregon Provisional Government of Oregon Washington Territory Oregon </Infotable> [Oregon City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon) (1848–1851) [Salem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon) (1851–1855) [Corvallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon) (1855) [Salem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon) (1855–1859) The Territory of Oregon was an [organized incorporated territory of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory_of_the_United_States) that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the [Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) as the [State of Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon). Originally claimed by several countries (see [Oregon Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Country)), Spanish "El Orejón"[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] was part of the Territorio de Nutca (1789–1795), later in the 19th century, the region was divided between the [British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America) and the US in 1846. When established, the territory encompassed an area that included the current states of Oregon, [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)), and [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho), as well as parts of [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming) and [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana). The capital of the territory was first [Oregon City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon), then [Salem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon), followed briefly by [Corvallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon), then back to Salem, which became the state capital upon Oregon's admission to the Union. Background Originally inhabited by Native Americans, the region that became the Oregon Territory was explored by Europeans first by sea. The first documented voyage of exploration was made in 1777 by the Spanish, and both British and American vessels visited the region not long thereafter. Subsequent land-based exploration by [Alexander Mackenzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)) and the [Lewis and Clark Expedition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition) and development of the fur trade in the region strengthened the competing claims of Great Britain and the United States. The competing interests of the two foremost claimants were addressed in the [Treaty of 1818](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_1818), which sanctioned a "joint occupation", by British and Americans, of a vast "[Oregon Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Country)" (as the American side called it) that comprised the present-day U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, parts of Montana and Wyoming, and the portion of what is now the Canadian province of [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia) south of the parallel 54°40′ north. Formation During the period of joint occupation, most activity in the region outside of the activities of the indigenous people came from the [fur trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trade), which was dominated by the British [Hudson's Bay Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company). Over time, some trappers began to settle down in the area and began farming, and missionaries started to arrive in the 1830s. Some settlers also began arriving in the late 1830s, and covered wagons crossed the [Oregon Trail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trail) beginning in 1841. At that time, the only governments that existed in the Oregon Country were the individual local Native Americans communities, as no one nation held dominion over the territory. A group of settlers in the [Willamette Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley) began meeting in 1841 to discuss organizing a government for the area. These earliest documented discussions, mostly concerning forming a government, were held in an early pioneer and Native American encampment and later town known as [Champoeg, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champoeg,_Oregon). These first [Champoeg Meetings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champoeg_Meetings) eventually led to further discussions, and in 1843 the creation of the [Provisional Government of Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon). In 1846, the [Oregon boundary dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute) between the U.S. and Britain was settled with the signing of the [Oregon Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Treaty). The United States federal government left their part of the region unorganized for two years until news of the [Whitman massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitman_massacre) reached the [United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress) and helped to facilitate the organization of the region into a U.S. territory. On August 14, 1848, Congress passed the [Act to Establish the Territorial Government of Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Bill_of_1848), which created what was officially the Territory of Oregon. The Territory of Oregon originally encompassed all of the present-day states of [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho), [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon) and [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)), as well as those parts of present-day [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana) and [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming) west of the [Continental Divide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide). Its southern border was the [42nd parallel north](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_parallel_north) (the boundary of the [Adams-Onis Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams-Onis_Treaty) of 1819), and it extended north to the 49th parallel. [Oregon City, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon), was designated as the first capital. Government The territorial government consisted of a [governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon), a marshal, a [secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Secretary_of_State), an attorney, and a three-judge [supreme court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court). Judges on the court also sat as trial level judges as they rode circuit across the territory. All of these offices were filled by appointment by the President of the United States. The two-chamber [Oregon Territorial Legislature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Territorial_Legislature) was responsible for passing laws, with seats in both the upper-chamber council and lower-chamber house of representatives filled by local elections held each year. Taxation took the form of an annual property tax of 0.25% for territorial purposes with an additional county tax not to exceed this amount. This tax was to be paid on all town lots and improvements, mills, carriages, clocks and watches, and livestock; farmland and farm products were not taxed. In addition, a [poll tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)) of 50 cents for every qualified voter under age 60 was assessed and a graduated schedule of merchants' licenses established, ranging from the [peddlar's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peddlar) rate of $10 per year to a $60 annual fee on firms with more than $20,000 of capital. Gaining statehood Oregon City served as the seat of government from 1848 to 1851, followed by [Salem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon) from 1851 to 1855. [Corvallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon) served briefly as the capital in 1855, followed by a permanent return to Salem later that year. In 1853, as a result of the [Monticello Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello_Convention) and its approval by [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congress) and [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) [Millard Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore), the portion of the territory north of the lower [Columbia River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River) and north of the 46th parallel east of the river was organized into the [Washington Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Territory). The [Oregon Constitutional Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Constitutional_Convention) was held in 1857 to draft a constitution in preparation for becoming a state, with the convention delegates approving the document in September, and then general populace approving the document in November. In 1850, 10 years after the end of the [Second Great Awakening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening) (1790–1840), of the 9 churches with [regular services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service) in the Oregon Territory, 5 were [Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States), 1 was [Baptist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States), 1 was [Congregational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States), 1 was [Methodist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States), and 1 was [Presbyterian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States). In the [1850 United States census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_United_States_census), 10 counties in the Oregon Territory (7 counties in contemporary [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Oregon) and 3 in contemporary [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Washington)) reported the following population counts: <Wikitable> Rank County Population 1.0 Marion 2749 2.0 Washington 2652 3.0 Clackamas 1859 4.0 Yamhill 1512 5.0 Polk 1051 6.0 Linn 994 7.0 Benton 814 8.0 Clark 643 9.0 Lewis 558 10.0 Clatsop 462 NaN Oregon Territory 13294 </Wikitable> On February 14, 1859, the territory entered the Union as the U.S. state of [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon) within its current boundaries. The remaining eastern portion of the territory (the portions in present-day southern Idaho and western Wyoming) was added to the [Washington Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Territory).

2024-09-18 19:04:57

Animal_House

<Infotable> National Lampoon's Animal House Theatrical release poster byRick Meyerowitz Directed by: John Landis Written by: Harold RamisDouglas KenneyChris Miller Produced by: Matty SimmonsIvan Reitman Starring: John BelushiTim MathesonJohn VernonVerna BloomThomas HulceDonald Sutherland Cinematography: Charles Correll Edited by: George Folsey Jr. Music by: Elmer Bernstein Productioncompany: Universal Pictures[1] Distributed by: Universal Pictures[1] Release date: July 28, 1978(1978-07-28) Running time: 109 minutes[2] Country: United States Language: English Budget: $3 million[3] Box office: $141.6 million[4] </Infotable> [Harold Ramis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ramis) [Douglas Kenney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Kenney) [Chris Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Miller_(writer)) [Matty Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Simmons) [Ivan Reitman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Reitman) [John Belushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belushi) [Tim Matheson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Matheson) [John Vernon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vernon) [Verna Bloom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna_Bloom) [Thomas Hulce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hulce) [Donald Sutherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland) July 28, 1978(1978-07-28) National Lampoon's Animal House is a 1978 American [comedy film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film) directed by [John Landis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Landis) and written by [Harold Ramis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ramis), [Douglas Kenney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Kenney) and [Chris Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Miller_(writer)). It stars [John Belushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belushi), [Tim Matheson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Matheson), [John Vernon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vernon), [Verna Bloom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna_Bloom), [Thomas Hulce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hulce) and [Donald Sutherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland). The film is about a trouble-making fraternity whose members challenge the authority of the dean of the fictional Faber College. Produced by [Matty Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Simmons) of [National Lampoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_(magazine)) and [Ivan Reitman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Reitman) for [Universal Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures), it was inspired by stories written by Miller and published in National Lampoon, which were based on Ramis' experience in the [Zeta Beta Tau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau) fraternity at [Washington University in St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis), Miller's [Alpha Delta Phi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi) experiences at [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College) in [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire), and producer Reitman's at [McMaster University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMaster_University) in [Hamilton, Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario). Of the younger lead actors, only the 28-year-old Belushi was an established star, but even he had not yet appeared in a film, having gained fame as an original cast member of [Saturday Night Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live), which was in its third season in the autumn of 1977. Several of the actors who were cast as college students, including [Thomas Hulce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hulce), [Karen Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Allen), and [Kevin Bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon), were just beginning their film careers. Matheson, also cast as a student, was already a seasoned actor, having appeared in movies and television since the age of 13. Filming took place at the [University of Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon) from October to December 1977. Following its initial release on July 28, 1978, Animal House received generally mixed reviews from critics, but [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) and [Roger Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert) proclaimed it one of the year's best. Filmed for only $3 million (equivalent to $14,014,286 in today's money) it garnered an estimated gross of more than $141 million ($658,671,429 in today's money) in the form of theatrical rentals and home video, not including merchandising, making it the highest grossing comedy film of its time. The film, along with 1977's [The Kentucky Fried Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kentucky_Fried_Movie), also directed by Landis, was largely responsible for defining and launching the [gross-out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_out) film genre, which became one of Hollywood's staples. Animal House is now regarded as one of the [best comedy films of all time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best). In 2001, the United States [Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) deemed National Lampoon's Animal House "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it for preservation in the [National Film Registry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry). It was No. 1 on [Bravo's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo_(U.S._TV_network)) "100 Funniest Movies". It was No. 36 on [AFI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute)'s "[100 Years... 100 Laughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Laughs)" list of the 100 best American comedies. In 2008, [Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)) magazine selected it as No. 279 of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Plot In the fall of 1962, Faber College freshmen Larry Kroger and Kent Dorfman seek to pledge a fraternity. Finding themselves ostracized at the prestigious Omega Theta Pi house party, the two visit the Delta Tau Chi house next door; Kent cannot be rejected because his brother Fred was a member, making him a "legacy." During the party, they meet John Blutarsky ("Bluto"), chapter president Robert Hoover ("Hoov"), smooth-talking ladies man Eric Stratton ("Otter"), motorcyclist Daniel Simpson Day ("D-Day"), Donald Schoenstein ("Boon"), and Boon's frustrated girlfriend Katy. Larry and Kent are accepted as Delta pledges and given fraternity names "Pinto" and "Flounder," respectively. Meanwhile, pledge Chip Diller is accepted into Omega house and given a [paddling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)) as part of his [initiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation). Wanting to remove the Delta fraternity, which is on probation due to numerous conduct violations and overall poor academic standing, Dean Vernon Wormer directs Greg Marmalard, the Omega's president, to get fellow Omega and [ROTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps) Cadet Commander Douglas C. Neidermeyer to find a reason to expel Delta house. Various incidents deepen the animosity between Delta, Omega, and Wormer, including the accidental death of Neidermeyer's horse during a retaliatory prank for bullying ROTC member Flounder. Otter flirts with Mandy, having previously had sex with her, unbeknownst to Marmalard. Later on, Bluto and D-Day steal the answer key to an upcoming midterm exam from the trash, unaware that the Omegas have switched it for a fake one with wrong answers. The Deltas all fail, and their [grade-point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_in_education) averages drop so low that Wormer tells them he needs only one more incident to revoke their charter and have them permanently dismissed from campus. Unconcerned, the Deltas organize a [toga party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga_party), recruiting Pinto and Flounder to shoplift party supplies from a supermarket. At the market, Pinto meets a young cashier named Clorette and invites her to the party, while Otter flirts with an older woman, who turns out to be Wormer's alcoholic wife, Marion. During the toga party, at which [Otis Day and the Knights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Day_and_the_Knights) perform, Otter seduces Marion, while Pinto and Clorette make out until she passes out, drunk. Pinto resists the temptation to rape her and instead takes her home in a shopping cart. He later discovers that she is the 13-year-old daughter of Carmine DePasto, the town mayor. Wormer organizes a [kangaroo court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_court) led by the Omegas, which revokes the Delta's charter and confiscates the contents of their house. Otter, Boon, Pinto, and Flounder take a road trip in Flounder's brother Fred's borrowed [Lincoln Continental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Continental). They arrive at Emily Dickinson College, an all-girls institution, where Otter poses as Frank, the fiancé of a recently deceased student named Fawn Liebowitz to find dates for himself and the others. They stop at a [roadhouse bar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhouse_(premises)) where Otis Day and the Knights are performing, unaware that the clientele is exclusively black patrons. Some of the patrons intimidate the Deltas into abandoning their dates and fleeing. The next morning, Boon discovers Katy has spent the night with English professor Dave Jennings. Babs tells Marmalard that Mandy and Otter have been having an affair; Marmalard has Babs lure Otter to a motel where the Omegas beat him up. Due to the Deltas' dismal midterm grades, Wormer expels them all from Faber and gleefully tells them he has notified their local [draft boards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_board) that they are all eligible for military service. With Otter's support, Bluto rallies the Deltas to seek revenge during the annual [Homecoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming) parade. D-Day converts Fred's Lincoln into the "Deathmobile," an armored vehicle concealed inside a cake-shaped breakaway [float](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_(parade)), and the Deltas wreak havoc during the parade. It culminates in the Deathmobile ramming the reviewing stand, tossing Marmalard, Wormer, DePasto and the latters' wives into the air. As chaos reigns on the streets, the futures of several characters are revealed. Many Deltas achieve unexpected success, with Bluto becoming a [United States senator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate) and marrying Mandy, while most of the Omegas have less fortunate outcomes, such as Neidermeyer ending up [killed by his own troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragging) during the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War). Cast Delta House [John Belushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belushi) as Senator John "Bluto" Blutarsky ([Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.)) [Tim Matheson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Matheson) as Eric "Otter" Stratton (Gynecologist: [Beverly Hills, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California)) [Thomas Hulce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hulce) as Lawrence "Pinto" Kroger (Editor: [National Lampoon Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_(magazine))) [Peter Riegert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Riegert) as Donald "Boon" Schoenstein (Married (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964) to Katy. Divorced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969).) [Stephen Furst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Furst) as Kent "Flounder" Dorfman (Sensitivity Trainer: Encounter Groups of [Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland), Inc.) [Bruce McGill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_McGill) as Daniel Simpson "D-Day" Day (Whereabouts Unknown) [Karen Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Allen) as Katy (Married (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964) to Donald "Boon" Schoenstein. Divorced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969)) [James Widdoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Widdoes) as Robert "Hoov" Hoover ([Public Defender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_defender_(United_States)): [Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore), [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland)) [Douglas Kenney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Kenney) as Dwayne "Stork" Storkman [Christian Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Miller_(writer)) as Curtis Wayne "Hardbar" Fuller Omega House [James Daughton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Daughton) as Gregory Marmalard ([Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon) [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House) Aide: Raped in [Prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974)) [Mark Metcalf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Metcalf) as Douglas C. Neidermeyer (Killed in [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War) by [His Own Troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragging)) [Kevin Bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon) as Chip Diller Pi House [Mary Louise Weller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Louise_Weller) as Mandy Pepperidge ([Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.)) [Martha Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Smith) as Barbara Sue "Babs" Jansen ([Tour Guide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_guide): [Universal Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures), [Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles)) Others [John Vernon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vernon) as Dean Vernon Wormer [Verna Bloom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna_Bloom) as Mrs. Marion Wormer [Donald Sutherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland) as Professor Dave Jennings [Cesare Danova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Danova) as Mayor Carmine DePasto [Sarah Holcomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Holcomb) as Clorette DePasto [DeWayne Jessie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWayne_Jessie) as Otis Day Production Development Animal House was the first film produced by [National Lampoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_(magazine)), the most popular humor magazine on college campuses in the mid-1970s. The periodical specialized in satirizing politics and popular culture. Many of the magazine's writers were recent college graduates, hence its appeal to students all over the country. [Doug Kenney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Kenney) was a Lampoon writer and the magazine's first editor-in-chief. He graduated from [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University) in 1969 and had a college experience closer to the Omegas in the film (he had been president of the university's elite [Spee Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spee_Club_(Harvard))). Kenney was responsible for the first appearances of three characters that appeared in the film: Larry Kroger, Mandy Pepperidge, and Vernon Wormer. They made their debut in 1973's [National Lampoon's High School Yearbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_1964_High_School_Yearbook_Parody), a satire of a Middle America 1964 high school yearbook. Kroger's and Pepperidge's characters in the yearbook were effectively the same as their characters in the movie, whereas Vernon Wormer was a P.E. and civics teacher as well as an athletic coach in the yearbook.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] However, Kenney felt that fellow Lampoon writer [Chris Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Miller_(writer)) was the magazine's expert on the college experience. Faced with an impending deadline, Miller submitted a chapter from his then-abandoned memoirs entitled The Night of the Seven Fires about pledging experiences from his fraternity days in Alpha Delta (associated with the national [Alpha Delta Phi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi) during Miller's undergraduate years; the fraternity subsequently disassociated itself from the national organization and is now called Alpha Delta) at [Dartmouth College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College), in [Hanover, New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire). The antics of his fellow fraternities, coupled with experiences like that of a road trip to the University of Wisconsin–Madison and its Delta Chi Fraternity, became the inspiration for the Delta Tau Chis of Animal House, and many characters in the film (and their nicknames) were based on Miller's fraternity brothers. Filmmaker [Ivan Reitman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Reitman) had just finished producing [David Cronenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cronenberg)'s first film, [Shivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivers_(1975_film)), and called the magazine's publisher [Matty Simmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Simmons) about making movies under the Lampoon banner. Reitman had put together [The National Lampoon Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Lampoon_Show) in New York City featuring several future Saturday Night Live cast members, including John Belushi. When most of the Lampoon group moved on to SNL except for [Harold Ramis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ramis), Reitman approached him with an idea to make a film together using some skits from the Lampoon Show. Screenplay Kenney met Lampoon writer Ramis at the suggestion of Simmons. Ramis drew from his own fraternity experiences as a member of [Zeta Beta Tau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau) fraternity at [Washington University in St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis) and was working on a film treatment about college called "First Year", but the magazine's editors were not happy with it. The famous scene of Bruce McGill as D-Day riding a motorcycle up the stairs of the fraternity house was inspired by Belushi's antics while a student at the [University of Wisconsin–Whitewater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Whitewater). Kenney and Ramis started working on a new film treatment together, positing [Charles Manson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manson) in a high school, calling it Laser Orgy Girls. Simmons was cool to this idea so they changed the setting to a "[northeastern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States) college ... Ivy League kind of school". Kenney was a fan of Miller's fraternity stories and suggested using them as a basis for a movie. Kenney, Miller, and Ramis began brainstorming ideas. They saw the film's 1962 setting as "the last innocent year ... of America", and the homecoming parade that ends the film as occurring on November 21, 1963, the day before [President Kennedy's assassination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination); 1962 was also notable for being the year 1973 film [American Graffiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Graffiti) was set in. They agreed that Belushi should star in it and Ramis wrote the part of Bluto specifically for the comedian, having been friends with him while at Chicago's [The Second City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_City). Ramis, Miller, and Kenney were all new to screenwriting, so their film treatment ran to 110 pages, where most treatments average 15 pages. Reitman and Simmons pitched it to every Hollywood studio. Simmons met with [Ned Tanen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Tanen), an executive at Universal Pictures. He was encouraged by younger executives [Sean Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Daniel) and [Thom Mount](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Mount) who were more receptive to the Lampoon type of humor; Mount had discovered the "Seven Fires" film treatment as Tanen's assistant while investigating projects left by a fired studio executive. Tanen hated the idea. Ramis remembers, "We went further than I think Universal expected or wanted. I think they were shocked and appalled. Chris' fraternity had virtually been a vomiting cult. And we had a lot of scenes that were almost orgies of vomit ... We didn't back off anything". The writers eventually created nine drafts of the screenplay, and the studio gradually became more receptive to the project, especially Mount, who championed it. The studio green-lighted the film and set the budget at a modest $3 million. Simmons remembers, "They just figured, 'Screw it, it's a silly little movie, and we'll make a couple of bucks if we're lucky—let them do whatever they want.'" Casting Initially, Reitman had wanted to direct but had made only one film, [Cannibal Girls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_Girls), for $5,000. The film's producers approached [Richard Lester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lester) and [Bob Rafelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rafelson) before hiring [John Landis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Landis), who got the director job based on his work on [Kentucky Fried Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Movie). That film's script and continuity supervisor was the girlfriend of Sean Daniel, an assistant to Mount. Daniel saw Landis's movie and recommended him. Landis then met with Mount, Reitman, and Simmons and got the job. Landis remembered, "When I was given the script, it was the funniest thing I had ever read up to that time. But it was really offensive. There was a great deal of projectile vomiting and rape and all these things". Landis claims his big contribution to the film was that there "had to be good guys and bad guys. There can't just be bad guys, so there became a good fraternity and bad fraternity". There was also early friction between Landis and the writers because the director was a high-school dropout from Hollywood and they were all college graduates from the East Coast. Ramis recalled, "He sort of referred immediately to Animal House as 'my movie.' We'd been living with it for two years and we hated that". According to Landis, he drew inspiration from classic Hollywood comedies featuring the likes of [Buster Keaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton), [Harold Lloyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lloyd), and the [Marx Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothers). The initial cast was to feature [Chevy Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Chase) as Otter, [Bill Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray) as Boon, [Brian Doyle-Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Doyle-Murray) as Hoover, [Dan Aykroyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd) as D-Day, and [John Belushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belushi) as Bluto, but only Belushi was interested. Chase turned the film down in favor of [Foul Play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foul_Play_(1978_film)); Landis, who wanted to cast unknown dramatic actors such as Bacon and Allen (the first film for both) instead of famous comedians, takes credit for subtly discouraging Chase by describing the cast as an "[ensemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast)". Landis has also stated that he was not interested in directing a "Saturday Night Live movie" and that unknowns would be the better choice. The character of D-Day was based on Aykroyd, a motorcycle aficionado. Aykroyd was offered the part, but he was already committed to Saturday Night Live; according to Landis, the show's producer [Lorne Michaels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Michaels) threatened to fire Aykroyd from the show's cast if he took the role of D-Day, which ultimately went to Bruce McGill and provided him with his breakthrough role. In August 2018, Aykroyd explained that although Michaels permitted him to do Animal House, he ultimately chose to stay behind on Saturday Night Live so as not to leave Michaels understaffed. Belushi, who had worked on [The National Lampoon Radio Hour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Lampoon_Radio_Hour) before Saturday Night Live, was also busy with SNL, but spent Monday through Wednesday making the film and then flew back to New York to do the show on Thursday through Saturday. Ramis originally wrote the role of Boon for himself, but Landis felt that he looked too old for the part and Peter Riegert was cast instead. Landis offered Ramis a smaller part, but he declined. Landis met with [Jack Webb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Webb) to play Dean Wormer and [Kim Novak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Novak) to play his wife; at the time, Webb reportedly turned down the role because of concerns over his clean-cut [Dragnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragnet_(franchise)) image, but later said he did not find the script funny. Ultimately, [John Vernon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vernon) was cast as Wormer after Landis saw him in [The Outlaw Josey Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlaw_Josey_Wales). Belushi initially received only $35,000 for Animal House, but was paid a bonus after the film became a hit. Landis also met with [Meat Loaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf) in case Belushi turned down the role of Bluto. Landis worked with Belushi on his character, who "hardly had any dialogue"; they decided that Bluto was a cross between [Harpo Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpo_Marx) and the [Cookie Monster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_Monster). Belushi said he developed his ability to communicate without talking because his [Albanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians) grandmother spoke little English. Belushi was considered a supporting actor and Universal wanted another star. Landis had been a crew member on [Kelly's Heroes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%27s_Heroes) and had become friends with actor [Donald Sutherland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland), sometimes babysitting his son [Kiefer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland). He had also just worked with him on [Kentucky Fried Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Movie). Landis asked Sutherland, one of the most popular film stars of the early 1970s, to be in the movie. For two days of work, Sutherland declined the initial offer of $20,000 plus "points" (a percentage of the gross or net income). Universal then offered him his day rate of $25,000 or 2% of the film's [gross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_(economics)). Sutherland took the guaranteed fee, assuming that the film would not be very successful; although this made him the highest-paid member of the cast (Belushi and Neidermeyer's horse, Junior, each received $40,000), the decision cost Sutherland what he estimates at around $14 million. The star's participation, however, was crucial; Landis later said "It was Donald Sutherland who essentially got the film made." "Pinto" was screenwriter Chris Miller's nickname at his Dartmouth fraternity. DeWayne Jessie adopted the "Otis Day" name in his private life and continued touring with the band. Locations The filmmakers' next problem was finding a college that would let them shoot the film on their campus. Because it was set in the past, they needed a location with a classic look, so submitted the script to several colleges and universities but "nobody wanted this movie" due to the script. According to Landis, "I couldn't find 'the look'. Every place that had 'the look' said, 'no thank you.'" The [University of Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri) ([Columbia, Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri)) gave consent to shoot the movie at the college, but President [Herbert W. Schooling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_W._Schooling) withdrew permission to film there after reading the script. The president of the [University of Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon) in [Eugene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon), [William Beaty Boyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beaty_Boyd), had been a senior administrator at the [University of California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley) in [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California) in 1966 when his campus was considered for a location of the film [The Graduate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graduate). After he consulted with other senior administrative colleagues who advised him to turn it down due to the lack of artistic merit, the college campus scenes set at Berkeley were shot at [USC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) in Los Angeles. The film went on to become a classic, and Boyd was determined not to make the same mistake twice when the producers inquired about filming in Oregon. After consulting with student government leaders and officers of the Pan Hellenic Council, the Director of University Relations advised the president that the script, although raunchy and often tasteless, was a very funny spoof of college life. Boyd even allowed the filmmakers to use his office as Dean Wormer's. Because of the film's content, however, he insisted that "Oregon" not be mentioned in the film. The filmmakers paid $20,000 to use the campus. The actual house depicted as the Delta House was originally a residence near the campus in Eugene, the Dr. A.W. Patterson House. Around 1959, it was acquired by the Psi Deuteron chapter of [Phi Sigma Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Kappa) fraternity and was their chapter house until 1967, when the chapter was closed due to low membership. The house was sold, remained vacant, and slid into disrepair, with the spacious porch removed and the lawn graveled over. At the time of the shooting, the [Phi Kappa Psi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi) and [Sigma Nu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Nu) fraternity houses sat next to the old Phi Sigma Kappa house, on the 700 block of East 11th Avenue. The interior of the Phi Kappa Psi house and the Sigma Nu house were used for most of the interior scenes, but the scenes in Otter and Hoover's bedrooms were filmed on a soundstage. The Patterson house remained vacant after filming ended in 1977 and was demolished in 1986, and the site (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}44°02′53″N 123°04′52″W / 44.048°N 123.081°W / 44.048; -123.081) is now occupied by [Bushnell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushnell_University)'s School of Education and Counseling. A large boulder placed to the west of the parking entrance displays a bronze plaque commemorating the Delta House location. The concluding parade scene was filmed on Main Street in downtown [Cottage Grove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_Grove,_Oregon), about twenty miles (32 km) south of Eugene via [Interstate 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_Oregon). Principal photography Filming began on October 24, 1977, and concluded in the middle of December 1977. and Landis brought the actors who played the Deltas up five days early to bond. Staying at the [Rodeway Inn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeway_Inn) motel in adjacent [Springfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Oregon), they moved an old piano from the lobby into McGill's room, which became known as "party central." James Widdoes ("Hoover") remembers, "It was like freshman orientation. There was a lot of getting to know each other and calling each other by our character names." This tactic encouraged the actors playing the Deltas to separate themselves from the actors playing the Omegas, helping generate authentic animosity between them on camera. Belushi and his wife Judy rented a house in south Eugene to keep him away from alcohol and drugs; she remained in Oregon while he commuted to New York City for Saturday Night Live. University of Oregon students got haircuts to appear as extras. Not knowing the story, they were bemused to see a horse being led into [Johnson Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Hall_(Eugene,_Oregon)). Although the cast members were admonished against mixing with the college students, one night, some girls invited several of the cast to a fraternity party; assuming the invitation had been made with the knowledge of the fraternity, the actors arrived and were initially greeted coldly which soon turned to open hostility. It was obvious the group was not welcome, and as they were leaving, Widdoes threw a cup of beer at a group of drunk [Oregon Ducks football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Ducks_football) players and a melee "like a scene from the movie" broke out. Tim Matheson, Bruce McGill, Peter Riegert, and Widdoes narrowly escaped, with McGill suffering a black eye and Widdoes getting several teeth broken or knocked out. Other than Belushi's opening yell, the food fight was filmed in one [shot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)), with the actors encouraged to fight for real. Flounder's dexterous catching of flying groceries in the supermarket was another single shot; Furst deftly caught most of the grocery items Matheson and Landis rapidly threw at him from off camera, to the director's amazement. By filming the long courtroom scene in one day, Landis won a bet with Reitman. The film's budget was so small that during the 32 days of shooting in Eugene, mostly in November, Landis had no trailer or office and could not watch [dailies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailies) for three weeks. His wife [Deborah Nadoolman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Nadoolman) purchased most of the costumes at local thrift stores, and she and Judy Belushi made the party togas. Landis and Bruce McGill staged a scene for reporters visiting the set where the director pretended to be angry at the actor for being difficult on the set. Landis grabbed a breakaway pitcher and smashed it over McGill's head. He fell to the ground and pretended to be unconscious. The reporters were completely fooled, and when Landis asked McGill to get up, he refused to move. Black extras had to be bused in from [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon) for the segment at the [Dexter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter,_Oregon) Lake Club (43°54′50″N 122°48′41″W / 43.914°N 122.8115°W / 43.914; -122.8115) due to their scarcity around Eugene. More seriously, the segment alarmed Tanen and other studio executives, who perceived it as racist and warned that "'black people in America are going to rip the seats out of theaters if you leave that scene in the movie.'" [Richard Pryor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pryor)'s approval helped retain the segment in the film. The studio became more enthusiastic about the film when Reitman showed executives and sales managers of various regions in the country a 10-minute production reel that was put together in two days. The reaction was positive and the studio sent 20 copies out to exhibitors. The first preview screening for Animal House was held in [Denver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver) four months before it opened nationwide. The crowd loved it and the filmmakers realized they had a potential hit on their hands. The original cut of the movie was a lengthy 175 minutes and more than an hour was dropped; the deleted scenes included: a John Landis cameo as a cafeteria dishwasher who tries to stop Bluto from eating all the food. Landis is dragged across a table and thrown to the floor by Bluto who then says "You don't fuck with the eagles unless you know how to fly." a scene where Boon and Hoover tell Pinto the tales of legendary Delta House frat brothers from years before who had names like Tarantula, Bulldozer, Giraffe, and his girlfriend, Gross Kay. two different deleted scenes with Otter and a couple of his girlfriends (one played by [Sunny Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Johnson)—listed in the credits as "Otter's Co-Ed" although her scene was deleted—and the other played by location scout Katherine Wilson, whose deleted scene can be seen in the theatrical trailer). an extended version of the scene where Bluto pours mustard on himself and starts singing "I am the Mustard Man." Soundtrack and score <Infotable> Original Motion Picture Soundtrack:National Lampoon's Animal House Soundtrack albumbyvarious artists Released: 1978 Recorded: RCA Studios, New York and Sound Factory West, Hollywood Genre: Rock and roll,R&B,film score Length: 36:23 Label: MCA Producer: Kenny Vance </Infotable> The soundtrack is a mix of [rock and roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll) and [rhythm and blues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues) with the original score created by film composer [Elmer Bernstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein), who had been a Landis family friend since John Landis was a child. Bernstein was easily persuaded to score the film, but he was not sure what to make of it. Similar to his preferring dramatic actors for the comedy, Landis asked Bernstein to score it as though it were serious. He adapted the "Faber College Theme" from the [Academic Festival Overture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture) by [Brahms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahms), and he said that the film opened yet another door in his diverse career: scoring comedies. The soundtrack was released as a [vinyl album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_album) in 1978 and then as a CD in 1998. In the late 2000s, the very first song on the soundtrack, the "Faber College Theme", came to prominence due to its purported resemblance to the [Bosnian national anthem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina). "[Theme from A Summer Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_from_A_Summer_Place)", composed by [Max Steiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Steiner); performed by [Percy Faith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Faith) and his Orchestra "[Who's Sorry Now?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Sorry_Now%3F_(song))", written by [Ted Snyder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Snyder), [Bert Kalmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kalmar) and [Harry Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ruby); performed by [Connie Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Francis) "[The Washington Post March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post_(march))", composed by [John Philip Sousa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa) "[Tammy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_(song))", by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans Reception Critical reception At the time of its release, Animal House received mixed reviews but several prominent critics immediately acknowledged its appeal, and it has since been recognized as one of the best films of 1978. The film holds a 91% positive rating on the [review aggregator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator) website [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) from 53 critics. Its consensus states, "The talents of director John Landis and Saturday Night Live's irrepressible John Belushi conspired to create a rambunctious, subversive college comedy that continues to resonate." On [Metacritic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic), the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [Roger Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert) gave the film four stars out of four and wrote, "It's anarchic, messy, and filled with energy. It assaults us. Part of the movie's impact comes from its sheer level of manic energy. ... But the movie's better made (and better acted) than we might at first realize. It takes skill to create this sort of comic pitch, and the movie's filled with characters that are sketched a little more absorbingly than they had to be, and acted with perception". Ebert later placed the film on his 10 best list of 1978, the only National Lampoon film to have received this honor. In his review for [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)), Frank Rich wrote, "At its best it perfectly expresses the fears and loathings of kids who came of age in the late '60s; at its worst Animal House revels in abject silliness. The hilarious highs easily compensate for the puerile lows". Gary Arnold wrote in his review for [The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post), "Belushi also controls a wicked array of conspiratorial expressions with the audience... He can seem irresistibly funny in repose or invest minor slapstick opportunities with a streak of genius". [David Ansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ansen) wrote in [Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek), "But if Animal House lacks the inspired tastelessness of the Lampoon's [High School Yearbook Parody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Yearbook_Parody), this is still low humor of a high order". Robert Martin wrote in [The Globe and Mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail), "It is so gross and tasteless you feel you should be disgusted but it's hard to be offended by something that is so sidesplittingly funny". Time magazine proclaimed Animal House one of the year's best. When the film was released, Landis, Widdoes, and Allen went on a national promotional tour. Universal Pictures spent about $4.5 million ($21,021,429 in today's money) promoting the film at selected college campuses and helped students organize their own toga parties. One such party at the [University of Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park) attracted some 2,000 people, while students at the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison) tried for a crowd of 10,000 people and a place in the [Guinness Book of World Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records). Thanks to the film, toga parties became one of the favorite college campus happenings during 1978 and 1979. In 2000, the [American Film Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute) placed the film on its [100 Years...100 Laughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Laughs) list, where it was ranked No. 36. In 2005, AFI ranked John "Bluto" Blutarsky's quote "Toga! Toga!" at No. 82 on its list of [100 Years...100 Movie Quotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movie_Quotes). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list. In 2001, the [Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) deemed the film to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it as one of 25 films preserved in the [National Film Registry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry) that year. Box office In its opening weekend, Animal House grossed $276,538 in twelve theaters in New York before expanding to 500 theaters. It grossed $120.1 million ($561,038,571 in today's money) in the United States and Canada in its initial release and went on to achieve a lifetime gross of $141.6 million, generating [theatrical rentals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_rental) of $70.8 million. It was the highest grossing comedy film until the release of [Ghostbusters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters) (which was also written by Ramis and produced by Reitman) and the seventh highest-grossing film of the 1970s. Adjusted for inflation, it is the 68th highest-grossing film in North America. Internationally, it did not do as well, earning rentals of only $9 million, for a worldwide total of $80 million. Spin-offs The film inspired a short-lived half-hour [ABC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) television sitcom, Delta House, in which Vernon reprised his role as the long-suffering, malevolent Dean Wormer. The series also included Furst as Flounder, McGill as D-Day, and Widdoes as Hoover. The pilot episode was written by the film's screenwriters, Kenney, Miller, and Ramis. [Michelle Pfeiffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer) made her acting debut in the series (playing a new character, "Bombshell"), and Peter Fox was cast as Otter. Belushi's character from the film, John "Bluto" Blutarsky, is in the Army, but his brother, Blotto, played by [Josh Mostel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Mostel), transfers to Faber to carry on Bluto's tradition. Animal House inspired [Co-Ed Fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Ed_Fever_(TV_series)), another sitcom but without the involvement of the film's producers or cast. Set in a dorm of the formerly all-female Baxter College, the [pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television) of Co-Ed Fever was aired by [CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS) on February 4, 1979, but the network [canceled the series before airing any more episodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_series_canceled_after_one_episode). [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC) also had its Animal House-inspired sitcom, [Brothers and Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_and_Sisters_(1979_TV_series)), in which three members of Crandall College's Pi Nu fraternity interact with members of the Gamma Iota sorority. Like ABC's Delta House, Brothers and Sisters lasted only three months. The film's writers planned a film sequel set in 1967 (the so-called "[Summer of Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_of_Love)"), in which the Deltas have a reunion for Pinto's marriage in [Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haight-Ashbury,_San_Francisco). The only Delta to have become a hippie is Flounder, who is now called Pisces. Later, Chris Miller and John Weidman, another Lampoon writer, created a treatment for this screenplay, but Universal rejected it because [the sequel to American Graffiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_American_Graffiti), which contained some hippie-1967 sequences, had not done well. When John Belushi died, the idea was indefinitely shelved. A second attempt at a sequel was made in 1982 with producer Matty Simmons co-authoring a script that saw some of the Deltas returning to Faber College five years after the events of the film. The project got no further than a first draft script. Home media Animal House was released on [videodisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videodisc) in 1979. It was released on VHS in 1980, 1983, 1988, and 1990. In 1992, it was released in a 2-pack VHS set that included [The Blues Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)). It was first released on DVD in February 1998 in a "bare bones" Full Screen presentation. A 20th Anniversary Widescreen Collector's Edition DVD and a coinciding [THX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX) special edition VHS and a widescreen Signature Collection Laserdisc was released later that year, with a 45-minute documentary titled "The Yearbook — An Animal House Reunion" by producer J.M. Kenny, with production notes, theatrical trailer, and new interviews with director Landis, writers Harold Ramis and Chris Miller, composer Elmer Bernstein, and stars Tim Matheson, Karen Allen, Stephen Furst, John Vernon, Verna Bloom, Bruce McGill, James Widdoes, Peter Riegert, Mark Metcalf and Kevin Bacon. In 2000, the collector's edition DVD was packaged along with The Blues Brothers and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_(film)) in a John Belushi 3-pack box set. The "Double Secret Probation Edition" DVD released in 2003 features cast members reprising their respective roles in a "Where Are They Now?" [mockumentary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary), which posited the original film as a documentary. One major change shown in this mockumentary from the epilogue of the original film is that Bluto went on from his career in the U.S. Senate to become the President of the United States, with a voiceover on a shot of the north portico of the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House), since by then Belushi had died. This DVD also includes "Did You Know That? Universal Animated Anecdotes", a subtitle trivia track, the making of a documentary from the Collector's Edition, [MxPx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MxPx) "Shout" music video, a theatrical trailer, production notes, and cast and filmmakers biographies. The DVD was also available in both Widescreen and Full-Screen formats. In August 2006, the film was released on an [HD DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD)/DVD combo disc, which featured the film in a [1080p](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p) [high-definition format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video) on one side, and a [standard-definition format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard-definition_television) on the opposite side. Along with the film [Unleashed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unleashed_(2005_film)), Animal House was one of [Universal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures_Home_Entertainment)'s first two HD/DVD combo releases, but was later discontinued in 2008 after Universal decided to switch to the [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray) optical disc format following the conclusion of the [high-definition optical disc format war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war). It became available on Blu-ray optical disc on July 26, 2011. The film was released on [4K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray) on May 18, 2021. Precursors and legacy Animal House was a great box office success despite its limited production costs and started an industry trend, inspiring other comedies such as [Porky's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porky%27s), the [Police Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Academy_(franchise)) films, the [American Pie films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_(film_series)), [Up the Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_the_Academy) (made by rival humor magazine [MAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_(magazine))), and [Old School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_School_(film)) among others. Belushi became the most successful male comedy star in the world until his 1982 death; Bacon also became a star, and he, Matheson, and Allen are among those who have had lengthy acting careers. Reitman, Landis, and Ramis became successful filmmakers; Landis' use of dramatic actors and soundtrack to make the comedy believable became the traditional approach for film comedies. The film has caused many parents to worry about their children joining fraternities and sororities. One writer suggested, half-seriously, that the film's impact was such that future college students seeking to emulate Delta House's antics in real life led to "a drop of American college students' GPA's an average of .18 grade points, per semester". On the left-wing and counterculture side, the film included references to topical political matters like President [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman)'s decision to [drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki), [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon), the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War), and the [civil rights movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement#Civil_rights_movement_in_the_United_States). Precursors of this counterculture subversive humor in the film were two non-"college movies", [M*A*S*H](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_(film)), a 1970 satirical dark comedy, and [The Kentucky Fried Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kentucky_Fried_Movie), a 1977 formless comedy consisting of a series of [sketches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy) (which was also directed by Landis). At the start of [Twilight Zone: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_Zone:_The_Movie) (1983), also directed by John Landis, a scene set in Vietnam includes a soldier saying "I told you guys, we shouldn't have shot Lieutenant Neidermeyer." In the second season of the Canadian television series [Relic Hunter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic_Hunter) (2000-2001), Sydney's boss at Trinity College is named Dean Wormer. In 2001, the United States [Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) deemed the film "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it for preservation in the [National Film Registry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry). Animal House is first on [Bravo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo_(American_TV_network))'s 100 Funniest Movies. In 2000, the [American Film Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute) ranked the film No. 36 on [100 Years... 100 Laughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Laughs), a list of the 100 best American comedies. In 2006, Miller wrote a more comprehensive memoir of his experiences in Dartmouth's AD house in a book entitled, The Real Animal House: The Awesomely Depraved Saga of the Fraternity That Inspired the Movie, in which Miller recounts hijinks that were considered too risqué for the movie. In 2008, [Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)) magazine selected Animal House as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. The film was also selected by [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) as one of The 1000 Best Movies Ever Made. In 2012, Universal Pictures Stage Productions announced it was developing a stage musical version of the movie. [Barenaked Ladies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies) were originally announced to write the score, but they were replaced by composer [David Yazbek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yazbek). [Casey Nicholaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Nicholaw) was billed to direct; author Michael Mitnick was reported to be involved. The University of Oregon celebrates its participation in the film. It offers visitors a guide to filming locations, and the [Knight Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Library) has a collection of material on the film's production. Between the third and fourth quarter of every football game at [Autzen Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autzen_Stadium), "Shout" from the toga party scene is played, to which the entire stadium sings along.

2024-09-18 16:15:32

Nimavar_school

<Infotable> Nimavar school Province: Isfahan Location Location: Nimavar Bazaar,Isfahan,Iran Municipality: Isfahan Shown within Iran Geographic coordinates: 32°39′57″N51°40′28″E / 32.6658°N 51.6744°E /32.6658; 51.6744 Architecture Type: School Style: Isfahani </Infotable> Nimavar school ([Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language): مسجد نیماور) is a historical school in [Isfahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan), [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran). It's located in Nimavar [Bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar) and belongs to [Safavid era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty). This school was built in 1691 in the era of [Suleiman I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I_of_Persia).

2024-09-18 22:50:03

Han_Chinese

<Infotable> 汉族;漢族 Total population 1.4 billion[1] Regions with significant populations China: 1.29 billion[2] Taiwan: 22 million[3][4] Thailand: 7.05 million[5] Malaysia: 6.91 million[6] United States: 3.80–5.79 million[7][8] Indonesia: 2.83 million[9] Singapore: 2.67 million[10] Myanmar: 1.64 million[11] Canada: 1.47 million[12] Philippines: 1.35 million[13] Australia: 1.21 million[14] Vietnam: 992,600[15] Japan: 922,000[16] Languages Chinese Religion Irreligion,Buddhism,Chinese folk religion(Confucianism,Taoism),Christianity,Islam Related ethnic groups BaiHuiotherSino-Tibetan peoples </Infotable> [Bai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_people)[Hui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people)other [Sino-Tibetan peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages) <Infotable> Han Chinese Traditional Chinese: 漢族 Simplified Chinese: 汉族 Literal meaning: Hanethnic group Hanyu Pinyin: TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHànzúBopomofoㄏㄢˋ ㄗㄨˊWade–GilesHan4-tsu2Tongyong PinyinHàn-zúYale RomanizationHàndzúIPA[xântsǔ]WuRomanizationHoe zohHakkaRomanizationHòn-tshu̍kYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHon juhkJyutpingHon3 zuk6IPACantonese pronunciation:[hɔ̄ːntsʊ̀k]Southern MinHokkienPOJHàn-cho̍kTeochewPeng'imHàng-tsôkEastern MinFuzhouBUCHáng-cŭk Hànzú ㄏㄢˋ ㄗㄨˊ Han4-tsu2 Hàn-zú Hàndzú [xântsǔ] Hoe zoh Hòn-tshu̍k Hon juhk Hon3 zuk6 Cantonese pronunciation:[hɔ̄ːntsʊ̀k] Hàn-cho̍k Hàng-tsôk Háng-cŭk Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin: Hànzú Bopomofo: ㄏㄢˋ ㄗㄨˊ Wade–Giles: Han4-tsu2 Tongyong Pinyin: Hàn-zú Yale Romanization: Hàndzú IPA: [xântsǔ] Wu Romanization: Hoe zoh Hakka Romanization: Hòn-tshu̍k Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization: Hon juhk Jyutping: Hon3 zuk6 IPA: Cantonese pronunciation:[hɔ̄ːntsʊ̀k] Southern Min HokkienPOJ: Hàn-cho̍k TeochewPeng'im: Hàng-tsôk Eastern Min FuzhouBUC: Háng-cŭk </Infotable> The Han Chinese (alternatively Han people,[[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-Han_people-17) or colloquially simply Chinese) are an [East Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_people) ethnic group native to [Greater China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_China). With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the [world's largest ethnic group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups), making up about 17.5% of the [global population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population). The Han Chinese represent 92% of the population in [mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) and 97% of the population in [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan). Han Chinese form large diaspora populations throughout Southeast Asia, comprising large minorities in countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. In Singapore, Han [Chinese Singaporeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans) make up around 75 percent of the country's population. The Han Chinese have exerted the primary formative influence in shaping the development and growth of Chinese civilization. Originating from the [Central Plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan), the Han Chinese trace their ancestry to the [Huaxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxia) people, a confederation of agricultural tribes that lived along the middle and lower reaches of the [Yellow River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River) in northern China. The Huaxia are the progenitors of Chinese civilization and the ancestors of modern Han Chinese. The lands of southern China were acquired through conquest and colonization during the Qin and Han dynasty. Han Chinese people and culture then spread south from the northern heartland in the Yellow River valley, driven by large and sustained waves of migration during successive periods of Chinese history, leading to a demographic and economic tilt towards the south, and to the absorption of various [non-Han ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history#List_of_ethnic_groups) over the centuries at various points in Chinese history. By the time of the Tang and Song dynasties, Han Chinese were the main inhabitants of the fertile lowland areas and cities of southern China, with minority tribes occupying the highlands. Identity The term "Han" not only refers to a specific ethnic collective, but also points to a shared ancestry, history, and cultural [identity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_identity). The term "Huaxia" was used by the ancient Chinese philosopher [Confucius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius)'s contemporaries during the [Warring States era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period) to elucidate the shared ethnicity of all Chinese; Chinese people called themselves Hua Ren. The Warring States period led to the emergence of the Zhou-era Chinese referring to themselves as being Huaxia (literally, "the beautiful grandeur"), which was distinctively used to adumbrate a "civilized" culture in contrast to peoples perceived as "[barbaric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian#China)" towards the adjacent and adjoining vicinities bordering the Zhou Kingdoms that were inhabited by [different](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Barbarians) [non-Han Chinese peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction) around them. [People of Han Chinese ancestry who possess foreign citizenship of a different country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese) are commonly referred as Hua people (华人; 華人; Huárén) or Huazu (华族; 華族; Huázú). The two respective aforementioned terms are applied solely to those with a Han ethnic background that is semantically distinct from Zhongguo Ren (中国人; 中國人) which has connotations and implications limited to being [citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_passport) and [nationals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law) of China, especially with regard to [people of non-Han Chinese ethnicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China). Designation 'Han people' The name 'Han people' (漢人; 汉人; Hànrén) first appeared during the [Northern and Southern period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_period) and was inspired by the [Han dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty), which is considered to be one of the first [golden ages in Chinese history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China). As a unified and cohesive empire that succeeded the short-lived Qin dynasty, Han China established itself as the center of the East Asian geopolitical order at the time, projecting its power and influence unto Asian neighbors. It was comparable with the contemporary [Roman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) in population size, geographical extent, and cultural reach. The Han dynasty's prestige and prominence led many of the ancient Huaxia to identify themselves as 'Han people'. Similarly, the [Chinese language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) also came to be named and alluded to as the "Han language" (漢語; 汉语; Hànyǔ) ever since and the Chinese script is referred to as "[Han characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_characters)." Huaren and Huayi Prior to the Han dynasty, ancient Chinese scholars used the term [Huaxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxia) (華夏; 华夏; Huáxià) in texts to describe [China proper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper), while the Chinese populace were referred to as either the 'various Hua' (諸華; 诸华; Zhūhuá) or 'various Xia' (诸夏; 諸夏; Zhūxià). This gave rise to two term commonly used nowadays by [Overseas Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese) as an ethnic identity for the Chinese diaspora – Huaren (華人; 华人; Huárén; 'ethnic Chinese people') and Huaqiao (华侨; 華僑; Huáqiáo; 'the Chinese immigrant'), meaning [Overseas Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese). It has also given rise to the literary [name for China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_for_China) – Zhonghua (中華; 中华; Zhōnghuá; 'Central China'). While the general term Zhongguo ren (中國人; 中国人) refers to any [Chinese citizen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_citizen) or [Chinese national](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_national) regardless of their ethnic origins and does not necessary imply Han ancestry, the term huaren in its narrow, classical usages implies Central Plains or Han ancestry. Tangren .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}唐人 Among some southern Han Chinese varieties such as [Cantonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinese), [Hakka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese) and [Minnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min), a different term exists – Tang Chinese ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 唐人; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin): Táng Rén, literally "the people of Tang"), derived from the later [Tang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty), regarded as another [golden age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China) and high point in Chinese civilization. The self-identification as Tang Ren is popular in south China, because it was at this time that massive waves of migration and settlement led to a shift in the center of gravity of the Chinese nation away from the tumult of the Central Plains to the peaceful lands south of the Yangtze and on the southeastern coast, leading to the earnest settlement by Chinese of lands hitherto regarded as part of the empire's sparsely populated frontier or periphery. Guangdong and Fujian, hitherto regarded as backwater regions populated by the descendants of garrison soldiers, exiles and refugees, became new centers and representatives of Han Chinese culture under the influence of the new Han migrants. The term is used in everyday colloquial discourse and is also an element in one of the words for [Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown): "street of the Tang people" ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language): 唐人街; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin): Táng Rén Jiē; [Jyutping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping): tong4 jan4 gaai1). The phrase Huá Bù, 華埠; 华埠 is also used to denote the same area. Han Chinese subgroups Han Chinese can be divided into various subgroups based on the variety of Chinese that they speak. Waves of migration have occurred throughout China's long history and vast geographical expanse, engendering the emergence of Han Chinese subgroups found throughout the various regions of modern China today with distinct regional features. The expansion of the Han people outside their traditional homeland in the Yellow River is an important part of their historical consciousness and ethnogenesis, and accounts for their present-day diversity. There were several periods of mass migration of Han people to Southeastern and Southern China throughout history. Initially, the sparsely populated regions of south China were inhabited by tribes known only as the Bai Yue or Hundred Yue. Many of these tribes developed into kingdoms under rulers and nobility of Han Chinese ethnicity but retained a Bai Yue majority for several centuries. Yet others were forcibly brought into the Sinosphere by the imperial ambitions of emperors such as Qin Shi Huangdi and Han Wu Di, both of whom settled hundreds of thousands of Chinese in these lands to form agricultural colonies and military garrisons. Even then, control over these lands was tenuous, and Bai Yue cultural identity remained strong until sustained waves of Han Chinese emigration in the Jin, Tang and Song dynasties altered the demographic balance completely. Military garrisons and agricultural colonies The first emperor Qin Shih Huang Di is said to have sent several hundred thousand men and fifteen thousand women to form agricultural and military settlements in Lingnan (present day Guangxi and Guangdong), under the leadership of a general named Zhao Tuo. The famous Han emperor, Han Wu Di, ordered another two hundred thousand men were ordered to build ships to attack and colonialize the Lingnan region, thus adding to the population in Guangdong and Guangxi. The first urban cornubations in the region, for example, Panyu, were created by Han settlers rather than the Bai Yue, who preferred to maintain small settlements subsisting on swidden agriculture and rice farming. Later on, Guangdong, Northern Vietnam, and Yunnan all experienced a surge in Han Chinese migrants during [Wang Mang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mang)'s reign. The demographic composition and culture of these regions during this period, could however scarcely be said to have been Sinitic outside the confines of these agricultural settlements and military outposts. Historical southward migrations The genesis of the modern Han people and their subgroups cannot be understood apart from their historical migrations to the south, resulting in a depopulation of the Central Plains, a fission between those that remained and those that headed south, and their subsequent fusion with aboriginal tribes south of the Yangtze, even as the centres of Han Chinese culture and wealth moved from the Yellow River Basin to Jiangnan, and to a lesser extent also, to Fujian and Guangdong. At various points in Chinese history, collapses of central authority in the face of barbarian uprisings or invasions and the loss of control of the Chinese heartland triggered mass migratory waves which transformed the demographic composition and cultural identity of the south. This process of sustained mass migration has been known as "garments and headdresses moving south" 衣冠南渡 (yì guān nán dù), on account of it first being led by the aristocratic classes. Such migratory waves were numerous and triggered by such events such as the [Uprising of the Five Barbarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_the_Five_Barbarians) during the Jin dynasty (304-316 AD) in which China was completely overrun by minority groups previously serving as vassals and servants to Sima (the royal house of Jin), the [An Lu Shan rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lu_Shan_rebellion) during the Tang dynasty (755-763 AD), and the [Jingkang incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingkang_incident) (1127 AD) and [Jin-Song wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_wars). These events caused widespread devastation, and even depopulated the north, resulting in the complete social and political breakdown and collapse of central authority in the Central Plains, triggering massive, sustained waves of Han Chinese migration into South China, leading to the formation of distinct Han lineages, who also likely assimilated the by-now partially sinicized Bai Yue in their midst. Modern Han Chinese subgroups, such as the [Cantonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people), the [Hakka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people), the [Henghua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian_people), the [Hainanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese), the [Hoklo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoklo_people) peoples, the [Gan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan_Chinese), the [Xiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Chinese), the [Wu-speaking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese) peoples, all claim Han Chinese ancestry pointing to official histories and their own genealogical records to support such claims. Linguists hypothesize that the Wu and Min varieties of Chinese originate from the way Chinese was spoken during the Jin, while the Yue and Hakka from the way Chinese was spoken in the Tang and Song, about half-a-millenia later. The presence of Tai-Kradai substrates in these dialects may have been due to the assimilation of the remaining groups of Bai Yue, integrating these lands into the Sinosphere proper. The chaos of the [Uprising of the Five Barbarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians) triggered the first massive movement of Han Chinese dominated by civilians rather than soldiers to the south, being led principally by the aristocracy and the Jin elite. Thus, Jiangnan, comprising Hangzhou's coastal regions and the Yangtze valley were settled in the 4th century AD by families descended from Chinese nobility. Special "[commanderies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandery_(China)) of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive number of Han Chinese immigrating during this period which included notable families such as the Wang and the Xie. A religious group known as the [Celestial Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_Masters) contributed to the movement. Jiangnan became the most populous and prosperous region of China. The [Uprising of the Five Barbarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians), also led to the resettlement of Fujian. The province of Fujian - whose aboriginal inhabitants had been deported to the Central Plains by Han Wu Di, was now repopulated by Han Chinese settlers and colonists from the Chinese heartland. The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from the Central Plains to Fujian - these were the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin clans, who remain there until this very day. In the wake of the [An Lu Shan rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion), a further wave of Han migrants from northern China headed the south. At the start of the rebellion in 755 there were 52.9 million registered inhabitants of the Tang Empire, and after its end in 764, only 16.9 million were recorded. It is likely that the difference in census figures was due to the complete breakdown in administrative capabilities, as well as the widespread escape from the north by the Han Chinese and their mass migration to the south. By now, the Han Chinese population in the south far outstripped that of the Bai Yue. Guangdong and Fujian both experienced a significant influx of Northern Han Chinese settlers, leading many Cantonese, Hokkien and Teochew individuals to identify themselves as "Tang people" (唐人; Tángrén), which has served as a means to assert and acknowledge their ethnic and cultural origin and identity. The [Jin–Song Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars) caused yet another wave of mass migration of the Han Chinese from Northern China to Southern China, leading to a further increase in the Han Chinese population across southern Chinese provinces. The formation of the Hainanese and Hakka people can be attributed to the chaos of this period. The [Mongol invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China) during the thirteenth century once again caused a surging influx of Northern Han Chinese refugees to move south to settle and develop the [Pearl River Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta). These mass migrations over the centuries inevitably led to the demographic expansion, economic prosperity, agricultural advancements, and cultural flourishing of Southern China, which remained relatively peaceful unlike its northern counterpart. Distribution Mainland China The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion – live in the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (PRC), where they constitute about 90% of its overall population. Han Chinese in China have been a culturally, economically and politically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities throughout most of China's recorded history. Han Chinese are almost the majority in every [Chinese province, municipality and autonomous region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China) except for the autonomous regions of [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang) (38% or 40% in 2010) and [Tibet Autonomous Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region) (8% in 2014), where [Uighurs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs) and [Tibetans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people) are the majority, respectively. Han Chinese also constitute the majority in both of the [special administrative regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) of the PRC – about 92.2% and 88.4% of the population of [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) and [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau), respectively.[[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)] The Han Chinese in Hong Kong and Macau have been culturally, economically and politically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities. Southeast Asia Nearly 30 to 40 million people of Han Chinese descent live in Southeast Asia. According to a [population genetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetic) study, [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans) is "the country with the biggest proportion of Han Chinese" in Southeast Asia. Singapore is the only nation in the world where Overseas Chinese constitute a majority of the population and remain the country's cultural, economic and politically dominant arbiters vis-à-vis their non-Han minority counterparts. Up until the past few decades, overseas Han communities originated predominantly from areas in Eastern and Southeastern China (mainly from the provinces of [Fujian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian), [Guangdong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) and [Hainan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan), and to a lesser extent, [Guangxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi), [Yunnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan) and [Zhejiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang)). Taiwan There are over 22 million people of Han Chinese ancestry in living in Taiwan. At first, these migrants chose to settle in locations that bore a resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainland China, regardless of whether they arrived in the north or south of Taiwan. [Hoklo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoklo_people) immigrants from [Quanzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhou) settled in coastal regions and those from [Zhangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangzhou) tended to gather on inland plains, while the [Hakka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people) inhabited hilly areas. Clashes and tensions between the two groups over land, water, ethno-racial, and cultural differences led to the relocation of some communities and over time, varying degrees of intermarriage and assimilation took place. In Taiwan, Han Chinese (including both the earlier Han Taiwanese settlers and the recent mainland Chinese that arrived in Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek in 1949) constitute over 95% of the population. They have also been a politically, culturally and economically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han [indigenous Taiwanese peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples). Others The total overseas Chinese population worldwide number some 60 million people. Overseas Han Chinese have settled in numerous countries across the globe, particularly within the Western World where nearly 4 million people of Han Chinese descent live in the United States (about 1.5% of the population), over 1 million in Australia (5.6%)[[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)] and about 1.5 million in Canada (5.1%),[[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)] nearly 231,000 in [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand) (4.9%),[[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)] and as many as 750,000 in Sub-Saharan Africa. History The Han Chinese have a rich history that spans thousands of years, with their historical roots dating back to the days of [ancient China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_China). Throughout Han history, China has been governed by [dynasties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_of_China), with periods during which it has seen cycles of expansion, contraction, unity, and fragmentation. Due to the overwhelming numerical and cultural dominance of Han culture in China, most of the written [history of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China) can be read as "a history of the Han Chinese," hinted and tinged with only passing references to its [ethnic non-Han minority counterparts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China). Prehistory The prehistory of the Han Chinese is closely intertwined with both archaeology, biology, historical textual records, and mythology. The ethnic stock to which the Han Chinese originally trace their ancestry from were confederations of late [Neolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) and early [Bronze Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) agricultural tribes known as the [Huaxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxia) that lived along the [Guanzhong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanzhong) and [Yellow River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River) basins in Northern China.[[excessive citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations)] In addition, numerous [ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history#List_of_ethnic_groups) were assimilated and absorbed by the Han Chinese at various points in China's history. Like many modern ethnic groups, the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese was a lengthy process that involved the expansion of the [successive Chinese dynasties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_of_China) and their assimilation of [various non-Han ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history#List_of_ethnic_groups) that became sinicised over the centuries. During the [Western Zhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) and Han dynasties, Han Chinese writers established genealogical lineages by drawing from legendary materials originating from the [Shang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty), while the Han dynasty historian [Sima Qian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian)'s [Records of the Grand Historian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian) places the reign of the [Yellow Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor), the legendary leader of Youxiong tribes (有熊氏), at the beginning of Chinese history. The Yellow Emperor is traditionally credited to have united with the neighbouring [Shennong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennong) tribes after defeating their leader, the [Yan Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Emperor), at the [Battle of Banquan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Banquan). The newly merged [Yanhuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanhuang) tribes then combined forces to defeat their common enemy from the east, [Chiyou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyou) of the Jiuli (九黎) tribes, at the [Battle of Zhuolu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zhuolu) and established their cultural dominance in the [Central Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plain_(China)) region. To this day, modern Han Chinese refer themselves as "[Descendants of Yan and Huang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Huang_Zisun)". Although study of this period of history is complicated by the absence of contemporary records, the discovery of [archaeological sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site) has enabled a succession of [Neolithic cultures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China) to be identified along the Yellow River. Along the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River were the [Cishan culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cishan_culture) (c.6500–5000 BCE), the [Yangshao culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshao_culture) (c.5000–3000 BCE), the [Longshan culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshan_culture) (c.3000–2000 BCE) and the [Erlitou culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlitou_culture) (c.1900–1500 BCE). These cultures are believed to be related to the origins of the [Sino-Tibetan languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages) and later the [Sinitic languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitic_languages). They were the foundation for the formation of [Old Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese) and the founding of the [Shang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty), China's first confirmed dynasty. Neolithic forebears of the Han Chinese Cishan culture pottery (6000-5500 BC) Longshan culture pottery (3200-2000 BC) Yangshao culture pottery (5000-3000 BC) Erlitou culture pottery (1900-1500 BC) Early history Early ancient Chinese history is largely legendary, consisting of mythical tales intertwined with sporadic annals written centuries to millennia later. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian recorded a period following the Battle of Zhuolu, during the reign of successive generations of confederate overlords ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 共主) known as the [Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors) (c. 2852–2070 BCE), who, allegedly, were elected to power among the tribes. This is a period for which scant reliable archaeological evidence exists – these sovereigns are largely regarded as [cultural heroes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hero). The first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records is the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BCE), established by [Yu the Great](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_the_Great) after [Emperor Shun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Shun) abdicated leadership to reward Yu's work in taming the [Great Flood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_(China)). Yu's son, [Qi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_of_Xia), managed to not only install himself as the next ruler, but also dictated his sons as heirs by default, making the Xia dynasty the first in recorded history where [genealogical succession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession) was the norm. The civilizational prosperity of the Xia dynasty at this time is thought to have given rise to the name "Huaxia" ([simplified Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 华夏; [traditional Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 華夏; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin): Huá Xià, "the magnificent Xia"), a term that was used ubiquitously throughout history to define the Chinese nation. Conclusive archaeological evidence predating the 16th century BCE is, however, rarely available. Recent efforts of the [Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia%E2%80%93Shang%E2%80%93Zhou_Chronology_Project) drew the connection between the [Erlitou culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlitou_culture) and the Xia dynasty, but scholars could not reach a consensus regarding the reliability of such history. The Xia dynasty was overthrown after the [Battle of Mingtiao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mingtiao), around 1600 BCE, by [Cheng Tang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_of_Shang), who established the Shang dynasty (c.1600–1046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date back to this period – from characters inscribed on [oracle bones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone) used for divination – but the well-developed characters hint at a much earlier origin of writing in China. During the Shang dynasty, people of the [Wu area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(region)) in the [Yangtze River Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta) were considered a different tribe, and described as being scantily dressed, tattooed and speaking a distinct language. Later, [Taibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taibo_of_Wu), elder uncle of [Ji Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou) – on realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser and deserved to inherit the throne – fled to Wu and settled there. Three generations later, [King Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou) of the Zhou dynasty defeated [King Zhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang) (the last Shang king), and [enfeoffed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feoffment) the descendants of Taibo in Wu – mirroring the later history of [Nanyue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyue), where a Chinese king and his soldiers ruled a non-Han population and mixed with locals, who were [sinicized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinicization) over time. After the [Battle of Muye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muye), the Shang dynasty was overthrown by [Zhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predynastic_Zhou) (led by [Ji Fa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Fa)), which had emerged as a western state along the [Wei River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_River) in the 2nd millennium BCE. The [Zhou dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) shared the language and culture of the Shang people, and extended their reach to encompass much of the area north of the [Yangtze River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River). Through conquest and colonization, much of this area came under the influence of sinicization and this culture extended south. However, the power of the Zhou kings fragmented not long afterwards, and many autonomous vassal states emerged. This dynasty is traditionally divided into two eras – the Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE) and the [Eastern Zhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Zhou) (770–256 BCE) – with the latter further divided into the [Spring and Autumn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) (770–476 BCE) and the [Warring States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period) (476–221 BCE) periods. It was a period of significant cultural and philosophical diversification (known as the [Hundred Schools of Thought](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought)) and [Confucianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism), [Taoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism) and [Legalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)) are among the most important surviving philosophies from this era.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Imperial history The chaotic Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty came to an end with the unification of China by the western state of [Qin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)) after its [conquest of all other rival states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification)[[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)] under King [Ying Zheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ying_Zheng). King Zheng then gave himself a new title "[First Emperor of Qin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Emperor_of_Qin)" ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language): 秦始皇帝; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin): Qín Shǐ Huángdì), setting the precedent for the next two millennia. To consolidate administrative control over the newly conquered parts of the country, the First Emperor decreed a nationwide standardization of currency, writing scripts and measurement units, to unify the country economically and culturally. He also ordered large-scale infrastructure projects such as the [Great Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China), the [Lingqu Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingqu_Canal) and the Qin road system to militarily fortify the frontiers. In effect, he established a centralized bureaucratic state to replace the old feudal confederation system of preceding dynasties, making Qin the first [imperial dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty) in Chinese history. This dynasty, sometimes phonetically spelt as the "Ch'in dynasty", has been proposed in the 17th century by [Martino Martini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino_Martini) and supported by later scholars such as [Paul Pelliot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelliot) and [Berthold Laufer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Laufer) to be the etymological origin of the modern English word "China". The reign of the first imperial dynasty was short-lived. Due to the First Emperor's autocratic rule and his massive labor projects, which fomented rebellion among his population, the Qin dynasty fell into chaos soon after his death. Under the corrupt rule of his son and successor [Huhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huhai), the Qin dynasty collapsed a mere three years later. The Han dynasty (206 BC–220 CE) then emerged from the ensuing [civil wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-Han_contention) and succeeded in establishing a much longer-lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by the Qin dynasty, but adopted a more moderate rule. Under the Han dynasty, art and culture flourished, while the Han Empire [expanded militarily in all directions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty). Many Chinese scholars such as [Ho Ping-ti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Ping-ti) believe that the concept ([ethnogenesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis)) of Han ethnicity, although being ancient, was formally entrenched in the Han dynasty. The Han dynasty is considered one of the [golden ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age) of Chinese history, with the modern Han Chinese people taking their ethnic name from this dynasty and the Chinese script being referred to as "[Han characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters)". The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by an age of fragmentation and several centuries of disunity amid warfare among rival kingdoms. There was a brief period of prosperity under the native Han Chinese dynasty known as the [Jin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)) (266-420 BC), although protracted struggles within the ruling house of Sima (司馬) sparked off a protracted period of fragmentation, rebellion by immigrant tribes that served as slaves and indentured servants, and extended non-native rule. Non-native rule During this time, areas of northern China were overrun by various [non-Han nomadic peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Barbarians), which came to establish kingdoms of their own, the most successful of which was the [Northern Wei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei) established by the [Xianbei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei). From this period, the native population of China proper was referred to as Hanren, or the "People of Han" to distinguish them from the nomads from the steppe. Warfare and invasion led to one of the first great migrations of Han populations in history, as they fled south to the [Yangzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze) and beyond, shifting the Chinese demographic center and speeding up sinicization of the far south. At the same time, most of the nomads in northern China came to be sinicized as they ruled over large Chinese populations and adopted elements of their culture and administration. Of note, the Xianbei rulers of Northern Wei ordered a policy of systematic sinicization, [adopting Han surnames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_Xianbei_names_to_Han_names), institutions, and culture, so the Xianbei became Han Chinese. Sui and Tang Han Chinese rule resumed during the Sui and Tang dynasties, led by the Han Chinese families of the Yang (杨) and Li (李) surnames respectively. Both the Sui and Tang dynasties are seen as high points of Han Chinese civilization. These dynasties both emphasized their aristocratic Han Chinese pedigree and enforced the restoration of Central Plains culture, even the founders of both dynasties had already intermarried with non-Han or partly-Han women from the Dugu and Yuwen families. The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties saw continuing emigration from the Central Plains to the south-eastern coast of what is now China proper, including the provinces of [Fujian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian), [Guangdong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong), and [Hainan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan). This was especially true in the latter part of the Tang era and the Five Dynasties period that followed; the relative stability of the south coast made it an attractive destination for refugees fleeing continual warfare and turmoil in the north. The next few centuries saw successive invasions of Han and non-Han peoples from the north. In 1279, the [Mongols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols) conquered all of China, becoming the first non-Han ethnic group to do so, and established the [Yuan dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty). [Emigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration), seen as disloyal to ancestors and ancestral land, was banned by the Song and Yuan dynasties. [Zhu Yuanzhang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor), who had a [Han-centered concept of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinocentrism), and regarded expelling "[barbarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction)" and restoring Han people's China as a mission, established the [Ming dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty) in 1368 after the [Red Turban Rebellions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions). During this period, China referred to the Ming Empire and to the Han people living in them, and non-Han communities were separated from China. Early [Manchu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people) rulers treated China as equivalent to both the Ming Empire and to the Han group. In 1644, the Ming capital, [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing), was captured by [Li Zicheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zicheng)'s peasant rebels and the [Chongzhen Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor) committed suicide. The Manchus of the [Qing dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) then allied with former Ming general [Wu Sangui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Sangui) and seized control of Beijing. Remnant Ming forces led by [Koxinga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga) fled to [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) and established the [Kingdom of Tungning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning), which eventually capitulated to Qing forces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, was sinicized during this period via large-scale migration accompanied by assimilation, despite efforts by the Manchus to prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. In 1681, the [Kangxi Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor) ordered construction of the [Willow Palisade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Palisade) to prevent Han Chinese migration to the three northeastern provinces, which nevertheless had harbored a significant Chinese population for centuries, especially in the southern [Liaodong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodong) area. The Manchus designated Jilin and Heilongjiang as the Manchu homeland, to which the Manchus could hypothetically escape and regroup if the Qing dynasty fell. Because of increasing Russian territorial encroachment and annexation of neighboring territory, the Qing later reversed its policy and allowed the consolidation of a demographic Han majority in northeast China. The [Taiping Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion) erupted in 1850 from the [anti-Manchu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment) sentiment of the Han Chinese, which killed at least twenty million people and made it [one of the bloodiest conflicts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll) in history. Late Qing revolutionary intellectual [Zou Rong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zou_Rong) famously proclaimed that "China is the China of the Chinese. We compatriots should identify ourselves with the China of the Han Chinese". Republic history The [Han nationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_nationalism) revolutionary [Sun Yat-sen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen) made [Han Chinese superiority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_chauvinism) a basic tenet of the [Chinese revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions) in the early 1900s. In Sun's revolutionary philosophical view, Han identity is exclusively possessed by the so-called civilized Hua Xia people who originated from the Central Plains, and were also the former subjects of the [Celestial empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_Empire) and evangelists of Confucianism. Restoring Chinese rule to the Han majority was one of the motivations for supporters of the [1911 Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Revolution) to overthrow the Manchu-led [Qing dynasty in 1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Qing_dynasty), which led to the establishment of the Han-dominated [Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)). [Mao Zedong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) and his [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) ("China" or "Mainland China") founded in 1949 was critical of Han chauvinism. In the latter half of the 20th century, official policy of [communist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) China marked Han chauvinism as [anti-Marxist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism). Today, the tension between the dominant Han Chinese majority and [ethnic minorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China) remains contentious, as the deterioration in ethnic relations has compounded by [China's contemporary ethnic policies in favor of ethnic minorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_China) since its founding. [Han chauvinism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_chauvinism) has been gaining mainstream popularity throughout China since the 2000s, attributed to discontent toward these ethnic policies instituted by the Chinese government. The contemporary dissatisfaction and discord between the dominant Han Chinese mainstream and its non-Han minorities has led to the Chinese government scaling back on [preferential treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_China) for ethnic minorities under the [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) administration. Culture and society Chinese civilization is one of the world's oldest and most complex [civilizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization), whose culture dates back thousands of years. Overseas Han Chinese maintain cultural affinities to Chinese territories outside of their host locale through [ancestor worship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship) and [clan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_clan) associations, which often identify famous figures from Chinese history or myth as ancestors of current members. Such patriarchs include the Yellow Emperor and the [Yan Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Emperor), who according to legend lived thousands of years ago and gave Han people the sobriquet "[Descendants of Yan and Huang Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_Yan_and_Huang_Emperor)" (炎黃子孫, 炎黄子孙), a phrase which has reverberative connotations in a divisive political climate, as in that of major contentions between [Mainland China and Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations). The Han Chinese also share a distinct set of cultural practices, traditions, and beliefs that have evolved over centuries. Traditional Han customs, art, dietary habits, literature, religious beliefs, and value systems have not only deeply influenced Han culture itself, but also the cultures of its East Asian neighbors as well. [Chinese art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art), [Chinese architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture), [Chinese cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine), [Chinese dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_China), [Chinese fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_clothing), [Chinese festivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observances_set_by_the_Chinese_calendar), [Chinese holidays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China), [Chinese language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language), [Chinese literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature), [Chinese music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_China), [Chinese mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mythology), [Chinese numerology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_numerology), [Chinese philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy), and [Chinese theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_China) all have undergone thousands of years of development and growth, while numerous Chinese sites, such as the [Great Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China) and the [Terracotta Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army), are [World Heritage Sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site). Since this program was launched in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) as [Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity). Throughout the [history of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China), Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Credited with shaping much of Chinese philosophical thought, Confucianism was the official state philosophical doctrine throughout most of [Imperial China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chinese)'s history, institutionalizing values such as [filial piety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety), which implied the performance of certain [shared rituals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(Confucian)). Thus, villagers lavished on [funeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_funeral_rituals) and [wedding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_wedding) ceremonies that imitated the Confucian standards of the Emperors. Educational achievement and academic success gained through years of arduous study and mastery of [classical Confucian texts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classics) was an imperative duty for defending and protecting one's [family honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_honor#East_Asia) while also providing the primary qualifying basis criterion for entry among ambitious individuals who sought to hold high ranking and influential [government positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)) of distinguished authority, importance, responsibility, and power within the upper echelons of the [imperial bureaucracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service#China). But even among successful test takers and [degree-holders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinshi) who did not enter the imperial bureaucracy or who left it opting out to pursue other careers experienced significant improvements with respect to their credibility, pedigree, respectability, social status, and societal influence, resulting in a considerable amelioration with regards to the [esteem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect#Chinese_culture), [glory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(honor)), [honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_honor#East_Asia), [prestige](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation), and [recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_(sociology)) that they brought and garnered to their families, social circles, and the localities that they hailed from. This elevation in their social standing, respectability, and pedigree was greatly augmented both within their own family circles, as well as among their neighbors and peers compared with the regular levels of recognition that they would have typically enjoyed had they only chosen to remain as mere commoners back in their ancestral regions. Yet even such a dynamic social phenomenon has greatly influenced Han society, leading to the homogenization of the Han populace. Additionally, it has played a crucial role in the formation of a socially cohesive and distinct shared Han culture as well as the overall growth and integration of Han society. This development has been facilitated by various extraneous factors, including periods of rapid urbanization and sprouts of geographically extensive yet interconnected commodity markets. Language Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language that are descended from a common early language; one of the names of the language groups is Hanyu (simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語), literally the "Han language". Similarly, [Chinese characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters), used to write the language, are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字) or "Han characters". In the Qing era, more than two-thirds of the Han Chinese population used a variant of [Mandarin Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese) as their native tongue. However, there was a larger variety of languages in certain areas of Southeast China, "in an arc extending roughly from [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) through [Guangdong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) and into [Guangxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi)." Since the Qin dynasty, which standardized the various forms of writing that existed in China, a standard [literary Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Chinese) had emerged with vocabulary and grammar that was significantly different from the various [forms of spoken Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese). A simplified and elaborated version of this written standard was used in business contracts, notes for [Chinese opera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_opera), ritual texts for [Chinese folk religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion) and other daily documents for educated people. During the early 20th century, [written vernacular Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese) based on Mandarin dialects, which had been developing for several centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other varieties of Chinese exist, such as [written Cantonese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Cantonese), written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely understood by speakers of all varieties and has taken up the dominant position among written forms, formerly occupied by literary Chinese. Thus, although residents of different regions would not necessarily understand each other's speech, they generally share a common written language, Standard Written Chinese and Literary Chinese. [[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] From the 1950s, [Simplified Chinese characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) were adopted in mainland China and later in Singapore and Malaysia, while Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and overseas countries continue to use [Traditional Chinese characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters). Although significant differences exist between the two character sets, they are largely [mutually intelligible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_intelligible). Names Through China, the notion of [hundred surnames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixing) (百家姓) is a crucial identity point of the Han people. Fashion Han Chinese clothing has been shaped through its dynastic traditions as well as foreign influences. Han Chinese clothing showcases the traditional fashion sensibilities of Chinese clothing traditions and forms one of the major cultural facets of Chinese civilization. Hanfu (漢服) or traditional Han clothing comprises all traditional clothing classifications of the Han Chinese with a recorded history of more than three millennia until the end of the Ming dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, Hanfu clothing was mostly replaced by the Manchu style until the dynasty's fall in 1911, yet Han women continued to wear clothing from Ming dynasty. Manchu and Han fashions of women's clothing coexisted during the Qing dynasty. Moreover, neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests. During the Republic of China period, fashion styles and forms of traditional Qing costumes gradually changed, influenced by fashion sensibilities from the Western World resulting modern Han Chinese wearing Western style clothing as a part of everyday dress. Han Chinese clothing has continued to play an influential role within the realm of traditional East Asian fashion as both the Japanese [Kimono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimono) and the Korean [Hanbok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbok) were influenced by Han Chinese clothing designs. Family [Han Chinese families](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_kinship) throughout China have had certain traditionally prescribed roles, such as the family head (家長, jiāzhǎng), who represents the family to the outside world and the family manager (當家, dāngjiā), who is in charge of the revenues. Because farmland was commonly bought, sold or [mortgaged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage), families were run like enterprises, with set rules for the allocation (分家, fēnjiā) of pooled earnings and assets. Han Chinese houses differ from place to place. In Beijing, the whole family traditionally lived together in a large rectangle-shaped house called a [siheyuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siheyuan). Such houses had four rooms at the front – guest room, [kitchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen), [lavatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_(room)) and [servants' quarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants%27_quarters). Across large double doors was a wing for the elderly in the family. This wing consisted of three rooms: a central room where the four tablets – heaven, earth, ancestor and teacher – were worshipped and two rooms attached to the left and right, which were [bedrooms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrooms) for the grandparents. The east wing of the house was inhabited by the eldest son and his family, while the west wing sheltered the second son and his family. Each wing had a [veranda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda); some had a "sunroom" made with surrounding fabric and supported by a wooden or [bamboo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo) frame. Every wing was also built around a central courtyard that was used for study, exercise or nature viewing. Ancestry and lineage are an important part of Han Chinese cultural practice and self-identity, and there have been strict naming conventions since the time of the Song dynasty that have been preserved until this day. Elaborate and detailed genealogies and family registers are maintained, and most lineage branches of all surname groups will maintain a hall containing the memorial tablets (also known as spirit tablets) of deceased family members in clan halls. Extended family groupings have been very important to the Han Chinese, and there are strict conventions as how one may refer to aunts, uncles, and cousins and the spouses of the same, depending on their birth order as well as whether these blood relatives share the same surname. Ma (马) family genealogy Name tablets or spirit tablets in Tainan, Taiwan Memorial tablets of the Khoo (許) family in Penang Painting of the ancestors of the Li (李) family Painting of ancestors Ancestral halls and academies, as well as tombs were of great import to the Chinese. Ancestral halls were used for the veneration or commemoration of ancestors and other large family events. Family members preferred to be buried near one another. Academies were also set up to benefit those of the same surname. Imperial Ancestral Hall _(10150982304).jpg) Ming tombs in Nanjing Chen (陳) clan academy Zhou (周) clan ancestral hall, Xinzhuang village Food There is no one specific uniform [cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine) of the Han Chinese since the culinary traditions and food consumed varies from [Sichuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan)'s famously [spicy food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine) to Guangdong's [dim sum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_sum) and [fresh seafood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine#Seafood). Analyses throughout the reaches of [Northern and Southern China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China) have revealed their main staple to be rice (more likely to consumed by Southerners) as well as noodles and other wheat-based food items (which are more likely to be eaten by Northerners). During China's Neolithic period, southwestern rice growers transitioned to millet from the northwest, when they could not find a suitable northwestern ecology – which was typically dry and cold – to sustain the generous yields of their staple as well as it did in other areas, such as along the eastern Chinese coast. Literature With a rich historical literary heritage spanning over three thousand years, the Han Chinese have continued to push the boundaries that have circumscribed the standards of literary excellence by showcasing an unwaveringly exceptional caliber and extensive wealth of literary accomplishments throughout the ages. The Han Chinese possess a vast catalogue of [classical literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts) that can be traced back as far as three millennia, with a body of literature encompassing significant early works such as the [Classic of Poetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijing), [Analects of Confucius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects_of_Confucius), [I Ching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching), [Tao Te Ching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching) and the [Art of War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War). Canonical works of [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism), Confucianism, and [Taoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism) alongside historical writings, philosophical works, treatises, poetry, drama, and fiction have been revered and immortalized as timeless cultural masterpieces within the vast expanse of Chinese literature. Historically, ambitious individuals who aspired to seek top [government positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)) of distinguished authority, importance, and power were mandated to demonstrate their proficiency in the Confucian classics assessed through rigorous [examinations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination) in Imperial China. Such comprehensive examinations were not only employed as the prevailing universal standards to evaluate a candidate's ethical behavior and virtuous conduct, but were also deployed as a measure of academic aptitude that determined a candidate's caliber, credibility, and eligibility for such esteemed roles of great influence and responsibility, extending beyond their prevailing entrance as a gateway into the imperial bureaucracy. Han literature itself has a rich tradition dating back thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming dynasty which were employed as a source of cultural pleasure to entertain the masses of literate Chinese. Some of the most important Han Chinese poets in the pre-modern era were [Li Bai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Bai), [Du Fu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Fu) and [Su Dongpo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Shi). The most esteemed and noteworthy novels of great literary significance in Chinese literature, otherwise known as the Four Great Classical Novels are: [Dream of the Red Chamber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber), [Water Margin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Margin), [Romance of the Three Kingdoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms) and [Journey to the West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West). Drawing upon their extensive literary heritage rooted in a historical legacy spanning over three thousand years, the Han Chinese have continued to demonstrate a uniformly high level of literary achievement throughout the modern era as the reputation of contemporary Chinese literature continues to be internationally recognized. Erudite literary scholars who are well-versed in Chinese literature continue to remain highly esteemed in contemporary Chinese society. [Liu Cixin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Cixin)'s [San Ti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ti) series won the [Hugo Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award). [Gao Xingjian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian) became the first Chinese novelist to receive the [Nobel Prize for Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) in 2000. In 2012, the novelist and short story writer [Mo Yan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Yan) also received the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 2015, children's writer [Cao Wenxuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wenxuan) was bestowed with the [Hans Christian Andersen Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_Award), the first Chinese recipient of the esteemed international children's book prize. Science and technology The Han Chinese have made significant contributions to various fields in the advancement and progress of human civilization, including business and economy, culture and society, governance, and [science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China), both historically and in the modern era. They have also played a pivotal role in being at the forefront of shaping the evolutionary trajectory of Chinese civilization and significantly influenced the advancement of East Asian civilization in concurrence with the broader region of East Asia as a whole. The invention of paper, printing, the compass and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese society as the [Four Great Inventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions). The innovations of [Yi Xing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Xing) (683-727), a polymathic Buddhist monk, mathematician, and mechanical engineer of the Tang dynasty is acknowledged for applying the earliest-known escapement mechanism to a [water-powered celestial globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere). The accomplishments and advancements of the Song dynasty polymath [Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song) (1020-1101) is recognized for inventing a [hydro-mechanical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics) [astronomical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_clock) [clock tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower) in medieval [Kaifeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng), which employed an early [escapement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapement) mechanism. The work of medieval Chinese polymath [Shen Kuo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo) (1031–1095) of the Song dynasty theorized that the sun and moon were spherical and wrote of planetary motions such as retrogradation as well as postulating theories for the processes of geological land formation. Medieval Han Chinese astronomers were also among the first peoples to record observations of a cosmic [supernova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1054) in 1054 AD, the remnants of which would form the [Crab Nebula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_Nebula). Throughout much of Chinese history, successive [Chinese dynasties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_of_China) have exerted enormous influence on its East Asian neighbors in the areas of business and economy, culture and society, governance, and science and technology. In modern times, the Han Chinese form the largest ethnic group in China, while an overseas Han Chinese diaspora numbering in the tens of millions have settled in and contributed to the development and growth of their respective host countries across the world. In the contemporary era, Han Chinese have continued to contribute to the development and growth of modern science and technology. Among such prominently illustrious names that have been honored, recognized, remembered, and respected for their historical groundbreaking achievements include [Nobel Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize) laureates [Tu Youyou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Youyou), [Steven Chu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu), [Samuel C.C. Ting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_C.C._Ting), [Chen Ning Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang), [Tsung-Dao Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee), [Yuan T. Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee), [Daniel C. Tsui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui), [Roger Y. Tsien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien) and [Charles K. Kao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Kao) (known as the "Godfather of Broadband" and "Father of Fiber Optics"); [Fields Medalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal#List_of_Fields_medalists) [Terence Tao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Tao) and [Shing-Tung Yau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau) as well as [Turing Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award) winner [Andrew Yao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Yao). [Tsien Hsue-shen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsien_Hsue-shen) was a prominent aerospace engineer who helped to establish [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA)'s [Jet Propulsion Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory). [Chen Jingrun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jingrun) was a noted mathematician recognized for his contributions to number theory, where he demonstrated that any sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers or a [prime number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number) and a [semiprime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime), a concept now known as [Chen's theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%27s_theorem). The 1978 Wolf Prize in Physics inaugural recipient and physicist [Chien-Shiung Wu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu), nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics" contributed to the development of the [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project) and radically altered modern physical theory and changed the conventionally accepted view of the structure of the universe. The geometer [Shiing-Shen Chern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern) has been regarded as the "father of modern differential geometry" and has also been recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th-century. Chern was awarded the 1984 Wolf Prize in mathematics in recognition for his fundamental contributions to the development and growth of [differential geometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry) and [topology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology). The botanist [Shang Fa Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Fa_Yang) was well-noted for his research that unlocked the key to prolonging freshness in fruits and flowers and "for his remarkable contributions to the understanding of the mechanism of biosynthesis, mode of action and applications of the plant hormone, [Ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene)." The agronomist [Yuan Longping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Longping), regarded as the "Father of Hybrid Rice" was famous for developing the world's first set of [hybrid rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_rice) varieties in the 1970s, which was then part of the [Green Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution) that marked a major scientific breakthrough within the field of modern agricultural research. The physical chemist [Ching W. Tang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ching_W._Tang), was the inventor of the [organic light-emitting diode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode) (OLED) and hetero-junction [organic photovoltaic cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_photovoltaic_cell) (OPV) and is widely considered the "Father of [Organic Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_electronics)". Biochemist [Chi-Huey Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-Huey_Wong) is well known for his pioneering research in glycoscience research and developing the first enzymatic method for the large-scale synthesis of oligosaccharides and the first programmable automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. The chemical biologist [Chuan He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuan_He) is notable for his work in discovering and deciphering reversible [RNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA) methylation in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. Chuan is also noteworthy for having invented TAB-seq, a biochemical method that can map 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at base-resolution genome-wide, as well as hmC-Seal, a method that covalently labels 5hmC for its detection and profiling. Other prominent Han Chinese who have made notable contributions the development and growth of modern science and technology include the medical researcher, physician, and virologist [David Ho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ho_(scientist)), who was one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. In recognition of his medical contributions, Ho was named [Time magazine Person of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year) in 1996. The medical researcher and transplant surgeon [Patrick Soon-Shiong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Soon-Shiong) is the inventor of the drug [Abraxane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraxane), which became known for its efficacy against lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer. Soon-Shiong is also well known for performing the first whole-pancreas transplant and he developed and first performed the experimental [Type 1 diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes)-treatment known as encapsulated-human-[islet transplant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islet_transplantation), and the "first pig-to-man islet-cell transplant in diabetic patients." The physician and physiologist [Thomas Ming Swi Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ming_Swi_Chang) is the inventor of the world's first [artificial cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cell) made from a permeable plastic sack that would effectively carry hemoglobin around the human circulatory system. Chang is also noteworthy for his development of charcoal-filled cells to treat drug poisoning in addition to the discovery of enzymes carried by artificial cells as a medical tool to correct the faults within some metabolic disorders. [Min Chueh Chang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chueh_Chang) was the co-inventor of the [combined oral contraceptive pill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill) and is known for his pioneering work and significant contributions to the development of [in vitro fertilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization) at the [Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Foundation_for_Experimental_Biology). Biochemist [Choh Hao Li](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choh_Hao_Li) discovered [human growth hormone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone) (and subsequently used it to treat a form of [dwarfism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism) caused by [growth hormone deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone_deficiency)), [beta-endorphin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-endorphin) (the most powerful of the body's natural painkillers), [follicle-stimulating hormone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone) and [luteinizing hormone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone) (the key hormone used in [fertility testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_testing), an example is the [ovulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation) home test). [Joe Hin Tjio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hin_Tjio) was a cytogeneticist renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes, a breakthrough in [karyotype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype) [genetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetics). The bio-engineer [Yuan-Cheng Fung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung), was regarded as the "Father of modern [biomechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics)" for pioneering the application of quantitative and analytical engineering principles to the study of the human body and disease. China's system of "[barefoot doctors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot_doctors)" was among the most important inspirations for the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasizing [primary health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_health_care) and [preventive medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_medicine). Religion [Confucianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism), [Daoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoism), and [Chinese Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism), as well as other various traditional homegrown Chinese philosophies, have influenced not only Han Chinese culture, but also the [neighboring cultures in East Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_religions). Chinese spiritual culture has been long characterized by [religious pluralism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism) and [Chinese folk religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion) has always maintained a profound influence within the confines of Chinese civilization both historically and in the modern era. Indigenous Confucianism and Taoism share aspects of being a philosophy or a religion and neither demand exclusive adherence, resulting in a culture of tolerance and [syncretism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism), where multiple religions or belief systems are often practiced in conjunction with local customs and traditions. Han culture has for long been influenced by [Mahayana Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism), while in recent centuries [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_China) has also gained a foothold among the population. Chinese folk religion is a set of worship traditions of the [ethnic deities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)) of the Han people. It involves the worship of various extraordinary figures in [Chinese mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mythology) and [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China), heroic personnel such as [Guan Yu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yu) and [Qu Yuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu_Yuan), mythological creatures such as the [Chinese dragon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dragon) or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region and do not characterize an organized religion, though many [traditional Chinese holidays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_observances_set_by_the_Chinese_calendar) such as the [Duanwu (or Dragon Boat) Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival), [Qingming Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingming_Festival), [Zhongyuan Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Festival) and the [Mid-Autumn Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival) come from the most popular of these traditions. [Taoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism), another [indigenous Han philosophy and religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religion), is also widely practiced by the Han in both its folk forms and as an organized religion with its traditions having been a source of vestigial perennial influence on Chinese art, poetry, philosophy, [music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_music), [medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine), [astronomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy), [Neidan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neidan) and [alchemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alchemy), [dietary habits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_diet), [Neijia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neijia) and other [martial arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts) and [architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture). Taoism was the state religion during the Han and Tang eras where it also often enjoyed state patronage under subsequent emperors and successive ruling dynasties. Confucianism, although sometimes described as a religion, is another indigenous governing philosophy and moral code with some religious elements like ancestor worship. It continues to be deeply ingrained in modern Chinese culture and was the official state philosophy in ancient China during the [Han dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty) and until the [fall of imperial China in the 20th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Qing_dynasty) (though it is worth noting that there is a [movement in China today advocating that the culture be "re-Confucianized")](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Confucianism). During the Han dynasty, [Confucian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian) ideals were the dominant ideology. Near the end of the dynasty, Buddhism entered China, later gaining popularity. Historically, Buddhism alternated between periods of state tolerance (and even patronage) and [persecution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Buddhist_Persecutions_in_China). In its original form, certain ideas in [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism) was not quite compatible with traditional Chinese cultural values, especially with the Confucian sociopolitical elite, as certain Buddhist values conflicted with Chinese sensibilities. However, through centuries of mutual tolerance, assimilation, adaptation, and syncretism, [Chinese Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) gained an respectable place in the culture. Chinese Buddhism was also influenced by Confucianism and Taoism and exerted influence in turn – such as in the form of [Neo-Confucianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confucianism) and Buddhist influences in Chinese folk religion, such as the cult of Guanyin, who is treated as a Bodhisattva, immortal, goddess or exemplar of Confucian virtue, depending on the tradition. The four largest schools of Han Buddhism (Chan, Jingtu, Tiantai and Huayan) were all developed in China and later spread throughout the Chinese sphere of influence. Though [Christian influence in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_China) existed as early as the 7th century, Christianity did not gain a significant foothold in China until the [establishment of contact with Europeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China) during the [Ming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty) and [Qing dynasties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty). Christian beliefs often had conflicts with traditional Chinese values and customs which eventually resulted in the [Chinese Rites controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy) and a subsequent reduction in Christian influence in the country. Christianity grew considerably following the [First Opium War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War), after which foreign missionaries in China enjoyed the protection of the Western powers and engaged in widespread proselytizing. The People's Republic of China government unprecedentedly defined Han Chinese Muslims as a separate ethnic group, the "[Hui People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people)". This was opposed by the Republic of China government and Han Chinese Muslim celebrities such as [Bai Chongxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Chongxi), the founder of the [Chinese Muslim Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Muslim_Association). Han Chinese Muslims were categorised as "inland nationals with special living customs" under the Republic of China government. Bai Chongxi believed that "Hui" is an alternative name for [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China) as a religion in the Chinese language instead of the name for any ethnic group, and that Han Chinese Muslims should not be considered as a separate ethnic group apart from other Han Chinese. Genetics Internal genetic structure The internal genetic structure of the Han Chinese is consistent with the vast geographical expanse of China and the recorded history of large [migratory waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties#Demographics) over the past several millennia have engendered the emergence of the diverse [Han subgroups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups) displaying slight but discernible physical and physiological differences. Although genetically similar, Han Chinese subgroups exhibit a north-south stratification in their genetics, with centrally placed populations acting as conduits for outlying ones. Although a genetic north-south cline can be demonstrated, many studies simply conveniently categorize the Han Chinese into two subgroups: northern and southern Han Chinese Variation notwithstanding, Han Chinese subgroups are genetically closer to each other than they each are to their Korean and Yamato neighbors, to whom they are also genetically close in general. The close genetic relationship between the Han across the entirety of China has led to their characterization as having a "coherent genetic structure". The two notable exceptions to this structure are [Pinghua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinghua) and [Tanka people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanka_people), who on their patrilines, bear a closer genetic resemblance to aboriginal peoples, but have Han matrilines. The Tanka are a group of boat-dwellers who speak a Sinitic language and who claim Han ancestry, but who have traditionally faced severe discrimination from the other southern Han subgroups. Unlike the Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan Han (whose dominant Y-chromosome haplotype is the Han patriline O2-M122), the Tanka have been shown instead to have a predominantly non-Han patriline similar to Daic peoples from Guizhou. However, matrilineally, the Tanka are closely clustered with the Hakka Han and Teochew Han, rather than with Austronesian or Austroasiatic populations, thus supporting an admixture hypothesis and validating, even if only partially, their own claims to Han ancestry. Han Chinese in Fujian and Guangdong also show excessive ancestries from Late Neolithic Fujianese sources (35.0–40.3%), which are more significant in modern [Ami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amis_people), [Atayal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atayal_people) and [Kankanaey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankanaey_people) (66.9–74.3%), and less significant in Han Chinese from Zhejiang (22%), Jiangsu (17%) and Shandong (8%). Demic diffusion and north-south differences The estimated contribution of northern Han to the southern Han is substantial in the paternal ancestral lineages in addition to a geographic [cline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)) that exists for its corresponding maternal ancestry. These genetic findings are in concord with historical records confirming the continuous and large migratory waves of northern Han Chinese inhabitants escaping dynastic changes, geopolitical upheavals, instability, warfare and famine into what is now today modern Southern China. These successive waves of Han migration to the south, subsequent intermarriage and cultural mixing between the northern Han migrants and the non-Han aborigines over the past two thousand years gave rise to modern Chinese demographics - a Han Chinese super-majority and minority non-Han Chinese indigenous peoples. According to Yang et. al (2020), northern Han populations have 36–41% southern East Asian-related ancestry whilst southern East Asian mainland populations have 21–55% northern East Asian-related ancestry. This admixture was already present since the Late Neolithic although in general, present-day southern East Asians cluster with coastal Neolithic southern east Asians (e.g. Qihe). Likewise, present-day northern East Asians cluster with coastal Neolithic northern east Asians (e.g. Bianbian). Typical Y-DNA haplogroups of present-day Han Chinese include Haplogroup O-M95, [Haplogroup O-M122](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M122), [Haplogroup O-M175](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175), C, [Haplogroup N](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(disambiguation)), [Haplogroup N-M231](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231) and [Haplogroup Q-M120](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M120). The Y-chromosome haplogroup distribution between southern Han Chinese and northern Han Chinese populations and principal core component analysis indicates that almost all modern Han Chinese populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome: Haplogroups prevalent in non-Han southern natives such as O1b-M110, O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7, which are prevalent in non-Han southern natives, were observed in 4% of southern Han Chinese and not at all in the northern Han. Biological research findings have also demonstrated that the paternal lineages Y-DNA O-M119,-243) O-P201,-244) O-P203-244) and O-M95 are found in commonly Southern non-Han minorities, less commonly in southern Han, and even less frequently in northern Han Chinese.-246) Patrilineal DNA indicates the northern Han Chinese were the primary contributors to the paternal gene pool of modern southern Han Chinese.-246) The data also indicates that the contribution of southern non-Han aboriginals to the southern Han Chinese genetics is limited. In short, male Han Chinese were the primary drivers of Han Chinese expansion in successive migratory waves from the north into what is now modern southern China as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northern to southern Han. During the Zhou dynasty, or earlier, peoples with haplogroup Q-M120 also contributed to the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese people. This haplogroup is implied to be spread across in the Eurasian steppe and north Asia since it is found among [Cimmerians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians) in [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova) and Bronze Age natives of [Khövsgöl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province). But it is currently near-absent in these regions except for East Asia. In modern China, haplogroup Q-M120 can be found in the northern and eastern regions. Matrilineal DNA MtDNA of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks from northern to southern China, which suggests that the influx of male Han Chinese migrants intermarried with the local female non-Han aborigines after arriving in what is now modern-day Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and other regions of southern China. In these populations, the contribution to mtDNA from Han Chinese and indigenous tribes is evenly matched, representing a substantial mtDNA contribution from non-Han groups, collectively known as the Bai Yue or Hundred Yue. A study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Han sub-populations and ethnic minorities in China, showed that Han sub-populations in different regions are also genetically quite close to the local ethnic non-Han minorities, meaning that in many cases, the blood of ethnic minorities had mixed into Han genetic substrate through varying degrees of intermarriage, while at the same time, the blood of the Han had also mixed into the genetic substrates of the local ethnic non-Han minorities. Genetic continuity between ancient and modern Han Chinese The Hengbei archaeological site in Jiang County, southern Shanxi was part of the suburbs of the capital during the Zhou dynasty. Genetic material from human remains in Hengbei have been used to examine the genetic continuity between ancient and modern Han Chinese. Comparisons of Y chromosome [single-nucleotide polymorphisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism) (SNPs) and [mitochondrial DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA) (mtDNA) between modern Northern Han Chinese and 3000-year-old Hengbei samples reveal extreme similarity, confirming genetic continuity between ancient Hengbei inhabitants to present-day Northern Han Chinese. This shows that the core genetic structure of Northern Han Chinese was established more than three thousand years ago in the Central Plains Area. Additionally, these studies indicate that contemporary northern and southern Han Chinese populations exhibit an almost identical Y-DNA genetic structure. A study of [mitochondrial DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA) from Yinxu commoner graves in the [Shang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) showed similarity with modern northern Han Chinese, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese. Closely related East Asian groups The Han Chinese show a close yet distinguishable genetic relationship with other East Asian populations such as the [Koreans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans) and [Yamato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_people). Although the genetic relationship is close, the various Han Chinese subgroups are genetically closer to each other than to their Korean and Yamato counterparts. Other research suggests a significant overlap between Yamato Japanese and the northern Han Chinese in particular. Notes ^ [simplified Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 汉族; [traditional Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 漢族; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin): Hànzú; lit. '[Han](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty) ethnic group' or [simplified Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 汉人; [traditional Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 漢人; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin): Hànrén; lit. '[Han](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty) people'

2024-09-18 17:33:03

The_Day_the_Fish_Came_Out

<Infotable> The Day the Fish Came Out Cover of the film'snovelisation Directed by: Michael Cacoyannis Written by: Michael Cacoyannis Produced by: Michael Cacoyannis Starring: Tom CourtenayColin BlakelySam Wanamaker Cinematography: Walter Lassally Edited by: Vassilis Syropoulos Music by: Mikis Theodorakis Distributed by: 20th Century-Fox International Classics Release date: 2 October 1967(1967-10-02)(US) Running time: 109 min. Country: Greece / UK / US Language: English Budget: US$875,000[1] </Infotable> 2 October 1967(1967-10-02) (US) The Day the Fish Came Out (Greece: Όταν τα ψάρια βγήκαν στη στεριά Ótan ta psária vgíkan sti steriá) is a 1967 [DeLuxe Color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLuxe_Color) Greek–British [comedy film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film) directed and written by [Michael Cacoyannis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cacoyannis), who also designed the film's futuristic costumes. The film stars [Tom Courtenay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Courtenay), [Colin Blakely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Blakely) and [Sam Wanamaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Wanamaker). Plot The film, set in 1972 (five years after it was made), was inspired by an [actual incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Palomares_B-52_crash) which occurred on 17 January 1966: a [USAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force) [Boeing B-52G Stratofortress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress#B-52G) collided with a [Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker) over [Palomares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomares,_Almer%C3%ADa), Spain, and four 1.1-megatonne [hydrogen bombs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon) aboard the B-52 were briefly lost. In a title sequence shot by [Maurice Binder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Binder), a chorus of Spanish [flamenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco) dancers explains why the film's location is Greece rather than Spain. Life on the remote fictional Greek island of Karos is changed for ever when [atomic bombs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon) are dropped there by a military plane which was rapidly losing power. Its nationality is not identified. Life on the island is so bleak that some inhabitants stage a mass exodus, on hearing news that Denmark has opened [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland) to Greek emigration. The pilots drop their payload – two atomic weapons, and a mysterious box called simply "Container Q" – over land, because they are under orders not to drop at sea. They parachute out and land safely on the island, inexplicably wearing only their underwear. They have no equipment or means to contact their headquarters. Lacking resources – money to buy clothes or food, or even to pay for a long-distance call to base – they scour the island like vagabonds. Unknown to them, the military authorities have already deployed their own operation: a team of agents disguised as [resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort) developers, searching for their cargo. The agents buy the relevant part of the island from the inhabitants, ostensibly to build a hotel. Consequently, with encouragement from the mayor, the island suddenly fills with shiploads of clamouring, hedonistic tourists, to the dismay of the agents. Meanwhile, a poor goatherd and his wife find Container Q and, presuming it holds some treasure, they try to open it. Unsuccessful at first – because Container Q is virtually impregnable – the goatherd eventually steals a device that squirts acid that will eat through almost anything. Expecting gold, they instead find strange-looking stones. The agents are eventually led back to this panicked pair, but not before they throw Container Q into the sea, and the stones into a cistern which provides the island's water. The contents of Container Q – presumably highly toxic – thus begin to contaminate all the water being consumed on the island. By nightfall, as tourists revel, the waters surrounding Karos become dotted with the bodies of dead and dying fish. The agents realise they are too late. The pilots, having begged enough small change from the tourists to call home, are shocked to be forced away from the long-distance phone in the post office by the agents. Only now do the pilots realise that the supposed developers are military operatives. The revellers continue dancing wildly, as a voice from a [public address system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_address_system) pleads in vain for their attention, presumably to warn them of their imminent demise. Cast [Tom Courtenay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Courtenay) as navigator [Colin Blakely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Blakely) as pilot [Sam Wanamaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Wanamaker) as James Elias [Candice Bergen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candice_Bergen) as Electra Brown [Ian Ogilvy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Ogilvy) as Peter [Dimitris Nikolaidis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris_Nikolaidis) (as Dimitris Nicolaides) as dentist Nikos Alexiou (as Nicos Alexiou) as goatherd [Patricia Burke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Burke) as Mrs Mavroyannis Paris Alexander as Fred [Arthur Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Mitchell_(dancer)) as Frank Marlena Carrer as goatherd's wife Tom Klunis as Mr French [William Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berger_(actor)) as man in bed Kostas Papakonstantinou (as Costas Papaconstantinou) as Manolios [Dora Stratou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Stratou) as travel agent Alexandros Lykourezos (as Alexander Lykourezos) as Director of Tourism Uncredited Tom Whitehead as Mike Walter Granecki as base commander Dimitris Ioakeimidis as policeman James Connolly as tourist [Assi Dayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assi_Dayan) as tourist Robert Killian as tourist Derek Kulai as tourist Keith Lancaster as tourist Alexis Mann as tourist Raymond McWilliams as tourist [Michael Radford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Radford) as tourist Peter Robinson as tourist Grigoris Stefanides as tourist Peter Stratful as tourist Costas Tymvios as tourist Herbert Zeichner as tourist [Franc Roddam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Roddam) as extra Production The film was written and directed by Michael Cacoyannis, who had enjoyed a big success with [Zorba the Greek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorba_the_Greek_(film)). Finance was provided by Twentieth Century-Fox, who described it as "a satirical contemporary comedy with serious overtones". The original cast announced in June 1966 was Tom Courtenay, [James Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fox), Colin Blakely and [Elena Nathanael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Nathanael). (James Fox would ultimately drop out.) Cacoyannis was reportedly keeping the script secret and showing the actors only their own parts. In July [Candice Bergen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candice_Bergen) joined the cast, in her third film. Bergen said the director cast her because he wanted an "arrogant type". Filming started on 6 August 1966 in Greece. The location used for the town was [Galaxidi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxidi). Bergen said filming was "heaven – the most fun I've had in ages." Reception The film was not a critical success. [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) magazine's 13 October 1967 review called it a "1,000,000-mega-ton [sic] bomb" and suggested, "It may ... be the homosexiest movie since [Modesty Blaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesty_Blaise_(1966_film))," referring in part to its stars Courtenay and Blakely as "spend[ing] the rest of the film in their [Jockey shorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briefs) playing peekaboo with the villagers" and describing other male characters' costuming as "the cunningest [quaintest] white booties, fishnet T shirts, lavender and puce shorts." [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) of 3 October 1967 agreed that the film contained superficially gay overtones, describing some of the film's characters as a "small group of conspicuously swishy young men" and the film as "conspicuously and even offensively [campy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_(style))." Among its other negative descriptions, it panned the film as "a fantastic dud," and "a totally amateurish effort ... shockingly pointless and unamusing". According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $1,350,000 in rentals to break even, and made $1,590,000 by 11 December 1970, meaning it made a profit.

2024-09-18 23:10:46

Marcell_Ozuna

<Infotable> Marcell Ozuna Ozuna with the Atlanta Braves in 2021 Atlanta Braves – No. 20 Designated hitter/Outfielder Born:(1990-11-12)November 12, 1990(age 33)Santo Domingo,Dominican Republic Bats:RightThrows:Right MLB debut April 30, 2013, for the Miami Marlins MLB statistics(through September 14, 2024) Batting average: .272 Hits: 1,500 Home runs: 273 Runs batted in: 874 Teams Miami Marlins(2013–2017)St. Louis Cardinals(2018–2019)Atlanta Braves(2020–present) Career highlights and awards 3×All-Star(2016,2017,2024)All-MLB First Team(2020)Gold Glove Award(2017)2×Silver Slugger Award(2017, 2020)Edgar Martínez Award(2020)NL home run leader(2020)NL RBI leader(2020) </Infotable> [Miami Marlins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Major_League_Baseball_season)–(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_season)) [St. Louis Cardinals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Major_League_Baseball_season)–(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Major_League_Baseball_season)) [Atlanta Braves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Major_League_Baseball_season)–present) 3× [All-Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game)) [All-MLB First Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-MLB_Team) (2020) [Gold Glove Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award) (2017) 2× [Silver Slugger Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award) (2017, 2020) [Edgar Martínez Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mart%C3%ADnez_Award) (2020) [NL home run leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_home_run_leaders) (2020) [NL RBI leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_runs_batted_in_leaders) (2020) Marcell Ozuna Idelfonso (born November 12, 1990), nicknamed "the Big Bear", is a [Dominican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic) [professional baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball) [designated hitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter) and [outfielder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder) for the [Atlanta Braves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves) of [Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball) (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the [Miami Marlins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins) and [St. Louis Cardinals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals). He made his MLB debut in 2013 with the Marlins. Ozuna was signed by the Marlins as an amateur [free agent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent) in 2008. He is a three-time [MLB All-Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game)) and won both a [Gold Glove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award) and a [Silver Slugger Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award) in 2017, his breakout season. That year, he finished fourth in the [National League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)) (NL) in [batting average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)) (.312), and third in [home runs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs) (37) and [runs batted in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in) (124). Following the 2017 season, the Marlins traded Ozuna to the St. Louis Cardinals. In 2020 he led the NL in both home runs and RBIs. Early life and family Marcell Ozuna Idelfonso was born in [Santo Domingo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo), [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic). His father is a former painter, and his mother is a housekeeper. He has one brother and two sisters. He is the cousin of former MLB player [Pablo Ozuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Ozuna). Professional career Minor leagues On February 15, 2008, the [Florida Marlins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Florida_Marlins_season) signed Ozuna as an international [free agent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent) with a $49,000 [bonus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_bonus). He played for the [Dominican Summer League (DSL) Marlins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League_Marlins) that year, where in 63 games, he [hit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)) .279 with six [home runs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run) and 43 [runs batted in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in) (RBIs) and eight [stolen bases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base). In 2009, he played for the [GCL Marlins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Marlins), where in 55 games, he hit .313 with five home runs and 39 RBIs. Ozuna began 2010 with the [Greensboro Grasshoppers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_Grasshoppers) of the [Class A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)) [South Atlantic League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_League), but was sidelined after six appearances with an injured wrist. He returned in June with Short Season [Jamestown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Jammers), where he finished the season. In 74 total games, he hit .258 with 22 home runs and 62 RBIs. Ozuna spent 2011 with Greensboro, where he hit .266 with 23 home runs, 71 RBIs, and 17 stolen bases over 131 games. Ozuna was promoted to [Jupiter Hammerheads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Hammerheads) of the [Class A-Advanced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A-Advanced) [Florida State League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_League) for the 2012 season, where in 129 games, he hit .266 with 24 home runs and 95 RBIs. That year, he led the [Florida State League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_League) in home runs, RBIs, runs scored, and total bases. Ozuna was added to the Marlins' 40-man roster on November 20, 2012. [Baseball America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America) rated Ozuna the 75th-best prospect in baseball prior to the 2013 season. Ozuna opened 2013 with Jupiter, but after four games, he was promoted to the [Jacksonville Suns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns) of the [Class AA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_AA) [Southern League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%932020)). Ozuna was named the league's player of the week on April 29, 2013. That same day, the Marlins promoted Ozuna to the major leagues following an injury to [Giancarlo Stanton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Stanton). Miami Marlins (2013–2017) On April 30, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Miami_Marlins_season), Ozuna made his major league debut, and recorded his first career hit, a single off [Jeremy Hefner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hefner) of the [New York Mets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets). He hit his first career home run (as well as his first RBI and run scored), a solo home run, off [Cole Hamels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Hamels) of the [Philadelphia Phillies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies), in his fifth game. Ozuna was used as the starting right fielder in Stanton's absence. When Stanton returned, Ozuna became the starting center fielder. On July 22, Ozuna was optioned back to Jacksonville. Instead of joining Jacksonville, Ozuna was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a ligament tear and avulsion fracture in his left thumb, which he injured while making a diving catch. On July 26, 2013, he underwent season-ending thumb surgery. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Miami_Marlins_season), Ozuna played a total of 153 games for the Marlins, batting .269 with 23 home runs and 85 RBIs. On September 11, 2014, he tied a franchise record with home runs in four consecutive games. On July 5, 2015, Ozuna was sent down to AAA after going hitless in nine of ten games, dipping his average to .249 on the season. After playing 33 games and batting .333 with five home runs and 11 RBIs, he returned to the Marlins to complete the 2015 season, batting .278 with six home runs and 18 RBI. During the off-season, the Marlins received several offers for him from other teams, but he was back on the roster for the 2016 season and inserted in the number-two spot in the lineup. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Miami_Marlins_season), Ozuna was named [NL Player of the Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NL_Player_of_the_Week) for the week of April 10–16 after batting .435 with four home runs, 12 RBIs, and a 1.481 OPS. Ozuna was named a starter for the NL in the [2017 MLB All-Star Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game). Of the NL All-Star selections, he was one of eight to hit at least 35 home runs, but Ozuna was one of just four to walk at a rate of at least nine percent while striking out less than 22 percent. He established career highs in numerous categories, including batting .312 with 37 home runs and 124 RBI. He was named the NL Player of the Week along with teammate Giancarlo Stanton once again for the week of September 18–24 after batting .500 (10–20) with three home runs, seven RBIs, and six runs scored. St. Louis Cardinals (2018–2019) On December 14, 2017, the Marlins traded Ozuna to the [St. Louis Cardinals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_St._Louis_Cardinals_season) for [Sandy Alcántara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Alc%C3%A1ntara), [Magneuris Sierra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneuris_Sierra), [Zac Gallen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Gallen), and [Daniel Castano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Castano). On January 12, 2018, it was announced that the Cardinals and Ozuna reached agreement on a one-year, $9 million contract. Prior to the 2018 season, Mike Petriello of MLB.com rated Ozuna the best left fielder in the major leagues, opining him as "a strong fielder," and averaging the 12th-highest [exit velocity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_velocity) [91 miles per hour (146 km/h)] over the prior three seasons of all hitters with at least 1,000 plate appearances. On June 2, 2018, Ozuna hit his 100th career home run, off [Chad Kuhl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Kuhl), in a 3–2 victory versus the [Pittsburgh Pirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season), and first home run at [Busch Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Stadium) as a member of the Cardinals. The following day, he hit a grand slam in a 5–0 win versus the Pirates. Ozuna was named [NL Player of the Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NL_Player_of_the_Week) for the week of June 11–17, hitting .455/.478/1.000 (10-for-22, 1.478 OPS), with four home runs and eight RBIs in six games. This was his third Player of the Week award after winning it twice with the Miami Marlins during the 2017 season, in mid-April and early September. On July 30, 2018, at [Busch Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Stadium) versus the [Colorado Rockies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies), Ozuna hit his first walk-off home run, a solo shot in the 10th inning, helping St. Louis defeat the Rockies 5–4. Ozuna finished his first season in St. Louis batting .280 with 23 home runs and 88 RBIs in 148 games. Ozuna was placed on the [injured list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_list) on June 29, 2019, with a finger fracture, and was activated on August 3. Over 130 regular season games and 485 at bats, Ozuna slashed .243/.330/.804 with 29 home runs and 89 RBIs. With the Cardinals reaching the [2019 National League Division Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_National_League_Division_Series), Ozuna played in his first career postseason series. In the five games against the Atlanta Braves, Ozuna hit .429 with nine hits and five RBI. Atlanta Braves (2020–present) On January 21, 2020, Ozuna signed a one-year contract worth $18 million with the Atlanta Braves. On July 24, Ozuna was the starting left fielder, making his Braves debut on Opening Day. On September 1, he became the first National League player to hit three home runs in one game at [Fenway Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park), and also reached 1,000 MLB career hits. When [Adam Duvall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Duvall) hit three home runs in the next game, also against the [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox), Ozuna and Duvall became the first teammates in Major League Baseball history to have hit three home runs each in consecutive games. In 2020, Ozuna batted .338/.431/.636 (each third in the NL) with an NL-leading 18 home runs, 56 RBIs, and 145 total bases during [the shortened 60-game season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports#North_America). Ozuna won his second Silver Slugger Award after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Major_League_Baseball_season) season; it was the first-ever Silver Slugger for [designated hitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter) in the National League as a result of the universal DH rule implemented league-wide during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic)-shortened 2020 season. On February 5, 2021, Ozuna re-signed with the Braves with a four-year, $64 million deal. On September 9, Ozuna was put on administrative leave due to [domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence) allegations. He did not play for the remainder of the season. The Braves finished with an 88–73 record, clinching the [NL East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NL_East), and eventually won the [2021 World Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Series), their first title since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_World_Series). In the 2022 season, he played 124 games and hit 23 home runs while striking out 122 times to bat .226/.274/.413 in 470 at bats. Ozuna hit two home runs in the 2023 regular-season finale to finish with a career-high 40 home runs. Ozuna's two October 1 homers also helped the [2023 Atlanta Braves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Atlanta_Braves_season) tie the [2019 Minnesota Twins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Minnesota_Twins_season) for most home runs hit in a season. Personal life Ozuna is married to Genesis Guzman. As of May 2017, the couple have three children. On May 29, 2021, Ozuna was arrested and charged with aggravated assault by strangulation and battery after [Sandy Springs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Springs,_Georgia) Police claimed to witness him grabbing his wife by the neck and throwing her against a wall. The charges were later withdrawn after completion of a diversion program. This resulted in Ozuna receiving a 20-game suspension which he served retroactively during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Major_League_Baseball_season) season. This followed another incident that occurred almost a year prior when Guzman was arrested on her own domestic battery charge against her husband, hitting him with a soap dish which caused a small laceration on his face. At 4 a.m. on August 19, 2022, Ozuna was arrested again and charged with driving under the influence after [Norcross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norcross,_Georgia) Police noticed his inability to stay in his lane.

2024-09-18 16:01:14

Sven_Scheuer

<Infotable> Personal information Full name: Sven Toni Scheuer Date of birth: (1971-01-19)19 January 1971(age 53) Place of birth: Böblingen,Baden-Württemberg,West Germany Height: 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) Position(s): Goalkeeper Youth career 0000–1988: SV Böblingen Senior career* Years: Team Apps (Gls) 1988–1999: Bayern Munich 20 (0) 2000–2001: Adanaspor 17 (0) 2001–2002: 1. FC Saarbrücken 6 (0) 2003: Grazer AK 5 (0) 2003: VfL Osnabrück 8 (0) 2004–2005: TSV Schönaich 11 (0) Total: 67 (0) International career 1990: Germany U-21 1 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals </Infotable> Sven Scheuer (born 19 January 1971) is a German former professional [footballer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) who played as a [goalkeeper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)). Club career Scheuer was born in [Böblingen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6blingen). He joined [FC Bayern Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich) in 1988, and spent 11 years with the club, serving as backup goalkeeper to [Raimond Aumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimond_Aumann) until 1994 and later [Oliver Kahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kahn). He usually shared this role with another 'keeper, including [Uwe Gospodarek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Gospodarek) (1991–1994), [Michael Probst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Probst) (1994–1996) and [Bernd Dreher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Dreher) (1996–1999). He made 20 appearances in the [Bundesliga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga), half of which came in the [1994–95 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Bundesliga), and won five [league titles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_football_champions), plus the [UEFA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_UEFA_Cup) and the [DFB Pokal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB_Pokal) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_DFB-Pokal). He also played regularly for [Bayern's reserve team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_Munich_II), in the [Oberliga Bayern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Bayern) and [Regionalliga Süd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCd_(1994%E2%80%932012)). After leaving Bayern, Scheuer embarked on a fairly nomadic career, playing for [Adanaspor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adanaspor) in [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey), [Grazer AK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazer_AK) in [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria), and [1. FC Saarbrücken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Saarbr%C3%BCcken) and [VfL Osnabrück](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Osnabr%C3%BCck) back home. He also had a six month trial at [Crystal Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C.) in 2002. International career Scheuer played one match for the [Germany under-21 national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_under-21_football_team), a 3–0 win over [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_national_under-21_football_team) in October 1990. Honours Bayern Munich [Bundesliga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga): [1988–89](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Bundesliga), [1989–90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Bundesliga), [1993–94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Bundesliga), [1996–97](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Bundesliga), [1998–99](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Bundesliga) [UEFA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup): [1995–96](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_UEFA_Cup) [DFB-Pokal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal): [1997–98](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_DFB-Pokal) [UEFA Champions League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League): runner-up [1998–99](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Champions_League) [DFB-Ligapokal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFL-Ligapokal): (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_DFB-Ligapokal), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_DFB-Ligapokal)

2024-09-18 18:02:30

Out_of_the_Woods_(song)

<Infotable> "Out of the Woods" SinglebyTaylor Swift from the album1989 Released: January 18, 2016(2016-01-18) Studio: Conway Recording, Los AngelesJungle City, New York City Genre: Synth-pop Length: 3:55 Label: Big Machine Songwriter(s): Taylor SwiftJack Antonoff Producer(s): Taylor SwiftJack Antonoff Taylor Swiftsingles chronology "Wildest Dreams"(2015)"Out of the Woods"(2016)"New Romantics"(2016) "Wildest Dreams"(2015) "Out of the Woods"(2016) "New Romantics"(2016) "Wildest Dreams"(2015) "Out of the Woods"(2016) "New Romantics"(2016) Music video "Out of the Woods"onYouTube </Infotable> [Conway Recording](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Recording_Studios), Los Angeles [Jungle City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_City_Studios), New York City Taylor Swift [Jack Antonoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Antonoff) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff "Out of the Woods" is a song by the American singer-songwriter [Taylor Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift) from her fifth studio album, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(album)) (2014). Swift wrote and produced the song with [Jack Antonoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Antonoff). With lyrics inspired by a failed relationship and the ensuing anxieties that Swift experienced, "Out of the Woods" is a [synth-pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop) song with elements of [Eurodance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance) and [indietronica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indietronica) and features heavy [synthesizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizers), looping [drums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine), and layered background vocals. [Big Machine Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records) made the song available for [download](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download) on October 14, 2014, as a [promotional single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_single) for 1989. Swift premiered the music video for "Out of the Woods" on [ABC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company)'s [Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark%27s_New_Year%27s_Rockin%27_Eve) on December 31, 2015; the video depicts Swift struggling to escape from a magical forest. The song was released to US [pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_radio) and [hot adult contemporary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary) radio as the album's sixth [single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)) on January 18, 2016, by Big Machine in partnership with [Republic Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Records). [Music critics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_critics) praised "Out of the Woods" for its 1980s-influenced production and narrative lyrics offering emotional engagement. The song peaked at number 18 on the US [Billboard Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) and was [certified platinum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification) by the [Recording Industry Association of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) (RIAA). It also reached the top 10 of charts in Canada and New Zealand. Swift performed the song on television shows such as [Good Morning America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America) and included it in the [set list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list) of [the 1989 World Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1989_World_Tour) (2015). Following the 2019 [dispute regarding the ownership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_masters_dispute) of Swift's back catalog, she re-recorded the song as "Out of the Woods (Taylor's Version)" for her re-recorded album [1989 (Taylor's Version)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)) (2023). Background and production [Taylor Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift) had identified as a [country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music) singer-songwriter until her fourth studio album [Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)), which was released in October 2012. Red incorporates various [pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music) and [rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music) styles, transcending the country sound of her previous releases. Swift began writing her fifth studio album, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(album)), in mid-2013, when she was on [the Red Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Tour). Inspired by 1980s [synth-pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop), she conceived 1989 as her first "official pop album" that transformed her image from country to pop. On 1989, Swift enlisted new producers including [Jack Antonoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Antonoff), who produced two songs with Swift for the standard edition—"Out of the Woods" and "[I Wish You Would](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wish_You_Would_(Taylor_Swift_song))", and the [bonus track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_track) "[You Are in Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_in_Love)" for the deluxe edition; Antonoff had worked with Swift on "[Sweeter than Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeter_than_Fiction)", a 1980s [new wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music)-influenced song recorded by Swift for the soundtrack of [One Chance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Chance_(film)) (2013). For "Out of the Woods", Antonoff envisioned the song to feature a 1980s sound with a modern twist. He used a [Yamaha DX7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_DX7) [synthesizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer) to create most parts of the song, and a [Minimoog Voyager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog_Voyager) for the [refrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain), which brought forth an "extremely modern" sound that he desired. He edited his background vocals and layered them over [looping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(music)) [drums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine). After completing the instrumental, Antonoff sent it to Swift when she was on a plane. Swift sent him a [voice memo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_Memos) containing the lyrics roughly 30 minutes later; it was the first time Swift wrote the lyrics to an existing track. According to the [liner notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes) of 1989, "Out of the Woods" was recorded by Laura Sisk, assisted by Brendan Morawski, at [Jungle City Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_City_Studios) in New York City; and Sam Holland, assisted by Cory Bice, at [Conway Recording Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Recording_Studios) in Los Angeles. Swift's vocals were produced by [Max Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Martin). Music and lyrics [Music critics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_critics) described "Out of the Woods" as a 1980s-influenced synth-pop song. Hannah Mylrea from [NME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME) and Edwin Mcfee from [Hot Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Press) noted influences of [indietronica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indietronica) and [Eurodance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance). The song features pulsing synthesizers, loud drums, and echoing background vocals that gradually build up towards the end. Compared to other tracks of 1989, "Out of the Woods" features a denser production. Antonoff took inspiration from the music of rock band [My Morning Jacket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket): "every sound is louder than the last ... It started out big, and then I think the obvious move would have been to do a down chorus, but the idea was to keep pushing." The lyrics are about a fragile romance, inspired by the anxieties Swift experienced from a tumultuous relationship. In the refrain, Swift repeats the line, "Are we out of the woods yet?" over and over, indicating her desire to stabilize the relationship. Swift ponders over its inevitable end: "Your necklace hanging from my neck the night we couldn't quite forget / When we decided to move the furniture so we could dance / Baby, like we stood a chance." The [bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(music)) narrates an accident that requires one of the couple to undergo a surgery: "Remember when you hit the brakes too soon / Twenty stitches in a hospital room." The accident in the bridge was inspired by a [snowmobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobile) accident that she and an ex-lover had suffered when they were on a ski trip; she had persuaded the [tabloid media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_journalism) to not publicize it. Besides its literal sense, the accident is a metaphor for the relationship's fragility and how the two have to deal with its aftermath. When promoting 1989 in October 2014, Swift remarked that "Out of the Woods" was the song that "best represents [the album]". Release and commercial performance On October 13, 2014, Swift premiered 15 seconds of "Out of the Woods" on [Good Morning America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America). [Big Machine Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records) made the song available for [download](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download) on October 14, 2014, as a [promotional single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_single) for 1989. It is track number four on 1989, which was released on October 27, 2014, by Big Machine. Swift premiered the music video for "Out of the Woods" on [Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark%27s_New_Year%27s_Rockin%27_Eve), broadcast on December 31, 2015. Big Machine and [Republic Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Records) released the song to US [pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_radio) and [hot adult contemporary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary) radio stations on January 19, 2016; it was the sixth [single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)) from 1989. In Italy, "Out of the Woods" was released to radio on February 5, 2016, by [Universal Music Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group). "Out of the Woods" entered the US [Billboard Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) chart dated November 1, 2014, at number 18, its peak position. It entered the [Billboard Digital Songs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs) at number one, becoming Swift's eighth chart topper. After its video premiere on New Year's Rockin' Eve, the song re-appeared on the Hot 100 at number 46. By May 2016, the [Recording Industry Association of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) (RIAA) had certified it [platinum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification) for one million units based on digital sales and [streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_streaming). The single peaked within the top 10 on charts of [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Singles_Chart) (number six) and [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100) (number eight). In Australia, the song peaked at number 19 on the [singles chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts) and was certified triple-platinum by the [Australian Recording Industry Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association) (ARIA). The track was certified gold by the [British Phonographic Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry) (BPI) and platinum by the [International Federation of the Phonographic Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry) (IFPI) in Norway. Critical reception The song received critical acclaim. Upon the release of 1989, music critics compared the 1980s-influenced production of "Out of the Woods" to the music of 1980s musicians including [Phil Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Collins) and [Madonna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna). [Sam Lansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Lansky) from [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)), Jason Lipshutz from [Billboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)), [Brian Mansfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mansfield) from [USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today), and Lindsay Zoladz from [Vulture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)) praised the production for showcasing Swift's expanding artistry beyond her previous country styles. In a review of 1989 for the [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times), Mikael Wood deemed "Out of the Woods" one of the album's highlights, describing it as the most authentic tribute to the 1980s synth-pop sound that Swift tried to recreate on the album. Other reviews complimented Swift's lyrical craftsmanship and storytelling, which she had honed on her previous country songs. Lipshutz remarked that although the song was a musical departure for Swift, it was a reminder of her abilities to present "striking, instantly unforgettable images". Writing for [The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent), Andy Gill argued that the intricate lyrics capturing "dramatic emotional change in a few striking lines" of "Out of the Woods" were rare for a pop song. [Carl Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilson_(critic)), in a 1989 review for [Slate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)), picked it as his favorite off the album, highlighting both the detailed lyrics and the production. Esther Zuckerman of [Entertainment Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) deemed the production generic, but highlighted the lyrics as a testament to Swift's ability to offer emotional engagement in her songs. "Out of the Woods" ranked at number 94 on [Pitchfork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website))'s list of the 100 Best Tracks of 2014. In retrospective reviews, Mylrea and Nate Jones from Vulture complimented the song's production and emotional sentiments, but [Rob Sheffield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield) from [Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone) was less enthusiastic, feeling that the production overwhelms the intricate lyrics. NME, honoring Antonoff with the Songwriter Award in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME_Awards_2022), selected "Out of the Woods" as one of his best songs. Music video [Joseph Kahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)) directed the music video for "Out of the Woods". The video's filming locations in New Zealand included [Bethells Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethells_Beach) and the mountains of [Queenstown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand). During the filming, a severe storm struck, causing a one-week delay. Conservationists in the area claimed that the production team breached their permit and endangered a rare native bird by using up to 12 vehicles, an accusation that Swift's crew denied. The video shows Swift battling to get out of a forest, interpreting the title literally. Swift is seen struggling to escape a magical forest while being chased by a pack of wolves as animate roots constantly follow her. She then finds herself in different natural settings like snowy mountains, an ocean, a barren landscape, a muddy location, and a burning forest. At the end of the video, the woods disappear as she finds a beach, where another version of her is standing by the shore as she reaches for her. The video ends with the caption "She lost him, but she found herself, and somehow that was everything," which is a hidden message written in the booklet of 1989. Kahn said that Swift "suffered for the art"; she did not employ a double stunt and did all the action, such as crawling through the mud and running through the snow, by herself. Media publications remarked on the video's visual effects and cinematic storytelling. Amanda Bell from [MTV News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News) compared the video's cinematic quality to the [Harry Potter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter) series, and commented that the video's message "serves as a clear metaphor for her very public relationship history and how she transformed each conflict into her own personal victories, one in particular". Live performances and other usage During promotion of 1989, Swift performed "Out of the Woods" on televised shows including [Jimmy Kimmel Live!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!), [The Ellen DeGeneres Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show), and Good Morning America. She performed the song as part of the "1989 Secret Sessions", live streamed by [iHeartRadio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio) and [Yahoo!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!) on October 27, 2014, the same day the album was released. On [the 1989 World Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1989_World_Tour) in 2015, Swift included the song as the penultimate number on the regular [set list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list). Swift played a stripped-down rendition of "Out of the Woods" on piano at the [Grammy Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Museum_at_L.A._Live) in Los Angeles on September 30, 2015; John Blistein from Rolling Stone praised this version over the synth-pop production for better conveying the emotional sentiments of the lyrics. On December 3, 2015, she sang the song on piano at [Hamilton Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Island_(Queensland)) in Australia as part of a [Nova 96.9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_96.9) radio program. Swift performed "Out of the Woods" as the opening number to the [58th Annual Grammy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) on February 15, 2016. She also included the song in the set lists of her shows at the [Formula 1 Grand Prix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Grand_Prix) in [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas) on October 22, 2016, and [DirecTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV)'s pre-[Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl) event Super Saturday Night in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston) on February 4, 2017. Swift sang "Out of the Woods" as a "surprise song" during the stops in [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto) and [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland) of her [Reputation Stadium Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_Stadium_Tour) (2018) and the stop in [Nashville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee) of her [Eras Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eras_Tour) (2023–2024). She also performed the song in a mashup with "[Is It Over Now?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_It_Over_Now%3F)" (2023) at Eras Tour shows in [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires) and [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris), and included "[Clean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_(song))" (2014) as part of the mashup during an Eras Tour show in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London). Rock singer [Ryan Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams) recorded a [country folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_folk)-oriented cover of "Out of the Woods" for his [track-by-track cover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Ryan_Adams_album)) of Swift's 1989. Yahoo! writer Oscar Gracey said that the cover "makes us want to hike through a forest, find a clearing, and mourn the relationships that didn't quite work out", and [The A.V. Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club)'s [Annie Zaleski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Zaleski) viewed that Adams's acoustic production "exacerbates the song's uncertainty about a relationship's status". Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the [liner notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes) of 1989 [Taylor Swift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift) – vocals, songwriter, producer [Jack Antonoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Antonoff) – producer, songwriter, guitar, electric guitar, bass, [keyboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_keyboard), [drums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine), background vocals Cory Bice – recording assistant [Tom Coyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Coyne_(music_engineer)) – [mastering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)) [Serban Ghenea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serban_Ghenea) – [mixing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)) John Hanes – mix engineer Sam Holland – recording [Max Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Martin) – vocal producer Brendan Morawski – recording assistant Laura Sisk – recording Charts <Wikitable> Chart (2014–2016) Peak position Australia (ARIA)[46] 19 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[83] 64 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[84] 50 Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[45] 8 Canada AC (Billboard)[85] 13 Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[86] 13 Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[87] 9 Denmark (Tracklisten)[88] 23 Finland Airplay (Radiosoittolista)[89] 90 Finland Download (Latauslista)[89] 24 France (SNEP)[90] 70 Hungary (Single Top 40)[91] 37 Italy (FIMI)[92] 97 Mexico Airplay (Billboard)[93] 47 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[44] 6 Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[94] 43 Scotland (OCC)[95] 48 Spain (PROMUSICAE)[96] 22 UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[97] 136 US Billboard Hot 100[40] 18 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[98] 20 US Adult Pop Airplay (Billboard)[99] 11 US Pop Airplay (Billboard)[100] 12 </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Chart (2023) Peak position Portugal (AFP)[101] 45 </Wikitable> Certifications <Wikitable> Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA)[47] 3× Platinum 210,000‡ Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[102] Platinum 60,000‡ Canada (Music Canada)[103] Gold 40,000* Norway (IFPI Norway)[49] Platinum 60,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI)[48] Gold 400,000‡ United States (RIAA)[43] Platinum 1,000,000‡ * Sales figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. * Sales figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. * Sales figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. </Wikitable> * Sales figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Promotional release <Wikitable> Region Date Format Label Ref. Various October 14, 2014 Digital download Big Machine [32] </Wikitable> Single release <Wikitable> Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United States January 19, 2016 Hot adult contemporary radio Big MachineRepublic [36] United States January 19, 2016 Contemporary hit radio Big MachineRepublic [35] Italy February 5, 2016 Radio airplay Universal [39] </Wikitable> Big Machine[Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Records) "Out of the Woods (Taylor's Version)" <Infotable> "Out of the Woods (Taylor's Version)" SongbyTaylor Swift from the album1989 (Taylor's Version) Released: October 27, 2023(2023-10-27) Studio: Conway Recording, Los AngelesElectric Lady, New YorkRough Customer, New YorkSharp Sonics, Los Angeles Length: 3:55 Label: Republic Songwriter(s): Taylor SwiftJack Antonoff Producer(s): Taylor SwiftJack Antonoff Lyric video "Out of the Woods (Taylor's Version)"onYouTube </Infotable> [Conway Recording](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Recording_Studios), Los Angeles [Electric Lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Lady_Studios), New York Rough Customer, New York Sharp Sonics, Los Angeles Taylor Swift [Jack Antonoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Antonoff) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff After signing a new contract with [Republic Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Records), Swift began re-recording her first six studio albums in November 2020. The decision followed a [public 2019 dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_masters_dispute) between Swift and talent manager [Scooter Braun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Braun), who acquired Big Machine Records, including the [masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)) of Swift's albums which the label had released. By re-recording the albums, Swift had full ownership of the new masters, which enabled her to control the licensing of her songs for [commercial use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_rights) in hopes of substituting the Big Machine–owned masters. Republic Records released 1989's re-recording, [1989 (Taylor's Version)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)), on October 27, 2023. The re-recording of "Out of the Woods", subtitled "Taylor's Version", was released as track number four on the re-recorded album. Prior to that, a snippet of "Out of the Woods (Taylor's Version)" was used in a trailer for the American animated adventure film [Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_(2023_film)) (2023). Personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of 1989 (Taylor's Version). Technical Taylor Swift – producer Jack Antonoff – producer, recording, [programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)) Zem Audu – synth recording Bryce Bordone – engineer for mix Jozef Caldwell – assistant engineer Serban Ghenea – mixing David Hart – synth recording [Mikey Freedom Hart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Freedom_Hart) – synth recording, programming Sean Hutchinson – drums recording Oli Jacobs – recording Jack Manning – assistant engineer Joey Miller – assistant engineer Megan Searl – assistant engineer Jon Sher – assistant engineer [Michael Riddleberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Riddleberger) – drums recording [Christopher Rowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Rowe_(record_producer)) – recording Laura Sisk – recording Evan Smith – [Juno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Juno-60) recording, programming Musicians Taylor Swift – lead vocals, songwriter Jack Antonoff – songwriter, bass, drums, synthesizer, background vocals Zem Audu – synthesizer David Hart – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Mikey Freedom Hart – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, synthesizer, background vocals Sean Hutchinson – drums, percussion Michael Riddleberger – drums, percussion Evan Smith – Juno, background vocals Charts <Wikitable> Chart (2023) Peak position Australia (ARIA)[111] 12 Brazil (Brasil Hot 100)[112] 98 Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[113] 14 Global 200 (Billboard)[114] 15 Greece International (IFPI)[115] 18 Ireland (Billboard)[116] 15 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[117] 16 Philippines (Billboard)[118] 8 Singapore (RIAS)[119] 16 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[120] 77 UK (Billboard)[121] 18 UK Singles Downloads (OCC)[122] 84 UK Singles Sales (OCC)[123] 92 UK Streaming (OCC)[124] 19 US Billboard Hot 100[125] 16 Vietnam (Vietnam Hot 100)[126] 65 </Wikitable> Certifications <Wikitable> Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA)[127] Gold 35,000‡ Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[128] Gold 20,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. </Wikitable> ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

2024-09-18 23:48:14

Brian_Stepanek

<Infotable> Brian Stepanek Born: Brian Patrick Stepanek(1971-02-06)February 6, 1971(age 53)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.[1] Occupation: Actor Years active: 2000–present Spouse: Parisa Stepanek​(m.2002)​ Children: 3 </Infotable> Brian Patrick Stepanek (born February 6, 1971) is an American actor. He is known for his role as [Arwin Hawkhauser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_characters_in_The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_%26_Cody#Arwin) on the [Disney Channel original series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_original_series) [The Suite Life of Zack & Cody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_%26_Cody) and Brian on [Brian O'Brian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Brian). He was also a Sector Seven Agent in the 2007 [Michael Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bay) film [Transformers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_(film)), and also had a supporting role in [The Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_(2005_film)). Stepanek is also known as the voice of Roger in [Father of the Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Pride) and played Tom Harper on the [Nickelodeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon) series [Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky,_Ricky,_Dicky_%26_Dawn) from 2014 to 2018. Since 2016, he has voiced Lynn Loud Sr. on the Nickelodeon animated series [The Loud House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loud_House), and has since portrayed the character in the 2022 live-action spinoff series [The Really Loud House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Really_Loud_House). Career Stepanek is known for his role as [Arwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_%26_Cody_recurring_characters#Tipton_staff) in the [Disney Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel) sitcom [The Suite Life of Zack & Cody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_%26_Cody). He appeared in the 2005 film [The Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_(2005_film)). Stepanek has done additional [voiceovers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceover) in the movies [Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemony_Snicket%27s_A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events), [Kim Possible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Possible), [Charlotte's Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web_(2006_film)) and [Over the Hedge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Hedge_(film)). He voiced Roger in [Father of the Pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_Pride). He appeared in the sitcoms [What I Like About You](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_I_Like_About_You_(TV_series)) and [Malcolm in the Middle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle). He was a co-host for the first [Disney Channel Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_Games). Stepanek portrayed the popular Batman villain, [The Riddler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riddler) on one of the [Batman OnStar commercials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_OnStar_commercials). Stepanek can also be seen as the bank manager in the Disney direct-to-DVD movie [Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Chihuahua_2). In 2008, he voiced Martin in the movie [Bolt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_(2008_film)). He was an uncredited policeman in [Friday After Next](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_After_Next). He has his first voice role in [The Secret Saturdays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Saturdays) as Agent Epsilon. Brian voices Kick, Brad and Brianna's father, [Harold Buttowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick_Buttowski:_Suburban_Daredevil#Voice_cast) on the Disney XD animated series [Kick Buttowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick_Buttowski:_Suburban_Daredevil). Stepanek starred in a series of [shorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film) that aired on [Disney Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel) called [Brian O'Brian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Brian), which was a silent slapstick-style series and which was filmed in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan), Italy. He starred in the [Disney Channel Original Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_Original_Movie) [Hatching Pete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatching_Pete) as the Coach Mackay, and [Mostly Ghostly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostly_Ghostly_(film)) as Phears. He reprised his role as Arwin for three episodes of [The Suite Life on Deck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suite_Life_on_Deck). He made an appearance in season 9, episode 19 of [Two and a Half Men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_and_a_Half_Men). Stepanek starred in [Mr. Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Young) as Adam's university professor, Dr. Fenway. From 2014 to 2018, Stepanek portrayed Tom Harper in the [Nickelodeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon) television series [Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky,_Ricky,_Dicky_%26_Dawn), the father of the title quadruplets. In 2015, he appeared in the animated film [Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_(2015_film)) voicing several roles, including the Gorg Commander. In 2016, he began voicing family patriarch Lynn Loud Sr. on the Nicktoon [The Loud House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loud_House) and reprised the role in its spinoff [The Casagrandes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Casagrandes) as a guest star and the feature film [The Loud House Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loud_House_Movie). He also physically portrays Lynn Sr. in the live-action television film [A Loud House Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Loud_House_Christmas) and its follow-up series [The Really Loud House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Really_Loud_House). Personal life Stepanek was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio; from 1985 to 1989, he attended [Gilmour Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmour_Academy), and went on to attend [Syracuse University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University).[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Since 2002, he has been married to Parisa Stepanek, and together, they have three children.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Filmography Film <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 2002 Friday After Next Officer #3 NaN 2005 The Island Gandu Three Echo NaN 2006 Charlotte's Web Sheep Group Voice role 2006 Over the Hedge Nugent Voice role 2007 Transformers Sector Seven Agent NaN 2008 Bolt Martin Voice role 2008 Mostly Ghostly: Who Let the Ghosts Out? Phears Direct-to-video film 2011 Monster Mutt Dr. Victor Lloyd NaN 2011 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Banker NaN 2013 Pain & Gain Brad McCalister NaN 2014 Jingle All the Way 2 Victor NaN 2014 The Little Rascals Save The Day Sergio Direct-to-video film 2015 Home Gorg Commander / Boovs Voice roles 2016 LBJ Rufus Youngblood NaN 2018 Daphne & Velma Nedley Blake[broken anchor] Direct-to-video film 2018 Green Book Graham Kindell NaN 2021 The Loud House Movie Lynn Loud Sr. / 1600s Lynn Sr. Voice roles; direct-to-streaming film 2024 No Time to Spy: A Loud House Movie Lynn Loud Sr. / Robot Todd / Cargo Shorts Henchman Voice roles; direct-to-streaming film[7] </Wikitable> Television <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 2000 The West Wing Senator's Aide Episode: "The Lame Duck Congress" 2002 What I Like About You Lowell Episode: "Holly's First Job" 2002 JAG Lt. Murtaugh Episode: "Offensive Action" 2002 The Drew Carey Show Bob Episode: "The Dawn Patrol" 2003 Malcolm in the Middle Stan Episode: "Baby: Part 1" 2003 Six Feet Under Alex Graham Episode: "The Opening" 2004–2005 Father of the Pride Roger Recurring voice role 2005 CSI: Miami Andrew Stamler Episode: "Money Plane" 2005–2008 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Arwin Hawkhauser Recurring role, 27 episodes 2006–2008 Disney Channel Games Himself Host 2007 Kim Possible Mathter Voice role; episode: "Mathter and Fervent" 2008 The Secret Saturdays Agent Epsilon Voice role; episode: "Paris Is Melting" 2008 Brian O' Brian Brian Lead role 2008–2011 The Suite Life on Deck Arwin Hawkhauser / Milos 3 episodes 2009 Hatching Pete Coach Mackey Television film 2009 Phineas and Ferb Mr. McGillicuddy Voice role; 2 episodes 2010–2012 Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil Harold Buttowski / Various voices Recurring voice role 2011 Mr. Young Professor 3 episodes 2012 The Penguins of Madagascar Dode Voice role; episode: "Endangerous Species" 2012–2013 Two and a Half Men Arthur Episodes: "Palmdale, Ech", "Mr. Walden, He Die. I Clean Room." 2013 The Crazy Ones Phil Episode: "The Intern" 2014 Jessie Mr. Collinsworth Episode: "Hoedown Showdown" 2014 Mixels Magnifo Voice role; episode: "Mixed Up Special" 2014 Mom Fred Episode: "Sonograms and Tube Tops" 2014–2015 The Haunted Hathaways Officer GooseBump 3 episodes 2014–2018 Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn Tom Harper Main role 2016 The Middle Merv Episode: "Crushed" 2016–present The Loud House Lynn Loud Sr. / Various voices Main voice role 2017–2024 Young Sheldon Mr. Givens Recurring role, 21 episodes 2017 Longmire Jay Purcell Episode: "Fever" 2018 The Thundermans Professor Meteor Episode: "The Thundredth" 2019 I'm Sorry Mr. Castellotti 4 episodes 2019 For All Mankind Shorty Powers 2 episodes 2019–2020 Team Kaylie Officer Stevie 4 episodes 2020 Outmatched Mr. Turpel Episode: "Bullying" 2020–2022 The Casagrandes Lynn Loud Sr. / Various voices Voice role; 3 episodes 2020 NCIS Chunk Episode: "Sturgeon Season" 2021 A Loud House Christmas Lynn Loud Sr. Television film 2022–present The Really Loud House Lynn Loud Sr. / Robot Todd Main role; voice role 2023 A Really Haunted Loud House Lynn Loud Sr. / Robot Todd Television film </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 23:48:25

Minneapolis–Saint_Paul_International_Airport

<Infotable> Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport Aerial view of MSP in 2012. IATA:MSPICAO:KMSPFAALID:MSPWMO:72658 Summary Airport type: Public / Military Owner/Operator: Metropolitan Airports Commission Serves: Minneapolis–Saint Paul Location: Unorganized Territory of Fort Snelling,Minnesota,U.S. Opened: July 10, 1920; 104 years ago(1920-07-10) Hubfor: Delta Air Lines Operating base for: Bemidji AirlinesSun Country Airlines Time zone: CST(UTC−06:00) • Summer (DST): CDT (UTC−05:00) ElevationAMSL: 256 m / 841 ft Coordinates: 44°52′55″N093°13′18″W / 44.88194°N 93.22167°W /44.88194; -93.22167 Website: www.mspairport.com Maps FAA airport diagram Runways DirectionLengthSurfacemft4/223,35511,006Concrete12R/30L3,04810,000Concrete12L/30R2,4998,200Concrete17/352,4388,000Concrete Direction Length Surface m ft 4/22 3,355 11,006 Concrete 12R/30L 3,048 10,000 Concrete 12L/30R 2,499 8,200 Concrete 17/35 2,438 8,000 Concrete Direction Length Surface m ft 4/22 3,355 11,006 Concrete 12R/30L 3,048 10,000 Concrete 12L/30R 2,499 8,200 Concrete 17/35 2,438 8,000 Concrete Statistics (2023) Passengers: Passengers34,770,800Aircraft Movements323,929 34,770,800 323,929 Passengers: 34,770,800 Aircraft Movements: 323,929 Source: Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport[1][2] </Infotable> [IATA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code): MSP[ICAO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code): KMSP[FAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration) [LID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier#FAA_identifier): MSP[WMO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers): 72658 [Bemidji Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemidji_Airlines)[Sun Country Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines) Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport ([IATA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code): MSP, [ICAO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code): KMSP, [FAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration) [LID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier): MSP) — also less commonly known as Wold–Chamberlain Field — is a joint civil-military public [international airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport) serving the [Twin Cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul) in the U.S. state of [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota). It is located in [Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Snelling_Unorganized_Territory). Although situated within the unorganized territory, the airport is centrally located within 10 miles (16 kilometers; 9 nautical miles) of both downtown [Minneapolis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis) and downtown [Saint Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota). In addition to primarily hosting commercial flights from major American and some international airlines, the airport is also home to several [United States Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force) and [Minnesota Air National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Air_National_Guard) operations. The airport is also used by a variety of air cargo operators. MSP is the busiest airport in the [Upper Midwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Midwest). A joint civil-military airport, MSP is home to the [Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport Joint Air Reserve Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport_Joint_Air_Reserve_Station), supporting both [Air Force Reserve Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command) and [Air National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard) flight operations. Units stationed there include the [934th Airlift Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/934th_Airlift_Wing) (934 AW). The airport is located in Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory. Small sections of the airport border the city limits of [Minneapolis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis) and [Richfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richfield,_Minnesota). However, under Minnesota state law, the parcel of land covered by the airport is not part of any city or school district. MSP covers 2,930 acres (1,186 ha) of land. The airport generates an estimated $15.9 billion a year for the [Twin Cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities)' economy and supports 87,000 workers. MSP is a major hub for [Delta Air Lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines). It also serves as the home airport for Minnesota-based [Sun Country Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines). Delta Air Lines and its regional affiliates account for about 70% of the airport's passenger traffic. The airport is operated by the [Metropolitan Airports Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Airports_Commission), which also handles the operation of six smaller airports in the region. History What is now known as Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport started in 1919 as [Speedway Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_Field) when several local groups came together to take control of the former bankrupt Twin City Speedway race track. The first hangar was a wooden structure, constructed in 1920 for airmail services. The Minneapolis Park Board took possession of Speedway Field on June 1, 1928, and in 1929, passenger services began. In 1923, the airport was renamed "Wold–Chamberlain Field" for the [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) pilots Ernest Groves Wold and Cyrus Foss Chamberlain. In 1944 the site was renamed to "Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Airport/Wold-Chamberlain Field", with "International" replacing "Metropolitan" four years later. Today it is rare to see the Wold–Chamberlain portion of the name used anywhere. Expansions Ground was broken for the current Terminal 1 building on October 26, 1958. The US $8.5 million, 600,000 square foot (56,000 m2) terminal with 24 gates on two concourses was designed by Lyle George Landstrom. who worked for Cerny Associates. The terminal, then referred to as the New Terminal, was completed on January 13, 1962, and operations began on January 21. Pier D (formerly the Gold Concourse, now Concourse G) was completed in 1971 and Pier A (formerly the Green Concourse, now Concourse C) was completed in 1972 as part of an expansion of the terminal designed by Cerny Associates. This project also involved rebuilding the existing concourses into bi-level structures equipped with [holding rooms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_(airport)) and [jet bridges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_bridge). The Gold Concourse was expanded in 1986 and included the airport's first moving walkway. Concourses A and B opened on June 1, 2002, as part of a $250 million terminal expansion designed by Minneapolis-based Architectural Alliance. The final component of the project included a $17.5 million extension of Concourse C consisting of six additional gates, which opened on October 31, 2002. Terminal 2 was first built in 1986 and then rebuilt in 2001. It is used mostly for charter and low cost airlines, including Minnesota-based [Sun Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Country) and [Southwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines), but is also used for [Condor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_Flugdienst), [Icelandair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandair) and [JetBlue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue). The terminal has since been expanded and has a total of 14 gates. The colored labeling system for concourses in both terminals was replaced beginning in 2000 with the current system of lettered concourses. Recent history Due in part to aircraft noise in south Minneapolis, the Highland Park neighborhood in St. Paul, and surrounding suburbs, proposals were made in the 1990s to build a new airport on the fringes of the Twin Cities metro in [Dakota County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_County,_Minnesota) to handle larger jets and more international traffic. Minneapolis, St. Paul, and other neighboring cities were concerned that such a move would have a negative economic impact, so an arrangement was made where the Metropolitan Airports Commission would outfit many homes in the vicinity of the airport with [sound insulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_insulation) and [air conditioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning) so that indoor noise could be reduced. A citizen group named ROAR (Residents Opposed to Airport Racket) was created in 1998 and helped push the MAC to make these concessions. Later, in 2004, the MAC voted to reduce funding for the soundproofing projects, saying in part that the economic climate had turned in the wake of the [September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks). Minneapolis Mayor [R. T. Rybak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._T._Rybak), who had been a founding member of ROAR, promised that the city would challenge the changes. In 2005, the cities of Minneapolis, Eagan, and Richfield and the Minneapolis Public Housing Authority filed a lawsuit against the MAC, which was settled with a Consent Decree in 2007. The terms in the Consent Decree specified levels of sound insulation for homes within a fixed boundary of projected aircraft noise exposure around MSP. Upon the completion of the noise mitigation program in 2014, more than 15,000 single-family homes and 3,303 multi-family units around MSP were provided noise mitigation at cost of $95 million. A 2022 [J.D. Power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Power) survey concluded that with ranking the largest US and Canadian airports on a 1,000 point scale based on traveler satisfaction, the airport received a score of 800, ranking it the best airport in the US and Canada. MSP's high ranking was accredited to its recently updated facilities. In 2023, Minneapolis-Saint Paul was recognized by [analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics) company Cirium as the world's most punctual international airport, having on-time departure and arrival rates of 84.44% and 84.62% respectively. Facilities Terminals Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport has two terminals with a total of 131 gates. Terminal 1 (Lindbergh) contains 117 gates across seven concourses, lettered A–G. Terminal 2 (Humphrey) contains 14 gates across one concourse, lettered H. International arrivals are processed in Concourse G in Terminal 1, and in Terminal 2. The two terminals are located about one mile (1.6 km) apart and accessed from separate exits of [Minnesota State Highway 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_5). The arrangement can be confusing for some drivers, as the terminals are not connected within the airport facilities, meaning that taking the wrong exit can cause a delay of several minutes, and require the use of lightrail public transit or the roadway to travel between terminals. In 2010, signage along Highway 5 was updated to make it more clear which airlines serve each terminal. Terminal 1 is named after aviator [Charles Lindbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh), who was raised in Minnesota and Terminal 2 is named after vice president [Hubert Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey), who also had represented Minnesota in Congress. Ground transportation The terminal buildings are directly located off of Minnesota State Highway 5. Several other major highways that border the airport are [Minnesota State Highway 62](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_62_(Hennepin-Dakota_Counties)), [Minnesota State Highway 77](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_77), and [Interstate 494](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_494). [Metro Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)), the region's public transportation provider, operates the [Blue Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Minnesota)), a light rail route, on the airport grounds. Travelers can use the line to connect between the two terminals. No fare is charged for passengers only travelling between Terminal 1 and 2, and service between the terminals operates all day (the rest of the line shuts down for about four hours overnight). Beyond the airport, the Blue Line travels to downtown Minneapolis and the [Mall of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_America) in nearby [Bloomington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota). Metro Transit also operates bus route 54 to St. Paul. Military facilities The [Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport Joint Air Reserve Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport_Joint_Air_Reserve_Station) at MSP is home to the [934th Airlift Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/934th_Airlift_Wing) (934 AW), an [Air Force Reserve Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command) (AFRC) unit and the [133d Airlift Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/133d_Airlift_Wing) (133 AW) of the [Minnesota Air National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Air_National_Guard). Both units fly the [C-130 Hercules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules) and are operationally-gained by the [Air Mobility Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command) (AMC). The 934th consists of over 1,300 military personnel, of whom approximately 250 are full-time Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) and Air Reserve Technician (ART) personnel. The 133rd is similarly manned, making for a total military presence of over 2,600 full-time and part-time personnel. The 934 AW serves as the "host" wing for the installation, which also includes lodging/billeting, officers club, Base Exchange (BX) and other morale, welfare and recreation (MWR) facilities for active, reserve/national guard and retired military personnel and their families. Runways <Wikitable> Runway Length / width Runway.1 Surface Equipment 04 → 11,006 by 150 ft 3,355 by 46 m ← 22 Concrete Runway 04/22: Medium intensity runway edge lighting [AN(TE HI)]. Both equipped with a precision approach path indicator (PAPI) system. RWY22 : RNAV, RNP, NDB // RWY04 : ILS, RNAV, RNP, NDB, VOR/DME 17 → 8,000 by 150 ft 2,438 by 46 m ← 35 Concrete Runway 17/35: Touchdown and Centerpoint lights and a PAPI system. Runway 35: ILS CAT I-III. RWY35 : RNAV, RNP, NDB // RWY17 : RNAV, RNP 12R → 10,000 by 200 ft 3,048 by 61 m ← 30L Concrete Runway 12R/30L: a PAPI system. 12R: ILS CAT I-III. 30L: ILS CAT II. RWY30L : RNAV, RNP, NDB // RWY12R : ILS, RNAV, RNP, NDB, VOR/DME 12L → 8,200 by 150 ft 2,499 by 46 m ← 30R Concrete 30R: medium intensity runway edge lighting [AN(TE HI)]. 12L: ILS CAT I-III Both: a PAPI system. RWY30R : RNAV, RNP, NDB // RWY12L : ILS, RNAV, RNP, NDB, VOR/DME </Wikitable> Airlines and destinations Passenger <Wikitable> Airlines Destinations Refs. Aer Lingus Seasonal: Dublin [29] Air Canada Express Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson [30] Air France Seasonal: Paris–Charles de Gaulle [31] Alaska Airlines Seattle/Tacoma Seasonal: Anchorage, Portland (OR) [32] Allegiant Air Destin/Fort Walton Beach Seasonal: Phoenix/Mesa, Punta Gorda (FL), Sarasota [33] American Airlines Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Miami, Phoenix–Sky Harbor Seasonal: Philadelphia, Washington–National [34] American Eagle Chicago–O'Hare, New York–LaGuardia Seasonal: Philadelphia, Washington–National [34] Condor Seasonal: Frankfurt [citation needed] Delta Air Lines Amsterdam, Anchorage, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Billings, Bismarck, Boise, Boston, Bozeman, Calgary, Cancún, Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus–Glenn, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Destin/Fort Walton Beach, Detroit, Fargo, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Grand Rapids, Hartford, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Jacksonville (FL), Kansas City, Las Vegas, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Madison, Mexico City, Miami, Milwaukee, Missoula, Montréal–Trudeau, Nashville, Newark, New Orleans, New York–JFK, New York–LaGuardia, Orange County, Orlando, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Raleigh/Durham, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan, Sarasota, Seattle/Tacoma, Seoul–Incheon, Sioux Falls, Spokane, St. Louis, Tampa, Tokyo–Haneda, Vancouver, Washington–National, Winnipeg Seasonal: Albuquerque, Appleton, Aruba (resumes December 20, 2024),[35] Asheville, Belize City, Buffalo, Burlington (VT), Charleston (SC), Colorado Springs, Cozumel, Dublin, Duluth, Fairbanks, Glacier Park/Kalispell, Grand Cayman, Harlingen, Hayden/Steamboat Springs, Jackson Hole, Liberia (CR), Mazatlán (begins December 21, 2024),[36] Montego Bay, Myrtle Beach, Omaha, Palm Springs, Portland (ME), Providence, Providenciales, Puerto Vallarta, Punta Cana, Rapid City, Reno/Tahoe, Reykjavík–Keflavík, San José del Cabo, Savannah, St. Maarten (resumes December 19, 2024),[35] Tri-Cities (WA), Tucson, Tulum (begins December 21, 2024),[37] West Palm Beach, Wilmington (NC) [38] Delta Connection Aberdeen (SD), Appleton, Bemidji, Bismarck, Brainerd, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Chicago–Midway, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus–Glenn, Des Moines, Duluth, Escanaba, Fargo, Fayetteville/Bentonville, Fort Wayne, Glacier Park/Kalispell, Grand Forks, Grand Rapids, Great Falls, Green Bay, Hibbing/Chisholm, Indianapolis, International Falls, Iron Mountain, Kansas City, Knoxville, Louisville, Madison, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minot, Missoula, Mosinee/Wausau, Newark, Norfolk, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Pittsburgh, Rapid City, Rhinelander, Richmond, Rochester (MN), Sault Ste. Marie (MI), Sioux Falls, South Bend, St. Louis, Syracuse, Toronto–Pearson, Tri-Cities (WA), Washington–Dulles, Wichita, Williston, Winnipeg Seasonal: Traverse City [38] Denver Air Connection Ironwood, Thief River Falls [39] Frontier Airlines Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Philadelphia Seasonal: Cincinnati, Cleveland, Fort Myers, Phoenix–Sky Harbor [40] Icelandair Seasonal: Reykjavík–Keflavík [41] JetBlue Boston (ends October 26, 2024)[42] [43] KLM Seasonal: Amsterdam [44] Lufthansa Frankfurt [45] Southwest Airlines Austin, Baltimore, Chicago–Midway, Denver, Kansas City, Nashville, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, St. Louis Seasonal: Dallas–Love, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Las Vegas, Orlando, Sarasota, Tampa [46][47] Spirit Airlines Atlanta, Detroit, Las Vegas Seasonal: Fort Lauderdale, Los Angeles, Miami [48] Sun Country Airlines Asheville, Boston, Cancún, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Destin/Fort Walton Beach, Eau Claire, Fort Myers, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Nashville, Newark, Orlando, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, Seattle/Tacoma, Tampa Seasonal: Albuquerque, Anchorage, Atlanta, Aruba, Austin, Baltimore, Billings, Belize City, Boise, Bozeman, Branson, Buffalo, Burlington (VT), Charleston (SC), Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Columbus–Glenn, Cozumel, Detroit, Duluth, Fort Lauderdale, Glacier Park/Kalispell, Grand Cayman, Grand Rapids, Gulfport/Biloxi, Harlingen, Hartford, Houston–Hobby, Indianapolis, Ixtapa/Zihuatanejo, Jackson Hole, Jacksonville (FL), Kansas City, Liberia (CR), Louisville, Manchester (NH),[49] Mazatlán, Melbourne/Orlando, Miami, Milwaukee, Missoula, Montego Bay, Monterey,[49] Montréal–Trudeau, Myrtle Beach, New Orleans, New York–JFK, Oakland, Omaha, Palm Springs, Philadelphia, Phoenix/Mesa, Pittsburgh, Portland (ME), Providence, Providenciales, Puerto Vallarta, Punta Cana, Punta Gorda (FL), Raleigh/Durham, Rapid City, Reno/Tahoe, Richmond, Roatán, San Antonio, San José del Cabo, Sarasota, Savannah, St. Louis, St. Maarten, St. Petersburg/Clearwater, St. Thomas, Spokane, Syracuse, Toronto–Pearson, Traverse City, Tucson, Vancouver, Washington–Dulles, West Palm Beach, Wilmington (NC) [50] United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, San Francisco [51] United Express Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, San Francisco, Washington–Dulles [51] WestJet Calgary (begins April 27, 2025),[52] Edmonton, Saskatoon [53] WestJet Encore Regina [54] </Wikitable> Cargo <Wikitable> Airlines Destinations Refs. Amazon Air Cincinnati, Fort Worth/Alliance, Lakeland, San Bernardino, Wilmington (OH) [citation needed] Bemidji Airlines Alexandria, Bemidji, Brainerd, Duluth, Eveleth, International Falls, Grand Rapids (MN), La Crosse, Rice Lake, Thief River Falls [citation needed] DHL Aviation Cincinnati, Detroit, Omaha, Thief River Falls, Winnipeg [citation needed] FedEx Express Appleton, Chicago–O'Hare, Fargo, Fort Worth/Alliance, Greensboro, Indianapolis, Memphis, Milwaukee Seasonal: Columbus–Rickenbacker, Los Angeles, Newark, Oakland, Rochester (MN), St. Louis [citation needed] FedEx Feeder Bemidji, Duluth, Memphis, Thief River Falls [citation needed] UPS Airlines Alexandria, Bemidji, Brainerd, Chicago/Rockford, Detroit Lakes, Duluth, Fargo, Fergus Falls, Grand Rapids, International Falls, La Crosse, Louisville, Marshall, Philadelphia, Portland (OR), Rice Lake, Thief River Falls, Wadena, Winnipeg, Winona Seasonal: Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Milwaukee, Ontario, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Sioux Falls [citation needed] </Wikitable> Statistics Top domestic destinations <Wikitable> Rank Airport Passengers Carriers 1 Denver, Colorado 937000 Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Sun Country, United 2 Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Arizona 635000 American, Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit, Sun Country 3 Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois 623000 American, Delta, Sun Country, United 4 Atlanta, Georgia 600000 Delta, Spirit, Sun Country 5 Las Vegas, Nevada 589000 Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit, Sun Country 6 Orlando, Florida 547000 Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit, Sun Country 7 Los Angeles, California 501000 Delta, Spirit, Sun Country 8 Seattle/Tacoma, Washington 483000 Alaska, Delta, Sun Country 9 Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas 454000 American, Delta, Sun Country 10 Boston, Massachusetts 377000 Delta, JetBlue, Sun Country </Wikitable> Top international destinations <Wikitable> Rank Airport Passengers Carriers 1 Amsterdam, Netherlands 510223 Delta, KLM 2 Cancún, Mexico 382311 Delta, Frontier, Sun Country 3 Paris, France 270009 Delta 4 Toronto, Canada 205219 Air Canada, Delta 5 Seoul, South Korea 182081 Delta 6 Winnipeg, Canada 154933 Delta 7 Calgary, Canada 142009 Delta 8 Vancouver, Canada 138151 Delta, Sun Country 9 London Heathrow, United Kingdom 124472 Delta 10 Reykjavík, Iceland 104821 Delta, Icelandair </Wikitable> Airline market share <Wikitable> Rank Airline Passengers Market Share 1 Delta Air Lines 18508000 57.95% 2 SkyWest Airlines (operates for Alaska Airlines, Delta Connection and United Express) 2703000 8.57% 3 Sun Country Airlines 1794000 5.63% 4 Southwest Airlines 1777000 5.56% 5 United Airlines 1359000 4.26% 6 American Airlines 1185000 3.71% 7 All other airlines 4613000 14.50% </Wikitable> Annual traffic <Wikitable> Year Passengers Year.1 Passengers.1 Year.2 Passengers.2 2001 33733725 2011 33118499 2021 25202120.0 2002 32629690 2012 33170960 2022 31241822.0 2003 33201860 2013 33897335 2023 34770800.0 2004 36713173 2014 35152460 2024 NaN 2005 37663664 2015 36582854 2025 NaN 2006 35612133 2016 37517957 2026 NaN 2007 35157322 2017 38034431 2027 NaN 2008 34056443 2018 38037381 2028 NaN 2009 32378599 2019 39555036 2029 NaN 2010 32839441 2020 14851289 2030 NaN </Wikitable> Accidents and incidents On March 7, 1950, [Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 307](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_307), a [Martin 2-0-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_2-0-2) diverted from [Rochester International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_International_Airport) crashed 5 km northwest of MSP after first hitting a 70 foot high flagpole with its left wing on final approach, 8/10 of a mile from the touchdown point, in blinding snow. The left wing eventually detached and the aircraft dived and crashed into a house. All 13 passengers and crew and two children in the house were killed. A loss of visual reference to the ground on approach was the probable cause. On May 10, 2005, Northwest Flight 1495, a [McDonnell Douglas DC-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9), suffered a valve fracture and lost hydraulic pressure in its right engine shortly after takeoff from [John Glenn Columbus International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn_Columbus_International_Airport) en route to MSP. The aircraft performed a successful emergency landing at MSP, but began experiencing steering problems and a loss of the brakes while taxing to the gate, resulting in it colliding with the wing of an Airbus A319-114 at approximately 16 mph. Eight injuries were reported among the crew and passengers of both planes and the ground crew.

2024-09-18 16:31:01

Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton

<Infotable> Charles Carroll Charles Carroll painted by Michael Laty United States SenatorfromMaryland In officeMarch 4, 1789 – November 30, 1792 Preceded by: Office created Succeeded by: Richard Potts Delegate to theSecond Continental Congressfrom Maryland In office1776–1778 Member of theMaryland Senate In office1781–1800 Personal details Born: (1737-09-19)September 19, 1737Annapolis,Maryland,British America Died: November 14, 1832(1832-11-14)(aged 95)Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. Nationality: Kingdom of Great Britain(1737–1776)United States (1776–1832) Political party: Federalist[1] Spouse: Mary Darnall Relations: Charles Carroll of Annapolis(father)Charles Carroll the Settler(grandfather)Charles Carroll(cousin)Daniel Carroll(cousin)John Carroll(cousin) Alma mater: College of St. OmerLycée Louis-le-Grand Signature: </Infotable> Charles Carroll (September 19, 1737 – November 14, 1832), known as Charles Carroll of Carrollton or Charles Carroll III, was an American politician, planter, and [signatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) of the [Declaration of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence). He was the only [Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic) signatory of the Declaration and the longest surviving, dying 56 years after its signing. Considered one of the [Founding Fathers of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States), Carroll was known contemporaneously as the "First Citizen" of the American Colonies, a consequence of signing articles in the Maryland Gazette with that pen name. He served as a delegate to the [Continental Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress) and [Confederation Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation). Carroll later served as the first [United States Senator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate) for [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland). Of all of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, Carroll was one of the wealthiest and most formally educated. A product of his 17-year [Jesuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus) education in France, Carroll spoke five languages fluently. Born in [Annapolis, Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland), Carroll inherited vast agricultural estates and was regarded as the wealthiest man in the American colonies when the [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution) commenced in 1775. His personal fortune at this time was reputed to be 2,100,000 pounds sterling, the equivalent to £338,402,985 in 2023 (US$375 million). In addition, Carroll presided over his manor in Maryland, a 10,000-acre estate, and claimed as his property approximately 300 slaves. Though barred from holding office in Maryland because of his religion, Carroll emerged as a leader of the state's movement for independence. He was a delegate to the [Annapolis Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1774%E2%80%931776)) and was selected as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776. He was part of an unsuccessful diplomatic mission, which also included [Benjamin Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin) and [Samuel Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Chase), that Congress sent to [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)) in hopes of winning the support of [French Canadians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadians). Carroll served in the [Maryland Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Senate) from 1781 to 1800. He was elected as one of Maryland's inaugural representatives in the United States Senate but resigned his seat in 1792 after Maryland passed a law barring individuals from simultaneously serving in both state and federal office. After retiring from public service, he helped establish the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad). Ancestry The [Carroll family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Carroll) were descendants of the Ó Cearbhaill's, who were the rulers of the Irish [petty kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_kingdom) of [Éile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ile) in [King's County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly), [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland). Carroll's grandfather was [Charles Carroll the Settler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Carroll_the_Settler), an Irishman from [Aghagurty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghagurty) who moved to [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London) in 1685 and worked as a clerk for English nobleman [Lord Powis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Marquess_of_Powis) before emigrating to [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland) in October 1688. After arriving in Maryland, he settled in the colonial capital of [St. Mary's City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland) with a commission as an [attorney general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_general) from the colony's [proprietor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_colony), [Lord Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore). Carroll's maternal ancestry was English, as his mother hailed from the Brooke family. Carroll's father was [Charles Carroll of Annapolis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Annapolis), who was born in [Annapolis, Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland), in 1702. Though he inherited the [plantation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States) of [Doughoregan Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughoregan_Manor) from his father, as a Roman Catholic he was forbidden from participating in the political affairs of the colony. Early life Carroll was born on September 19, 1737, in Annapolis, Maryland, the only child of Charles Carroll of Annapolis and his wife Elizabeth Brooke. He was born an illegitimate child, as his parents were not married at the time of his birth, for technical reasons to do with the inheritance of the Carroll family estates. They eventually married in 1757. The young Carroll was educated at a [Jesuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus) preparatory school known as Bohemia Manor in [Cecil County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_County,_Maryland) on Maryland's [Eastern Shore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland). At age 11, he was sent to France, where he continued in Jesuit schools, first at the [College of St. Omer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_St_Omer,_Bruges_and_Li%C3%A8ge) in Northern France and later the [Lycée Louis-le-Grand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand) in Paris, graduating in 1755. He continued his studies in Europe and [read law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_law) in London before returning to Annapolis in 1765. Charles Carroll of Annapolis granted [Carrollton Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton_Manor) to his son, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. It is from this tract of land that he took his title "Charles Carroll of Carrollton." Like his father, Carroll was a Catholic and as a consequence was barred by Maryland statute from entering politics, practicing law and voting. This did not prevent him from becoming one of the wealthiest men in Maryland (or indeed anywhere in the Colonies), owning extensive agricultural estates, most notably the large manor at [Doughoregan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughoregan_Manor), [Hockley Forge and Mill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley_Forge_and_Mill), and providing capital to finance new enterprises on the Western Shore. American Revolution Voice for independence Carroll was not initially interested in politics, and in any event Catholics had been barred from holding office in Maryland since the 1704 act seeking "to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province". But as the dispute between [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain) and her [American colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies) intensified in the early 1770s, Carroll became a powerful voice for independence. In 1772, he engaged in a debate, conducted through anonymous newspaper letters, maintaining the right of the colonies to control their own taxation. Writing in the [Maryland Gazette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Gazette) under the pseudonym "First Citizen," he became a prominent spokesman against the governor's proclamation increasing legal fees to state officers and Protestant clergy. Opposing Carroll in these written debates and writing as "Antillon" was [Daniel Dulany the Younger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dulany_the_Younger), a noted lawyer and [loyalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)) politician. In these debates, Carroll argued that the government of Maryland had long been the monopoly of four families, the Ogles, the Taskers, the Bladens and the Dulanys, with Dulany taking the contrary view. Eventually word spread of the true identity of the two combatants, and Carroll's fame and notoriety began to grow. Dulany soon resorted to highly personal ad hominem attacks on "First Citizen", and Carroll responded, in statesmanlike fashion, with considerable restraint, arguing that when "Antillon" engaged in "virulent invective and illiberal abuse, we may fairly presume, that arguments are either wanting, or that ignorance or incapacity know not how to apply them". Following these written debates, Carroll became a leading opponent of British rule and served on various committees of correspondence. In the early 1770s, Carroll appears to have embraced the idea that only violence could break the impasse with Great Britain. According to legend, Carroll and [Samuel Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Chase) (who would also later sign the Declaration of Independence on Maryland's behalf) had the following exchange: Continental Congress Beginning with his election to Maryland's [committee of correspondence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence) in 1774, Carroll represented the colony in most of the pre-revolutionary groups. He became a member of Annapolis' first [committee of safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)) in 1775. Carroll was a delegate to the [Annapolis Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1774%E2%80%931776)), which functioned as Maryland's revolutionary government before the Declaration of Independence. In early 1776, the Congress sent him on a four-man diplomatic mission to the [Province of Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)), in order to seek assistance from [French Canadians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadians) in the coming confrontation with Great Britain. Carroll was an excellent choice for such a mission, being fluent in French and a Catholic and therefore well suited to negotiations with the French-speaking Catholics of Quebec. He was joined in the commission by [Benjamin Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin), [Samuel Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Chase), and his cousin [John Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_(archbishop_of_Baltimore)). The commission did not accomplish its mission. Carroll was elected to the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and remained a delegate until 1778. He arrived too late to vote in favor of the [Declaration of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(United_States)) but was present to sign the official document that survives today. After both [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson) and [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams) died on July 4, 1826, Carroll became the last living signatory of the Declaration of Independence. His signature reads "Charles Carroll of Carrollton" to distinguish him from his father, "[Charles Carroll of Annapolis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Annapolis)," who was still living at that time, and several other [Charles Carrolls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Carroll_(disambiguation)) in Maryland, such as Charles Carroll, Barrister, and his son Charles Carroll Jr., also known as "Charles Carroll of Homewood." He is usually referred to this way by historians. At the time, he was the richest man in America and had much to lose by identifying himself on the document. Throughout his term in the [Second Continental Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress), he served on the board of war. Carroll also gave considerable financial support to the [American Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War). Post-revolution political career Carroll returned to Maryland in 1778 to assist in the formation of a state government. Carroll was re-elected to the Continental Congress in 1780, but he declined. He was elected to the [Maryland Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Senate) in 1781 and served there until 1800. In November 1779, The [Maryland House of Delegates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates) moved to pass a bill confiscating the property of those who had sided with the Crown during the Revolution. Carroll opposed this measure, questioning the motives of those who pressed for confiscation and arguing that the measure was unjust. However, such moves to confiscate [Tory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)) property had much popular support and eventually, in 1780, the measure passed. When the United States government was created, the Maryland legislature elected him to the first [United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate). In 1792, Maryland passed a law that prohibited any man from serving in the state and national legislatures at the same time. Since he preferred to be in the Maryland Senate, he resigned from the U.S. Senate on November 30, 1792. Attitude toward slavery The Carroll family were slaveholders and Carroll was reputedly the largest single slave owner at the time of the American Revolution. Carroll was opposed in principle to [slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States), asking rhetorically: "Why keep alive the question of slavery? It is admitted by all to be a great evil." However, although he supported its gradual abolition, he did not free his own slaves. Carroll introduced a bill for the gradual abolition of slavery in the Maryland Senate, but it did not pass. In 1828, aged 91, he served as president of the [Auxiliary State Colonization Society of Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_State_Colonization_Society), the Maryland branch of the [American Colonization Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society), an organization dedicated to returning [Black Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans) to lead free lives in African states such as [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia). Later life Carroll retired from public life in 1801. After Thomas Jefferson became president, he had great anxiety about political activity and was not sympathetic to the [War of 1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812). He was elected a member of the [American Antiquarian Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society) in 1815. Carroll came out of retirement to help create the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad) in 1827. In 1828, he commissioned the [Phoenix Shot Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Shot_Tower) in Baltimore and laid its cornerstone. The 234-foot tower, which is still standing, was the tallest structure in the United States until the [Washington Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument) was built. Carroll's last public act, on July 4, 1828, was the laying of the "first stone" (cornerstone) of the railroad at almost 91 years of age. "The Carrollton March", written in his honor to celebrate the occasion, is recognized as the first [train song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_train_songs). Carroll was admitted as an honorary member of The [Society of the Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati) in the state of Maryland in 1828. Unlike hereditary members, honorary members are not eligible to be represented by a living descendant. In May 1832, he was asked to appear at the first [Democratic Party Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention) but did not attend on account of poor health. Carroll died on November 14, 1832, at age 95, in [Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore); he is buried at his Doughoregan Manor estate. He holds the distinction of being the oldest-lived Founding Father. He had outlived four of the first five U.S. presidents. His funeral took place at the Baltimore Cathedral (now known as the [Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary)), and he is buried in his Doughoregan Manor Chapel at [Ellicott City, Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland).[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Legacy Carroll is remembered in the third stanza of the former state song [Maryland, My Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland). Named in his honor are counties in [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Arkansas), [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Georgia), [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Illinois), [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Indiana), [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Iowa), [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Maryland), [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Mississippi), [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Missouri), [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_New_Hampshire), [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Ohio), Carroll County, Kentucky, and [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Virginia) as well as two Louisiana parishes, [East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana) and [West Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana). Cities and towns named for him are in [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Georgia), [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Kentucky), [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll,_Iowa), [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Carrollton,_Maryland), [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Missouri), and [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll,_New_York), as well as neighborhoods in [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Gardens,_Brooklyn) and [Tampa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollwood_(CDP),_Florida). [Charles Carroll Middle School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County_Public_Schools) in New Carrollton, Maryland; Charles Carroll High School in the [Port Richmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Richmond,_Philadelphia) neighborhood of [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia); and [Carroll University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_University) in [Waukesha, Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waukesha,_Wisconsin), are named in his honor. In 1876, the Centennial Exhibition held to commemorate the birth of the United States was held in Philadelphia. The Catholic Abstinence Union of America commissioned the [Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Total_Abstinence_Union_Fountain) for the Centennial Exhibition. The fountain was commissioned and created by sculptor Herman Kim to promote American morality, and the centerpiece of the fountain is a statue of [Moses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses). There are four other statues that surround it, making up the points of the [Maltese cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_cross): Carroll, [Father Mathew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Mathew), Commodore [John Barry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)), and Archbishop [John Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_(archbishop_of_Baltimore)). The fountain is located in West Fairmount Park. In 1903, the state of Maryland added a [bronze statue Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_Carroll) to the [United States Capitol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol)'s [National Statuary Hall Collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection). Sculpted by [Richard E. Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Brooks), it is located in the Crypt. In 1906, the [University of Notre Dame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame) constructed a residence hall known as [Carroll Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Hall). Paca-Carroll House at [St. John's College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)) is named for Carroll and his fellow signer of the Declaration of Independence, [William Paca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paca). The [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) [Liberty Ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Ship) [SS Charles Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Charles_Carroll) was named in his honor. Carroll is depicted in the 2004 film [National Treasure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasure). Family Carroll married Mary Darnall (1749–1782), known as Molly, on June 5, 1768. She was a granddaughter of [Henry Darnall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darnall) (Carroll was a great-grandson of Darnall). They had seven children before Molly died in 1782, but only three survived infancy: Mary Carroll (1770–1846), who married [Richard Caton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Caton_(merchant)) (1763–1845), an [English immigrant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans) who became a [Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore) merchant. From 1820 to 1832, Carroll would winter with the Catons in Baltimore. Their daughters were: [Marianne Caton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Wellesley,_Marchioness_Wellesley) (1788–1853), who married Robert Patterson (brother of [Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Patterson_Bonaparte)). After his death, she married [Anglo-Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people) statesman [Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley) (1760–1842), then the [Lord Lieutenant of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland), who was the brother of the legendary military commander [Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington), who was believed to have been previously Marianne's [paramour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extramarital_sex). Elizabeth Caton (1790–1862), who married [George Stafford-Jerningham, 8th Baron Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stafford-Jerningham,_8th_Baron_Stafford). Louisa Caton (1793–1874), who married Col. [Sir Felton Bathurst-Hervey, 1st Baronet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felton_Hervey-Bathurst). After his death, she married [Francis D'Arcy-Osborne, Marquess of Carmarthen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_D%27Arcy-Osborne,_7th_Duke_of_Leeds) (later the [7th Duke of Leeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Leeds)). Emily Caton (1794/5-1867), who married [John McTavish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacTavish_(British_Consul)) (1788–1852), who served as British Consul to Baltimore. They were parents of four children including Mary Wellesley McTavish (1826–1915), The Hon. Mrs [Henry George Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Howard,_6th_Earl_of_Carlisle#Family) (of the [Earls of Carlisle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_of_Carlisle)). Charles Carroll Jr. (1775–1825) (sometimes known as Charles Carroll of [Homewood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homewood_Museum) because he oversaw its design and construction), married Harriet Chew (1775–1861) from Philadelphia. Harriet was the daughter of [Benjamin Chew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Chew), the chief justice of [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania), and her sister married [John Eager Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Howard), who had served in the Senate with Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Charles Jr. reportedly consumed up to two quarts of brandy a day. This led to erratic behavior that resulted in his separation from Harriet. Catherine ("Kitty") Carroll (1778–1861), who married [Robert Goodloe Harper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper) (1765–1826), a lawyer and U.S. senator. [Marianne Caton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Wellesley,_Marchioness_Wellesley) (1788–1853), who married Robert Patterson (brother of [Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Patterson_Bonaparte)). After his death, she married [Anglo-Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people) statesman [Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley) (1760–1842), then the [Lord Lieutenant of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland), who was the brother of the legendary military commander [Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington), who was believed to have been previously Marianne's [paramour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extramarital_sex). Elizabeth Caton (1790–1862), who married [George Stafford-Jerningham, 8th Baron Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stafford-Jerningham,_8th_Baron_Stafford). Louisa Caton (1793–1874), who married Col. [Sir Felton Bathurst-Hervey, 1st Baronet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felton_Hervey-Bathurst). After his death, she married [Francis D'Arcy-Osborne, Marquess of Carmarthen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_D%27Arcy-Osborne,_7th_Duke_of_Leeds) (later the [7th Duke of Leeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Leeds)). Emily Caton (1794/5-1867), who married [John McTavish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacTavish_(British_Consul)) (1788–1852), who served as British Consul to Baltimore. They were parents of four children including Mary Wellesley McTavish (1826–1915), The Hon. Mrs [Henry George Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Howard,_6th_Earl_of_Carlisle#Family) (of the [Earls of Carlisle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_of_Carlisle)). Today, Carroll's descendants continue to own Doughoregan Manor, the largest parcel of land in Howard County, Maryland, with over 1,000 acres (4 km2) of valuable but historically preserved land in Ellicott City, Maryland. [Anne Marie Becraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_Becraft)'s grandmother, a free Black woman, worked as a housekeeper for Carroll. Carroll presented Anne Marie's father with several of the Carroll family's prized relics, paintings, and other keepsakes just before Carroll's death in 1832. Carroll's signature In the 1940s, newspaper journalist John Hix's syndicated comic [Strange as It Seems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_as_It_Seems) published an apocryphal explanation for Charles Carroll's distinctive signature on the Declaration of Independence. Every member of the Continental Congress who signed this document automatically became a criminal, guilty of sedition against King [George III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III). Carroll, because of his wealth, had more to lose than most of his companions. Some of the signators, such as [Caesar Rodney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Rodney) and [Button Gwinnett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_Gwinnett), had unusual and distinctive names which would clearly identify them to the King; other signators, with more commonplace names, might hope to sign the Declaration without incriminating themselves. According to Hix, when it was Carroll's turn to sign the Declaration of Independence, he rose, went to [John Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock)'s desk where the document rested, signed his name "Charles Carroll" and returned to his seat. At this point another member of the Continental Congress, who was prejudiced against Carroll because of his Catholicism, commented that Carroll risked nothing in signing the document, as there must be many men named Charles Carroll in the colonies, and so the King would be unlikely to order Carroll's arrest without clear proof that he was the same Charles Carroll who had signed the Declaration. Carroll immediately returned to Hancock's desk, seized the pen again, and added "of Carrollton" to his name. In fact, Carroll had been appending "of Carrollton" to his signature for over a decade, the earliest surviving example appearing at the end of a September 15, 1765, letter to his English friend William Gibson. Carrollton Manor was the name of a tract of more than twelve thousand acres in Frederick County, Maryland, which the Carroll family leased to tenant farmers.

2024-09-18 17:07:28

Rob_Zombie

<Infotable> Rob Zombie Zombie performing in 2010 Born: Robert Bartleh Cummings(1965-01-12)January 12, 1965(age 59)Haverhill, Massachusetts, U.S. Other names: Rob Straker Occupations: Singersongwriterrecord producerfilmmakeractor Years active: 1985–present Spouse: Sheri Moon​(m.2002)​ Relatives: Spider One(brother) Musical career Genres: Industrial metalshock rockgroove metalalternative metalhard rocknu metal[1] Instruments: Vocals Discography: Rob Zombie discography Labels: RoadrunnerLoud & ProudGeffenZodiac SwanNuclear Blast Member of: L.A. Rats Formerly of: White Zombie Website: robzombie.com Musical artist </Infotable> Singer songwriter record producer filmmaker actor [Industrial metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal) [shock rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_rock) [groove metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_metal) [alternative metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_metal) [hard rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock) [nu metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_metal) [Roadrunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_Records) Loud & Proud [Geffen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records) Zodiac Swan [Nuclear Blast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast_Records) Rob Zombie (born Robert Bartleh Cummings; January 12, 1965) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, filmmaker, and actor. His music and lyrics are notable for their horror and sci-fi themes, and his live shows have been praised for their elaborate [shock rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_rock) theatricality. He has sold an estimated 15 million albums worldwide. He rose to fame as a founding member and the frontman of [heavy metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music) band [White Zombie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)), with whom he released four albums. His first solo effort, the 1996 song "[Hands of Death (Burn Baby Burn)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_of_Death_(Burn_Baby_Burn))" (with [Alice Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper)) was nominated for a [Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Metal_Performance). His debut solo studio album, [Hellbilly Deluxe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbilly_Deluxe), was released in 1998; White Zombie disbanded a month later. Hellbilly Deluxe sold over 3 million copies worldwide and spawned three singles. His second studio album, [The Sinister Urge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sinister_Urge_(album)), was released in 2001 and became his second platinum album in the U.S. His third studio album, [Educated Horses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educated_Horses), was released in 2006 and marked a departure from his earlier style. It became his third album to enter the top 10 of the [Billboard 200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200), but saw a decrease in sales compared to his previous releases. His fourth studio album, [Hellbilly Deluxe 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbilly_Deluxe_2), released in 2010 and peaked at no. 8 in the U.S. A remix album, [Mondo Sex Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Sex_Head), released in 2012 and was followed by his fifth album [Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomous_Rat_Regeneration_Vendor) in 2013. In 2016, Zombie released his sixth album, [The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electric_Warlock_Acid_Witch_Satanic_Orgy_Celebration_Dispenser), and his seventh studio album, [The Lunar Injection Kool Aid Eclipse Conspiracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lunar_Injection_Kool_Aid_Eclipse_Conspiracy), was released in 2021. Zombie directed the horror film [House of 1000 Corpses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_1000_Corpses) in 2000, though the controversial project was not released until 2003, and has since been described as a cult classic. Zombie followed the film with two sequels in his Firefly trilogy: [The Devil's Rejects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Rejects) (2005) and [3 from Hell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_from_Hell) (2019). After the success of his first two films he directed [Halloween](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_(2007_film)) (2007), a remake of the classic [1978 horror film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_(1978_film)). The film became his highest-grossing to date, though was generally received negatively by critics. He later directed [Halloween II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_II_(2009_film)) (2009), which failed to match the commercial success of its predecessor. Zombie has also directed the films [The Haunted World of El Superbeasto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_World_of_El_Superbeasto) (2009), [The Lords of Salem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lords_of_Salem_(film)) (2012), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_(film)) (2016), and [The Munsters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters_(2022_film)) (2022). Early life Zombie was born Robert Bartleh Cummings in [Haverhill, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts), on January 12, 1965, the oldest son of Louise and Robert Cummings. His younger brother, Michael, uses the stage name [Spider One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_One) and is the lead singer of [Powerman 5000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerman_5000). Growing up, he had a fascination with [horror films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film) and "always wanted to be [Alice Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper), [Steven Spielberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg), [Bela Lugosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Lugosi), and [Stan Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee)". He has said of his childhood, "I didn't aspire to be anything. I was just a dopey kid. Basically everyone seemed amazing to me as a kid. I grew up in some nowhere town... anybody that even seemed remotely famous just seemed like they were on another planet." Zombie's parents worked at a carnival. In 1977, when he was 12, his parents chose to leave after a riot broke out at the carnival and tents were set on fire. He said of the experience, "Everybody's pulling out guns, and you could hear guns going off. I remember this one guy we knew, he was telling us where to go, and some guy just ran up to him and hit him in the face with a hammer—just busted his face wide open. My parents packed up real quick, and we took off." He later elaborated, "I think someone just got ripped off for a lot of money on the gambling tents and they came back later and set the tents on fire [and] it turned into this big riot. [...] It was super violent and crazy and I think that was when my parents were like, 'You know what? We might be able to find something better to be doing here.' Because me and my brother are in the middle of this. Things are on fire, people beating the crap out of each other." Cummings graduated from [Haverhill High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverhill_High_School) in 1983. He moved to [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) and began attending [Parsons School of Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design), where he met eventual bandmate and girlfriend [Sean Yseult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Yseult). Before the success of White Zombie, he worked as a production assistant for the children's show [Pee-wee's Playhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pee-wee%27s_Playhouse). He took the stage name "Rob Zombie" from Bela Lugosi's 1932 horror film White Zombie, from which he also took White Zombie's band name. The name first shows up on White Zombie's 1989 EP [God of Thunder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_Thunder_(EP)). He had previously used the name "Rob Straker" on the White Zombie LPs [Soul-Crusher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul-Crusher) and [Make Them Die Slowly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Them_Die_Slowly_(album)). In 1996, he made "Rob Zombie" his legal name. Career 1985–1998: White Zombie Cummings and Yseult co-founded the band that would become known as [White Zombie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)). They broke up after seven years of dating, but continued to work in the band together. The band released three [extended plays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play) to little success, with their debut studio album [Soul-Crusher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul-Crusher) following in 1987 through the band's own record label, Silent Explosion. They released their second studio album [Make Them Die Slowly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Them_Die_Slowly_(album)) in 1989 to little commercial reaction. Yseult and Zombie ended their relationship in 1991 and Zombie began dating [Sheri Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheri_Moon_Zombie) shortly afterwards. The band caught the attention of [Geffen Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records) following the release of their fourth extended play; their third studio album, [La Sexorcisto: Devil Music Volume One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sexorcisto:_Devil_Music_Volume_One), was released through the label in 1992. Although the album did not enter the [Billboard 200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200) chart until about a year after its release, it became the band's breakout hit, going on to sell over two million copies in the United States. Two singles, "[Thunder Kiss '65](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Kiss_%2765)" and "[Black Sunshine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sunshine)", were released to promote La Sexorcisto. White Zombie's fourth and final studio album, [Astro-Creep: 2000 – Songs of Love, Destruction and Other Synthetic Delusions of the Electric Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro-Creep:_2000_%E2%80%93_Songs_of_Love,_Destruction_and_Other_Synthetic_Delusions_of_the_Electric_Head) (1995), became their first and only to enter the top ten of the Billboard 200; it went on to sell over two million copies in the United States. Cummings directed the music video for the album's single "[More Human than Human](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Human_than_Human)" (1995) and would go on to direct all subsequent videos for the band. In 1996, Cummings legally changed his name to Rob Zombie. White Zombie released a [remix album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersexy_Swingin%27_Sounds) that year, marking their final release before their eventual disbandment. Zombie collaborated with [Alice Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper) on the song "[Hands of Death (Burn Baby Burn)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_of_Death_(Burn_Baby_Burn))" (1996) for [Songs in the Key of X: Music from and Inspired by the X-Files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_X:_Music_from_and_Inspired_by_the_X-Files). The song was nominated in the category of [Best Metal Performance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Metal_Performance) at the [39th Annual Grammy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Annual_Grammy_Awards), though lost to [Rage Against the Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine). White Zombie officially broke up in September 1998, with Zombie stating, "Sometimes a band just breaks up because the band has run its course and the best days are behind them. White Zombie went through a lot together and did tons of great stuff, but it was time to stop. The good times were over and we were all moving in different directions." A box-set for the group was released in 2008 featuring all of their released material. Since the break up of White Zombie, Zombie has shown no interest in reforming the band and has been quoted as saying, "I have many legit reasons [for not wanting to reform White Zombie]. Just because you don't know them does not mean they don't exist. Everything is not everybody's business." In a 2011 interview, Zombie stated that he had not spoken to any members of the band "except [John Tempesta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tempesta) in about 15 years." 1998–2001: Solo debut and commercial success Work on Zombie's debut solo album first began in 1997, before the band had officially broken up. For the album, Zombie worked with numerous artists, including [Charlie Clouser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Clouser) of [Nine Inch Nails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails) fame and former [White Zombie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)) bandmate [John Tempesta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tempesta). Zombie's solo debut album, [Hellbilly Deluxe: 13 Tales of Cadaverous Cavorting Inside the Spookshow International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbilly_Deluxe), was released on August 25, 1998. The album was a commercial success, debuting at number five on the [Billboard 200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200) with first week sales of 121,000 copies. The album's first week sales topped that of his prior albums with White Zombie. Hellbilly Deluxe went on to become Zombie's highest selling album to date, with sales exceeding three million copies in the United States. The album was influenced by [classic horror films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_horror), with numerous songs on the album containing samples and quotes from some of Zombie's favorite [horror films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film). The album spawned three singles, all of which charted on the [Billboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) [Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Mainstream_Rock_Tracks) chart. Numerous songs from the album were used in films and video games, mainly in the horror genre. The success of the album led to the release of Zombie's first remix album, [American Made Music to Strip By](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Made_Music_to_Strip_By) (1999). The album entered the top forty of the Billboard 200 in its debut week. Zombie formed his own record label, [Zombie-A-Go-Go Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie-A-Go-Go_Records), in 1998. The label released the final album from American instrumental band [The Bomboras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bomboras), as well as the debut album from the [Ghastly Ones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghastly_Ones). Both albums were released on June 2, 1998, though received little critical or commercial success. The label next released the compilation album Halloween Hootenanny (1998), featuring appearances from artists such as [Reverend Horton Heat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend_Horton_Heat) and [Rocket From the Crypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_From_the_Crypt). Zombie himself contributed the song "Halloween (She Get So Mean)" to the soundtrack, which had previously appeared on promotional releases of "[Dragula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragula_(song))" (1998). Zombie released the album Rob Zombie Presents The Words & The Music Of Frankenstein on October 12, 1999, through Zombie-A-Go-Go Records. The album, considered a soundtrack, features the original score and some dialogue from the original [Frankenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)) (1931). Zombie was set to make his directorial debut with the film The Crow: 2037, and even wrote the film's script. The film was set to take place in the future, though it was never released. It was decided that the film was not suited for the franchise, but would instead serve as a standalone project. He composed the original score for the video game [Twisted Metal III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Metal_III), released in 1998. Zombie designed a haunted attraction for [Universal Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios) in 1999, which was later deemed instrumental in reviving the Halloween Horror Nights annual attraction. It was during this time that Zombie began working with the studio on his directorial debut, a film titled [House of 1000 Corpses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_1000_Corpses). The project began filming in May 2000 with a scheduled release date of the following year, though the studio ultimately cancelled its release due to the violent themes present throughout the film. Zombie's song "Superbeast", taken from Hellbilly Deluxe, received a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the [42nd Annual Grammy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards). Zombie contributed the song "[Scum of the Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scum_of_the_Earth_(song))" (2000) to the [Mission: Impossible 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_2) soundtrack. Zombie's second studio album, [The Sinister Urge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sinister_Urge_(album)), was released on November 13, 2001. The album expands on the horror and shock rock elements seen in his debut album, and features collaborations with artists such as [Ozzy Osbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne). The album became his second to enter the top ten in the United States, with its first week sales topping that of his previous album. The album went on to sell over one million copies in the United States, his second to accomplish this feat. The album was preceded by the single "[Feel So Numb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel_So_Numb)", with a second single being released the following year. Despite the album's success, it was noted as a decline in sales when compared to his first studio album. The Sinister Urge and its subsequent singles were met with a positive critical reception, with [AllMusic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic) writing "It is the slow burn of [the album's] last track that shows the most promise; after years of making good heavy metal, he finally expands the boundaries of his own sound. Few metal musicians kept their sound fresh for as long as Zombie, and this album is no exception." The Sinister Urge was voted as the fans' favorite album on Zombie's official website. The album is the final project to feature guitarist [Mike Riggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Riggs) and drummer [John Tempesta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tempesta), who had been with Zombie since the start of his solo career. 2002–2006: Marriage, directorial debut, and continued musical success Following years of struggling to find a distributor and various re-shoots, Zombie confirmed that his film House of 1000 Corpses would finally be released through [Lions Gate Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Gate_Entertainment). The film was released theatrically on April 11, 2003. The film received a generally negative reception from critics, though it grossed over $16 million worldwide. The film was criticized for being too "grotesque" and "violent", but has since garnered a [cult following](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_following). Despite vastly negative reviews, the film garnered a warmer reception in later years, and is frequently listed as one of the "best horror films ever made". Zombie worked with [Scott Humphrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Humphrey) on the majority of the film's soundtrack, which was released on March 25, 2003. The release features original songs from Zombie such as "Pussy Liquor" and "Little Piggy", as well as Zombie's own rendition of the [Commodores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodores) hit single "[Brick House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_House_(song))" (1977), re-titled "Brick House 2003". The soundtrack peaked at number fifty-three on the [Billboard 200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200), and number four on the [Top Soundtracks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Soundtracks) chart. Zombie released his first compilation album, titled [Past, Present & Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past,_Present_%26_Future_(Rob_Zombie_album)), on September 23, 2003. The release featured a collection of songs taken from Zombie's solo albums as well as his releases with White Zombie; new material is also present on the album. The album debuted at number eleven on the Billboard 200, and would go on to become Zombie's third release to sell over one million copies in the country. Zombie guest starred on episodes of both [Spider-Man: The New Animated Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man:_The_New_Animated_Series) and [Justice League Unlimited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited) that year, in a voice only role for both. In November 2003, Zombie launched his Spookshow International comic book series. His second series, The Nail, spawned four issues between June and October 2004, while his Bigfoot series lasted from February to May 2005, featuring four issues. Zombie's second film, [The Devil's Rejects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Rejects), serves as a direct sequel to House of 1000 Corpses, and was released on July 22, 2005. The film featured a more "violent [Western film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_film)" theme as opposed to the horror aspects of its predecessor. The film received a much more positive reception than its predecessor, though was still criticized for its violence and material. The film has been described as "one giant loogie that comes straight from the heart", filled with moments of nihilism and cunning wit. Much like the first film, The Devil's Rejects went on to gain a cult following after its release. The film has a 53 out of 100 rating on [Metacritic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic), meaning mixed to positive reviews. Zombie released a number of The Devil's Rejects comics throughout 2005 to coincide with the film. Zombie began working on his third studio album in 2005, whilst finishing work on The Devil's Rejects; the album was influenced by [glam rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock) artists like [Slade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade), [T. Rex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rex_(band)), and [Gary Glitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Glitter). The release was described as "experimental" by Zombie, who claimed the project featured numerous acoustic-led songs. The album, [Educated Horses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educated_Horses), was released on March 28, 2006. It sold 107,000 copies in its first week, becoming Zombie's third album to enter the top ten on the Billboard 200. The album received mixed critical reviews, with [Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone) writing "A handful of cuts are too long on sludgy instrumental grooves, but whether Zombie is out-Trent Reznoring [Trent Reznor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Reznor) on the [sitar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar)-laden grindfest '17 Year Locust' or spitting fire amid the apocalyptic blues riffs of 'The Devil's Rejects', he sounds like a gifted schlockmeister that [Strokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strokes) fans can enjoy. Or at least tolerate." The song "[The Lords of Salem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lords_of_Salem_(song))" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the [51st Annual Grammy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Annual_Grammy_Awards). Educated Horses saw a further decline in sales for Zombie, selling just over 500,000 copies in the United States. The album became his first studio album as a solo artist to not receive a certification from the [Recording Industry Association of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) (RIAA). It served as Zombie's final studio album to be released through Geffen Records. Zombie had a cameo appearance in a voice only role for the film [Slither](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slither_(2006_film)) (2006). Zombie released his first official [greatest hits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits) album, The Best of Rob Zombie, on October 10, 2006. The album was re-released only months later under the title The Best of Rob Zombie: 20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection. The project debuted at number 166 on the Billboard 200, and went on to receive a gold certification from the RIAA. The album featured no new material, and was released with little promotion on Zombie's behalf. It remains his final album to receive an RIAA certification to date. 2007–2009: Focus on film work Zombie opted to focus on his career as a director in 2007, following the release of his third studio album a year prior. It was confirmed in 2006 that Zombie had signed on to write and direct a remake of the horror classic [Halloween](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_(1978_film)) (1978). Zombie later referred to the film as a "re-imagining" of the original [John Carpenter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter) film. Zombie's [version of the film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_(2007_film)) was officially released on August 31, 2007. Thanks to its opening weekend of $30.5 million, the film broke the box-office record for the Labor Day weekend, surpassing the record set in 2005 by [Transporter 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_2) with $20.1 million. It currently resided as the top Labor Day weekend grosser for fourteen years until [Marvel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment)'s [Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-Chi_and_the_Legend_of_the_Ten_Rings) in 2021. The film went on to become Zombie's highest grossing release to date. Despite these achievements, the film was generally panned by critics upon its release. Based on 109 reviews collected by [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes), Halloween received an average 25% overall approval rating based on 110 reviews, with the consensus "Rob Zombie doesn't bring many new ideas to the table in Halloween, making it another bloody disappointment for fans of the franchise." Zombie directed a fictitious trailer for a film Werewolf Women of the SS, which was featured in the film [Grindhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse_(film)) (2007). That same year, Zombie released his first live album, [Zombie Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_Live). Zombie announced work on a new film, Tyrannosaurus Rex, which was slated for release in 2009; the film was ultimately scrapped. Despite previous comments made by Zombie that he would not do a sequel to Halloween, it was later announced he would both write and direct the series' next film, tentatively titled H2. H2 was ultimately the reason for the postponement and eventual cancellation of Tyrannosaurus Rex. [Halloween II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_II_(2009_film)) was released on August 28, 2009. The film received a worse critical reception than Zombie's original remake and failed to achieve the commercial success of the remake, but was a box office success nevertheless. Unlike the original [Halloween II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_II_(1981_film)) (1981), Zombie's version of the film focused on the prior film's survivor and the effects that the film's events had on her mentality. Following the completion of the film, Zombie confirmed he would not make another sequel. [Variety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) Magazine announced the weekend before the release of [Halloween II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_II_(2009_film)) that Zombie would be directing a remake of the 1950s film [The Blob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blob). Zombie later chose to back out of the film as he "didn't want to do another remake". The day that Halloween II was released, Zombie and [Jesse Dayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Dayton) released the album Rob Zombie Presents Captain Clegg and the Night Creatures, based on the band featured in the film's party scene. The album was released through Zombie's own Zombie-A-Go-Go Records, the first album released through the label in almost ten years. There were initial reports of a film centering around Captain Clegg, though the project never materialized. Dayton later toured in character as the band as the opening act for Zombie throughout 2009 and 2010. The release of Rob Zombie Presents Captain Clegg and the Night Creatures marks the final release from Zombie-A-Go-Go Records, before Zombie formed his new Zodiac Swan label in 2013. Zombie was the executive producer of the animated film [The Haunted World of El Superbeasto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_World_of_El_Superbeasto), based upon his comic book series The Adventures of El Superbeasto. The series previously appeared in his Spookshow International comic book. The film was released in limited showings at selected theaters on September 12, 2009, and to DVD & Blu-Ray on September 22, 2009. It features the voices of [Tom Papa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Papa), [Paul Giamatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Giamatti), Zombie's wife [Sheri Moon Zombie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheri_Moon_Zombie), and [Rosario Dawson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Dawson). The film received a generally mixed reaction upon its release. 2010–2015: New label and return to music It was announced in 2009 that Zombie had begun working on his fourth studio album, the follow-up to his 2006 album [Educated Horses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educated_Horses). The album was originally scheduled to be released on November 17, 2009, but was delayed following Zombie's departure from longtime label Geffen Records on October 29, 2009, after which he penned a new deal with [Roadrunner Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_Records). Zombie later claimed that Geffen had "morphed into a different label" and that being signed didn't "work for [him] anymore." The album was confirmed to be titled [Hellbilly Deluxe 2: Noble Jackals, Penny Dreadfuls and the Systematic Dehumanization of Cool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbilly_Deluxe_2), with Zombie describing it as a sequel to his 1998 debut as they sounded similar in both "vibe" and "attitude". Hellbilly Deluxe 2 was released on February 2, 2010. The album sold 49,000 copies in its first week of release, becoming his fourth top ten album in the United States. The album received a mixed to positive critical reception upon its release. Zombie released a special edition of the album on September 28, 2010, featuring three new songs. Zombie promoted the release through his [Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbilly_Deluxe_2_World_Tour), which served as his first international tour since beginning his solo career. The tour featured 150 dates, spanning over a two-year time span. Zombie released the Icon greatest hits album on October 5, 2010, through Roadrunner Records. Zombie launched his seventh and final comic book series, Whatever Happened to Baron Von Shock?, in 2010; the series spanned four issues. Zombie had another voice-only role in the 2010 film [Super](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_(2010_American_film)), portraying God. In 2011, Zombie directed a horror-themed commercial for [Woolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolite). Zombie announced work on the horror film [The Lords of Salem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lords_of_Salem_(film)) in 2011. The film, whose name is derived from the Rob Zombie song of the same name, is about a coven of witches in modern-day [Salem, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts). In an interview Zombie said that the film would be his cinematically biggest film and described it as "if [Ken Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Russell) directed [The Shining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shining_(film))". The Lords of Salem premiered at the [Toronto International Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival) on September 10, 2012, with a limited theatrical release following in April 2013. The Lords of Salem became the last film of veteran actor [Richard Lynch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynch_(actor)), who died in 2012. Zombie later stated that Tyrannosaurus Rex would be his next released film after The Lords of Salem, though the project has since been put on hold for a second time. In 2012, it was confirmed that Zombie would be writing and directing a film titled The Broad Street Bullies, which would be based on the [Philadelphia Flyers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers) hockey team. The film will be Zombie's first non-horror film. He has since stated that the film was in the "research stages", and a release date is unknown. Much like Tyrannosaurus Rex, the film, along with Rock Bottom Creek, has been put on hold indefinitely. Zombie released a second remix album, titled [Mondo Sex Head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Sex_Head), on August 6, 2012. The album featured remixed material from Zombie's first four studio albums, as well as his releases with White Zombie. The album was released through Geffen Records, despite Zombie having left the label. Zombie embarked on the [Twins of Evil Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins_of_Evil_Tour) with American rock band [Marilyn Manson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)) beginning on September 28, 2012. The tour concluded following a publicized feud between the artists while on tour, with the two groups often feuding while on stage. The tour officially concluded on December 12, 2012. Recording for Zombie's fifth studio album began in June 2012, with Zombie announcing the then-untitled project in July 2012. On the record, Zombie claimed "We just want to make a dark, heavy, weird record and stick to that idea [...] If something comes up that isn't, we won't finish it. We'll stick to the plan." Zombie parted ways with Roadrunner Records, instead releasing the album through his new record label Zodiac Swan through [Universal Music Enterprises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Enterprises) and T-Boy Records. On January 30, 2013, Zombie announced that the album was titled [Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomous_Rat_Regeneration_Vendor). The album was released on April 23, 2013. Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor became Zombie's fifth consecutive studio album to debut inside the top ten of the Billboard 200, though it boasted his lowest first week sales of his career. The album has since become Zombie's lowest selling album to date. Zombie designed and launched the Great American Nightmare haunted attraction in 2013. The attraction, based in [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago), featured references to Zombie's films and other significant horror events in pop culture. He designed the attractions "Lords of Salem Total Black Out", "The Haunted World of El Superbeasto 3D", and "House of 1000 Corpses", which were combined with a music festival from artists in hard rock, alternative, EDM, and more in 2013. In 2014, Zombie had the voice-only role of Ravager Navigator in the superhero film [Guardians of the Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)). He released his first video album, [The Zombie Horror Picture Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zombie_Horror_Picture_Show), on May 19, 2014. He released his second live album, Spookshow International: Live, on February 24, 2015. 2016–present: More albums and upcoming films Zombie announced work on his sixth studio album as early as April 2014, having begun working on the project that January. On January 11, 2016, Zombie confirmed the title of the record to be [The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electric_Warlock_Acid_Witch_Satanic_Orgy_Celebration_Dispenser), along with the album's cover art and track listing. The album was released on April 29, 2016. Zombie described it as "seriously [their] heaviest most fucked up musical monster to date." Zombie began working on a new horror film, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_(film)), in 2014. Zombie described the film as "old-school", and raised money for the film through [crowdfunding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding). The film follows a group of individuals attempting to survive a night in a carnival filled with murderous clowns. Zombie has stated that he wanted to have a "very nasty, gritty, guerilla-style approach to the filmmaking" for 31, as it "fits the story and the vibe of the movie". 31 premiered at the 2016 [Sundance Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival) on January 23, 2016. It has been announced that Zombie signed on to direct the film Raised Eyebrows, a movie about the life of comedian and actor [Julius Henry "Groucho" Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx). The film has yet to receive a release date. Zombie launched his "Spookshow International" pinball machine in February 2016. The limited edition item features ten of Zombie's classic songs, as well as voice contributions from Zombie, Sheri Moon, and [Sid Haig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Haig). On May 22, 2017, Zombie posted a short snippet of audio to his Instagram account of a live recording of the White Zombie song "Electric Head Part 2" stating he was in the process of mixing the Astro Creep 2000 live set from the Chicago date of the 2016 Riot Fest. In July 2018, Zombie embarked on the [Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins_of_Evil:_The_Second_Coming_Tour) in the US with co-headliner [Marilyn Manson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)) and special guest [Deadly Apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Apples). Zombie released a trailer to his third instalment of the Firefly trilogy in June 2019. The film—titled [3 from Hell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_from_Hell)—was released on [DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD) and [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray) on October 15, 2019, following a three-day theatrical release held by [Fathom Events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom_Events) from September 16–18, 2019. On August 1, 2017, Zombie announced on his Instagram page that he had begun working on his seventh studio album. Guitarist [John 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_5_(guitarist)) described the album as "his [Sgt. Pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band)", and called it "the best Zombie record that he's ever done." Zombie's first song in four years, "The Triumph of King Freak (A Crypt of Preservation and Superstition)", was released on October 30, 2020. Deemed a "ferocious blast of big guitar metal", it serves as the first single from his seventh album [The Lunar Injection Kool Aid Eclipse Conspiracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lunar_Injection_Kool_Aid_Eclipse_Conspiracy), released on March 12, 2021. The album was produced by [Zeuss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeuss), who also produced The Electric Warlock. Zombie had focused primarily on filming in the years prior. In May 2021, it was announced that Rob Zombie, [John 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_5_(guitarist)), [Nikki Sixx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Sixx) and [Tommy Clufetos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Clufetos) formed a [supergroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(music)) called [L.A. Rats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Rats). Their debut track, a cover of "[I've Been Everywhere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Been_Everywhere)", is from the soundtrack to the [Liam Neeson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson) film [The Ice Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ice_Road). In June 2021, Zombie confirmed that he would direct a [film adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters_(2022_film)) of the television series [The Munsters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters), which was released on digital, DVD, Blu-Ray, and Netflix on September 27, 2022. In May 2023, Zombie announced that he has begun working on his eighth solo album, which he hopes to have released by the summer of 2024. In the fall of 2023, Zombie co-headlined the Freaks on Parade tour with [Alice Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper), with [Filter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(band)) and [Ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(band)) acting as the opening acts. The tour spanned one month, lasting from August 24, 2023 until September 24, 2023, visiting 19 venues across the United States and Canada. Artistry Musical style Zombie's music has been noted for its use of [horror and suspense elements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film), which is inspired by Zombie's love of horror films. Zombie's music also contains elements commonly found in [heavy metal music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music). Zombie's music has been described as "melding metal with industrial, hypnotic rhythms and haunting sounds" and having a "complicated beat, distinctive vocals and a killer story line". Zombie's songs have also been known to feature quotes and samples from classic horror films. Numerous songs on his debut album, [Hellbilly Deluxe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbilly_Deluxe), feature quotes from classic horror films that Zombie grew up with. Zombie has classified himself as a [metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music) musician, and stated "It felt like hard rock and heavy metal had really been struggling you know, like top of the charts – it felt like they were being kicked to the curb for a long time. It was almost like you were doing something but you feel like nobody cares anymore so now you're just chuggin' along doing what you do and it's like the world had forgotten. However it's felt like in the last few years that's kind of changed and you feel it coming back." In their review of Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor (2013), Music Enthusiast commented on Zombie's musical style "If you are a fan of Rob Zombie's, or even if you aren't, you can definitely recognize his style of music- that is to say, if Alice Cooper wrote songs for strip clubs. Rob Zombie albums have always had bombastic, almost danceable grooves, over the top guitar effects [...] and loads of B-movie sci-fi/horror lyrics." He is also noted for using "spoken word lyrics" in numerous songs, a style he began while with White Zombie. [AllMusic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic) compared the musical themes of Hellbilly Deluxe to a White Zombie record, stating it was "complete with thunderous industrial rhythms, drilling [metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music) guitars, and [B-movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie) obsessions." [Entertainment Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) spoke about the album's horror film qualities, stating it had "concocted a veritable blood feast of hair-raising guitars, spine-tingling drum loops, and a cast of ghoulish characters who could be refugees from an old William Castle horror flick." Legends Magazine wrote that "the songs follow the same formula of anger, sex, death, monster, demon, zombie, satanic, drug abuse kinda raw drive a tractor over your neighbor's skull kinda hate the world so I'll burn it all down music." AllMusic wrote in their review of American Made Music to Strip By that Hellbilly Deluxe had a "sexy, sleazy, horror-movie vibe". While The Sinister Urge continues the themes of horror and suspense, it is noted as featuring more dance-oriented beats in songs such as "[Never Gonna Stop (The Red Red Kroovy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gonna_Stop_(The_Red_Red_Kroovy))". Zombie claimed that whereas Hellbilly Deluxe featured electronics, The Sinister Urge was recorded with a live band as to emphasize the instrumentals. With the Educated Horses album, Zombie further distanced himself from the sound of his first two albums. Zombie described the album as experimental, and explored a number of acoustic productions with [John 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_5_(guitarist)). Despite a shift in sound, many of the album's lyrics feature horror elements found on his prior releases. Hellbilly Deluxe 2, Zombie's fourth studio album, saw a return to the heavy metal sound of his early releases. The album was considered a direct sequel to his debut studio album, with which it shares a name. Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor continued these themes, and features "bass-heavy" beats. The record was deemed a throwback to his debut album due to similar lyrical and sonic themes. Influences Both Zombie's music and film work draws influence from classic horror and suspense films, with Zombie citing the 1970s as the "last great time where films were being made for the sake of the film and not for the sake of the money." Zombie has cited artists such as [Alice Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper), [Kiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)), [Queen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)), and [Elton John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John) as influences during his childhood. Zombie claimed that the first record he ever bought was an Alice Cooper album. [Metallica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica), [Black Sabbath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath), [Judas Priest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest), [Slayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayer), [Ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(band)), [Pantera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantera), [Sepultura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepultura), [Black Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)) and [Twisted Sister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Sister) were also cited as influences by Zombie. Zombie claimed his mother would not allow him to watch horror films, namely [The Texas Chain Saw Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Chain_Saw_Massacre) (1974), which later served as an influence on Zombie's films House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects. Zombie has directed the majority of his music videos as a solo artist, with numerous releases being influenced or referencing horror films. The music video for his single "[Living Dead Girl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Dead_Girl_(song))" is based upon the silent horror film [The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari) (1920), while his video for "Never Gonna Stop (The Red Red Kroovy)" was heavily inspired by [A Clockwork Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)) (1971). His film The Lords of Salem was inspired by the horror classic [The Shining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shining_(film)) (1980). Personal life Zombie dated his [White Zombie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)) bandmate [Sean Yseult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Yseult) from 1984 until 1991, though they continued to work in the band together after their breakup. Zombie began dating actress [Sheri Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheri_Moon_Zombie) in 1993, and they were married at [Graceland Wedding Chapel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceland_Wedding_Chapel) in [Las Vegas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas) on October 31, 2002. They originally set their wedding date for November 9, but eloped 10 days before. They split their time between a home in [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles) and a farm in [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut). Zombie's public image has often been denoted by his long hair, large beard, [industrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music) fashion sense, and horror-themed makeup. A self-described [ethical vegan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism), he and his wife use their Connecticut property to house rescued farm animals. He originally became a [vegetarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism) in 1982 after viewing footage of a slaughterhouse. He is a supporter of [PETA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals) and was thanked by the organization for his realistic portrayal of the [link between childhood animal abuse and psychopathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals#Alleged_link_to_human_violence_and_psychological_disorders) in his [remake of Halloween](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_(2007_film)). Zombie generally refrains from sharing his political and religious beliefs with the public, though he has mentioned that his mother once contemplated becoming a nun. In the same interview, he said that he [avoids all alcohol and drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teetotalism) because he "certainly didn't achieve anything by being wasted and fucked up". In a separate interview, he said that he does not believe in an [afterlife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife) and called the concept of [Heaven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven) "insane". He also said that he does not believe in concepts such as [UFOs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_objects), [aliens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life), or [Bigfoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot), and believes that "this life is all you get". He criticized the initial cancellation of the 2020 horror film [The Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunt_(2020_film)) following an outcry from U.S. President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) and [his supporters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism), stating, "As far as [canceling] The Hunt, that's just a bullshit [sacrificial lamb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_lamb) that solves nothing in society, but they always do that. If it wasn't that movie it would have been a video game or sometimes it was somebody's rock album." Band members Rob Zombie – lead vocals (1997–present) [Mike Riggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Riggs) – guitars, backing vocals (1997–2003, 2022–present) [Rob "Blasko" Nicholson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Nicholson_(musician)) – bass, backing vocals (1997–2006, 2024–present) [Ginger Fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Fish) – drums (2011–present) Discography [Hellbilly Deluxe: 13 Tales of Cadaverous Cavorting Inside the Spookshow International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbilly_Deluxe) (1998) [The Sinister Urge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sinister_Urge_(album)) (2001) [Educated Horses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educated_Horses) (2006) [Hellbilly Deluxe 2: Noble Jackals, Penny Dreadfuls and the Systematic Dehumanization of Cool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellbilly_Deluxe_2) (2010) [Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomous_Rat_Regeneration_Vendor) (2013) [The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electric_Warlock_Acid_Witch_Satanic_Orgy_Celebration_Dispenser) (2016) [The Lunar Injection Kool Aid Eclipse Conspiracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lunar_Injection_Kool_Aid_Eclipse_Conspiracy) (2021) Filmography Film <Wikitable> Year Title Director Writer Producer Music Department Notes 2003 House of 1000 Corpses Yes Yes No Yes Co-composer 2005 The Devil's Rejects Yes Yes Yes No NaN 2007 Halloween Yes Yes Yes Yes Music supervisor 2007 Werewolf Women of the SS Yes Yes Yes No Faux-trailer for Grindhouse 2009 Halloween II Yes Yes Yes Yes Music supervisor 2009 The Haunted World of El Superbeasto Yes Yes Yes No Direct-to-DVD 2012 The Lords of Salem Yes Yes Yes No NaN 2014 The Zombie Horror Picture Show Yes No No Yes Performer Concert film 2016 31 Yes Yes Yes Yes Co-composer 2019 3 from Hell Yes Yes Yes Yes Executive music producer 2022 The Munsters Yes Yes Yes No NaN </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Year Title Role 2003 House of 1000 Corpses Dr. Wolfenstein's assistant (uncredited) 2006 Slither Voice cameo: Dr. Karl 2010 Super Voice cameo: God 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Voice cameo: Unseen Ravager[280] </Wikitable> Television <Wikitable> Year Title Director Actor Notes 1986 Pee-wee's Playhouse No No Production assistant 2003 Spider-Man: The New Animated Series No Yes Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard (voice) Episode: "Law of the Jungle" 2003 I Love the '70s No No NaN 2003 I Love the '80s Strikes Back No No NaN 2003 Justice League No Yes Ichthultu (voice) Episode: "The Terror Beyond: Part II" 2005 Metal: A Headbangers Journey No No Documentary 2006 Heavy: The Story of Metal No No Documentary miniseries 2006 I Love the '70s Volume 2 No No NaN 2010 CSI: Miami Yes No Episode: "LA" 2010 That Metal Show No No Guest Episode: "Rob Zombie" 2010 WWE Raw No No Guest hosted the June 28 edition 2010 Behind the Music: Remastered No No Episode: "Alice Cooper" 2011 Metal Evolution No No Episode: "Shock Rock" 2012 Tom Papa: Live in New York City Yes No Stand-up special 2014 Ink Master No No Guest judge Episode: "Ink Master Explosion" 2016 Mr. Pickles No Yes Ordutheus (voice) Episode: "Vegans" </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 16:25:56

Shepherd_Neame_Brewery

<Infotable> Industry: Alcoholic drinks Founded: 1698 Headquarters: Faversham,Kent,England Products: Beer Production output: 180,000 imperial barrels (290,000 hl) (2020)[1] Revenue: £145.8m (2019)[2] Owner: Jonathan NeameChief Executive Number of employees: 1865[2] Website: shepherdneame.co.uk </Infotable> Shepherd Neame is an English independent [brewery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery) which has been based in the market town of [Faversham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham), [Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent), for over 300 years. While 1698 is the brewery's official established date, town records show that commercial brewing has occurred on the site since 1573. Since the brewery's formation in the 16th century, ownership has passed in unbroken succession through five families. The brewery produces a range of [cask ales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cask_ale) and [filtered beers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtered_beer). Production is around 180,000 [brewers' barrels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer) a year (180,000 imp bbl (29,000,000 L; 6,500,000 imp gal; 7,800,000 US gal)). It has 303 [pubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house) and hotels in [South East England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England), predominantly in Kent and London. The company exports to 44 countries, including India, Sweden, Italy, Brazil, and Canada. History The Neame family were relative latecomers in the overall development of the Shepherd Neame Brewery. Still, as substantial property owners in the district, Charles Neame of Harefield Court and John Neame of Selling Court were acknowledged to be among the most valuable hop growers in East Kent. [Theo Barker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Barker) explains in the official account of the brewery that it all began with a Captain Richard Marsh, who in 1678 is recorded in the [Faversham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham) Wardmote Books as contributing by far the largest of the 'Brewers Fines' made at that date. Shepherd Neame, as such, is reported as having been established in 1698 in an advertisement of the [Kentish Gazette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_Gazette) for 11 April 1865. Richard Marsh lived until 1727, when his brewery was bequeathed to his widow and then to his daughter, who sold the property to Samuel Shepherd around 1741. Samuel Shepherd was from [Deal, Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal,_Kent). He was interested in malting when he moved to Faversham around 1730 and established himself as a Brewer of Malt by 1734. Shepherd expanded on his interest by acquiring several public houses. However, his son, Julius Shepherd, extended this trend further upon his inheritance of the brewery in 1770 when the company held four such outlets. In 1789, he set about modernising the process of malt grinding and pumping, which had been previously worked with the employment of horses, by introducing what was reputed to be the first steam engine ([Boulton and Watt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt)) to be used for this purpose outside London. He was then able to describe his business as the Faversham Steam Brewery. Henry, his second son, born in 1780, continued the family tradition and raised his son of the same name into the business. It was this Henry Shepherd (1816-77) who was to be the last of the Shepherds actively involved in the company. The death of Henry senior at the age of eighty-two occurred in 1862. Although his son was not a businessman of the same determination, the firm's expansion continued adequately with John Mares, who had come to the financial assistance of the Shepherd Brewery during the recession of the mid-1840s and continued as the impetus behind Shepherd and Mares until Percy Beale Neame joined the brewery in 1864. Mares had seen the potential of the brewery's growth with the arrival of the long-delayed railway service in 1858. He pressed the firm to prepare for such growth actively. Horse-drawn drays were used to carry the brewery's ales throughout Kent, and malts were imported by barge at Faversham Creek at its wharf, which was also used as the means to deliver its product to London until the 1850s when steamboats were beginning to prove more expeditious to the task. The railways soon even outpaced and replaced the steamboats. Mares's unexpected death at the age of 45 in 1864 placed Percy Neame, at the age of 28, as the stronger partner with Henry Shepherd, and with the challenge left to him in Mares's successful expansion programme he brought the Faversham Brewery well into the Neame family's dominion. Jonathan Neame is the fifth generation of his family to run the business. His late father, Robert, was the company's first-ever President. Shepherd Neame has embraced 21st-century brewing techniques, for instance, using PDX Reactor Technology for the heat treatment of wort, rather than the traditional method, using a [calandria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing#Brew_kettle_or_copper). This has led to a reduction in energy consumption of 50%. Its cask, keg, and bottling lines are all equally high tech, utilising robotics and the latest SAP software to minimise the use of natural resources, while maximising beer quality. Its cardboard packaging is 100% recyclable, and the brewery uses lightweight glass for bottled beer. It also installed a new state-of-the-art Yeast Propagation Plant, which will reduce energy consumption. The brewery has repeatedly pioneered sustainable brewing methods. It recycles 97% of the grain and hops used in the brewing process as animal feed on local farms and holds a Feed Materials Assurance Scheme certificate. Waste is separated into recyclable elements, and the waste oil from its managed pubs and the brewery's kitchens is collected and converted into biofuel. Its Water Recovery Plant, installed in 2014, allows the wastewater from brewing and cleaning to be recycled rather than sent to the drain. Along with the [Three Tuns Brewery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Tuns_Brewery) in [Shropshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire), Shepherd Neame claims to be the oldest brewery in Great Britain. Three Tuns was licensed in 1642, 56 years earlier than Shepherd Neame. However, there is evidence that brewing has taken place on the Shepherd Neame site since at least 1573, over a century before the establishment of the current brewery. Brewing and product range The brewery uses chalk-filtered mineral water from the brewery's artesian well, deep below the brewery, and 93% of the hops used in its beers are grown in Kent. In 2016, its 100-year-old solid oak mash tuns were renovated, with each piece of Burmese teak reshaped around the new stainless steel mash tuns. As well as beer, it also brews international lagers, under licence, including Samuel Adams Boston Lager, and is the sole UK distributor for premium Thai lager Singha. It is also the sole distributor for Angry Orchard Crisp Apple cider; it collaborates with Somerset's oldest family cider maker Sheppy's to produce Orchard View Apple Cider. Various Shepherd Neame beers are widely available in UK supermarkets, with Bishop's Finger and Spitfire being the most easily found. Pubs The brewery has 303 pubs and hotels throughout London and [South East England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England), from the historic heart of [the City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London) to the [Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent) coastline. The brewery's brands are typically given prominence in frontage with extensive branding. All fonts and pumps bear distinctive logos and branding, glasses are branded, and bar runners advertising house beers are commonplace.

2024-09-18 17:50:26

Dennis_Kenney

<Infotable> Dennis Kenney Born: Boston,Massachusetts, U.S. Education: Carnegie Mellon University(BFA) Occupations: Actorsingerstylist Years active: 2001–present </Infotable> Actor singer stylist Dennis Kenney is an American actor, celebrity fashion stylist, and educator. He is best known for his work as the [Grinch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinch) in the New York press tour of [Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss%27_How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!_The_Musical) He is the founder of his fashion company, Style with Den, and works as a creative director and on-air correspondent. Education Born in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston), Dennis Kenney graduated from the [Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_College_of_Fine_Arts) with a [Bachelor of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts) in drama. Stage Performances Kenney has performed as a professional dancer and singer on stage. He performed the role of Eddie in the Las Vegas Company of [Mamma Mia!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(musical)) as well as [The 42nd Street Revival Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_(musical)) and the 40th anniversary revival of [Mame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame_(musical)) at the [Kennedy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center) in 2006 with [Christine Baranski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Baranski), [Harriet Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Harris), and [Emily Skinner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Skinner_(actress,_born_1970)). He also was in the original US tour cast of [Pokémon Live!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Live!) Television Kenney was part of CBS Networks Ethnic Diversity Comedy Showcase and later had a minor role on [The Young and the Restless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless). His first primetime appearance was on [Comedy Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central) when he performed an impression of [Alex Rodriguez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rodriguez) in the first episode of the [Onion Sportsdome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_SportsDome) in a segment titled "The Overcomings of Andre (The A-Rod Musical)". He has also performed on [The Today Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Today_Show) with [Kathie Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathie_Lee) and [Hoda Kotb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoda_Kotb), CNN's [Starting Point with Soledad O'Brien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_Point_(TV_program)), [Fox and Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_and_Friends), [The Couch on CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLNY-TV), and [The Better Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_(talk_show)). As a voice actor, Kenney appeared in several [4Kids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Kids) programs, including as the voice of [Brock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_(Pok%C3%A9mon)) on [Pokémon Live!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Live!) soundtrack and stage performances. He also filmed an official [Pokémon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon) promotional tape co-hosting with [Andrew Rannells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Rannells) distributed at [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation) stores in the US in 2001. In 2019 Kenney was the wardrobe supervisor for Season 10 of [Trading Spaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Spaces) on TLC. Stylist career In 2014, Kenney founded Style with Den and became its creative director, where he works as a celebrity stylist and lifestyle consultant. Since 2019 he has contributed style seasonal fashion advice to [Good Morning America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America) a fashion contributor to ABC's [World News Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_News_Now), and a Stylist to [QVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QVC). He launched his fashion line NONDK Apparel in 2019. Teaching career Kenney joined [LIM College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM_College) as an adjunct professor in early 2020 and taught business and entrepreneurship courses to graduate and undergraduate students. Real estate ventures Kenney was featured in [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) for his real estate portfolio in 2019.

2024-09-18 16:53:59

Catherine_Norton_Sinclair

<Infotable> Catherine Norton Sinclair Born: Catherine Norton SinclairFebruary 20, 1817London, England Died: June 9, 1891(1891-06-09)(aged 74)New York City, US Resting place: Silver Mount Cemetery[1]Staten Island Occupation: Actor/Theatre Manager </Infotable> Catherine Norton Sinclair (1817–1891) was an actress-manager who worked with such notable actors as [Junius Brutus Booth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Booth), [Edwin Booth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Booth), and [Laura Keene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Keene). Her sensational divorce from [Edwin Forrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Forrest) captivated the American public in the mid-1800s. Early life Sinclair was born in London, the eldest of John and Catherine Sinclair's four children. The Sinclairs were originally from Edinburgh, Scotland. Mr. Sinclair became a successful drummer in the militia and later a well-known singer, who toured the U.S. in the early 1830s. She was well-educated, and welcomed in the social and cultural circles of London society. At age nineteen, Sinclair attended a performance of The Gladiator, starring the popular American actor, [Edwin Forrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Forrest), as [Spartacus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus). She arranged to meet him and on June 23, 1837, they were married at a church in [Covent Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden). Shortly thereafter, the Forrests moved to [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) and lived there for the next twelve years. Life in the U.S. and the Forrest Divorce Case By many accounts, the Forrests lived as a happily married couple in New York from 1837–1849. Forrest became one of the prominent actors of his time, especially after his success in London, where previously American actors were not taken seriously. Forrest's acting work took him throughout the U.S., sometimes accompanied by Mrs. Forrest, who otherwise spent her time at their home on 22nd St. in New York City (NYC). Unfortunately, the Forrests had four children die during or immediately after childbirth. Mrs. Forrest's parents and sisters also spent considerable time in the U.S. and lived much of the time with the Forrests in NYC. One sister, Mrs. Voorhees, lived with her husband in NYC. Whenever Forrest toured outside of NYC, Mrs. Voorhees usually stayed with her at the Forrest home on 22nd St. Mrs. Forrest was an intellectual and a captivating conversationalist, who was quickly accepted into the social circle of the literary and artistic elite of NYC. The literati discussed such works as [George Sand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sand)'s novel,Consuelo, which proved fateful to the Forrests' marriage. Mrs. Forrest was known to socialize at home with other members of this social circle while Forrest was working onstage, either in New York or in other venues around the country. Forrest himself did not participate "and did not enjoy home company." (p. 347) The Forrests' marriage began to unravel in 1848 when Forrest began to suspect that his wife had been unfaithful to him. The event that led to the Forrests' separation and divorce trial concerned Mrs. Forrest's relationship with [George W. Jamieson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Jamieson), one of Forrest's fellow actors. While on tour in Cincinnati, Forrest left his wife in the company of Jamieson while running an errand. Apparently suspicious, he returned ahead of schedule and encountered Jamieson performing an amateur phrenological study of Mrs. Forrest's head. Forrest accepted this explanation but later took advantage of Mrs. Forrest's absence from home to read a letter Jamieson wrote to her in the form of [George Sand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sand)'s novel, Consuelo. According to Mrs. Forrest, who defended the novel, she had challenged Jamieson to write a love letter that rivaled Mrs. Sand's work in the novel. Mr. Forrest was unconvinced and immediately asked for a separation from Mrs. Forrest. The Forrests made a pledge to avoid publicizing the reasons for their separation, but by December 1849/January 1850 they both made public accusations about infidelity. Forrest sued for divorce in Pennsylvania with Mrs. Forrest filing a countersuit in New York shortly thereafter. Forrest's suit was rejected for reasons of non-residency in the state of Pennsylvania. Both parties accused the other of numerous incidents of infidelity. Their very sensational divorce publicized and provided vivid detail of the following accusations. Mrs. Forrest, represented by [Charles O'Conor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O%27Conor_(American_politician)), accused Forrest of multiple affairs, most notably with the actress Josephine Clifton but also including several women living in New York. Forrest, represented by [John Van Buren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Buren), accused his wife of scandalous and immoral behavior with several men, including Jamieson and the poet [Nathaniel Parker Willis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Parker_Willis), who was named as a co-respondent in the case. Earlier, Willis published an anti-Forrest pamphlet, which led to Forrest beating Willis with a whip. Willis later filed another suit against Forrest as a result. On January 24, 1852, after six weeks of testimony, the court found in favor of Mrs. Forrest. Forrest's career was unaffected although he left the stage for a number of years. The settlement called for Forrest to pay $3000 alimony per year. He challenged the ruling for sixteen years, but eventually paid $68,000 in arrears and was obligated to pay $4000 per year afterwards. Mrs. Forrest received $100,000 from his estate when he died in 1872. Life in the Theatre Sinclair, who reverted to her maiden name after the divorce, had never intended a life on the stage and had never appeared onstage before her divorce, began her career as an actress shortly after the divorce, partly due to Forrest's challenge of the court ruling. She began working with the actor [George Vandenhoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vandenhoff) to prepare for a life of acting. On February 22, 1852, Sinclair appeared as Lady Teazle in [School for Scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_for_Scandal) at Brougham's Lyceum Theatre in New York. She ran to full houses for eight consecutive nights. Some of her lines mirrored her well-known personal experiences and were greeted with delight by the audiences. In 1853, Sinclair moved to [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California) to continue her acting career. In [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco), she appeared as Katherine opposite Edwin Booth's Petruchio in [The Taming of the Shrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew). In September, she played Portia to Booth's Shylock in [The Merchant of Venice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice). Together they performed the melodrama The Marble Heart for an unprecedented forty three consecutive nights. Sinclair is reported to have worn a French gown worth $1200 ($19 was considered extravagant for a costume at that time). By Christmas, she became one of the few female actress managers by leasing the Metropolitan Theatre, "a very grand house against which smelly little San Francisco Hall couldn't hope to compete." She opened on Christmas Eve with School for Scandal and hired Edwin Booth for juvenile leads and the rising star [Laura Keene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Keene) to play opposite him. Booth's brother, Junius, also worked for Sinclair at the Metropolitan. Keene and Booth opened in [The Love Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Chase), which did not receive good reviews. Keene blamed this failure on "Booth's bad acting. Sinclair's Metropolitan Theatre, which she called the "most magnificent temple of histrionic art in America," offered melodramas, burlesques, and romances starring the famous actors of the day. Throughout the 1850s, Sinclair acted in London, Australia, and the U.S. Her reviews lauded her physical beauty and stage presence, but her main attraction seems to have been her status as the former Mrs. Forrest. Her final performance was on December 18, 1859, at the Academy of Music in New York City. She retired the following year and lived with her sister, Mrs. Henry Sidley, in Staten Island. Later life and death After her sister's death, Sinclair lived in New York City with her nephew. She later went completely blind before dying in 1891 from a cerebral embolism.

2024-09-18 22:24:14

Colm_Meaney

<Infotable> Colm Meaney Meaney in 2016 Born: (1953-05-30)30 May 1953(age 71)Dublin, Ireland Occupation: Actor Years active: 1978–present Spouses: Bairbre Dowling​​(m.1977;div.1994)​Ines Glorian​(m.2007)​ Children: 2 </Infotable> Colm J. Meaney ([/ˈkɒləm/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language): Colm Ó Maonaigh; born 30 May 1953) is an Irish actor best known for playing [Miles O'Brien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_O%27Brien_(Star_Trek)) in [Star Trek: The Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation) (1987–1994) and [Star Trek: Deep Space Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine) (1993–1999). He has guest-starred on many TV shows including [Law & Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order) and [The Simpsons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons), and starred as [Thomas C. Durant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Durant) on [Hell on Wheels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_on_Wheels_(TV_series)) (2011–2016). He has a career in films, appearing in [Layer Cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_Cake_(film)), [The Damned United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_United), all three film adaptations of [Roddy Doyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_Doyle)'s [The Barrytown Trilogy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barrytown_Trilogy), and in [Get Him to the Greek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Him_to_the_Greek). He portrayed a principal character in the film [The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Englishman_who_Went_up_a_Hill_but_Came_down_a_Mountain). In 2017, Meaney won the Best Actor [IFTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Film_%26_Television_Academy) for his portrayal of Irish politician [Martin McGuinness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McGuinness) in the film [The Journey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journey_(2016_film)). In 2020, he was listed at number 24 on [The Irish Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times) list of Ireland's greatest film actors. Early life Meaney was born and raised in [Glasnevin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin), [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin). He began studying acting at age 14, and he entered the [Abbey Theatre School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre_School) of Acting after secondary school. He became a member of the [Irish National Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Theatre) and worked for the next eight years in England, touring with several theatre companies, including the [7:84](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7:84) theatre group founded by [John McGrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGrath_(playwright)). Career Meaney's first television appearance was in [Z-Cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Cars) on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One), in 1978. He guest-starred on shows such as [Remington Steele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Steele) and [Moonlighting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlighting_(TV_series)) before embarking on a successful film career; he received a [Golden Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe) nomination for Best Actor for his role in [The Snapper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snapper_(film)). Meaney first appeared on [Star Trek: The Next Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation) in its 1987 pilot episode, "[Encounter at Farpoint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter_at_Farpoint)", as an unnamed helm officer. His character became a frequently recurring one, and was given the name of [Miles O'Brien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_O%27Brien_(Star_Trek)) as he became more prominent in the crew as Transporter Chief. In 1993, Meaney left The Next Generation for a main role in its spin-off [Star Trek: Deep Space Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine) and remained on that show until its final episode, in 1999. With 225 total appearances on Star Trek, he is second to [Michael Dorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dorn) with most appearances on the franchise. Meaney played Colum O'Hara in the 1994 miniseries [Scarlett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_(TV_miniseries)), the sequel to [Gone With the Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)). He has played a minor recurring role as Cowen, leader of the [Genii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genii_(Stargate)) on the series [Stargate Atlantis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis), guest-starred on Law & Order, [Law & Order: Criminal Intent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent) and appeared as Bob O'Donnell on the ABC show [Men in Trees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Trees). Meaney appeared in the film [Die Hard 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard_2), playing the pilot of the plane Windsor 114 that was later crashed by Colonel Stuart. He was the only actor to appear in all three film adaptations of [Roddy Doyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_Doyle)'s [The Barrytown Trilogy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barrytown_Trilogy), as the father of the Rabbitte family. His stage appearances include the Old Vic production of [Eugene O'Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill)'s [A Moon for the Misbegotten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten). Meaney starred in British comedy film [Three and Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_and_Out) (released in the UK on 25 April 2008). In July of the same year [An Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Post) (the Irish Post Office) issued a postage stamp showing Meaney as Joe Mullen in the film [Kings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_(2007_film)). In 2009, Meaney co-starred with [Gerard Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Butler) and [Jamie Foxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Foxx) in [Law Abiding Citizen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Abiding_Citizen), playing Detective Dunnigan. In March 2009, Meaney voiced an Irish bartender on the St. Patrick's Day episode of The Simpsons, "[In the Name of the Grandfather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_Grandfather)". In the same month the film [The Damned United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_United) was released, a mostly fictional retelling of the 44-day period in which [Brian Clough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough) was manager of [Leeds United F.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C.) Meaney played former Leeds manager [Don Revie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Revie). He co-starred in [Soldiers of Fortune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers_of_Fortune_(2012_film)). In 2013, Meaney co-starred in [Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Partridge:_Alpha_Papa). In 2014, he appeared as The Horse in the BBC's three-part crime story [The Driver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Driver_(TV_series)). For five seasons he portrayed railroad magnate [Thomas C. Durant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Durant) on [AMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel))'s drama series [Hell on Wheels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_on_Wheels_(TV_series)). Personal life Meaney married Irish actress [Bairbre Dowling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairbre_Dowling) in 1977. Their daughter Brenda, also an actor, was born in 1984. The couple divorced in 1994. He married French costume designer Ines Glorian in March 2007. Their daughter was born in 2005. They live in the [Majorcan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorca) town of [Sóller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ller). Meaney is a supporter of [Sinn Féin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in). Acting credits Film <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1981 Nailed Younger Protestant NaN 1987 Omega Syndrome Sean NaN 1987 The Dead Mr. Bergin NaN 1990 Die Hard 2 Pilot NaN 1990 Dick Tracy Cop at Tess's NaN 1990 Come See the Paradise Gerry McGurn NaN 1991 The Commitments Jimmy Rabbitte, Sr. NaN 1992 Under Siege Daumer NaN 1992 The Last of the Mohicans Maj. Ambrose NaN 1992 Far and Away Kelly NaN 1992 Into the West Barreller NaN 1993 The Snapper Dessie Curley Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 1994 War of the Buttons Jerome/Geronimo's father NaN 1994 The Road to Wellville Dr. Lionel Badger NaN 1995 The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain Morgan the Goat NaN 1996 The Van Larry NaN 1996 The Last of the High Kings Jim Davern NaN 1997 Con Air Agent Duncan Malloy NaN 1997 Owd Bob Keith Moore NaN 1998 This Is My Father Seamus, owner of the Bed and Breakfast NaN 1998 Monument Ave. Jackie O'Hara a.k.a. Snitch 1998 October 22 Steve NaN 1998 Claire Dolan Roland Cain NaN 1999 Mystery, Alaska Mayor Scott Pitcher NaN 1999 Chapter Zero Frank Lazarus NaN 1999 Four Days Fury NaN 1999 Most Important Dan O'Neill NaN 1999 The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns Seamus Muldoon NaN 2001 Backflash Gin O'Malley Video 2001 How Harry Became a Tree Harry Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor 2003 The Boys from County Clare Jimmy NaN 2003 Intermission Jerry Lynch NaN 2004 Blueberry Jimmy McClure NaN 2004 Layer Cake Gene NaN 2004 Battle of the Brave Benjamin Franklin NaN 2005 Turning Green Tom NaN 2006 Five Fingers Gavin NaN 2006 A Lobster Tale Cody NaN 2007 Kings Joe Mullan Nominated – Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor 2007 The Metrosexual The Mayor Great Lakes Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor 2008 Clean Break Trevor Jones NaN 2008 Three and Out Tommy NaN 2009 The Damned United Don Revie NaN 2009 The Race Frank Kensay NaN 2009 Law Abiding Citizen Detective Dunnigan NaN 2010 Get Him to the Greek Jonathan Snow NaN 2010 Alleged H. L. Mencken NaN 2010 Parked Fred Daly NaN 2010 The Conspirator Gen. David Hunter NaN 2011 El Perfecto Desconocido Mark O'Reilly NaN 2012 Whole Lotta Sole Detective Weller Known as Stand Off in North America 2012 Bel Ami Monsieur Rousset NaN 2012 Soldiers of Fortune Carter Mason NaN 2012 The Hot Potato Harry NaN 2012 The Cold Light of Day CIA Agent NaN 2013 Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa Pat Farrell NaN 2013 One Chance Roland Potts NaN 2013 A Belfast Story Detective NaN 2013 Free Birds Myles Standish Voice 2014 The Devil's Hand Elder Beacon NaN 2016 Norm of the North Grandfather Voice 2016 Pelé: Birth of a Legend George Raynor NaN 2016 The Journey Martin McGuinness NaN 2016 The Secrets of Emily Blair Father Avital NaN 2017 Halal Daddy Martin Logan NaN 2019 Tolkien Father Francis NaN 2019 Seberg Frank Ellroy NaN 2019 The Last Right Detective Donall Crowley NaN 2020 The Banker Patrick Barker NaN 2020 Pixie Dermot O’Brien NaN 2020 There's Always Hope[17] Jonathan Stack NaN 2021 The Monkey[18][19] MacDonell Voice 2022 Confession Father Peter NaN 2022 Save the Cinema Martyn NaN 2022 Marlowe Bernie Ohls NaN 2022 Unwelcome "Daddy" Whelan NaN 2022 Three Day Millionaire Mr. Barr NaN 2023 In the Land of Saints and Sinners Robert McQue NaN 2024 No Way Up Brandon NaN 2024 The Ballad of Davy Crockett Caleb NaN 2024 Duchess Frank Monaghan NaN 2024 Bring Them Down Ray Post-production TBA The Panic J.P. Morgan Post-production </Wikitable> Television <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1978 Z-Cars McGlin Episode: "Pressure" 1981 Les roses de Dublin Michael Kavanaugh Miniseries 1982 Play for Tomorrow Kevin Murphy Episode: "Easter 2016" 1982 Strangers Smollett Episode: "Charlie's Brother's Birthday (Part 1) 1983 Playboy of the Western World Shawn Television film 1984 The Hidden Curriculum David Dunn Television film 1986 Moonlighting Katharina Suitor Episode: "Atomic Shakespeare" 1987 Remington Steele Man in Tavern Episode: "Steele Hanging in There: Part 2" 1987 Kenny Rogers as The Gambler, Part III: The Legend Continues Tinkerer Television film 1987 Tales from the Darkside Constable Episode: "Beetles" 1987–1988 One Life to Live Alf Unknown episodes 1987–1992, 1994 Star Trek: The Next Generation Chief Miles O'Brien 52 episodes 1989 Perfect Witness Meagher Television film 1990 Equal Justice Nucchi Episode: "The Art of the Possible" 1990 Father Dowling Mysteries Ernie Episode: "The Undercover Nun Mystery" 1991 The New Adam-12 Father Episode: "Panic in Alverez Park" 1991 MacGyver Dr. Irwin Malcolm Episode: "Good Knight MacGyver: Part 1" 1993 Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman Jake Slicker Episode: "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" 1993 Brooklyn Bridge Mr. Kramer Episode: "Good as Gold" 1993–1999 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Chief Miles O'Brien 173 episodes 1994 Scarlett Father Colum O'Hara 2 episodes 1996 Gargoyles Mr. Dugan (voice) Episode: "The Hound of Ulster" 1998 Money Kings Al Sheehan Television film; a.k.a. Vig 1999 The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns Seamus Muldoon Television film 2002 Random Passage Thomas Hutchings Miniseries Nominated – Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series 2002 King of Texas Mr. Tumlinson Television film 2004 The Murdoch Mysteries Inspector Brackenreid 2 episodes 2004 Bad Apple Gibbons Television film 2004–2006 Stargate Atlantis Chief Cowen 3 episodes 2005 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Judge Harold Garrett Episode: "In the Wee Small Hours" 2006 The Unit Charge D'Affaires Episode: "Security" 2006 Caved In: Prehistoric Terror Vincent Television film 2006 Covert One: The Hades Factor Peter Howell Television film 2007 Men in Trees Bob O'Donnell 2 episodes 2008 Law & Order Wyatt Landon Episode: "Lost Boys" 2009 The Simpsons Tom O'Flanagan (voice) Episode: "In the Name of the Grandfather" 2009 Alice King of Hearts Miniseries 2009 ZOS: Zone of Separation George Titac Miniseries 2009 Mercy Dr. Parks Episode: "I Believe You Conrad" 2011–2016 Hell on Wheels Thomas "Doc" Durant 51 episodes Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television (2013) Nominated – Irish Film & Television Award for Best Actor TV (2013) 2014 The Driver The Horse 3 episodes 2015 Childhood's End[20] Wainwright Episode: "The Overlords" 2017 Will James Burbage 10 episodes 2020 Gangs of London Finn Wallace 5 episodes 2020 The Singapore Grip Brendan Archer 6 episodes 2021 It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Shelley Kelly 2 episodes 2022 The Serpent Queen King Francis I NaN </Wikitable> Stage <Wikitable> Year(s) Production Role(s) Theater Notes Ref. 1987 Breaking the Code Mick Ross Neil Simon Theatre 7 November − 10 April [21] 1992, 1993 Every Good Boy Deserves Favour Colonel Don Wash Auditorium Chicago Theatre Fox Theatre Minneapolis 15 − 16 February 10 − 11 April 17 April 24 April [22][23][24] 2007 A Moon for the Misbegotten Phil Hogan Brooks Atkinson Theater 29 March − 10 June [25] 2017 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Big Daddy Apollo Theatre 23 July − 7 October [26] 2018 The Iceman Cometh Harry Hope Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre 26 April − 1 July [27] 2023 Bedbound Dad Galway International Arts Festival Olympia Theatre 14 − 29 July 8 − 12 August [28] </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 16:26:28

Derek_Jacobi

<Infotable> SirDerek JacobiCBE Jacobi in 2022 Born: (1938-10-22)22 October 1938(age 85)Leytonstone, Essex, England Alma mater: St John's College, Cambridge Occupation: Actor Years active: 1959–present Works: Full list Partner: Richard Clifford (1979–present) Awards: Full list Derek Jacobi's voicerecorded 2012, as part of anaudio description of the Old Vic TheatreforVocalEyes </Infotable> Sir Derek George Jacobi [CBE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) ([/ˈdʒækəbi/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); born 22 October 1938) is an English actor. Jacobi is known for his work at the [Royal National Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre) and for his film and television roles. He has received numerous accolades including a [BAFTA Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award), two [Olivier Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Awards), two [Primetime Emmy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards), two [Screen Actors Guild Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards), and a [Tony Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award). He was given a [knighthood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor) for his services to theatre by [Queen Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) in 1994. Jacobi started his professional acting career with [Laurence Olivier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier) as one of the founding members of the National Theatre. He has appeared in numerous [Shakespearean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean) stage productions including [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet), [Much Ado About Nothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing), [Macbeth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth), [Twelfth Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night), [The Tempest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest), [King Lear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear), and [Romeo and Juliet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet). Jacobi received the [Laurence Olivier Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award), for the [title role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac) in [Cyrano de Bergerac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play)) in 1983 and Malvolio in [Twelfth Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night) in 2009. He also won the [Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Play) for his role as Benedick in [Much Ado About Nothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing) in 1985. Jacobi has also made numerous television appearances including starring as [Claudius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius) in the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) series [I, Claudius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)) (1976), for which he won the [British Academy Television Award for Best Actor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts). He received two [Primetime Emmy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards) for [Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Limited_or_Anthology_Series_or_Movie) for [The Tenth Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tenth_Man_(1988_film)) (1988), and [Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series) for [Frasier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier) (2001). He is also known for his roles in the medieval drama series [Cadfael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadfael_(TV_series)) (1994–1998), the [HBO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO) film [The Gathering Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gathering_Storm_(2002_film)) (2002), the [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)) sitcom [Vicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_(TV_series)) (2013-2016) and in [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC)'s [Last Tango in Halifax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Tango_in_Halifax) (2012–2020). He portrayed [Edward VIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII), the [Duke of Windsor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor), in the third season of the acclaimed [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix) series [The Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) in 2019. Though principally a stage actor, Jacobi has appeared in a number of films, including [Othello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello_(1965_British_film)) (1965), [The Day of the Jackal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Jackal_(film)) (1973), [Henry V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_(1989_film)) (1989), [Dead Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Again) (1991), [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(1996_film)) (1996), [Gladiator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)) (2000), [Nanny McPhee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanny_McPhee) (2005), [The Riddle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riddle_(film)) (2007), [My Week with Marilyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Week_with_Marilyn) (2011), [Anonymous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_(2011_film)) (2011), [Cinderella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(2015_American_film)) (2015), and [Murder on the Orient Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(2017_film)) (2017). Jacobi has also earned two [Screen Actors Guild Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards) along with the [ensemble cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture) for [Robert Altman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman)'s [Gosford Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford_Park) (2001), and [Tom Hooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hooper)'s [The King's Speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech) (2010). Early life Derek George Jacobi was born on 22 October 1938 in [Leytonstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone), Essex, England, the only child of Daisy Gertrude (née Masters; 1910–1980), a secretary who worked in a [drapery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapery) store in Leyton High Road, and Alfred George Jacobi (1910–1993), who ran a sweet shop and was a [tobacconist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacconist) in [Chingford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford). His patrilineal great-grandfather had emigrated from Germany to England during the 19th century. He also has a distant [Huguenot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot) ancestor. His family was working-class, and Jacobi describes his childhood as happy. In his teens he went to Leyton County High School for Boys, now known as the [Leyton Sixth Form College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Sixth_Form_College), and became an integral part of the drama club, The Players of [Leyton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton). While in the [sixth form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form), he starred in a production of [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet), which was taken to the [Edinburgh Festival Fringe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe) and very well regarded. At 18 he won a scholarship to the [University of Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge), where he read history at [St John's College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge) and earned his degree. Younger members of the university at the time included [Ian McKellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen) (who had a crush on him—"a passion that was undeclared and unrequited", as McKellen relates it) and [Trevor Nunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Nunn). During his studies at Cambridge, Jacobi played many parts including [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet), which was taken on a tour to Switzerland, where he met [Richard Burton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton). As a result of his performance of [Edward II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_(play)) at Cambridge, Jacobi was invited to become a member of the [Birmingham Repertory Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre) immediately upon his graduation in 1960. Career Early work Jacobi's talent was recognised by [Laurence Olivier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier), who invited the young actor back to London to become one of the founding members of the new [National Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre), even though at the time Jacobi was relatively unknown. He played [Laertes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laertes_(Hamlet)) in the [National Theatre's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre) inaugural production of [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet) opposite [Peter O'Toole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole) in 1963. Olivier cast him as [Cassio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cassio) in the successful National Theatre stage production of [Othello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello), a role that Jacobi repeated in the [1965 film version](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello_(1965_British_film)). He played Andrei in the NT production and film of [Three Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(1970_film)) (1970), both featuring Olivier. On 27 July 1965, Jacobi played Brindsley Miller in the first production of [Peter Shaffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shaffer)'s [Black Comedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Comedy_(play)). It was presented by the National Theatre at Chichester and subsequently in London. After eight years at the National Theatre, Jacobi left in 1971 to pursue different roles. In 1972, he starred in the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) serial [Man of Straw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Straw_(TV_series)), an adaptation of [Heinrich Mann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Mann)'s book [Der Untertan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Untertan), directed by [Herbert Wise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wise). Jacobi appeared in a somewhat comical role, as Lord Fawn, in eight episodes of the 26-episode mini-series [The Pallisers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pallisers) for [BBC Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two) in 1974. Most of his theatrical work in the 1970s was with the touring classical [Prospect Theatre Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Theatre_Company), with which he undertook many roles, including [Ivanov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanov_(play)), [Pericles, Prince of Tyre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre) and [A Month in the Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Month_in_the_Country_(play)) opposite [Dorothy Tutin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Tutin) (1976). Jacobi was increasingly busy with stage and screen acting, but his big breakthrough came in 1976 when he played the title role in the BBC's series [I, Claudius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)). He cemented his reputation with his performance as the stammering, twitching [Emperor Claudius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Claudius), winning much praise. In 1979, thanks to his international popularity, he took [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet) on a theatrical world tour through England, [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt), Greece, Sweden, Australia, Japan and China, playing [Prince Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hamlet). He was invited to perform the role at [Kronborg Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronborg_Castle), Denmark, known as Elsinore Castle, the setting of the play. In 1978, he appeared in the [BBC Television Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare) production of [Richard II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_(play)), with Sir [John Gielgud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud) and Dame [Wendy Hiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Hiller). Later career In 1980, Jacobi took the leading role in the BBC's [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet), made his Broadway debut in [The Suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suicide_(play)) (a run shortened by Jacobi's return home to England due to the death of his mother), and joined the [Royal Shakespeare Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company) (RSC). From 1982 to 1985, he played four demanding roles simultaneously: Benedick in Shakespeare's [Much Ado About Nothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing), for which he won a Tony for its Broadway run (1984–1985); Prospero in [The Tempest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest); [Peer Gynt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_Gynt); and [Cyrano de Bergerac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play)) which he brought to the US and played in repertory with [Much Ado About Nothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing) on Broadway and in Washington DC (1984–1985). In 1986, he made his West End debut in [Breaking the Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_Code) by [Hugh Whitemore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Whitemore), starring in the role of [Alan Turing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing), which was written with Jacobi specifically in mind. The play was taken to Broadway. In 1988, Jacobi alternated in West End the title roles of Shakespeare's [Richard II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_(play)) and [Richard III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(play)) in repertoire. He appeared in the television dramas [Inside the Third Reich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich_(film)) (1982), where he played [Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler); [Mr Pye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Pye) (1985); and [Little Dorrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Dorrit_(1987_film)) (1987), based on [Charles Dickens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens)'s novel; [The Tenth Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tenth_Man_(1988_film)) (1988) with [Anthony Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins) and [Kristin Scott Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas). In 1982, he lent his voice to the character of Nicodemus in the animated film, [The Secret of NIMH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_NIMH). In 1990, he starred as [Daedalus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus) in episode 4 of [Jim Henson's The Storyteller: Greek Myths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson%27s_The_Storyteller:_Greek_Myths). Jacobi continued to play Shakespeare roles, notably in [Kenneth Branagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh)'s 1989 film of [Henry V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_(1989_film)) (as [the Chorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_chorus)), and made his directing debut as Branagh's director for the 1988 [Renaissance Theatre Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Theatre_Company)'s touring production of [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet), which also played at [Elsinore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsinore) and as part of a Renaissance repertory season at the [Phoenix Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre,_London) in London. The 1990s saw Jacobi keeping on with repertoire stage work in Kean at [The Old Vic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Vic), [Becket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becket) in the West End (the [Haymarket Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre)) and [Macbeth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth) at the RSC in both London and [Stratford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon). In 1993 Jacobi voiced Mr Jeremy Fisher in [The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Peter_Rabbit_and_Friends). He was appointed the joint [artistic director](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_director) of the [Chichester Festival Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre), with the West End impresario Duncan Weldon in 1995 for a three-year tenure. As an actor at Chichester he also starred in four plays, including his first [Uncle Vanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Vanya) in 1996 (he played it again in 2000, bringing the [Chekhov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekhov) play to Broadway for a limited run). Jacobi's work during the 1990s included the 13-episode series TV adaptation of the novels by [Ellis Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Peters), [Cadfael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadfael_(TV_series)) (1994–1998) and a televised version of Breaking the Code (1996). Film appearances of the era included performances in [Kenneth Branagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh)'s [Dead Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Again) (1991), Branagh's full-text rendition of [Hamlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(1996_film)) (1996) as [King Claudius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Claudius), [John Maybury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maybury)'s [Love is the Devil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_the_Devil:_Study_for_a_Portrait_of_Francis_Bacon) (1998), a portrait of painter [Francis Bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)), as Senator Gracchus in [Gladiator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)) (2000) with [Russell Crowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Crowe), and as "The Duke" opposite [Christopher Eccleston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Eccleston) and [Eddie Izzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Izzard) in a post-[apocalyptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse) version of [Thomas Middleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Middleton)'s [The Revenger's Tragedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenger%27s_Tragedy) (2002). In 2001, Jacobi won an [Emmy Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award) by mocking his Shakespearean background in the television sitcom [Frasier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier) episode "[The Show Must Go Off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier_(season_8))", in which he played the hammy, loud, untalented Jackson Hedley, a television star with a misguided belief that he deserves a revival of his stage career. 2000–present Jacobi has narrated audio book versions of the [Iliad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad), [The Voyage of the Dawn Treader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader) by [C. S. Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis), [Farmer Giles of Ham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham) by [J. R. R. Tolkien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien), and two abridged versions of [I, Claudius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Claudius) by [Robert Graves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves). In 2001, he provided the voice of "Duke Theseus" in The Children's Midsummer Night's Dream film. In 2002, Jacobi toured Australia in [The Hollow Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollow_Crown_(TV_series)) with Sir [Donald Sinden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sinden), [Ian Richardson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Richardson) and Dame [Diana Rigg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Rigg). Jacobi also played the role of Senator Gracchus in [Gladiator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)) and starred in the 2002 miniseries [The Jury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jury_(TV_serial)). He is also the narrator for the BBC children's series [In the Night Garden...](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Night_Garden...). In 2003, he was involved with [Scream of the Shalka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_of_the_Shalka), a [webcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast) based on the science fiction series [Doctor Who](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who). He played the voice of the Doctor's nemesis [the Master](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_(Doctor_Who)) alongside [Richard E. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Grant) as [the Doctor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_(Doctor_Who)). In the same year, he also appeared in [Deadline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_(audio_drama)), an audio drama also based on Doctor Who. Therein he played Martin Bannister, an ageing writer who makes up stories about "the Doctor", a character who travels in time and space, the premise being that the series had never made it on to television. Jacobi later followed this up with an appearance in the Doctor Who episode "[Utopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(Doctor_Who))" (June 2007); he appears as the kindly Professor Yana, who by the end of the episode is revealed to be the Master. Jacobi admitted to [Doctor Who Confidential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Confidential) he had always wanted to be on the show: "One of my ambitions since the '60s has been to take part in a Doctor Who. The other one is [Coronation Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street). So I've cracked Doctor Who now. I'm still waiting for Corrie." In 2004, Jacobi starred in [Friedrich Schiller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller)'s [Don Carlos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)) at the [Crucible Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_Theatre) in [Sheffield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield), in an acclaimed production, which transferred to the [Gielgud Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gielgud_Theatre) in London in January 2005. The London production of Don Carlos gathered rave reviews. Also in 2004, he starred as Lord Teddy Thursby in the first of the four-part BBC series [The Long Firm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Firm), based on [Jake Arnott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Arnott)'s novel of the same name. In [Nanny McPhee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanny_McPhee) (2005), he played the role of the colourful Mr. Wheen, an undertaker. He played the role of [Alexander Corvinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Corvinus) in the 2006 action-horror film [Underworld: Evolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld:_Evolution). In March 2006, [BBC Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two) broadcast [Pinochet in Suburbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinochet_in_Suburbia), a [docudrama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama) about former Chilean dictator [Augusto Pinochet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet) and the attempts to [extradite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradite) him from Great Britain; Jacobi played the leading role. In September 2007, it was released in the U.S., retitled Pinochet's Last Stand. In 2006, he appeared in the children's movie Mist, the tale of a sheepdog puppy, he also narrated this movie. In July–August 2006, he played the eponymous role in [A Voyage Round My Father](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Voyage_Round_My_Father) at the [Donmar Warehouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse), a production which then transferred to the West End. In February 2007, [The Riddle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riddle_(film)), directed by [Brendan Foley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Foley_(filmmaker)) and starring Jacobi, [Vinnie Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Jones), and [Vanessa Redgrave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave), was screened at Berlin EFM. Jacobi plays twin roles: first a present-day London tramp and then the ghost of [Charles Dickens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens). In March 2007, the BBC's children's programme [In the Night Garden...](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Night_Garden...) started its run of one hundred episodes, with Jacobi as the narrator. He played Nell's grandfather in ITV's Christmas 2007 adaptation of [The Old Curiosity Shop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Curiosity_Shop), and returned to the stage to play Malvolio in Shakespeare's [Twelfth Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night) (2009) for the Donmar Warehouse at [Wyndham's Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham%27s_Theatre) in London. The role won him the [Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Actor). He appears in five 2009 films: [Morris: A Life with Bells On](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris:_A_Life_with_Bells_On), [Hippie Hippie Shake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie_Hippie_Shake), [Endgame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endgame_(2009_film)), [Adam Resurrected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Resurrected) and [Charles Dickens's England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens%27s_England). In 2010, he returned to I, Claudius, as Augustus in a [radio adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Claudius_(radio_adaptation)). In 2011, he was part of a medieval epic, [Ironclad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_(film)), which also starred James Purefoy and Paul Giamatti, as the ineffectual Reginald de Cornhill, castellan of Rochester castle. Jacobi starred in [Michael Grandage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Grandage)'s production of [King Lear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear) (London, 2010), giving what [The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker) called "one of the finest performances of his distinguished career". In May 2011, he reprised this role at the [Brooklyn Academy of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music). In April 2012, he appeared in [Titanic: Blood and Steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic:_Blood_and_Steel) and in November 2012, he starred in the BBC series [Last Tango in Halifax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Tango_in_Halifax). In 2013, he starred in the second series of Last Tango, and in 2014, the third series. In 2013, Jacobi starred alongside [Ian McKellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen) in the [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)) sitcom [Vicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious_(TV_series)) as Stuart Bixby, the partner to Freddie Thornhill, played by McKellen. On 23 August 2013, the show was renewed for a six-episode second series which began airing in June 2015. The show ended in December 2016, with a Christmas special. Since 2017, Jacobi has again portrayed The Master in several box set series for [Big Finish Productions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions), collectively entitled [The War Master](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_Master_(audio_drama_series)). In 2018, he played the Bishop of Digne in the BBC miniseries [Les Misérables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(British_TV_series)). In 2018, Jacobi received the World United Creator – Platinum Demiurge Award for his tremendous contribution to uniting and promoting world literature based on his efforts to introduce William Shakespeare into modern cinema. In 2019 he reprised the role of the emperor Claudius in [Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Histories:_The_Movie_%E2%80%93_Rotten_Romans). In 2022 Jacobi appeared in [Allelujah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelujah_(film)), a [film adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation) of [Alan Bennett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett)'s [play of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelujah!) directed by [Richard Eyre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eyre), which also starred [Jennifer Saunders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Saunders), [Bally Gill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Gill), [Russell Tovey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Tovey), [David Bradley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bradley_(English_actor)), and [Judi Dench](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Dench). Shakespeare authorship involvement Jacobi has been publicly involved in the [Shakespeare authorship question](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question). He supports the [Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_theory_of_Shakespeare_authorship), according to which [Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Vere,_17th_Earl_of_Oxford) wrote the works of Shakespeare. Jacobi has given an address to the Shakespeare Authorship Research Centre promoting de Vere as the Shakespeare author and wrote forewords to two books on the subject in 2004 and 2005. In 2007, Jacobi and fellow Shakespearean actor and director [Mark Rylance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rylance) initiated a "[Declaration of Reasonable Doubt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Reasonable_Doubt)" on the authorship of Shakespeare's work, to encourage new research into the question. In 2011, Jacobi accepted a role in the film [Anonymous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_(2011_film)), about the Oxfordian theory, starring [Rhys Ifans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Ifans) and [Vanessa Redgrave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave). In the film Jacobi narrates the Prologue and Epilogue, set in modern-day New York, while the film proper is set in Elizabethan England. Jacobi said that making the film was "a very risky thing to do", stating "the orthodox Stratfordians are going to be apoplectic with rage". Personal life In March 2006, four months after [civil partnerships were introduced in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_partnerships_in_the_United_Kingdom), Jacobi registered his partnership with Richard Clifford, a theatre director and Jacobi's partner of 27 years (46 years total time together, including marriage, as of 2024). They live in [West Hampstead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hampstead), northwest London. Along with his Vicious co-star [Ian McKellen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen), he was a Grand Marshal of the 46th [New York City Gay Pride March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Gay_Pride_March) in 2015. Jacobi is an [agnostic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic). Awards and honours Jacobi has received various awards including two [Olivier Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Awards), a [Tony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Play), a [BAFTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role), two [Primetime Emmy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards) and two [Screen Actors Guild Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards). 1985: Commander of the [Order of the British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) (United Kingdom) 1989: Knight 1st class of the [Order of the Dannebrog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog) ([Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark)) 1994: [Knight Bachelor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor), for services to Drama (United Kingdom)

2024-09-18 22:33:07

Tom_Verlaine

<Infotable> Tom Verlaine Verlaine in 1977 Background information Birth name: Thomas Joseph Miller[1] Born: (1949-12-13)December 13, 1949Denville, New Jersey, U.S. Origin: Wilmington, Delaware, U.S. Died: January 28, 2023(2023-01-28)(aged 73)New York City, U.S. Genres: Punk rock,art punk,post-punk,new wave Occupation(s): Musician, singer, songwriter Instrument(s): Guitar, vocals, piano Formerly of: Television,Neon Boys </Infotable> Thomas Joseph Miller (December 13, 1949 – January 28, 2023), known professionally as Tom Verlaine, was an American singer, guitarist, and songwriter, best known as the frontman of the New York City rock band [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_(band)). Biography Verlaine was born Thomas Joseph Miller in [Denville, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denville,_New_Jersey), on December 13, 1949. His father, Victor Andrew Miller (1921–2008), was of Lithuanian heritage (originally Miliszauckas), but born in [Coatbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatbridge), Scotland. His mother, Lillian (Lilya) Barbara Dopko(wski) (1921–2005) was originally from Pennsylvania and of Polish heritage. Tom's father worked first as a maintenance man and later as a sales manager. Tom had a twin brother, John Peter Miller (1949–1984), who died suddenly at age 34. Tom moved to [Wilmington, Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware), with his family when he was six. He began studying piano at an early age, but switched to saxophone in middle school after hearing a record by [Stan Getz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Getz). Jazz saxophonists such as [John Coltrane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltrane) and [Albert Ayler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ayler) inspired him. Verlaine initially was unimpressed with the role of the guitar in both rock music and jazz, but was inspired to take up the instrument after hearing [the Rolling Stones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones)' "[19th Nervous Breakdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Nervous_Breakdown)" during his adolescence, at which point he began a long period of experimentation to develop a personal style. A later musical influence were [Miles Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis)' [electric-period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Miles) recordings, particularly the Japanese LPs [Agharta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agharta_(album)) (1975) and [Dark Magus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Magus) (1977), which he was able to obtain as imports. Tom's family sent Verlaine and his twin brother John to [Sanford Preparatory School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_School), a private boarding school in [Hockessin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockessin), Delaware. While John excelled in athletics and graduated in 1967, Tom leaned toward writing and poetry. At Sanford, Tom became friends with future bandmate and punk icon [Richard Hell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hell) (Richard Meyers). They quickly discovered that they shared a passion for music and poetry. Neither Verlaine nor Hell graduated from Sanford and they later moved to New York City. In New York City, Miller created his stage name, a reference to the French symbolist poet [Paul Verlaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verlaine). Regarding the name change, rather than the poet being a source of inspiration, Verlaine said, "I just like the sound of the name”. He and Hell formed [the Neon Boys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neon_Boys), recruiting drummer [Billy Ficca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ficca). The Neon Boys quickly disbanded after failing to recruit a second guitarist, despite auditions by [Dee Dee Ramone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Ramone) and [Chris Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stein). They reformed as [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_(band)) a few months later, finding a guitarist in [Richard Lloyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lloyd_(guitarist)), and began playing at seminal [punk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock) clubs like [CBGB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBGB) and [Max's Kansas City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%27s_Kansas_City). In 1975, Verlaine kicked Hell out of the band for his erratic playing and behavior, and they released their first single with [Fred Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Smith_(bassist)) replacing Hell. Verlaine dated poet and musician [Patti Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith) when they were both in the burgeoning New York punk scene. Television released two albums, [Marquee Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Moon) and [Adventure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(Television_album)), to great critical acclaim and modest sales before breaking up in July 1978. Verlaine soon released a self-titled solo album that began a fruitful 1980s solo career. He took up residence in England for a brief period in response to the positive reception his work had received there and in Europe at large. [David Bowie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie) covered Verlaine's "Kingdom Come" on his [Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scary_Monsters_(and_Super_Creeps)) album in 1980. In the 1990s he collaborated with different artists, including Patti Smith, and composed a film score for [Love and a .45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_a_.45). In the early 1990s, Television reformed to record one studio album ([Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_(Television_album))) and a live recording (Live at the Academy, 1992); they reunited periodically for touring. Verlaine released his first new album in many years in 2006, titled Songs and Other Things. In the 2010s, he kept on touring with Television, performing Marquee Moon in its entirety: he notably toured in Europe in 2014 and 2016. Death Verlaine died in New York City on January 28, 2023, at the age of 73. According to his former Television band mate, Richard Lloyd, Verlaine had "been sick for quite a while", with prostate cancer, which had metastasized. Television had been asked to open a European tour for [Billy Idol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol), but Verlaine's doctors told him he was not in good enough health to do so. Collaborations Verlaine was in discussion with [Jeff Buckley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Buckley) to produce his second album before Buckley's death by drowning in 1997. Verlaine guested as guitarist on numerous releases by other artists, including the album [Penthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthouse_(album)) by the band [Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_(1990s_American_band)). He played on Patti Smith's Grammy-nominated "[Glitter in Their Eyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitter_in_Their_Eyes)" from her 2000 album [Gung Ho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gung_Ho_(album)). This was not the first time Verlaine had collaborated with one-time romantic partner Smith; four years earlier, he played on the songs "Fireflies" and "Summer Cannibals" from her 1996 album [Gone Again](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_Again), and in the 1970s he played guitar on her debut single "[Hey Joe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Joe)" and on "Break It Up" from her debut album [Horses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_(album)). He also co-wrote the latter song with Smith. He played with Smith in 2005 for a 30th-anniversary concert of Horses in its entirety, which was later released on CD. Verlaine was part of the Million Dollar Bashers, a supergroup also featuring [Sonic Youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth) musicians [Lee Ranaldo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ranaldo) and [Steve Shelley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Shelley), [Wilco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilco) guitarist [Nels Cline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nels_Cline), Bob Dylan bassist [Tony Garnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Garnier_(musician)), guitarist [Smokey Hormel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_Hormel), and keyboardist [John Medeski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Medeski). Their work appears on the original soundtrack to [I'm Not There](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Not_There), a biographical film reflecting on the life of [Bob Dylan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan). In 2012, Verlaine collaborated with former [Smashing Pumpkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smashing_Pumpkins) guitarist [James Iha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Iha) on his second solo album [Look to the Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_to_the_Sky). Musical style Equipment Throughout his career Verlaine played a variety of [Fender guitars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_guitars), most frequently [Jazzmasters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Jazzmaster) and [Jaguars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Jaguar), through [Fender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_amplifier) and Vox amps. On his reasons for choosing the Jazzmaster, Verlaine said, "I think it was financial! In the seventies, when guitars were still cheap, nobody wanted a Jazzmaster because they weren't loud and didn't stay in tune. In '73/'74 you could buy a Jazzmaster for $150 easily. So that's why I started playing it, because we didn't have a lot of money and they were cheap. And then I really got used to it, plus the vibrato arm on it is very nice. I use really heavy strings on it—like a 14 to a 58 or something similar—and that's another part of the sound, I think." In later years at solo concerts and at Television concerts, Verlaine played a guitar built in the style of a Fender Stratocaster, modified with Danelectro "lipstick" pickups and fitted with a Fender Jazzmaster neck. Guitar playing and effects Verlaine was an advocate of guitar techniques and recording processes including [close miking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone_practice), [delay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)), [reverb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation), slap echo, [phasing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasing)/[flanging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanging), [tremolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremolo), etc. Television's first commercially released recording, "Little Johnny Jewel", saw Verlaine, in defiance of common practice, plugging his guitar straight into the recording desk with no amplification. Verlaine rarely employed heavy [distortion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion). [Vibrato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato) was a large part of Verlaine's style and he made extensive use of the Jazzmaster's [vibrato arm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato_arm). Additionally he would often employ 'cello vibrato' with his fingers. Verlaine used a thin pick and heavy strings; on later recordings .013 to .050 (.014/.015 to .056 in earlier years), and from the mid-1990s onwards he tuned down a half-step or more. Verlaine played with the bridge pickup on, but picked over the neck pickup. This, according to him, gave a "full yet clear sound". The development of Verlaine's style likely was influenced by the way he learned to play; he told a [Guitar Player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Player) interviewer in 2005 "I never played guitar along with records, so I never learned all the speed licks everybody gravitates to when starting out. I know 19-year-old guitarists who can play [Danny Gatton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gatton) solos note-for-note. They don't really know what notes they're playing, but they do them flawlessly." Discography With Television [Marquee Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Moon) ([Elektra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records)) (1977) [Adventure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(Television_album)) (Elektra) (1978) [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_(Television_album)) ([Capitol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records)) (1992) Solo albums [Tom Verlaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Verlaine_(album)) (1979) [Dreamtime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime_(Tom_Verlaine_album)) (1981) [Words from the Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_from_the_Front) (1982) [Cover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(Tom_Verlaine_album)) (1984) [Flash Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Light_(album)) (1987) [The Wonder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonder_(album)) (1990) [Warm and Cool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_and_Cool) (1992, reissued in 2005) [The Miller's Tale: A Tom Verlaine Anthology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miller%27s_Tale:_A_Tom_Verlaine_Anthology) (1996) [Songs and Other Things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_and_Other_Things) (2006) Around (2006) Singles "Always" / "The Blue Robe" [Warner Bros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros) K17855 (September 1981) "Postcard from Waterloo" / "Clear It Away" [Virgin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records) VS501 (May 1982) "Let Go the Mansion" / "Let Go the Mansion - Instrumental version" Virgin VS696 (June 1984) "Five Miles of You" / "Your Finest Hour" Virgin VS704 (August 1984) "Your Finest Hour" was an outtake from Words From the Front sessions "A Town Called Walker" / "Smoother Than Jones" [Fontana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_Records) FTANA1 (1987) "The Funniest Thing" / "One Time at Sundown" (The London 1986 Version) Fontana VLANE3 (1987) "The Scientist Writes a Letter" / "The Scientist Writes a Letter" (Paris Version) Fontana VLANE4 (1987) "Cry Mercy, Judge" / "Circling" Fontana FTANA2 (1987) "Shimmer" / "Bomb" Fontana VLANE5 (October 1989) "Kaleidoscopin'" / "Sixteen Tulips" Fontana VLANE6 (March 1990)

2024-09-18 17:46:00

Operation_Pacific

<Infotable> Operation Pacific Theatrical release poster Directed by: George Waggner Written by: George Waggner Produced by: Louis Edelman Starring: John WaynePatricia NealWard BondPhilip Carey Cinematography: Bert Glennon Edited by: Alan Crosland, Jr. Music by: Max Steiner Distributed by: Warner Bros. Release date: January 27, 1951(1951-01-27) Running time: 111 minutes Country: United States Language: English Budget: $1,465,000[1] Box office: $3,863,000[1]$2.45 million (US rentals)[2] </Infotable> January 27, 1951(1951-01-27) Operation Pacific is a 1951 [black-and-white](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white) [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) [submarine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine) war [drama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama) from [Warner Bros. Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures), produced by Louis Edelman, and written as well as directed by [George Waggner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Waggner). [John Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne) and [Patricia Neal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Neal) star and [Ward Bond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Bond) and [Philip Carey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Carey) play supporting roles. Much of the film is set aboard a [Gato-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato-class_submarine) submarine. The [technical advisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_advisor) was World War II [Admiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral) [Charles A. Lockwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Lockwood), Commander, Submarine Forces, Pacific ([COMSUBPAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSUBPAC)). Plot During World War II, the submarine USS Thunderfish, under the command of Commander John T. "Pop" Perry, while on a special mission to the Philippines, is charged with rescuing a group of nuns and children, including a newborn infant nicknamed "Butch", and transporting them to [Pearl Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor). On their way, the sub sights a Japanese aircraft carrier and attacks, but its torpedoes malfunction, exploding halfway to the target. Attacked and pursued by the carrier's escorting destroyers, Thunderfish manages to escape. While in Pearl Harbor, the ship's [Executive Officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer#United_States), Lieutenant Commander Duke E. Gifford goes to visit Butch at the base hospital, and runs into his ex-wife, Lieutenant (j.g.) Mary Stuart, a Navy nurse, and they kiss passionately. Unfortunately, Mary is now romantically involved with Navy pilot Lieutenant (j.g.) Bob Perry, Pop's younger brother. Duke pursues Mary anyway, but is sent to sea again before anything is settled. As the sub returns from the patrol, they spot a Japanese freighter, but again their torpedoes fail to explode. The enemy ship raises the [white flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flag), and Thunderfish surfaces and approaches. The freighter turns out to be a heavily armed [Q-ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-ship) that opens fire on the sub. Mortally wounded, Commander Perry orders the boat to [crash dive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_dive), knowing that he will not be able to get below before she submerges. Duke, now in command, orders a "battle surface" behind the ship. On surfacing, Gifford orders the boat's [deck guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_guns) and [anti-aircraft guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_guns), as well as numerous portable light and mountable [heavy machine guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_machine_guns) operated by the deck crew, to [fire at will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_at_will). After the Q-ship's bridge is disabled and the ship set afire, Duke orders [flank speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flank_speed), [ramming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramming) the sub into the Japanese ship, holing and sinking the Q-ship. Thunderfish limps home for repairs to her damaged bow. Back at Pearl Harbor, Bob Perry believes that Duke's order to dive the boat killed his brother, and he refuses to listen to Duke's explanation. Mary tries to comfort Duke, but he rejects her attempts, declaring he only did his duty and feels no regret. Working with the sub base's torpedo specialists, Duke and the crew of the Thunderfish investigate why the torpedoes are not exploding. When they finally discover the answer, Duke goes to Mary to celebrate, but she rejects him. Since he would not let her into his life when he was at his lowest, she feels that they cannot have a real relationship. Her superior, Commander Steele, overhears the conversation and castigates Mary for throwing away her chance for happiness with Duke. Once again Thunderfish heads to sea, this time as part of a scouting line searching for a Japanese fleet heading for [Leyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte) to attack the American invasion force there. Thunderfish finds the enemy. Even though it will reveal their presence, Duke broadcasts the fleet's position. Once Pearl Harbor acknowledges the message, Duke [salvoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvo) his torpedoes and makes a run for it, throwing the attacking Japanese warships into chaos. Despite enduring a battering from Japanese [depth charges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge), Thunderfish manages to sink a Japanese [aircraft carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier). In the next phase of the battle, American carrier aircraft arrive and attack the Japanese fleet. Thunderfish, now assigned to lifeguard duty, helps to rescue shot-down American flyers, and does so while under attack from Japanese fighters. While rescuing the wounded Bob Perry, the Chief of the Boat and Junior, a seaman from a Navy family, are killed and Duke is wounded by a strafing Japanese Zero. When the Thunderfish returns to Pearl Harbor after the patrol, Mary is waiting for Duke. The two, reconciled, head to the hospital, intending to adopt Butch. Cast [John Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne) as Lt. Cmdr. Duke E. Gifford [Patricia Neal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Neal) as Lt. (j.g.) Mary Stuart [Ward Bond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Bond) as Cmdr. John T. "Pop" Perry [Scott Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Forbes) as Lt. Larry [Philip Carey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Carey) as Lt. (j.g.) Bob Perry [Paul Picerni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Picerni) as Jonesy [William Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Campbell_(film_actor)) as the Talker [Kathryn Givney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Givney) as Cmdr. Steele [Martin Milner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Milner) as Ensign Caldwell [Cliff Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Clark) as Commander, SUBPAC [Jack Pennick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pennick) as the Chief [Virginia Brissac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Brissac) as Sister Anna Vincent Fotre as Soundman [Lewis Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Martin_(actor)) as Squad Commander [Sam Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Edwards) as Junior [James Flavin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Flavin) Mick Shore Patrol Commander (uncredited) [Harry Lauter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Lauter) Freddie Commanding Officer Submarine Corvena (uncredited) [Milburn Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milburn_Stone) Ground Control Officer (uncredited) [Frank Sutton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sutton) as Chief Gunners Mate (uncredited) Louis Mosconi as Radarman Mosconi Production John Wayne and Patricia Neal did not get along during filming. Nearly fourteen years later, however, they worked together on [In Harm's Way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Harm%27s_Way) (1965) where she noted that he had mellowed a lot, possibly because he was seriously ill with lung cancer at the time. The film's opening foreword and dedication states: "When the Pacific Fleet was destroyed by the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, it remained for the submarines to carry the war to the enemy. In the four years that followed, our undersea craft sank six million tons of Japanese shipping including some of the proudest ships of the Imperial Navy. Fifty-two of our submarines and thirty-five hundred officers and men were lost. It is to these men and the entire Silent Service that this picture is humbly dedicated." The special mission shown at the beginning of the movie, in which Navy submarines ran war supplies into the Philippines and evacuated civilians, while idealized is a matter of historic record. By the time of the invasion of the Philippines in 1944, these supply runs had enabled American and Philippine Army officers who had refused to surrender to build a military organization in the islands that was the size of an army corps. The numerous problems with the [Mark 14 torpedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_14_torpedo) and its Mark VI exploder depicted in the film are accurate. A poorly designed and tested firing pin could malfunction on a good hit (that is, a torpedo striking within about 45 degrees of perpendicular to the side of the target). Poor hits (at a very sharp angle to the side of the ship) could often produce more reliable explosions. Diagnosing the problem actually did occur in a similar manner after 20 months of repeated failures in combat. Submarine crews were involved in the testing, although not in the capacity shown in the film. The scene where [Commander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(United_States)) Perry (Bond) is killed in a surface action is a combination of two incidents involving Commander [Howard W. Gilmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_W._Gilmore), captain of [USS Growler (SS-215)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Growler_(SS-215)). Mortally wounded on the bridge, Gilmore gave the order "Take her down!", sacrificing himself to save his submarine and crew, for which he was posthumously awarded the [Medal of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor). The ramming and sinking of the armed freighter depicted in the scene occurred in the same action, just prior to Gilmore's death. The sequence where the Thunderfish discovers the Japanese fleet of aircraft carriers, battleships, and cruisers steaming through [Surigao Strait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surigao_Strait) was inspired by the actions of [USS Darter (SS-227)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Darter_(SS-227)) and [USS Dace (SS-247)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dace_(SS-247)) in the opening phase of the [Battle of Leyte Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf). During Operation Pacific's action sequences, for the film's music score composer Max Steiner incorporated dramatic music stances from his classic score for RKO's [King Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)). Warner Brothers also recycled Steiner's main theme music from the 1948 movie [Fighter Squadron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_Squadron), "We Watch The Skyways," as the main theme for Operation Pacific. This march was first used as the main title for the 1941 movie [Dive Bomber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_Bomber_(film)). It would be heard again in the 1959 submarine movie [Up Periscope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Periscope), and even in a Daffy Duck cartoon, [Yankee Doodle Daffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Doodle_Daffy), in 1943. It appears yet again in [Bugs vs. Daffy: Battle of the Music Video Stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_vs._Daffy:_Battle_of_the_Music_Video_Stars), a 1988 animated television special. Two previous [Warner Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Brothers) features are cited within this film: [George Washington Slept Here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Slept_Here) (1942) is traded to another submarine in exchange for [Destination Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_Tokyo) (1943), of which a few seconds of footage is seen as the crewmen watch it. Although Ward Bond's character is presented as several years older than John Wayne's, in reality Bond was only four years older than Wayne. Longtime friends, this was the 12th film they had done together. The submarine Corveena was an actual submarine, albeit spelled slightly differently. [USS Corvina (SS-226)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Corvina) was [commissioned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning) on August 6, 1943, and was torpedoed and sunk by the Japanese submarine [I-176](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-176) on her first war patrol south of [Truk Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon) on November 16, 1943. I-176 outlived her victim by exactly six months, being depth-charged and sunk off [Buka Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka_Island) in the [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)) on May 16, 1944. Box office performance According to Warner Bros' accounts the film earned $2,563,000 domestically and $1,300,000 in foreign countries.

2024-09-18 17:07:04

Freeport,_New_York

<Infotable> Freeport, New York Village Incorporated Village of Freeport Freeport Village Hall, also known as the Municipal Building, was built in 1928 to replicate Independence Hall in Philadelphia, and was enlarged in 1973. Seal Location inNassau Countyand the state ofNew York. Freeport, New YorkLocation within the state of New YorkShow map of Long IslandFreeport, New YorkFreeport, New York (New York)Show map of New YorkFreeport, New YorkFreeport, New York (the United States)Show map of the United States Coordinates:40°39′14″N73°35′13″W / 40.65389°N 73.58694°W /40.65389; -73.58694 Country: United States State: New York County: Nassau Town: Hempstead Incorporated: 1892[1] Government • Mayor: Robert T. Kennedy Area[2] • Total: 4.87 sq mi (12.61 km2) • Land: 4.58 sq mi (11.86 km2) • Water: 0.29 sq mi (0.76 km2) Elevation: 20 ft (6 m) Population(2020) • Total: 44,472 • Density: 9,714.29/sq mi (3,750.58/km2) Time zone: UTC−5(Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST): UTC−4(EDT) ZIP Code: 11520 Area code: 516 FIPS code: 36-27485 GNISfeature ID: 2390852 Website: www.freeportny.com </Infotable> Freeport is a [village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_subdivisions_of_New_York_State#Village) in the town of [Hempstead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead,_New_York), in [Nassau County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York), on the [South Shore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_(Long_Island)) of [Long Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island), in [New York state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)), United States. The population was 43,713 at the 2010 census, making it the second largest village in New York by population. A settlement since the 1640s, it was once an [oystering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster) community and later a resort popular with the New York City theater community. It is now primarily a [bedroom suburb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_suburb) but retains a modest commercial waterfront and some light industry. History Pre-colonial settlement Before people of European ancestry came to the area, the land was part of the territory of the [Meroke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoac) Indians. Written records of the community go back to the 1640s. The village now known as Freeport was part of an area called "the Great South Woods" during colonial times. In the mid-17th century, the area was renamed Raynor South, and ultimately Raynortown, after a herdsman named Edward Raynor, who had moved to the area from [Hempstead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead_(village),_New_York) in 1659, cleared land, and built a cabin. 19th century: development In 1853, residents voted to rename the village Freeport, adopting a variant of a nickname used by ship captains during colonial times because they were not charged customs duties to land their cargo. After the [Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War), Freeport became a center for commercial [oystering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster). This trade began to decline as early as the beginning of the 20th century because of changing salinity and increased pollution in [Great South Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_South_Bay). Nonetheless, even as of the early 21st century Freeport and nearby [Point Lookout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Lookout,_New_York) have the largest concentration of commercial fishing activity anywhere near New York City. From 1868, Freeport was served by the [Southside Railroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Side_Railroad_of_Long_Island), which was a major boon to development. The most prominent figure in this boom was developer John J. Randall; among his other contributions to the shape of Freeport today were several canals, including the Woodcleft Canal, one side of which is now the site of the "Nautical Mile". Randall, who opposed all of Freeport's being laid out in a grid, put up a [Victorian house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture) virtually overnight on a triangular plot at the corner of Lena Avenue and Wilson Place to spite the grid designers. The [Freeport Spite House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spite_house) still is standing and occupied. In January 1873, before Nassau County had split off from [Queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_County,_New_York), the Queens County treasurer set up an office at Freeport. The village residents voted to incorporate the village on October 18, 1892. At that time, it had a population of 1,821. In 1898, Freeport established a municipal electric utility, which still operates today, giving the village lower electricity rates than those in surrounding communities. It is one of two municipally owned electric systems in Nassau County; the other is in [Rockville Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville_Centre,_New_York). Public street lighting was begun in 1907, and a public fire alarm system was adopted in 1910. 1900–1939: expansion In the years after incorporation, Freeport was a [tourist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_destination) and sportsman's destination for its boating and fishing. From 1902 into the late 1920s, the [New York and Long Island Traction Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_and_Long_Island_Traction_Corporation) ran [trolleys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram) through Freeport to [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens), Hempstead, and [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn). These trolleys went down Main Street in Freeport, connecting to a ferry at Scott's Hotel near Ray Street. In later years these ferries departed from Ellison's dock on Little Swift Creek, served by separate trolleys operated by the Great South Bay Ferry Company. The ferries took people to [Point Lookout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Lookout,_New_York), about three miles (5 km) south of Freeport, where there is an ocean beach. For a few years after 1913, the short-lived Freeport Railroad Company ran a trolley nicknamed "the Fishermen's Delight" along Grove Street (now [Guy Lombardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lombardo) Avenue) from [Sunrise Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Highway) to the waterfront. Also in this era, in 1910 Arthur and Albert Heinrich&action=edit&redlink=1) flew the first American-made, American-powered [monoplane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane), built in their [Merrick Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Road) airplane factory (see also [Heinrich Pursuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Pursuit)). [WGBB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBB), founded in 1924, became Long Island's first 24-hour radio station. In the late 19th century, Freeport was the summer resort of wealthy politicians, publishers, and so forth. At the time, travel from Freeport to New York City required a journey of several hours on a coal-powered train, or an even more arduous automobile trip on the single-lane Merrick Road. According to [Elinor Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Smith), the arrival of [Diamond Jim Brady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jim_Brady) and [Lillian Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Russell) around the start of the 20th century marked the beginning of what by 1914 would become an unofficial theatrical [artists' colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists%27_colony), especially of [vaudeville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville) performers. Freeport's population was largest in the summer season, during which most of the theaters of the time were closed and performers left for cooler climes. Some had year-round family homes in Freeport. [Leo Carrillo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Carrillo) and [Victor Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Moore) were early arrivals, later joined by [Fannie Brice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Brice), [Trixie Friganza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trixie_Friganza), [Sophie Tucker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Tucker), [Harry Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ruby), [Fred Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Stone), [Helen Broderick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Broderick), [Moran and Mack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran_and_Mack), [Will Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers), [Bert Kalmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kalmar), [Richard Whiting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Whiting), [Harry von Tilzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_von_Tilzer), [Rae Samuels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Samuels), [Belle Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Baker), [Grace Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hayes), Pat Rooney&action=edit&redlink=1), [Duffy and Sweeney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_and_Sweeney), the Four Mortons, McKay and Ardine, and [Eva Tanguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Tanguay). [Buster Keaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton), [W. C. Fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._C._Fields), and many other theatrical performers who did not own homes there were also frequent visitors. Several of Freeport's actors gathered together as the Long Island Good Hearted Thespian Society (LIGHTS), with a clubhouse facing onto Great South Bay. LIGHTS presented summer shows in Freeport from the mid-1910s to the mid-1920s. LIGHTS also sponsored a summertime "Christmas Parade", featuring clowns, acrobats, and once even some borrowed elephants. It was held at this unlikely time of year because the theater people were all working during the real Christmas season. A [Coney Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island)–style [amusement park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park) called Playland Park thrived from the early 1920s until the early 1930s but was destroyed by a fire on June 28, 1931. With the resurgence of the [Ku Klux Klan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan) on Long Island in the 1920s many villages in Nassau and Suffolk counties were the focal point of Klan activity. According to a story in Newsday detailing the history of Long Island, often, respected clergymen and public officials openly supported the Klan and attended its rallies. On Sept. 20, 1924, for instance, the Klan drew 30,000 spectators to a parade through Freeport – with the village police chief, John M. Hartman, leading a procession of 2,000 robed men.... the founding of one of Long Island's first klaverns, in Freeport, was memorialized on Sept. 8, 1922, in the Daily Review, which carried a banner headline about the meeting at Mechanics Hall on Railroad Avenue. About 150 new members were greeted by seven robed Klansmen. 1940–present: recent history By 1937, Freeport's population exceeded 20,000, and it was the largest village in Nassau County. After [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) the village became a [bedroom community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_community) for New York City. The separation between the two eras was marked by a fire that destroyed the Shorecrest Hotel (originally the Crystal Lake Hotel) on January 14, 1958. During the 1950s local merchants resisted building any shopping malls in the village and subsequently suffered a great loss of business when large malls were built in communities in the central part of Long Island. The landscape of Freeport underwent further change with a significant increase in apartment building construction. When such buildings went up in just two years in the early 1960s, the Village passed a moratorium on multi-unit residential construction. While never a major boatbuilding center, Freeport can boast some notable figures in that field. Fred and Mirto Scopinich operated their boatyard in Freeport from just after [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) until they moved it to [East Quogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Quogue,_New_York) in the late 1960s. Their Freeport Point Shipyard built boats for the [United States Coast Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard), but also for [Prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States)-era [rumrunners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumrunner). From 1937 to 1945 the shipyard built small boats for the [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy) and British [Royal Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy). The marina and dealership operated by Al Grover in 1950 remains in Freeport and in his family. Grover's company built fishing [skiffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiff) from the 1970s until about 1990. One of these, a 26-footer, carried Grover and his sons from [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia) to [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal) in 1985, the first-ever crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by a boat powered by an [outboard motor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outboard_motor). Columbian Bronze operated in Freeport from its 1901 founding until it closed shop in 1988. Among this company's achievements was the propeller for the [USS Nautilus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)), an operational [nuclear-powered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion) [submarine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine) and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the [North Pole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole). Geography According to the [United States Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau), the village has a total area of 4.6 square miles (12 km2). The village is bisected by east–west [New York State Route 27](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27) (Sunrise Highway). The [Meadowbrook State Parkway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowbrook_Parkway) defines its eastern boundary. The south part of the village is penetrated by several [canals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal) that allow access to the Atlantic Ocean by means of passage through [salt marshes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh). The oldest canal is the late 19th-century Woodcleft Canal. Freeport has extensive small-boat facilities and a resident fishing fleet, as well as charter and open water fishing boats. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 43,783 people, 13,504 households, and 9,911 families residing in the village. The population density was 9,531.3 inhabitants per square mile (3,680.1/km2). There were 13,819 housing units at an average density of 3,008.3 per square mile (1,161.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 42.9% [White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)), 32.6% [African American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)), 0.5% [Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)), 1.4% [Asian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)), 0.1% [Pacific Islander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)), 17.2% from [other races](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)), and 5.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)) or [Latino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)) of any race were 33.5% of the population. There were 13,504 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.65. In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. The median income for a household in the village in 1999 was $55,948, and the median income for a family was $61,673. Males had a median income of $37,465 versus $31,869 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,288. About 8.0% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over. As of 2010, the population was 42,860. The demographics were as follows: Hispanic – 17,858 (42.5%) Black alone – 13,226 (30.9%) White alone – 10,113 (23.6%) Asian alone – 669 (1.6%) Two or more races – 174 (0.4%) Other race alone – 292 (0.7%) American Indian alone – 94 (0.2%) At the 2020 American Community Survey, the Latino population was 16.2% [Dominican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Americans), 9% [Salvadoran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans), 4.2% [Puerto Rican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans), 3% [Guatemalan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans), 2.2% [Colombian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Americans), 1.7% [Ecuadorian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans). Government Freeport's government is made up of four trustees and a mayor, who are elected to four-year terms; one trustee also serves in the capacity of deputy mayor. Freeport's first African American mayor, Andrew Hardwick, was elected in 2009; he was succeeded on March 20, 2013, by Robert T. Kennedy The current Deputy Mayor is (Trustee) Ronald Ellerbe. The other current Trustees are, Jorge Martinez, Christopher Squeri, and Evette Sanchez. Freeport's current government is a coalition of Democrats, Republicans and Independents. Infrastructure Transportation [Merrick Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Road) and [Sunrise Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27) both run roughly east-west through the village. Additionally, the [Meadowbrook State Parkway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowbrook_State_Parkway) forms much of Freeport's eastern border with Merrick. The [Southern State Parkway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway) runs east-west about a mile north of Freeport's northern border with [Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt,_New_York). Additionally, Freeport would have been the southern terminus of the never-built [Freeport–Roslyn Expressway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport%E2%80%93Roslyn_Expressway). This short-lived proposal in the early 1950s was killed largely by community opposition. Freeport is served by the [Freeport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport_(LIRR_station)) station on the [Long Island Rail Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road)'s [Babylon Branch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_Branch). Freeport serves as a hub for several [Nassau Inter-County Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Inter-County_Express) bus routes: n4/n4x: Freeport – [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens) n19: Freeport – [Sunrise Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Mall_(Massapequa_Park,_New_York)) n40/41: Freeport – [Mineola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineola,_New_York) n43: Freeport – [Roosevelt Field Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Field_Mall) n88: Freeport – [Jones Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Beach_State_Park) (Summer Service Only) Utilities Freeport is connected to [sanitary sewers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer). The village maintains a sanitary sewer system which flows into [Nassau County's system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County_Sewage_District), which treats the sewage from the village's system through the Nassau County-owned [sewage treatment plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plants). The Village of Freeport owns and maintains its own water system. Freeport's water system serves the entire village with water. Arts and culture Freeport is a Long Island hot spot during the summer season in New York. A popular festival occurs on Freeport's Nautical Mile (the west side of Woodcleft Canal) the first weekend in June each year, which attracts many people from across Long Island and New York City. The Nautical Mile is a strip along the water that features well-known seafood restaurants, crab shacks, bars, eclectic little boutiques, fresh fish markets, as well as party cruise ships and casino boats that float atop the canals. People line up for the boat rides and eat at restaurants that feature seating on the water's edge and servings of mussels, oysters, crabs, and steamed clams ("steamers") accompanied by pitchers of beer. An 18-hole miniature golf course is popular among families. The Sea Breeze waterfront park—which includes a transient marina, boardwalk, rest rooms and benches—opened in 2009 at the foot of the Nautical Mile. It has proven to be a very popular spot to sit and watch the marine traffic and natural scenery. This is in addition to an existing scenic pier. Freeport has an ethnically and racially diverse population. There is one housing project, named after Nassau County's first black judge, Moxie Rigby. Freeport's [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic) community is made up of [Puerto Ricans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico), [Dominicans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic), [Mexicans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicans), [Colombians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombians) and other Latin American countries. Among the many Latin-American-themed businesses are several grocery stores or "bodegas" and restaurants along Merrick Road and Main Street that serve Caribbean, Central American, Dominican, and South American cuisines. Freeport, along with neighboring [Merrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick,_New_York), is also the gateway to [Jones Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Beach_State_Park), one of the largest state beaches in New York. One famous area is the Town of Hempstead Marina, where people from all over Long Island dock their boats. Freeport is a 45-minute ride by the [Long Island Rail Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road) to Manhattan, making the trip an easy commute to New York City. From 1974 to 1986, Freeport was one of the few Long Island towns to hold a sizeable open-air market area, known as the Freeport Mall. The heart of the Main Street business area was closed to vehicular traffic and reconfigured for pedestrians only. The experiment was not a success. The [W. T. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._Grant) store that was supposed to anchor the mall closed, along with the rest of that chain, shortly after the mall opened. The mall area became shabby and disused, and many businesses failed. The mall was dismantled and returned to through traffic with regular parking on each side of the street. Architecture Just north of the high school and the railroad tracks is the ruin of the former [Brooklyn Waterworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Waterworks), described by Christopher Gray of the New York Times as looking like an "ancient, war-damaged abbey." Designed by architect [Frank Freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Freeman_(architect)) and opened in 1891 to serve the City of Brooklyn (later made a borough of New York City), it was fully active until 1929 with a capacity of 54 million gallons a day, and remained in standby for emergency use until 1977, when the pumps and other machinery were removed. See [Ridgewood Reservoir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood_Reservoir). An unsuccessful 1989 plan would have turned the building into condos. Currently, the parcel is the subject of litigation and ongoing investigations by various agencies. Long Island Traditions also describes the sites of notable architecture in Freeport's history, such as bay men's homes and commercial fishing establishments, some of which are still existing, as well as the still-existing Fiore's Fish Market and Two Cousins, which are located in historic waterfront buildings, built by the owners, so they could negotiate directly with the baymen as they pulled into dock. Long Island Traditions also describes and provides a photograph of the no-longer existing Woodcleft Hotel and important boatyards, about which the site writes: "In Freeport the Maresca boatyard stands on the site of what is now the Long Island Marine Education Center owned by the Village of Freeport. Founded in the 1920s by Phillip Maresca, they built both recreational and commercial boats. Their customers included Guy Lombardo and party boat captains. The business was taken over by Everett Maresca, who died in 1995. The original building remains relatively intact, consisting of a large concrete block structure. Further down on Woodcleft Canal stands the former Scopinich Boatyard, now part of Shelter Point Marine services. The structure is obscured by corrugated metal siding but elements of its original frame structure remain. The yard was founded by Fred Scopinich, a Greek immigrant in the early 1900s. His grandson Fred moved the yard to East Quogue. The Freeport yard specialized in building commercial fishing boats including trawlers, government boats for the Coast Guard, rum running boats, as well as sailboats and garveys for local baymen. Finally the original Grover boatyard, founded by Al Grover, stands on Woodcleft Avenue a short distance from the Maresca yard. A modest frame building, approximately 20 people worked there. Today the yard is located north of the Nautical Mile on South Main street, run by Grover's sons. Their yard consists of modern corrugated structures used primarily for maintenance and storage." Libraries The [Freeport Memorial Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport_Memorial_Library), which is the library serving the Freeport Library District, is the main library in Freeport. The Baldwin and Roosevelt Library Districts serve some of the northernmost portions of the village. Schools [Freeport Public Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport_Public_Schools) (FPS) operates the community's public schools. For the 2009–10 school year, there were 6,257 students enrolled in Freeport's public schools. The children of Freeport, in grades 1–4, attend four magnet elementary schools, each with a different specialty: Archer Street (Microsociety and Multimedia), Leo F. Giblyn (School of International Cultures), Bayview Avenue (School of Arts and Sciences), and New Visions (School of Exploration & Discovery). In grades 5 and 6, all public school children attend Caroline G. Atkinson School on the north side of the town. Seventh and 8th graders attend John W. Dodd Middle School. The Middle School is built on the property that housed the older Freeport High School, but not on exactly the same site. The old high school served for some years as the junior high; then the new junior high was built on what was previously parking lot and playground, and the old building was torn down. In 2017, The school remodeled, with an added track and field. A Catholic school, the De La Salle School, is run by the Christian Brothers and accepts boys from grades 5–8. Children in grades 9–12 attend Freeport High School, which borders the town of [Baldwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin,_Nassau_County,_New_York) and sits beside the Milburn duck pond, which is fed by a creek, several hundred yards of which was diverted underground when the high school was built. Freeport High School's mascot is the Red Devil, and its colors are red and white. The school has track-and-field facilities. One unique feature of the school's curriculum is a science research program run in cooperation with [Stony Brook University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook_University). The school offers numerous advanced placement courses and was a pioneer in distance learning at the high school level. Roughly 87 percent of the high school's graduates go on to some form of higher education. A community night school for teenagers had 236 students as of 1999. As early as 1886, Freeport's schools began the then-unusual policy of providing their students with free textbooks. In 1893, the newly incorporated village constructed a ten-room brick schoolhouse. Also in the late 19th century, the community was among the first Long Island communities to establish an "academic department", offering classes beyond the elementary school level. Freeport saw its share of the social, political, and racial turbulence of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The 1969–70 school year saw three high school principals in the village's only high school, succeeded in August 1970 by William McElroy, formerly the junior high school principal, who came to the position "in the midst of racial tension and a constantly-polarizing student body"; McElroy backed such initiatives as a student advisory committee to the Board of Education and, in his own words, "made [him]self available to any civic-minded group" that wished to discuss with him the situation in the school. By May 1972, he could claim success, of a sort. "Formerly, a fight between a black and a white student would automatically become racial; now a fight is just a fight—between two students." The Freeport High School newspaper, Flashings, founded 1920, is believed to be the oldest high school paper on Long Island. It has won numerous awards over several decades. From 1969 until 1999, it operated under "free press" guidelines unusual for a high school newspaper, with an active role for the students in picking their own faculty adviser and with ultimate editorial control firmly in the hands of students. Throughout that time, Ira Schildkraut functioned as faculty adviser. In 1999, the school administration removed Schildkraut from that role and attempted to establish themselves as censors. That last decision was turned back by the school board after it drew attention from, among others, [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) and the Student Press Law Center. However, the dispute's resolution did reduce the student journalists' role in selecting their own faculty adviser and increased the faculty adviser's editorial authority relative to the student journalists'. From about 1970 to 1973, the town and Freeport High School achieved recognition because of the performance of its math team ("The Mathletes") in regional inter-school math competitions and performance on advanced mathematics tests, including the [International Mathematical Olympiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad) and those from the [Mathematical Association of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America) (MAA). In addition, in about 1970, Freeport High School became one of the few schools in the country then to have a general purpose computer on the premises dedicated to student use and teaching programming, an [IBM 1620](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1620_Model_II) donated by IBM. The 1620 was later replaced by remote access to a [DEC System 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECsystem-10) then, later, an on-site [PDP-11/40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11) running the [RSTS/E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSTS/E) time sharing system, also dedicated to the students. Much credit for the team and computers goes to FHS math teachers and to the Freeport School District's head of Mathematics, Joseph Holbrook. In June 2008, 16 people were arrested after violence erupted in the high school. In a 2010 Newsday story regarding Long Island eighth-grader scores on [Regents Exams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regents_Exams), which have traditionally been given to students in ninth grade and up, Freeport was ranked in the highest tier. Sports and recreation In the early 1930s, Freeport was the playing field for the [Pennsylvania Red Caps of New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Red_Caps_of_New_York), a [semi-pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-professional) baseball team which took their name from the caps worn by [Pullman porters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Company#Porters). For a few years after that, the [NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League)'s [Brooklyn Dodgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers_(NFL)) football team, which, like their [baseball namesakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers), played at Ebbets Field, using the stadium as a midweek training site. The site is now a Warehouse [BJ's Wholesale Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJ%27s_Wholesale_Club). From 1931 until the early 1980s, Freeport was home to Freeport Speedway, originally Freeport Municipal Stadium. Seating about 10,000, the stadium originally hosted "midget" auto races; after World War II it switched to [stock car racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_car_racing) and eventually [demolition derbies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_derby). Freeport is home to the Freeport Recreation Center, which features an enclosed, year-round ice skating rink; an indoor pool; an outdoor Olympic-size pool; an outdoor diving tank; an outdoor children's pool; handball courts; sauna; steam room; fully equipped workout gyms; basketball courts; and snack bars serving hot and cold foods. The "Rec Center" also offers evening adult classes and hosts a pre-school program, camp programs, and a senior center. Notable people [Cindy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Adams), gossip columnist. [Desi Barmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desi_Barmore) (born 1960), American-Israeli basketball player [Medea Benjamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medea_Benjamin) (born Susan Benjamin), political activist, co-founder of [Code Pink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Pink) [Leo Carrillo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Carrillo), actor (Pancho in the [Cisco Kid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Kid) series) built a home on Randalls Channel at the corner of Roosevelt and South Long Beach Avenues. [Broderick Crawford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broderick_Crawford), actor [Patrick Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Day), former professional boxer [Justin Dunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Dunn), baseball pitcher drafted in the [2016 Major League Baseball draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Major_League_Baseball_draft) [Chris Edmonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Edmonds), 1985 NCAA Division 1 Wrestling Champion [D'Brickashaw Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Brickashaw_Ferguson), Pro Bowl offensive tackle for the [New York Jets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets) [Flavor Flav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_Flav) (William Jonathan Drayton, Jr.), rapper and reality TV star; grew up in Freeport and neighboring [Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt,_New_York) [Kay Gardner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Gardner_(composer)), musician, composer, author, and [musical producer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_producer) who lived in Freeport [George Gollin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gollin), an elementary particle physicist and physics professor [Eddie Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gordon_(fighter)), professional [mixed martial arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) fighter and [UFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship)'s [TUF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter) winner [Morlon Greenwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlon_Greenwood), football player [Havoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havoc_(Mobb_Deep)), of hip-hop group [Mobb Deep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobb_Deep), lives in Freeport [Gabriel Heatter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Heatter), radio personality [Jay Hieron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hieron), retired professional [mixed martial arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) fighter and [IFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fight_League) welterweight champion [Mitch Kapor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Kapor), founder of [Lotus Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Development) Corporation and the designer of [Lotus 1-2-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3) [Joe Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kelly_(comics_writer)), comic book writer and founder of [Man of Action Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Action_Studios) which created Ben 10 and Big Hero 6. [Erik Larson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Larson_(author)), author of books such as Isaac's Storm and [The Devil in the White City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_in_the_White_City), attended Freeport High School [Peter Lerangis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lerangis), author of children's and young-adult fiction; valedictorian of the FHS Class of 1973 [Steve Lieberman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lieberman), punk rock bassist, flautist, singer signed to [JDub Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDub_Records) known as [The Gangsta Rabbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gangsta_Rabbi); served as Freeport Village Comptroller (1998-2014) [Guy Lombardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lombardo), musician and [big bandleader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band), lived in Freeport during the latter portion of his life; his former residence on South Grove Street (now Guy Lombardo Avenue) included a boathouse where he kept his powerful speed boats, which he raced on the ocean [Jerry Mackey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Mackey), former [American football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football) [linebacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker) signed by the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers) [Charles Manning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manning), international fashion model [Donnie McClurkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_McClurkin), [Grammy Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award)-winning [gospel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music) singer, and founder and pastor of Perfecting Faith Church in Freeport [Eddie Murphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murphy), attended junior high school at John W. Dodd Middle School [Billy Murray (singer)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Murray_(singer)), Vaudeville-era singer [Wade Nichols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Nichols) (born Dennis Posa), pornographic actor, cast member in [The Edge of Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edge_of_Night), and a singer [Shelly Peiken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Peiken), songwriter who is best known for co-writing the US #1 hits "What A Girl Wants" and "Come On over Baby" by Christina Aguilera. [Prodigy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy_(rapper)), of hip-hop group [Mobb Deep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobb_Deep), lived in Freeport [Emanuel Pupulidy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Pupulidy) (1918—1996), a race car driver [Lou Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed), singer-songwriter and founding member of [The Velvet Underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground) [Branch Rickey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Rickey), owner of the [Brooklyn Dodgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers) [Dick Schaap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Schaap), [sportswriter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportswriting), broadcaster, and author [Samantha Sepulveda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Sepulveda), a [Long Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island) police officer who gained fame when the [New York Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post) reported that she is also an Internet [glamour model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_model) [Clifton Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Smith_(linebacker)), former [American football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football) [linebacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker) who played [college football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football) at [Syracuse University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University) [Elinor Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Smith), 1920s aviator [Hale Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Smith), 20th-century composer [Dee Snider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Snider) (born 1955), [Twisted Sister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Sister) singer, songwriter, radio personality, and actor [Susan Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sullivan), actress [Brandon Tartikoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Tartikoff), television executive who grew up in Freeport [Noel Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Thompson_(Wrestler)), [National Wrestling Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame) inductee [Harold E. Varmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus), the 1989 recipient of the [Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine) [Jean R. Yawkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_R._Yawkey), wife of [Boston Red Sox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox) owner [Tom Yawkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Yawkey) and owner of the team from his death in 1976 until her own in 1992; grew up in Freeport. [Michael Zielenziger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Zielenziger), journalist and author In popular culture [History Alive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)), season 1, episode 56: "Rumrunners, Moonshiners and Bootleggers" (1995) describes boat making operations and illicit business ventures in Freeport. [The Sopranos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos), season 5, episode 8: "[Marco Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_(The_Sopranos))" (April 25, 2004) reveals that the crew of [Lupertazzi crime family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupertazzi_crime_family) member [Jerry Basile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_from_The_Sopranos_in_the_Lupertazzi_crime_family#Jerry_Basile) operates in Freeport.

2024-09-18 16:15:36

Yvan_Rodic

<Infotable> Yvan Rodic Rodic at Stockholm Fashion Week, 2013 Born: 1977Vevey Switzerland Nationality: Swiss Education: Communication Occupation: Streetstyle Photographer Known for: FaceHunter </Infotable> Yvan Rodic, also known as FaceHunter, is a Swiss fashion photographer and digital nomad called "The King of street style photography" by [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN). He travels the world photographing people at cultural and fashion events. He began a blog in 2006, and has since contributed to brands such as [Armani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani), [Esprit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit_Holdings), and [Volvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo), among others. Rodic has published four books with [Thames & Hudson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson): FaceHunter (2010), A Year in The Life of FaceHunter (2013), Travels with Facehunter (2013), and Street Chic (2009),. Books .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}Rodic, Yvan (2010). Facehunter. [Thames & Hudson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2878113495](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2878113495). Rodic, Yvan (2013). A Year in The Life of FaceHunter. Thames & Hudson. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0500290873](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500290873).

2024-09-18 16:39:51

Princess_Tower

.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}25°5′19.05″N 55°8′48.69″E / 25.0886250°N 55.1468583°E / 25.0886250; 55.1468583 <Infotable> Princess Tower General information Status: Completed Architectural style: Postmodern Construction started: 25 February 2006[3] Opening: 9 September 2012; 12 years ago(9 September 2012) Height Architectural: 413.4 m (1,356 ft) Antenna spire: 414 m (1,358 ft)[1] Roof: 392 m (1,286 ft)[2] Top floor: 356.9 m (1,171 ft)[3] Technical details Floor count: 101, plus 6 basement floors[3] Floor area: 171,175 m2(1,842,512 sq ft) Lifts/elevators: 13 Design and construction Architect(s): Eng. Adnan Saffarini Office Developer: Tameer Holding Investment LLC Main contractor: Arabian Construction Company (ACC) Other information Parking: 957 </Infotable> The Princess Tower ([Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language): برج الأميرة) is a 101-story, 413.4 m (1,356 ft) tall [residential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential)-only [skyscraper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper) located in the [Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Marina) district of [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai), [UAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE). As of September 2022, Princess Tower is the [third tallest building in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai), after the [Burj Khalifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa) and [Marina 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_101) and the [36th tallest building in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world). Princess Tower was the [tallest residential building in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_residential_buildings_in_the_world) from 2012 to 2015, when it was overtaken by [432 Park Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/432_Park_Avenue) in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City). Overview The tower's engineering was performed by Syed Majid Hashmi as the Chief Structural Engineer and his deputy manager Mohammad Ali Alogaily. The building comprises 763 units, 957 underground parking bays (spread over six floors), and eight retail outlets. The building was completed and delivered by its developer, Tameer Holdings, in September 2012. The development stands at 107 stories and includes basement floors, a ground floor and 100 levels above ground. The development also features an indoor swimming pool, outdoor swimming pool, fully functioning gymnasium, sauna, steam room, exercise studio, multiple games rooms, children's play area, banqueting hall and an Observation Deck on the 97th floor with Wifi access. Construction gallery 9 November 2007 1 February 2008 Gallery View from the street Outdoor pools and sunbathing area for residents View from 90th floor: Palm Jumeirah View from 90th floor: JBR and Ain Dubai

2024-09-18 17:13:25

Fennoscandia

<Infotable> Fennoscandia in March 2002 Geography Location: Northern Europe Coordinates: 63°N17°E / 63°N 17°E /63; 17 Adjacent to: Arctic Sea,Atlantic Ocean Highest elevation: 2,469 m (8100 ft) Highest point: Galdhøpiggen Administration Norway Mainland Sweden Mainland Finland Mainland Russia Whole or part of the mainland area ofMurmansk Oblast,Republic of Karelia, andLeningrad Oblast </Infotable> Fennoscandia ([Finnish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language), [Swedish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language) and [Norwegian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language): Fennoskandia; [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language): Фенноскандия, [romanized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian):Fennoskandiya), or the Fennoscandian Peninsula, is a [peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula) in Europe which includes the [Scandinavian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula) and [Kola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Peninsula) peninsulas, mainland [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland), and [Karelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia). Administratively, this roughly encompasses the mainlands of Finland, [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway) and [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden), as well as [Murmansk Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast), much of the [Republic of Karelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia), and parts of northern [Leningrad Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast) in Russia. Its name comes from the Latin words Fennia (Finland) and Scandia (Scandinavia). The term was first used by the Finnish geologist [Wilhelm Ramsay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ramsay) in 1898. Geologically, the area is distinct because its [bedrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock) is [Archean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archean) [granite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite) and [gneiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss) with very little [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone), in contrast to adjacent areas in Europe. The similar term Fenno-Scandinavia is sometimes used for Fennoscandia. Both terms are sometimes used in English to refer to a cultural or political grouping of Finland with Sweden, Norway and Denmark (the latter country is closely connected culturally and politically, but is not part of the Fennoscandian Peninsula), which is a subset of the [Nordic countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries).

2024-09-18 16:56:39

Stepping_(African-American)

[Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history) [Atlantic slave trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) [Abolitionism in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States) [Slavery in the colonial history of the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States) [Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War) [Antebellum period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States) [Slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War) and [military history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War) during the Civil War [Reconstruction era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era) [Politicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction) [Juneteenth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth) [Civil rights movement (1865–1896)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)) [Jim Crow era (1896–1954)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)) [Civil rights movement (1954–1968)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement) [Black power movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_power_movement) [Post–civil rights era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history) [Politicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction) [Agriculture history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States) [Black Belt in the American South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South) [Business history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_businesses) [Military history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans) [Treatment of the enslaved](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States) [Great Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)) [Second Great Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)) [New Great Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Great_Migration) [Dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_dance) [Family structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_family_structure) [Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_cinema) [Folktales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_folktales) [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_music) [Musical theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_musical_theater) [Names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_names) [Neighborhoods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_neighborhood) [Newspapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_newspapers) [Soul food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_food) [Education during the slave period in the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States) [Education of freed people during the Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War) [History of African-American education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African-American_education), after the Civil War [Historically black colleges and universities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities) [Fraternities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities) [Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_studies) [Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_art) [Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_literature) [Martin Luther King Jr. Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day) [Black History Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month) [Juneteenth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth) [Kwanzaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa) [African-American businesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_businesses) [Middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_middle_class) [Upper class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_upper_class) [Billionaires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_billionaires) [African-American beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_beauty) [Black is beautiful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_is_beautiful) [Black pride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pride) [African-American hair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_hair) [Good hair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_hair) Stepping "[Lift Every Voice and Sing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing)" [Self-determination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_self-determination) [Black is beautiful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_is_beautiful) [Good hair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_hair) [Black church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church) [Black theology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_theology) [Womanist theology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanist_theology) [Hoodoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)) [Black Hebrew Israelites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites) [African-American Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Jews) [African-American Muslims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Muslims) [Nation of Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam) [Louisiana Voodoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo) [African Diaspora Religions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora_religions) [Congressional Black Caucus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus) [Joint Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies) [National Black Caucus of State Legislators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators) [National Conference of Black Mayors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors) [Afrocentrism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentrism) [Anarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_anarchism) [Back-to-Africa movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement) [Black power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_power) [Capitalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_capitalism) [Conservatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_conservatism) [Garveyism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garveyism) [Leftism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_leftism) [Liberalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_liberalism) [Nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism) [Pan-Africanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism) [Patriotism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_patriotism) [Populism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_populism) [Socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_socialism) [Association for the Study of AfricanAmerican Life and History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History) [Black conductors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_conductors) [NAACP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP) [National Black Chamber of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce) [National Council of Negro Women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women) [National Pan-Hellenic Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council) [National Urban League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League) [TransAfrica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransAfrica) [UNCF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCF) [Negro league baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseball) [Central (CIAA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association) [HBCU (HBCUAC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference) [Mid-Eastern (MEAC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference) [Southern (SIAC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference) [Southwestern (SWAC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference) [African-American Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Jews) [Afro-Puerto Ricans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans) [Alabama Creole people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people) [Black Indians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States) [Black Seminoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seminoles) [Mascogos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascogos) [Blaxicans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxican) [Brass Ankles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Ankles) [Creoles of color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creoles_of_color) [Dominickers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominickers) [Freedmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)) [Great Dismal Swamp maroons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons) [Melungeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melungeon) [Carmel Indians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel_Indians) [Redbone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)) [Black Seminoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seminoles) [Mascogos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascogos) [Carmel Indians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel_Indians) [Americo-Liberians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people) [Creek Freedmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_Freedmen) [Gullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah) [Merikins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merikins) [Nova Scotians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians) [Samaná Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans) [Sierra Leone Creole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people) [LGBT community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community) [African-American English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_English) [African-American Vernacular English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English) [Liberian English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_English) [Samaná English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English) [Tutnese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutnese) [African-American Vernacular English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English) [Gullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_language) [Afro-Seminole Creole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole) [Negro Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch) [Black American Sign Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language) [Afro-Seminole Creole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole) [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama) [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas) [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_California) [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida) [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)) [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois) [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana) [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa) [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas) [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana) [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland) [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi) [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska) [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York) [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina) [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio) [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma) [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon) [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina) [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee) [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas) [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah) [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia) [Black mecca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_mecca) [List of neighborhoods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods) [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta) [Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore) [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston) [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago) [Dallas-Fort Worth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth) [Davenport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa) [Detroit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit) [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston) [Jacksonville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida) [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky) [Lexington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky) [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles) [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City) [Omaha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska) [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia) [San Antonio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio) [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco) [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia) [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida) [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia) [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi) [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri) [Omaha, Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska) [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina) [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina) [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas) [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia) [US states and territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population) [US metropolitan areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations) [US cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations) [US communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations) [Places by plurality of population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations) [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa) [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada) [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_France) [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana) [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel) [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people) [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians) [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people) [Black genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_genocide) [Race and ethnicity in the US census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census) [Racism against Black Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans) [Reparations for slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery) [School segregation in the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States) [Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States) [Blackface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackface) [Criminal stereotypes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans) [Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood) [Magical Negro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Negro) [Minstrel show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show) [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American_people) [Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans) [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar)[t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar)[e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar) Stepping or step-dancing (a type of [step dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_dance)) is a form of [percussive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument) [dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance) in [African-American culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culture). The performer's entire body is used as an instrument to produce complex rhythms and sounds through a mixture of footsteps, spoken word, and hand claps. Though stepping may be performed by an individual, it is generally performed by groups of three or more, often in arrangements that resemble military formations. Stepping may also draw from elements of [gymnastics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics), [break dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_dance), [tap dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dance), march, or African and Caribbean dance, or include stunts as a part of individual routines. The speed of the step depends upon the desired beat and rhythm of the performers. Some forms of stepping include the use of props, such as canes, rhythm sticks and/or fire and blindfolds. The tradition of stepping is rooted within the competitive schoolyard song and dance rituals practiced by historically African American [fraternities and sororities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities), beginning in the 1900s.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Stepping Stepping finds its origins in a combination of military [close-order and exhibition drill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_drill). It also originally drew heavily from the stage routines and movements of popular [R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B) groups such as [The Temptations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations) and The [Four Tops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Tops).[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] During the mid-20th century, historically black [fraternities and sororities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities) on United States college campuses traditionally sang and chanted to celebrate "crossing over" into membership of their respective organizations. Stepping is also performed by schools, churches, cheerleading squads, and drill teams. History Stepping gained its distinctive percussive style after the 1739 [Stono Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stono_Rebellion) in South Carolina. There, 20 enslaved people organized a rebellion near the banks of Stono River, banging on drums as they marched down the streets. The noise attracted a larger crowd of enslaved people who joined the revolution, and also of white colonists who killed most of the rebels. In the aftermath, lawmakers outlawed drumming as well as the right to own one, in order to eliminate it as a source of communication between enslaved persons. Following the ban, the percussive dance form (known today as stepping) began to emerge as enslaved people replaced the drums with their bodies. In the early 1900s, the inception of black Greek organizations changed stepping into the style that many recognize today. [NPHC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPHC) fraternities and sororities had "Greek Sings," and this tradition gradually came to be used to celebrate initiations into the world of Greeks. The chapters would gather on campus and sing uplifting songs and cheers about their fraternity or sorority. In later years when the Greeks sung songs, they added movements such as walking in a circle and clapping hands. The sororities were singing songs up to the early eighties, and all of the sororities still have traditional songs that they sing today. Meanwhile, the fraternities began to add movement to their songs. In later years "Greek Sings" became "Greek Shows" which were a major event and still are to this day. The first official Greek Show was held at [Howard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University) in 1976. Stepping has been popularized by [National Pan-Hellenic Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council) member organizations who give tributes to their historical Greek letter organizations and also perform at local and national competitions. Stepping has become popular among the Greek organizations to show spirit and pride in their fraternity or sorority. The most popular step routines have been passed down, and many of the songs are still used and housed in each fraternity's and sorority's history archives. Many times a step performance ends or incorporates the use of a chant that is associated with the respective organization. A chant is a song that is worded or has a rhythm specific to that organization. Each particular organization has their own. Over time, more and more organizations have created moves to continue this growing passion; however, certain steps and moves originated and are considered signature to particular organizations. For example, "The Alpha Train" is a staple of [Alpha Phi Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha), "the Q Hop" is originally from [Omega Psi Phi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi) fraternity, "The Nut Cracker" is unique to [Phi Beta Sigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma) fraternity, "The Dove" is unique to [Zeta Phi Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta) sorority, and "The Poodle Prance" is a signature move of [Sigma Gamma Rho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho) sorority. In 2019, stepping advanced its movements with the creation of the World of Step, which is an international community focused on embracing the inclusivity of step step as defined as using your body as an instrument to create sound. Once established, it opened its doors in connecting Haka, Zapateo Peruano, Taino Culture, Irish Step Dance and much more. Now it serves as the largest competition in the world with operations in United States, Senegal and Belgium along with participation of over 1 million votes.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] With the push of step becoming inclusive in the dance world, the copyright office has an official language of step called: Remo System, created under the company Art of Stepping which teaches step through a written language. In addition, in 2019 the 1st ever step mobile app to help support the language of step was launched on Android app.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Contests The first nationally syndicated stepping contest, S.T.O.M.P., aired in 1992 was created by Frank Mercardo Valdes, produced by the World African Network and Vic Bulluck and choreographed by Vernon Jackson and Jimmy Hamilton of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, [Pi Kappa Chapter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge). Again they were also known as Step by Step Stomp aired 1992-1996.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] World of Step International Competition, serves as the largest competition for step that includes the following countries: USA, Spain, Peru, Senegal, Korea, Kenya, Canada, Belgium with expansion in Italy and Ireland which was created by Jessica 'REMO' Saul, Founder of Art of Stepping and member of Omega Phi Beta sorority.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Stepping influence in other cultures Stepping is a complex performance that melds folk traditions with popular culture and involves synchronized percussive movement, singing, speaking, chanting, and drama. Developed by African American fraternities and sororities, it is now practiced worldwide. For example, the tradition has been emulated by Latino fraternities and sororities such as [Lambda Sigma Upsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Sigma_Upsilon) fraternity and [Omega Phi Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Phi_Beta) sorority which was led and created by Jessica 'REMO' Saul, Founder of Art of Stepping, World of Step and World of Step Media. This has led to an increase in participation of Latino Greek organizations in step show events, with groups often adding influences from [Salsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(dance)), [Merengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merengue_(dance)), [Bachata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachata_(dance)), as well as other traditionally [Latino music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_music). Latino Greeks are performing in more step shows, stroll competitions, and social functions on college campuses throughout the United States. Stepping has also been emulated by white, Multicultural, and Asian fraternities and sororities.

2024-09-18 22:32:05

Cheick_Tioté

<Infotable> Tioté representing theIvory Coastin 2012 Personal information Full name: Cheick Ismaël Tioté[1] Date of birth: (1986-06-21)21 June 1986 Place of birth: Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast Date of death: 5 June 2017(2017-06-05)(aged 30) Place of death: Beijing, China Height: 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[2] Position(s): Defensive midfielder Youth career 1998–2005: FC Bibo Senior career* Years: Team Apps (Gls) 2005–2008: Anderlecht 4 (0) 2007–2008: →Roda JC(loan) 26 (2) 2008–2010: Twente 58 (1) 2010–2017: Newcastle United 139 (1) 2017: Beijing Enterprises Group 11 (0) Total: 238 (4) International career 2009–2015: Ivory Coast 55 (1) Medal recordRepresentingIvory CoastMen'sfootballAfrica Cup of NationsWinner2015 Equatorial GuineaRunner-up2012 Equatorial Guinea-Gabon RepresentingIvory Coast Men'sfootball Africa Cup of Nations Winner 2015 Equatorial Guinea Runner-up 2012 Equatorial Guinea-Gabon RepresentingIvory Coast Men'sfootball Africa Cup of Nations Winner 2015 Equatorial Guinea Runner-up 2012 Equatorial Guinea-Gabon *Club domestic league appearances and goals </Infotable> Cheick Ismaël Tioté (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}French pronunciation: [[ʃɛik ismaɛl tjote]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French); 21 June 1986 – 5 June 2017) was an Ivorian professional [footballer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) who played as a [defensive midfielder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_midfielder). After playing youth football for [FC Bibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bibo) in his hometown of [Yamoussoukro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukro), he made his professional debut in 2005 with [Belgian First Division A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_A) club [Anderlecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht). In 2008, following a loan at [Roda JC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_JC), he joined [Eredivisie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie) club [FC Twente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente), winning the title in his second season. In August 2010, he signed for [Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League) club [Newcastle United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C.) in England for a fee of £3.5 million. Tioté played 156 games for Newcastle over six and a half seasons, scoring one goal. In February 2017, he joined [China League One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_League_One) club [Beijing Enterprises Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Sport_University_F.C.). He died of [cardiac arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest) in June 2017, during a training session, aged 30. Tioté played 55 times for the [Ivory Coast national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team) from 2009 to 2015, scoring once. He represented the country at two [FIFA World Cups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) and four [Africa Cup of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations), winning the [2015 edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations) of the latter. Early life Born in [Yamoussoukro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukro), Tioté started out playing barefoot [street football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_football) at the age of 10, not owning a pair of [boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_boot) until he was 15. He played youth football for Ivorian minor league side [FC Bibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bibo). In an interview with the [Evening Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle), Tioté said he had nine brothers and sisters. Growing up in [Abidjan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan), he gave up his studies at a young age. He stated that "football has always been the biggest thing to me ... I knew what I wanted to do and made sure that this was going to be my life. But I worked and worked and worked for it and it is because of that hard work that I have managed to make it." Club career Anderlecht In 2005, he was scouted by Belgian club [Anderlecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht) and signed a three-year contract with the club. After spending months at the club's reserve, he made his debut for [Anderlecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht) in a [Belgian Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup) match which they lost to [Geel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.F.C._Verbroedering_Geel) after Tioté missed his [penalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)). The following month, Tioté made his [UEFA Champions League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League) debut, where he made his first start in Matchday 6 Group Stage, in a 1–0 loss against [Real Betis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Betis). It was not until 18 March 2006 that he made his league debut for the club, coming on as a late substitute, in a 4–0 win over [Beveren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.K._Beveren). After making another league appearance, Tioté went on to make four appearances in all competitions in the 2005–06 season. The following season saw Tioté make three appearances in all competitions, due to spending the most of the season with injuries. In the 2007–08 season, he played on loan for [Roda JC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_JC_Kerkrade) on a season-long loan deal, where he played alongside his countryman [Sekou Cissé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekou_Ciss%C3%A9). After making his first start on his Roda JC debut, in a 5–3 win over [VVV-Venlo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVV-Venlo) on 2 September 2007, he scored his first goal for the club, in a 3–1 loss against [Feyenoord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord). Since making an impact at Roda JC, he became the club's fan favourite there. On 27 December 2007 he scored his second Roda JC goal, in a 1–0 win over [Heerenveen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Heerenveen). On 4 April 2008, however, Tioté was sent off in the 33rd minute, in a 2–0 loss against [NEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.E.C._(football_club)), which turns out to be his last appearance. After serving two match suspension for the rest of the season, he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. Twente At the end of the season, Roda JC expressed interest in signing Tioté, along with [Cercle Brugge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V.). Eventually, on 12 June 2008, Tioté signed for Dutch [Eredivisie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie) side [Twente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente) for a fee reported to be around €750,000, signing a four-year contract, with an option for another year. Upon joining the club, Tioté said he doubted of having first team football at Anderlecht should he have stayed. Tioté made his competitive debut for the club on 13 August 2008, in a UEFA Champions League qualification round, in a 2–0 loss against [Arsenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.). Weeks later, on 30 August 2008, he made his league debut, making his first start, in a 1–1 draw against Roda JC in the opening game of the season. However, in a match against Feyenoord on 18 April 2009, he was sent off after a second bookable offence, which saw Twente lose 1–0. After returning to the first team from suspension, Tioté played the whole game in the [final of KNVB Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_KNVB_Cup#Final) against Heerenveen, but lost out in the penalty-shootout after the game played 120 minutes, drawing 2–2. Despite this, Tioté established himself in the first team in his first season, as he made forty-one appearances in all competitions. Ahead of his second season at the club, Tioté was linked a move away from Twente, with French clubs expressing interest in signing him. After staying at the club throughout the summer, Tioté continued to be a first team regular and was sent-off on 20 September 2009, in a 3–2 win over [Utrecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Utrecht) after a second bookable offence. On 10 April 2010, Tioté then scored his first goal for Twente, in a 2–0 win over Heerenveen. After receiving a yellow card during a 1–0 loss against [AZ Alkmaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZ_Alkmaar) on 13 April 2010, Tioté served a one match suspension for this. Tioté made his return from suspension in the last game of the season, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 2–0 win over [NAC Breda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAC_Breda) to win the club's [first ever league title](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Eredivisie). He also featured in the [Europa League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Europa_League) and [Champions League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League), as he made forty-two appearances and scoring once in all competitions. During his two years time at Twente, he gained his reputation for being a determined and resilient midfielder with a keen eye for a pass, making fifty-eight league appearances scoring one goal with fourteen assists. Following his performance in the [World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup), Tioté further attracted interests from clubs, including [Birmingham City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C.), but newly appointed manager [Michel Preud'homme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Preud%27homme) insisted on keeping him at the club. In the [2010–11 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Eredivisie), he went on to make two appearances, before signing for [Newcastle United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C.). Newcastle United On 26 August 2010, Tioté joined English [Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League) side [Newcastle United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C.) for a fee of £3.5 million, after he was granted a [work permit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_permit). Upon joining the club, Tioté spoke to the local newspaper, the [Evening Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle), about the move, saying: "It's a great thrill for me to be joining such a famous club as Newcastle United." He was given the number 24 shirt. He made his debut on 18 September against [Everton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C.) at [Goodison Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodison_Park). He completed all of his 64 passes, made two interceptions, completed all five of his attempted tackles, and his only shot was on target. Tioté quickly became a favourite among supporters. On 8 January 2011, he was sent off during Newcastle's third round [FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup) match against [Stevenage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C.). Newcastle attempted to appeal the decision, but the FA decided to uphold it, and Tioté was suspended for three matches. On 5 February, Tioté scored his first and what was to be his only goal for the club, a 25-yard [volley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_(football)) for the late equaliser in a 4–4 draw against [Arsenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.) after Newcastle had trailed 4–0 at half time. On 25 February 2011, Newcastle announced that Tioté had signed a new six-and-a-half-year contract to show his commitment to the club, keeping him at Newcastle until 2017. Upon signing his new deal, Tioté said: "The experience of playing in the Premier League has been better than I ever hoped it could be. This is a great club and the fans have been brilliant – I have never known support like it." Despite setback from suspensions, he made 28 appearances and scored once in all competitions. In the [2011–12 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Newcastle_United_F.C._season), Tioté started the season well for the club when he set up two goals in two matches between 17 and 24 September 2011, against [Aston Villa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C.) and [Blackburn Rovers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C.), which resulted in a draw and a win respectively. However, during a 1–0 win over [Wigan Athletic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C.) on 22 October, he suffered a broken nose and knee injury that resulted him out for two months. He returned on 17 December, playing 82 minutes before being substituted in a 0–0 draw against [Swansea City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C.). After the end of the African Cup of Nations, Tioté returned to the first team, where he set up one of the goals, in a 2–2 draw against [Wolverhampton Wanderers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C.) on 25 February 2012. As the 2011–12 season progressed, he went on to make 24 appearances in all competitions. After two seasons at Newcastle, Tioté picked up 25 yellow cards from 50 league games, a return of one yellow card every two games, but only received one sending off, against local rivals [Sunderland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C.). He was sent off in Newcastle's 1–1 draw at the [Stadium of Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_of_Light) on 21 October 2012, for a late challenge on [Steven Fletcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(footballer)). In a 1–0 win against [Queens Park Rangers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C.) on 22 December, Tioté received a yellow card, picking up his fifth booking of the season and resulting in him being suspended for one match. However, throughout the [2012–13 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Newcastle_United_F.C._season), Tioté suffered a setback, due to international commitment on two occasions and injury. Despite this, he went on to make 31 appearances in all competitions in the 2012–13 season. In the [2013–14 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Newcastle_United_F.C._season), Tioté captained Newcastle for the first time, replacing [Fabricio Coloccini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabricio_Coloccini) and [Yohan Cabaye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohan_Cabaye), both ruled out by injury, and performed well in a 2–2 draw on 19 October 2013. Following the match, his role as captain was praised by manager [Alan Pardew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Pardew), who wanted him to captain another match. On 12 January 2014, and with Newcastle trailing 1–0 at home to Manchester City, Tioté had a goal controversially disallowed, when referee [Mike Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jones_(referee)) ruled that [Yoan Gouffran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoan_Gouffran) had blocked the goalkeeper's view from an offside position, and pundits criticised the decision to disallow the goal. Later that month, Cabaye left the club to join [Paris Saint-Germain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C.), thus disrupting the successful partnership between the two men. As a result, his form suffered, with replacement [Dan Gosling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gosling) not up to the preferred standard. However, Tioté was given the captain's armband in the absence of Coloccini, who had suffered a knee injury against [West Bromwich Albion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C.). By the end of the 2013–14 season, Tioté had made 36 appearances in all competitions. A hamstring injury meant that Tioté started the [following season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Newcastle_United_F.C._season) later than his teammates; it would be in September that he finally made his first appearance, against [Hull City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C.), in which he set up one of the goals, in a 2–2 draw. He would go on to make eleven more appearances in the league, before going on international duty for the [2015 African Cup of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_African_Cup_of_Nations). He sustained a knee injury, and had to have surgery on it, ruling him out for the rest of the season. This came as a blow for the player; he had stated to Ivorian press that he wanted to leave Newcastle. He had been previously linked with Arsenal and [Manchester United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.), and admitted there had been contacts for him from Arsenal and an unnamed Russian club. In the [2015–16 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Newcastle_United_F.C._season), Tioté made 20 league appearances, firstly under [Steve McClaren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McClaren), and then under [Rafael Benítez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez). Despite this, he could not displace the midfield pairing of [Moussa Sissoko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Sissoko) and [Georginio Wijnaldum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georginio_Wijnaldum), and often played in positions not suited to him. On 6 February 2016, against West Bromwich Albion, Tioté had another goal disallowed in similar circumstances to the one two years earlier. This time, referee [Lee Mason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Mason) ruled that [Aleksandar Mitrović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Mitrovi%C4%87) had blocked the goalkeeper's view from an offside position, but the decision did not cost the team, as Mitrović would score the winner a few minutes later. The following summer saw Tioté linked with moves to Turkey and China, but nothing came to fruition. Benítez decided to keep him on as a squad player, and he fell further down the pecking order with [Jonjo Shelvey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonjo_Shelvey), [Jack Colback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Colback) and [Isaac Hayden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hayden) all starting ahead of him. He made three more appearances for the club – once in the league, in a 1–1 draw with [Aston Villa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C.), and twice in the FA Cup, in both third round ties against [Birmingham City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C.). Beijing Enterprises Group On 9 February 2017, Tioté joined [China League One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_League_One) side [Beijing Enterprises Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Sport_University_F.C.) for an undisclosed fee. Tioté made his Beijing Enterprises Group debut, in the opening game of the season, playing the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against [Qingdao Huanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao_Huanghai_F.C.). He appeared in 11 of 12 matches for the club until his last match on 3 June against [Baoding Yingli ETS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoding_Yingli_ETS) with a 4–2 win. International career On 23 March 2009, Tioté was called up for the first time by the [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team), but did not play. After being called up once more in May, he made his international debut on 12 August in a friendly match against [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team). He was selected in the Ivory Coast's squad for the [2010 Africa Cup of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Africa_Cup_of_Nations) squad and given the [squad number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number) 9. He started in all three of Les Éléphants' matches before their quarter final elimination by [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team). Tioté also started each of the Ivory Coast's [2010 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup) matches in South Africa, but the team did not advance to the second round. During one of the match against [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team), Tioté was involved in a challenge with [Elano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elano) that saw him suffer an injury and sidelined for the rest of the tournament. On 13 January 2012, Tioté was sent off for a "crazy challenge" in a [2012 Africa Cup of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations) warm up match against Tunisia. However, he was in the starting line-up for the Ivory Coast's opening two group matches and both the semi-final and [final](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Final), in which he scored the team's first kick in the [penalty shootout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)) defeat to [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team). Following the end of the tournament, Tioté revealed that he gave away his medal to his friend because of the loss. At the [2013 Africa Cup of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations), Tioté scored his first international goal in the 50th minute of their 2–1 quarter-final loss to [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team). At the [2014 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup), Tioté featured in all three matches in the group stage. At the [2015 Africa Cup of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations), Tioté started in the first two group matches. He injured his ankle in the match against [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team), which ended his involvement in the tournament that the Ivory Coast went on to on to win. Personal life Tioté was a devout Muslim. He observed fasting during the Islamic month of [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan). In May 2011, Tioté's car was seized by the police for motoring offences. On 13 February 2013, he was arrested on suspicion of fraud, and had his car seized by the police. After admitting to possessing a forged Belgian driving licence, he was given a suspended sentence, as well as a six-month ban from driving. In 2012, after [Newcastle United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C.) announced their sponsorship deal with [Wonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonga.com), Tioté, alongside his teammates [Papiss Cissé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiss_Ciss%C3%A9), [Hatem Ben Arfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatem_Ben_Arfa) and [Demba Ba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demba_Ba), initially refused to wear the new sponsor's name on their shirts. As Wonga was a payday loan firm, according to Sharia law, Muslims must not benefit from either lending money or receiving money from another person – meaning that charging interest is prohibited. The matter was settled the following season. He had two children with his first wife, Madah. During his time at Newcastle, the couple lived in the village of [Ponteland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponteland) in [Northumberland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland), and were married some time before his move to Tyneside. On 29 September 2014, it was reported by the [Evening Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle) that Tioté had married a second wife, Laeticia Doukrou, in the capital of the Ivory Coast, [Abidjan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan). The marriage had taken place before the start of [the season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Newcastle_United_F.C._season). His agent Jean Musampa, confirmed the marriage to the local newspaper, saying "I can say that he did get married and that it is his second marriage." Shortly afterwards, it was reported that his mistress Nkosiphile Mpofu, with whom he had a child, had ended their relationship. Death On 5 June 2017, Tioté died in Beijing, China, after suffering a [cardiac arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest) in training. [Demba Ba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demba_Ba) was amongst the first to pay tribute to the Ivorian via social media, and soon afterwards, many of his former Newcastle teammates followed suit. His former managers were similarly effusive with praise: [Rafael Benítez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez) labelled him "a true professional", [Alan Pardew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Pardew) described him as "everything that you want in a Newcastle player", [Steve McClaren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McClaren) (who had managed him at both Twente and Newcastle) remembered him as the toughest player he had ever seen, and [Chris Hughton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughton) (who had brought him to Newcastle) spoke of his humility and called him "the perfect fit". On 13 June, Tioté's memorial service was held in Beijing, which was attended by his [Beijing Enterprises Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Sport_University_F.C.) teammates and [Papiss Cissé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiss_Ciss%C3%A9), who had played with him at Newcastle. On 15 June, his body was flown back to the Ivory Coast for a private funeral, amidst a dispute between his family and the Ivory Coast Football Federation over the location of his burial. He was given a military funeral in [Abidjan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan) on 18 June, attended by his national teammates and politicians including prime minister [Amadou Gon Coulibaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Gon_Coulibaly). Beijing Enterprises Group retired Tioté's number 24 shirt on 24 June. Career statistics Club <Wikitable> Club Season League National Cup[a] League Cup[b] Continental Total Club Season Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Anderlecht 2005–06 Belgian First Division 2 0 1 0 — — 1[c] 0 4 0 Anderlecht 2006–07 Belgian First Division 2 0 0 0 — — 0 0 2 0 Anderlecht Total Total 4 0 1 0 — — 1 0 6 0 Roda JC (loan) 2007–08 Eredivisie 26 2 0 0 — — — — 26 2 Twente 2008–09 Eredivisie 28 0 3 0 — — 10[d] 0 41 0 Twente 2009–10 Eredivisie 28 1 3 0 — — 12[e] 0 43 1 Twente 2010–11 Eredivisie 2 0 0 0 — — 0 0 2 0 Twente Total Total 58 1 6 0 — — 22 0 86 1 Newcastle United 2010–11 Premier League 26 1 1 0 1 0 — — 28 1 Newcastle United 2011–12 Premier League 24 0 0 0 0 0 — — 24 0 Newcastle United 2012–13 Premier League 24 0 0 0 1 0 6[f] 0 31 0 Newcastle United 2013–14 Premier League 33 0 1 0 2 0 — — 36 0 Newcastle United 2014–15 Premier League 11 0 1 0 0 0 — — 12 0 Newcastle United 2015–16 Premier League 20 0 1 0 1 0 — — 22 0 Newcastle United 2016–17 Championship 1 0 2 0 0 0 — — 3 0 Newcastle United Total Total 139 1 6 0 5 0 6 0 156 1 Beijing Enterprises Group 2017 China League One 11 0 0 0 — — — — 11 0 Career total Career total Career total 238 4 13 0 5 0 29 0 285 4 </Wikitable> ^ Includes [Belgian Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup), [KNVB Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNVB_Cup), [FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup), [Chinese FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_FA_Cup). ^ Includes [League Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup). ^ Appearance(s) in the [UEFA Champions League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League). ^ Two appearances in the UEFA Champions League, eight appearances in the [UEFA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup). ^ Two appearances in the UEFA Champions League, ten appearances in the [UEFA Europa League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League). ^ Appearances in the UEFA Europa League. International <Wikitable> National team Year Apps Goals Ivory Coast 2009 3 0 Ivory Coast 2010 15 0 Ivory Coast 2011 4 0 Ivory Coast 2012 11 0 Ivory Coast 2013 8 1 Ivory Coast 2014 10 0 Ivory Coast 2015 4 0 Total Total 55 1 </Wikitable> <Wikitable> No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 3 February 2013 Royal Bafokeng Stadium, Rustenburg, South Africa Nigeria 1–1 1–2 2013 Africa Cup of Nations </Wikitable> Honours Anderlecht [Belgian League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_A): [2005–06](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-06_Belgian_First_Division), [2006–07](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006-07_Belgian_First_Division) [Belgian Super Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Super_Cup): (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Belgian_Super_Cup) Twente [Eredivisie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie): [2009–10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009-10_Eredivisie) [Dutch Super Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Cruyff_Shield): (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Johan_Cruyff_Shield) Ivory Coast [Africa Cup of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations): (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Final)

2024-09-18 16:37:52

Greg_Puciato

<Infotable> Greg Puciato Puciato in 2017 Background information Birth name: Gregory John Puciato Born: (1980-03-27)March 27, 1980(age 44)Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. Genres: Heavy metalmetalcoremathcoreelectronicsynthwaveR&Bexperimental rock Occupations: Singermusiciansongwriter Instruments: Vocalsguitar Years active: 2001–present Labels: Federal PrisonerSeason of MistParty SmasherRelapseEpitaphNuclear BlastSumerian Records Member of: The Black QueenKiller Be KilledBetter Lovers Formerly of: The Dillinger Escape PlanSpylacopa </Infotable> [Heavy metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music) [metalcore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore) [mathcore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathcore) [electronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music) [synthwave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthwave) [R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) [experimental rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_rock) Singer musician songwriter Vocals guitar Federal Prisoner [Season of Mist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_of_Mist) [Party Smasher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Smasher_Inc.) [Relapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse_Records) [Epitaph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph_Records) [Nuclear Blast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast) [Sumerian Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_Records) [The Black Queen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Queen_(band)) [Killer Be Killed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Be_Killed) [Better Lovers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Lovers) [The Dillinger Escape Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dillinger_Escape_Plan) Spylacopa Gregory John Puciato (born March 27, 1980) is an American musician best known as the former lead vocalist and lyricist of the [metalcore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore) band [the Dillinger Escape Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dillinger_Escape_Plan). In addition to being a solo artist, he currently fronts [Better Lovers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Lovers) and [the Black Queen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Queen_(band)), and is a member of [Killer Be Killed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Be_Killed), in which he also plays guitar. He also performs backup vocals on [Jerry Cantrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Cantrell)’s solo tours. In 2018, Puciato and visual artist [Jesse Draxler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Draxler) co-founded the art collective and record label Federal Prisoner. Puciato is noted for the intensity of his live performances, wide vocal and stylistic range, outspoken views, and controversy stemming from his bands' performances and interviews. [Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone) said that "few singers live, breathe and often literally bleed their art like he does." Early life Puciato was raised in [Baltimore, Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland). He is an only child. His [Belarusian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus) ancestors came to the United States from [Slutsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsk). Puciato's parents owned many [vinyl records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_records) by artists such as [Elton John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John), [Bee Gees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees), [Prince](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)), [Black Sabbath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath), [Mitch Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Miller) and [Molly Hatchet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Hatchet), as well as an old [victrola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victrola), and they bought him a small 7-inch record player. They listened to music constantly and Puciato's early memories include beating on things to drum along, and singing along, it. In recent years, Puciato revealed that he grew up in a dangerous, poor neighborhood, which "giant[ly]" influenced him in the sense that he does not "feel uncomfortable in any area," while the [African-American culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culture) of the area led to his fondness for [R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B) and [hip-hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop). As a child, [Guns N' Roses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses) was the first band Puciato was "obsessed with." Around the age of nine, he saw [Metallica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica)'s video for "[One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_(Metallica_song))", which was the "darkest thing [he had watched]" and inspired him to learn Metallica songs on the guitar. During this period, he describes his life as centered around [thrash metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal) and [Nintendo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo). In early 1990, Puciato went "through a really rapid musical evolution," broadening his taste to bands such as [Faith No More](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_No_More) and [Primus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_(band)). When recalling the appearance of these or other artists such as [Nine Inch Nails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails) on TV, he viewed it as "inspiring" and said it "seemed like the weirdos had infiltrated the system, or created a new one." Puciato had several older friends who [traded tapes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_trading) and they would introduce him to [underground music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_music); when Puciato told one of them which were his favorites bands, his friend gave him a tape of [I Against I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Against_I) by [Bad Brains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains) that "blew [his] mind apart" and subsequently showed him a 1980s' Bad Brains live [bootleg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording) that would make a long-standing impression on the singer. In 2013 he reflected: [My older friend] would tell me, "Check out this fucking weird [zine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_zine) and check out this tape of the Bad Brains." And I thought: "Wait, I've never heard that band, they're nobody! Are they [Slayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayer)? Are they [Testament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(band))? Are they [Exodus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(band))? Are they [Anthrax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band))? Why don't they cover them in [Metal Edge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Edge)?!" ... I had no idea this even existed but then I watched it and I was like, "This is the craziest shit I've ever seen! Not only are they [black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans), but he's got crazy [vibrato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato) on his voice, he's doing [flips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_(acrobatic)), people are [crowd surfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_surfing) and [stage diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_diving), ... That guy just jumped on his head? What the hell is happening here?! That's beyond the [circle pit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_pit) in a giant club or an arena. They're in a room that looks like my basement just freaking out!" That was what really pushed me into performing the way I do. Anything that has to do with [punk rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock) or [hardcore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk), all came from seeing the Bad Brains at that age. Puciato recorded his first cassette at thirteen, performing original music with his best friend who was a drummer. When he was a teenager, Puciato began to write [abstract poetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_poetry), his first passion in parallel to songwriting. At the age of fourteen, Puciato started singing for a thrash metal group. While originally their guitarist, he switched to vocals because he was "too much of a control freak to let someone else sing" and could not perform both at the same time, but he continued writing the band's songs on guitar. After people started praising his singing ability and Puciato realized that it came more naturally to him, he shifted his focus to vocals. Although raised in a non-practicing home, Puciato attended a [Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic) private school. He was a good student and skipped grades, graduating one month after he turned 17. He went to college in [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland) and after a year of studying he took a break, during which he was invited to join [the Dillinger Escape Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dillinger_Escape_Plan). Career The Dillinger Escape Plan Puciato joined [mathcore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathcore) band [the Dillinger Escape Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dillinger_Escape_Plan) in September 2001 and first performed with the group weeks later at the CMJ music conference in October 2001. Puciato had already played in some bands from the [Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_metropolitan_area), but, at that time, he preferred to refine his vocal style than commit full-time to a band, and waited for the "right opportunity" to do so. In a scenario mirroring that of young [Henry Rollins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rollins) and [Black Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)), Puciato started out as a fan of the Dillinger Escape Plan in their earlier days. When the band split with their singer [Dimitri Minakakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Minakakis) (due to him wanting to focus more on his graphic design career and personal life), they searched publicly for a new singer by releasing the instrumental version of the song "43% Burnt" (off of their [debut album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculating_Infinity)). Puciato sent in a tape with one version of him mimicking Dimitri Minakakis and one with his own take on the song. He was contacted shortly after by the band, auditioned in person, and was subsequently asked to join. Coincidentally, the band's first release with Puciato was for a Black Flag tribute compilation, where they covered "[Damaged I and II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaged_(Black_Flag_album))". In a 2003 interview, Puciato said that the band had gone on to "mean everything to" him. Commenting on his entrance to the band in 2013, Puciato recalled: It was definitely weird. I pretty much separate my life by Dillinger and pre-Dillinger. I was only twenty-one when I joined, so before that is like childhood to me. ... I didn't really get a chance to stop and think about it ... But now, looking back, I don't know what else I would be doing. This band and the music that we're playing and the creative relationship that [guitarist] [Ben [Weinman]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weinman) and I have... not that I believe that things happen for a reason, but I could not have found a better vehicle for my skill set as a writer and performer than this band. I wouldn't be writing aggressive music or playing in any other capacity. I believe that people manifest their destiny, somewhat, so I think that Dillinger and I are on a great journey and that we were supposed to meet. Puciato sang on every subsequent release. In August 2016 he told [Metal Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer) magazine that the previously announced Dillinger "hiatus" was in fact a "break up" and explained the artistic reasoning for doing so. Spylacopa Puciato was also involved with Spylacopa, an experimental musical project headed by [Candiria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candiria) guitarist John LaMacchia (along with [Julie Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Christmas) of [Made Out of Babies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_Out_of_Babies) and [Jeff Caxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Caxide) of [Isis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_(band))). Spylacopa released a self-titled EP in 2008, with vocals, as well as some guitar and piano/programming, written by Puciato. Similar programming and piano playing would appear on the Dillinger Escape Plan's [Option Paralysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_Paralysis) album as the bonus track "Chuck McChip". Puciato affirmed in 2012 that Spylacopa is "dead as of now." Killer Be Killed Later in February 2011, [Max Cavalera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Cavalera), in an interview with Swedish magazine Metalshrine, revealed that he and Puciato were working on a full-length album, similar in style to Cavalera's [Nailbomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailbomb) project.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] The band, later named [Killer Be Killed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Be_Killed), was announced in 2013 to feature former [Mars Volta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mars_Volta) drummer Dave Elitch, and [Troy Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Sanders) of [Mastodon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon_(band)). In September 2013 the band recorded their self-titled debut album at Fortress Studio in Los Angeles with producer Josh Wilbur. It was released on May 13, 2014. The sophomore release [Reluctant Hero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reluctant_Hero) was released on November 20, 2020, with Elitch having been replaced in the interim years by [Ben Koller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Koller) of [Converge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converge_(band)). The Black Queen He announced in an interview with [Revolver Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver_Magazine) that he was involved in a new band with [Josh Eustis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Eustis) and [Nine Inch Nails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails)/[A Perfect Circle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Perfect_Circle) guitar technician Steven Alexander, called [the Black Queen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Queen_(band)), with a release originally expected at some stage in 2014. The band posted their first song, "The End Where We Start", and an explanation for the long wait in June 2015. The debut album [Fever Daydream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_Daydream) was self-released on January 29, 2016, debuting at number 2 on the [Billboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) [Electronic chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Albums). On June 15, 2018, the band announced that a new album called [Infinite Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Games) would be released on September 28, as well as the formation of a label named Federal Prisoner with frequent visual collaborator and fine artist [Jesse Draxler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Draxler). Federal Prisoner In June 2018, Puciato announced the formation of the record label and art collective Federal Prisoner, as well as its first release, the Black Queen's second album Infinite Games. Co-founded by him and visual artist Jesse Draxler, he called the label "as much an act of refusal as it is a statement of intent", further elaborating in a blog post for [Spotify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify) that they would be "giving more than we would be gaining" by signing to an outside label, and that "everything I used to see as help, I suddenly saw as unnecessary at best, and a liability at worst." Puciato sees Federal Prisoner as an "infrastructure" to release material dear to them rather than a label which tries "to go out there to sign this really big artist." Federal Prisoner started off completely from scratch and its output has been independently released and funded in every way, including international distribution and music videos, without being assisted by other labels. The template for the label was established in the 2016 Black Queen's debut record, Fever Daydream, where Puciato set about developing every aspect of the album by themselves (i.e. him, his bandmates Alexander and Eustis, and Draxler), both musically and non-musically, tackling record pressings, merchandise, managing, etc. [The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent) commented that the enterprise involved "a wealth of difficulties", stating that "they could have easily secured label funding considering the associations that each member has with established bands", yet Puciato saw it as rewarding because in the end they did not "corrupt" any aspect of the band, in particular its aesthetic, which "is on everything [the album] touches [from the creative end to the release end]." When Fever Daydream was released, the singer was initially against the use of a moniker but later changed his mind after discussing the logistics with Draxler. Solo career On March 1, 2020, Puciato premiered the single "Fire For Water" on [BBC Radio 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1), featuring Dillinger original drummer [Chris Pennie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pennie). The next day, he released a music video for the song on Revolver. The surprise single was the first off of his debut solo album, [Child Soldier: Creator of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Soldier:_Creator_of_God), announced that day, which will be released through Federal Prisoner. On May 1, Puciato released the second single "Deep Set" alongside its music video premiered on [Consequence of Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound). Both 12-inch vinyls were limited to 250 copies and each sold out within hours, but digital editions remain available. More singles were released, culminating in [Child Soldier: Creator of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Soldier:_Creator_of_God), a 15-song multi-genre album released early due to a leak on October 9, 2020. The live album/video release "Fuck Content" followed later in the same year, with five new songs and eleven live songs. Guest work and non-musical In 2003, Puciato was set to sing on The Calculus of Evil album by [technical death metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_death_metal) band Psychotegen, but ultimately Mike Harris from [Misery Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_Index_(band)) filled that role. In 2004, Puciato sang all of the vocals on the five-song, self-titled EP of [digital hardcore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_hardcore) band [Error](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_(band)), founded by future Nine Inch Nails member [Atticus Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atticus_Ross) and [Epitaph Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph_Records) owner/[Bad Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Religion) guitarist [Brett Gurewitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Gurewitz). His position was mainly considered as temporary studio work due to his priorities with the Dillinger Escape Plan, and the band never played any concerts. Puciato affirmed in 2012 that [Error](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_(band)) is "dead as of now." Puciato has recorded guest vocals on several songs: "The Feast" by [Genghis Tron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Tron) (2008), "The Pledge" by [A Static Lullaby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Static_Lullaby) (2008), "The Marvelous Slut" by [Every Time I Die](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Time_I_Die) (2009), "Rise of the Fallen" by [Soulfly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulfly) (2010), "Year In/Year Out" by [Architects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects_(British_band)) (2011), "The Mighty Masturbator" by [Devin Townsend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Townsend) (2011), "Exit Wound" by [Mixhell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixhell) (2012), "Monster Within" by [Suicide Silence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Silence) (2014), "Torches" by [Lamb of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_of_God_(band)) (2015) and "Everyone Dies and Nothing Goes On" by [Jesse Draxler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Draxler) (2020). He has on occasion joined Soulfly and Devin Townsend on stage to sing his parts. The collaboration between Puciato and Townsend came about in February 2011, after both being Tweeted by a fan expressing interest in seeing them work together. He contributed a remix of the song "Bad Fall" on the 2009 [Prong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prong_(band)) remix album [Power of the Damn Mixxxer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_the_Damn_Mixxxer). In January 2015, Puciato appeared as a murderer in the [Retox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retox_(band)) video "Let's Not Keep in Touch", in which he chases and kills Retox guitar player [Michael Crain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crain) with a baseball bat, before dumping him out of a van which frontman [Justin Pearson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Pearson_(musician)) is driving. In December 2016, Puciato appeared as a dancing shadow figure in the [Drab Majesty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drab_Majesty) video "39 By Design". He and the Dillinger Escape Plan repeatedly joined the stage with [Nine Inch Nails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails) during their 2009 [Wave Goodbye Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_Goodbye_Tour) in North America, and in Australia (both with the Dillinger Escape Plan, and solo, performing the songs "[Wish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_(Nine_Inch_Nails_song))" and "[Mr. Self Destruct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Self_Destruct)"). On November 19–20, 2009, as part of the [Chi Cheng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Cheng_(musician)) benefit show at the [Avalon Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_Hollywood), he sang the Deftones songs "Passenger" and "[Hexagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram_(song))", both with [Chino Moreno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_Moreno), as well as the [Metallica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica) classic "Battery" alongside members of Deftones, Metallica, [System of a Down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_a_Down) and [Children of Bodom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Bodom). He performed "Passenger" again most nights on the 2011 Deftones/[Dillinger Escape Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillinger_Escape_Plan) North American tour. On May 4, 2015, Puciato and Andrew Kline of [Strife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strife_(band)) were invited on stage by [Cavalera Conspiracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalera_Conspiracy) in Los Angeles for a cover of "[Pay to Cum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_to_Cum)" by the [Bad Brains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains). Puciato wrote the foreword for [Jesse Draxler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Draxler)'s June 2018 visual arts book Misophonia. On February 12, 2019, the singer released a book of poetry and photography titled Separate the Dawn, through Federal Prisoner. The book was done during the Dillinger Escape Plan's last tour and its release date marked the second anniversary of their accident in Poland, where a car collided with the band's tour bus near the town of [Radomsko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomsko). The members were not seriously hurt, but they "narrowly survived"; the incident had a major psychological impact on Puciato. The initial 1000 hardcover copies of Separate the Dawn were followed by a second pressing of 200, each selling out within four days. On December 6 and 7, 2019, Puciato, along with former Dillinger drummer [Gil Sharone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Sharone) and film composer [Tyler Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Bates), joined [Jerry Cantrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Cantrell) of [Alice in Chains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains) for two full shows of Alice In Chains songs and Jerry Cantrell solo material. The sold-out concerts were Cantrell's first solo concerts since 2004. That line-up, along with bassist George Adrian, would go on to tour North America and Europe with Cantrell throughout the Spring and Summer of 2022. Artistry Vocals and musical style According to The Range Place, Puciato has a [Verdi baritone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdi_baritone) voice type and, as of August 2016, his recorded vocal range spans from A1 to C6, reaching 4 octaves, 3 notes. In addition to his range, reviewers have highlighted his versatility, which may encompass diverse styles in a single song, and unusual [harmonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_harmony); both characteristics display features more akin to other genres than to heavy metal. His techniques cover [crooning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooning), [screaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming_(music)) and, as stated by [Ultimate Guitar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Guitar), "so many different noises and sounds that don't even present themselves as human", comparing him with a "computer". The Dillinger Escape Plan music tended to demand heavier vocal timbres from Puciato, but [PopMatters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters) remarked that his "singing voice was so powerful, it came as a shock to startle ear drums when present." Others have described it as "rubbery-yet-vulnerable", possessing an "adenoidal quality" and often employing a "come-hither [falsetto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto)". Regarding his [harsh vocals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_vocals), journalist Calum McMillan singles out the rare "variation in [tone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(musical_instrument)) and control" he attains, while [MetalSucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetalSucks) calls it "surprisingly-well-enunciated" and "unmistakable ... to just blend in with metal's interchangeable screamers". Chris Corfield at [Dawsons.co.uk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawsons.co.uk) considers Puciato one of the best examples of a singer who masters all heavy metal's various vocal styles. Although primarily known as a singer, Puciato started out as a guitarist and still plays it today. He is also a [film score](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score) and [video game music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music) fan, and, as of 2005, Puciato had created several [programmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)) pieces and instrumentals with his bandmate [Chris Pennie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pennie), and until 2008 with musician [John LaMacchia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candiria), but since then he has focused on his traditional writing ability. Influences As regards his influences, Puciato stated, "everything I've ever liked I sort of make a mental impression of. A song or soundtrack or moment from a movie, or the way an entire movie feels, or simply the way an actor feels, the way a writer feels." He describes them as cumulative and not always musical, trying "to find a way [of expressing them] through me vocally." When he was a child, the performance of singers [Mike Patton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Patton) in [The Real Thing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Thing_(Faith_No_More_album)), [Les Claypool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Claypool) in [Frizzle Fry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizzle_Fry), [H.R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.R._(musician)) in [I Against I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Against_I), and [Chuck Mosley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Mosley) in [We Care a Lot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Care_a_Lot) deeply influenced him. He would later cite [Faith No More](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_No_More)'s Mike Patton and [Bad Brains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains)'s H.R. as his biggest inspirations when growing up, who "opened my eyes a lot to what could be done with the voice overtop of heavy music." Furthermore, [R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B) singer [Maxwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)) was a major influence on Puciato's falsetto, and [Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(metal_band))'s [Chuck Schuldiner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schuldiner), especially his album [Symbolic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_(Death_album)), on his death growl technique. Other prominent influences include [Loveless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveless_(My_Bloody_Valentine_album)) by [My Bloody Valentine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Bloody_Valentine_(band)); [soul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music) and R&B vocalists [Seal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(musician)), [Russell Thompkins Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Thompkins_Jr.), [Sade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_(singer)), 1998 album [Embrya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrya) by Maxwell, [Rick James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_James) song "[Fire and Desire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Songs_(album))", and [Carl Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Anderson_(singer))'s "Heaven on Their Minds" from [Jesus Christ Superstar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar); [Mazzy Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazzy_Star) frontwoman [Hope Sandoval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Sandoval); and film director [Stanley Kubrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick). The main influences on Puciato's guitar playing were [thrash metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal) and [shredding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_shredding). Vocal development Puciato claims that from age two he remembered the [cadence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_(poetry)) of different actors from films and could mimic some, distinguished different instruments in a song, and also remembered the rhythms of things like washers, dryers and [turn signals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_signals), in addition to manifesting signs of [hyperlexia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlexia). He "couldn't get enough of words or sounds" and he believes that those traits, along with his [ADD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADD), predisposed his inclination to music and performance. Puciato is a self-taught musician and, starting as a teen, he recorded himself on an [eight-track recorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording) for many years, analyzing his vocal performances, trying to improve them and integrate the styles of singers he admired into his own, as well as practiced scales and exercises. In 2008, he called himself an "idiot" for no longer taking proper care of his voice while touring with the Dillinger Escape Plan and, as of 2013, his only training was singing other people's songs in increasing [pitches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)). This was due to the band's hectic touring schedule (by 2013 Puciato had never missed a show) and their aim to [self-manage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_self-management) it: the singer was entirely in charge of choosing their garments and mail orders between tours until the early 2010s, which left him time to solely focus on songwriting. After the Dillinger Escape Plan broke up, Puciato considered himself "lucky" to only have suffered temporary damage in his [vocal cords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cords) throughout their career. Writing and recording More important than anything identifiable musically, is emotional honesty and vulnerability. That's the thing that gets lost when people are more concerned with technique and proficiency than self-exploration. That's what I'm the most proud of ... —Puciato on his songwriting process, 2016 Puciato follows the same approach in writing for the Black Queen, characterized by moody synths and electronics, and the Dillinger Escape Plan, featuring dissonant, complex rhythms and abrupt changes, despite the stylistic disparity of both bands. Detailing his vocal composition and recording processes, Puciato stated, "I don't leave anything out of the realm of possibility when it comes to vocal style, as far as getting what I want. I'm more interested in capturing or amplifying the emotion of the song". He tends to seek the "big picture" of his pieces under development instead of going through them detail by detail; the latter is a common procedure used by some of his musical partners and Puciato believes that both methods balance out the "flipside of their [respective] strengths". Before composing many songs, he usually listens to their instrumentals hundreds of times, in different environments, immersing himself in their structures until a "breakthrough" happens, usually involving a short verse, and then his writing naturally progresses. Puciato writes poems and prose independently of his music, and all of them are to varying degrees autobiographical, putting as much emphasis on the patterns and melodies of the songs as on their lyrics, and discarding those which "mean nothing" to him. Typically employing various [figures of speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figures_of_speech), [PopMatters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters) described Puciato as a "brilliant storyteller, always bringing the listener into the atmosphere of the song", and his lines "wash over you like an emotion — maybe you can't pinpoint its exact meaning or origin, but you know it's there", opined MetalSucks. Coincidentally, Puciato said that the context of his lyrics may be only understood by his closest friends, but he tries to "give their [emotional] source to the listener without it becoming too indecipherable or compromised along the way [of creating the music]." In his first years with the Dillinger Escape Plan, he oftentimes drew verses from his personal writing to make a song, focusing on phrasings and phonemes that fitted the songs' rhythms or moods instead of their literal meanings. However, he has since stopped "dissecting [his poems] and then trying to squeeze them into thoughts", choosing instead to create a distinct narrative for each of them. Puciato normally records vocals as soon as he pens lyrics in order to crystallize the emotional significance which, in that period, the words had for him. In this context, he once described himself as a "self-abusive perfectionist" because of his proclivity for repeating vocal takes numerous times, to the point of exhaustion, until he was either stopped by his companions or physically unable to continue. Concerning his choruses and use of melodies, Puciato states that most of his favorites come to his mind without much labor, describing the intersections of good melodies and meaningful lyrics as if they came "from the ether ... as hippie as that may sound." Live performances Puciato seemed fearless and indestructible, routinely climbing up PA stacks and diving off two floors of upper balconies. ... He was physically looming and cut, bulletproof and cool, with the brooding intensity of [Henry Rollins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rollins) cloned three times. While he was certainly admired for following his [ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego), Puciato more often than not terrified some fans who were simply too frightened to meet him. —[Alternative Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)) on Puciato's stage performances with Dillinger, 2019 Stage performances by Puciato, particularly as a member of the Dillinger Escape Plan, were noted for their reckless, chaotic nature. The band was already known for its shows, but the addition of the singer in 2001 led to their most infamous performances. Commenting on his athletic physique and destructive antics, [Invisible Oranges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_Oranges) stated, "There have been plenty of imposing physiques in heavy music, but few have weaponized their body the way that Puciato has. ... He treats his body like a battering ram, using it to crash against walls of other humans." The site went on to say that "Puciato is the perfect physical embodiment of the Dillinger Escape Plan's music. [[Ben] Weinman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weinman) smashes his guitar. Puciato smashes himself." The concerts caused him both cumulative and direct injuries, and a news site commented in 2013: "Thankfully, Mr. Puciato has not, as of this writing, actually killed himself while [performing]". During his first years with the band, Puciato kept [blowing fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_breathing_(circus_act)), in the same way as his predecessor [Dimitri Minakakis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Minakakis), and started to light their drums on fire, to run rapidly from the stage onto the heads of the crowd, or to climb through them, as well as invited the audiences to the stage. Despite claiming to be [afraid of heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrophobia), hallmarks of his shows included climbing balconies, [PA systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA_system) or lighting rigs, to then jump off some of them. In the beginning he and his bandmates often smashed their gear, threw it to the crowd, and destroyed the venues' equipment at which they played. In 2005, the singer said that, during their first years, conflicts with security guards were common for him because one of them was either "being an asshole to a kid" or accidentally hit by a piece of equipment thrown from the stage. These stunts continuously led the Dillinger Escape Plan to be banned-and reinstated-by venues. When asked about his rehearsal schedule, Puciato said that the performances are "completely improvised. I just want to be as pure and in the moment as possible vocally and physically... to me it's about trying to transcend and reach the purest part of the moment and live in that completely for the whole performance." Puciato later resented that several fans were "frightened" of him due to their perception of him. Following the disbandment of the Dillinger Escape Plan in December 2017, Puciato started intensive [cardio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise) routines in order to, among other things, avoid experiencing "chemical tour withdrawal" due to "expel[ling] a small nuclear reactor's worth of energy ... [after] 17 years [of being] nearly every night on tour". On his first live show with Dillinger, a heckler who asked for Minakakis was hit with a monitor thrown from the stage. A few shows afterward, Puciato's face was hit by a guitar, shattering a tooth and requiring emergency dentistry. During a 2002 show supporting [System of a Down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_a_Down) in Europe, audience members taunted the band and hurled chicken at them, which the singer picked up and ate. At their June 22, 2002 performance at [Krazy Fest 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krazy_Fest) at [Louisville Waterfront Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Waterfront_Park) in Louisville, Kentucky, Puciato set their guitar cabinets on fire, threw them into the [Ohio River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River) and leaped off into the water,[[additional citation(s) needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] unaware that the [undertow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)) could have pulled him deep beneath the surface and consequently drowned him. At the [2002 edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_and_Leeds_Festivals_line-ups#2002) of the [Reading Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Festival) in the United Kingdom, Puciato defecated onstage, put it into a bag, and threw it into the crowd before smearing the rest onto himself, proclaiming "This is a bag of shit, I just wanted to show you this so you'll recognize it later on throughout the day" referring to other bands that would appear that day of the festival, particularly [Puddle of Mudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddle_of_Mudd) and [Hoobastank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoobastank). The act caused much controversy and had the Dillinger Escape Plan on the verge of being banned in the UK. Upon returning to Reading in 2016, Puciato played the opening song "Prancer" sitting on an onstage couch reading a newspaper and drinking tea. On June 10, 2006, the Dillinger Escape Plan played in Fredericksburg, Virginia in front of a hostile audience and a spectator stole James Love's guitar, leading Puciato to chase him from the stage to the parking lot where the robber got into his car, ran over the singer's foot and a member of [Cattle Decapitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_Decapitation) tossed a hammer through his windshield, yet he managed to flee. At the Los Angeles [House of Blues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Blues), opening for [Cavalera Conspiracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalera_Conspiracy) in 2008, Puciato jumped into the VIP section and threw a chair to a security guard who was "roughing up" a fan, giving rise to a near-riot, the audience beginning to throw objects and the other guards trying to drag the singer off the stage for the rest of their set. The event ended up with six police cars arriving at the place and, by 2011, Dillinger had been still barred from that chain of venues across the country. When they were reinstated to perform at House of Blues, headlining the 2013 [Summer Slaughter Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Slaughter_Tour), the show was guarded by police but there were still two people knocked out in a [mosh pit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosh_pit). Views on the music industry I think if you have something you care about it's best to be as hands-on as possible with every aspect of it ... [Some people] say, "Ah I just don't give a fuck..." as if that apathy and nonchalance is something to be proud of. There are some things you shouldn't care about at all, but when it comes to what you are putting out into the world, you should give all of the fucks. ... [By doing this] you end up spending an eternity obsessing over every detail, on the creative end and the release end, which is all fine by me. We enjoy it. —Puciato on self-managing most of the aspects of his bands, 2016 Fascinated with [DIY culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_culture) and [tape trading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_trading), Puciato has worked without the assistance of record labels or marketing professionals since the 2016 album Fever Daydream, and, since 2018, he has done so with visual artist [Jesse Draxler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Draxler) on the two-man independent label Federal Prisoner, where they have performed or learned the different operations associated with releasing music by themselves. Puciato believes that it is essential for artists to keep a "personal connection to everything" related to their projects for as long as they can, including the non-musical aspects (merchandise, videos, audience interaction and operational tasks), as well as to avoid "the equivalent of a prolonged [summer camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_camp) for as long as you can before you have to go into the real world." While critical of major labels, he said that they are "not [entirely] just a bunch of [capitalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalists)" and that among them still are people with "strong passion for growing artistic culture and individuality", and that, in the best case-scenario, they are capable of "nurturing you and supporting you", but he could no longer separate the creative process from the non-creative ones. Since the Dillinger Escape Plan broke up in December 2017, Puciato has only released limited editions of his records and products, such as his book, as he had already done with the first Black Queen album. In line with this he has gone "down the rabbit hole" on creating different variants for each limited vinyl and cassette tape that he has made. This undertaking was partially a reaction to his experiences with some people in the music industry, whose major focuses were on the number of copies they sold or involving themselves in large labels or brands to gain prestige, objective which Puciato sees as tampering the creative authenticity of artists. In 2018, he elaborated: [Some musicians are in] this imaginary cage of, "I gotta keep getting bigger! We need to do more than we did last time! We need to sell more!" No, you don't! That's madness! Are you trying to be Walmart? What's your point in making art? Is it to sell the most stuff? ... It's just a horrible thing to do to gauge your success purely on quantification, ... I'd rather make five hundred cool records that, when I see one of our fans coming up to me with that record, it bonds us in a way and I'm like, "Oh, man! You've got one of those? That's incredible! Because I was involved in every process of this and there's only five hundred of them and you're one of them. That's sick!" ... You want to give people something when you do something, everytime you release anything or say anything, otherwise you're just trying to draw attention or take their money. Puciato's fixed interest in limitation was also inspired by his discovery and purchase of a 1987 first pressing of [Soundgarden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden)'s debut release [Screaming Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming_Life), which was limited to 500 copies and became a cherished record to Puciato after [Chris Cornell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cornell)'s death, and the [8-track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-track_tape) bootleg Live at Slim's by [Melvins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins), that only had 100 copies. He has also avoided doing unnecessary advertisements or "constantly be forcing conversation" for his upcoming projects, and uses social media scantily in this aspect. For example, 2019's Separate the Dawn was announced just a month before the release date and without special events. The singer is opposed to [illegal downloading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_downloading), especially concerning [underground artists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_music) who struggle to maintain a career, and he emphasizes that the convenience of buying music through Internet has left "no excuse for bankrupting a scene or band you're into anymore." The 2010 Dillinger Escape Plan song "Good Neighbor" deals with this topic. On the other hand, he has also remarked that the timesaving benefits of using Internet are "incredibly valuable" and override its drawbacks as long as it is tapped into creatively by artists. As a consequence he has refused to launch [crowdfunding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding) campaigns, e.g. via [Kickstarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter) or other platforms, for any of his projects, believing that doing so is creatively and morally "weak." Personal life, public perception and controversies Puciato moved to [Los Angeles, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California) around 2009. He cited his discomfort with the cold weather of the American East Coast as the main reason. Puciato is a voracious reader and has taken several online courses at [California State University, Long Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach) amidst his career, including classes on psychology, sociology and economy. Besides songwriting, he writes poems and prose "all the time" and has a copious amount of texts unreleased. Journalist Andrew Parks at Self-titled considered it "unfortunate" that the singer's live presence and public remarks diverted these aspects of his personality away from Puciato's public image - a sentiment later echoed by the frontman. The singer's athletic body has drawn the attention of media and fans. Puciato started working out at fifteen because he saw it as a healthy hobby besides music and "just kept going with ... [because] it kinda kept me out of a lot of trouble - I mean, I don't really drink or do drugs or anything like that. So it's like what else do you do?" In a 2010 interview with [ESPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN), Puciato revealed that he had considered becoming a professional [bodybuilder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilder), but ultimately changed his mind because of his dissatisfaction with that industry. By 2018, he had reduced his [weightlifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training) sessions drastically and in turn shifted them into many forms of [aerobic exercises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise), which was preceded by a reassessment of his motives behind training. That year, he claimed to be probably in the best condition of his life. For the most part, Puciato has avoided addressing his personal and family relationships in order to respect their privacy. In 2012, it was reported that he was romantically linked to former pornographic actress [Jenna Haze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Haze). After this surfaced, the singer expressed uneasiness yet thought that it was "somewhat unavoidable" due to their public profiles at the time. As of 2023, Puciato is dating Reba Meyers, of Code Orange fame. From around 2011 to 2013, Puciato had many experiences with [psychedelic drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_drugs). In 2013, the singer was diagnosed with [attention deficit disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_disorder) and subsequently treated it. Puciato was relieved to have finally identified it because, until then, he did not understand several of his personal traits such as [hyperfocus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfocus) and a deficiency in [short-term memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory) when performing music-related activities, as well as a distortion in [time perception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_perception). He has dealt with [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety), [panic attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack), [agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia), [depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)) and other mental health issues as well. In an extensive 2018 interview with [Kerrang!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!), Puciato opened up about his inner struggles with the intention of helping people who are going through similar situations. Incidents Prior to recording 2007's [Ire Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ire_Works) by the Dillinger Escape Plan, Puciato and bassist [Liam Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Wilson) set to break the world record for the [Cannonball Run Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_Run_Challenge) in the singer's car, from their homes in the Northeast Coast to their recording studio in California. On his first shift, Puciato drove twenty-two hours straight and received [speeding tickets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeding_ticket) in three states worth hundreds of dollars. When they arrived and eventually finished the album, Puciato left his car there before returning to Baltimore and was later jailed amidst a Dillinger tour due to forgetting to pay a fine. On July 23, 2010, Puciato's death was faked by bandmates [Ben Weinman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weinman) and Liam Wilson, when they posted on their Twitter accounts that the singer had passed in his sleep. Shortly after their [Warped Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_Tour) set on that day, [Every Time I Die](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Time_I_Die) vocalist [Keith Buckley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Buckley) debunked the rumor, tweeting, "If Greg Puciato is dead, then his corpse just played a great set on mainstage today." In January 2012, the singer ended up with the assistance of emergency units after ingesting [hallucinogenic mushrooms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom) mixed with other substances, which had caused what he described as "something in between a [near-death experience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-death_experience) and a near-[out-of-body experience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience)." In early 2015, all of Puciato's personal belongings were stolen while he was relocating to a new place. Statements and beliefs In addition to his music and stage shows, Puciato is known for his outspokenness. Several of his statements on social media and interviews became headlines. Puciato has expressed more affinity for the progressive-leaning [ethics of punk and hardcore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_ideology) than those of [heavy metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture). He has been critical of both [organized religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_religion) and mainstream politics, and of the relationship between the two, and has been consistently supportive of [LGBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT) rights, criticizing [homophobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia) in heavy metal subculture, releasing a shirt in support of [LGBT rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights) with the Dillinger Escape Plan, and also debuting a video from the Black Queen on [Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(magazine))'s magazine website. In 2018, Puciato explained that he has a "really big gag reflex" for artists who are not genuine with their audiences or who compromise themselves to profit. He does not view the relationship between artists and fans as hierarchical, and in 2016 explained: "I mainly feel acutely aware of wanting to connect with people [through art], to reach from your innermost abstract being to theirs, a direct line, as a person and not a thing or a product, and to never treat people as below you just because they appreciate what you do or pay to see you." Especially during his tenure with the Dillinger Escape Plan, Puciato was outspoken on his opinions about other musicians, criticizing, among others, [Puddle of Mudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddle_of_Mudd), [Fall Out Boy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy), and [Jared Leto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Leto) of [Thirty Seconds to Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars), referring to the latter's transition from actor to rock musician as a "revolting shtick" and said that he "makes [Fred Durst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Durst) seem like [Jim Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Morrison)." His diatribes against Leto and Fall Out Boy came about after he discovered that they would headline festivals in which [Slayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayer) and the [Melvins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins), and [Judas Priest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest), respectively, would also play, describing those situations as "disgraceful." In 2006, the members of the Dillinger Escape Plan and [Avenged Sevenfold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenged_Sevenfold) interchanged several insults and taunts, with the Dillinger page ending up parodying Avenged Sevenfold's use of stage names; its members' new names stood as G. Piranha (Puciato), Blaster Master Weinman (Ben Weinman), Bullwhip Benoit (Brian Benoit), Corpsefucker Pennie (Chris Pennie) and Leafeater Wilson (Liam Wilson). According to Puciato, he began making negative remarks about the band following the 2003 [Take Action Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Action_Tour), where Avenged Sevenfold supported the Dillinger Escape Plan, in which, as stated by him, their members took in provisions from Dillinger's catering table without asking them or introducing themselves. In 2010, Puciato referred to [Animals as Leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_as_Leaders) as his "favorite instrumental metal band ever! ... [Their style is] refreshing. Usually virtuosity and boring go hand in hand, but this is a perfect marriage of soul-feeling with absurdly proficient guitar playing." Shortly after listening to them, he approached the band with the idea of a joint tour with Dillinger which came about in March of that year. He has called [Prurient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prurient) "one of the handful of people I've met who feel like true kindred spirits" and expressed "absolute respect" for [Converge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converge_(band)) and their "artistic integrity." He also named [Discordance Axis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discordance_Axis)' [The Inalienable Dreamless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inalienable_Dreamless) "probably my favorite [grindcore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindcore) album of all time", expressed admiration for [Neurosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis_(band)), [The Köln Concert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_K%C3%B6ln_Concert) by [Keith Jarrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Jarrett), and the production work of the 1980s [Janet Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson) albums. In a 2013 interview, Puciato said that he does not "have a filter" on his statements, live performances and songs' lyrics, and in the past he thought that this "was a plus". He claims that this led his [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media) to become a "distraction" and distorted their original intention, which was to have a closer relationship with his fans. Eventually, he closed them all in late 2012, including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. He returned to Instagram in 2021, opening a page with over 900 posts already on it, dating back to 2015. Accolades and praise In the December 2007 issue of [Revolver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver_(magazine)), Puciato was voted one of the "37 greatest metal frontmen" of all time. A 2009 list made by the head director and editors of [Roadrunner Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_Records) included Puciato among the "50 Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time" (excluding artists from Roadrunner). In 2013 he was named number one by [MetalSucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetalSucks) in their listing of "top 25 modern metal frontmen". The site proclaimed: "[Puciato] is the personification of talent and anger and sadness and fuck-youness that draws people to metal and hardcore in the first place. There'll never be another just like him. He is the only one." In 2015, [Uproxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx) ranked him at No. 17 on "The 20 Most Dynamic, Chaotic, Entertaining Frontmen and Frontwomen of All-Time". In 2018, [Loudwire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire) placed him 9th in their listing of the "Top 30 frontmen + frontwomen of the 21st century". Several authors have named Puciato among the greatest [harsh vocalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_vocals) in [hardcore punk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk) and metal, one of the best contemporary vocalists in popular music, as well as one of the most versatile singers in rock. [The Bled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bled) frontman James Muñoz said that he "wanted to quit singing" after listening to [Option Paralysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_Paralysis), "but that always happens when [he] listens to [the Dillinger Escape Plan] albums." Some musicians have also praised Puciato after collaborating with him: [Max Cavalera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Cavalera) from [Sepultura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepultura) said that their joint composition of Soulfly's "Rise of the Fallen" made it "one of the most exciting songs I've been part of in my career" and in 2017 went on to call Puciato "the best frontman of the last twenty years. Hands down." Upon hearing the vocals that Puciato recorded for his song "The Mighty Masturbator", [Devin Townsend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Townsend) remarked: "Ladies and Gentlemen, Greg Puciato just tore me a new asshole. Fucking hell... AWESOME!" Discography Solo [Child Soldier: Creator of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Soldier:_Creator_of_God) (2020) Mirrorcell (2022) FC5N - EP (2024) With the Dillinger Escape Plan [Miss Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Machine) (2004) [Ire Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ire_Works) (2007) [Option Paralysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_Paralysis) (2010) [One of Us Is the Killer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_of_Us_Is_the_Killer) (2013) [Dissociation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(album)) (2016) With Spylacopa Spylacopa (2008) With Killer Be Killed [Killer Be Killed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Be_Killed_(album)) (2014) [Reluctant Hero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reluctant_Hero) (2020) With the Black Queen [Fever Daydream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_Daydream) (2016) [Infinite Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Games) (2018) With Better Lovers God Made Me An Animal (2023, EP) Highly Irresponsible (2024, LP) Guest work <Wikitable> Year Artist Release Additional information Source 2004 Error Error Vocals [44] 2008 Genghis Tron Board Up the House Vocals on "The Feast" [46] 2008 A Static Lullaby Rattlesnake! Vocals on "The Pledge" [47] 2009 Every Time I Die New Junk Aesthetic Vocals on "The Marvelous Slut" [48] 2010 Soulfly Omen Vocals on "Rise of the Fallen" [49] 2011 Architects The Here and Now Vocals on "Year in Year Out" [50] 2011 The Devin Townsend Project Deconstruction Vocals on "The Mighty Masturbator" [51] 2013 MixHell Spaces Vocals on "Exit Wound" [52] 2014 Suicide Silence You Can't Stop Me Vocals on "Monster Within" [53] 2015 Lamb of God VII: Sturm und Drang Vocals on "Torches" [54] 2020 Jesse Draxler Reigning Cement Vocals on "Everyone Dies and Nothing Goes on" [55] 2021 Jerry Cantrell Brighten Background Vocals NaN 2022 Carpenter Brut Leather Terror Vocals on "Imaginary Fire" [155] </Wikitable> Remixes <Wikitable> Year Artist Release Additional information Source 2009 Prong Power of the Damn Mixxxer Remixed "Bad Fall" [56] </Wikitable> Bibliography Separate the Dawn (2019)

2024-09-18 17:43:51

Zoe_Tapper

<Infotable> Zoë Tapper Born: (1981-10-26)26 October 1981(age 42)Bromley, Greater London, England Alma mater: Royal Central School of Speech and Drama Occupation: Actress Years active: 2003–present Spouse: Oliver Dimsdale Children: 2 </Infotable> Zoë Tapper (born 26 October 1981) is an English actress who first came to prominence playing [Nell Gwynne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Gwyn) in [Richard Eyre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eyre)'s award-winning film [Stage Beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_Beauty) in 2004. She is known for portraying [Anya Raczynski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivors_(2008_TV_series)#Regular_characters) in [Survivors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivors_(2008_TV_series)) and [Mina Harker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Harker) in [Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_(TV_series)). Early life and education Tapper was born in [Bromley, Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley,_Kent). She trained at the [Academy Drama School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Drama_School) and the [Central School of Speech and Drama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama), from which she graduated in the spring of 2003, days before taking on her first film role. Career On stage Tapper has appeared in [Epitaph for George Dillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph_for_George_Dillon#2005_London_revival) in the [West End](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre), and [Othello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello) at [Shakespeare's Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe). Following her film debut in [Stage Beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_Beauty), Tapper played Gwendolyn in [Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Palfrey_at_the_Claremont) (2005), alongside [Joan Plowright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Plowright), and Diana Shaw in [These Foolish Things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Foolish_Things_(film)) (2006), alongside [Anjelica Huston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelica_Huston). Her television credits include Mary Collins in [A Harlot's Progress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Harlot%27s_Progress_(film)) for [Channel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4), Jane in [Oliver Parker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Parker)'s The Private Life of Samuel Pepys, Gemma in the first series of the [Sky One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One) drama [Hex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_(TV_series)) and Jenny Maple in the BBC [miniseries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries) [Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Streets_Under_the_Sky). She also played [Hermia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermia) in [ShakespeaRe-Told](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShakespeaRe-Told): [A Midsummer Night's Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShakespeaRe-Told#A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream), the 2005 [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) adaptation/modernisation of [Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare)'s play of the same name. In 2008 Tapper portrayed [Sheila Steafel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Steafel) in the BBC television play [The Curse of Steptoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curse_of_Steptoe) and Anya Raczynski in the BBC remake of [Survivors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivors_(2008_TV_series)), alongside [Max Beesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beesley), [Paterson Joseph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Joseph) and [Julie Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Graham). She also played Selina Dawes in the [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)) [adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(film)) of the novel [Affinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(novel)), opposite [Anna Madeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Madeley) as Margaret Prior. It premiered at the Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, and in the UK on 28 December 2008 on ITV. In 2009 she appeared in the ITV fantasy drama series [Demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons_(TV_series)) as blind [vampire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire)-turned-monster hunter [Mina Harker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Harker). She played [Effie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effie_Gray) in the [BBC Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two) [period drama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama) [Desperate Romantics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Romantics). In 2010, she played Hannah in the BBC television pilot [Reunited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunited_(TV_pilot)). In 2013 Tapper appeared as Ellen Love in [Mr Selfridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Selfridge). Personal life Tapper has one brother. She is married to the actor [Oliver Dimsdale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Dimsdale). In 2011, they had a daughter. Television <Wikitable> Year Show Role Notes 2003 The Private Life of Samuel Pepys Jane TV film 2004 Stage Beauty Nell Gwyne NaN 2004 Cutting It Nanda Lavigne Series 3 Episode 3 2004 Hex Gemma Recurring Role 2005 Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky Jenny Mapel TV mini series 2005 Jericho Karen Gowler Episode 'The Hollow Men' 2005 Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont Gwendolyn TV series 2005 ShakespeaRE-Told Hermia Episode 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' 2006 Foyle's War Susan Davies Episode 'Invasion' 2006 Hotel Babylon Mrs Radley Series 1 Episode 2 2006 These Foolish Things Diana Shaw NaN 2006 A Harlot's Progress Mary Collins TV movie 2008 The Curse of Steptoe Sheila Steafel TV movie 2008 Demons Mina Harker Series 1 : 6 episodes 2008 Agatha Christie's Marple Kay Strange Series 3 : 1 Episode 2008 Affinity Selina Dawes NaN 2009 Desperate Romantics Effie Ruskin / Effie Millais Series 1 : 5 episodes 2008–2010 Survivors Dr. Anya Raczynski 12 episodes 2010 Reunited Hannah TV movie 2010 Baseline Jessica NaN 2011 Zen Donatella Pirotta TV mini series, episode 'Ratking' 2013 Mr Selfridge Ellen Love Series 1 : 8 episodes 2013 Blood Jemma Vern NaN 2014 The Musketeers Alice Clerbeaux Episode: "The Challenge" 2015 Lewis Elizabeth Capstone Series 9, Ep 3, "What Lies Tangled" 2017 Safe House Sam Stenham Series 2 regular 2017 Liar Katy Sutcliffe Series 1 regular 2018 Nightflyers Joy D'Branin Recurring Role 2021 The One Kate Saunders NaN 2022 Rules of the Game Vanessa Jenkins TV mini series[4] 2022 Grace Cleo Moray Series 2 regular </Wikitable> Video games <Wikitable> Year Game Role Notes 2019 Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers Oracle of Light, Theva NaN </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 18:07:06

Hits_Now!

<Infotable> Type: Radio network Country: United States Availability: United States/CanadaNational, through regional affiliates Owner: Triton Media Group Launch date: Unknown at this time. Former names: Waitt Radio Networks (????-2010) </Infotable> Dial Global Local (formerly Waitt Radio Networks) was a [national radio network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network) based in [Omaha, Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska), formerly owned by [NRG Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRG_Media) and purchased in April 2008 by [Triton Radio Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_Radio_Networks). As a subsidiary of [Dial Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_Global), they specialized in 24-hour formats for affiliated radio stations across the United States and Canada which are specifically localized for their client stations, although they also were known for [commercial production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising) services. Dial Global Local also provides their affiliates with coverage of breaking news events. In June 2012, due to reorganizations at Dial Global, the Dial Global Local 24/7 formats were fully integrated into Dial Global's portfolio of formats, and "Dial Global Local" ceased to exist as a brand name. However, most of the former Dial Global Local formats are still offered to affiliate stations in the same manner in which they were previously offered. Three formats - Rock 2.0, Good Time Oldies, and Hits Now! - are available in Local versions only (the latter being a former Dial Global Total offering). 24-hour formats currently (June 2012) offered by Dial Global in Local versions include: <Wikitable> Unnamed: 0 Network Ident Format Additional Notes (If any) NaN AC (Local Version) Adult Contemporary Formerly known as "AC Pure" under the Waitt/Dial Global Local banners NaN Classic Country (Local Version) Classic country Formerly known as Country Classics under the Waitt/Dial Global Local banners NaN Classic Hits/Pop (Local Version) Oldies/Classic Hits Formerly known as Oldies Plus under the Waitt/Dial Global Local banners NaN Classic Rock (Local Version) Classic Rock Formerly known as "Genuine Classic Rock" under the Waitt/Dial Global Local banners NaN Good Time Oldies Oldies A revival of a former Jones Radio Network format, brought back by affiliate demand; available in Local only NaN Hits Now! CHR/Top 40 Formerly a Dial Global Total format, now available in Local version only NaN Hot AC (Local Version) Hot Adult Contemporary Formerly known as "AC Active" under the Waitt/Dial Global Local banners NaN Mainstream Country (Local Version) Modern Country Formerly known as "Country Today" under the Waitt/Dial Global Local banners NaN Rock 2.0 Mainstream Rock Replaced the former Waitt "Alternative Now" and "Modern Rock" formats </Wikitable> Former networks included The Lounge ([adult standards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_standards)/[soft AC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_AC), discontinued in June 2012); Modern Rock (replaced by Rock 2.0); and Bob FM (replaced by Jack FM, now a Dial Global Total offering). On April 30, 2008, it was announced that NRG Media had sold the assets of Waitt Radio Networks to Triton Radio Networks, which also operates [Dial Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_Global) Digital 24/7 formats (once part of [Westwood One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011))). According to Dial Global's website, Dial Global's plans are to merge Waitt's existing 24-hour formats and commercial production services into its own operations . The merger was complete in 2010.

2024-09-18 18:37:08

Hanford_Site

The Hanford Site is a decommissioned nuclear production complex operated by the United States federal government on the [Columbia River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River) in [Benton County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_County,_Washington) in the U.S. state of [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)). It has also been known as SiteW and the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. Established in 1943 as part of the [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project), the site was home to the [Hanford Engineer Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works) and [B Reactor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_Reactor), the first full-scale [plutonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium) production [reactor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor) in the world. Plutonium manufactured at the site was used in the first [atomic bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb), which was tested in the [Trinity nuclear test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)), and in the [Fat Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man) bomb used in the [bombing of Nagasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagasaki). During the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War), the project expanded to include nine nuclear reactors and five large [plutonium processing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing) complexes, which produced plutonium for most of the more than sixty thousand weapons built for the [U.S. nuclear arsenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States). [Nuclear technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology) developed rapidly during this period, and Hanford scientists produced major technological achievements. The town of [Richland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland,_Washington), established by the Manhattan Project, became self-governing in 1958, and residents were able to purchase their properties. After sufficient plutonium had been produced, the production reactors were shut down between 1964 and 1971. Many early safety procedures and waste disposal practices were inadequate, resulting in the release of significant amounts of [radioactive materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination) into the air and the Columbia River, resulting in higher rates of cancer in the surrounding area. The Hanford Site became the focus of the nation's largest [environmental cleanup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediation). A citizen-led Hanford Advisory Board provides recommendations from community stakeholders, including local and state governments, regional environmental organizations, business interests, and [Native American tribes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States). Cleanup activity was still ongoing in 2023, with over 10,000 workers employed on cleanup activities. Hanford hosts a commercial nuclear power plant, the [Columbia Generating Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Generating_Station), and various centers for scientific research and development, such as the [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory), the [Fast Flux Test Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Flux_Test_Facility) and the [LIGO Hanford Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO). In 2015, it was designated as part of the [Manhattan Project National Historical Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project_National_Historical_Park). Tourists can visit the site and B Reactor. Geography The Hanford Site occupies 586 square miles (1,518 km2) – roughly equivalent to half the total area of [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island) – within [Benton County, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_County,_Washington). It is a [desert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert) environment receiving less than ten inches (250 mm) of annual precipitation, covered mostly by [shrub-steppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub-steppe) vegetation. The [Columbia River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River) flows along the site for approximately 50 miles (80 km), forming its northern and eastern boundary. The Columbia and [Yakima Rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima_River) contain [salmon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon), [sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon), [steelhead trout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhead_trout) and [bass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(fish)), and wildlife in the area includes [skunks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk), [muskrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat), [coyotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote), [raccoons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon), deer, eagles, hawks and owls. The flora includes [sagebrush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagebrush), [bitterbrush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterbrush), a variety of grasses, [prickly pear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia) and [willow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow). The original site was 670 square miles (1,740 km2) and included buffer areas across the river in [Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_County,_Washington) and [Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Washington) counties. Some of this land has been returned to private use and is now covered with orchards, vineyards, and irrigated fields. The site is bordered on the southeast by the [Tri‑Cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Washington), a metropolitan area composed of [Richland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland,_Washington), [Kennewick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennewick,_Washington), [Pasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasco,_Washington), and smaller communities, and home to nearly 300,000 residents. Hanford is a primary economic base for these cities. In 2000 large portions of the original site were turned over to the [Hanford Reach National Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Reach_National_Monument). The remainder was divided by function into three main areas: the nuclear reactors were located along the river in an area designated as the 100Area; the chemical separations complexes were located inland in the Central Plateau, designated as the 200Area; and support facilities were located in the southeast corner of the site, designated as the [300 Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_Area). Climate <Wikitable> Climate data for Hanford Site, Washington Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 72 (22) 72 (22) 83 (28) 94 (34) 104 (40) 120 (49) 113 (45) 113 (45) 106 (41) 93 (34) 76 (24) 71 (22) 120 (49) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 40.0 (4.4) 47.9 (8.8) 58.1 (14.5) 66.9 (19.4) 76.9 (24.9) 84.0 (28.9) 93.6 (34.2) 92.2 (33.4) 81.8 (27.7) 65.9 (18.8) 49.2 (9.6) 39.8 (4.3) 66.4 (19.1) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 26.5 (−3.1) 28.9 (−1.7) 34.5 (1.4) 40.5 (4.7) 48.9 (9.4) 55.6 (13.1) 62.5 (16.9) 60.8 (16.0) 52.2 (11.2) 41.2 (5.1) 31.6 (−0.2) 26.0 (−3.3) 42.4 (5.8) Record low °F (°C) −22 (−30) −23 (−31) 5 (−15) 21 (−6) 28 (−2) 37 (3) 39 (4) 41 (5) 30 (−1) 7 (−14) −13 (−25) −14 (−26) −23 (−31) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.94 (24) 0.64 (16) 0.51 (13) 0.47 (12) 0.55 (14) 0.53 (13) 0.18 (4.6) 0.25 (6.4) 0.30 (7.6) 0.57 (14) 0.85 (22) 0.99 (25) 6.76 (172) Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] Source: Averages for 1991–2020, Extremes for 1945–2021[10][11][12] </Wikitable> Hanford is the site of Washington state's highest recorded temperature of 120 °F (48.9 °C), reached on June 29, 2021. Early history The confluence of the [Yakima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima_River), [Snake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River), and Columbia rivers has been a meeting place for [native peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples) for centuries. The archaeological record of [Native American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) habitation of this area stretches back over ten thousand years. Tribes and nations including the [Yakama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakama), [Nez Perce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_people), and [Umatilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla_(tribe)) used the area for hunting, fishing, and gathering plant foods. [Archaeologists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist) have identified numerous Native American sites, including "pit house villages, open campsites, fish farming sites, hunting/kill sites, [game drive complexes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_drive_complex), quarries, and spirit quest sites", and two archaeological sites were listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) in 1976. In 1855, [Isaac Stevens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Stevens), the governor of the [Territory of Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Washington), negotiated with the Native American tribes to establish a [reservation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation) system. Treaties were signed, but were often ignored, as the reservation system they mandated was not compatible with traditional food-gathering or family groupings. In September 1858 a military expedition under [Colonel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)) [George Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wright_(general)) defeated the Native American tribes in the [Battle of Spokane Plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Spokane_Plains) to force compliance with the reservation system. Nonetheless, Native American use of the area continued into the 20th century. The [Wanapum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanapum) people were never forced onto a reservation, and they lived along the Columbia River in the [Priest Rapids Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_Rapids) until 1943. After gold was discovered in [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia), prospectors explored the Columbia River basin in search of gold, but with little success. [Walla Walla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla_Walla,_Washington), which had been established as a military post in 1858, became a center for mining supplies, and a general store was established at [White Bluffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Bluffs,_Washington). A ranch was established in Yakima Valley by Ben Snipes in 1859, and the [Northern Pacific Railroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad) was extended into the area beginning in 1879. The railroad engineers founded the towns of Kennewick and Pasco. Settlers moved into the region, initially along the Columbia River south of Priest Rapids. They established farms and orchards supported by small-scale irrigation projects, but most went bankrupt in the [Panic of 1893](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893). The [Reclamation Act of 1902](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclamation_Act_of_1902) provided for federal government participation in the financing of irrigation projects, and the population began expanding again, with small town centers at [Hanford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford,_Washington), White Bluffs and Richland established between 1905 and 1910. The [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression) of the 1930s decreased the price of agricultural commodities and many farms were foreclosed on or abandoned. The economy was supported by the construction of the [Grand Coulee Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam) between 1933 and 1942, and the establishment of the [Naval Air Station Pasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pasco) in 1942. Manhattan Project Contractor selection During [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II), the [S-1 Section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-1_Section) of the federal [Office of Scientific Research and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development) (OSRD) sponsored a research project on [plutonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium). Research was conducted by scientists at the [University of Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago) [Metallurgical Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory). At the time, plutonium was a rare element that had only recently been synthesized in laboratories. It was theorized that plutonium was [fissile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile) and could be used in an [atomic bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb). The United States government was concerned that [Nazi Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany) was developing a [nuclear weapons program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_weapons_program). The Metallurgical Laboratory physicists worked on designing [nuclear reactors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor) ("piles") that could irradiate [uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium) and transmute it into plutonium. Meanwhile, chemists investigated ways to separate plutonium from uranium. In September 1942, [Brigadier General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)) [Leslie R. Groves Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves_Jr.) became the director of the [Manhattan Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project), as it came to be known. The project to build industrial-size plants for the manufacture of plutonium was codenamed the X‑10 project. Groves engaged [DuPont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont), a firm he had worked with in the past on the construction of explosives plants, to design, construct and operate the plutonium manufacturing complex. To avoid being labeled as [merchants of death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_death), as the company had been after World WarI, DuPont's executive committee insisted that it should receive no payment. For legal reasons, a [Cost Plus Fixed Fee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_Plus_Fixed_Fee) contract was agreed, with a fee of one dollar. The president of DuPont, [Walter S. Carpenter Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_S._Carpenter_Jr.), was given assurances that the government was assuming all responsibility for the hazards involved in the project. Site selection Carpenter expressed reservations about building the reactors at [Oak Ridge, Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee); with [Knoxville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville) only 20 miles (32 km) away, a catastrophic accident might result in loss of life and severe health effects. Even a less deadly accident might disrupt vital war production, particularly of aluminum, and force the evacuation of the Manhattan Project's [isotope separation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_separation) plants. Spreading the facilities at Oak Ridge out more would require the purchase of more land and the expansion needed was still uncertain; for planning purposes, six reactors and four chemical separation plants were envisioned. The ideal site was described by eight criteria: A clean and abundant water supply (at least 25,000 US gallons per minute (1,600 L/s)) A large electric power supply (about 100,000 kW) A "hazardous manufacturing area" of at least 12 by 16 miles (19 by 26 km) Space for laboratory facilities at least 8 miles (13 km) from the nearest reactor or separations plant The employees' village no less than 10 miles (16 km) upwind of the plant No towns of more than a thousand people closer than 20 miles (32 km) from the hazardous rectangle No main highway, railway, or employee village closer than 10 miles (16 km) from the hazardous rectangle Ground that could bear heavy loads The most important of these criteria was the availability of electric power. The needs of war industries had created power shortages in many parts of the country, and use of the [Tennessee Valley Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority) (TVA) was ruled out because the [Clinton Engineer Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works) was expected to use up all its surplus power. This led to consideration of alternative sites in the [Pacific Northwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest) and [Southwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Southwest), where there was surplus electrical power. Between December 18 and 31, 1942, just twelve days after the Metallurgical Laboratory team led by [Enrico Fermi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi) started up [Chicago Pile 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Pile_1), the first nuclear reactor, a three-man party consisting of Colonel [Franklin T. Matthias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_T._Matthias) and DuPont engineers A. E. S. Hall and Gilbert P. Church inspected the most promising potential sites. Matthias reported to Groves that the Hanford Site was "far more favorable in virtually all respects than any other"; the survey party was particularly impressed by the fact that a high-voltage power line from Grand Coulee Dam to [Bonneville Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Dam) ran through the site, and there was an [electrical substation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation) on its edge. Groves visited the site on January 16, 1943, and approved the selection. The facility became known as the [Hanford Engineer Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works) (HEW), and the site was codenamed SiteW. Land acquisition The [Secretary of War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_War), [Henry L. Stimson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson), authorized the acquisition of the land on February 8, 1943. A Manhattan District project office opened in [Prosser, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosser,_Washington), on February 22, and the Washington Title Insurance Company opened an office there to furnish [title](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_(property)) certificates. Federal Judge [Lewis B. Schwellenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_B._Schwellenbach) issued an order of possession under the [Second War Powers Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_Powers_Act) the following day, and the first tract was acquired on March 10. Some 4,218 tracts totaling 428,203.95 acres (173,287.99 ha) were to be acquired, making it one of the largest land acquisition projects in American history. Most of the land (some 88 percent) was sagebrush, where eighteen to twenty thousand sheep grazed. About eleven percent was farmland, although not all was under cultivation. Farmers felt that they should be compensated for the value of the crops they had planted as well as for the land itself. Because construction plans had not yet been drawn up, and work on the site could not immediately commence, Groves decided to postpone the taking of the physical possession of properties under cultivation to allow farmers to harvest the crops they had already planted. This reduced the hardship on the farmers, and avoided the wasting of food at a time when the nation was facing food shortages and the federal government was urging citizens to plant [victory gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_garden). The [War Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War) arranged with [Federal Prison Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Prison_Industries) for crops to be harvested by prisoners from the [McNeil Island Penitentiary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNeil_Island_Penitentiary). The harvest in the spring and summer of 1943 was exceptionally good, and high crop prices due to the war greatly increased land values. Litigation was needed to resolve disputes over the compensation due to the sellers. Discontent over the acquisition was apparent in letters sent from Hanford Site residents to the War and [Justice Departments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice), and the [Truman Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Committee) began making inquiries. Stimson met with chairman of the committee, Senator [Harry S. Truman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman), who agreed to remove the Hanford Site from the committee's investigations on the grounds of national security. Trial juries were sympathetic to the claims of the landowners and the payments awarded were well in excess of the government appraisals. When the Manhattan Project ended on December 31, 1946, there were still 237 tracts remaining to be settled. About 1,500 residents of Hanford, White Bluffs, and nearby settlements were relocated, as well as the Wanapum people, Confederated Tribes and Bands of the [Yakima Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima_Nation), the Confederated Tribes of the [Umatilla Indian Reservation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla_Indian_Reservation), and the Nez Perce Tribe. Native Americans were accustomed to fishing in the Columbia River near White Bluffs for two or three weeks in October. The fish they caught were dried and provided food for the winter. The Natives rejected offers of an annual cash payment, and a deal was struck allowing the chief and his two assistants to issue passes to fish at the site. This authority was later revoked for security reasons. Matthias gave assurances that Native American graves would be treated with respect, but it would be fifteen years before the Wanapum people were allowed access to mark the cemeteries. In 1997, the elders were permitted to bring children and young adults onto the site once a year to learn about their sacred sites. Construction workforce DuPont advertised for workers in newspapers for an unspecified "war construction project" in southeastern Washington, offering an "attractive scale of wages" and living facilities. Normally for a development in such an isolated area, employees would be accommodated on site, but in this case for security and safety reasons it was desirable to locate them at least 10 miles (16 km) away. Even the construction workforce could not be housed on site, because some plant operations would have to be carried out during start-up testing. The Army and DuPont engineers decided to create two communities: a temporary constructions camp and a more substantial operating village. Construction was expedited by locating them on the sites of existing villages to take advantage of the buildings, roads and utility infrastructure already in place. They established the construction camp on the site of the village of Hanford, and the operating village on that of Richland. The construction workforce peaked at 45,096 on June 21, 1944. About thirteen percent were women, and non-whites made up 16.45 percent. African-Americans lived in [segregated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States) quarters, had their own [messes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess) and recreation areas, and were paid less than white workers. Three types of accommodation were provided at Hanford: barracks, hutments and trailer parking. The first workers to arrive lived in tents while they erected the first barracks. Barracks construction commenced on April 6, 1943, and eventually 195 barracks were erected: 110 for white men, 21 for black men, 57 for white women and seven for black women. Hutments were prefabricated [plywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood) and [Celotex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celotex) dwellings capable of accommodating ten to twenty workers each. Between them, the barracks and hutments held 39,050 workers. Many workers had their own trailers, taking their families with them from one wartime construction job to the next. Seven trailer camps were established, and at the peak of construction work 12,008 people were living in them. DuPont put the contract for building the village of Richland out to tender, and the contract was awarded to the lowest bidder, [G. Albin Pehrson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Albin_Pehrson), on March 16, 1943. Pehrson produced a series of standard house designs based on the [Cape Cod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_(house)) and [ranch-style house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch-style_house) design fashions of the day. Pehrson accepted the need for speed and efficiency, but his vision of a model late-20th-century community differed from the austere concept of Groves. Pehrson ultimately had his way on most issues, because DuPont was his contractor, not the Army. The resulting compromise would handicap Richland for many years with inadequate sidewalks, stores and shops, no civic center, and roads that were too narrow. Unlike Oak Ridge and [Los Alamos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico), Richland was not surrounded by a high wire fence, thus Matthias asked DuPont to ensure that it was kept neat and tidy. Construction Construction of the nuclear facilities proceeded rapidly. Before the end of the war in August 1945, the HEW built 554 buildings at Hanford, including three nuclear reactors (105‑B, 105‑D, and 105‑F) and three plutonium processing plants (221‑T, 221‑B, and 221‑U). The project required 386 miles (621 km) of roads, 158 miles (254 km) of railway, and four electrical substations. The HEW used 780,000 cubic yards (600,000 m3) of concrete and 40,000 short tons (36,000 t) of structural steel. Construction on B Reactor commenced in August 1943 and was completed on September 13, 1944. The reactor went [critical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass) in late September and, after overcoming [neutron poisoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_poison), produced its first plutonium on November 6, 1944. The reactors were [graphite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_graphite) moderated and water cooled. They consisted of a 28-by-36-foot (8.5 by 11.0 m), 1,200-short-ton (1,100 t) graphite cylinder lying on its side, penetrated horizontally through its entire length by 2,004 aluminum tubes containing 200 short tons (180 t) of uranium slugs. They had no moving parts; the only sounds were those of the water pumps. [Cooling water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_water) was pumped through the tubes at the rate of 30,000 US gallons per minute (1,900 L/s). This was enough water for a city of a million people. Production process Uranium arrived at the Hanford Engineer Works in the form of [billets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billet_(semi-finished_product)). In the Metal Fabrication and Testing (300) Area they were extruded into rods and machined into cylindrical pieces, 1.569 inches (3.99 cm) in diameter and 8 inches (20 cm) long, known as "slugs". The initial charge of the three reactors required more than twenty thousand billets, and another two thousand were needed each month. Uranium is highly reactive with water, so to protect the slugs from corrosion by the cooling water they were canned in aluminum after being dipped into a molten bath of copper–tin alloy, and the cap was [arc welded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_welding) on. A defective can could burst and jam in the reactor, stop the flow of cooling water, and force a complete shutdown of the reactor, so the canning process had to be precise. Irradiated fuel slugs were transported by rail on a special railroad car operated by remote control to huge remotely-operated chemical separation plants about 10 miles (16 km) away. The separation buildings were massive windowless concrete structures, 800 feet (240 m) long, 80 feet (24 m) high and 65 feet (20 m) wide, with concrete walls 3 to 5 feet (0.91 to 1.52 m) thick. Inside the buildings were canyons and galleries where [a series of chemical processing steps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth-phosphate_process) separated the small amount of plutonium from the remaining uranium and [fission products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_products). Items were moved about with a 60-foot (18 m) long [overhead crane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_crane). Once they began processing irradiated slugs, the machinery became so radioactive that it would be unsafe for humans ever to come in contact with it, so the engineers devised methods to allow for the replacement of components via remote control. Periscopes and [closed-circuit television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television) gave the operator a view of the process. They assembled the equipment by remote control as if the area was already radioactive. To receive the radioactive wastes from the chemical separations process, there were "tank farms" consisting of 64 single-shell underground waste tanks. The first batch of plutonium was refined in the 221‑T plant from December 26, 1944, to February 2, 1945, and delivered to the [Los Alamos laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory) in [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico) on February 5, 1945. Two identical reactors, DReactor and FReactor, came online on December 5, 1944, and February 15, 1945, respectively, and all three reactors were running at full power (250 megawatts) by March 8, 1945. By April kilogram-quantity shipments of plutonium were headed to Los Alamos. Road convoys replaced the trains in May, and in late July shipments began being dispatched by air from the airport at Hanford. Production activities Although the reactors could be shut down in two-and-a-half seconds, they would still generate heat due to the decay of fission products. It was therefore vital that the flow of water should not cease. If the power failed, the steam pumps would automatically cut in and continue to deliver water at full capacity for long enough to allow an orderly shutdown. This occurred on March 10, 1945, when a Japanese [balloon bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb) struck a high-tension line between Grand Coulee and Bonneville. This caused an electrical surge in the lines to the reactors. A [scram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scram) was automatically initiated and the safety devices shut the reactors down. The bomb failed to explode and the transmission line was not badly damaged. The Hanford Engineer Works was the only U.S. nuclear facility to come under enemy attack. Hanford provided the plutonium for the bomb used in the 1945 [Trinity nuclear test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)). Throughout this period, the Manhattan Project maintained a top-secret classification. Fewer than one percent of Hanford's workers knew they were working on a nuclear weapons project. Groves noted in his memoirs that "We made certain that each member of the project thoroughly understood his part in the total effort; that, and nothing more." The existence and purpose of Hanford was publicly revealed through press releases on August 7 and 9, 1945, after the [bombing of Hiroshima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiroshima) but before Hanford plutonium was used (in a [Fat Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man)) during the [bombing of Nagasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagasaki) on August 9. Matthias was succeeded as area engineer by Colonel [Frederick J. Clarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_J._Clarke) in January 1946. DuPont would soon be gone too. Carpenter asked to be released from the contract. Groves informed [Robert P. Patterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson), who had succeeded Stimson as Secretary of War on September 21, 1945, Groves's choice of replacement was [General Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric) (GE), which took over operations at Hanford on September 1, 1946, and accepted a formal control on September 30. On December 31, 1946, the Manhattan Project ended and control of the Hanford Site passed to the [Atomic Energy Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission) (AEC). The total cost of the Hanford Engineer Works up to that time was $348,101,240 (equivalent to $5,438,933,368 in 2023). Cold War Production problems GE inherited serious problems. Running the reactors continuously at full power had resulted in the [Wigner effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner_effect), swelling of the graphite due to the displacement of the atoms in its crystalline structure by collisions with neutrons. This had the potential to buckle the aluminum tubes used for the fuel and control rods and disable the reactors completely if a water pipe ruptured. The [polonium-210](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium-210) used in the Fat Man's [neutron initiators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_initiator) had a [half-life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life) of only 138 days, so it was essential to keep a reactor running or the weapons would be rendered inoperative. The Army therefore shut down BReactor on March 19. In August 1946, Franklin was informed that irradiating the feed to produce over 200 grams of plutonium per metric ton of uranium was resulting in too much undesirable [plutonium-240](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-240) in the product. The power level on Dand FReactors was reduced, which also extended their useful life. Some experiments were conducted with [annealing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(materials_science)) the graphite. It was found in laboratory testing of samples that heating to 400 °C (752 °F) retired the graphite by 24 percent, to 600 °C (1,112 °F) by 45 percent and to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) by 94 percent, but the consequences of heating the reactors so much had to be considered before this was attempted. The other problem was that the bismuth phosphate process used to separate the plutonium left the uranium in an unrecoverable state. The Metallurgical Laboratory had researched a promising new [redox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox) separation process, using [hexone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexone) as a solvent. The AEC was concerned about the supply of uranium, and the General Advisory Committee of the AEC recommended that construction of a redox plant be given top priority. Meanwhile, the waste-settling tanks filled up with [sludge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge), and attempts to transport it to the waste storage (241) areas were unsuccessful. It was therefore decided to bypass the waste settling tanks and send sludge directly to the 200 area, and construction of a bypass commenced in August 1946. GE invited bids for the construction of a new waste storage tank farm. Efforts were made to make better use of the available uranium. [Turnings, cuttings and shavings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_swarf) from the slug manufacture process had been sent to the [Ames Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_Laboratory) in [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa) for [briquetting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briquetting). The equipment there was shipped to the Hanford Engineer Works. The briquettes, along with uranium scrap metal, was sent to the Metal Hydrides Company for recasting into billets. During 1947, tensions with the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) escalated as the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) set in. Clarke was succeeded by Carleton Shugg on September 2. Within days of arrival he demanded overtime be used to speed up construction work then in progress. The size of the nuclear stockpile was limited by plutonium production. There was enough for thirteen bombs at the end of 1947. Walter J. Williams, the AEC's director of production, worked with GE engineers to produce plans for three replacement reactors (called BR, DR and FR). To save time and money, they would be built adjacent to the existing reactors, where they would be able to use their cooling water and separation facilities. Two more reactors would then be built on new sites. While this was being considered by the AEC, GE experimented with annealing, and found that if the reactors were run at 299 °C (570 °F) and then slowly cooled, the graphite's crystalline structure could be restored. The reactors could be run at higher temperatures by increasing the power level. Some helium in the atmosphere surrounding the reactors was replaced with [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide), which conducted heat less efficiently. This allowed more heat to build up in the graphite. To reduce the incidence of cans jamming, their size was reduced from 8 to 4 inches (20 to 10 cm). More plutonium was produced by keeping the fuel elements in the reactor longer. Instead of pushing the entire tube out, half of it was, allowing elements to spend time in parts of the reactor where the [neutron flux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_flux) was less dense. The old reactors could now be run much longer. In December, the AEC approved a scaled-back construction plan, with only one replacement reactor, at siteD (called DR), and one reactor at a new site (called H). The new reactors used the same designs as the wartime ones, although they had more pure graphite to allow them to be run at higher power levels, and smaller graphite blocks surrounding the process tubes to restrict expansion. Growth of Richland The population of Richland had already begun to increase again. In 1946 the Hanford Site had 4,479 operating employees and 141 construction workers. Two years later this had increased to 8,628 operating employees and 14,671 construction workers. Richland grew from 14,000 people in 1947 to 22,000 in 1950. To house the construction workers, a new construction camp was established called North Richland, which had a peak population of 13,000 in 1948. Many operating employees and construction workers also lived in Kennewick and Pasco. Shugg arranged for barracks to be brought by barge down the Columbia River from the old Naval Air Station Pasco. About 3,850 houses remained from the war; these were augmented by 800 houses and 64 apartments in 1947, and another 1,000 houses and apartments in 1948. Although the population stabilized, a housing shortage persisted into the 1950s. GE closed down the last of the dormitories in 1958. Richland had a newspaper, the Richland Villager, and every resident received a free copy. Commercial concession holders were pressured to buy adverting space. The villagers paid low rents for their houses, and Village Services was available to help with unpacking, laying carpets or babysitting. The adult population of Richland had an average education of 12.5 years, and 40 percent of the men had attended college, compared with 22 percent in the state of Washington as a whole, and the median annual family income in 1959 was $8,368 (equivalent to $87,463 in 2023) compared with $6,225 (equivalent to $65,064 in 2023). In 1950 26 percent of American families had an annual income of less than the [poverty line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line) of $2,000 (equivalent to $25,000 in 2023). In the nearby towns of Pasco and Kennewick, 24.4 and 25.2 percent respectively were below the poverty line; in Richland, it was just 4.9 percent. The percentage of high school graduates in Richland was 74.3 percent, compared with 53.5 in Pasco and 54.6 in Kennewick. Women constituted a quarter of the workforce, and the number of working wives was much higher than the national average. Although GE liked to present an image of a [middle-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class) community, most of the Hanford Site employees were [working-class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working-class) [shift workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_work) with high school education only. There were few senior citizens in Richland – in 1947 the AEC still required retirees to give up their homes – but the birth rate in 1948 was 34 per 1,000, well above the national average of 20 per 1,000. This tapered off during the 1950s, but there remained a larger than usual number of school-age children. There were only seven black people in Richland in 1950; this increased to 189 by 1960, when they accounted for 1.3 percent of the population. Only two black people worked for the AEC at the Hanford Site in 1951, less than a dozen were employed by GE, and about 250 by the construction contractors. The use of eating and recreational facilities by black people was discouraged, but not prohibited. Black people were even less welcome in Kennewick; there were only four living there in 1950 and five in 1960. Kennewick was a [sundown town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundown_town) where there was a curfew for black people. They congregated in Pasco, where 1,213 black people lived in a 5-acre (2.0 ha) ghetto on the town's eastern fringe. They had no sewerage or running water in 1948, because the town's leaders felt that the black community should provide the $5,000 (equivalent to $63,407 in 2023) to pay for it. Black residents also did not qualify for [Federal Housing Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration) (FHA) loans. Soon after taking over from the Army, the AEC had contemplated the future of the communities of Richland, Oak Ridge and Los Alamos. The commissioners were eager to divest the AEC of the burden of their management. In 1947, AEC general manager [Carroll L. Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_L._Wilson) commissioned Lyman S. Moore, the city manager of [Portland, Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine), and an expert on municipal government, to produce a report on the management of the communities. He produced a road map to self-government. The first step was to overhaul the accounting system to produce comparable reports on housing, commercial operations, utilities and government. It would then be possible to move to charging market rates for rents, utilities and municipal services, and ultimately to establish self-government. There was scant enthusiasm for this in Richland, but the United States was engaged in an ideological conflict with the Soviet Union over the superiority of the [American way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_way). The AEC's September 1950 appropriation called upon it to take steps to impose [democratic government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_government) and [free enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_enterprise) on the AEC communities. The first step was taken on October 1, 1953, when the AEC increased the rents in Richland by 25% to bring them into line with those in neighboring communities. In 1955, the town voted on disposal and incorporation; both measures were overwhelmingly defeated. Nonetheless, that year Congress passed Public Law 221, which provided for the transfer of government property in Richland to the townsfolk. Thousands of people attended protest rallies and sent angry letters and petitions to Congress. Congressional hearings were held, and prices set by the FHA were reduced. People who had been dispossessed by the acquisition process during the war petitioned to be allowed to buy their property back, but they were ignored. By July 1958, 4,200 homes had been sold. After receiving assurances that the AEC would continue to subsidize schools and municipal services through the 1960s, the citizens of Richland voted for incorporation, and the town became self-governing on December 12, 1958. In 1960 Richland received an [All-America City Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America_City_Award). Camp Hanford During the war the Hanford Site was patrolled by a [Military Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)) detachment which, as of June 1945, had forty soldiers. In April 1947, they were replaced by GE security guards, who were issued [M8 Greyhound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Greyhound) armored cars. The Army was concerned that U.S. plutonium production was centered at one vulnerable site. In March 1950 the 5th Anti-aircraft Artillery Group arrived to provide air defenses, and established its headquarters in North Richland. The group consisted of four battalions, the 83rd, 501st, 518th, and 519th Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalions, each of which had four batteries of [120 mm anti-aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120_mm_gun_M1) guns. Each battery had four guns, which were deployed in sandbagged revetments on a 20-acre (8.1 ha) site with wooden, prefabricated metal and containing barracks, latrines, mess halls, motor pools, radars and administrative facilities. The military base was designated "Camp Hanford" in 1951. The following year the guns were augmented by [Nike Ajax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax) missiles, which were deployed at three sites on Wahluke Slope and one on what is now the [Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Lands Ecology Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzner-Eberhardt_Arid_Lands_Ecology_Reserve). Each site had two underground missile storage magazines, twenty missiles and eight missile launchers. The Nike Ajax missiles were later replaced with [Nike Hercules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules) missiles. The development of [intercontinental ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile) made the missiles obsolete, and Camp Hanford became an outpost of [Fort Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Washington)) on July 1, 1959. The missile batteries were disbanded in 1960, and Camp Hanford was closed on March 31, 1961. Early expansion Cold War tensions escalated in April 1948 with the [Berlin Airlift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift). Construction was under way on the new DRand HReactors, but the quickest way to increase production was to restart BReactor. This was authorized later that month. Shugg was recalled to Washington, DC, to serve as the AEC deputy general manager in August, and was succeeded by Frederick C. Schlemmer on September 16. In turn, he was succeeded by David F. Shaw on June 1, 1950. Shaw was succeeded by James E. Travis in June 1955, and he remained the site manager until June 1965. It was also possible to improve productivity. Zirconium was added to the cans to stabilize them under high exposures, and tests confirmed that they could withstand three times the exposure used in 1946 without rupture. In March 1950, GE was authorized to run the reactors at 305 MW instead of 250. This cut the use of raw materials by half, and yielded forty percent more plutonium per operating dollar. The Soviet Union detonated its [first atomic bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-1) on August 29, 1949. The explosion was detected by a U.S. Air Force weather reconnaissance aircraft four days later. In response, President Harry S. Truman authorized a crash program to develop the [hydrogen bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb). Preliminary designs called for large amounts of [tritium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium). This could be produced in a reactor using target slugs loaded with [lithium deuteride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_deuteride) and fuel rods containing [enriched uranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uranium). One or more reactors would have to be set aside for tritium production. HReactor was chosen, and started producing tritium in 1950. For the longer term, the AEC decided to construct new reactors, of a different design using enriched uranium and [heavy water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water) as a moderator, at a new site, which became the [Savannah River Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_River_Site). The outbreak of the Korean War in September 1951 prompted the AEC to authorize a sixth reactor at Hanford on January 23, 1951. Construction began in June. The new reactor was built in the Barea and called CReactor. The same basic graphite-moderated design was used, with improvements to give it a rated power of 750 MW. The new reactor became operational in November 1952. On February 25, 1952, Truman authorized two more reactors at the Hanford Site. These were called K West and K East, and were sited at Coyote Rapids between the Band Dareas. They were known as "Jumbo" reactors for their much larger size. They still used the same graphite-moderator technology, but had improvements to allow them to operate at 1,800 MW. Each used 2,800 short tons (2,500 t) of graphite, over a thousand tons more than the three wartime reactors, and had concrete shields instead of steel and masonite. They had more feed tubes and reduced spacing between them. Improvements in water-pump design allowed them to have eighteen pumps instead of the fifty in the wartime reactors, but were capable of pumping 125,000 US gallons per minute (7,900 L/s). As with the other reactors, the cooling water was collected in ponds, allowed to cool, and then tipped back into the river. An innovation was that heat from the cooling water was used to heat the work places. Each Jumbo reactor required about 300 operators to run it, compared with 400 for HReactor. This represented a saving of a million dollars a year (equivalent to $9million in 2023). Although capable of being run at up to 4,400 MW, the AEC imposed an administrative limit of 4,000 MW on them. Since plutonium‑239 has a half-life of 24,100 years, AEC chairman [Gordon Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Dean_(lawyer)) calculated that sufficient plutonium would be produced by the mid-1960s. With this in mind, the reactors were designed with a life of twenty years. Separation facilities In addition to the new reactors there were also new separation facilities. The AEC had long been dissatisfied with the wasteful bismuth phosphate separation process. GE conducted research into an alternative, [reduction-oxidation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction-oxidation) (REDOX) process. This used [methyl isobutyl ketone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_isobutyl_ketone) (hexone) as a solvent. It was developed at the Hanford Site in the 3706 Building and tested in the 321 Building. The AEC approved the REDOX process in May 1949, and work began on the new plant the following year. Construction ran behind schedule, and it did not commence operation until January 1952. Known as the 202-S Building or the SPlant, it was 470 feet (140 m) long and 160 feet (49 m) wide, and could process up to twelve metric tons of uranium per day, compared with the Band TPlants' 1.5 tons per day. It also had the advantage of consolidating the separation activities in one building. Unlike the bismuth phosphate process, it produced uranium as a byproduct. The low [flash point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_point) of hexone meant that special precautions had to be taken against the possibility of an explosion. The hexone could not be reused as it was highly water-soluble and was unstable in [nitric acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid). Removing the uranium meant that the waste products were highly radioactive. The facility operated until 1967 and processed approximately 22,400 metric tons of uranium fuel rods. The U Plant was modified to use the REDOX process to recover uranium from the wastes left over from the bismuth phosphate process, but with a different solvent, [tributyl phosphate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyl_phosphate). Due to the plant's layout, it could not use the tall columns and gravity flow that characterized the REDOX plant, so [pulsed columns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_columns) were used instead. The [plutonium uranium reduction extraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUREX) (PUREX) process was developed at GE's [Knolls Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knolls_Atomic_Power_Laboratory). The PUREX Plant, known as APlant or Building 202‑A, commenced operation in 1955. Like the UPlant it used pulsed columns and tributyl phosphate as a solvent. The plant was 1,000 feet (300 m) long, 400 feet (120 m) high and 52 feet (16 m) wide. The processing canyon contained eleven processing areas. It operated from 1956 to 1972, and again from 1983 to 1988, when it reprocessed spent fuel rods from the reactors, and processed approximately 66,400 metric tons of uranium fuel rods. The B and T Plants were shut down after it became operational in 1956, having processed 8,100 metric tons of fuel rods. During the 1940s, the Hanford Site dumped 400 [curies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_(unit)) (15,000 [GBq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becquerel)) into the Columbia River each day. This rose to 7,000 curies (260,000 GBq) per day between 1951 and 1953, and peaked at 20,000 curies (740,000 GBq) per day in 1959. N Reactor The reactors had all been built for plutonium production, but with the [Atomic Energy Act of 1954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1954), the [Eisenhower administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_administration) began shifting resources to nuclear power generation. By the late 1950s the reactors built during the war were approaching retirement age, and in 1957 GE commenced planning to build a new reactor that would be clean, safe and efficient, and able to generate electric power as well as produce plutonium. Construction commenced in 1959, but the electric power features were not authorized until 1962, so while it was producing plutonium in 1964, electric power did not follow until 1966. Experts debated whether nuclear power would be economically competitive with [hydroelectric power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_power), and Congress debated whether the government should be in the electricity generation business. On November 28, 1961, the AEC reached an agreement with the [Washington Public Power Supply System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Public_Power_Supply_System) (WPPSS) for the latter to purchase its electricity. [N Reactor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N_Reactor) was destined to be the last of its kind, but also had many new features as a product of 1960s technology. Its [zirconium alloy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_alloy)-clad fuel slugs were 26 inches (66 cm) long and 2.4 inches (6 cm) in diameter. It had automated fuel-loading and unloading systems, a boron-ball scram system, and a state-of-the-art control room. It was the first American graphite-moderated power reactor, and the first American dual-purpose reactor, although other countries had them. The dual-purpose concept involved trade-offs that made both purposes less efficient: power required a steam turbine, but high water temperatures risked slug failure. The solution was to build a [pressurized water reactor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor), in which the water was pressurized to allow it to remain liquid above 100 °C (212 °F). The reactor exceeded its original $145million budget (equivalent to $1,119million in 2023) and cost $205million (equivalent to $1,581million in 2023). The Hanford Site was now home to nine nuclear reactors along the Columbia River, five reprocessing plants on the central plateau, and more than nine hundred support buildings and radiological laboratories around the site. Extensive modifications and upgrades were made to the original three World WarII reactors, and a total of 177 underground waste tanks were built. Hanford was at its peak production from 1956 to 1965. Over the forty years of operation the site produced about 67.4 metric tons of plutonium, of which 54.5 metric tons was [weapons-grade plutonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons-grade_plutonium), supplying the majority of the 60,000 weapons in the U.S. arsenal. In 1983 and 1984, 425 kilograms of weapons-grade plutonium was extracted from [reactor-grade plutonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium). Tritium, polonium‑210, [thulium-170](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium-170), [iridium-192](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium-192), and [uranium-233](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233) were also produced. Decommissioning By 1963 the AEC had estimated that it had sufficient plutonium for its needs for the foreseeable future, and planned to shut down the production reactors. To mitigate the economic impact, closures were carried out over a period of six years. The change of policy was not publicly announced; instead, each round of closures was accompanied by a statement that production needs could be met by the remaining facilities. The first round of closures was announced by President [Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson) on January 8, 1964. DR, H and FReactors were shut down in 1964 and, 1965. In 1967 the AEC announced that another reactor would be shut down. This was DReactor, which was shut down on June 25, 1967. BReactor followed on February 12, 1968. In January 1969, AEC chairman [Glenn Seaborg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg), under pressure from the newly elected [Nixon administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_administration) to cut costs, announced that the three reactors built in the 1950s, C, KE and KW, would be shut down in 1969 and 1970. The REDOX and PUREX facilities were placed on standby status in December 1967 and June 1972 respectively. Between 1967 and 1971, the number of workers employed at the Hanford Site plummeted from 8,500 to 5,500. The incremental closures did nothing to reduce the public outcry; if anything, the reverse was the case. The AEC was replaced by the [Energy Research and Development Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Research_and_Development_Administration) in 1974, and it in turn was succeeded by the DOE in 1977. The regulation and licensing of commercial reactors was devolved to the [Nuclear Regulatory Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission) (NRC). The closures left only N Reactor, which continued to operate as a dual-purpose reactor, providing power to the civilian electrical grid via the WPPSS. By 1966 it was producing 35 percent of the United States' nuclear-generated electricity. Costs were lower than anticipated, allowing the WPPSS to retire $25million budget (equivalent to $179million in 2023) of the $122million (equivalent to $875million in 2023) it had raised in [bonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)) to finance the project. The [Chernobyl disaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster) in the Soviet Union in April 1986 prompted multiple reviews of the safety of American reactors. Of all the reactors in the U.S., NReactor was the most similar to the ill-fated No.4 Reactor at the [Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant), in that it was graphite-moderated, although NReactor used pressurized water rather than boiling water as a coolant. Like all the Hanford Site's reactors, it had no containment vessel and would never have passed the NRC's reactor safety requirements had they been applied to it. There was a public outcry, and the [Government Accountability Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office) recommended closure. NReactor was shut down in January 1987. The PUREX plant reopened in 1983 to reprocess N Reactor reactor-grade fuel into weapon-grade fuel. This ended in December 1988, and it returned to standby status in October 1990. The uranium trioxide plant closed in 1995, the PUREX plant closed for good in 1997, and the BPlant in 1998. The TPlant remained in use, handling the storage, packaging and decontamination of radioactive wastes. It became the longest operational nuclear facility in the world. All but one of the Hanford production reactors were [entombed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_entombment) ("cocooned") to allow the radioactive materials to decay, and the surrounding structures removed and buried. This involved the removal of hundreds of tons of asbestos, concrete, steel and contaminated soil. The pumps and tunnels were dug up and razed, as were the auxiliary buildings. What was left were the core and shields. These were sealed up and a sloped steel roof added to draw off rainwater. Cocooning of CReactor commenced in 1996, and was completed in 1998. DReactor followed in 2002, FReactor followed in 2003, DRReactor in 2004. and HReactor in 2005. N Reactor was cocooned in 2012, and KE and KW in 2022. The exception was B Reactor, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. Some historians advocated converting it into a museum. It was designated a [National Historic Landmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark) by the [National Park Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service) on August 19, 2008, and on November 10, 2015, it became part of the [Manhattan Project National Historical Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project_National_Historical_Park) alongside other sites at Oak Ridge and Los Alamos. The [United States Department of Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy) (DOE) offers free guided tours of the site which can be reserved via the department's website, and are open to all ages. Between 2009 and 2018, approximately eighty thousand people visited the site, bringing an estimated annual tourist income of two million dollars to the surrounding area. <Wikitable> Reactor name Start-up date Shutdown date Initial power (MW) Final power (MW) Cocooned B Reactor September 25, 1944 February 12, 1968 250 2210 Not cocooned[185] D Reactor December 14, 1944 June 25, 1967 250 2165 2004[186] F Reactor February 24, 1945 June 25, 1965 250 2040 2003[187] H Reactor October 19, 1949 April 21, 1965 400 2140 2005[188] DR ("D Replacement") Reactor October 3, 1950 December 30, 1964 250 2015 2002[189] C Reactor November 18, 1952 April 25, 1969 650 2500 1998[190] KW ("K West") Reactor January 4, 1955 February 1, 1970 1800 4400 Not cocooned[175] KE ("K East") Reactor April 17, 1955 January 1971 1800 4400 2022[175] N Reactor December 1963 January 1987 4000 4000 2012[191] </Wikitable> Later operations Although uranium enrichment and plutonium breeding were slowly phased out, the nuclear legacy left an indelible mark on the Tri-Cities. Since World WarII, the area had developed from a small farming community to a booming "Atomic Frontier" to a powerhouse of the nuclear-industrial complex. Decades of federal investment created a community of highly skilled scientists and engineers. As a result of this concentration of specialized skills, the Hanford Site attempted to diversify its operations to include scientific research, test facilities, and commercial nuclear power production. When GE announced that it was ending the contract to run the Hanford Site in 1963, the AEC decided to separate the contract among multiple operators. The contract to run the research laboratory at the site was awarded to the [Battelle Memorial Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute) of [Columbus, Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio), on May 28, 1964, and the laboratory became the Pacific Northwest Laboratory on January 4, 1965. In 1995, it achieved national laboratory status and became The [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory). Battelle's contract allowed it to perform research for government and private companies, so it was able to branch out into related areas. In 2022, the laboratory employed 5,314 staff and had an annual budget of $1.2billion. The [Fast Flux Test Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Flux_Test_Facility) (FFTF), was a national research facility that began operating in 1982 to develop and test fuels, materials and components for the [Clinch River Breeder Reactor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinch_River_Breeder_Reactor) project. The contract to construct and operate it was awarded to [Westinghouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation) and 800 former Battelle employees who had been working on it were transferred. The Clinch River project was canceled by Congress in 1983, but the FFTF continued to operate, generating plutonium‑238 for nuclear power sources for [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA) space missions and tritium for [nuclear fusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion) research. It was shut down in 2009. [Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Gravitational-Wave_Observatory) (LIGO) Hanford Observatory is an [interferometer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometer) searching for [gravitational waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave#Interferometers). The observatory at the Hanford Site was one of two, the other being in [Livingston, Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston,_Louisiana). The project was run as a cooperative venture by [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT) and [Caltech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech). The $211million price tag (equivalent to $411million in 2023) generated debate about [pork barreling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel) and government funding of expensive [Big Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Science) projects, especially one as uncertain of success as LIGO. The Hanford Site was chosen from seventeen contenders for one of the two sites, mainly due to its relative isolation. In 2016 it was announced that gravitational waves had been detected. In 2018 the [American Physical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society) (APS) designated the two LIGO observatories as APS historic sites. The [Columbia Generating Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Generating_Station) is a 1,207 MW commercial [nuclear power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power) plant located on the Hanford Site 10 miles (16 km) north of Richland and operated by [Energy Northwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Northwest), as the WPPSS has been known since 1998. Originally, five [boiling water reactors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor) were authorized in March 1973, but only one, WNP‑2, was completed. It began producing power in May 1984. The WNP-1 Reactor was budgeted to cost $660million in 1973 (equivalent to $3,458million in 2023) and be completed by 1980. By 1986, the estimated cost had blown out to $3.8billion (equivalent to $9billion in 2023) and the reactor was still unfinished. Meanwhile, the estimated total cost of the entire project had increased from $4.1billion in 1973 (equivalent to $10billion in 2023) to $24billion in 1986 (equivalent to $57billion in 2023). A net billing agreement that Senator [Henry M. Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson) helped steer through Congress ensured that the bonds issue to finance their construction carried a AAA [bond credit rating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_credit_rating) and therefore sold easily, but [electricity tariffs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_tariff) had to be increased to repay the bond holders. The [Hanford Reach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Reach) was preserved as a salmon breeding ground. The end of plutonium production at the Hanford Site meant that it no longer required the areas around the old production sites. On June 9, 2000, President [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton) designated almost 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres) of the Hanford Site as a [national monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)). The Hanford Reach National Monument is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under an agreement with the DOE. On June 28, 2000, a fire burned 164,000 acres (66,000 ha) of the monument. In July 2024, the DOE announced it would construct a 1 GW [solar array](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Arrays) at the Hanford Site. Environmental concerns Between 1944 and 1971, pump systems drew as much as 75,000 US gallons per minute (4,700 L/s) of cooling water from the Columbia River to dissipate the heat produced by the reactors. Before its release into the river, the used water was held in large tanks known as [retention basins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retention_basin) for up to six hours. Longer-lived [isotopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope) were not affected by this retention, and several [terabecquerels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becquerel) entered the river every day. The federal government kept knowledge about these radioactive releases secret. Another source of contaminated food came from Columbia River fish, an impact felt disproportionately by Native American communities who depended on the river for their customary diets. Radiation was later measured 200 miles (320 km) downstream as far west as the Washington and [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon) coasts. It was estimated that a person who had daily eaten 2.2 pounds (1.00 kg) of fish caught at Richland would have received an additional radiation dose of 1,300 [millirems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millirem) per year. The plutonium separation process resulted in the release of radioactive isotopes into the air, which were carried by the wind throughout southeastern Washington and into parts of [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho), [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana), Oregon, and British Columbia. [Downwinders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downwinders) were exposed to [radionuclides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclides), particularly [iodine-131](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-131), with the heaviest releases from 1945 to 1951. These radionuclides entered the food chain via [dairy cows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_cows) grazing on contaminated fields; hazardous fallout was ingested by communities who consumed radioactive food and milk. Most of these airborne releases were a part of Hanford's routine operations, while a few of the larger releases occurred in isolated incidents. In 1949 an intentional release known as the "[Green Run](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Run)" released 8,000 curies (300,000 GBq) of iodine‑131 over two days. A U.S. government report released in 1992 estimated that 685,000 curies (25,300,000 GBq) of iodine‑131 had been released into the river and air from the Hanford Site between 1944 and 1947. Beginning in the 1960s scientists with the [U.S. Public Health Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service) published reports about radioactivity released from Hanford, and there were protests from the health departments of Oregon and Washington. In response to an article in the [Spokane Spokesman Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Spokesman_Review) in September 1985, the DOE announced it would declassify environmental records and, in February 1986, released 19,000 pages of previously unavailable historical documents about Hanford's operations. The [Washington State Department of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Health) collaborated with the citizen-led Hanford Health Information Network to publicize data about the health effects of Hanford's operations. Their reports concluded that residents who lived downwind from Hanford or who used the Columbia River downstream were exposed to elevated doses of radiation that placed them at increased risk for cancer and other diseases, particularly forms of [thyroid disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_disease). A [mass tort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_tort) lawsuit was brought by two thousand Hanford downwinders. In 2005 two of six plaintiffs who went to trial were awarded $500,000 in damages. The DOE resolved the final cases in October 2015, paying out more than $60million in legal fees and $7million in damages. Of the 177 tanks at Hanford, 149 had a single shell. Historically single-shell tanks were used for storing radioactive liquid waste and designed to last twenty years. By 2005, some liquid waste was transferred from single-shell tanks to (safer) double-shell tanks. A substantial amount of residue remains in the older single-shell tanks with one containing an estimated 447,000 US gallons (1,690,000 L) of radioactive sludge, for example. It is believed that up to six of these "empty" tanks are leaking. Two tanks were reportedly leaking 300 US gallons (1,100 L) per year each, while the remaining four tanks were each leaking 15 US gallons (57 L) per year. In February 2013, Washington Governor [Jay Inslee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Inslee) announced that a tank storing radioactive waste at the site had been leaking liquids on average of 150 to 300 US gallons (570 to 1,140 L) per year. He said that though the leak posed no immediate health risk to the public, it should not be an excuse for not doing anything. On February 22, 2013, he stated that six more tanks were leaking. Occupational health concerns While major releases of radioactive material ended with the reactor shutdown in the 1970s and many of the most dangerous wastes are contained, there were continued concerns about contaminated groundwater headed toward the Columbia River and about workers' health and safety. In 1976, [Harold McCluskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McCluskey), a Hanford technician, received the largest recorded dose of [americium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium) following a laboratory accident in the [Plutonium Finishing Plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_Finishing_Plant). Due to prompt medical intervention, he survived the incident and died eleven years later of natural causes. Since 1987, workers have reported exposure to harmful vapors after working around underground nuclear storage tanks, with no solution found. More than forty workers in 2014 alone reported smelling vapors and became ill with "nosebleeds, headaches, watery eyes, burning skin, contact dermatitis, increased heart rate, difficulty breathing, coughing, sore throats, expectorating, dizziness and nausea... Several of these workers have long-term disabilities." Doctors checked workers and cleared them to return to work. Monitors worn by tank workers have found no samples with chemicals close to the federal limit for occupational exposure. In August 2014, [OSHA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration) ordered the facility to rehire a contractor and pay $220,000 in back wages for firing the employee for [whistleblowing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblowing) on safety concerns at the site. On November 19, 2014, the attorney general of Washington, [Bob Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_(politician)), said the state planned to sue the DOE and its contractor to protect workers from hazardous vapors at Hanford. A 2014 report by the DOE [Savannah River National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_River_National_Laboratory) initiated by 'Washington River Protection Solutions' found that DOE's methods to study vapor releases were inadequate, particularly, that they did not account for short but intense vapor releases. They recommended "proactively sampling the air inside tanks to determine its chemical makeup; accelerating new practices to prevent worker exposures; and modifying medical evaluations to reflect how workers are exposed to vapors". Cleanup under Superfund Organization Decades of manufacturing left behind 53 million US gallons (200 ML) of [high-level radioactive waste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_level_waste) stored within 177 storage tanks, an additional 25 million cubic feet (710,000 m3) of solid radioactive waste, and areas of heavy [technetium-99](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99) and uranium-contaminated groundwater beneath three tank farms on the site as well as the potential for future groundwater contamination beneath currently contaminated soils. On June 25, 1988, the Hanford Site was divided into four areas and proposed for inclusion on the [National Priorities List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Priorities_List). On May 15, 1989, the [Washington Department of Ecology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Department_of_Ecology) (WSDE), the [United States Environmental Protection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) (EPA), and the DOE entered into the Tri-Party Agreement, which provides a legal framework for environmental remediation at Hanford. By 2014, the agencies were engaged in the world's largest environmental cleanup, with many challenges to be resolved in the face of overlapping technical, political, regulatory, and cultural interests. The cleanup effort was focused on three outcomes: restoring the Columbia River corridor for other uses, converting the central plateau to long-term waste treatment and storage, and preparing for the future. In 2020, WSDE issued the EPA with a $1.065 million penalty for restricting WSDE from direct access to facility data required for regulatory oversight in accord with the Tri-Party Agreement; a settlement agreement being finalized in 2023. In 2011, DOE, the federal agency charged with overseeing the site, "interim stabilized" 149 single-shell tanks by pumping nearly all the liquid waste out into 28 newer double-shell tanks. Solids, known as salt cake and sludge, remained. The DOE later found water intruding into at least 14 single-shell tanks and that one of them had been leaking about 640 US gallons (2,400 L) per year into the ground since about 2010. In 2012, the DOE also discovered a leak from a double-shell tank caused by construction flaws and corrosion in the tank's bottom, and that twelve other double-shell tanks had similar construction flaws. Since then, the DOE began monitoring single-shell tanks monthly and double-shell tanks every three years. The DOE also changed the methods by which they monitored the tanks. In March 2014, the DOE announced further delays in the construction of the Waste Treatment Plant, which affected the schedule for removing waste from the tanks. The cleanup effort was managed by the DOE under the oversight of the two regulatory agencies. A citizen-led Hanford Advisory Board provides recommendations from community stakeholders, including local and state governments, regional environmental organizations, business interests, and Native American tribes. For the Native Americans, the cleanup took on a moral and religious aspect. A particular focus was the conservation of indigenous fauna and flora, such as the [Umtanum desert buckwheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriogonum_codium), which only grows in the area and was prized by Native Americans for its medicinal properties. Cleanup activities Citing the 2014 Hanford Lifecycle Scope Schedule and Cost report, the 2014 estimated cost of the remaining Hanford cleanup was $113.6billion – more than $3billion per year for six years, with a lower cost projection of approximately $2billion per year until 2046. Originally scheduled to be complete within thirty years, the cleanup was less than half finished by 2008. Of the four areas that were formally listed as [Superfund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund) sites on October 4, 1989, only one had been removed from the list. Intermittent discoveries of undocumented contamination have slowed the pace and raised the cost of cleanup. Cleanup activity was still ongoing in 2023, with over 10,000 workers employed on cleanup activities. The most significant challenge is stabilizing the 53,000,000 US gallons (200 ML) of high-level radioactive waste stored in the 177 underground tanks. By 1998 about a third of these tanks had leaked waste into the soil and groundwater. By 2008 most of the liquid waste had been transferred to more secure double-shelled tanks; however, 2,800,000 US gallons (11 ML) of liquid waste, together with 27,000,000 US gallons (100,000,000 L) of salt cake and sludge, remains in the single-shelled tanks. DOE lacks information about the extent to which the 27 double-shell tanks may be susceptible to corrosion. Without determining the extent to which the factors that contributed to the leak in AY‑102 were similar to the other 27 double-shell tanks, DOE could not be sure how long its double-shell tanks can safely store waste. That waste was originally scheduled to be removed by 2018. By 2008, the revised deadline was 2040. By 2008, 1,000,000 US gallons (3,800,000 L) of radioactive waste was traveling through the groundwater toward the Columbia River. This waste was expected to reach the river in twelve to fifty years if cleanup does not proceed on schedule. Under the Tri-Party Agreement, lower-level hazardous wastes are buried in huge lined pits that will be sealed and monitored with sophisticated instruments for many years. Disposal of plutonium and other high-level wastes is a more difficult problem that continues to be a subject of intense debate. As an example, plutonium‑239 has a half-life of 24,100 years, and a decay of ten half-lives is required before a sample is considered to cease its radioactivity. In 2000 the DOE awarded a $4.3billion contract to [Bechtel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechtel), a San Francisco-based construction and engineering firm, to build a [vitrification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste#Vitrification) plant to combine the dangerous wastes with glass to render them stable. Construction began in 2002. The plant was originally scheduled to be operational by 2011, with vitrification completed by 2028. According to a 2012 study by the Government Accountability Office, there were a number of serious unresolved technical and managerial problems. In 2013 the estimated costs were $13.4billion with commencement of operations estimated to be in 2022 and about three decades of operation. A potential radioactive leak was reported in 2013; the cleanup was estimated to have cost $40billion, with $115billion more required. Another leak was reported in April 2021. In May 2007 state and federal officials began closed-door negotiations about the possibility of extending legal cleanup deadlines for waste vitrification in exchange for shifting the focus of the cleanup to urgent priorities, such as [groundwater remediation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_remediation). Those talks stalled in October 2007. In early 2008, a $600million cut to the Hanford cleanup budget was proposed. Washington state officials expressed concern about the budget cuts, as well as missed deadlines and recent safety lapses at the site, and threatened to file a lawsuit alleging that the DOE was in violation of environmental laws. They appeared to step back from that threat in April 2008 after another meeting of federal and state officials resulted in progress toward a tentative agreement. Some of the radioactive waste at Hanford was supposed to be stored in the planned [Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository), but after that project was suspended, Washington State sued, joined by South Carolina. Their first suit was dismissed in July 2011. In a subsequent suit, federal authorities were ordered to either approve or reject plans for the Yucca Mountain storage site. During excavations from 2004 to 2007, a sample of purified plutonium was uncovered inside a safe in a waste trench, and has been dated to about the 1940s, making it the second-oldest sample of purified plutonium known to exist. Analyses published in 2009 concluded that the sample originated at Oak Ridge, and was one of several sent to Hanford for optimization tests of the TPlant until Hanford could produce its own plutonium. Documents refer to such a sample, belonging to "Watt's group", which was disposed of in its safe when a radiation leak was suspected. As of 2023, 60 sq mi (160 km2) of the site's groundwater remains contaminated above federal standards, a reduction from 80 sq mi (210 km2) in the 1980s. <Wikitable> Date begun Organization Responsibility Remarks December 12, 1942 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Lead U.S. Government entity Held role until January 1, 1947 December 12, 1942 E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company (DuPont) All site activities Initial Hanford site contractor September 1, 1946 General Electric Company (GE) All site activities Replaced DuPont January 1, 1947 Atomic Energy Commission Lead U.S. Government entity Replaced U.S. Army Corps of Engineers May 15, 1953 Vitro Engineers Hanford Engineering Services Assumed GEs new facility design role June 1, 1953 J. A. Jones Construction Hanford Construction Services Assumed GEs construction role January 1, 1965 U.S. Testing Environmental & bioassay testing Assumed GEs environmental and bioassay testing role January 4, 1965 Battelle Memorial Institute Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) Assumed GE's laboratory operations – subsequently renamed Pacific Northwest National Laboratory July 1, 1965 Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) Computer services New scope August 1, 1965 Hanford Occupational Health Foundation Industrial Medicine Assumed GE's industrial medicine role September 10, 1965 Douglas United Nuclear Single pass reactor operations & fuel fabrication Assumed part of GE's reactor operations January 1, 1966 Isochem Chemical processing Assumed GE's chemical processing operations March 1, 1966 ITT Federal Support Services, Inc. Support services Assumed July 1, 1967 Douglas United Nuclear N Reactor operation Assumed remainder of GE's reactor operations September 4, 1967 Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company Chemical Processing Replaced Isochem August 8, 1967 Hanford Environmental Health Foundation Industrial Medicine Name change only February 1, 1970 Westinghouse Hanford Company Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory Spun off from PNL with mission to build the Fast Flux Test Facility September 1971 ARHCO Support Services Replaces ITT/PSS April 1973 United Nuclear Industries, Inc. All production reactor operations Name change from Douglas United Nuclear only January 1, 1975 Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) Lead U.S. Government entity Replaced AEC – managed site until October 1, 1977 October 1, 1975 Boeing Computer Services (BCS) Computer services Replaced CSC October 1, 1977 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Lead U.S. Government Agency Replaced ERDA – manages site presently October 1, 1977 Rockwell Hanford Operations (RHO) Chemical Processing & Support Services Replaces ARCHO June 1981 Braun Hanford Company (BHC) Architect & Engineering Services Replaces Vitro March 1982 Kaiser Engineering Hanford (KEH) Architect & Engineering Services Replaces BHC March 1, 1987 KEH Construction Consolidated contract includes former J. A. Jones work June 29, 1987 WHC Site management & operations Consolidated contract includes former RHO, UNC & KEH work. October 1, 1996 Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc. (FDH) Site management & operations FDH is integrating contractor with 13 subcontracted companies February 7, 2000 Fluor Hanford Site cleanup operations Transition to site cleanup (13 Fluor subcontractors held various roles) December 11, 2000 Bechtel National, Inc. Engineering, construction, and commissioning of the Waste Treatment Plant NaN October 1, 2008 Ch2M Hill Plateau Remediation Company Central plateau cleanup and closure NaN April 8, 2009 Washington Closure Hanford River corridor cleanup and closure NaN May 26, 2009 Mission Support Alliance Site infrastructure and services Consolidated services contract October 1, 2009 Washington River Protection Solutions Tank Farm operations NaN </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 16:53:15

Palace_of_Congresses

<Infotable> Pallati i Kongreseve Palace of Concerts Address: Dëshmorët e Kombit BoulevardTiranaAlbania Coordinates: 41°19′9″N19°49′19″E / 41.31917°N 19.82194°E /41.31917; 19.82194 Capacity: 2,100[1] Current use: Various Opened: 1986(1986) </Infotable> The Palace of Congresses ([Albanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language): Pallati i Kongreseve) is a venue in [Tirana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana), [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania), where numerous multi-genre concerts, exhibition, festivals, competitions and other events are held, including the annual [Festivali i Këngës](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivali_i_K%C3%ABng%C3%ABs) and [Kënga Magjike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABnga_Magjike) and the [Tirana Book Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana_Book_Fair). It was built during the late [communist era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania) to host the Congresses of the [Party of Labour of Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania) and other official activities. Today, the palace is used as a venue for conferences, festivals, exhibitions, ceremonies, concerts and more. It currently has a capacity of 2,100 seats. There are three other smaller halls, with a smaller capacity of 150, 280 and 300 people, designed as working environments for different meetings and occasions.

2024-09-18 18:08:33

Hammerfest

<Infotable> Hammerfest(Norwegian)Hámmárfeasta(Northern Sami) Town/City[a] View of the city HammerfestShow map of FinnmarkHammerfestShow map of Norway Coordinates:70°39′48″N23°40′56″E / 70.6634°N 23.6821°E /70.6634; 23.6821 Country: Norway Region: Northern Norway County: Finnmark District: Vest-Finnmark Municipality: Hammerfest Municipality Established as: Kjøpstad: 1789 Area[1] • Total: 3.02 km2(1.17 sq mi) Elevation[2]: 2 m (7 ft) Population(2023)[1] • Total: 7,882 • Density: 2,610/km2(6,800/sq mi) Demonym: Hammerfesting Time zone: UTC+01:00(CET) • Summer (DST): UTC+02:00(CEST) Post Code: 9600 Hammerfest Former municipality in Finnmark, Norway Former municipality Hammerfest kjøpstad Finnmark within Norway Hammerfest within Finnmark Country: Norway County: Finnmark District: Vest-Finnmark Established: 1852 •Preceded by: Hammerfest by og landdistrikt Disestablished: 1 Jan 1992 •Succeeded by: Hammerfest Municipality Administrative centre: Hammerfest Area(upon dissolution) • Total: 2.9 km2(1.1 sq mi) Official language[3] •Norwegian form: Neutral ISO 3166 code: NO-2001[4] Data from Statistics Norway </Infotable> Hammerfest ([Norwegian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language))Hámmárfeasta ([Northern Sami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami_language)) Hammerfest [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammerfest.ogg) or Hámmárfeasta is a [town/city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway) that is also the [administrative centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre) of [Hammerfest Municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest_Municipality) in [Finnmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmark) county, [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway). It is located on the northwestern coast of the island of [Kvaløya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kval%C3%B8ya,_Finnmark), just north of the village of [Rypefjord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rypefjord) and southwest of the village of [Forsøl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors%C3%B8l). The 3.02-square-kilometre (750-acre) city has a population (2023) of 7,882 which gives the city a [population density](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density) of 2,610 inhabitants per square kilometre (6,800/sq mi). The town has an ice-free harbor, including the nearby island of [Melkøya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk%C3%B8ya) which is home to a [natural gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas) processing station. It processes gas from the [Snøhvit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hvit) gas field in the [Barents Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea). [Rypefjord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rypefjord) is a suburb to the south of the coty. The main church for the city and municipality is [Hammerfest Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest_Church). The "[midnight sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_sun)" is above the horizon from 15 May to 31 July, and the period with continuous daylight lasts a bit longer. [Polar night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_night), on the other hand, lasts from 23 November to 19 January. The town is visited by [cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ships) from all over the world each summer. In 2016, there were about 19,000 tourists who visited the city of Hammerfest. Northernmost city Hammerfest claims to be the [northernmost city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northernmost_cities_and_towns) in the world, although the title is disputed by the nearby Norwegian town of [Honningsvåg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningsv%C3%A5g) (achieved town status 1996). The validity of the claim depends upon one's definition of a town/city. It may help to know that the Norwegian language does not distinguish between [city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City) and [town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town). The closest translation for either term is the word by, meaning the translation from Norwegian to English is ambiguous. Although Hammerfest is further south than Honningsvåg, the town of Hammerfest has a population of nearly 8,000 people (and over 11,000 people living in the municipality). A Norwegian law from 1997 says a municipality must have over 5,000 residents in order for it to declare town status to one of its settlements. Parliament, however, did not make this provision retroactive. Honningsvåg was given town status prior to the 1997 law, so it is a town under current Norwegian law, making Honningsvåg the northernmost town in Norway. Thus, Hammerfest is the northernmost town with over 5,000 residents. This is a point of contention between the two towns who both claim to be the northernmost town in Norway. [Utqiagvik, Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utqiagvik,_Alaska), population c. 4,000–5,000, is further north than both the Norwegian towns, but does not lay claim to the title of northernmost town. There are many other smaller "[northernmost settlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northernmost_settlements)" in the world. History Overview Many grave sites dating back to the [Stone Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age) can be found here. This location was an important fishing and Arctic hunting settlement for a long time before it was given [market town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town) rights by [royal decree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_decree) of [Christian VII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark) of [Denmark–Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway) in 1789. 1684: Hammerfest gets its first church: [Hammerfest Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest_Church). The population is around 60 people. 1764: Russia begins to send ships with grain to Hammerfest as part of the [Pomor trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomor_trade). 17 July 1789: Hammerfest receives "[town status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway)" as a [kjøpstad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8pstad). 1792: The first doctor arrives in Hammerfest. 1807–1814: Hammerfest is affected by disease [epidemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic) and food shortages, the latter as a result of the [Royal Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy) blockade during the [Gunboat War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat_War). 1809: The city is attacked and captured by two British [brigs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig), which proceed to sack it before withdrawing. 1839: Hammerfest's first firefighter is employed. 1859: The first lighthouse in Finnmark is constructed: [Fuglenes Lighthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglenes_Lighthouse). 1868: The first water plant in the town is built. 1870: A [telegraph station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_station), which is used by all of Finnmark, is built. 1890: Two-thirds of the city is destroyed by fire. 1891: Reconstruction of the city begins. A [Methodist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist) chapel is opened. 1891: Hammerfest becomes the first town in Norway and Northern Europe with electric [streetlights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetlights). 1940: After the [German occupation of Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway) the German Navy used the harbor of the city as a base. 14 February 1944: A Soviet aircraft bombed the city for the first time, but the damage was small. 29 August 1944: A similar, but far more powerful air assault, a number of buildings and streets in the city and ships on the harbour were destroyed. When the [Germans retreated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Finnmark), they finalized the destruction. November 1944: the Germans began systematically burning all the settlements in Finnmark, including Hammerfest. February 1945: citizens are forcibly evacuated by the German authorities. Only one building was left standing, a burial chapel. This was built in 1937 and is the oldest house still existing in the town. 1989: Hammerfest celebrates its 200th anniversary as a city. 2003: Melkøysund Tunnel is completed connecting the town to the island of [Melkøya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk%C3%B8ya). 2007: The Snøhvit plant on [Melkøya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk%C3%B8ya) becomes operational in September. It is the biggest industrial development in Northern Norway. Napoleonic Wars During the [Napoleonic Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars), [Denmark–Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway) abandoned its neutrality after a British [Royal Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy) fleet launched a [pre-emptive attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)) on [Copenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen) in 1807, allying with [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire) against the [Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Wars). As one of the main centres of commerce and transportation in western [Finnmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmark), Hammerfest was subject to a British naval [blockade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade). Thus, upon the request of local merchants, the town received four [6-pounder guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-pounder_gun) from the government armoury in [Trondheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim). Subsequently, a 50-strong [militia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia) unit was formed to defend Hammerfest from a possible British naval attack. Local merchants formed the militia's officer corps, while the [Sami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people) and [Kven peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kven_people) served as enlisted members of the unit.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] On 22 July 1809, the British brigs [HMS Snake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Snake_(1797)) and HMS Fancy&action=edit&redlink=1) approached the town. Before reaching Hammerfest, the two vessels had successfully attacked the village of [Hasvik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasvik_(village)). The following battle between Hammerfest's militia, who had established two [artillery batteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery), and Snake and Fancy, which mounted a combined number of thirty-two cannon between them, was unusually intense and ended after the Norwegians ran out of [gunpowder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder) after about 90 minutes of combat and withdrew. Both Snake and Fancy had suffered a number of cannon hits and lost one man killed, a sailor who was buried at a local cemetery. During the battle, the town's populace evacuated elsewhere, and the crews of Snake and Fancy remained in Hammerfest for eight days after the Norwegian withdrawal. The crews sacked the empty town before withdrawing.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] After the raid, Hammerfest became a [garrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison) town with some regular troops and much improved and expanded fortifications. A small [flotilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotilla) of cannon-armed rowing boats also operated out of Hammerfest for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Fire of 1890 Hammerfest was struck by a fire in 1890 which started in a bakery and wiped out almost half the town's houses. After the fire Hammerfest received donations and humanitarian assistance from across the world, with the biggest single donor being [Kaiser Wilhelm II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor) of [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire). The Kaiser had personally visited the town several times on his yacht and had great affection for the small northern settlement. Electric street lighting In 1891, Hammerfest became the first urban settlement in [Northern Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe) to get electrical [street lights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light). The invention was brought to Hammerfest by two of the town's merchants who had seen it demonstrated at a fair in [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris). Destruction in World War II After their victory in the [Norwegian Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign) of the [Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II), the [Germans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany) soon fortified Hammerfest and used it as a major base. The importance of Hammerfest to the Germans increased dramatically after their [invasion of the Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa) in 1941. The occupiers installed three coastal batteries in and around Hammerfest, one with four 10.5 cm (4.1 in) guns on [Melkøya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk%C3%B8ya) island near the town, one with three 10.5 cm guns on a hill right outside the town and a final battery with [casemated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate) 13 cm (5.1 in) pieces on the Rypklubben peninsula near [Rypefjord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rypefjord).[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] The main [German U-boat base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_U-boat_bases_in_occupied_Norway) in [Finnmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmark) was in Hammerfest, serving as a central supply base for the vessels attacking the [allied supply convoys to Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II). Luftwaffe [seaplanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane) were based at an improvised naval air station in nearby Rypefjord. The garrison in Hammerfest was also protected by around 4,000 [mines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine) and numerous [anti-aircraft guns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare). During their long retreat following the [Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsamo-Kirkenes_Operation), the Germans no longer managed to transport troops by sea further east due to intensive [Red Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces) raids. Thus Hammerfest became their main shipping port in Finnmark in the autumn of 1944. The town of Hammerfest was bombed twice by the [Soviet Air Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces). The first time, on 14 February 1944, the town was hit by explosive and incendiary devices, but little damage was done. On 29 August 1944 Soviet bombers launched a second airstrike, inflicting significantly more damage to buildings and infrastructure in downtown Hammerfest. Two ships were sunk in the harbour. The ships lost were the local transports Tanahorn&action=edit&redlink=1) and Brynilen&action=edit&redlink=1). The population was forcibly evacuated by the [occupying German troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany) in the autumn of 1944 after [a Soviet offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_Offensive) at the northern extremity of the [Eastern Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)) pushed into eastern Finnmark. All of Finnmark including the town was looted and burned to the ground by the Germans when they retreated in 1945, the last of the town having been destroyed by the time the Germans finally left on 10 February 1945. Only the town's small funeral chapel, built in 1937, was left standing. The [Museum of Reconstruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Reconstruction) in Hammerfest tells the story of these events and the recovery of the region. The Soviet troops in eastern Finnmark were withdrawn in September 1945.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Mines and munitions left over from the Second World War were found and destroyed as late as 2008. Municipal history The municipality called [Hammerfest by og landdistrikt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest_Municipality) was established on 1 January 1838 (see [formannskapsdistrikt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formannskapsdistrikt) law). It included the town of Hammerfest and the vast rural district surrounding it. The law required that all towns should be separated from their rural districts, but because of low population, and very few voters, this was impossible to carry out for Hammerfest in 1838. (This was also the case in the other towns in Finnmark: [Vadsø](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vads%C3%B8_(town)) and [Vardø](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_(town)).) In 1839, the northern district (population: 498) was separated to become the new [Maasø Municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5s%C3%B8y_Municipality). This left Hammerfest by og landdistrikt with 2,024 residents. On 1 January 1852, Hammerfest was divided. The rural district outside of the town (population: 1,256) became the new municipality of [Hammerfest landdistrikt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8ysund_Municipality). This left just the town remaining in what was once a vast municipality of Hammerfest. The town at this time had 1,125 residents. (The rural district was later divided into [Sørøysund Municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8ysund_Municipality) in the north and [Kvalsund Municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalsund_Municipality) in the south.) On 1 January 1992, the town of Hammerfest (population: 6,909) was merged with the neighboring [Sørøysund Municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8ysund_Municipality) (population: 2,341) to form a new, larger [Hammerfest Municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest_Municipality). Climate The climate is Dfc ([subarctic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate)), just above [tundra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra), but with daily means in July and August above 10 C (50 F). <Wikitable> Climate data for Hammerfest 1961–1990, extremes 1957–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 8.0 (46.4) 8.1 (46.6) 8.3 (46.9) 12.3 (54.1) 23.4 (74.1) 27.9 (82.2) 29.7 (85.5) 29.3 (84.7) 21.5 (70.7) 18.9 (66.0) 10.0 (50.0) 9.9 (49.8) 29.7 (85.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −2.2 (28.0) −2.1 (28.2) −1.0 (30.2) 1.3 (34.3) 5.6 (42.1) 11.0 (51.8) 14.7 (58.5) 13.3 (55.9) 8.8 (47.8) 4.1 (39.4) 0.9 (33.6) −1.1 (30.0) 4.4 (40.0) Daily mean °C (°F) −5.2 (22.6) −5.0 (23.0) −3.7 (25.3) −1.0 (30.2) 3.2 (37.8) 7.8 (46.0) 11.3 (52.3) 10.5 (50.9) 6.6 (43.9) 2.0 (35.6) −1.6 (29.1) −3.8 (25.2) 1.8 (35.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.9 (16.0) −8.8 (16.2) −7.2 (19.0) −4.3 (24.3) 0.4 (32.7) 5.2 (41.4) 8.5 (47.3) 7.8 (46.0) 4.1 (39.4) −0.6 (30.9) −4.4 (24.1) −7.1 (19.2) −1.3 (29.7) Record low °C (°F) −23.5 (−10.3) −23.0 (−9.4) −21.0 (−5.8) −16.5 (2.3) −14.3 (6.3) −4.3 (24.3) 2.5 (36.5) 0.0 (32.0) −8.2 (17.2) −15.0 (5.0) −18.1 (−0.6) −20.4 (−4.7) −23.5 (−10.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 71 (2.8) 65 (2.6) 62 (2.4) 60 (2.4) 47 (1.9) 52 (2.0) 56 (2.2) 60 (2.4) 79 (3.1) 93 (3.7) 85 (3.3) 90 (3.5) 820 (32.3) Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ Source: http://eklima.met.no/ </Wikitable> Media gallery .jpg) .jpg) 1925 c.1800 c.1890–1900 before 1955

2024-09-18 23:10:41

Jiutai_District

<Infotable> Jiutai九台区 District JiutaiLocation in JilinShow map of JilinJiutaiJiutai (China)Show map of China Coordinates:44°09′04″N125°50′38″E / 44.151°N 125.844°E /44.151; 125.844[1] Country: People's Republic of China Province: Jilin Sub-provincial city: Changchun Area[2] • Total: 2,857 km2(1,103 sq mi) Population(2010)[3] • Total: 611,670 • Density: 210/km2(550/sq mi) Time zone: UTC+8(China Standard) Postal code: 1305XX Changchun district map: Subdivisions of Changchun, Jilin12345678910Core1Nanguan2Kuancheng3Chaoyang4Erdao5LuyuanSuburban6ShuangyangSatellite8Jiutai9Yushu10DehuiRural7Nong'an Co. Core 1 Nanguan 2 Kuancheng 3 Chaoyang 4 Erdao 5 Luyuan Suburban 6 Shuangyang Satellite 8 Jiutai 9 Yushu 10 Dehui Rural 7 Nong'an Co. Subdivisions of Changchun, Jilin 12345678910 Core 1 Nanguan 2 Kuancheng 3 Chaoyang 4 Erdao 5 Luyuan Suburban 6 Shuangyang Satellite 8 Jiutai 9 Yushu 10 Dehui Rural 7 Nong'an Co. </Infotable> Jiutai ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 九台; [pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin): Jiǔtái; lit. 'nine platforms') is one of seven [districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(China)) of the [prefecture-level city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city) of [Changchun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchun), the capital of [Jilin Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin), [Northeast China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China). The district is surrounded by agricultural areas and is located around 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of downtown Changchun. Coal mining also is present in Jiutai. It borders [Dehui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehui) to the north, [Erdao District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdao_District) to the southwest, [Kuancheng District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuancheng_District) to the west, as well as the [prefecture-level city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city) of [Jilin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin_City) to the south and east. Administrative divisions There are five [subdistricts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)), nine [towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_(China)), and two [ethnic townships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_township). Subdistricts: Tuanjie Subdistrict (团结街道), Gongnong Subdistrict (工农街道), Nanshan Subdistrict (南山街道), [Yingcheng Subdistrict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingcheng_Subdistrict,_Changchun) (营城街道), Huoshiling Subdistrict (火石岭街道) Towns: Tumenling (土们岭镇), Xiyingcheng (西营城镇), Mushihe (沐石河镇), Qitamu (其塔木镇), Shanghewan (上河湾镇), Yinmahe (饮马河镇), Chengzijie (城子街镇), Xinglong (兴隆镇), Weizigou (苇子沟镇) Townships: Hujia Hui Ethnic Township (胡家回族乡), Mangka Manchu Ethnic Township (莽卡满族乡) Climate <Wikitable> Climate data for Jiutai (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 4.5 (40.1) 13.5 (56.3) 21.4 (70.5) 29.7 (85.5) 34.4 (93.9) 37.8 (100.0) 36.2 (97.2) 34.9 (94.8) 30.9 (87.6) 27.8 (82.0) 21.7 (71.1) 11.6 (52.9) 37.8 (100.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.5 (14.9) −4.0 (24.8) 4.5 (40.1) 14.9 (58.8) 22.1 (71.8) 26.8 (80.2) 28.3 (82.9) 27.1 (80.8) 22.4 (72.3) 13.7 (56.7) 2.0 (35.6) −7.3 (18.9) 11.7 (53.2) Daily mean °C (°F) −15.6 (3.9) −10.4 (13.3) −1.4 (29.5) 8.5 (47.3) 16.0 (60.8) 21.4 (70.5) 23.7 (74.7) 22.1 (71.8) 16.0 (60.8) 7.5 (45.5) −3.3 (26.1) −12.7 (9.1) 6.0 (42.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −20.7 (−5.3) −16.2 (2.8) −7.0 (19.4) 2.2 (36.0) 10.1 (50.2) 16.4 (61.5) 19.5 (67.1) 17.8 (64.0) 10.3 (50.5) 2.0 (35.6) −7.9 (17.8) −17.4 (0.7) 0.8 (33.4) Record low °C (°F) −37.9 (−36.2) −37.4 (−35.3) −24.5 (−12.1) −11.9 (10.6) −2.2 (28.0) 5.6 (42.1) 10.5 (50.9) 7.8 (46.0) −2.0 (28.4) −14.2 (6.4) −24.5 (−12.1) −35.1 (−31.2) −37.9 (−36.2) Average precipitation mm (inches) 4.5 (0.18) 4.8 (0.19) 11.8 (0.46) 22.9 (0.90) 60.0 (2.36) 97.1 (3.82) 144.7 (5.70) 122.5 (4.82) 50.6 (1.99) 24.3 (0.96) 16.1 (0.63) 7.2 (0.28) 566.5 (22.29) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 4.4 4.2 5.2 6.4 11.5 13.6 13.9 12.7 8.0 7.2 5.9 6.1 99.1 Average snowy days 6.9 5.7 6.4 2.1 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 1.6 6.2 8.3 37.4 Average relative humidity (%) 67 61 54 48 54 65 77 79 71 62 64 68 64 Mean monthly sunshine hours 159.2 185.4 219.6 218.5 239.9 238.2 226.2 224.9 226.5 194.8 155.1 143.0 2431.3 Percent possible sunshine 55 62 59 54 52 52 49 52 61 58 54 52 55 Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6] </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 19:02:47

Gary_Cole

<Infotable> Gary Cole Cole at the 2011Tribeca Film Festival. Born: Gary Michael Cole(1956-09-20)September 20, 1956(age 67)Park Ridge, Illinois, U.S. Education: Illinois State University(BFA) Occupation: Actor Years active: 1983–present Spouse: Teddi Siddall(m.1992–2017 or 2018)[a]Michelle Knapp​(m.2021)​ Children: 1 </Infotable> [Teddi Siddall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddi_Siddall) (m. 1992–2017 or 2018)[[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-1) Gary Michael Cole (born September 20, 1956) is an American actor. He began his professional acting career on stage at [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago)'s [Steppenwolf Theatre Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company) in 1985. His breakout role was playing Jack 'Nighthawk' Killian in the [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC) series [Midnight Caller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Caller) (1988–1991). Further prominent television roles include Sheriff Lucas Buck in [American Gothic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gothic_(1995_TV_series)) (1995–1996), Vice President Bob Russell in [The West Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing) (2003–2006), Kurt McVeigh in both [The Good Wife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Wife) (2010–2016) and [The Good Fight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Fight) (2017–2022), Kent Davison in [Veep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veep) (2013–2019), and Special Agent Alden Parker in [NCIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)) (2021–present). A prolific voice actor, Cole's voice roles include [Harvey Birdman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Birdman) in [Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Birdman,_Attorney_at_Law) (2000–2007, 2018), Principal Shepherd in [Family Guy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy) (2000–present), Dr. James Possible in [Kim Possible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Possible) (2002–2007), Mayor Fred Jones Sr. in [Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_Mystery_Incorporated) (2010–2013) and Sergeant Bosco in [Bob's Burgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%27s_Burgers) (2012–present). His most notable film roles are as [Mike Brady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Brady_(The_Brady_Bunch)) in [The Brady Bunch Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch_Movie) (1995) and [Bill Lumbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lumbergh) in [Office Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Space) (1999). Other film appearances include [In the Line of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire) (1993), [A Simple Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Simple_Plan_(film)) (1998), [One Hour Photo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hour_Photo) (2002), [Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgeball:_A_True_Underdog_Story) (2004), [Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talladega_Nights:_The_Ballad_of_Ricky_Bobby) (2006) and [Pineapple Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_Express_(film)) (2008). Early life Gary Michael Cole was born on September 20, 1956, in [Park Ridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Ridge,_Illinois), [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois), and raised in nearby [Rolling Meadows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Meadows,_Illinois). His father, Robert, was a municipal finance director, and his mother, Margaret or "Peggy", was a school administrative assistant. Cole has an older sister, Nancy. While attending [Rolling Meadows High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Meadows_High_School), Cole made his acting debut as [Snoopy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy) in a high school production of [Clark Gesner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gesner)'s [Peanuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts) musical [You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_a_Good_Man,_Charlie_Brown). Cole attended [Illinois State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_University), where he studied theater as a classmate with fellow future actors [Laurie Metcalf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Metcalf) and [John Malkovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malkovich). Career Cole began his professional career in 1983 as a stage actor in [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago), where he joined the ensemble of the [Steppenwolf Theatre Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company) in 1985. In an early role, Cole played accused Army triple-murderer Capt [Jeffrey MacDonald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_MacDonald) in the mini-series [Fatal Vision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Vision_(miniseries)). Cole has also appeared in several [off-Broadway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway) productions in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City). He has done voice work on several animated series ([Family Guy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy); [Kim Possible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Possible); [Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Birdman,_Attorney_at_Law); [Archer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series))) and had a recurring role on the drama [The West Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing) as Vice President [Bob Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Russell_(The_West_Wing)). He also starred as [Captain Matthew Gideon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Gideon) on the short-lived [Babylon 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_5) spin-off [Crusade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_(TV_series)), and had notable guest appearances on [Law & Order: Special Victims Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit) and [Arrested Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrested_Development_(TV_series)). He also played Joe Maxwell on [DCOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_Original_Movie) [Cadet Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Kelly) and appeared as real-life astronaut [Edgar Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell) in HBO's recreation of [Project Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Apollo), [From the Earth to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)). One of his most notable roles in 1991 was as Lt. Col. George A. Custer in the much acclaimed television film [Son of the Morning Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_the_Morning_Star_(film)). Between 1988 and 1991, Cole became popular on TV for playing the part of Jack "Nighthawk" Killian in the series [Midnight Caller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Caller). In 1999, Cole starred in the film [Office Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Space), in which he portrayed the micromanaging office supervisor [Bill Lumbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lumbergh). When asked about the oft-quoted character, Cole said: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} Everyone in Office Space thought that this movie had died. So that's how I knew the movie was actually some kind of success because people were coming up doing some lines from the movie ... It never gets old because it reminds you that something you did had some impact. You could work your whole career and have nothing like that last that long. He played [The Brady Bunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch) patriarch [Mike Brady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Brady_(The_Brady_Bunch)) in the 1995 film [The Brady Bunch Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch_Movie), the 1996 sequel [A Very Brady Sequel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Brady_Sequel), and the 2002 television film [The Brady Bunch in the White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch_in_the_White_House). Cole starred as Lieutenant Conrad Rose on the [TNT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Network_Television) series [Wanted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanted_(2005_TV_series)), he is also the voice of the title character on the [Adult Swim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim) series [Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Birdman,_Attorney_at_Law), and starred as Sheriff Lucas Buck on the one season 1995 show, [American Gothic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gothic_(1995_TV_series)). Cole also appeared in the films [Talladega Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talladega_Nights:_The_Ballad_of_Ricky_Bobby), [Forever Strong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Strong), and [American Pastime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pastime_(film)). Cole played [Katherine Mayfair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Mayfair)'s ex-husband Wayne on [Desperate Housewives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Housewives) and has played the dangerous drug lord Ted Jones in [Pineapple Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_Express_(film)) with [Seth Rogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen) and [James Franco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco). He also appeared in an episode from the third season of the [USA Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network) series [Psych](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psych) as S.W.A.T. commander Cameron Luntz. Cole also played Bill Owens, Sy Parrish's ([Robin Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Williams)) boss, in the film [One Hour Photo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hour_Photo). In 2008, Cole appeared on [Chuck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(TV_series)) as [Sarah's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Walker_(Chuck)) con-artist father (in "[Chuck Versus the DeLorean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Versus_the_DeLorean)"), a role which he reprised in 2011 (in "[Chuck Versus the Wedding Planner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Versus_the_Wedding_Planner)"). He also appeared in the fifth season of HBO's [Entourage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entourage_(U.S._TV_series)) playing Ari Gold's old pal Andrew Klein for a 3-episode story arc prior to joining the regular cast in the sixth season. He played ballistics expert Kurt McVeigh on [The Good Wife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Wife) and on [The Good Fight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Fight). On both shows, he played opposite Christine Baranski, who portrayed lawyer Diane Lockhart. Cole had a guest-appearance on the fourth season of the [HBO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO) series [True Blood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blood), playing [Sookie Stackhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sookie_Stackhouse)'s grandfather. In 2011, Cole joined Fox's comedy pilot Tagged, but the series was not picked up. In 2013, Cole began a recurring role on [Suits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suits_(U.S._TV_series)) as Cameron Dennis, the former mentor of [Harvey Specter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Specter), one of the show's main characters. Also in 2013, Cole began a major recurring role as Kent Davison on the [HBO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO) comedy series [Veep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veep), joining the main cast at the start of the show's second season. In 2014, he was nominated for the [Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series) for his work in season three. Additionally, Cole was nominated with his fellow cast members for the [Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Comedy_Series) for seasons 2, 3, 4, and 5 before ultimately winning the award in 2017 for season 6. Cole currently provides the voice of Sergeant Boscoe on [Bob's Burgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%27s_Burgers) and Principal Shepherd on [Family Guy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy). He appears in triplicate as 10 Minutes, 10 Days and 10 Years in the Future Spokesguy in [Kabbage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbage)'s 2019 [commercial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisement) campaign. Personal life Cole married actress [Teddi Siddall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddi_Siddall) on March 8, 1992. They have one daughter, Mary, who is [autistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic). On June 19, 2017, Siddall filed for divorce. Siddall died in 2018. On July 7, 2021, Cole married interior designer Michelle Knapp. Filmography Film <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1985 To Live and Die in L.A. Man Chased By Richard Chance Uncredited 1986 Lucas Assistant Coach NaN 1990 The Old Man and the Sea Tom Pruitt NaN 1993 In the Line of Fire Secret Service Agent In Charge Bill Watts NaN 1995 The Brady Bunch Movie Mike Brady NaN 1996 A Very Brady Sequel Mike Brady NaN 1997 Santa Fe Paul Thomas NaN 1997 Gang Related DEA Agent Richard Simms NaN 1997 Cyclops, Baby Manks NaN 1998 A Simple Plan Vernon Bokovsky / FBI Agent Neil Baxter NaN 1998 Kiss the Sky Marty NaN 1998 I'll Be Home for Christmas Jake's Dad NaN 1999 Office Space Bill Lumbergh NaN 2000 The Gift David Duncan NaN 2001 The Rising Place Avery Hodge NaN 2002 One Hour Photo Bill Owens NaN 2002 I Spy Agent Carlos NaN 2004 Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! Henry Futch NaN 2004 Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story "Cotton" McKnight NaN 2005 The Ring Two Martin Savide NaN 2005 Mozart and the Whale Wallace NaN 2005 Cry Wolf Mr. Matthews NaN 2006 Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby Reese Bobby NaN 2007 My Wife Is Retarded Dr. Heichman Short film 2007 American Pastime Billy Burrell NaN 2007 Breach Rich Garces NaN 2007 Goodnight Vagina Dr. Milstein Short film 2008 Say Hello to Stan Talmadge Stan Talmadge NaN 2008 Conspiracy Rhodes NaN 2008 Pineapple Express Ted Jones NaN 2008 Forever Strong Coach Larry Gelwix NaN 2009 Extract Bar Patron Uncredited 2009 The Joneses Larry NaN 2010 DC Showcase: The Spectre Jim Corrigan / Spectre Voice, short film[12] 2010 Batman: Under the Red Hood "Bobo", James "Jim" Gordon, Shot, Guard Voice, direct-to-video 2010 Immortality Bites Dr. Levine NaN 2011 Hop Henry O'Hare NaN 2011 The Chicago 8 Bill Kunstler NaN 2011 The Last Rites of Joe May Lenny NaN 2013 Vamp U Arthur Levine NaN 2014 Date and Switch Dwayne NaN 2014 Tammy Earl NaN 2014 Cotton Clay Peaks Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival Award for Best Actor[13] 2014 The Town That Dreaded Sundown Chief Deputy Hank Tillman NaN 2015 Divine Access Reverend Guy Roy Davis NaN 2015 Christmas Eve Dr. Roberts NaN 2015 The Bronze Stan Greggory NaN 2016 Hot Air Aviator NaN 2017 Small Crimes Dan Pleasant NaN 2017 Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown Rafe Voice, direct-to-video[12] 2018 Blockers Ron NaN 2018 Under the Eiffel Tower Gerard NaN 2018 Unbroken: Path to Redemption Dr. George Bailey NaN 2018 Seven in Heaven Mr. Wallace NaN 2019 The Art of Racing in the Rain Don Kitch NaN 2019 Married Young Aaron NaN 2020 Darkness Falls Mark Witver NaN 2021 Batman: Death in the Family James Gordon, Two-Face, Reporter #4 Voice, short film[12] 2022 The Bob's Burgers Movie Sergeant Bosco Voice 2022 Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe Phil Mattison Voice[12] </Wikitable> Television <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1983 Heart of Steel Lee Television film 1984 Fatal Vision Captain Jeffrey MacDonald, MD Television film 1984 American Playhouse Man With Xmas Tree Episode: "A Matter of Principle" 1985 First Steps Manny Television film 1985 The Twilight Zone Daniel Gaddis Episode: "Her Pilgrim Soul" 1986 Vital Signs Dr. Hayward Television film 1986 Miami Vice Jackson Crane Episode: "Trust Fund Pirates" 1986 Jack and Mike Chris Sykes Episode: "Pilot" 1987 Moonlighting Alan McClafferty 2 episodes 1987 Echoes in the Darkness Jack Holtz Television film 1988–1991 Midnight Caller Jack 'Nighthawk' Killian 61 episodes 1989 Those She Left Behind Scott Grimes Television film 1990 The Old Man and the Sea (1990 film) Tom Pruitt NaN 1991 Son of the Morning Star George Armstrong Custer Television film 1993 The Switch Larry McAfee Television film 1993 When Love Kills: The Seduction of John Hearn John Hearn Television film 1994 A Time to Heal Jay Barton Television film 1994 Twilight Zone: Rod Serling's Lost Classics James Television film 1994 Fall from Grace Major Tom O'Neill Television film 1995–1996 American Gothic Sheriff Lucas Buck 22 episodes 1996 For My Daughter's Honor Pete Nash Television film 1997 Lies He Told Dave Television film 1998 Dead Man's Gun Travis Everett Thornberry Episode: "The Photographer" 1998 The Outer Limits Detective Ray Venable Episode: "Criminal Nature" 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Edgar Mitchell Episode: "For Miles and Miles" 1999 Crusade Captain Matthew Gideon 13 episodes 1999 Chicken Soup for the Soul Dad Episode: "Where's My Kiss, Then?" 1999–2004 The Practice Solomon Tager, Attorney Brian Seabury 3 episodes 2000 What About Joan Justin Episode: "You Can't Go Home Again" 2000 Family Law Alan Episode: "Human Error" 2000 Batman Beyond Zeta Voice, episode: "Zeta"[12] 2000 Touched by an Angel Charlie Radcliff Episode: "Pandora's Box" 2000 Frasier Luke Parker Episode: "The New Friend" 2000–2007 Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law Harvey Birdman, additional voices Voice, 39 episodes[12] 2000–present Family Guy Principal Shepherd, additional voices Voice, 82 episodes 2001 Neurotic Tendencies NaN Pilot 2001 Justice League J. Allen Carter Voice, episode: "Secret Origins"[12] 2002, 2004 Teamo Supremo Mr. Vague Voice, 2 episodes 2002 American Adventure Chuck Television film 2002 Cadet Kelly Brigadier General Joe "Sir" Maxwell Television film 2002 The Brady Bunch in the White House Mike Brady Television film 2002–2003 Family Affair Bill Davis 15 episodes 2002–2007 Kim Possible Dr. James Possible Voice, 40 episodes 2003 Criminology 101 Roy Franks Pilot 2003 Hack Johnny Scanlon Episode: "Brothers in Arms" 2003 Monk Dexter Larson Episode: "Mr. Monk Meets the Playboy" 2003 Karen Sisco Konner 2 episodes 2003 Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time Dr. James Possible Voice, television film 2003–2006 The West Wing Vice President Bob Russell 21 episodes 2004 Pop Rocks Jerry "Dagger" Harden Television film 2004 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Xander Henry Episode: "Brotherhood" 2005 Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama Dr. James Possible Voice, television film 2005 Wanted Lieutenant Conrad Rose 13 episodes 2005 King of the Hill Vance Gilbert Voice, episode: "Harlottown" 2006 That Guy Gary Pilot 2006 Company Town Martin Amberson Pilot 2006 Arrested Development CIA Agent Episode: "Exit Strategy" 2007 The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning The Balladeer Voice, television film 2007 Shark Christian Chambers Episode: "Blind Trust" 2007 Supernatural Brad Redding Episode: "Hollywood Babylon" 2008 Good Behavior Dean West Unaired series 2008 12 Miles of Bad Road Jerry Shakespeare 6 episodes 2008 Desperate Housewives Wayne Davis 6 episodes 2008 Psych Commander Cameron Lutz Episode: "Gus Walks Into a Bank" 2008–2011 Chuck Jack Burton 2 episodes 2008–2010 Entourage Andrew Klein 12 episodes 2009 The Cleaner Davis Durham 2 episodes 2009 Numb3rs Shepard Crater Episode: "Hangman" 2010–2016 The Good Wife Kurt McVeigh 14 episodes 2010 Uncle Nigel Nigel Pilot 2010 Funny or Die Presents Lead FBI Agent Episode: "201" 2010–2012 The Penguins of Madagascar Commissioner McSlade Voice, 4 episodes[12] 2010–2013 Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Mayor Fred Jones Sr., additional voices Voice, 21 episodes[12] 2010 The Good Guys Frank Savage 2 episodes 2010 The Closer Major Edward Dorcet Episode: "War Zone" 2011 True Blood Earl Stackhouse Episode: "She's Not There" 2011 Curb Your Enthusiasm Joe O'Donnell Episode: "The Divorce" 2011 Ricochet Judge Cato Laird Television film 2011 Tagged James Percy Pilot 2011–2013 2016, 2019 Suits Cameron Dennis 10 episodes 2011 Pound Puppies Slick Voice, episode: "I Never Barked for My Father"[12] 2012 An Officer and a Murderer Colonel Russell Williams Television film 2012 Hart of Dixie Dr. Ethan Hart 2 episodes 2012 Scruples Royce Franklin Pilot 2012 30 Rock Roger Episode: "Unwindulax" 2012 Royal Pains Simon Braddock Episode: "Who's Your Daddy" 2012 Wedding Band Jack Episode: "We Are Family" 2012–present Bob's Burgers Sergeant Bosco Voice, 12 episodes[12][14][15][16] 2012 The List Chief Inspector Bob McKinnon Pilot 2013–2019 Veep Kent Davison 55 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2017) Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series (2014) Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2013–2016) 2014–2015 Archer Special Agent Hawley Voice, 6 episodes 2014 Phineas and Ferb Principal Lang Voice, episode: "Doof 101"[12] 2014, 2017 The Tom and Jerry Show Narrator Voice, 6 episodes 2014 The Legend of Korra Dai Li Sergeant, Rich Man Voice, 2 episodes[12] 2014–2017 Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero Brock Zero Voice, 14 episodes[12] 2015 Mr. Robinson Neville Rex Episode: "Flesh for Fantasy" 2015 Rick and Morty Alien Doctor Voice, episode: "Interdimensional Cable 2: Tempting Fate" 2015–2017 F Is for Family Rodger Dunbarton Voice, 6 episodes 2016 Angie Tribeca Professor Everett Lamereau Episode: "Pilot" 2016–2017 Mercy Street James Green Sr. 12 episodes 2016 Unforgettable Clay Tendler Episode: "Bad Company" 2016 Angel from Hell Stephen Williams Episode: "Believe Me, Part 2" 2016 We Bare Bears CEO Voice, episode: "Fashion Bears" 2016 Justice League Action Black Adam Voice, 2 episodes[12] 2017–2022 The Good Fight Kurt McVeigh 24 episodes 2017–2018 Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters Mark Armstrong Voice, 10 episodes[12] 2018–2019 Trolls: The Beat Goes On! Sky Toronto Voice, 12 episodes[12] 2018–2019 Chicago Fire Fire Commissioner Carl Grissom 12 episodes 2018 The Venture Bros. Professor Von Helping Voice, episode: "The High Cost of Loathing"[12] 2018 Harvey Birdman: Attorney General Harvey Birdman Voice, television special 2019 Fam Freddy 7 episodes 2019 Love, Death & Robots The Inspector Voice, episode: "The Dump"[12] 2019, 2022 American Dad! Ted Robinson Voice, 2 episodes 2019–2022 Big Mouth Edward MacDell Voice, 7 episodes 2019–2021 Mixed-ish Harrison Jackson III 36 episodes 2020 Star Trek: Lower Decks Leonardo da Vinci Hologram Voice, episode: "Crisis Point" 2021 Q-Force Dirk Chunley Voice, 10 episodes 2021–2022 Inside Job Male Cop, Sitcom Dad Voice, 2 episodes 2021–present NCIS Alden Parker Main role 2022 NCIS: Hawaiʻi Alden Parker 3 episodes 2023 NCIS: Los Angeles Alden Parker Episode: "A Long Time Coming" 2023 Velma Lamont Rogers Voice, episode: "The Candy (Wo)man"[12] 2023 White House Plumbers Mark Felt Episode: "The Beverly Hills Burglary" 2023 Waco: The Aftermath Gordon Novel 5 episodes 2023 Agent Elvis Richard Nixon Voice, episode: "Maximum Density"[12] </Wikitable> Video games <Wikitable> Year Title Role 2008 Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law Harvey Birdman, Judge Hiram Mightor 2016 Hitman Himself </Wikitable> Notes ^ Reliable sources do not report if the divorce proceedings were finalized in 2017 or in 2018 prior to Siddall's death.

2024-09-18 16:07:15

William_H._Macy

<Infotable> William H. Macy Macy in 2012 Born: William Hall Macy Jr.(1950-03-13)March 13, 1950(age 74)Miami,Florida, U.S.[1][2] Other names: W. H. Macy Education: Allegany High School Alma mater: Bethany CollegeGoddard CollegeHB Studio Occupation(s): Actor, director, writer Years active: 1975–present Spouse: Felicity Huffman​(m.1997)​ Children: 2 Awards: Full list </Infotable> William Hall Macy Jr. (born March 13, 1950) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, and producer. He is two-time [Emmy Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award) and four-time [Screen Actors Guild Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards) winner, and has been nominated for an [Academy Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards), a [Drama Critics' Circle Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle), and five [Golden Globe Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards). Macy rose to prominence for his collaborations with playwright [David Mamet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet), before building a film career on appearances in small, [independent films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_films), earning two [Independent Spirit Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards) nominations. He achieved a mainstream breakthrough through his portrayal of Jerry Lundergaard in [Fargo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo_(1996_film)) (1996), which earned him an Oscar nomination for [Best Supporting Actor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor) His major subsequent film roles include [Boogie Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nights) (1997), [Air Force One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_One_(film)) (also 1997), [Magnolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_(film)) (1999), [Mystery Men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Men) (1999), [Jurassic Park III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_III) (2001), [Bobby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_(2006_film)) (2006), [Everyone's Hero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone%27s_Hero) (2006), and [Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes) (2024). From 2011 to 2021, he starred as Frank Gallagher on the television series [Shameless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shameless_(American_TV_series)). He previously played the recurring role of [Dr. David Morgenstern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_characters#David_Morgenstern) on [ER](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)) (1994–2009). Early life Macy was born in [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami), [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida), and grew up in [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) and [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland). His father, William Hall Macy Sr. (1922–2007), was awarded the [Distinguished Flying Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)) and an [Air Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal) for flying a [B-17 Flying Fortress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress) bomber in [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II); he later ran a construction company in [Atlanta, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia), and worked for [Dun & Bradstreet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet) before taking over a [Cumberland, Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland)-based insurance agency when Macy was nine years old. Macy's mother, Lois (née Overstreet; 1920–2001), was a war widow who met Macy's father after her first husband died in 1943. Macy has described her as a "[Southern belle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_belle)". Macy graduated from [Allegany High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegany_High_School) in Cumberland, Maryland, in 1968. He attended [Bethany College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)) in West Virginia, where he studied [veterinary medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine). A "wretched student" by his own admission, he transferred to [Goddard College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_College) in rural [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont), where he studied under playwright [David Mamet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet), and graduated in 1972. He studied theater at [HB Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HB_Studio) in New York City. Career After graduating from Goddard, Macy originated roles in a number of plays by collaborator David Mamet, such as [American Buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Buffalo_(play)) and [The Water Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Water_Engine). While in Chicago in his twenties, he did a TV commercial. He was required to join [AFTRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFTRA) in order to do the commercial, and received his SAG card within a year, which for an elated Macy represented an important moment in his career. Macy spent time in [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles) before moving to [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) in 1980, where he had roles in over fifty [Off Broadway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_Broadway) and [Broadway plays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_play). One of his earliest on-screen roles was as a theater critic congratulating [Christopher Reeve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve) in 1980's [Somewhere In Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_in_Time_(film)), under the name W.H. Macy, so as not to be confused with the actor [Bill Macy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Macy). Another memorable early performance was as a turtle named Socrates in the direct-to-video film [The Boy Who Loved Trolls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Loved_Trolls) (1984). He had a minor role as a hospital orderly on the sitcom [Kate & Allie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_%26_Allie) in the fourth-season episode "General Hospital", and played an assistant district attorney in "[Everybody's Favorite Bagman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody%27s_Favorite_Bagman)", the first produced episode of [Law & Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order). In both appearances, he was billed as W. H. Macy. He has appeared in numerous films that Mamet wrote and/or directed, such as [House of Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Games) (1987), [Things Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Change_(film)) (1988), [Homicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide_(1991_film)) (1991), [Oleanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleanna_(film)) (1994) (reprising the role he originated in the [play of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleanna_(play))), [Wag the Dog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_the_Dog) (1997), [State and Main](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_and_Main) (2000) and [Spartan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_(film)) (2004). Macy's leading role in [Fargo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo_(1996_film)) (1996) helped boost his career and recognizability, though at the expense of nearly confining him to a narrow [typecast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typecasting_(acting)) of a worried man down on his luck. Other Macy roles of the 1990s and 2000s included [Benny & Joon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_%26_Joon) (1993), [The Client](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Client_(1994_film)) (1994), [Above Suspicion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_Suspicion_(1995_film)) (1995), [Mr. Holland's Opus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Holland%27s_Opus) (1995), [Ghosts of Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_of_Mississippi) (1996), [Air Force One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_One_(film)) (1997), [Boogie Nights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nights) (1997), [A Civil Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Civil_Action_(film)) (1998), [Pleasantville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasantville_(film)) (1998), [Gus Van Sant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant)'s remake of [Psycho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho_(1998_film)) (1998), [Happy, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy,_Texas_(film)) (1999), [Mystery Men](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Men) (1999), [Magnolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_(film)) (1999), [Panic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_(2000_film)) (2000), [Jurassic Park III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_III) (2001), [Focus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(2001_film)) (2001), [Welcome to Collinwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Collinwood) (2002), [Seabiscuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabiscuit_(film)) (2003), [The Cooler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cooler) (2003), [Cellular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_(film)) (2004), [Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_(2005_movie)) (2005), [Everyone's Hero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone%27s_Hero) (2006) and [Bobby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_(2006_film)) (2006). He had a recurring role on [ER](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)) (1994-2009) and [Sports Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Night) (1999-2000). Both roles earned him an Emmy nomination for [Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series). In a November 2003 interview with [USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today), Macy stated that he wanted to star in a big-budget [action film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film) "for the money, for the security of a [franchise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_franchise) like that. And I love big action-adventure movies. They're way cool." He serves as director-in-residence at the [Atlantic Theater Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Theater_Company) in New York, where he teaches a technique called [Practical Aesthetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_Aesthetics). A book describing the technique, A Practical Handbook for the Actor (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}[ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-394-74412-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74412-8)), is dedicated to Macy and Mamet. In 2007, Macy starred in [Wild Hogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hogs), a film about middle-aged men reliving their youthful days by taking to the open road on their [Harley-Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson) motorcycles from [Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati) to the [Pacific Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast). Despite being critically panned, with a 14% "rotten" rating from [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes), it was a financial success, grossing over $168 million. The film also reunited him with his [A Civil Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Civil_Action_(film)) costar, [John Travolta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Travolta). In 2009, Macy completed filming on [The Maiden Heist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maiden_Heist), a comedy that co-starred [Morgan Freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Freeman) and [Christopher Walken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken). In June 2008, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce announced Macy and his wife, [Felicity Huffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Huffman), would each receive a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame) in the upcoming year. On January 13, 2009, Macy replaced [Jeremy Piven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Piven) in David Mamet's [Speed-the-Plow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed-the-Plow) on Broadway. Piven suddenly and unexpectedly dropped out of the play in December 2008 after he experienced health problems. [Norbert Leo Butz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Leo_Butz) covered the role from December 23, 2008, until Macy took over the part. [Dirty Girl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Girl_(2010_film)), which starred Macy along with [Juno Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Temple), [Milla Jovovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milla_Jovovich), [Mary Steenburgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Steenburgen) and [Tim McGraw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McGraw), premiered September 12, 2010, at the [Toronto International Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival). In summer 2010, Macy joined the [Showtime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_channel)) [pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot) [Shameless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shameless_(U.S._TV_series)) as the protagonist, [Frank Gallagher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gallagher_(Shameless)). The project ultimately went to series, and its first season premiered on January 9, 2011. Macy has received high critical acclaim for his performance, eventually getting an Emmy nomination for [Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series) in 2014. In the 2012 film [The Sessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sessions_(2012_film)), Macy played a priest who helps a man with a severe disability find personal fulfillment through a sex surrogate. He made his directorial debut with the independent drama [Rudderless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudderless), which stars [Billy Crudup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Crudup), [Anton Yelchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Yelchin), [Felicity Huffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Huffman), [Selena Gomez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez) and [Laurence Fishburne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne). In 2017, he directed [The Layover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Layover_(film)), a road trip comedy starring [Alexandra Daddario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Daddario) and [Kate Upton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Upton). In 2015, he had a small role as Grandpa in the drama film [Room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_(2015_film)), which was nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Picture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture). The film reunited him with his [Pleasantville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasantville_(film)) costar, [Joan Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Allen). In 2024, he played Trevathan in the film [Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes). Personal life Macy and actress [Felicity Huffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Huffman) dated on-and-off for 15 years and married on September 6, 1997. They have two daughters. Macy and Huffman appeared at a rally for [John Kerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry) in 2004. Macy plays the [ukulele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele) and is an avid [woodturner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodturner). He has appeared on the cover of [Fine Woodworking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Woodworking)'s special edition, Wood Turning Basics and was featured in an article in the April 2015 issue of American Woodturner ([American Association of Woodturners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners)). He is a national ambassador for the [United Cerebral Palsy Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Cerebral_Palsy). Since shooting the film Wild Hogs, Macy has had a strong interest in riding motorcycles. Macy lives near and is the spokesperson for Woody Creek Distillers in [Basalt, CO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt,_Colorado), which sells a signature whiskey bearing Macy's name. Varsity Blues scandal In March 2019, it was reported that Macy and Huffman had agreed to pay someone $15,000 to take a college entrance exam for their daughter Sophia. Huffman was indicted on fraud and conspiracy charges as part of [a wider federal investigation of college admissions bribery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_college_admissions_bribery_scandal). For undisclosed reasons, no charges were filed against Macy. On September 13, 2019, a federal judge in Boston sentenced Huffman to 14 days in federal prison, of which she served 10 days. As of October 2020, Huffman completed the other parts of her sentence, which included 250 hours of community service and a year of supervised release. Stage appearances <Wikitable> Year Title Role Venue Notes Ref. 1963 Room Service NaN Master Theatre, Off-Broadway NaN [29] 1968 The Cannibals Uncle / Mad Mr. Reich The American Place Theatre, Off-Broadway NaN [30][29] 1974 Squirrels Edmond St. Nicholas Theater, Chicago NaN [30] 1975 American Buffalo Bobby Goodman Theatre, Chicago NaN [30] 1975–76 American Buffalo Bobby St. Nicholas Theater, Chicago NaN [30] 1977 The Water Engine Charles Lang St. Nicholas Theater, Chicago NaN [30] 1980 The Man in 605 Jerry Green Lucille Lortel Theatre, Off-Broadway NaN [31] 1980 Twelfth Night Sebastian Circle Theatre, Broadway NaN [29] 1981 The Beaver Coat Dr. Fleischer Circle Theatre, Broadway NaN [29] 1981 The Front Page Hildy Johnson Goodman Theatre, Chicago NaN [30] 1981–82 The Dining Room 3rd Actor Studio Theatre of Playwrights Horizon, Off-Broadway NaN [30] 1981–82 The Dining Room 3rd Actor Astor Place Theatre, Off-Broadway NaN [30] 1983 Baby with the Bathwater John Studio Theatre of Playwrights Horizon, Off-Broadway NaN [29] 1985–86 Prairie du Chien Gin Player Lincoln Center Theater, Broadway NaN [30] 1986 The Nice and the Nasty Junius Upsey Studio Theatre of Playwrights Horizon, Off-Broadway NaN [29] 1986–87 Bodies, Rest and Motion Nick Lincoln Center Theater, Broadway NaN [30] 1988 Boys' Life — Lincoln Center Theater, Broadway Director [30] 1988–89 Our Town Howie Newsome Lyceum Theatre, Broadway NaN [30] 1989 Bobby Gould in Hell The Interrogator Lincoln Center Theater, Broadway NaN [30] 1990 Squirrels — Annenberg Center for Performing Arts, Philadelphia Director NaN 1990 Three Sisters — Atlantic Theater, Off-Broadway Director [30] 1991 Three Sisters — Annenberg Center for Performing Arts, Philadelphia Director [30] 1991 Three Sisters — Linda Gross Theater, Off-Broadway Director [30] 1991 Life During Wartime Heinrich New York City Center, Off-Broadway NaN [30] 1991 Mr. Gogol and Mr. Preen Mr. Preen Lincoln Center Theater, Broadway NaN [30] 1992–94 Oleanna John Orpheum Theatre, Off-Broadway NaN [30] 1997 The Joy of Going Somewhere Definite — Atlantic Theater, Off-Broadway NaN [29] 2000 American Buffalo Teach Atlantic Theater, Off-Broadway NaN [30] 2008–09 Speed-the-Plow Bobby Gould Ethel Barrymore Theatre, Broadway NaN [30] 2020 The Christopher Boy's Communion Hollis Odyssey Theatre, Los Angeles NaN [30] </Wikitable> Filmography Film <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1980 Somewhere in Time Critic Credited as W.H. Macy 1980 Foolin' Around Bronski Credited as W.H. Macy 1983 Without a Trace Reporter Credited as W.H. Macy 1983 WarGames NORAD Officer Uncredited 1985 The Last Dragon J. J. Credited as W.H. Macy 1987 Radio Days Radio Actor Credited as W.H. Macy 1987 House of Games Sgt. Moran Credited as W.H. Macy 1988 Things Change Billy Drake Credited as W.H. Macy 1991 Homicide Tim Sullivan NaN 1991 Shadows and Fog Cop with Spiro Credited as W.H. Macy 1993 Twenty Bucks Property Clerk NaN 1993 Benny & Joon Randy Burch NaN 1993 Searching for Bobby Fischer Petey's Father NaN 1994 Being Human Boris NaN 1994 The Client Dr. Greenway NaN 1994 Dead on Sight Steven Meeker NaN 1994 Oleanna John NaN 1995 Murder in the First D.A. William McNeil NaN 1995 Evolver Evolver (voice) Uncredited 1995 Roommates Doctor Uncredited cameo 1995 Tall Tale Railroad Magnate[32] Uncredited cameo 1995 Above Suspicion Pros. Atty. Schultz Also writer 1995 Mr. Holland's Opus Vice-Principal Gene Wolters NaN 1996 Down Periscope Commander Carl Knox NaN 1996 Fargo Jerry Lundegaard [33] 1996 Hit Me Policeman NaN 1996 Ghosts of Mississippi Charlie Crisco NaN 1997 Colin Fitz Lives! Mr. O'Day, Colin Fitz NaN 1997 Air Force One Major Caldwell NaN 1997 Boogie Nights Little Bill Thompson NaN 1997 Wag the Dog CIA Agent Charles Young NaN 1998 Jerry and Tom Karl NaN 1998 Pleasantville George Parker NaN 1998 Psycho Arbogast NaN 1998 The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue Justin (voice) [34] 1998 A Civil Action James Gordon NaN 1999 Happy, Texas Sheriff Chappy Dent NaN 1999 Mystery Men The Shoveler NaN 1999 Magnolia Quiz Kid Donnie Smith NaN 2000 Panic Alex NaN 2000 State and Main Walt Price NaN 2001 Jurassic Park III Paul Kirby NaN 2001 Focus Lawrence "Larry" Newman NaN 2002 Welcome to Collinwood Riley NaN 2003 The Cooler Bernie Lootz NaN 2003 Stealing Sinatra John Irwin NaN 2003 Easy Riders, Raging Bulls Narrator (voice) Documentary 2003 Seabiscuit Tick Tock McGlaughlin NaN 2004 Spartan Stoddard NaN 2004 In Enemy Hands Chief of Boat Nathan Travers NaN 2004 Cellular Sgt. Bob Mooney NaN 2005 Sahara Admiral James Sandecker NaN 2005 Edmond Edmond Burke NaN 2005 Thank You for Smoking Senator Ortolan K. Finistirre NaN 2006 Doogal Brian the Snail (voice) [34] 2006 Choose Your Own Adventure: The Abominable Snowman Rudyard North (voice) Also executive producer 2006 Bobby Paul NaN 2006 Inland Empire Announcer NaN 2006 Everyone's Hero Lefty Maginnis (voice) [34] 2007 Wild Hogs Dudley Frank NaN 2007 He Was a Quiet Man Gene Shelby NaN 2008 The Deal Charlie Berns Also writer 2008 Bart Got a Room Ernie Stein NaN 2008 The Tale of Despereaux Lester (voice) [34] 2009 The Maiden Heist George McLendon NaN 2009 Shorts Dr. Noseworthy NaN 2010 Marmaduke Don Twombly NaN 2010 Dirty Girl Ray NaN 2011 The Lincoln Lawyer Frank Levin NaN 2011 Portraits in Dramatic Time Himself NaN 2012 The Sessions Father Brendan NaN 2013 A Single Shot Pitt NaN 2013 Trust Me Gary NaN 2014 The Wind Rises Satomi (voice) NaN 2014 Ernest & Celestine Head Dentist (voice) [34] 2014 Rudderless Trill Also writer, director, and executive producer 2014 Two-Bit Waltz Carl NaN 2014 Cake Leonard NaN 2015 Walter Dr. Corman NaN 2015 Dial a Prayer Bill NaN 2015 Stealing Cars Philip Wyatt NaN 2015 Room Robert "Grandpa" Newsome NaN 2016 Blood Father Kirby NaN 2017 The Layover — Director 2017 Krystal Wyatt Also director 2023 Maybe I Do Sam NaN 2024 Ricky Stanicky[35] Ted Summerhayes NaN 2024 Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes Trevathan NaN TBA On Fire Jack Buck Post-production TBA Train Dreams TBA Filming </Wikitable> Television <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1978 The Awakening Land Will Beagle Miniseries; credited as W.H. Macy 1982 Another World Frank Fisk Credited as W.H. Macy 1983 The Cradle Will Fall Ben Duffy Television film, credited as W.H. Macy 1983 Sitcom Chip Gooseberry Television film, credited as W.H. Macy 1984 The Boy Who Loved Trolls Socrates the Turtle Voice, television film; credited as W.H. Macy 1984 The Dining Room Arthur, Charlie, Architect, Billy, Nick, Fred, Tony, Standish Television film, credited as W.H. Macy 1985 Joanna Napoleon Flipper Short film; credited as W.H. Macy 1985 Hometown Loring Dixwell Episode: "Mary's Yen"; credited as W.H. Macy 1985–88 Spenser: For Hire Efrem Connors 3 episodes; credited as W.H. Macy 1986 Kate & Allie Carl Episode: "General Hospital"; credited as W.H. Macy 1987 The Equalizer Dr. Spaulding Episode: "Hand and Glove"; credited as W.H. Macy 1987 Alive from Off Center Uncredited Episode: "As Seen on TV" 1988 The Murder of Mary Phagan Randy Miniseries; credited as W.H. Macy 1988 Lip Service Farmer Television film; also director; credited as W.H. Macy 1989 Tattingers Myron Episode: "Tour of Doody"; credited as W.H. Macy 1990 ABC Afterschool Specials Store Clerk Episode: "All That Glitters" 1990–92 Law & Order John McCormack, Powell 2 episodes 1992 In the Line of Duty: Siege at Marion Ray Daniels Television film 1992 Civil Wars Donald Patchen Episode: "Denise and De Nuptials" 1992 A Private Matter Psychiatrist Television film 1992 The Water Engine Charles Lang Television film 1992 A Murderous Affair: The Carolyn Warmus Story Sean Hammel Television film 1992 The Heart of Justice Booth Television film 1993 Bakersfield P.D. Russell Karp Episode: "Cable Does Not Pay" 1993 L.A. Law Bernard Ruskin Episode: "Rhyme and Punishment" 1994–2009 ER Dr. David Morgenstern 31 episodes 1994 Texan Doctor TV short 1995 In the Shadow of Evil Dr. Frank Teague Television film 1995 Mystery Dance Bob Wilson Episode: "Episode #1.1" 1996 Andersonville Col. Chandler Miniseries 1996 The Writing on the Wall Petrocelli Television film 1998 Superman: The Animated Series The Director (voice) Episode: "Where There's Smoke"[34] 1998 The Con Bobby Sommerdinger Television film; also writer 1998 The Lionhearts Leo Lionheart (voice) 13 episodes 1998 King of the Hill Dr. Rubin (voice) Episode: "Pregnant Paws" 1998 Hercules Jorgen Svenson, Sven Jorgenson (voices) Episode: "Hercules and the Twilight of the Gods" 1999 Frasier Ralph Episode: "Good Samaritan"[34] 1999 A Slight Case of Murder Terry Thorpe Television film; also writer 1999 The Wild Thornberrys Skoot (voice) Episode: "On the Right Track"[34] 1999–2000 Batman Beyond Aaron Herbst, Karros (voices) 2 episodes[34] 1999–2000 Sports Night Sam Donovan 6 episodes 1999 The Night of the Headless Horseman Ichabod Crane Television film[34] 2001 Nature Narrator Episode: "Polar Bear Invasion" 2002 Door to Door Bill Porter Television film; also writer 2002 It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie Glenn Television film 2003 Out of Order Steven Miniseries 2004 Reversible Errors Arthur Raven Television film 2004 The Wool Cap Charlie Gigot Television film; also writer and producer 2006 The Simpsons Himself (voice) Episode: "Homer's Paternity Coot" 2006 Nightmares and Dreamscapes Clyde Umney, Sam Landry, George Demmick Miniseries 2006–07 Curious George Narrator (voice) 30 episodes (season 1) 2007 The Unit President of the United States Episode: "The Broom Cupboard" 2008 Family Man Todd Becker Television film; also writer and executive producer 2011–21 Shameless Frank Gallagher Main role, 11 seasons; directed 3 episodes, wrote 1 episode 2011 Versailles Bill 3 episodes 2022 The Dropout Richard Fuisz 5 episodes 2024 The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Himself Episode: "Bitter Pill to Swallow" </Wikitable> Awards and nominations

2024-09-18 18:27:55

24_Hours_on_Craigslist

<Infotable> 24 Hours on Craigslist Cover Directed by: Michael Ferris Gibson Produced by: Michael Ferris Gibson Edited by: Jennifer Leo Russ Release date: March 2004(2004-03)(SXSW)[1][2] Running time: 82 minutes[3] Country: United States Language: English </Infotable> March 2004(2004-03) (SXSW) 24 Hours on Craigslist is a 2004 American [documentary film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film) that captures the people and stories behind a single day's posts on the [classified ad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_ad) website [Craigslist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslist). The film, made with the approval of Craigslist's founder [Craig Newmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Newmark), is woven from interviews with the site's users, all of whom opted in to be contacted by the production when they submitted their posts on August 4, 2003. The documentary screened in nine [film festivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_festivals) during 2004 and 2005, winning a 'best feature documentary', and played in a limited, self-distributed, theatrical release in 2005 and 2006. The film was released on DVD on April 25, 2006. Synopsis 24 Hours on Craigslist tells the story of 121 people who used [Craigslist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslist) on August 4, 2003. Production Michael Ferris Gibson, an independent filmmaker, was inspired one night in early 2003 to surf every category of Craigslist's [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco). Three hours later he had the inspiration for 24 Hours on Craigslist. After spending five more hours drafting a [treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_treatment), he contacted Craig Newmark about the idea. Two days later Michael met with [Jim Buckmaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Buckmaster), Craigslist's CEO, and Craig Newmark to discuss the film concept: creating a documentary entirely 'from' Craigslist; crew, cast, and music would all be sourced from the site. Newmark picked the chosen day out of a hat from which to generate the user posts that were used in the film. The production filmed the individuals and followed their stories and interactions with other users over the next three months. Film festivals Several different versions of 24 Hours on Craigslist screened in nine different film festivals around the world. In addition, the film was selected to screen in [Toronto, Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto), [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada), in April 2005 by HotDocs for its monthly screening series Doc Soup. [South by Southwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest) International Documentary Film Festival – Amsterdam San Francisco Independent Film Festival Against Gravity Film Festival (Poland) Newport Beach Film Festival Idaho Film Festival [Vail Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vail_Film_Festival) [DeadCENTER Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeadCENTER_Film_Festival) Toofy Film Festival (Winner Best Feature Documentary) Awards Best Documentary Feature - Toofy Film Fest 2005 Best Local Film - East Bay Express Readers' Choice Awards 2006 Commercial distribution The director and producer of the film distributed 24 Hours on Craigslist theatrically in the United States and Canada under the distribution label of Zealot Pictures. Heretic Films released the film on DVD on April 25, 2006.

2024-09-18 16:31:39

Tom_and_Jerry:_A_Nutcracker_Tale

<Infotable> Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale DVD cover Directed by: Spike BrandtTony Cervone Screenplay by: Spike Brandt Story by: Joseph Barbera Based on: Tom and JerrybyWilliam HannaandJoseph BarberaThe Nutcracker and the Mouse KingbyE. T. A. Hoffmann Produced by: Spike BrandtTony Cervone Starring: Chantal StrandIan James CorlettKathleen BarrTara StrongGarry ChalkTrevor Devall Edited by: Robin DeSales Music by: Dirk Brossé Productioncompanies: Turner Entertainment Co.Warner Bros. AnimationWarner Bros. Family Entertainment Distributed by: Warner Home Video Release date: October 2, 2007(2007-10-02)[1] Running time: 48 minutes Countries: United StatesCanada Language: English </Infotable> [Tom and Jerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry)by [William Hanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hanna) and [Joseph Barbera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barbera) [The Nutcracker and the Mouse King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker_and_the_Mouse_King)by [E. T. A. Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann) October 2, 2007(2007-10-02) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale is a 2007 American/Canadian [direct-to-video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video) animated [Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas) fantasy comedy film. The film was produced by [Warner Bros. Animation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation) and [Turner Entertainment Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment), and is the first Tom and Jerry film directed by [Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Brandt_and_Tony_Cervone). It serves as the fifth direct-to-video Tom and Jerry film and is a semi-adaptation of 1816 short story "[The Nutcracker and the Mouse King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker_and_the_Mouse_King)" by [E. T. A. Hoffmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann), with Jerry in the role of the [Nutcracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_doll) and Tom in the role of one of the Mouse King's (who is reimagined as a cat) henchmen. Aside from being the last Tom and Jerry film to be released in a 1:33:1 Full-Screen format, A Nutcracker Tale was the last animated production that [Joseph Barbera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barbera) worked on before his death on December 18, 2006, and as such, the film is now dedicated to his memory. This was also the last animated direct-to-video film released under the [Warner Bros. Family Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Family_Entertainment) label before [Warner Bros.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros.) ceased using the brand's name altogether in 2009.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] On August 13, 2020, it was announced that the film would be released on [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray) and special edition [DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD), and paired with [Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_Santa%27s_Little_Helpers). The bundle was released on October 27, 2020. Plot After watching [The Nutcracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker), [Jerry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Mouse) and his ward [Tuffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffy_(Tom_and_Jerry)) find themselves pulled into the story by a magic miracle. The stage transforms into a wintry wonderland where the toys all enjoy a dinner feast. However, the magic also affects Tom and the other cats, led by the King of the Cats, who ruin the feast and trap the toys while Jerry, a decoration named Paulie the pixie, and a toy horse named Nelly, who can only speak when someone pulls her string, try to stop them, but end up shot out of a cannon and blasted far away. Tom traps a Ballerina toy in a cage and brings her to the King of the cats as a trophy. When the King of the Cats learns that Jerry will not give up until the kingdom is reclaimed, he has Tom form a posse to destroy him. At the Ballerina Toy's urging, Tuffy secretly follows the cats to warn Jerry. Jerry, Tuffy, and their new friends decide to follow a star to meet the Toy Maker, the person who created the toys, and seek his aid. Tom chases them through several magical realms and during the journey Nelly is captured by the cats and is forced to tell them where the others are headed, leaving her discouraged at her betrayal. The remaining three make it to the Toy Maker and he fixes Paulie, who suffered damage during the journey, a makes him a real toy. The Toy Maker warns that if Jerry cannot reclaim his kingdom before the sun fully rises in the morning, the cats will control of the kingdom forever and he gives them a key that allows them to awaken an army of toy soldiers. The three depart with their new army to take back the kingdom. When the cats attempt to escape the army of toy soldiers, the Ballerina frees herself and the other toys from captivity and leads them in an army against the Cat King. When Tom traps Jerry and Tuffy in his mouth, Nelly returns and breaks them out. Jerry chases the cats out of the kingdom and back to the real world just before the sun finishes rising. However, a wall damaged by the battle collapses, and Nelly sacrifices herself to push Jerry and the Ballerina Toy out of the way. The magic miracle returns and restores Nelly, and allows her to speak without her string. The events of the story are revealed to be a play witnessed by the Ballerina from the Nutcracker and the Toymaker. Voice cast [Spike Brandt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Brandt) as [Tom Cat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cat) and [Jerry Mouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Mouse) (uncredited) [Chantal Strand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Strand) as Tuffy [Tara Strong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Strong) as La Petite Ballerina [Ian James Corlett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_James_Corlett) as Paulie [Kathleen Barr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Barr) as Nelly [Garry Chalk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Chalk) as King of the Cats [Trevor Devall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Devall) as Lackey Mark Oliver as Dr. Malevolent [Richard Newman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Newman_(actor)) as The Toymaker Production According to Brandt, [Joseph Barbera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barbera) decided on a Nutcracker adaptation as he thought its music fit perfectly with Tom and Jerry. The [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)) page for the [DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD) appeared sometime in August 2007.[[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)] Widescreen Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale was the fourth Tom and Jerry film to be filmed in [high-definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video) [widescreen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widescreen) (the first three being [Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_Blast_Off_to_Mars), [Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_The_Fast_and_the_Furry) and [Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_Shiver_Me_Whiskers)), although the Region 1 DVD and the U.S. version of [Boomerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(TV_network)) were in [full screen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_screen_(cinema)) (cropping the left and right of the image). The film is broadcast in widescreen on [Cartoon Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network) in the United States, as well as a Blu-ray version. Reception Paul Mavis of [DVD Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk) gave the film a very positive review saying "Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale earns marks for embracing an operatic storyline while keeping the essential punish-Tom-with-pain gags that made Tom and Jerry such a successful franchise for decades." Meanwhile, Nick Lyons criticized it, stating "Tom And Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale is a rushed animated feature that was simply made to cash in on the Christmas holiday. Avoid this one and rent or buy a holiday classic like the [animated Grinch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!_(TV_special))." Renee Schonfeld of [Common Sense Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media) rated the film 4 out of 5 stars (making it the highest rated Tom and Jerry film on the site) saying "especially at holiday time, for kids who understand cartoon action, it's a delightful entertainment. Teens and grown-ups might like it, too."

2024-09-18 16:25:48

Settle_for_More

<Infotable> Author: Megyn Kelly Language: English Subject: Autobiography Publisher: Harper Publication date: November 15, 2016 Publication place: United States Media type: Print (Hardcover) and eBook Pages: 352 ISBN: 978-0-06-249460-3 </Infotable> Settle for More is a 2016 autobiography written by American journalist and political commentator [Megyn Kelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megyn_Kelly). The book discusses the unwanted sexual advances she received from [Roger Ailes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ailes) while working at [Fox News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News), as well as her feud with then Presidential nominee [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump). Summary Kelly writes about her childhood and upbringing, her college years, her time spent as a practicing litigator, and her television career during her time at Fox News. The book is notable for its details Kelly shares about her relationships with Donald Trump and her former boss Roger Ailes. Kelly explained the title for the book is a turn of phrase based on advice she received from Dr. [Phil McGraw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_McGraw), "He said the only difference between you and someone you envy is you settled for less. It just spoke to me." Reception [Entertainment Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly)'s Tina Jordan noted the book's engrossing discussion of the author's dealings with Roger Ailes and Donald Trump, but said the book offered more than just these intriguing events: "The story of her years as an attorney and her subsequent rise in TV journalism is surprisingly moving, transforming Settle for More into a Lean In-ish primer for young women about the importance of hard work, self-esteem, and—most of all—perseverance." [Lorraine Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Ali) wrote in the [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times), "In prose that is simple, clean and straightforward, Kelly comes across in the book as casual and warm one minute, formal and stiff the next. It’s a duality that reflects her on-screen personality." The day after the book's release, the Los Angeles Times reported that Donald Trump supporters were leaving one-star reviews to hurt sales of the book. [HarperCollins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins) noticed the high number of negative reviews, despite having only made a few advance copies available. The detractors were reportedly mobilized through a pro-Trump [Reddit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit) forum called [/r/The Donald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//r/The_Donald). Amazon removed many but not all of the fake reviews, while reviews from verified purchasers were higher than those of unverified ones. Settle for More received mixed reviews from some media outlets, with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette writing, "the larger problem of Settle for More is that Ms. Kelly can’t quite decide what she wants it to be: A gossipy tell-all? An empowering self-help book? The basis for a Lifetime television movie? It’s this lack of cohesion that ultimately makes Settle for More a bit of a letdown." Slate wrote of the Settle for More, "The book itself is often as wholesome as apple pie, and as unwise to consume in large servings." In another, generally positive review, The New Yorker conceded that Settle for More, "is written with the political delicacy of a person still negotiating her next contract."

2024-09-18 18:41:29

Vanessa_Paradis

<Infotable> Vanessa Paradis Paradis in 2016 Born: Vanessa Chantal Paradis(1972-12-22)22 December 1972(age 51)Saint-Maur-des-Fossés,Val-de-Marne, France Occupations: Singeractressmodel Years active: 1980–present Spouse: Samuel Benchetrit​​(m.2018)​ Partner(s): Johnny Depp(1998–2012) Children: 2, includingLily-Rose Depp Relatives: Alysson Paradis(sister) Musical career Genres: R&Bpoprock Labels: BarclayPolydor Musical artist Website: vanessaparadis.fr </Infotable> Singeractressmodel [R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) [pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music) [rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music) [Barclay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclay_Records) [Polydor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records) Vanessa Chantal Paradis (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}French pronunciation: [[vanɛsa ʃɑ̃tal paʁadi]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French); born 22 December 1972) is a French singer, model and actress. Paradis became a star at the age of 14 with the international success of her single "[Joe le taxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_le_taxi)" (1987). At age 18, she was awarded [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France)'s highest honours as both a singer and an actress with the [Prix Romy Schneider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Romy_Schneider) and the [César Award for Most Promising Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Most_Promising_Actress) for [Jean-Claude Brisseau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brisseau)'s [Noce Blanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noce_Blanche), as well as the [Victoires de la Musique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoires_de_la_Musique) for Best Female Singer for her album [Variations sur le même t'aime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_sur_le_m%C3%AAme_t%27aime). Her most notable films also include [Élisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisa_(1995_film)) (1995) alongside [Gérard Depardieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu), [Witch Way Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_Way_Love) (1997) opposite [Jean Reno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Reno), [Une chance sur deux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Une_chance_sur_deux) (1998) co-starring with [Jean-Paul Belmondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Belmondo) and [Alain Delon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Delon), [Girl on the Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_the_Bridge) (1999), [Heartbreaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreaker_(2010_film)) (2010) and [Café de Flore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore_(film)) (2011). Her tribute to [Jeanne Moreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau) at the [1995 Cannes Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Cannes_Film_Festival) during which they sang in duet "Le Tourbillon" became notable in [French popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_popular_culture). In 2022, she was nominated for the [Molière Award for Best Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_Award_for_Best_Actress) for her performance in the play Maman. She has been a [muse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses) to numerous musicians and [lyricists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyricist) who each took one of her albums under their aegis, including [Étienne Roda-Gil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Roda-Gil) (1988), [Serge Gainsbourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg) (1990), [Lenny Kravitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz) (1992), [Matthieu Chedid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthieu_Chedid) (2007), [Benjamin Biolay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Biolay) (2013), [Samuel Benchetrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Benchetrit) and [The Bees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bees_(English_band)) (2018). As a model, Paradis has appeared on more than 300 [magazine covers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_cover) worldwide including [Vogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)), [Elle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)), [Harper's Bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar), [Madame Figaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Figaro), [Paris Match](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Match), [Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)), [Glamour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)), [Premiere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere_(magazine)), and [Marie Claire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire). Since 1991, she has been a spokesmodel for [Chanel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel) chosen by [Karl Lagerfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) starting with the birdcage commercial "L'Esprit de Chanel" directed by [Jean-Paul Goude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Goude). Paradis was made Officier (Officer) in the [Ordre des Arts et des Lettres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres) in 2011 and was named Chevalier (Knight) in the [Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_national_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur) in 2015. Early life Paradis was born in [Saint-Maur-des-Fossés](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s), near Paris, to interior designers André and Corinne Paradis. As a child she enrolled in dance lessons, learnt the basics of piano and attended child model casting sessions. At the age of seven, Paradis appeared on the local television program [L'École des fans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89cole_des_fans), a talent show for child singers. Career 1983–1991 Paradis recorded her first single, "La Magie des surprises-parties", in 1983 and performed it in an Italian festival in 1985. Although not a hit, it paved the way for the song with which she became internationally famous, "[Joe le taxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_le_taxi)," composed by [Franck Langolff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Langolff) in 1987, when she was 14. It was number one in France for 11 weeks and, unusually for a song sung in French, was released in the United Kingdom, where it reached number three. It was taken from her first album [M&J](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26J) (for Marilyn & John) which placed 13th in France, but did not enter the British chart. In March 1989, at age 16, she left high school to pursue her singing career. Paradis released the album Variations sur le même t'aime in 1990, containing a remake of the [Lou Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed) song "[Walk on the Wild Side](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_on_the_Wild_Side_(Lou_Reed_song))". The album was written by French composer [Serge Gainsbourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg), whom she met when she received the best singer award at [Victoires de la Musique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoires_de_la_Musique), on 4 February 1990. In 1990, she won the [César Award for Most Promising Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Most_Promising_Actress) for her role in [Noce Blanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noce_Blanche). In 1991, Paradis promoted the fragrance [Coco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(perfume)) for [Chanel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel). In the advertisement, she was covered in black feathers, portraying a bird swinging in a cage. The advert was shot by [Jean-Paul Goude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Goude). Paradis spoke of her continued admiration of Chanel in 2010 saying, "The more I know them, the more I love Chanel." 1992–1996 In 1992, Paradis moved to the United States to work with [Lenny Kravitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz), whom she was dating at the time. Paradis started working on a new album in English, a language she was now fluent in. Written and produced by Kravitz, the album, titled Vanessa Paradis, topped the French chart and briefly made the UK listings (number 45). One of the singles from it was "[Be My Baby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Baby_(Vanessa_Paradis_song))", which made number 5 in France and gave her another Top 10 hit in the UK, peaking at number six. In March 1993, Paradis started her first international tour, the Natural High Tour; she performed in France, England and Canada. In February 1994, [Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(Vanessa_Paradis_album)) was released in France. In April 1994, Paradis filmed [Élisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisa_(1995_film)), under the direction of [Jean Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Becker_(director)). Elisa was a big success in France, and was released internationally. 1997–2006 In 1997, Paradis played in Un amour de sorcière with [Jeanne Moreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau) and [Jean Reno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Reno), before filming [Une chance sur deux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Une_chance_sur_deux), with [Alain Delon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Delon) and [Jean-Paul Belmondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Belmondo). In March 1999, [La fille sur le Pont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_on_the_Bridge), by Patrice Leconte was released. This movie was shot and released in black and white. In 2004, she promoted Chanel's new handbags called Ligne Cambon. In 2005, she modeled for Chanel again for The New Mademoiselle handbag. In 2008, she modelled for [Miu Miu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miu_Miu). Meanwhile, she was included in the French children's album and concert Le Soldat Rose in 2006. 2007–present Paradis released a new album ([Divinidylle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinidylle)) in 2007 which was released in the UK on 11 December (September in France). There are three versions (regular, limited edition, and the Christmas edition). She started the Divinidylle Tour in October. Some concerts were filmed and a DVD/CD of the tour was released. Paradis won two Les Victoires de la Musique awards for this album in February 2008. Some of her later projects are a greatest hits CD ([Best of Vanessa Paradis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_Vanessa_Paradis)), which includes the commercial jingle "I love Paris in the Springtime"; she also starred in the animated film [Un monstre à Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Monster_in_Paris), released in 2010. Canadian film director [Jean-Marc Vallée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Vall%C3%A9e) cast Paradis in a starring role in his film [Café de Flore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Flore_(film)), in which she plays the single mother of a child with [Down syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome) in the 1960s. The film was released in 2011, and Paradis garnered a [Genie Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_Awards) for Best Actress in a Leading Role at the [2012 Genie Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Genie_Awards). Paradis released an acoustic album in November 2010 entitled Une nuit à Versailles. The album was recorded at [L'Opéra of the Palace of Versailles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Op%C3%A9ra_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles) during her Vanessa Paradis Concert Acoustique Tour. She also released a set of DVDs in 2010 called Anthologie which collected rare live performances and interviews from 1987 to 2007. In 2010 she became the face of [Chanel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel)'s new lipstick, Rouge Coco. She also became the face of their new handbag line, Ranger. Her 2011 international tour included performances in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Europe and [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey). In May 2013, Paradis released a new album, Love Songs, a double LP produced by French singer and producer [Benjamin Biolay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Biolay). The first single, Love Song, was also written by Biolay. The second single was Les espaces et les sentiments. The third single, Mi Amor, was written by [BB Brunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB_Brunes) frontman Adrien Gallo. Other people that have contributed to the songwriting of the album include [Mickey 3D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_3D) frontman Mickaël Furnon, as well as [Johnny Depp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp) and Lily-Rose Depp. In 2016, Paradis co-starred in [Yoga Hosers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Hosers) with her daughter Lily-Rose, as a history teacher. The same year, she was a member of the main competition jury of the [2016 Cannes Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Cannes_Film_Festival). In September 2021, Paradis made her theatre debut in the play Maman, written and directed by her husband, [Samuel Benchetrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Benchetrit), at the Edouard VII theatre in Paris. For her performance in the play, she was nominated for the [Molière Award for Best Actress in a Private Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_Award_for_Best_Actress). Personal life At 15, Paradis started dating 26-year-old French singer [Florent Pagny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Pagny). The relationship ended in 1991. From 1991 to 1996, she was in a relationship with [Lenny Kravitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz), who also produced her 1992 [self-titled album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis_(album)). She dated French actor [Stanislas Merhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Merhar) from 1997 to 1998. From 1998 to 2012, Paradis was in a relationship with American actor [Johnny Depp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp). They have a daughter, [Lily-Rose Depp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily-Rose_Depp) (born 1999) and a son John "Jack" Christopher Depp III (Jack Depp), born in 2002. In May 2014, at a Chanel show in Dubai, Vanessa Paradis confirmed her relationship with French singer [Benjamin Biolay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Biolay). They broke up in May 2015. In November 2016, she began dating [Samuel Benchetrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Benchetrit), who directed her in his fifth film, Dog. In June 2018, Paradis and Benchetrit married in the town of [Saint-Simeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sim%C3%A9on,_Seine-et-Marne). Vanessa Paradis has a country estate nearby, and her late father owned a small restaurant in the quiet country commune. Paradis's sister, [Alysson Paradis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alysson_Paradis), is also an actress. Philanthropy Paradis has been a member of the [Les Enfoirés](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Enfoir%C3%A9s) charity ensemble since 1993. Other activities In 1991, Paradis was approached by [Calvin Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Klein) to become the face of his new advertising campaign alongside [Mark Wahlberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg). She declined the offer, which made Klein's second choice, [Kate Moss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Moss), famous. In 2001, [Carla Bruni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bruni) wrote several songs for Paradis, who found them too personal and encouraged Bruni to record them herself, resulting in the album [Quelqu'un m'a dit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelqu%27un_m%27a_dit) released in 2002. In 2014, her song "Mi amor" was chosen for the TV [advertising campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_campaign) for the Love Story fragrance from the house of [Chloé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) directed by [Mélanie Laurent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Laurent). Discography [M&J](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26J) (1988) [Variations sur le même t'aime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_sur_le_m%C3%AAme_t%27aime) (1990) [Vanessa Paradis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis_(album)) (1992) [Bliss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_(Vanessa_Paradis_album)) (2000) [Divinidylle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinidylle) (2007) Love Songs (2013) Les Sources (2018) Concert tours Natural High Tour (1993) Bliss Tour (2001) Divinidylle Tour (2007–08) Vanessa Paradis Concert Acoustique Tour (2009–10) International Tour 2011 (2011) Love Songs Tour (2013) Tournée les sources (2019) Filmography <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1989 Noce Blanche Mathilde Tessier NaN 1995 Élisa Marie Desmoulin NaN 1997 Witch Way Love Morgane NaN 1998 Pleasure (And Its Little Inconveniences) La voix du nouvel âge (voice) NaN 1998 Une chance sur deux Alice Tomaso NaN 1999 Girl on the Bridge Adèle NaN 2002 Lost in La Mancha Herself NaN 2004 NaN Concia NaN 2004 My Angel Colette NaN 2005 The Magic Roundabout Margotte (voice) NaN 2006 Le soldat Rose Made in Asia Television film 2007 La clef Cécile NaN 2010 Heartbreaker Juliette Van Der Becq NaN 2011 A Monster in Paris Lucille (voice) NaN 2011 Café de Flore Jacqueline NaN 2012 Dubaï Flamingo Jackie NaN 2012 Je me suis fait tout petit Emmanuelle NaN 2012 Cornouaille Odile NaN 2013 Fading Gigolo Avigal NaN 2014 Rio, I Love You Mulher NaN 2014 French Women Rose NaN 2016 Yoga Hosers Ms. Maurice NaN 2017 Maryline Jeanne Desmarais NaN 2017 Frost Marianne NaN 2017 Chien Hélène NaN 2018 Photo de famille Gabrielle NaN 2018 Knife + Heart Anne Parèze NaN 2020 Les Deux Alfred Albane NaN 2021 Love Songs for Tough Guys Suzanne NaN </Wikitable> Theatre <Wikitable> Year Title Role Author Director Notes Ref. 2021 Maman Jeanne Samuel Benchetrit Samuel Benchetrit Nominated–Molière Award for Best Actress in a Private Theatre [49][24] </Wikitable> Awards and nominations <Wikitable> Year Award Category Nominated work(s) Result 1988 Victoires de la Musique Best Song "Joe le taxi" Nominated 1988 Victoires de la Musique Best New Female Artist Herself Nominated 1989 Victoires de la Musique Best New Female Artist Herself Nominated 1990 Victoires de la Musique Best Music Video "Mosquito" Nominated 1990 César Award Most Promising Actress Noce Blanche Won[35] 1990 Prix Romy Schneider Most Promising Actress Herself Won 1990 Victoire de la Musique Best Female Artist Herself Won 1991 Victoire de la Musique Best Music Video Tandem Won 1993 Victoire de la Musique Best Female Artist Herself Nominated 2000 César Award Best Actress La fille sur le pont Nominated[35] 2001 NRJ Music Awards Best Francophone Album Bliss Nominated 2001 NRJ Music Awards Best Francophone Female Artist Herself Nominated 2007 Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Chevalier Herself Honored 2008 Trophée des femmes en or Femme de Spectacle NaN Nominated 2008 NRJ Music Awards Best Song "Dès que j'te vois" Nominated 2008 NRJ Music Awards Best French Album Divinidylle Nominated 2008 Victoire de la Musique Best Pop Album Divinidylle Won 2008 Victoire de la Musique Best Female Artist Herself Won 2008 Globe de Cristal Awards Best Actress Herself Nominated 2009 Victoire de la Musique Best Music DVD Divinidylle Tour Won 2011 Victoire de la Musique Best Female Artist Herself Nominated 2011 Globe de Cristal Best Female Artist Une nuit à Versailles Nominated 2011 Globe de Cristal Best Actress L'arnacœur Nominated 2012 Victoire de la Musique Best Music Video La Seine (with ‑M-) Won 2012 Genie Award Best Actress Café de Flore Won 2012 Jutra Award Best Actress Café de Flore Won 2012 Cabourg Romantic Film Festival Swann d'honneur Café de Flore Won 2012 Vancouver Film Critics Circle Best Canadian Actress Café de Flore Nominated 2016 Legion of Honour Chevalier Herself Honored 2017 UK Music Video Awards Best Pop Video - International "Did You Really Say No" (feat. Oren Lavie) Nominated[66] 2018 Brooklyn Horror Film Festival Best Actress Knife+Heart Won[67] 2022 Molière Award Best Actress in a Private Theatre Maman Nominated[24] </Wikitable> Best Song Best New Female Artist Best Music Video [Most Promising Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Most_Promising_Actress) Most Promising Actress [Best Female Artist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoires_de_la_Musique#Female_Artist_of_the_Year) [Best Music Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoires_de_la_Musique#Music_Video_of_the_Year) Best Female Artist [Best Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Actress) Best Francophone Album Best Francophone Female Artist Chevalier Femme de Spectacle Best Song Best French Album Best Pop Album Best Female Artist Best Actress Best Music DVD Best Female Artist Best Actress [Best Music Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoires_de_la_Musique#Music_Video_of_the_Year) [Best Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Actress) [Best Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutra_Award#Best_Actress_(Meilleure_actrice)) Swann d'honneur [Best Canadian Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Canadian_Film)

2024-09-18 16:32:28

Dreamscaperers

<Infotable> "Dreamscaperers" Gravity Fallsepisode "Dreamscaperers" was the debut episode of the series' main antagonist, Bill Cipher. Alasdair Wilkins fromThe A.V. Clubdescribed the character as theEye of Providencewearing atop hat, stating that he was the most memorable creation in the episode. Episodeno.: Season 1Episode 19 Directed by: Joe PittJohn Aoshima Written by: Alex HirschMatt ChapmanTim McKeon Editing by: Kevin Locarro Original air date: July 12, 2013(2013-07-12) Running time: 23 minutes Episode chronology ←Previous"Land Before Swine"Next→"Gideon Rises" ←Previous"Land Before Swine" Next→"Gideon Rises" ←Previous"Land Before Swine" Next→"Gideon Rises" Gravity Falls(season 1) List of episodes </Infotable> Joe PittJohn Aoshima [Alex Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hirsch)[Matt Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Chaps)[Tim McKeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McKeon) "Dreamscaperers" is the nineteenth and penultimate episode of the [first season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Falls_(season_1)) of the American [animated series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_series) [Gravity Falls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Falls). The episode is the first of the two-part [season finale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_finale) of the season (the second being "[Gideon Rises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Rises)"). It originally aired on the [Disney Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel) on July 12, 2013, and was written by series creator [Alex Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hirsch), alongside [Matt Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Chaps) and [Tim McKeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McKeon), and directed by Joe Pitt and John Aoshima. The episode marks the first appearance of Bill Cipher, the series' main antagonist. The series follows twins [Dipper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipper_Pines) and [Mabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Pines), who live with their [grand uncle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_uncle), [Grunkle Stan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Falls#Main) in a [tourist trap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_trap) called the Mystery Shack in the fictional town of Gravity Falls, [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon). In this episode, Stan's nemesis [Gideon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Falls#Antagonists) ([Thurop Van Orman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurop_Van_Orman)) tries [burglary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary) into the Mystery Shack to steal the [deed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed) of the property from the [safe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe). However, he is stopped by Grunkle Stan and thrown out. Gideon then summons a [demon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon) called [Bill Cipher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cipher) (Hirsch) to help him. Gideon asks Bill to invade Stan's mind and steal the combination to the safe, which is vincindoria. [Dipper Pines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipper_Pines) ([Jason Ritter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ritter)) with his sister [Mabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Pines) ([Kristen Schaal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Schaal)) and friend [Soos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Falls#Main) also go into Stan's mind to stop Bill from finding out the combination. The episode was watched by 2.7 million viewers in its original American broadcast on the [Disney Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel), and received positive reviews from [television critics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_criticism). Plot <Infotable> External videos Gravity Falls Full Episode S1 E19 Dreamscaperers @disneyxd— Official upload of the episode ontoYouTube </Infotable> While discussing the past transgressions of Grunkle Stan's business rival, Gideon Gleeful, the Pines Family, with Wendy and Soos, hear someone breaking into the Mystery Shack, and they find Gideon in the next room trying to figure out the combination to Stan's safe with the intention to steal the deed inside it. They confront Gideon, who initially does not take Stan seriously, but he ultimately flees when Stan chases him with a broom. After Gideon leaves, the team sits down to watch television. After Soos finds a bat flying in the kitchen, Stan sends Dipper to take care of the issue, but it ends with the bat mauling Dipper (after getting poor advice from Mabel), making him think that his uncle dislikes him by forcing him to do the hardest chores. Meanwhile, Gideon performs a ritual in the Gravity Falls woods to summon the evil powerful being, Bill Cipher. Bill agrees to invade Stan's mindscape for Gideon, after making sure that he also will help him on another unspecified project of his own. However, their plans are overheard by Mabel and Soos and they report the situation to Dipper. Dipper consults Journal 3 and finds out the dangers and abilities of Bill. After catching Bill invading Stan's mind, Dipper, Mabel, and Soos, through a ritual explained in the cryptic journal, follow Bill into Stan's mindscape. They find Bill, who was apparently expecting them, and he says that they shouldn't enter Stan's memories with him. He also engages in various antics in which he pulls out of Mabel's mind the movie characters that she was thinking about (Xyler and Craz) that follow them until the end of the episode; he also blasts a (non-fatal) hole in Dipper's torso. The gang enters into a psychological version of the Mystery Shack in Stan's mind, where all of his memories are kept; amongst those memories is the combination of the safe, which Bill and Gideon must obtain. While the team is searching to find the safe combination before Bill does, the dream demon manages to disguise himself as Soos and follow them. Dipper goes into the memories of Stan and finds out a memory of him talking to Soos about his own life as a weak child, thinking that he was actually talking about him. Dipper, angry at his uncle, is unwilling to assist the gang in saving him and leaves. After Mabel finds the memory of the safe combination, Bill reveals himself, steals it, and runs away as Mabel, the real Soos (who had just shown up after watching one of Stan's memories), Xyler, and Craz head out to search for him. Meanwhile, Dipper accidentally revisits the same memory that he saw, but he stays upon hearing the truth: As a kid, Stan was always picked on for being weak, until one day, his dad signed him up to take [boxing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing) lessons; though he initially thought his dad was torturing him, until years later, the lessons paid off when he stopped a [mugger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery) from stealing the purse of his future girlfriend, Carla McCorkle. Dipper then learns that Stan is only hard on him to prepare him to "face the world". He then confronts the imaginary Stan, who fixes the hole in his torso and tells him that you can do anything you can imagine when you are in the mindscape. Meanwhile, Gideon contacts Bill for the combination, but Mabel and Soos manage to knock the memory into another memory of [the Bottomless Pit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottomless_Pit!), leading Gideon to call off the deal with Bill and switch to "Plan B". Enraged by the deal being cut, Bill retaliates by torturing Mabel and Soos by bringing their worst nightmares to life. Dipper quickly arrives with the news of being able to bring their dreams into reality and demonstrates the ability to his sister via laser vision. The group uses their imagination abilities to defeat Bill and attempt to force him out of Stan's mind with a portal, but Bill stops the fight and decides to let them win this time. Bill admits his respect for the group's cleverness but warns them that a day will come when everything they care about will change, and leaves saying that he will be watching them until that day. Within seconds of Dipper, Mabel, and Soos returning from Stan's mind, they discover that Gideon's Plan B was to break in again and successfully steal the deed — only this time, he simply used dynamite to blow the safe open, without needing the lock combination. The episode ends with the demolition of the Mystery Shack. A [Twin Peaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks)-esque credits scene shows part of the Gravity Falls wilderness, with the ominous words "To be continued..." along the bottom. The credits also show a cryptogram that reads "20-15 2-5 3-15-14-20-9-14-21-5-4...", which also says "TO BE CONTINUED...". Production The episode "Dreamscaperers" was written by Timothy "Tim" McKeon and [Matthew "Matt" Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Chaps) under the story of series creator [Alexander "Alex" Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hirsch). Series developers Joe Pitt and John Aoshima directed the episode. John Aoshima and Matt Braly have worked with Hirsch on the show ever since the making of the unaired, unnamed pilot that was used to pitch the show. In "Dreamscaperers" there was the first appearance of the series antagonist Bill Cipher, however images of him are shown throughout the season. During the scene where Bill is summoned he strikes out a number of images on his body, like [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy), [UFOs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO), the [Aztec calendar stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_calendar_stone), the [Apollo Moon landing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program), [Stonehenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge), [Giza pyramids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramids), [crop circles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circles), etc. continuing the show's scoffing of [conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories). The characters Xyler and Craz from the fictional movie "Dream Boys High" are based on 1980s cartoons and [teen films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_film) produced in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States). The cast of the episode consisted of the standards [Jason Ritter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ritter) as [Dipper Pines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipper_Pines), [Kristen Schaal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Schaal) as [Mabel Pines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Pines), [Alex Hirsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Hirsch) as Stan Pines, Soos, and the new character Bill Cipher, and [Thurop Van Orman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurop_Van_Orman) as Lil' Gideon. Additional voices include [Linda Cardellini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Cardellini) as Wendy, [Greg Cipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Cipes) as Craz, John Roberts as Xyler, [Jennifer Coolidge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Coolidge) as Lazy Susan, [Grey DeLisle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_DeLisle) as Carla McCorkle, [Kevin Michael Richardson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Michael_Richardson) as Sheriff Blubs, and [Stephen Root](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Root) as Bud Gleeful. Broadcast and reception "Dreamscaperers" premiered on the [Disney Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel) on July 12, 2013, and it gained 2.700 million viewers in its original American broadcast, ranking it in second place in the United States for the day of airing. It received a 0.5 rating from 18 to 49 demographic audience. Alasdair Wilkins from [The A.V. Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club), giving it a grade of A-, described the episode as "a joyous celebration of all that Gravity Falls has accomplished over these first 19 episodes". In the episode review Wilkins stated "the show has become sophisticated enough in its storytelling and its character work that it can more easily spotlight a character so delightfully silly". He states that [Bill Cipher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Falls#Recurring) is the most memorable creation in the episode describing him as "the Eye of Providence wearing a top hat", also stating that "the writing and Alex Hirsch's voicework hit a fascinating balance with the character; Bill is capable of genuine rage when his plans don't work out, yet there's always the sense that he's just toying with the kids, allowing them to temporarily beat him because it amuses him". However, Wilkins criticized the episode for using "under-motivated stories", also for the efforts by the writing staff to give Mabel and Dipper an equal status in the show. The episode won art director Ian Worrell an Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation award at the 2014 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. International airdates October 2, 2013: [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) November 25, 2013: [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) March 14, 2014: [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria)

2024-09-18 23:01:27

Kurt_Alme

<Infotable> Kurt Alme Director of the Montana Governor's Office of Budget and Program Planning In officeJanuary 2021 – October 1, 2021 Governor: Greg Gianforte Succeeded by: Ryan Osmundson United States Attorneyfor theDistrict of Montana In officeSeptember 21, 2017 – December 2, 2020 President: Donald Trump Preceded by: Michael W. Cotter Succeeded by: Jesse Laslovich Personal details Born: Great Falls, Montana, U.S. Education: University of Colorado Boulder(BS)Harvard University(JD) </Infotable> Kurt G. Alme is an American attorney who served as the [United States attorney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney) for the [District of Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Montana) from 2017 to 2020. After stepping down as U.S. Attorney in December 2020, Alme became the budget director in the administration of Montana's Governor-elect [Greg Gianforte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Gianforte). Early life and education Alme was born in [Great Falls, Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana). After graduating from [Custer County District High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer_County_District_High_School), he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business from the [University of Colorado Boulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder) and a [Juris Doctor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor) from [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School). Career Alme served as a judicial law clerk for [Charles C. Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Lovell) of the [United States District Court for the District of Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Montana). He was a partner with the law firm of Crowley, Haughey, Hanson, Toole & Dietrich, PLLP. From 2003 to 2010, Alme served in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Montana, and was the first assistant United States attorney from 2006 to 2010. He also served as director of the Montana Department of Revenue. Alme has served as president and general counsel of the Yellowstone Boys and Girls Ranch Foundation.

2024-09-18 18:07:24

Jack_Ridley_(pilot)

<Infotable> Jackie Lynwood Ridley XS-1 Research Team. Jack Ridley is 2nd from right. Nickname(s): Jack Born: June 16, 1915Garvin, Oklahoma, U.S. Died: March 12, 1957 (aged 41)northwest ofTokyo, Japan Allegiance: United States Service/branch: United States Army Air ForcesUnited States Air Force Rank: Colonel Alma mater: University of Oklahoma, B.S. 1939Caltech, M.S. 1945 </Infotable> Colonel Jackie Lynwood Ridley (June 16, 1915 – March 12, 1957) was an aeronautical engineer, [USAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF) [test pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_pilot) and chief of the U.S. Air Force's Flight Test Engineering Laboratory. He helped develop and test many [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) era military aircraft. He worked on the [Bell X-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1), the first aircraft to achieve [supersonic flight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_flight), and was highly respected among fellow test pilots, most notably [Chuck Yeager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Yeager), for his engineering skills. Early life and military career Jack Ridley was born on June 16, 1915, in [Garvin, Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvin,_Oklahoma). Ridley graduated from a high school in [Sulphur, Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur,_Oklahoma) in 1935. Following high school, he entered the ROTC program at the [University of Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma) where he received his [Bachelor of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) degree in [mechanical engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering) in 1939. In July 1941, the young engineer received a commission in the U.S. Army field artillery and began a military career, which would continue for the rest of his life. The science of flight soon attracted him, however, and it was not long before he transferred to the Army Air Forces. Lieutenant Ridley was sent to the Flying Training School at Kelly Army Air Base in Texas, where he earned his pilot wings in May 1942. Wartime career as a test pilot The Air Corps needed engineering-trained pilots and, instead of being sent into an operational combat unit, Ridley was ordered to the Consolidated Vultee plant in [Fort Worth, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas), where his initial assignment was to conduct acceptance tests on four-engine [B-24 Liberator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator) bombers. Soon thereafter, he was named as engineering liaison officer on both the B-24 and [B-32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-32_Dominator) programs. Even at that early date, the Air Corps was developing the six-engine [B-36](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker) intercontinental bomber, later to become the mainstay of the postwar [Strategic Air Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command), and Ridley found himself assigned to that program as well. In 1944, Ridley was sent off to further his education. After attending the Army Air Forces School of Engineering at Wright Field (later renamed the [Air Force Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology)), Ridley was sent to the [California Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology) where he received his [Master of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science) degree in [aeronautical engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering) in July 1945. Postwar career Ridley was sent to [Wright Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base), Ohio, and assigned to the Air Materiel Command's Flight Test Division. Ridley went to the [Air Materiel Command Flight Performance School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Test_Pilot_School) from January through May 1946. In the spring of 1946, he graduated with Class 46A. Even as Ridley was attending the Flight Performance School, the revolutionary X-1 rocket research airplane was making its initial unpowered check flights and, within a year, the USAAF (soon to achieve independence as the [United States Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force)) would assume control of the supersonic research program. Colonel Albert Boyd, the chief of the Flight Test Division selected the project team that would attempt the world's first supersonic flight. In the spring of 1947, Boyd appraised his roster of 125 test pilots and finally selected three volunteers who were considered very junior in terms of their flight test experience: [Captain Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Yeager), [1st Lieutenant Robert A. "Bob" Hoover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hoover), and Ridley. He named Yeager and Hoover as primary and backup pilot respectively, and Ridley as project engineer. The choice was a happy one. As Yeager later explained: "Well, ... Hoover and I were definitely not flight test engineers! We could fly airplanes and we had an instinct for aerodynamics ... but Jack Ridley ... was a brain! Jack Ridley knew everything there was to know about aerodynamics and he was practical. And, besides, he was a good pilot ... and he fit right in with us. He spoke our language. Bob was a Tennessean and I was a West Virginian and, being an Okie, Jack spoke real good language for us." "Even before we flew the X-1, I talked to him at great length about ‘what are we getting into? You know, what's it mean? We're going to be fooling around out of my realm…and you may understand this stuff but I don't. What the hell are we getting into?' And Jack would patiently explain. And I had a great deal of confidence in him and, you know, if he said something, that, to me, was from the Bible. You could take it to the bank." Ridley's task was to analyze all of the technical data that was generated during the X-1 flights as it proceeded toward the unexplored region of supersonic flight. Studying the phenomena that the research plane encountered as it passed through the transonic region, he translated all of the information into pilot terminology for Yeager so that the flight program could be carried forward expeditiously, yet with safety. As Yeager later explained: "I trusted Jack with my life. He was the only person on earth who could have kept me from flying the X-1. As committed as I was to the program, and with all that was riding on these flights, if Jack had said, 'Chuck, if you fly in that thing, you're not gonna make it,' that would have been it for yours truly." Ridley had to rise to meet unexpected problems and new aerodynamic principles. He faced the problem of a complete loss of [elevator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)) effectiveness which Yeager experienced during his eighth powered flight as his Mach meter indicated a speed of [Mach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number) 0.94 (his [true airspeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_airspeed) was in the range of 0.96-0.99 Mach, just below the [speed of sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound)). At that speed, the little research plane stopped responding to all elevator control inputs, leaving the pilot unable to change his pitch angle, or to raise or lower the plane's nose in flight. When speed decreased slightly, the problem abruptly disappeared. Analysis suggested that a shockwave was forming along the elevator's hinge line, leaving it ineffective. Ridley determined in that speed range, the elevator itself could safely be dispensed with and the X-1's entire horizontal stabilizer, which could be adjusted for trim changes, be used for pitch control. The idea worked, and Ridley's concept eventually came to be incorporated in all supersonic aircraft — the "[flying tail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailplane)." Ridley also improvised a vital piece of equipment at the last minute. Two days before taking the X-1 on its first supersonic flight, Yeager broke two ribs in a horseback riding accident. With the aid of an understanding civilian doctor, he was able to conceal his condition from everyone but Ridley. Without the full use of his right arm, however, it would be impossible to seal himself into the tiny X-1 cockpit. Ridley quietly provided a length of broom handle that Yeager was able to use to close the hatch without difficulty. If Yeager was a superb "intuitive engineer," able to identify the cause of any unexpected event in the air, Ridley was equally gifted in his computational and reasoning abilities. Indeed, Yeager often called him "the brains behind the whole X-1 test program." All three team members meshed well together. All were pragmatic, hands-on types with an instinct to ferret out a straightforward, practical solution to each problem as soon as it arose. The result was an energetic team of young professionals who fulfilled Colonel Boyd's most exacting expectations and, on October 14, 1947, led the world into the supersonic age. The Air Force recognized his efforts three years later by awarding him the [Commendation Ribbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commendation_Ribbon) for meritorious achievement. Ridley worked on the X-1 project until May 1948, when he was sent to the state of [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)) for temporary assignment to the [XB-47](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-47_Stratojet) program. The swept-wing Stratojet, powered by six J-47 turbojet engines and capable of high subsonic speeds, was in its way as revolutionary as the X-1 had been. His expertise proved instrumental in bringing the revolutionary jet bomber to operational status with the [Strategic Air Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command). A year later, he was permanently assigned to [Muroc Army Air Field (soon to be renamed Edwards Air Force Base)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base) where he remained, with interruptions, until 1956. Returning to Edwards Air Force Base, Ridley applied his reasoning skills to many of the new generation of jet and rocket aircraft then arriving on the ramp: the delta-winged XF-92A, the F-84F Thunderstreak, and the nation's new heavyweight bomber, the B-52. He worked on the entire family of Air Force research airplanes from the X-1 through the variable-sweep wing X-5. His responsibilities included planning flight test programs for various aircraft, identifying the stability characteristics and gathering the performance data which would later be used in writing Pilots Operating Handbooks and compiling standard aircraft characteristic charts. Ridley corrected a problem with over-sensitive controls on the F-86E Sabre, which was still unsolved after several test flights. Waiting until night had fallen, Ridley led a team of engineers into a darkened hangar. There, he placed a flashlight on the horizontal tail and climbed into the cockpit. The flashlight beam, moving across the hangar door in response to his control inputs, easily revealed a lag problem, which could soon be corrected. He never really turned off the computational portion of his mind, even when he was absorbed in other work. One evening found him deep in conversation at the officers club, planning the engineering aspects of an upcoming test series with the project pilot for the XF-91 rocket-assisted fighter program. Four master's degree hopefuls from MIT were seated at a nearby table, fretting at their inability to solve a complex problem which they had been assigned. Never breaking the thread of his own conversation, Ridley abruptly handed the students a notepad he had been scribbling on: "Would this help you any?" Cries of joy followed by hearty thumps on his back acknowledged his ingenious solution to their dilemma. From project engineer, he was selected to be chief of the Test Engineering Branch. From this post he was subsequently promoted to Chief, Flight Test Engineering Laboratory. The responsibility of this division-level organization was to carry out the research and engineering phases of all of the experimental flight test programs assigned to the AFFTC, including overseeing such details as the human factors program and overseeing the weighing and balancing of aircraft. Ridley's new organization included separate branches for Data Reduction, Performance Engineering and Flight Research. It was in this post that he made his longest-lasting contributions to the science of flight testing. Working with the Flight Test Center's Technical Director, [Paul Bikle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bikle), he defined the basic flight test techniques that are still used by the Air Force Flight Test Center. Aiming to reduce the increasing length of time and costs required to determine the results of the center's flight tests, they standardized all of its data acquisition methods and set up a centralized Data Processing System. This made it possible for test teams to analyze their test data more rapidly, and to publish their Technical Reports more quickly. He also established training and indoctrination procedures for new military and civilian flight test engineers. Impressing his own long-thought-out ideals upon these changes and goals, Ridley is still credited for creating the Flight Test Center's basic philosophy in use today. By this point in his career, his professional reputation had already spread far afield. Dr. [Theodore von Kármán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n), Chairman of the Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development (AGARD), nominated Ridley to represent the United States on its Flight Test Techniques Panel. This appointment was a signal honor. AGARD, a Standing Group of the [North Atlantic Treaty Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization) had been created to bring together the leading aeronautical experts from each of the member nations to find ways to use aviation research and development personnel and facilities for the common benefit of the member nations. Ridley served in this position from 1952 until 1956. Ridley was promoted to full colonel in 1956 and became a member of the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group-Japan. Death and legacy Flying as co-pilot in a C-47 over Japan on March 12, 1957, Ridley died at age 41 when the transport crashed into a snow-covered [Mt. Shirouma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Shirouma), northwest of Tokyo. In 1980, the Ridley Mission Control Center at [Edwards Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base) was dedicated in Ridley's honor. In the 1983 film [The Right Stuff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)), Ridley was portrayed, including beyond the time of his death, by [Levon Helm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm). Scenes with the [Bell X-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1) occurred while Ridley was still alive. However, the scene in which Yeager crashes the [Lockheed F-104 Starfighter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter#Notable_appearances_in_media) in 1963 occurred after Ridley's death in the 1957 plane crash. In 1996, Ridley was inducted into the [Aerospace Walk of Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Walk_of_Honor) and was inducted into the [National Aviation Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame) in Dayton, Ohio, in 2004. He was survived by his wife, Nell, and son Jack Ridley, Jr. He is buried at [Arlington National Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery).

2024-09-18 18:07:42

ER_(TV_series)

<Infotable> ER Genre: Medical drama Created by: Michael Crichton Starring: Anthony EdwardsGeorge ClooneySherry StringfieldNoah WyleJulianna MarguliesEriq La SalleGloria ReubenLaura InnesMaria BelloAlex KingstonKellie MartinPaul McCraneGoran VišnjićMichael MicheleErik PalladinoMing-NaMaura TierneySharif AtkinsMekhi PhiferParminder NagraLinda CardelliniShane WestScott GrimesJohn StamosDavid LyonsAngela Bassett Theme music composer: James Newton Howard(1994-2006; 2009)Martin Davich (2006–2009) Composer: Martin Davich Country of origin: United States Original language: English No.of seasons: 15 No.of episodes: 331(list of episodes) Production Executive producers: Michael CrichtonJohn WellsChristopher ChulackLydia WoodwardCarol FlintJack OrmanDavid Zabel Camera setup: Single-camera Running time: 45 minutes Production companies: Constant c ProductionsAmblin TelevisionWarner Bros. Television Original release Network: NBC Release: September 19, 1994(1994-09-19)–April 2, 2009(2009-04-02) Related Third Watch </Infotable> [Anthony Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Edwards_(actor)) [George Clooney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney) [Sherry Stringfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Stringfield) [Noah Wyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Wyle) [Julianna Margulies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianna_Margulies) [Eriq La Salle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle) [Gloria Reuben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Reuben) [Laura Innes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Innes) [Maria Bello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Bello) [Alex Kingston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kingston) [Kellie Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellie_Martin) [Paul McCrane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCrane) [Goran Višnjić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87) [Michael Michele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Michele) [Erik Palladino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Palladino) [Ming-Na](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Na) [Maura Tierney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Tierney) [Sharif Atkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Atkins) [Mekhi Phifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekhi_Phifer) [Parminder Nagra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parminder_Nagra) [Linda Cardellini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Cardellini) [Shane West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_West) [Scott Grimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Grimes) [John Stamos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stamos) [David Lyons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyons_(actor)) [Angela Bassett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bassett) [James Newton Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Newton_Howard) (1994-2006; 2009) Martin Davich (2006–2009) Michael Crichton [John Wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wells_(filmmaker)) [Christopher Chulack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Chulack) [Lydia Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Woodward) [Carol Flint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Flint) [Jack Orman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Orman) [David Zabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zabel) [Constant c Productions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_c_Productions) [Amblin Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Television) [Warner Bros. Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television) ER is an American [medical drama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_drama) television series created by [Michael Crichton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton) that aired on [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC) from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons. It was produced by [Constant c Productions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_c_Productions) and [Amblin Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Television), in association with [Warner Bros. Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television). ER follows the inner life of the [emergency room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department) (ER) of Cook County General Hospital, a fictionalized version of the real [Cook County Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County_Hospital), in [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago), and the various critical professional, ethical, and personal issues faced by the department's physicians, nurses, and staff. The show is the second longest-running [primetime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_time) medical drama in [American television history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_television_history) behind [Grey's Anatomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy). The highest awarded medical drama, ER won 128 industry awards from 440 nominations, including the [Peabody Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Awards) in 1995, [TCA Award for Program of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year) in 1995, and [Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series) in 1996. As of 2014, ER had grossed over $3 billion in television revenue. It is considered one of the best medical dramas of all time, pioneering the field of medical fiction and setting a model for other contemporary medical dramas to follow. Production Development In 1974, author [Michael Crichton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton) wrote a screenplay then entitled "ED" (for emergency department) based on his own experiences as a [medical student](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_student) in a busy hospital [emergency room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department). Producers were not interested in the screenplay, and Crichton turned to other topics. In 1990, he published the novel [Jurassic Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)), and in 1993 began a collaboration with director [Steven Spielberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg) on the [film adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)) of the book. After its release, Crichton and Spielberg then turned to what was now known as ER, but Spielberg decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film after considering the potential for various stories to be told in the setting. He passed the script on to a team at his production company, [Amblin Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment). [Anthony Thomopoulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Thomopoulos), then head of Amblin's television division, got in touch with then CEO of [Warner Bros. Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television), [Les Moonves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Moonves), about the idea for the series and to send the script. Spielberg's [Amblin Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Television) provided [John Wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wells_(TV_producer)) as the show's executive producer. Warner Bros. Television pitched ER to [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC), alongside Crichton, Spielberg and Wells. [Warren Littlefield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Littlefield), head of [NBC Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal_Television_Group) at the time, liked the project, but there was much debate and controversy among other executives at the network, who were dubious about the nature of the series. NBC offered a chance to make a two-hour [made-for-TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film) movie from the script, which was rejected. They then tried to get the show greenlit at rival networks before returning to NBC, who this time around ordered a [pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot). The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974. The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that a male character was changed to a female character ([Susan Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Lewis)) and the [Peter Benton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benton) character's race was changed to African-American. The running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former [Linda Vista Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Vista_Hospital) in [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles), an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990. A set modeled after [Los Angeles County General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAC%2BUSC_Medical_Center)'s emergency room was built soon afterward at the [Warner Bros.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros.) studios in [Burbank, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California), although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago), most notably the city's famous ["L"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27) train platforms. Littlefield was impressed by the series: "We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after [St. Elsewhere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elsewhere)." With Spielberg attached behind the scenes, NBC ordered six episodes. "ER premiered opposite a [Monday Night Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football) game on [ABC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) and did surprisingly well. Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off," commented Littlefield. ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as [David E. Kelley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kelley)'s new medical drama [Chicago Hope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Hope) was expected to crush the new series, airing directly opposite ER in the Thursday 10:00 pm time slot over on [CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS). Crichton was credited as an executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season. Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as [showrunner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner) for the first three seasons. He was the show's most prolific writer and became a regular director in later years. [Lydia Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Woodward) was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season. She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including [Trinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(American_TV_series)), [Third Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Watch), and [The West Wing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing). John Wells continued to serve as the primary Executive Producer for the remainder of the series. Lydia Woodward left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series run. [Joe Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sachs), who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: "We'd bend the rules but never break them. A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead. We compressed time. A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes. But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama." Woodward was replaced as showrunner by [Jack Orman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Orman). Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's [JAG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)). He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season. He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season. Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show. [David Zabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zabel) served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons. He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward. Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes. He also made his directing debut on the series. [Christopher Chulack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Chulack) was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons. He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects. Other executive producers include writers [Carol Flint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Flint), [Neal Baer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Baer), [R. Scott Gemmill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Scott_Gemmill), Joe Sachs, [Dee Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Johnson_(TV_producer)), [Lisa Zwerling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Zwerling), and [Janine Sherman Barrois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Sherman_Barrois). Several of these writers and producers had background in healthcare: Joe Sachs was an [emergency physician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine), while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer were both [pediatricians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrician). The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music. Broadcasting Following the broadcast of its two-hour [pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_(ER)) on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm. It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping the [Must See TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_See_TV) primetime block. ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after [Law & Order: Special Victims Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit) and [Law & Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order), and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind ABC's [Grey's Anatomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy). Starting with season seven, ER was broadcast in the [1080i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080i) HD format, appearing in [letterbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterbox_(filming)) format when presented in standard definition. On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season. The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009, but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled [Southland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_(TV_series)). ER's [final episode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_in_the_End...) aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special. The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000. From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode. [TNT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(American_TV_network)) also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time. The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode. Cast and characters The original starring cast consisted of [Anthony Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Edwards_(actor)) as Dr. [Mark Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Greene), [George Clooney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney) as Dr. [Doug Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ross), [Sherry Stringfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Stringfield) as Dr. [Susan Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Lewis), [Noah Wyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Wyle) as medical student [John Carter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(ER)), and [Eriq La Salle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle) as Dr. [Peter Benton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benton). As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse [Carol Hathaway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Hathaway), played by [Julianna Margulies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianna_Margulies), who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member. [Ming-Na](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Na) debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student [Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing-Mei_%22Deb%22_Chen), but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10. [Gloria Reuben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Reuben) and [Laura Innes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Innes) would join the series as Physician Assistant [Jeanie Boulet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanie_Boulet) and Dr. [Kerry Weaver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Weaver), respectively, by the second season. In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time. Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for "fame." She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005. Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year. Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor. Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's twelfth and final seasons. [Alex Kingston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kingston) as Dr. [Elizabeth Corday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Corday), [Paul McCrane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCrane) as Dr. [Robert Romano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Romano_(ER)), [Goran Višnjić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87) as Dr. [Luka Kovač](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Kova%C4%8D), [Maura Tierney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Tierney) as Nurse [Abby Lockhart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Lockhart), and [Mekhi Phifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekhi_Phifer) as Dr. [Greg Pratt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Pratt) all joined the cast as the seasons went on. In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of [Parminder Nagra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parminder_Nagra) as medical student [Neela Rasgotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neela_Rasgotra), [Scott Grimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Grimes) as Dr. [Archie Morris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Morris), [Linda Cardellini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Cardellini) as Nurse [Sam Taggart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Taggart), [Shane West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_West) as Dr. [Ray Barnett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_secondary_doctors_in_ER#Ray_Barnett), [John Stamos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stamos) as Paramedic [Tony Gates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gates), [David Lyons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyons_(actor)) as Dr. [Simon Brenner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Brenner), and [Angela Bassett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bassett) as Dr. [Cate Banfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Banfield). In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors. ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs. Episodes <Wikitable> Season Episodes Originally aired Rank Rating Viewers (millions) Season Episodes Episodes.1 First aired Last aired Rank Rating Viewers (millions) 1 25 25 September 19, 1994 (1994-09-19) May 18, 1995 (1995-05-18) 2[26] 20.0 30.1 2 22 22 September 21, 1995 (1995-09-21) May 16, 1996 (1996-05-16) 1[27] 22.0 35.7 3 22 22 September 26, 1996 (1996-09-26) May 15, 1997 (1997-05-15) 1[28] 21.2 33.9 4 22 22 September 25, 1997 (1997-09-25) May 14, 1998 (1998-05-14) 2[29] 20.4 33.3 5 22 22 September 24, 1998 (1998-09-24) May 20, 1999 (1999-05-20) 1[30] 17.8 29.6 6 22 22 September 30, 1999 (1999-09-30) May 18, 2000 (2000-05-18) 4[31] 16.9 29.8 7 22 22 October 12, 2000 (2000-10-12) May 17, 2001 (2001-05-17) 2[32] 15.0 27.0 8 22 22 September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27) May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16) 3[33] 14.2 26.1 9 22 22 September 26, 2002 (2002-09-26) May 15, 2003 (2003-05-15) 6[34] 13.1 22.7 10 22 22 September 25, 2003 (2003-09-25) May 13, 2004 (2004-05-13) 8[35] 12.9 21.5 11 22 22 September 23, 2004 (2004-09-23) May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19) 16[36] 10.4 17.5 12 22 22 September 22, 2005 (2005-09-22) May 18, 2006 (2006-05-18) 30[37] 8.1 14.2 13 23 23 September 21, 2006 (2006-09-21) May 17, 2007 (2007-05-17) 40[38] 7.4 12.0 14 19 19 September 27, 2007 (2007-09-27) May 15, 2008 (2008-05-15) 54[39] — 8.7 15 22 22 September 25, 2008 (2008-09-25) April 2, 2009 (2009-04-02) 37[40] 6.7 9.0 </Wikitable> A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets. In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago). Over the span of the series, stories took place in the [Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo), [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France), and [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan). One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr. Ross and Dr. Greene to [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California) and a season eight episode included a storyline in [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii) featuring Dr. Greene and Dr. Corday. Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Congo, featuring Dr. Kovač, Dr. Carter, and Dr. Pratt. "We turned some attention on the Congo and on [Darfur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) when nobody else was. We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa," ER producer [John Wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wells_(producer)) said. "The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better." The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as [HIV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV) and [AIDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS), [organ transplants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation), [mental illness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness), [racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism), [human trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking), [euthanasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia), [poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty) and [gay rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights). Some episodes used creative formats, such as the 1997 "[Ambush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_(ER))," which was broadcast live twice, once for the east coast and again three hours later for the west coast, and 2002's "Hindsight," which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr. Kovač, through the events of a Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it. Crossover with Third Watch The episode "Brothers and Sisters" (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on the [Third Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Watch) episode "Unleashed" in which Dr. Lewis enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece. Ratings U.S. seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC) are tabulated below. Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May [sweeps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeps). All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones. Ratings for seasons 1–2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3–15 are listed in viewers. <Wikitable> Season Episodes Timeslot (ET) Season premiere Season finale TV season Viewer rank (#) Households/ Viewers (in millions) 1 25 Thursday 10:00 pm September 19, 1994 May 18, 1995 1994–1995 #2[42] 19.08[42] 2 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 21, 1995 May 16, 1996 1995–1996 #1[43] 21.10[43] 3 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 26, 1996 May 15, 1997 1996–1997 #1[44] 30.79[44] 4 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 25, 1997 May 14, 1998 1997–1998 #2[45] 30.2[45] 5 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 24, 1998 May 20, 1999 1998–1999 #1[46] 25.4[46] 6 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 30, 1999 May 18, 2000 1999–2000 #4[47] 24.95[47] 7 22 Thursday 10:00 pm October 12, 2000 May 17, 2001 2000–2001 #2[48] 22.4[48] 8 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 27, 2001 May 16, 2002 2001–2002 #3[49] 22.1[49] 9 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 26, 2002 May 15, 2003 2002–2003 #6[50] 19.99[50] 10 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 25, 2003 May 13, 2004 2003–2004 #8[51] 19.04[51] 11 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 23, 2004 May 19, 2005 2004–2005 #16[52] 15.17[52] 12 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 22, 2005 May 18, 2006 2005–2006 #30[53] 12.06[53] 13 23 Thursday 10:00 pm September 21, 2006 May 17, 2007 2006–2007 #40[54] 11.56[54] 14 19 Thursday 10:00 pm September 27, 2007 May 15, 2008 2007–2008 #54[55] 9.20[55] 15 22 Thursday 10:00 pm September 25, 2008 April 2, 2009 2008–2009 #37[56] 10.30[56] </Wikitable> In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the year's second most watched television show, just behind [Seinfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld). In the following two seasons (1995–1997), ER was the most watched show in [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America). For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again. The [series finale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_in_the_End...) attracted 16.4 million viewers. The show's highest rating came during the episode "[Hell and High Water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(ER))" with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share. It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of [Dallas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)) received a 46. The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show. Critical reception Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike. It scored 80 on [Metacritic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic), meaning "generally favorable reviews," based on 21 critics. [Marvin Kitman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Kitman) from [Newsday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday) said: "It's like [M*A*S*H](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)) with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs. E.R. is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them. It's just treat, release and move on." [Richard Zoglin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Zoglin) from [TIME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) stated that it's "probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented." Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable. [Alan Rich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rich), writing for [Variety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)), praised the direction and editing of the [pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_(ER)) while Eric Mink, writing for the [New York Daily News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)), said that the pilot of ER "was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors." However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that "the great promise of the "E.R." pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before." [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC) launched the show at the same time that [CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS) launched its own medical drama [Chicago Hope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Hope); many critics drew comparisons between the two. Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the [Nielsens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research) but Chicago Hope told better stories, while Rich felt both shows were "riveting, superior TV fare." [The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) wrote in 1996: "Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER." In 2002, [TV Guide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide_(magazine)) ranked ER No. 22 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Shows," making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after [St. Elsewhere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elsewhere) at No. 20). Also, the episode "[Love's Labor Lost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labor_Lost_(ER))" was ranked No. 6 on [TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide%27s_100_Greatest_Episodes_of_All-Time) list having earlier been ranked No. 3. The show placed No. 19 on [Entertainment Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly)'s "New TV Classics" list. [Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)) ranked it No. 29 in their list of the "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and said the best episode was "[Hell and High Water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(ER))" where "[Doug Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ross) ([George Clooney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney)) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood." In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on [ABC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company)'s [20/20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20/20_(American_TV_program)) special episode "Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time." In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No. 9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time and No. 29 in its list of the 60 Best Series. In the same year, the [Writers Guild of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America) ranked ER No. 28 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time. Awards and nominations ER has won 128 industry awards from 440 nominations, including the [Peabody Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Awards) in 1995, [TCA Award for Program of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year) in 1995, and [Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series) in 1996. It was also nominated for 124 [Primetime Emmy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards) (with 23 wins), 25 [Golden Globe Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards) (with one win), 18 [Screen Actors Guild Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards) (with eight wins), 12 [Directors Guild of America Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Awards) (with four wins), 3 [Producers Guild of America Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America_Awards) (with two wins), 5 [Writers Guild of America Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards) (with one win), and 8 [TCA Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Awards) (with two wins). Distribution Home media [Warner Home Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Home_Entertainment) has released all 15 seasons in Region 1, Region 2, and Region 4. In the United Kingdom (Region 2), The Complete Series boxset was released on October 26, 2009. On September 12, 2016, the series was re-released in three box sets, Seasons 1–5, Seasons 6–10, and Seasons 11–15. <Wikitable> DVD title No. of episodes Release dates DVD title No. of episodes Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 ER: The Complete First Season (1994–1995) 25 August 26, 2003 February 23, 2004 April 28, 2004 ER: The Complete Second Season (1995–1996) 22 April 27, 2004 July 26, 2004 July 15, 2004 ER: The Complete Third Season (1996–1997) 22 April 26, 2005 January 31, 2005 December 16, 2004 ER: The Complete Fourth Season (1997–1998) 22 December 20, 2005 May 16, 2005 April 27, 2005 ER: The Complete Fifth Season (1998–1999) 22 July 11, 2006 October 24, 2005 November 15, 2005 ER: The Complete Sixth Season (1999–2000) 22 December 19, 2006 April 3, 2006 May 5, 2006 ER: The Complete Seventh Season (2000–2001) 22 May 15, 2007 September 18, 2006 October 3, 2006 ER: The Complete Eighth Season (2001–2002) 22 January 22, 2008 July 16, 2007 September 6, 2007 ER: The Complete Ninth Season (2002–2003) 22 June 17, 2008 October 29, 2007 October 31, 2007 ER: The Complete Tenth Season (2003–2004) 22 March 3, 2009 January 28, 2008 May 7, 2008 ER: The Complete Eleventh Season (2004–2005) 22 July 14, 2009 April 21, 2008 May 7, 2008 ER: The Complete Twelfth Season (2005–2006) 22 January 12, 2010 September 15, 2008 October 1, 2008 ER: The Complete Thirteenth Season (2006–2007) 23 July 6, 2010 November 3, 2008 April 29, 2009 ER: The Complete Fourteenth Season (2007–2008) 19 January 11, 2011 May 18, 2009 April 28, 2010 ER: The Final Season (2008–2009) 22 July 12, 2011 September 21, 2009 October 12, 2010 </Wikitable> The DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in [anamorphic widescreen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen) even though the first six seasons of the show were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format. ER was shot [protecting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_and_protect) for widescreen presentation, allowing the show to be presented in 16:9 [open matte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_matte) (leaving only the title sequence in the 4:3 format). However, as the production of the show was generally conceived with 4:3 presentation in mind, some episodes feature vignetting or unintended objects towards the sides of the frame that would not be visible when presented in the 4:3 format. These episodes also appear in the widescreen format when rerun on [TNT HD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(American_TV_network)), [Pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_(American_TV_channel)) and streaming services. In 2018, [Hulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu) struck a deal with [Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Domestic_Television_Distribution) to stream all 15 seasons of the show. The show arrived on [HBO Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Max) in January 2022. Soundtrack In 1996, [Atlantic Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records) released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring [James Newton Howard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Newton_Howard)'s theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series. Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02) Dr. Lewis and Renee (from "The Birthday Party") (1:57) Canine Blues (from "Make of Two Hearts") (2:27) Goodbye Baby Susie (from "Fever of Unknown Origin") (3:11) Doug & Carol (from "The Gift") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59) Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25) The Hero (from "Hell And High Water") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55) Carter, See You Next Fall (from "Everything Old Is New Again") (1:28) Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33) Dr. Green and a Mother's Death (from "Love's Labor Lost") (2:48) Raul Dies (from "The Healers") (2:20) Hell and High Water (from "Hell And High Water") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38) Hold On (from "Hell And High Water") (2:47) Shep Arrives (from "The Healers") (3:37) Shattered Glass (from "Hell And High Water") (2:11) Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (1:00) It Came Upon a Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30) Other media An ER video game developed by [Legacy Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Games) for [Windows 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_2000) and [XP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_XP) was released in 2005. In the [Mad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_(TV_series)) episode "Pokémon Park / WWER", the show was parodied in the style of [WWE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE). A recurring sketch called "Toy ER" in the [Nickelodeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon) comedy series [All That](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That) parodies the show, featuring Dr. Malady (Chelsea Brummet), Dr. Botch ([Giovonnie Samuels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovonnie_Samuels)), and Dr. Sax ([Shane Lyons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Lyons)) "treating" damaged toys. A book about emergency medicine based on the TV series, The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama was published in 1996. Authors Alan Duncan Ross and Harlan Gibbs M.D. have hospital administration and ER experience, respectively, and are called fans of the TV show in the book's credits. An episode-by-episode [rewatch podcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewatch_podcast) called Setting the Tone: An ER Retrospective launched in 2019, and has featured numerous cast and crew interviews, including [Gloria Reuben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Reuben), [Abraham Benrubi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Benrubi), Noah Wyle, [Lydia Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Woodward), [Laura Innes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Innes), [Carol Flint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Flint), John Frank Levy, [Paul McCrane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCrane), and others. Foreign adaptations In March 2012, [Warner Bros. International Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._International_Television) announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories. This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series. In June 2013, Warner Bros. International Television and [Emotion Production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_Production) announced a [Serbian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia) version of ER. Urgentni Centar) premiered on October 6, 2014, on [TV Prva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_Srpska_Televizija). As of 2023, four seasons of the show have been filmed. In January 2014, Warner Bros. International Television with [RCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCN_TV), [Fox International Channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_International_Channels) and [TC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC_Televisi%C3%B3n) announced a [Colombian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia) version of ER. In March 2014, Warner Bros. International Television and [StarLight Films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlight_Media) announced a [Ukrainian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) version of ER.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] In February 2015, Warner Bros. International Television and Medyapım announced a [Turkish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) version of ER.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Reboot Original series actor [Noah Wyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Wyle) revealed that in 2020 there were talks to revive the show. However, development of that series stalled due to issues with the estate of creator [Michael Crichton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton), and in early 2024, Wyle was announced as starring in a new medical drama from [Warner Bros.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros.) and original ER showrunner [John Wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wells_(filmmaker)), The Pitt. That August, the Crichton estate brought a lawsuit against Warner Bros., Wells, and Wyle, alleging that The Pitt was in fact an unauthorized remake of ER which could not be produced without the estate's approval; Warner Bros. has denied the allegation, calling The Pitt "a new and original show".

2024-09-18 18:50:04

Navakoti_Narayana

<Infotable> Navakoti Narayana Film DVD cover Directed by: S. K. Ananthachari Screenplay by: Narendra BabuS. K. Ananthachari Produced by: D. R. Naidu Starring: RajkumarSowcar JanakiDikki Madhava RaoH. R. Shastri Cinematography: S. V. Srikanth Edited by: S. P. N. KrishnaHarinarayanaiah Music by: Shivaprasad Release date: 1964(1964) Running time: 163 minutes Country: India Language: Kannada </Infotable> 1964(1964) Navakoti Narayana is a 1964 Indian [Kannada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada)-language film directed by S. K. Ananthachari starring [Rajkumar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar) and [Sowcar Janaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowcar_Janaki). The film is based on the life of [Purandara Dasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purandara_Dasa), a prominent composer of [Carnatic music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music) who lived from 1484 to 1564. In the film, Rajkumar plays the role of [Purandara Dasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purandara_Dasa). The music of the film was composed by Shivaprasad. This was the second Kannada movie on the life of Purandara Dasa after 1937 movie [Purandaradasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purandaradasa_(film)). Cast [Rajkumar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar) as [Purandara Dasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purandara_Dasa) [Sowcar Janaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowcar_Janaki) as Saraswati, wife of Purandara Dasa Dikki Madhava Rao H.R. Shastri as Vyasatirtha Mala Radhika Kemparaj Soundtrack <Infotable> Navakoti Narayana Soundtrack albumbyShivaprasad Released: 1964 Genre: Feature film soundtrack Label: Sa Re Ga Ma[2] </Infotable> The music of the film was composed by Shivaprasad. Tracklist <Wikitable> # Title Singer(s) Length 1 "Madhukara Vruththi" P. Leela, P. B. Sreenivas, M. Balamuralikrishna 4:25 2 "Bangaravidabare" P. Leela, M. Balamuralikrishna 3:36 3 "Padumanabha" Subbanarasimhayya 2:47 4 "Dasarendare" P. B. Sreenivas 0:39 5 "Aalaya" M. Balamuralikrishna 1:02 6 "Aadadella Olithe" M. Balamuralikrishna 2:59 7 "Kannare Kande" M. Balamuralikrishna 3:20 8 "Ranga Bara" S. Janaki, M. Balamuralikrishna 3:35 9 "Indina Dinave" M. Balamuralikrishna 3:31 10 "Manavajanma" M. Balamuralikrishna 2:46 11 "Achchuthananda" M. Balamuralikrishna 2:03 12 "Sri Gananatha" Chorus 1:58 </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 17:58:09

TV_(software)

<Infotable> Developer(s): Apple Inc. Platform: Apple:–iPhone,iPad, andiPod TouchwithiOS 10.2and later–Apple TVwith Apple TV Software 7.3/tvOS10.1 or later–MacswithmacOS 10.15 Catalinaor later–Apple Vision ProwithvisionOS1.0 or laterNon-Apple:– 2016 and laterRokuandAmazon Fire TVmodels and certainRoku TVandFire TV Editionmodels[1]– SomeSamsung Tizen,LG webOS, andVizio SmartCastsmart TV platform models, and selectSonyBraviaAndroid TVmodels[1][2][3][4][5][6]–PlayStation 4and5(November 12, 2020)[7]–Xbox One(November 9, 2020)[8]–Xbox Series X/S(November 10, 2020)[9]–Android TVwith version 8.0 or later (June 1, 2021)[10][11] Predecessor: Videos (iOS)iTunes (macOS) Type: Video streamingMedia player Website: www.apple.com/apple-tv-app/ </Infotable> Apple: – [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone), [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad), and [iPod Touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch) with [iOS 10.2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_10) and later – [Apple TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV) with Apple TV Software 7.3/[tvOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvOS) 10.1 or later – [Macs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh) with [macOS 10.15 Catalina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_10.15_Catalina) or later – [Apple Vision Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro) with [visionOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisionOS) 1.0 or later Non-Apple: – 2016 and later [Roku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku) and [Amazon Fire TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV) models and certain [Roku TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku_TV) and [Fire TV Edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_TV_Edition) models – Some [Samsung Tizen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Tizen), [LG webOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_webOS), and [Vizio SmartCast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizio_SmartCast) smart TV platform models, and select [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony) [Bravia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravia_(brand)) [Android TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV) models – [PlayStation 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5) (November 12, 2020) – [Xbox One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One) (November 9, 2020) – [Xbox Series X/S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S) (November 10, 2020) – [Android TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV) with version 8.0 or later (June 1, 2021) Videos (iOS)iTunes (macOS) [Video streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_streaming)[Media player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_(software)) The Apple TV app (also known as Apple TV, TV, and the TV app)[[n 1]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-17) is a line of [media player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_(software)) software programs developed by [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.) for viewing television shows and films delivered by Apple to [consumer electronic devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronic_devices). It can stream content from the [iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store), the Apple TV Channels [a la carte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_la_carte_pay_television) [video on demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand) service, and the [Apple TV+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B) original content subscription service. On [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone), [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad), [iPod Touch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch), [Vision Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro), and [Apple TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV) devices it can also index and access content from linked apps of other video on demand services. The app was released in the United States in December 2016 for [iPhones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone), [iPod Touches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch), and [iPads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad) and was rolled out to other countries starting in late 2017. During the course of 2019 and 2020, it was brought to [Macs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_(computer)) and the third generation Apple TV and gradually, with certain feature omissions, to non-Apple devices: post-2015 [Roku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku) and [Amazon Fire TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV) models and some newer television models on the [Roku TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku_TV), [Fire TV Edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_TV_Edition), [Samsung Tizen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Tizen), [LG webOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_webOS), and [Vizio SmartCast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizio_SmartCast) [smart TV platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV_platform), with select new [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony) [Android TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV) models gaining access in October 2020. History First-party devices TV was announced at an Apple media event on October 27, 2016, and was released in the United States on December 12, 2016, with [iOS 10.2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_10#10.2) and [tvOS 10.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvOS#tvOS_10), replacing the "Videos" application in earlier versions of iOS. It aggregates television shows and movies from the [iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store) with content from installed partner apps, and can track progress across devices using the same [Apple ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_ID). Only content from Apple's services opens inside the TV app; other content is opened in the linked app. The app originally contained five sections: "Watch Now", "Sports", "Library", "Store" and "Search". [Push notifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology) for sports scores can be enabled. TV received a major redesign following Apple's [March 2019 media event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events#Apple_Special_Event_(March_25,_2019)), which refocused it as a hub for Apple-distributed video streaming. The new version added support for Apple TV Channels and debuted a new icon similar to the Apple TV hardware icon, replacing the previous icon resembling a television. TV was added to the pre-tvOS 3rd generation Apple TV in March 2019, though this version lacks the ability to link with other video on demand apps. [Picture-in-picture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture-in-picture) and switching between multiple Apple IDs was added in tvOS 13 to fourth generation and newer Apple TVs. TV was released with [macOS Catalina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Catalina) on October 7, 2019, as one of three applications created to replace [iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes). It supports [Dolby Atmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Atmos), [Dolby Vision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Vision), and [HDR10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR10) on MacBooks released in 2018 or later, while 4K HDR playback is supported on the [iMac Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac_Pro) and other Macs released in 2018 or later when connected to a compatible display. TV was released for [visionOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisionOS) on February 2, 2024, alongside the release of the [Apple Vision Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro), and includes support for viewing [3D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_movies) versions of selected movies purchased through the service at no extra cost. Third-party devices Apple announced in January 2019 that the TV app would be made available on non-Apple platforms for the first time. The decision to expand to other platforms was cited as part of Apple's efforts to expand its service revenues by making video content available widely to the public. It launched on [Roku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roku) on October 15, 2019, on models with a 3800 model number or higher, and on the Roku TV platform. It became available on [Amazon Fire TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV) on October 24, 2019, though limited to Fire TV devices released in 2016 or later, and on the Fire TV Edition platform. The app launched on [Samsung TVs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics#Televisions) on their customized version of the [Tizen OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizen_OS) platform on May 13, 2019. It became available on the LG webOS platform on February 3, 2020. It was added to the Vizio SmartCast platform on September 8, 2020. The app also launched on select 2020 Sony [Bravia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravia_(brand)) [Android TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_TV) models on October 14, 2020. On December 16, 2020, [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google) announced that the Android TV version of the app would be widely made available to other devices running Android TV, beginning with the [Chromecast with Google TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromecast_with_Google_TV) in early 2021. It became available on nearly all Android TV models and devices running on Android TV 8.0 on June 1, 2021. The app became available on the [PlayStation 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4) and [PlayStation 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5) in November 2020, as well as the [Xbox One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One), and the [Xbox Series X/S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S) on November 10, 2020. The features available through the software on non-Apple devices are more limited than those on Apple devices, such as a lack of [Dolby Atmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Atmos) and [Dolby Vision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Vision) support, but additional updates have lessened the differences over time. Content TV supports [4K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution), [Dolby Atmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Atmos), [Dolby Vision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Vision), and [HDR10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR10) on the [Apple TV 4K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV#4th_and_5th_generation). Dolby Vision and HDR10 are supported on [iPad Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Pro) and [iPhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone) models[[n 2]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-55) released in 2017 or later, and Dolby Atmos on 2018 iPad Pro models and iPhones. Content from the TV app may also be streamed via Apple's [AirPlay 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPlay_2) protocol from a device supporting the TV app to particular smart television sets from [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony), [Vizio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizio), [LG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronics), and [Samsung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics). Sources As an aggregation service, the TV app pulls content from a variety of sources and streaming platforms for viewing. Content can be rented or purchased directly through the "Store" tab in the app, while in versions before iOS 17.2 films and TV shows would instead have to be purchased through the [iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store). TV also serves as the hub for the [Apple TV+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B) subscription service, featuring original content created for Apple including productions by their own [Apple Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Studios). The versions of the TV app on [iOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS), [iPadOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS), and [tvOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvOS) can also integrate and curate content from supported third-party video on demand apps installed on the same device, and can track progress across devices using the same Apple ID. Only content from Apple's services opens inside the TV app, for other content it will open the linked app. Support from apps varies by country. Support for Netflix is limited; their television shows and films will appear in search results and play, but other features like curation and progress tracking are unavailable. Apple TV Channels is a service that aggregates content from popular [video on demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand) [a la carte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_la_carte_pay_television) subscription services and is accessed from the TV app. Announced in March 2019, it is designed to simplify subscriptions by making them purchasable and accessible in one video content hub, so the consumer need not use each service's own sign-up mechanism or view the content through each service's own app or website. It is designed to compete with similar services such as [Amazon Channels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video#Amazon_Channels) and [Hulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu) Add-Ons, which similarly make multiple subscription premium networks available in one location. The payment method can also be centralized through Apple's own billing service. Because the content is from paid subscription services, it will be ad-free. Content can also be downloaded to the device for offline viewing, and there is an option to share accounts within families. Partners include [Cinemax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemax), [Boomerang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(TV_network)), [Discovery Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel), [Motor Trend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend_(TV_network)), [Tastemade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tastemade), [Starz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starz), [MGM+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM%2B), [Showtime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)), [BET+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%2B), [Paramount+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%2B), [Nick+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%2B), [Noggin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noggin_(brand)), [Curiosity Stream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_Stream), [Mubi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubi_(streaming_service)), [Globoplay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globoplay), [BBC Select](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Select_(streaming_service)), [BritBox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BritBox), [AMC+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%2B), [Allblk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allblk), [Shudder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudder_(streaming_service)), and [Acorn TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_TV). [HBO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO) was a launch partner but deprecated their channel following the launch of [HBO Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Max), discontinuing new subscriptions and retaining existing ones for Apple users who registered for the channel before the May 2020 launch of HBO Max (while granting access to HBO Max at no extra charge) until July 22, 2021, when it was discontinued for existing subscriptions. The broad reach of the 1.4 billion Apple devices in use globally induced major services, some of which already have their own content distribution systems, to make deals with Apple. [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix) declined to be involved with the service, with CEO [Reed Hastings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Hastings) saying that they chose not to integrate its service's programming into Apple TV Channels because "we prefer to have our customers watch our content in our service." Netflix would have received little or no data about viewers from Apple TV Channels. [AT&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T) CEO [Randall Stephenson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Stephenson), during an on-stage discussion with [CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC)'s [Andrew Ross Sorkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ross_Sorkin) at a [fintech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintech) event, pushed back on the suggestion that content providers like AT&T's HBO would "not have the same level of access to the data" captured from Apple TV Channels that they currently receive through their own apps and websites to "see what everybody's really watching and be able to make certain decisions", instead insisting that AT&T's digital distribution deals provide it "access to data ... critical to advertising delivery, [ ] critical to marketing". On June 14, 2022, [Major League Soccer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer) (MLS) announced that it had signed a 10-year broadcasting deal with Apple that would take effect with the [2023 MLS season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Major_League_Soccer_season), under which Apple would hold the global over-the-top streaming rights to all MLS and [Leagues Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leagues_Cup) matches, and selected [MLS Next](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Next) and [MLS Next Pro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro) matches. The service, known as [MLS Season Pass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Season_Pass), launched on February 1, 2023 as a channel in the Apple TV app. In addition to offering a discounted rate to Apple TV+ subscribers, a package of MLS and Leagues Cup matches is available for Apple TV+ subscribers, with a subset of these matches available for free. Release history <Wikitable> Region Date Ref. United States December 12, 2016 [67][68] Australia September 19, 2017 [69] Canada September 19, 2017 [69] Norway October 31, 2017 [70] Sweden October 31, 2017 [70] France December 8, 2017 [71] Germany December 8, 2017 [71] United Kingdom December 8, 2017 [71] Brazil March 30, 2018 [72] Mexico March 30, 2018 [72] 90 additional countries May 13, 2019 [73] </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 18:43:25

Macclesfield_Town_F.C.

<Infotable> Full name: Macclesfield Town Football Club Nickname(s): The Silkmen Founded: 1874; 150 years ago(1874)(as Macclesfield F.C.) Dissolved: 16 September 2020; 3 years ago(2020-09-16) Ground: Moss Rose Capacity: 5,911 (2,375 seated) Home coloursAway colours Home colours Away colours Home colours Away colours </Infotable> Macclesfield Town Football Club was an [association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) club based in [Macclesfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield), [Cheshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire), [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England). Initially known as Macclesfield F.C., the club was formed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_in_association_football) and from 1891 played home games at [Moss Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Rose). It competed in the short-lived [Combination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Combination) league in the 1890–91 season, reforming in the [Manchester League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Football_League) at the end of the century. The club won the Manchester League title twice, before becoming inaugural members of the [Cheshire County League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_County_League) at the start of the 1919–20 season, ultimately winning the League six times. Renamed Macclesfield Town in 1946, the club were founder members of the [Northern Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League) in 1968, winning the league in its first two years, as well as the [FA Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy) in 1970. They were promoted to the [Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)) after they won their third Northern Premier League title in 1986–87. Manager [Sammy McIlroy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_McIlroy) led Macclesfield Town to the top of the Conference in 1993–94, but they were not promoted as Moss Rose did not meet [Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League) requirements. They won the FA Trophy for a second time in 1996. They again won the Conference title in 1996–97 and this time were promoted, winning promotion in their inaugural Football League campaign with a second-place finish in the [Third Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division) in 1997–98. However they were immediately relegated from the [Second Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division). The club stayed in the fourth tier of the Football League from 1999 to 2012, losing a play-off semi-final in 2005, before being relegated back into the Conference. Despite financial constraints, manager [John Askey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Askey) led the club back into the Football League as champions of the [National League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(English_football)) in [2017–18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_National_League). In [2018–19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_EFL_League_Two), the club avoided relegation back to the National League, but financial issues continued to affect it. After a points deduction activated on 11 August 2020, the club was relegated to the National League, the 5th tier of English football, for the 2020–21 season. The club was [wound-up](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation) after a [High Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice) ruling on 16 September 2020, and the club was initially suspended and then expelled from the National League with effect from 12 October 2020. In October 2020, local businessman Robert Smethurst purchased the assets of Macclesfield Town, and established [Macclesfield F.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_F.C.), entering it into the [North West Counties Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Counties_Football_League) in the 2021–22 season. History 19th century The beginnings of Macclesfield Town Football Club can be traced, at least in part, to the 8th Cheshire Rifle Volunteers who were formed in 1873 and played regularly in Macclesfield from October 1874. It was agreed at a public meeting on 21 October 1876 that the 8th Cheshire Rifle Volunteers and the Olympic Cricket club teams be merged to form Macclesfield F.C.; initially matches alternated between association and rugby rules. At the beginning of the 1878–79 Macclesfield United Football Club merged with Macclesfield Football Club. The club played in the [FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup) competition for the first time on 18 November 1882, losing 3–4 to Lockwood Brothers and first entered the [Cheshire Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Senior_Cup) in the 1879–80 season, winning this competition for the first time on 22 March 1890 when they beat [Nantwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantwich_Town_F.C.) 4–1 and went on to be winners on three more occasions before the turn of the century. Macclesfield became members of [The Combination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Combination) at the start of the 1890–91 season and moved from Victoria Road to the Moss Rose on 12 September 1891 which remains the home of the Silkmen today. In July 1894 the first limited company, Macclesfield Football and Athletic Club Limited, was formed but only lasted until the end of the 1896–97 season when it was wound up and Macclesfield Football Club withdrew from The Combination due to financial constraints. For the 1897–98 season, and the following two seasons, local amateur side Hallefield moved their fixtures to the Moss Rose. 1900 to World War II Having re-formed, Macclesfield became members of the [Manchester League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Football_League) for the 1900–01 season and were champions in the 1908–09 and 1910–11 seasons. They fielded two senior teams for the 1911–12 season, continuing in the Manchester League with the second team competing in the [Lancashire Combination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Combination) 2nd Division. Having withdrawn from the Manchester League at the end of the 1911–12 season, the club reverted to one senior team for the 1912–13 season which competed in the Lancashire Combination 2nd Division. They gained promotion as runners-up at the end of the 1913–14 season to compete in the 1st Division for the 1914–15 season. In line with all other football clubs after a decree by the government there was no further competitive football at the Moss Rose during hostilities. Macclesfield became inaugural members of the [Cheshire County League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_County_League) at the start of the 1919–20 season of which they were champions in the 1931–32 and 1932–33 seasons. In the 1933–34 season, Albert Valentine set an all-time club record scoring 83 goals in the season. The first ever manager, James Stevenson, was appointed for the 1936–37 season. Between 1900 and 1939 they won the Cheshire Senior Cup three times (1910–11, 1929–30 and 1934–35). Although a member of the Cheshire War-time League (1939 West Series and 1940 East Series), due to dwindling attendances and increasing debts Macclesfield withdrew from the league at the end of the 1939–40 season and no further football was played on the Moss Rose during the Second World War. It would be just prior to the 1946–47 season before the outstanding debts were settled. 1946 to 1999 When competitive football resumed after [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II), Macclesfield Town Football Club Ltd was formed and the club gained their current name. The club re-joined the Cheshire County League in [1946–47](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946-47_in_English_football), playing their first game after reformation on 31 August 1946, a 2–0 defeat to [Buxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton_F.C.). The club's form in the remainder of the 1940s was largely indifferent, with the exception of a Cheshire League Challenge Cup win in 1948. The 1950s proved more successful, with four trophies in as many years from 1951 to 1954, including the club's first Cheshire County League title in 20 years in 1953, though the team's fortunes faded in the latter half of the decade. Macclesfield Town progressed through four qualifying rounds to make their first appearance in the [FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup) first round in 1960 under manager Frank Bowyer, but lost 7–2 to [Southport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_F.C.). At the end of that season the club won the Cheshire County League, beginning a nine-year period in which they won three league titles and finished no lower than fifth, and in 1964 won the Cheshire County League by a record-equalling 13 point margin. The club reached the FA Cup third round for the first time in 1968, meeting [First Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division) [Fulham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C.) at [Craven Cottage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Cottage). Macclesfield Town lost 4–2, but the performance resulted in Macclesfield Town's Keith Goalen becoming the first non-league player to be named Footballer of the Month by the [London Evening Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_Standard). The club were founder members of the [Northern Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League), one of three leagues at the [fifth tier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system) of English football, upon its creation in 1968. Macclesfield Town were champions in each of the first two seasons of the competition, finishing 12 points clear in [1968–69](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968-69_in_English_football), and by [goal average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_average) in [1969–70](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969-70_in_English_football). The 1969–70 season also resulted in a trip to [Wembley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)) for the inaugural final of the FA Trophy, a knockout competition for non-league clubs. Macclesfield Town defeated [Telford United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telford_United_F.C.) 2–0 in front of more than 28,000 spectators to win the competition. A period of decline then followed, despite the performances of [Willie Mailey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mailey) in goal, and the side's fortunes reached a nadir when the club finished bottom of the Northern Premier League in 1979, a year when the stronger teams from the division formed the national [Alliance Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Conference) (now known as the National League). The 1980s saw steady rebuilding. The club finished as Northern Premier League runners-up in the 1984–85 season. Macclesfield Town's third Northern Premier League title in the 1986–87 season resulted in promotion to the [Football Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Conference); they also lifted the League Challenge Cup and President's Cup. They finished in mid-table in their first Conference season, and eliminated two League teams, [Carlisle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C.) and [Rotherham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C.), from the FA Cup. The club reached the FA Trophy final for the second time in 1989, facing Telford United. However, the team did not match the achievement of their predecessors 19 years earlier, losing 1–0. From a high of a fourth place league finish in [1989–90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989-90_in_English_football), Macclesfield Town's final standing diminished each season, and following a struggle against relegation in [1992–93](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992-93_in_English_football), manager Peter Wragg was sacked, and replaced with former [Manchester United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.) midfielder [Sammy McIlroy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_McIlroy). McIlroy took charge at the start of the [1993–94](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993-94_in_English_football) season, and guided the club to the Football Conference championship in his second season as manager. However. the club was denied promotion to the [English Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League) because the Moss Rose did not meet league requirements of having a 6,000 total capacity including at least 1,000 seats by the League's deadline of 31 December 1994. Macclesfield Town won the Conference title again two seasons later in 1996–97, by which time the stadium had been upgraded and they were promoted to Division Three of the Football League in place of [Hereford United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C.). Upon gaining League status, the club turned fully professional. Macclesfield Town's first League match was a 2–1 win at home to [Torquay United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C.) on 9 August 1997. Town's first ever goal in the Football League was scored by [Efe Sodje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efe_Sodje) who also became Macclesfield Town's first Black player that day. The momentum of the Conference success continued, and, unbeaten at home in their first League season, Macclesfield Town finished runners-up in Division Three and were promoted for the second consecutive season, this time to Division Two. However, the higher level proved a step too far for the club, who finished the [1998–99 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998-99_in_English_football) bottom of Division Two and were relegated. McIlroy soon left to become the [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team) national coach and was replaced by former Manchester United colleague [Peter Davenport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davenport). 2000 to 2020 A dismal start to the following season cost Davenport his job though, and Gil Prescott took over for the remainder of the season, keeping Macclesfield Town clear of relegation. [David Moss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Moss_(footballer_born_1952)) in turn succeeded Prescott as manager and delivered two decent mid-table finishes, but a bad start to the [2003–04 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003-04_in_English_football) resulted in his sacking. Club stalwart [John Askey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Askey) succeeded Moss initially on a temporary basis, and earned the job permanently with some promising early results. However, a terrible run of one win in three months meant that Askey's term as manager was short-lived. In March 2004, with relegation to the Conference threatening, Macclesfield Town turned to the experienced 55-year-old [Brian Horton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Horton) to take charge. Horton reinvigorated Macclesfield Town who finished fifth in the [2004–05](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004-05_in_English_football) season, resulting in a playoff place, but the team were eliminated in the semi-finals by [Lincoln City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C.). In 2005–06, the team finished an undistinguished 17th. Horton was sacked by the club in late September 2006, following a 12-game winless start to the season, leaving the club bottom of the Football League. On 23 October 2006, [Paul Ince](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ince) was confirmed as Macclesfield Town's new player-manager. He lost his first match in charge 3–2 to Mansfield Town, and it took Macclesfield Town until 20 games into the season to record their first league win under Ince, on 5 December 2006. The team then went on a nine match unbeaten run, earning Ince the League Two Manager of the Month award for December 2006, and also securing an FA Cup tie against then [English champions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_champions) [Chelsea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.) away in the 3rd round of the FA Cup, which Town lost 6–1. They were then just able to survive after drawing 1–1 with [Notts County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notts_County_F.C.) on the final day of the 2006–07 season, after a poor run of results landed the team back in the relegation zone; this game also saw the last appearance (and booking) of Paul Ince as a professional footballer. On 24 June 2007, Ince resigned to become [MK Dons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C.) manager. On 29 June 2007, [Ian Brightwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Brightwell) was announced as the new manager, with [Asa Hartford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Hartford) as his assistant. Macclesfield Town started the 2007–08 season away with a 1–1 draw to former [Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League) club [Bradford City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C.) and narrowly lost 1–0 to another former Premier League team [Leeds United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_A.F.C.) in the first round of the [Football League Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup). Away from the pitch, in January 2008, Chairman Rob Bickerton left the club after 7 years to join [Shrewsbury Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town). He was replaced by club supporter Mike Rance, with ex-player Andy Scott, founder of Bank Fashion Retail stores, as vice-chairman. Following a poor run of results and with the club again flirting with the relegation zone to the Football Conference, on 27 February 2008, Brightwell and Hartford left the club with immediate effect. [Keith Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Alexander_(footballer)) was named as manager until the end of the season. Alexander kept the Silkmen in League Two following a run of four wins and three draws in nine games and was awarded a new two-year contract. On 3 March 2010, Macclesfield Town announced that manager Alexander had died at the age of 53. Alexander, who suffered a brain aneurysm in November 2003, died after arriving home from the League Two match at Notts County. Subsequently, on 13 April 2010, Macclesfield Town announced [Gary Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Simpson_(footballer,_born_1961)), previously Alexander's assistant, as manager on a two-year contract in May 2011, which was subsequently extended by a further year. On 10 January 2011, it was announced that midfield player [Richard Butcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Butcher_(footballer)) had died aged 29. The club retired the number 21 shirt in his honour. Macclesfield Town failed to win any match from the start of January 2012 until the end of the season (23 league and two FA Cup games; eight draws and 17 defeats). After defeat at [Dagenham & Redbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C.) on 17 March continued a winless streak of 14 League matches, Simpson was asked to step down as manager by chairman Mike Rance, and was replaced by [Brian Horton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Horton). However, Horton was unable to change Town's poor form and the team were relegated to the Conference Premier on 28 April 2012 following a home defeat to [Burton Albion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Albion_F.C.). Horton then left the club and [Glyn Chamberlain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Chamberlain) took charge of the team for the final game of the season, before Steve King was appointed as manager on 21 May 2012. At the same time, it was announced that Andy Scott would stand down as deputy chairman with immediate effect, and that three other directors, including Rance, would stand down in due course. On 5 January 2013, Macclesfield Town beat Championship Leaders [Cardiff City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C.) in the [FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup) 3rd round 2–1. This gave them a place in the 4th round of the tournament for the first time in their 139-year history. Macclesfield Town were generally in or around the Conference National play-off places for much of the season, but a failure to secure a play-off spot resulted in the sacking of Steve King just before the season ended, with the club reappointing former manager John Askey as King's replacement. Macclesfield regularly finished in the top half of the fifth tier despite financial difficulties and on 21 May 2017, the club visited [Wembley Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium) for a fourth time, their first appearance since the stadium was rebuilt, losing the [2017 FA Trophy Final](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FA_Trophy_Final) 3–2 against [York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C.), who Askey would later go on to manage. A total of 7,698 Silkmen supporters attended the final. Macclesfield topped the National League table for the majority of the 2018/19 season and on 21 April 2018, the Silkmen beat [Eastleigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh_F.C.) 2–0 to win the title along with promotion back to the Football League after six years playing non-league football. Following the departure of John Askey for [Shrewsbury Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C.), [Mark Yates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Yates_(footballer)) was named as manager in June 2018. Yates departed the club in October 2018 after failing to win any of his first twelve league games in charge. After Danny Whitaker and Neil Howarth briefly took temporary charge, former [Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League) and [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team) defender [Sol Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Campbell) was appointed manager in November 2018. In his first managerial role, Campbell secured safety (and 22nd place) on the final day of the season with a draw against [Cambridge United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C.). In early 2019, off-pitch financial issues meant players were not paid for three months, with some players threatening to boycott the Cambridge game. Six players issued a winding-up order against the club, which was taken over by [HM Revenue and Customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs) in September but the High Court hearing was adjourned 10 times. A hearing on 25 March 2020 was then postponed, due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom), to 17 June, when it was adjourned for an 11th time, to 9 September 2020. Campbell left the club by mutual consent on 15 August 2019, with [Daryl McMahon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_McMahon) taking over as manager; Campbell later backed the HMRC winding-up bid, claiming to be owed £180,000. In October 2019, players again went unpaid, seeking help from the EFL – which, in November, began a formal investigation into the club's failure to pay its players. A strike by first team players over the unpaid wages jeopardised Macclesfield's FA Cup first round tie against non-league [Kingstonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstonian_F.C.) at the Moss Rose on 10 November 2019, but the club fulfilled the fixture, fielding six youth team players and five loanees, losing the tie 4–0 amid protests from Macclesfield supporters, many of whom boycotted the game. Meanwhile, local businessman Joe Sealey, son of former [Manchester United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.) goalkeeper [Les Sealey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Sealey), said he wanted to buy the club, though the takeover later (21 November) stalled. On 14 November 2019, Macclesfield was charged with misconduct by the EFL and referred to a disciplinary panel after failing to pay players. As some players remained unpaid, they said they would not play in the 16 November League Two fixture against [Mansfield Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C.) unless paid by 6pm GMT on 15 November. Most were paid so the game went ahead. Two weeks later, Macclesfield players again told the club's owner they would not train, or play on 7 December against [Crewe Alexandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C.), if owed wages were not paid. The game was officially 'suspended' on 6 December, with the EFL triggering further disciplinary action. On 19 December, the EFL docked Macclesfield six points (with a further four-point deduction suspended) over this infraction, but after a January 2020 arbitration panel upheld a "lenient" penalty imposed on [Bolton Wanderers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C.) for not fulfilling two 2019 fixtures, Maccclesfield Town appealed against its points deduction and the deduction was reduced to four points (with three suspended). The 21 December fixture against [Plymouth Argyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C.) was then postponed due to a Moss Rose ground safety issue; the EFL again charged the club with misconduct for failing to fulfil its fixture obligations. Meanwhile, Macclesfield supporters set up a hardship fund, raising over £11,000 to provide short-term financial emergency support for players and non-playing staff, fearing their club could follow [Bury F.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_F.C.) into "extinction" and blaming owner Amar Alkhadi. He claimed to be in "advanced negotiations with various third parties" over a possible takeover of the club, and on 15 January 2020 said a bid to buy the club had been accepted in principle. Frustrated by the club's financial position, with December's pay arriving late, manager McMahon resigned after four months in charge, on 2 January 2020, joining [Dagenham & Redbridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C.) the following day, along with assistant [Steve Gritt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gritt). After Danny Whitaker took temporary charge, on 16 January 2020, [Mark Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_(footballer,_born_1976)) was appointed head coach. On 29 January, three Macclesfield players ([Emmanuel Osadebe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Osadebe), [Theo Vassell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Vassell) and [Miles Welch-Hayes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Welch-Hayes)) approached the EFL and had their contracts terminated ahead of the [transfer deadline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_window). Club staff wages for February were also not paid on time, leading the PFA to contact the club. On 9 March, the club was charged with misconduct by the EFL for failing to pay players on time, and was referred to an independent disciplinary commission after failing to fulfil the Crewe and Plymouth fixtures. In April 2020, it was reported that the club had not paid its players for a fifth time, failing to pay March's wages, and later that the first team, backroom staff and most office staff had been put on [furlough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough) (temporary leave) due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic). In May 2020, the club was given a seven-point deduction (with a further two-point deduction suspended) for failing to fulfil the Plymouth fixture in December 2019, and for failing to pay players' wages. After the Silkmen Supporters' Trust provided a loan of £10,000 to help towards the payment of players' wages for April, further misconduct charges were brought by the EFL on 1 June, relating to late payment of salaries in March. These latest charges left Macclesfield at risk of relegation as, on 9 June, an EFL EGM agreed outstanding promotion and relegation issues, with "ongoing disciplinary matters" meaning Macclesfield could go down in place of [Stevenage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C.) if further points deductions were made. Continued uncertainty ahead of the disciplinary hearing on 19 June 2020 was reported to be affecting the mental health of the club's players and staff, and having an impact on the club's potential sale to Joe Sealey, who said he would only be interested if EFL status was retained. On 1 June, Macclesfield received a two-point deduction – retaining the club's League Two status – along with a suspended four-point deduction and a £20,000 fine plus costs. However, on 3 July, the EFL said it would appeal against the independent disciplinary panel's sanctions on Macclesfield; the hearing was set for 11 August 2020. In the meantime, the club provided the EFL with a "robust" business plan showing sustainable future financial and management resources, and on 4 August, chairman Amar Alkadhi resigned his position. On 11 August 2020, the club was relegated to the National League following the EFL's appeal. The suspended four-point deduction was activated, dropping Macclesfield to the bottom of the table, and reprieving Stevenage. The following day, manager Mark Kennedy and his assistant resigned. 2020 winding-up order On 9 September 2020, the High Court granted Macclesfield a seven-day extension (effectively a 12th adjournment) to a winding-up petition over unpaid tax to give time for a possible takeover of the club by Robert Benwell (previously linked with a move to buy [Bury F.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_F.C.)). If the takeover – said to be at "an advanced stage" – fell through, current owner Amar Alkadhi said outstanding debts would be paid (HMRC was owed £188,721.09, with eight creditors owed £592,000). On 16 September 2020, the High Court made a winding-up order against the club, pushing the club into [liquidation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation). Judge Sebastian Prentis made the order after receiving no evidence relating to the club's sale or satisfactory evidence of the club's ability to pay creditors, saying "nothing gives me comfort that the club can pay its debts in a reasonable period". The Silkmen Supporters' Trust were reported to be exploring what actions they could take to save the club, and to be seeking a meeting with the receiver. However, on 29 September 2020, the club was suspended by the National League and its first three scheduled games were postponed, pending a notice of expulsion taking effect from 12 October 2020. The club's final match was a 2–1 victory in a friendly match at Cheshire neighbours [Witton Albion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witton_Albion) on 15 September 2020. Macclesfield Football Club establishment On 13 October 2020, the [official receiver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_receiver) confirmed that the assets of Macclesfield Town had been sold to Macc Football Club Limited. Local businessman (and owner of 10th tier [Stockport Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_Town_F.C.)) Robert Smethurst had purchased the assets, intending to establish a new club, [Macclesfield Football Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_F.C.), and enter the [North West Counties Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Counties_Football_League) in the 2021–22 campaign. Former Wales international [Robbie Savage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Savage), then a Stockport Town player, joined the club's board, and former Town player Danny Whittaker became team manager. Kit and badge Macclesfield Town's colours were blue and white; the club have used combinations of these colours since 1947, with the exception of the 1975–76 season, when the team wore tangerine and black as part of a sponsorship deal. Earlier incarnations of the club wore several colours. The first Macclesfield kit was amber and black stripes, but between 1882 and 1947 the club also used red and white, red, yellow and blue, blue and white, and black and white. The club currently play in a blue home shirt and a black away shirt. Their sponsors include ZAM and Macclesfield College. The club crest is based upon the coat of arms of Macclesfield, and features a blue [Lion Rampant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Rampant) holding a wheatsheaf. A new club crest was planned for the start of the 2007–08 season. However, many loyal supporters were not happy with the modern design so the plans were delayed and a re-designed badge was introduced in early 2008, which won the approval of the majority of fans. Stadium Macclesfield Town played their home games at the [Moss Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Rose) stadium in the south of the town from 1891. The first game at the ground adjoining the then named Moss Rose Inn took place on 12 September 1891. Before moving to the Moss Rose, three other grounds were used: [Macclesfield Grammar School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_School,_Macclesfield), Rostron's Field (near Coare Street) and Victoria Road (then known as Bowfield Lane). The current capacity of the Moss Rose is 6,335, of which 2,599 is seated. The Silk FM Stand (traditionally known as the London Road or Main Stand) runs along one side of the pitch and consists of a seated grandstand with open air terracing to either side, and the opposite side is the seated Alfred McAlpine Stand. The club's most vociferous supporters congregate in the Star Lane End, which is a mixture of terracing and seating. Visiting supporters are housed in the open air Silkman End (named after a [public house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house) which formerly adjoined the terrace) and part of the McAlpine Stand. The record attendance for Macclesfield Town at the Moss Rose is sometimes given as 7,002 for an FA Cup tie against [Spennymoor United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spennymoor_United_F.C.) in 1968. Phythian's Saga of the Silkmen (p. 85) and the News of the World Football Annual both give the record attendance of Moss Rose games involving Macclesfield Town as 9,003, in the Cheshire Cup tie vs. Winsford United, 14 February 1948. The Macclesfield Times (19 February 1948) reported that 80 coachloads of supporters had arrived from Winsford. [Euro 96](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_European_Football_Championship) winners [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team) used the Moss Rose as a training base during the championships. In September 2007, the club made a statement about possibly relocating to a new stadium in the proposed 'South Macclesfield Development Area', approximately one mile south of the Moss Rose. However, with the club in the lower part of League Two, and as England lost the bid to host the 2018 World Cup (which would have helped the cause for a new stadium), the Moss Rose stadium remained the club's ground. Supporters and rivalries During their spell as a Football League club, Macclesfield Town had a low level of support in comparison with other teams playing at the same level. The club's average attendance of 1,832 in the 2010–11 season was the lowest in [Football League Two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two) and the Football League; in 2019–2020, average attendance was 1,998—less than half of the averages achieved by nearby League Two rivals [Port Vale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C.) and [Crewe Alexandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C.). Reasons for this include the proximity of Macclesfield to cities with large football clubs such as [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester) and [Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool), and a lack of historical success, as Macclesfield Town had only been a Football League club since 1997. Most supporters are from Macclesfield and its environs with small pockets of fans from Norway, Japan, [Port Talbot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Talbot) in south Wales and Fleet in Hampshire (The Southern Silkmen Lads – SSL). In April 2011, football magazine [FourFourTwo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFourTwo) voted Macclesfield Town supporters "League Two Best Away Fans". Macclesfield Town's traditional rivals were [Altrincham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altrincham_F.C.) and [Northwich Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich_Victoria_F.C.), rivalries dating back to when all three clubs were in the Cheshire League, and later the Northern Premier League and Football Conference. Their closest rival in [the Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League) years has been [Stockport County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C.); however, as Stockport were relegated at the end of the 2010–11 season this rivalry was briefly interrupted. Following relegation for the Silkmen, this local derby was briefly resumed, until Stockport's relegation to the [Conference North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_North) at the end of the 2012–13 season. Altrincham were promoted to the National League in the 2013/14 season; however, two years later, they were relegated to the National League North. On 23 April 2021, local band and Macclesfield fans, Glass Ankle released a video for their song "Super Silkmen" which featured clips recorded by supporters whilst in COVID lockdown, as well as photos of former players and managers held in high esteem. Lyrics within the second verse reference the rivalries held with Crewe, Altrincham, and Stockport County. Club records Highest Football League finish — 24th in Division Two (level 3) – (1998–99 season) Record Football League victory — 6–0 v. Stockport County (2005–06 season) Record Football League defeat — 8–0 v. West Ham United (Away) – 2018–19 EFL Cup third round Highest Football League home attendance — 6,381 v. Manchester City (1998–99 season) Lowest Football League home attendance — 1,035 v. Northampton Town (2009–10 season) Highest Overall away attendance — 41,434 v. Chelsea FA Cup 3rd Round (2006–07 season) Highest Football League away attendance — 31,086 v. Manchester City (1998–99 season) Lowest Football League away attendance — 1,210 v. Accrington Stanley (2009–10 season) Record transfer fee paid — £40,000 to [Bury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_F.C.) for [Danny Swailes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Swailes) (2004–05 season) Record transfer fee received — £300,000 from [Stockport County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C.) for [Rickie Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickie_Lambert) (2002–03 season) Record Football League appearances Most Football League appearances — 263, [Darren Tinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Tinson) (1997–98 to 2002–03 season) but see below for the club's all-time record holder, John Askey Youngest Football League appearance — 16 years 342 days, [Elliott Hewitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Hewitt) (2010–11 season) Oldest Football League appearance — 39 years 196 days, [Paul Ince](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ince) (2006–07 season) <Wikitable> Name Years FL starts FL sub FL total Darren Tinson 1997–2003 263 0 263 Matthew Tipton 2002–2010 140 55 195 Danny Whitaker 2001–2019 172 21 193 John Askey 1997–2003 136 45 181 Steve Hitchen 1997–2003 143 8 151 Steve Wood 1997–2001 129 22 151 Chris Priest 1999–2004 140 10 150 Nat Brown 2008–2011 147 2 149 Danny Adams 2000–2004 146 2 148 Izak Reid 2006–2011 132 2 134 </Wikitable> [John Askey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Askey) holds the all-time record for the total number of appearances – 679 matches (1984–85 to 2002–03 season) including Non-League, Football League and Cup matches. Record Football League goalscorers Most Football League goals scored — 50, [Matthew Tipton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tipton) (2001–02 to 2009–10 season) Most Football League goals scored in a season — 22, [Jon Parkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Parkin) (2004–05 season) <Wikitable> Rank Name FL goals (FL Apps) 1 Matthew Tipton 50 (195) 2 John Askey 31 (181) 3 Jon Parkin 30 (65) =4 Richie Barker 23 (58) =4 Danny Whitaker 23 (171) 6 John Miles 21 (122) =7 Gareth Evans 19 (82) =7 Steve Wood 19 (151) 9 Lee Glover 18 (85) =10 Hamza Bencherif 16 (60) =10 Kevin McIntyre 16 (134) </Wikitable> [Albert Valentine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Valentine_(footballer)) scored the overall most goals in a season scoring 83 in the 1933–34 season. In Macclesfield Town's first 14 seasons in [the Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League) (1997–98 to 2010–11 season), they played 644 games, winning 204, drawing 181 and losing 259 games. They scored 750 and conceded 883 goals, and used 215 players. [Chris Priest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Priest_(footballer)), a Macclesfield Town player, scored the final goal of the [2nd millennium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_millennium) AD. Retired numbers 21 – [Richard Butcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Butcher_(footballer)). [Midfielder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder) (2010–11) – posthumous honour Honours League [Third Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division) (level 4) Runners-up: [1997–98](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Football_League) [Football Conference / National League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)) (level 5) Champions: [1994–95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Football_Conference), [1996–97](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Football_Conference), [2017–18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_National_League) [Northern Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League) Champions: [1968–69](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Northern_Premier_League), [1969–70](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Northern_Premier_League), [1986–87](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Northern_Premier_League) [Cheshire County League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_County_League) Champions: 1931–32, 1932–33, 1952–53, 1960–61, 1963–64, Runner-up: 1933–34, 1961–62, 1964–65 [Manchester League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Football_League) Champions: 1908–09, 1910–11 Runners-up: [1997–98](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Football_League) Champions: [1994–95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Football_Conference), [1996–97](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Football_Conference), [2017–18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_National_League) Champions: [1968–69](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Northern_Premier_League), [1969–70](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Northern_Premier_League), [1986–87](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Northern_Premier_League) Champions: 1931–32, 1932–33, 1952–53, 1960–61, 1963–64, Runner-up: 1933–34, 1961–62, 1964–65 Champions: 1908–09, 1910–11 Cup [FA Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy) Winners: [1969–70](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_FA_Trophy), [1995–96](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_FA_Trophy) Runners-up: [1988–89](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_FA_Trophy), [2016–17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_FA_Trophy) [Conference League Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_League_Cup) Winners: 1993–94 [Northern Premier League Challenge Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Challenge_Cup) Winners: 1986–87 [Northern Premier League President's Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_President%27s_Cup) Winners: 1986–87 [Cheshire Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Senior_Cup) Winners: 1889–90, 1890–91, 1893–94, 1895–96, 1910–11, 1929–30, 1934–35, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1959–60, 1963–64, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1982–83, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2014–15 [Staffordshire Senior Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Senior_Cup) Winners: 1992–93, 1995–96 Winners: [1969–70](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_FA_Trophy), [1995–96](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_FA_Trophy) Runners-up: [1988–89](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_FA_Trophy), [2016–17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_FA_Trophy) Winners: 1993–94 Winners: 1986–87 Winners: 1986–87 Winners: 1889–90, 1890–91, 1893–94, 1895–96, 1910–11, 1929–30, 1934–35, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1959–60, 1963–64, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1982–83, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2014–15 Winners: 1992–93, 1995–96 Sources and references ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}"Macclesfield Town FC wound up in High Court over debts exceeding £500,000". BBC Sport. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ Macclesfield Express 24 April 1946 ^ Phythian, Graham (2001). Saga of the Silkmen: The History of Macclesfield Town FC. Lancaster: Carnegie. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85936-087-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-087-4)., p84 ^ Phythian, p107 ^ Phythian, p207-208 ^ Phythian, p121 ^ "Northern Premier League". Macclesfield Town official website. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2007. ^ Phythian, p165 ^ Phythian, p176 ^ Hern, Bill; Gleave, David (2020). Football's Black Pioneers. Leicester: Conker Editions. pp. 168–169. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781999900854). ^ "Paul Ince resigns". Macclesfield Town official website. ^ "Ian Brightwell appointed as Manager". Macclesfield Town official website. ^ "Keith Alexander". Macclesfield Town official website. ^ a b "Simmo Commits Future". Macclesfield Town official website. ^ "Richard Butcher". Macclesfield Town official website. ^ "Macclesfield Town retire number 21". Macclesfield Town official website. Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. ^ "2011–2012 season". Soccerbase. Retrieved 16 August 2019. ^ "Steve King Appointed Silkmen Manager". Macclesfield Town official site. ^ "Board Changes at Moss Rose". Macclesfield Town official website. ^ "York beat Macclesfield to win FA Trophy". BBC Sport. ^ "An Update From Club Chairman Mark Blower". Macclesfield Town official website. ^ "Eastleigh 0-2 Macclesfield Town". BBC Sport. ^ "Mark Yates: Macclesfield appoint Solihull boss as manager". BBC Sport. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018. ^ "Mark Yates: Mark Yates: Macclesfield Town part with manager after winless start to season". BBC Sport. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018. ^ "Sol Campbell: Macclesfield Town name ex-England defender as manager". BBC Sport. ^ "Sol Campbell: Macclesfield Town 1–1 Cambridge United". BBC Sport. ^ "Macclesfield Town: League Two side have winding-up petition adjourned until October". BBC Sport. BBC. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Brexit having "impact" on club as winding-up petition adjourned". BBC Sport. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Winding-up petition adjourned again for two weeks". BBC Sport. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019. ^ a b c Dennis, Ian (5 December 2019). "Macclesfield Town: Unpaid players intend to boycott Saturday's game with Crewe". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 5 December 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Winding-up petition over unpaid tax adjourned for ninth time". BBC Sport. BBC. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ a b c "Macclesfield Town: Owner Amar Alkadhi accepts bids 'in principle' for League Two club". BBC Sport. BBC. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ a b "Macclesfield Town: Players' wages not paid on time for March". BBC Sport. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Winding-up petition adjourned until 9 September". BBC Sport. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020. ^ "Sol Campbell: Macclesfield Town manager leaves by mutual agreement". BBC Sport. BBC. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019. ^ "Daryl McMahon: Macclesfield Town appoint successor to Sol Campbell". BBC Sport. BBC. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town players and staff ask EFL for help after wages go unpaid". BBC Sport. BBC. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town: EFL investigating non-payment of wages". BBC Sport. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ "FA Cup: Macclesfield Town place at risk as League Two club's players threaten to strike over unpaid wages". BBC Sport. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ "FA Cup: Macclesfield v Kingstonian to go ahead despite Silkmen player strike". BBC Sport. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town 0–4 Kingstonian". BBC Sport. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Local businessman Joe Sealey wants to buy League Two club". BBC Sport. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Potential takeover of financially-beleaguered club stalls". BBC Sport. BBC. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town: League Two club charged with misconduct for late wages". BBC Sport. BBC. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town players refuse to play Mansfield unless they are paid owed wages". BBC Sport. BBC. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town v Mansfield Town: Game to go ahead after strike threat averted". BBC Sport. BBC. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019. ^ "Macclesfield: Players threaten strike if wages are not paid on Monday". BBC Sport. BBC. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "EFL Statement: Macclesfield Town v Crewe Alexandra". EFL. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town docked six points by EFL over financial issues". 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town to appeal against six-point deduction following Bolton decision". BBC Sport. BBC. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Six-point deduction reduced to four point penalty after appeal". BBC Sport. BBC. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Plymouth Argyle game postponed over ground safety concerns". BBC Sport. BBC. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town charged by English Football League for failing to fulfil Plymouth match". BBC Sport. BBC. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020. ^ Aloia, Andrew (6 December 2019). "Macclesfield Town: Supporters of financially-troubled club fear 'extinction'". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 6 December 2019. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Amar AlKadhi 'in advanced takeover talks with various parties'". BBC Sport. BBC. 7 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019. ^ "Daryl McMahon: Macclesfield Town manager resigns after four months in charge". BBC Sport. BBC. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020. ^ "Dagenham & Redbridge: Daryl McMahon appointed boss after resigning as Macclesfield manager". BBC Sport. BBC. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020. ^ Ranson, Jacob (6 January 2020). "Daggers appoint Gritt as assistant manager and add Jupp to coaching staff". Barking and Dagenham Post. Retrieved 17 January 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town 1–0 Cambridge United". BBC Sport. BBC. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020. ^ "Mark Kennedy: Macclesfield Town name ex-Republic of Ireland winger as head coach". BBC Sport. BBC. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "Emmanuel Osadebe, Theo Vassell & Miles Welch-Hayes leave Macclesfield Town". BBC Sport. BBC. 1 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Three Silkmen players ask EFL permission to terminate contracts". BBC Sport. BBC. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town fail to pay salaries on schedule for fourth time this season". BBC Sport. BBC. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020. ^ Dennis, Ian (5 March 2020). "Macclesfield Town: PFA in touch with club over unpaid player wages". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 5 March 2020. ^ "Southend & Macclesfield given EFL charge for failing to pay players". BBC Sport. BBC. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Silkmen put players and staff on furlough scheme during coronavirus crisis". BBC Sport. BBC. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: League Two club given seven-point deduction". BBC Sport. BBC. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: EFL brings further misconduct charges against League Two club". BBC Sport. BBC. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020. ^ "League One & League Two clubs vote to end seasons early". BBC Sport. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Players and staff struggling with mental health during EFL hearing uncertainty". BBC Sport. BBC. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020. ^ Scapens, Alex (17 June 2020). "'Cliff edge' as Macclesfield Town wait to see if another points deduction is given". Cheshire Live. Retrieved 18 June 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: EFL to appeal against independent panel decision". BBC Sport. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ Stone, Simon (21 July 2020). "Championship: The relegation battle that could be decided by lawyers". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 July 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Stevenage blocked from contributing to League Two rivals' points appeal". BBC Sport. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ "League Two: Macclesfield deducted points but avoid relegation to National League". League Two. BBC. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "Silkmen Provide Update On Business Plan Submission". Macclesfield FC. Retrieved 3 August 2020. ^ "Amar Alkadhi: Macclesfield Town chairman steps down". BBC Sport. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town relegated after EFL wins points appeal, Stevenage reprieved". BBC Sport. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Mark Kennedy & Danny Butterfield leave after rejecting contract offers". BBC Sport. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town: Silkmen given seven-day winding-up petition extension". BBC Sport. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ Slater, Chris (16 September 2020). ""Absolutely heartbreaking": Fans despair as Macclesfield Town FC are wound-up over unpaid debts of over half a million pounds". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ "Silkmen expelled from National League". BBC Sport. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ "WITTON ALBION 1–2 MACCLESFIELD TOWN". Witton Albion Football Club. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Macclesfield Town FC: Official Receiver's update". Gov.UK. Official Receiver. Retrieved 7 January 2021. ^ "Macclesfield FC: Robert Smethurst takes over club as Robbie Savage joins board". BBC Sport. 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020. ^ a b Phythian, p6 ^ "The Moss Rose". Macclesfield Town official website. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2006. ^ "The Early Years". Macclesfield Town official website. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. ^ "Club Statement". Macclesfield Town official website. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. ^ "English League Two Attendance". ESPN Soccernet. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011. ^ "League Attendances". European Football Statistics. Retrieved 19 August 2021. ^ "When Saturday Comes". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011. ^ "Glass Ankle - Super Silkmen". Glass-Ankle.com. 23 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. Macclesfield Town at the Football Club History Database

2024-09-18 18:07:12

Ahmed_Abdulla_(Maldivian_footballer)

<Infotable> Personal information Full name: Ahmed Abdulla Date of birth: (1987-03-11)11 March 1987(age 37) Place of birth: Maldives Height: 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) Position(s): Defender Team information Current team: Maziya Number: 44 Senior career* Years: Team Apps (Gls) ????–2008: Sports Club Velloxia 2009–2015: New Radiant SC 104 (6) 2016: T.C. Sports Club 2017–2018: New Radiant SC 2019–: Maziya International career‡ 2009–: Maldives 30 (1) *Club domestic league appearances and goals‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14 June 2017 </Infotable> Ahmed Abdulla (born 11 March 1987), nicknamed Lily is a [Maldivian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) professional [footballer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) who plays for [New Radiant SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Radiant_S.C.) and [Maldives national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives_national_football_team). International career International goals <Wikitable> No Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1.0 13 June 2017 Changlimithang Stadium, Thimphu, Bhutan Bhutan 2–0 2–0 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 19:13:07

Kellerman_Log_Cabin

<Infotable> Kellerman Log Cabin U.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New YorkShow map of the United States Nearest city: Conesus, New York Coordinates: 42°43′35″N77°40′30″W / 42.72639°N 77.67500°W /42.72639; -77.67500 Area: 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) Architectural style: squared-log cabin NRHP referenceNo.: 05001615[1] Added to NRHP: February 1, 2006 </Infotable> Kellerman Log Cabin is a historic home located at [Conesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conesus,_New_York) in [Livingston County, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_New_York). It is a one-story, 20 foot by 24 foot building with a large partially exposed fieldstone chimney. It is constructed of stacked adzed logs with [dovetail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovetail) corner joints and mud chinking. It was built in 1816 by Isaac Kellerman. It is a rare settlement era log cabin, and one of five surviving log cabins in the upper [Genesee Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_River). In 1978, it was moved from its original site to a public park and now houses Ganeasos History Keepers, a local history organization. It was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) in 2007.

2024-09-18 16:57:07

Oliver_Marach

<Infotable> Marach at the2016 US Open Country (sports): Austria Residence: Panama City,Panama Born: (1980-07-16)16 July 1980(age 44)Graz, Austria Height: 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Turned pro: 1998 Retired: 2022 Plays: Right-handed (one-handed backhand) Coach: Jessie Marach Prize money: $4,706,185 Singles Career record: 20–33 Career titles: 0 Highest ranking: No. 82 (7 August 2006) Grand Slam singles results Australian Open: 1R (2005,2006) French Open: 1R (2002,2006) Wimbledon: 1R (2006) US Open: 1R (2006) Doubles Career record: 457–353 Career titles: 23 Highest ranking: No. 2 (28 May 2018) Grand Slam doubles results Australian Open: W(2018) French Open: F (2018) Wimbledon: F (2017) US Open: QF (2010,2019) Other doubles tournaments Tour Finals: RR (2009,2010,2017,2018) Olympic Games: QF (2016) Mixed doubles Career record: 16–16 Career titles: 0 Grand Slam mixed doubles results Australian Open: QF (2010) French Open: SF (2010) Wimbledon: SF (2016) US Open: SF (2017) Team competitions Davis Cup: QF (2012) Last updated on: 27 February 2023. </Infotable> Oliver Marach (born 16 July 1980) is a former Austrian professional [tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis) player who primarily specialised in doubles. He achieved his highest singles ranking of world No. 82 in August 2005, but achieved most of his success in doubles where he reached his career-high doubles ranking of world No. 2 on 28 May 2018. Marach won his first [Grand Slam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)) title at the [2018 Australian Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles), partnering [Mate Pavić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_Pavi%C4%87), and the pair also finished runners-up at the [2017 Wimbledon Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles) and [2018 French Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles). He and Pavić were the 2018 ATP Doubles Team of the year. In mixed doubles, he has reached three Grand Slam semifinals. He has represented Austria in the [Davis Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup) since 2003, and also played at the [2016 Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles) alongside [Alexander Peya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Peya). In 2021, in the [2020 Tokyo Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles), he partnered with [Philipp Oswald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Oswald). Marach retired from professional tennis in December 2022. Significant finals Grand Slam tournament finals <Wikitable> Result Year Championship Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 2017 Wimbledon Grass Mate Pavić Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 7–5, 5–7, 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 11–13 Win 2018 Australian Open Hard Mate Pavić Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 6–4, 6–4 Loss 2018 French Open Clay Mate Pavić Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 2–6, 6–7(4–7) </Wikitable> Masters 1000 finals <Wikitable> Result Year Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 2018 Monte-Carlo Masters Clay Mate Pavić Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6–7(5–7), 3–6 </Wikitable> ATP career finals Doubles: 53 (23 titles, 30 runners-up) <Wikitable> Legend Grand Slam tournaments (1–2) ATP World Tour Finals (0–0) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (0–1) ATP World Tour 500 Series (4–8) ATP World Tour 250 Series (18–19) </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Finals by surface Hard (9–7) Clay (14–19) Grass (0–4) Carpet (0–0) </Wikitable> <Wikitable> Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 0–1 May 2006 Pörtschach Open, Austria International Clay Cyril Suk Paul Hanley Jim Thomas 3–6, 6–4, [5–10] Loss 0–2 Jul 2006 Swedish Open, Sweden International Clay Christopher Kas Jonas Björkman Thomas Johansson 3–6, 6–4, [4–10] Loss 0–3 Jul 2006 Austrian Open Kitzbühel, Austria Intl. Gold Clay Cyril Suk Philipp Kohlschreiber Stefan Koubek 2–6, 3–6 Loss 0–4 Apr 2007 Grand Prix Hassan II, Morocco International Clay Łukasz Kubot Jordan Kerr David Škoch 6–7(4–7), 6–1, [4–10] Win 1–4 Sep 2007 Romanian Open, Romania International Clay Michal Mertiňák Martín García Sebastián Prieto 7–6(7–2), 7–6(10–8) Win 2–4 Mar 2008 Mexican Open, Mexico Intl. Gold Clay Michal Mertiňák Agustín Calleri Luis Horna 6–2, 6–7(3–7), [10–7] Loss 2–5 Mar 2009 Mexican Open, Mexico 500 Series Clay Łukasz Kubot František Čermák Michal Mertiňák 6–4, 4–6, [7–10] Win 3–5 Apr 2009 Grand Prix Hassan II, Morocco 250 Series Clay Łukasz Kubot Simon Aspelin Paul Hanley 7–6(7–4), 3–6, [10–6] Win 4–5 May 2009 Serbia Open, Serbia 250 Series Clay Łukasz Kubot Johan Brunström Jean-Julien Rojer 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Win 5–5 Nov 2009 Vienna Open, Austria 250 Series Hard (i) Łukasz Kubot Julian Knowle Jürgen Melzer 2–6, 6–4, [11–9] Win 6–5 Feb 2010 Chile Open, Chile 250 Series Clay Łukasz Kubot Potito Starace Horacio Zeballos 6–4, 6–0 Loss 6–6 Feb 2010 Brasil Open, Brazil 250 Series Clay Łukasz Kubot Pablo Cuevas Marcel Granollers 5–7, 4–6 Win 7–6 Feb 2010 Mexican Open, Mexico (2) 500 Series Clay Łukasz Kubot Fabio Fognini Potito Starace 6–0, 6–0 Win 8–6 May 2010 Bavarian Open, Germany 250 Series Clay Santiago Ventura Eric Butorac Michael Kohlmann 5–7, 6–3, [16–14] Loss 8–7 Feb 2011 Chile Open, Chile 250 Series Clay Łukasz Kubot Bruno Soares Marcelo Melo 3–6, 6–7(3–7) Win 9–7 Feb 2011 Argentina Open, Argentina 250 Series Clay Leonardo Mayer Franco Ferreiro André Sá 7–6(8–6), 6–3 Loss 9–8 Apr 2011 Serbia Open, Serbia 250 Series Clay Alexander Peya František Čermák Filip Polášek 5–7, 2–6 Win 10–8 Jul 2011 German Open, Germany 500 Series Clay Alexander Peya František Čermák Filip Polášek 6–4, 6–1 Win 11–8 Oct 2011 Thailand Open, Thailand 250 Series Hard (i) Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi Michael Kohlmann Alexander Waske 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–5) Win 12–8 Jan 2012 Auckland Open, New Zealand 250 Series Hard Alexander Peya František Čermák Filip Polášek 6–3, 6–2 Loss 12–9 May 2012 Open de Nice, France 250 Series Clay Filip Polášek Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6–7(5–7), 3–6 Loss 12–10 Apr 2013 Romanian Open, Romania 250 Series Clay Lukáš Dlouhý Max Mirnyi Horia Tecău 6–4, 4–6, [6–10] Loss 12–11 Oct 2013 Swiss Indoors, Switzerland 500 Series Hard (i) Julian Knowle Treat Huey Dominic Inglot 3–6, 6–3, [4–10] Win 13–11 Feb 2014 Chile Open, Chile (2) 250 Series Clay Florin Mergea Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 6–3, 6–4 Loss 13–12 Jul 2014 Swedish Open, Sweden 250 Series Clay Jérémy Chardy Johan Brunström Nicholas Monroe 6–4, 6–7(5–7), [7–10] Loss 13–13 Feb 2015 Rio Open, Brazil 500 Series Clay Pablo Andújar Martin Kližan Philipp Oswald 6–7(3–7), 4–6 Loss 13–14 Mar 2015 Argentina Open, Argentina 250 Series Clay Pablo Andújar Jarkko Nieminen André Sá 6–4, 4–6, [7–10] Loss 13–15 Aug 2015 Swiss Open, Switzerland 250 Series Clay Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi Aliaksandr Bury Denis Istomin 6–3, 2–6, [5–10] Win 14–15 Jan 2016 Chennai Open, India 250 Series Hard Fabrice Martin Austin Krajicek Benoît Paire 6–3, 7–5 Win 15–15 Feb 2016 Delray Beach Open, United States 250 Series Hard Fabrice Martin Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 3–6, 7–6(9–7), [13–11] Loss 15–16 Jun 2016 Stuttgart Open, Germany 250 Series Grass Fabrice Martin Marcus Daniell Artem Sitak 7–6(7–4), 4–6, [8–10] Loss 15–17 Oct 2016 Shenzhen Open, China 250 Series Hard Fabrice Martin Fabio Fognini Robert Lindstedt 6–7(4–7), 3–6 Loss 15–18 Oct 2016 Vienna Open, Austria 500 Series Hard (i) Fabrice Martin Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 6–4, 3–6, [11–13] Loss 15–19 Jun 2017 Stuttgart Open, Germany 250 Series Grass Mate Pavić Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 7–6(7–4), 5–7, [5–10] Loss 15–20 Jun 2017 Antalya Open, Turkey 250 Series Grass Mate Pavić Robert Lindstedt Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi 5–7, 1–4 ret. Loss 15–21 Jul 2017 Wimbledon, United Kingdom Grand Slam Grass Mate Pavić Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 7–5, 5–7, 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 11–13 Win 16–21 Jul 2017 Swiss Open, Switzerland 250 Series Clay Philipp Oswald Jonathan Eysseric Franko Škugor 6–3, 4–6, [10–8] Win 17–21 Oct 2017 Stockholm Open, Sweden 250 Series Hard (i) Mate Pavić Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi Jean-Julien Rojer 3–6, 7–6(8–6), [10–4] Win 18–21 Jan 2018 Qatar Open, Qatar 250 Series Hard Mate Pavić Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 6–2, 7–6(8–6) Win 19–21 Jan 2018 Auckland Open, New Zealand (2) 250 Series Hard Mate Pavić Max Mirnyi Philipp Oswald 6–4, 5–7, [10–7] Win 20–21 Jan 2018 Australian Open, Australia Grand Slam Hard Mate Pavić Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 6–4, 6–4 Loss 20–22 Feb 2018 Rotterdam Open, Netherlands 500 Series Hard (i) Mate Pavić Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 6–2, 2–6, [7–10] Loss 20–23 Apr 2018 Monte-Carlo Masters, Monaco Masters 1000 Clay Mate Pavić Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6–7(5–7), 3–6 Win 21–23 May 2018 Geneva Open, Switzerland 250 Series Clay Mate Pavić Ivan Dodig Rajeev Ram 3–6, 7–6(7–3), [11–9] Loss 21–24 Jun 2018 French Open, France Grand Slam Clay Mate Pavić Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 2–6, 6–7(4–7) Loss 21–25 Jul 2018 German Open, Germany 500 Series Clay Mate Pavić Julio Peralta Horacio Zeballos 1–6, 6–4, [6–10] Loss 21–26 Oct 2018 China Open, China 500 Series Hard Mate Pavić Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 1–6, 4–6 Win 22–26 May 2019 Geneva Open, Switzerland 250 Series Clay Mate Pavić Matthew Ebden Robert Lindstedt 6–4, 6–4 Loss 22–27 Jul 2019 Croatia Open, Croatia 250 Series Clay Jürgen Melzer Robin Haase Philipp Oswald 5–7, 7–6(7–2), [12–14] Win 23–27 Jul 2019 German Open, Germany (2) 500 Series Clay Jürgen Melzer Robin Haase Wesley Koolhof 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Loss 23–28 Feb 2020 Dubai Tennis Championships, United Arab Emirates 500 Series Hard Raven Klaasen John Peers Michael Venus 3–6, 2–6 Loss 23–29 May 2021 Emilia-Romagna Open, Italy 250 Series Clay Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi Simone Bolelli Máximo González 3–6, 3–6 Loss 23–30 Oct 2021 Sofia Open, Bulgaria 250 Series Hard (i) Philipp Oswald Jonny O'Mara Ken Skupski 3–6, 4–6 </Wikitable> Performance timelines <Wikitable> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 W F SF QF #R RR Q# P# DNQ A Z# PO G S B NMS NTI P NH </Wikitable> Singles <Wikitable> Tournament 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 SR W–L Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A 1R 1R Q1 Q1 0 / 2 0–2 French Open 1R Q1 1R Q2 A 0 / 2 0–2 Wimbledon A Q1 1R A A 0 / 1 0–1 US Open A A 1R A A 0 / 1 0–1 Win–loss 0–1 0–1 0–4 0–0 0–0 0 / 6 0–6 </Wikitable> Doubles Current through the [2021 Davis Cup Finals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Davis_Cup_Finals). <Wikitable> Tournament 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 SR W–L Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A A A A A A A A 1R 3R 1R SF 3R QF 1R 1R 2R 3R 2R A W 2R 2R 1R 1 / 15 23–14 French Open A A A A A A A A 2R 3R A 2R QF 1R QF 3R 2R 2R 2R 2R F 3R 1R 2R 0 / 15 24–15 Wimbledon A A A A Q1 A A A 2R A 1R QF 1R A 2R A 1R 1R 3R F 1R 2R NH 3R 0 / 12 15–12 US Open A A A A A A A A 1R A A 1R QF A A 2R 1R 1R 2R 3R 1R QF 1R 1R 0 / 12 9–12 Win–loss 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 2–4 4–2 0–2 8–4 8–4 3–2 4–3 3–3 2–4 3–4 5–4 8–3 11–3 6–4 1–3 3–4 1 / 54 71–53 Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship Year-end championship ATP Finals Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify RR RR Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify RR RR Did not qualify Did not qualify Did not qualify 0 / 4 5–5 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells Masters A A A A A A A A A A A 2R A 2R 2R A A A A A SF SF NH A 0 / 6 10–5 Miami Open A A A A A A A A A A A A 1R SF 2R QF 2R A 1R 1R QF QF NH QF 0 / 10 12–10 Monte-Carlo Masters A A A A A A A A A A A 2R QF QF QF A 1R A 1R A F 2R NH 1R 0 / 9 8–9 Madrid Open Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held A A A A A A A A QF 2R 1R 1R A A A 2R A QF NH 1R 0 / 7 4–7 Italian Open A A A A A A A A A A A A SF QF A A A A QF 2R QF SF 1R 1R 0 / 8 10–8 Canada Open A A A A A A A A A A A QF 2R A A A A A A SF SF 1R NH 2R 0 / 6 5–6 Cincinnati Masters A A A A A A A A A A A SF SF 1R A A A A A 2R 2R 1R 2R A 0 / 7 5–7 Shanghai Masters Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held QF SF 2R A A A A 1R QF SF 1R NH NH 0 / 7 6–7 Paris Masters A A A A A A A A A A A 1R QF QF A A A A A A SF A QF A 0 / 5 6–4 Win–loss 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 5–6 9–8 8–8 4–4 2–2 1–2 0–0 2–4 5–6 13–7 11–8 3–3 3–5 0 / 65 66–63 National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation National representation Olympics Not Held Not Held A Not Held Not Held Not Held A Not Held Not Held Not Held A Not Held Not Held Not Held A Not Held Not Held Not Held QF Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held 2R 0 / 2 3–2 Davis Cup A A A A A Z1 A A PO A A A A 1R QF PO A Z1 A A PO QR RR RR 0 / 4 7–6 Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics Career statistics NaN 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Career Career Titles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 3 1 0 1 0 2 2 4 2 0 0 23 23 Finals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 4 4 5 2 2 2 3 5 5 9 3 1 2 53 53 Overall W–L 0–0 0–0 1–1 1–1 0–3 0–0 0–0 0–1 21–17 14–10 8–10 46–27 38–26 39–25 16–16 21–24 16–26 22–26 42–26 38–22 55–21 40–27 17–15 22–29 457–353 457–353 Year-end ranking 793 828 264 233 169 463 213 153 40 48 69 13 11 17 48 38 67 48 33 19 4 32 29 45 56.42% 56.42% </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 22:35:19

The_Longshadows

<Infotable> The Longshadows Origin: New York City–Phoenix Genres: Alternative rock Years active: 2005–2006 Labels: Indie Past members: Steve FrenchRobin Wilson Website: Official Longshadows site </Infotable> The Longshadows were a musical collaboration between [Gin Blossoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_Blossoms) vocalist [Robin Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Wilson_(musician)) and composer/producer Steve French (formerly of Britpop band [Starclub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starclub)). History The duo met when their respective bands toured the US in the early 1990s. After French relocated to New York, he began writing and recording a body of work that he would eventually ask Wilson to sing on. The result was the Simple Minded Way album, released in 2006 on the Uranus Laboratories label. It received critical acclaim. In a July 2006 review, Ink19.com said, "The pop of Simple Minded Way is a slight departure from Wilson's day job band, with the album written and produced by Steve French -- formerly of Brit band Star Club. Yet the collaboration of Wilson's voice and French's songs gels incredibly well on almost every song, most notably on standout track, "Wishing We Weren't So", the melancholic "Weight On My Mind" and the Sixties-influenced "Sail On". The rousing chorus of "To Saione" reveals the perfect musical chemistry The Longshadows possess and the title track is yet another strong track with a slow-burning melody. The return of the Gin Blossoms will be much anticipated by fans, but Simple Minded Way provides ample evidence that other musical avenues could be exploited by Wilson in the future if the reunion does not go according to plan". Michael Laskow of TAXI said, "Along with Wilson's singing, the key to the Longshadows' identity is a dynamic and atmospheric guitar sound based on open tunings. The just-completed album, which bares the working title Simple Minded Way, demonstrates that French (who plays and programs all the parts himself) is an equally adept producer, creating rich soundscapes out of his intricate electric and acoustic work and momentum-inducing grooves, which conspire to push Wilson's lush vocals in intriguing new directions. The appeal of the album is that it's at once resonantly distinctive and comfortingly familiar". On the heels of the album's release came the reunion and touring schedule of Wilson's primary band, Gin Blossoms, thus placing the Longshadows on hold. Studio albums Simple Minded Way (2007, Uranus Laboratories)

2024-09-18 16:53:18

The_Good_Doctor_(TV_series)

The Good Doctor or Good Doctor may refer to: Arts and media Film [The Good Doctor (1939 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Doctor_(1939_film)), directed by Mario Soffici. [The Good Doctor (2011 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Doctor_(2011_film)), an American thriller directed by Lance Daly. Television [Good Doctor (advertisement)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Doctor_(advertisement)), a promotion for Stella Artois [Good Doctor (South Korean TV series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Doctor_(South_Korean_TV_series)), a 2013 medical drama [The Good Doctor (American TV series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Doctor_(American_TV_series)), a 2017 medical drama, based on the 2013 South Korean series [Good Doctor (Japanese TV series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Doctor_(Japanese_TV_series)), a 2018 medical drama, based on the 2013 South Korean series ["The Good Doctor" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Doctor_(Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent)), the ninth episode of the first season of the American police procedural television series "The Good Doctor", the [eleventh episode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Close_to_Home_(2005_TV_series)_episodes#ep11) of the 2005 series Close to Home Books [The Good Doctors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Doctors), a 2009 non-fiction book by historian John Dittmer [The Good Doctor (novel)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Doctor_(novel)), a novel by Damon Galgut Other uses in media [The Good Doctor (play)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Doctor_(play)), by Neil Simon "The Good Doctor", a song by The Protomen from [Act II: The Father of Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_II:_The_Father_of_Death) “Good Doctor”, a song by Robbie Williams from [Rudebox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudebox) "The Good Doctor" a song by [Haken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haken_(band)) from [Vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(Haken_album)) [The Doctor (Doctor Who)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_(Doctor_Who)), a character from a British science fiction television program frequently addressed as "my good Doctor” People [Isaac Asimov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov) (born 1920-1994), Russian-American author [Kenny Deuchar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Deuchar) (born 1980), Scottish footballer [Harold Shipman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Shipman) (born 1946-2004), English doctor and serial killer

2024-09-18 17:33:17

The_Cave_of_the_Yellow_Dog

<Infotable> The Cave of the Yellow Dog Directed by: Byambasuren Davaa Written by: Byambasuren Davaa Produced by: Stephan Schesch Starring: Urjindorjyn BatchuluunBuyandulamyn DaramdadiBatchuluuny NansalBatchuluuny Batbayar Cinematography: Daniel Schoenauer Music by: Dagvan Ganpurev Release date: 2005(2005) Running time: 93 minutes (U.S.) Countries: MongoliaGermany Language: Mongolian </Infotable> 2005(2005) The Cave of the Yellow Dog ([Mongolian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language) Шар нохойн там) is a 2005 [Mongolian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia)/[German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) film written and directed by [Byambasuren Davaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byambasuren_Davaa). The film was submitted as Mongolia's contender for the 2005 [Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film). It won the 2006 [Deutscher Filmpreis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Filmpreis) Award for Best Children's Picture. The story is a gentle [fable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fable) about the limitations of life and its acceptance. A girl learns the painful lesson of letting go of want and desire when her father insists on leaving her newfound stray dog. However, the ending of the film offers hope—another lesson of life being full of changes and the consequences of change may bring unexpected rewards. Plot The story opens with Nansal returning from [boarding school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school) to her family. The family of five lives in a [yurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt) and lives off of their livestock, which include sheep, goats, and cattle. Nansal's father is worried about his family's survival because of the wolves that have been attacking their herd. While Nansal is out collecting dung, she stumbles across a cave in which she finds a black and white dog. She brings the dog home and names it "Zochor" (Spot). Her father is worried, knowing that wolves live in caves and may follow its scent and kill their livestock. The father departs for town on his [motorbike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorbike), to sell the [pelts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur) of the sheep killed by wolves. He instructs his wife to get rid of the dog before he is home. Nansal is sent out to graze the herd, but she is distracted and gets lost. The mother is distraught when the herd comes back without Nansal and goes out looking for her. Meanwhile, Nansal finds refuge in the yurt of an elderly woman. The old lady feeds Nansal and gives her shelter while a storm passes. It is here that Nansal hears the story of the Cave of the Yellow Dog. In this story, a yellow dog is trapped in a cave with no exit by a man to cure his daughter's illness. The mother finds Nansal soon after and takes her home. Zochor is still with the family when the father returns home. He is upset but still gives gifts to his wife and children nonetheless, including a plastic ladle and a [flashlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight) (torch). The father tries to sell Zochor to some wolf hunters, but Nansal tells them she found him in a cave and the deal falls through. It is time for the family to move on. They pack up all of their belongings and the yurt and load them onto carts to be pulled by their cattle. The three children are put onto the wagons, with Nansal watching her younger brother. Zochor is tied to a stake so he cannot follow them. Nansal is distracted by Zochor and does not watch her brother. Her brother escapes. The family travels several miles until they realize that their son is not with them. The father turns back immediately and rushes back on his horse. Meanwhile, their son is stumbling slowly towards a flock of [vultures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture). He ventures near a stream, while moving further and further from Zochor. When the son is right next to the flock, Zochor breaks free and scares them away. This is witnessed by the father who, in gratitude for protecting his son from harm, accepts Zochor into the family. In the final scene, the family's wagons travel down the road, with Zochor in the wagon with Nansal and a truck driving down the road blaring reminders to vote in the upcoming elections.

2024-09-18 18:09:46

Middlebury_College

<Infotable> Latin:Collegium Medioburiense Viridis Montis Motto: Scientia et Virtus(Latin) Motto in English: Knowledge and Virtue Type: Privateliberal arts college Established: November 1, 1800; 223 years ago(1800-11-01) Accreditation: NECHE Academic affiliations: CLACCOFHENAICUOberlin Group Endowment: $1.47 billion (2022)[1] President: Laurie L. Patton Academic staff: 377 (2021)[2] Undergraduates: 2,773 (2022)[3] Location: Middlebury,Vermont,United States44°00′32″N73°10′38″W / 44.00889°N 73.17722°W /44.00889; -73.17722 Campus: Rural, 350 acres (140 ha) Colors: BlueandWhite[4] Nickname: Panthers Sporting affiliations: NCAA Division III–NESCACNEISAEISA Mascot: Panther Website: www.middlebury.edu </Infotable> [CLAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_of_Liberal_Arts_Colleges)[COFHE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education)[NAICU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities)[Oberlin Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Group) [NCAA Division III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III) – [NESCAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Small_College_Athletic_Conference)[NEISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association)[EISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Ski_Association) Middlebury College is a [private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university) [liberal arts college](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges_in_the_United_States) in [Middlebury, Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury,_Vermont). Founded in 1800 by [Congregationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States), Middlebury was the first operating college or university in Vermont. In the fall of 2020, the college enrolled 2,773 undergraduates from all 50 states and 74 countries and offers 45 majors in the [arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts) and [humanities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities) as well as joint engineering programs. In addition to its undergraduate liberal arts program, the school also has graduate schools, the [Middlebury College Language Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College_Language_Schools), the Bread Loaf School of English, and the [Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_Institute_of_International_Studies_at_Monterey), as well as its [C.V. Starr-Middlebury Schools Abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.V._Starr-Middlebury_Schools_Abroad) international programs. Middlebury's 31 varsity teams are the [Middlebury Panthers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_Panthers) and compete in the [NCAA Division III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III)'s [NESCAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Small_College_Athletic_Conference). .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} History 19th century Middlebury received its founding charter on November 1, 1800, as an outgrowth of the Addison County Grammar School, which had been founded three years earlier in 1797. The college's first president—[Jeremiah Atwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Atwater)—began classes a few days later, making Middlebury the first operating college or university in Vermont. One student named Aaron Petty graduated at the first commencement held in August 1802. The college's founding religious affiliation was loosely [Congregationalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States). Yet the idea for a college was that of town fathers rather than clergymen, and Middlebury was clearly "the Town's College" rather than the Church's. Chief among its founders were [Seth Storrs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Storrs) and [Gamaliel Painter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Painter), the former credited with the idea for a college and the latter as its greatest early benefactor. In addition to receiving a diploma upon graduation, Middlebury graduates also receive a replica of Gamaliel Painter's cane. Painter bequeathed his original cane to the college and it is carried by the college President at official occasions including first-year convocation and graduation. [Alexander Twilight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Twilight), class of 1823, was the first black graduate of any college or university in the United States; he also became the first African American elected to public office, joining the [Vermont House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives) in 1836. At its second commencement in 1804, Middlebury granted [Lemuel Haynes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuel_Haynes) an [honorary master's degree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree), the first [advanced degree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts) ever bestowed upon an African American. In 1883, the trustees voted to accept women as students in the college, making Middlebury one of the first formerly all-male liberal arts colleges in New England to become a coeducational institution. The first female graduate—May Belle Chellis—received her degree in 1886. As valedictorian of the class of 1899, [Mary Annette Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Annette_Anderson) became the first African-American woman elected to [Phi Beta Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa). 20th century The college's centennial in 1900 began a century of physical expansion beyond the three buildings of [Old Stone Row](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Stone_Row). [York and Sawyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_and_Sawyer) designed the Egbert Starr Library (1900), a [Beaux-Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture) edifice later expanded and renamed the Axinn Center, and Warner Hall (1901). Growth in enrollment and the endowment led to continued expansion westward. McCullough Hall (1912) and Voter Hall (1913) featured gymnasium and laboratories, respectively, adopting Georgian Revival styling while confirming the campus standard of grey Vermont limestone, granite, and marble. In 1914 and subsequent decades, Middlebury College offered courses in [eugenics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics) in fields such as pedagogy, biology, and sociology. The college had "extensive involvement in the eugenics movement." The year-long, mandatory "Orientating Course for Freshmen" in 1925 included the subject "Eugenics" and explained that in the previous year this had been taught in this class as "What Has Civilization to Expect from Eugenics." The 1930 Fourth Annual Report of the [Eugenics Survey of Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont) noted that Middlebury College President [Paul Moody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dwight_Moody) was Chairman of the Committee that supervised the Survey. Middlebury biology supervisor, professor A.E. Lambert lectured outside the college on the "Science of Modern Welfare," based on "heredity and eugenics." Middlebury biology professor Owen Wesley Mills was a member of the Second International Congress of Eugenics. The national fraternity [Kappa Delta Rho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Rho) was founded in Painter Hall on May 17, 1905. Middlebury College abolished fraternities in the early 1990s, but the organization continued on campus in the less ritualized form of a social house. Due to a policy at the school against single-sex organizations, the house was forced to coeducate during the same period as well. The German Language School, founded in 1915 under the supervision of then-President [John Martin Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_Thomas), began the tradition of the [Middlebury College Language Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College_Language_Schools). These Schools, which take place on campus during the summer, enroll about 1,350 students in the Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish Language Schools. Middlebury President [Paul Dwight Moody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dwight_Moody) began the American tradition of a [National Christmas Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Christmas_Tree) in 1923 when the college donated a 48-foot [balsam fir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsam_fir) for use at the White House. The tree was illuminated when Vermont native Calvin Coolidge flipped an electric switch in the first year of his presidency. The [Bread Loaf School of English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_Loaf_School_of_English), Middlebury's graduate school of English, was established at the college's [Bread Loaf Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_Loaf_Mountain_(Vermont)) campus in 1920. The [Bread Loaf Writers' Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_Loaf_Writers%27_Conference) was established in 1926. In 1978, the [Bread Loaf School of English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_Loaf_School_of_English) expanded to include a campus at [Lincoln College, Oxford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford_University). In 1991, the School expanded to include a campus at [St. John's College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)) in New Mexico, and to the [University of North Carolina, Asheville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina,_Asheville), in 2006. The [C.V. Starr-Middlebury Schools Abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.V._Starr-Middlebury_Schools_Abroad) began in 1949 with the school in [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris); they now host students at 38 sites in [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina), [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil), [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China), [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon), [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France), [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany), [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy), [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan), [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan), [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco), [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia), [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain), [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay), [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom), and [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico). The Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies was founded as an educational charity in 1975 by Drs John and Sandy Feneley in [Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford), England, establishing a facility at St. Michael's Hall in 1978, including the Feneley Library, and close links with [Keble College, Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford); in 2014, CMRS became part of Middlebury College Schools Abroad as Middlebury-CMRS, offering U.S. undergraduates an Oxford Humanities Research Program and Middlebury Museum Studies in Oxford. In 1965, Middlebury established its [Environmental Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Studies) program, creating the first undergraduate Environmental Studies program in the U.S. Nationally affiliated fraternities were abolished in 1990; some chose to become co-educational social houses which continue today. 21st century In May 2004, an anonymous benefactor made a $50 million donation to Middlebury. It is the largest cash gift the school has ever received. The donor asked only that Middlebury name its recently built science building, Bicentennial Hall, after outgoing President [John McCardell Jr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCardell_Jr). As of July 2014, Middlebury's endowment stood at approximately $1 billion. In 2005, Middlebury signed an affiliation agreement with the [Monterey Institute of International Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Institute_of_International_Studies), a [graduate school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school) in [Monterey, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California). On June 30, 2010, the Monterey Institute was officially designated as a graduate school of Middlebury College. In the summer of 2008, Middlebury and the [Monterey Institute of International Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Institute) launched a collaborative program to offer summer language immersion programs in [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic), [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese), [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language), [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language), [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language), and [Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language) to middle and high school students through the Middlebury-Monterey Language Academy (MMLA). In January 2014, as part of a new brand identity system, Middlebury announced that the Monterey Institute of International Studies would be renamed the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. <Infotable> External videos Q&Ainterview with Middlebury College Professor Allison Stanger on her experiences related to the Charles Murray guest speaker incident, October 29, 2017,C-SPAN </Infotable> On March 2, 2017, political scientist [Charles Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)) was shouted down by students at a campus event, and prevented from speaking at the McCullough Student Center. Murray had been named a white nationalist by the [Southern Poverty Law Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center), and has been criticized for a teenaged incident in 1960 where he burned a cross on a hill in his hometown of Newton, Iowa, an act which Murray himself later characterized as "incredibly dumb". After the protest, Murray's talk was moved to Wilson Hall and published online; however, after the talk there was a violent attack by protesters who attempted to obstruct and damage the vehicle of Bill Burger (the Vice President of communications at Middlebury College), Murray, and Middlebury professor [Allison Stanger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Stanger); Stanger was injured in the attack, requiring her hospitalization with a neck injury and concussion. Middlebury President [Laurie L. Patton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_L._Patton) responded after the event, saying the school would respond to the clear violations of college policy by students that occurred. Some students (and faculty) felt that by refusing to allow Murray to speak, and by injuring Stanger, the Middlebury College student community "trod all over the ideas of free speech this country was founded upon". The school took disciplinary action against 74 students for their involvement in the incident. In the spring of 2017, the college also faced allegations of racial profiling, after a student was faced with disciplinary action despite evidence that they had not been present at the protest. Middlebury released a statement asserting that such allegations had been investigated that the college had determined that no such racial profiling had taken place. The statement also noted than an investigation had refuted the anonymous allegations against Burger. Academics Founded in 1800, the college enrolls approximately 2,500 undergraduates from all 50 states and 70 countries. The college offers 40 undergraduate departments and programs. Middlebury was the first institution of higher education in the United States to offer an [environmental studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies) major, establishing the major in 1965. Middlebury College is [accredited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States) by the [New England Commission of Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education). The most popular undergraduate majors at Middlebury by number of 2021 graduates were: The academic year follows a 4–1–4 schedule of two four-course semesters in the autumn and spring plus what is known as a "Winter Term" session in January. The Winter Term, often called "J-Term" for January Term, allows students to enroll in one intensive course, pursue independent research, or complete an off-campus internship. Winter Term courses are taught by a mix of traditional faculty and special instructors. Language schools The Middlebury College Language Schools, which began with the establishment of the School of German in 1915, offer intensive instruction in 10 languages during six-, seven-, or eight-week summer sessions. The schools enroll about 1,350 students every summer. The Schools all use an [immersion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_immersion)-based approach to language instruction and acquisition. All students in the Language Schools must sign and abide by Middlebury's "Language Pledge," a pledge to use their target language exclusively during the duration of their time at the school. Undergraduate instruction, available to undergraduate students, government employees and individuals from professional backgrounds, is offered in [Abenaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki_language), [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language), [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese), [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language), [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language), [Hebrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language), [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language), [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language), [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language), [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language), [Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language), and [Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language). Associated programs The [Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_Institute_of_International_Studies_at_Monterey), in [Monterey, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California) became an affiliate of Middlebury following the signing of an affiliation agreement between the two in December 2005. The Institute currently enrolls 790 graduate students in the fields of [international relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations), [international business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_business), [language teaching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_teaching), and [translation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation) and [interpretation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_interpretation). The [Middlebury College Language Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College_Language_Schools) offers a Doctor of Modern Languages. Unique to Middlebury, the D.M.L. prepares teacher-scholars in two modern foreign languages, helping them develop as teachers of [second-language acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-language_acquisition), literature, linguistics, and language pedagogy. Middlebury also offers summer language immersion programs in [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic), [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language), [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language), [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language), and [Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language) to middle and high school students through the Middlebury-Monterey Language Academy. The Bread Loaf School of English is based at the college's [Bread Loaf Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_Loaf_Mountain) campus in Ripton, just outside Middlebury, in sight of the main ridge of the [Green Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountains). The poet [Robert Frost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost) is credited as a major influence on the school. Frost "first came to the School on the invitation of Dean Wilfred Davison in 1921. Friend and neighbor to Bread Loaf, (he) returned to the School every summer with but three exceptions for 42 years." Every summer since 1920, Bread Loaf has offered students from around the United States and the world intensive courses in literature, creative writing, the teaching of writing, and theater. Many prominent faculty and staff have been associated with the college. The [C.V. Starr-Middlebury Schools Abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.V._Starr-Middlebury_Schools_Abroad), operated by Middlebury College in 17 countries across 5 continents, offer overseas academic programs for undergraduates from various U.S. institutions, as well as graduate-level programs for students from [Middlebury College's Language Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College_Language_Schools) and the [Monterey Institute of International Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Institute_of_International_Studies). The Rohatyn Center for Global Affairs, was founded by [Felix Rohatyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Rohatyn) '49, investment banker, former [U.S. Ambassador to France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_France), and founder of Rohatyn Associates. Located at the Robert A. Jones '59 House, the center combines Middlebury's strengths in political, linguistic, and cultural studies to offer internationally focused symposia, lectures, and presentations. The Center for the Comparative Study of Race and Ethnicity engages in interdisciplinary and comparative approaches for understanding formations of race and ethnicity and their effects on human relations. The Center for Social Entrepreneurship encourages students to develop innovative solutions to address society's most pressing social problems. Programs on Creativity and Innovation (PCI) is a series of initiatives designed to encourage Middlebury students to explore ideas in nonacademic settings. In addition to the six-week summer program, Middlebury College's Bread Loaf campus is also the site of the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference for established authors, founded in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_in_literature). It was called by [The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker) "the oldest and most prestigious [writers' conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_writers%27_conferences) in the country." The conference is administered by director [Michael Collier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collier_(poet)) and assistant director [Jennifer Grotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Grotz). Many [prominent members of society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_Loaf_Writers%27_Conference) have been associated with the Writers' Conference. Reputation and rankings <Infotable> Academic rankings Liberal arts U.S. News & World Report[67]: 11 (tie) of 186 Washington Monthly[68]: 19 of 199 National Forbes[69]: 53 of 500 WSJ/College Pulse[70]: 131 of 600 </Infotable> In 2023, [U.S. News & World Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report) ranked Middlebury as tied for 11th out of 186 liberal arts college overall in the U.S., tied for 12th out of 36 in "Best Undergraduate Teaching", and 18th out of 93 for "Best Value" among liberal arts colleges for 2023.." [Washington Monthly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monthly) ranked the school 19th out of 199 in its 2023 liberal arts college rankings. The 2022 Parchment student choice college ranking, which tracks student college acceptances of students accepted to multiple schools in order to reveal preference for their chosen school compared to other schools, ranks Middlebury as 47th of 1055 colleges. Admissions The [Carnegie Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching) classifies Middlebury as a "more selective" institution. For the class of 2026, the college offered admission to 1,955 students out of an applicant pool of 13,028, yielding an overall acceptance of 15%. Middlebury enrolls around 600 students to begin in the fall semester and an additional 100 to begin in the spring. Those accepted for the fall admissions program begin the academic year in September and are referred to as "Regs." Those accepted for the spring admissions program begin the academic year in February and are referred to as "Febs." Students accepted to the Feb program use the fall semester, called a "Febmester," to travel, volunteer, enroll at other universities, or work. Febs graduate in the annual mid-year commencement at the [Middlebury College Snow Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College_Snow_Bowl). Tuition, room, and board at Middlebury is $79,800 for the 2022–23 academic year. For the class entering in 2022–23, the average financial aid grant award is $57,078. The college is [need-blind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need-blind) for incoming domestic students. Campus The 350-acre (1.4 km2) main campus is located in the [Champlain Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain_Valley) between [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont)'s [Green Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountains_(Vermont)) to the east and [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state))'s [Adirondack Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains) to the west. The campus is situated on a hill to the west of the village of [Middlebury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_(town),_Vermont), a traditional [New England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England) village centered on [Otter Creek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Creek_(Vermont)) Falls. In the fall of 1994 the President and Board of Trustees of Middlebury College adopted a "One Percent for Art" policy. This decision set aside one percent of the cost of any renovation or new construction at the college for the purchase, installation, maintenance, and interpretation of works of art publicly displayed on campus. There are 19 works in Middlebury's campus public art collection, including [Frisbee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisbee_(sculpture)), [George Rickey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rickey)'s [Two Open Rectangles, Excentric, Variation VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Open_Rectangles,_Excentric,_Variation_VI_(sculpture)), [Tony Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Smith_(sculptor))'s [Smog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog_(1/3)), and a version of [Robert Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Indiana)'s [Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_(sculpture)) series. The collection also includes works by [Dan Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Graham), [Scott Burton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Burton), [Jules Olitski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Olitski), [Joseph Beuys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys), [Matt Mullican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Mullican), [Jenny Holzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Holzer), [Christian Petersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Petersen_(sculptor)), [Buky Schwartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buky_Schwartz), [George Rickey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rickey), [Clement Meadmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Meadmore), and [Jonathan Borofsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Borofsky). Middlebury College Museum of Art The museum opened in the [Mahaney Arts Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Middlebury_College_buildings) (named after alumni [Kevin P. Mahaney, '84](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Mahaney)) in 1992, designed by [Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Holzman_Pfeiffer)'s architectural firm. It was accredited by the [American Association of Museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Museums) in 2005. Sustainability Middlebury has incorporated environmental stewardship into its mission statement. The college is a signatory to the American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment and the [Talloires Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talloires_Declaration). Additionally, the college has committed to be carbon neutral by 2016. Middlebury was one of six universities to receive a grade of "A−" from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card 2008, the highest grade awarded. In 2009, Middlebury opened a state-of-the-art [biomass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass) plant on campus that is estimated to cut the college's carbon dioxide output by 40 percent and reduce its use of fuel oil by 50 percent. In 2010, the [Rockefeller Brothers Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Brothers_Fund) and Middlebury announced the creation of the Sustainable Investments Initiative, a co-mingled fiscal vehicle seeking investments that generate long-term social, environmental, and economic value. The Initiative will seek investments focused on sustainability issues such as clean energy, water, climate science, and green building projects, in an effort to identify businesses positioned to become a part of the worldwide shift to improve energy efficiency, decrease dependence on [fossil fuels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels), and mitigate climate change. Also in 2010, Middlebury College and Integrated Energy Solutions, a Vermont developer of farm-based methane energy, agreed to explore a bio-methane gas collection and delivery system that could help Middlebury further reduce its use of fossil fuels. Middlebury has agreed to purchase bio-methane gas from IES over a 10-year period, with the agreement contingent on the college raising money to build storage facilities for the gas on campus and retrofit its current heating plant to burn the new fuel. Student life In 2013, [Princeton Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Review) ranked Middlebury as one of the top 20 schools in the US for "best quality of life." There are over 140 registered student organizations at Middlebury. Students register for organizations of interest during the Fall Activities Fair in September. The Middlebury Campus is the student weekly of Middlebury College. The Campus was founded in 1900, and is entirely student-run. In 2019, the Middlebury Independent, a monthly journal, was established. The Local Noodle, a satirical student publication founded in 2016, publishes multiple times a semester and maintains a consistent online presence. [WRMC-FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRMC-FM) is Middlebury's student-volunteer-run radio station. Student body The median family income of Middlebury students is $244,300, with 53% of students coming from the top 5% highest-earning families and 14.2% from the bottom 60%. Middlebury College is the ranked 5th in the country for the most share (23%) of students coming from the top 1% of family income ($630,000 or more per year). As of the 2019 school year, the student body consisted of 53% women and 47% men. Traditions Middlebury's Winter Carnival is the oldest student-run winter carnival in the country, started in 1923. The Winter Carnival is a weekend-long event and traditionally includes a bonfire and fireworks on the opening night, ski races at the [Middlebury College Snow Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College_Snow_Bowl) on Friday and Saturday, and the Winter Ball on Saturday night. Middlebury offers a mid-year graduation for those students who complete coursework at the end of January. These students are usually "Febs," students who began their Middlebury careers as February first-years. The mid-year graduation tradition is for all graduating seniors to ski down the [Middlebury College Snow Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College_Snow_Bowl) in their caps and gowns to receive their diplomas. Middlebury Outdoor Programs organizes outdoor orientations for incoming students in September and February. These orientations involve several days of hiking, rock climbing, kayaking, snowshoeing, and other activities in the wilderness around Middlebury. Following the New Traditions Contest initiated by President Laurie Patton in the spring of 2018, Middlebury held its first Panther Day on October 20, 2018. The new tradition was held during Homecoming Weekend and included a parade of student clubs and organizations, in an effort to build school spirit. A group of student protesters lined the side of the parade route to call attention to the lack of support by the college for survivors of sexual assault. New England Review The New England Review (NER) is a quarterly literary journal published by Middlebury College. NER publishes poetry, fiction, translations, and a wide variety of non-fiction in each issue. It has published work by many who have gone on to win major awards such as the [Pulitzer Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize), the [National Book Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award), and the [National Book Critics Circle Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award). Athletics Middlebury competes in the [New England Small College Athletic Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Small_College_Athletic_Conference). The Panthers lead the [NESCAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NESCAC) in total number of National Championships, having won 33 team championships since the conference lifted its ban on NCAA play in 1994. In the early 20th century, Middlebury's traditional athletic rivals included the [University of Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont) and [Norwich University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_University). In football, Middlebury is rivals with [Hamilton College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College); the rivalry dates to 1911 and since 1980 the game between the two schools has been called the "Rocking Chair Classic," with the Mack-Jack Rocking Chair going to the winner (Middlebury has historically dominated the rivalry). The real-life version of [Quidditch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidditch_(real-life_sport)) was brought to life in 2005 at Middlebury College, by Xander Manshel and Alex Benepe, who later became the first commissioner of quidditch. It has grown into a distinct sport after 15 publications of rulebooks. Notable people .jpg) [Eve Ensler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Ensler)[Tony Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards)-winning playwright, performer, creator of [The Vagina Monologues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues)AB 1975 [Ari Fleischer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Fleischer) [White House Press Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary) for [President George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush) AB 1982 .jpg) [Julia Alvarez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Alvarez)poet, novelist, [National Medal of Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts) winner, author of [How the García Girls Lost Their Accents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Garc%C3%ADa_Girls_Lost_Their_Accents)AB 1971 [Ron Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Brown)[Secretary of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce) for [President Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton) AB 1962 [Vendela Vida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendela_Vida) Novelist AB 1993 [Jeff Lindsay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Lindsay_(writer)) Creator of the [Dexter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Morgan) series AB 1975 [Roger Easton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_L._Easton)Principal inventor and designer of [GPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System)AB 1943 [Shawn Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Ryan) creator of [The Shield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shield) AB 1988 .jpg) [Jim Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Douglas)80th [Governor of Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont)AB 1972 [Dan Schulman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Schulman)CEO of [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal)AB 1980 _(cropped).jpg) [Jason Mantzoukas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Mantzoukas) Comedian, writer, and actor AB 1995 [Bill Maris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Maris)Founder and CEO of [Google Ventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GV_(company))AB 1997 .jpg) [Lado Gurgenidze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lado_Gurgenidze) 17th Prime Minister of [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (attended) Presidents [Jeremiah Atwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Atwater), 1800–09 [Henry Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Davis_(clergyman)), 1809–18 [Joshua Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Bates_(educator)), 1818–40 [Benjamin Labaree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Labaree), 1840–66 [Harvey Denison Kitchel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Denison_Kitchel), 1866–75 [Calvin Butler Hulbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Butler_Hulbert), 1875–80 [Cyrus Hamlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Hamlin), 1880–85 [Ezra Brainerd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Brainerd), 1885–1908 [John Martin Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_Thomas), 1908–21 [Paul Dwight Moody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dwight_Moody), 1921–43 [Samuel Somerville Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Somerville_Stratton), 1943–63 [James Isbell Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Isbell_Armstrong), 1963–75 [Olin Clyde Robison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Clyde_Robison), 1975–90 [Timothy Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Light), 1990–91 [John McCardell Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCardell_Jr.), 1991–2004 [Ronald D. Liebowitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_D._Liebowitz), 2004–15 [Laurie L. Patton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_L._Patton), 2015–present

2024-09-18 16:50:48

Boyce_Avenue

<Infotable> Boyce Avenue Boyce Avenue performing in 2010 Background information Origin: Sarasota, Florida, US Genres: Pop rock,alternative rock Years active: 2004–present Labels: 3 PeaceUniversal Republic Members: Alejandro Luis ManzanoFabian Rafael ManzanoDaniel Enrique Manzano Website: www.boyceavenue.com </Infotable> 3 Peace[Universal Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Republic_Records) Alejandro Luis Manzano Fabian Rafael Manzano Daniel Enrique Manzano Boyce Avenue is an American cover band formed in [Sarasota, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida), by brothers Alejandro Luis Manzano, Daniel Enrique Manzano, and Fabian Rafael Manzano. Boyce Avenue releases original music as well as [covers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version) of contemporary and classic songs. The band is named after a combination of two streets the brothers lived on as children. As of August 9, 2011, they are no longer signed to [Universal Republic Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Republic_Records) and have started their own independent record label called 3 Peace Records. Biography Daniel was born on October 4, 1980, Fabian was born on July 1, 1984, and Alejandro was born on October 4, 1986. The three attended Pine View High School; Fabian and Daniel played basketball, while Alejandro sang in the choir and was named Mr. Pine View.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] The brothers first came together as a band in 2004 when Alejandro (lead vocals, guitar, piano), Fabian (guitar, vocals), and Daniel (bass, percussion, vocals) reconnected after pursuing their respective educational goals. After graduating from [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School), Daniel moved back to Florida to join Fabian and Alejandro, who were both attending classes at the [University of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida). The brothers wrote music and performed at local shows in [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida). In 2007 the band began filming and posting videos of their original songs and covers on YouTube. Some of the first videos they posted included acoustic versions of [Justin Timberlake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake)'s "[LoveStoned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoveStoned)", [Rihanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna)'s "[Umbrella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_(song))", and [Coldplay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay)'s "[Viva la Vida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_la_Vida)". As of March 2024, the band has over 6.78 billion views on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube) and over 16.5 million subscribers to their channel. Boyce Avenue booked a stand-alone show in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) in January 2009. The show sold out and receiving positive reviews.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Since then, the band has toured the world. In early 2009, the band performed for an estimated total of 25,000 fans over four headline shows in the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines). Following this, the band launched headline tours in the US, Canada, and Europe. The band recorded original music for their full-length debut album, All We Have Left, over their first years as an ensemble, and it was released in 2010 through their own label, 3 Peace Records. The lead singles from the album were "Every Breath", "On My Way", and "Broken Angel". The music video for "Every Breath", the first single from the album, was directed by Zach Merch (Blue October, Safetysuit) in [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles), and was a collaborative effort that grew from a treatment written by the band. All We Have Left was written and produced by the band. In 2011, Boyce Avenue toured in Indonesia, Australia, the US, Canada, and Europe. They played in venues such as [The Fillmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fillmore) in San Francisco, [Webster Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster_Hall) in New York, [the Riviera Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riviera_Theatre) in Chicago, [The Sound Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_Academy) in Toronto, [Shepherd's Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire) in London, The Olympia Theatre in Dublin, and [Live Music Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Music_Hall) in Cologne.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Career 2004–2009: Formation and debut album Boyce Avenue formed in 2004 when Daniel moved back to Florida after graduating from [Harvard Law School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School). Alejandro and Fabian were both attending classes at the [University of Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida) but left before graduating. In 2007, Boyce Avenue began posting videos of original music and covers of popular songs on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube). Many of these covers have over 10 million views and have been released as digital EPs by 3 Peace Records. Their two [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube) channels, BoyceAvenue and BoyceAvenueExtras, have had a total of over 1 billion views as of 2014. While producing the videos for YouTube, Boyce Avenue continued to create original material for their album, [All You're Meant to Be](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_You%27re_Meant_to_Be), which was released on March 3, 2008. In January 2009, the band performed a stand-alone sold-out show in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) at the Mercury Lounge. On October 2, 2009 [WWE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE) featured their single "Hear Me Now" in a video tribute to [Eddie Guerrero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero) on their decade of [SmackDown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_SmackDown) show. With their sights set on connecting with their online fan base, the band turned their attention to touring, playing four headlining shows in the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines). Shortly following this, the band began its first tour of the US. 2010–2011: Signed to Universal Republic In early 2010, they returned to the Philippines to play festivals with [Kris Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Allen) and the [Jabbawockeez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbawockeez). This was followed by a spring revisit tour of Europe in 2010. On January 23, 2010, the band signed with [Universal Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Republic) and had a debut album, entitled [All We Have Left](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_We_Have_Left), released on June 15, 2010. The album was produced and financed entirely by Boyce Avenue prior to being signed to Universal Republic. The album contains reworked songs from All You're Meant to Be and new songs written for the album. The album's first single, "Every Breath", was released digitally on March 16, 2010. The music video for "Every Breath" was released on March 20, 2010. In November 2011, they released their original music video, "Dare to Believe". In December 2011 they received one million subscribers on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube) and thanked the subscribers by posting the official music video of "Find Me", from their album All We Have Left. On April 16, 2012, Boyce Avenue released the official video for their song "Broken Angel" as a worldwide debut through Q Magazine and YouTube. The most currently released music video was "On My Way" on November 18, 2012. 2011–present: 3 Peace Records As of August 9, 2011, Boyce Avenue are no longer signed with Universal Republic and produce their CDs through their own label, 3 Peace Records. The label has since signed artist [Hannah Trigwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Trigwell). In 2012, Boyce Avenue worked on the American version of [The X Factor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(U.S._TV_series)) as vocal coaches. On May 14, 2013, Boyce Avenue announced a World Tour in the fall. The first four countries they visited were [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada), the US, the UK and Ireland. By the end of August 2013, Boyce Avenue had hit 1 billion views and 4 million subscribers on YouTube, making them the fourth most popular band on that medium. On August 6, 2013, they released their first live album, from their world tour, called Live in [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles). In March 2014, they performed for the first time in Spain, with both concerts in [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid) and [Barcelona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona) selling out. The band's EP, [No Limits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Limits_(EP)), was released April 22, 2014, with a full-length album originally planned for later in the year. The EP contains more upbeat pop tracks than their previous work. On March 24, Boyce Avenue announced they will be teaming up with Vessel, a subscription video service launched by the early team behind [Hulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu), including former CEO [Jason Kilar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Kilar). Touring Boyce Avenue's first headline tour was in 2009. By May 2012, Boyce Avenue had headlined six tours in Great Britain and Ireland, six tours in continental Europe, four tours in the US, three tours in Canada, one tour in Australia, and had played several shows in Southeast Asia.[[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)] In August 2010, Boyce Avenue performed with the [Goo Goo Dolls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goo_Goo_Dolls) and [Switchfoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchfoot). In November 2011, the band sold out almost every single show on its European tour, including sold-out shows at [Shepherd's Bush Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire) in London, the [Olympia Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Theatre_(Dublin)) in Dublin (the band's second time selling out that venue in its career), and the Live Music Hall in Cologne, Germany. The band's past opening acts have included [Ryan Cabrera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Cabrera), [Secondhand Serenade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhand_Serenade), [Tyler Hilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Hilton), and several YouTube friends of the band's. During this tour, the Band opened the European [MTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV) Video Awards show by appearing in front of over 20,000 fans in a square in Belfast, Northern Ireland where their performance was very well received. [Zayn Malik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_Malik) and [Louis Tomlinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Tomlinson) of [One Direction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Direction) are fans of Boyce Avenue; in January 2012, Boyce Avenue opened for their friends One Direction during their debut "Up All Night Tour" in Great Britain and Ireland. Beginning in June 2012, Boyce Avenue performed in its biggest headline tour to date, including stops at the [Hammersmith Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo) in London, the Waterfront in Belfast, the Turbinenhalle Oberhausen, Stadtpark in Hamburg, several O2 Academy main halls throughout Great Britain (these include Leeds, Manchester and Newcastle among others), and two shows at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin. Also during June, the band also played at the [Isle of Wight Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_2012) in Great Britain, [Parkpop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkpop) Festival in the Netherlands, and the [Rock am Ring and Rock im Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_am_Ring_and_Rock_im_Park) festivals in Germany. Members Alejandro Manzano – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano (since 2004) Fabian Manzano – lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004) Daniel Manzano – bass, percussion, backing vocals (since 2004) Former additional members Stephen Hatker - drums, percussion (2004-2010) Jason Burrows – drums, percussion (2010-2017) Discography Studio albums <Wikitable> Title Album details Peak chart positions Title Album details US Heat [12] All You’re Meant to Be Released: March 10, 2009 Label: Universal Formats: CD, digital download — All We Have Left Released: June 15, 2010 Label: Universal, 3 Peace Formats: CD, digital download 7 Road Less Traveled Released: April 15, 2016 Label: 3 Peace Formats: CD, digital download 15 "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. </Wikitable> Released: March 10, 2009 Label: [Universal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_International) Formats: [CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc), [digital download](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download) Released: June 15, 2010 Label: Universal, 3 Peace Formats: CD, digital download Released: April 15, 2016 Label: 3 Peace Formats: CD, digital download Live albums Live in Los Angeles (2013) Live at the Royal Albert Hall (2018) EPs <Wikitable> Title Album details Peak chart positions Title Album details US Heat [12] No Limits Released: April 22, 2014 Label: 3 Peace Formats: CD, digital download 14 "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. </Wikitable> Released: April 22, 2014 Label: 3 Peace Formats: [CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc), [digital download](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download) Singles Promotional singles <Wikitable> Title Year Album "Every Breath" 2011 All We Have Left "Hear Me Now" 2011 All We Have Left </Wikitable> Awards and nominations <Wikitable> Year Nominated Award Result 2014 Boyce Avenue Teen Choice for Choice Web Star: Music Nominated 2016 Boyce Avenue Teen Choice for Choice Web Star: Music Nominated 2016 Boyce Avenue Unsigned Music Awards: UMA Icons Award[13] Won </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 19:04:31

The_Willows_Shopping_Center

The Willows Shopping Center is a shopping center in [Concord, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_California). History National retailers at the center include [Old Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Navy), [ULTA Beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULTA_Beauty), [REI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_Equipment,_Inc.), [Claim Jumper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_Jumper) and [Benihana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benihana_(restaurant)). The center is located adjacent to I-680 that links the area to [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco). In addition, two BART stations provide rapid transit. Anchors UFC Gym (26,000 sq. ft.) [Old Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Navy) (20,458 sq. ft.) [REI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_Equipment,_Inc.) (29,486 sq. ft.) [ULTA Beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULTA_Beauty) (10,022 sq. ft.)

2024-09-18 16:35:14

Elissa_Schappell

<Infotable> Elissa Schappell Occupation: Novelistshort story writereditoressayist Nationality: American Education: New York University(MFA) Spouse: Rob Spillman </Infotable> Novelist short story writer editor essayist Elissa Schappell is an American novelist, short-story writer, editor and essayist. She was a co-founder and editor of the literary magazine [Tin House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_House). Writing career Schappell graduated from [New York University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University) with an [MFA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts) in creative writing. Her first job in publishing was with [Spy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_magazine) magazine in the 1980s. Schappell's first book of fiction, Use Me, a collection of 10 linked short stories, was published in 2000 by [William Morrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company), and was runner-up for the [PEN/Hemingway Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN/Hemingway_Award).[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] A second book of fiction, Blueprints for Building Better Girls, was published by [Simon & Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster) in 2011. It was chosen as a "Best Book of the Year" by [The San Francisco Chronicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Chronicle), [The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe), [The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) [Newsweek/The Daily Beast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newsweek_Daily_Beast_Company), and [O, The Oprah Magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O,_The_Oprah_Magazine).[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Schappell's articles, fiction, interviews and essays have been published in magazines including [GQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ), [Vogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)), [Spin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)), [BOMB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOMB_(magazine)), [One Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Story) and [Nerve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_(magazine)). She has written book reviews for [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times), [Bookforum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookforum), and [The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph). She was the longtime author of the "Hot Type" book column in [Vanity Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)), where she is also a contributing editor. Schappell was one of the founders and editors of the literary magazine [Tin House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_House). She was previously a Senior Editor at [The Paris Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paris_Review). Schappell teaches at schools including [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University), [NYU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU), and [Queens University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_University_of_Charlotte). Personal life Originally from [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware), Schappell now lives in [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn). She is married to Rob Spillman, with whom she co-founded Tin House. Publications "Novice Bitch" in the anthology The KGB Bar Reader (1998) Use Me (William Morrow, 2000) Contributed an article about [Allen Ginsberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg) to The Paris Review anthology Beat Writers at Work "Crossing the Line in the Sand: How Mad Can Mother Get?" in The Bitch in the House: 26 Women Tell the Truth About Sex, Solitude, Work, Motherhood, and Marriage (2002) "That sort of woman" in The Mrs Dalloway Reader (2003) "Sex and the Single Squirrel" in Cooking and Stealing: The Tin House Nonfiction Reader (2004) Co-edited and contributed to The Friend Who Got Away: Twenty Women's True-Life Tales of Friendships That Blew Up, Burned Out or Faded Away Essay on [Naked Lunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Lunch) in Bound to Last: 30 Writers on Their Most Cherished Book (2010) Blueprints for Building Better Girls (Simon & Schuster, 2011) "High-Strung Knitter" in Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting (2013)

2024-09-18 22:40:51

Emmeline_Pankhurst

<Infotable> Emmeline Pankhurst Pankhurst,c.1913 Born: Emmeline Goulden(1858-07-15)15 July 1858Moss Side, Manchester, England Died: 14 June 1928(1928-06-14)(aged 69)Hampstead, London, England Monuments: Statue of Emmeline PankhurstEmmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial Occupation(s): Political activist and suffragette Political party: Independent Labour Party(1890s)Women's Party(1917–1919)Conservative Party(1926–1928) Movement: Women's Social and Political Union Spouse: Richard Pankhurst​​(m.1879; died1898)​ Children: 5, includingChristabel,Sylvia, andAdela Pankhurst Parent: Sophia Goulden(mother) Relatives: Mary Jane Clarke(sister)Richard Pankhurst(grandson)Helen Pankhurst(great-granddaughter)Alula Pankhurst(great-grandson) </Infotable> Emmeline Pankhurst ([née](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Goulden; 15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was a British political activist who organised the British [suffragette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette) movement and helped women to win in 1918 the [right to vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage) in [Great Britain and Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland). In 1999, [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) named her as one of the [100 Most Important People of the 20th Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century), stating that "she shaped an idea of objects for our time" and "shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back". She was widely criticised for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, but her work is recognised as a crucial element in achieving [women's suffrage in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom). Born in the [Moss Side](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Side) district of [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester) to politically active parents, Pankhurst was introduced at the age of 14 to the women's suffrage movement. She founded and became involved with the [Women's Franchise League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Franchise_League), which advocated suffrage for both married and unmarried women. When that organisation broke apart, she tried to join the left-leaning [Independent Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party) through her friendship with socialist [Keir Hardie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Hardie) but was initially refused membership by the local branch on account of her sex. While working as a [Poor Law Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Law_Guardian), she was shocked at the harsh conditions she encountered in Manchester's [workhouses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse). In 1903, Pankhurst founded the [Women's Social and Political Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union) (WSPU), an all-women suffrage advocacy organisation dedicated to "deeds, not words". The group identified as independent from – and often in opposition to – political parties. It became known for physical confrontations: its members smashed windows and assaulted police officers. Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists received repeated prison sentences, where they staged [hunger strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike) to secure better conditions, and were often [force-fed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_feeding). As Pankhurst's eldest daughter [Christabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst) took leadership of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew. Eventually, the group [adopted bombings and arson as a tactic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign), and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family. In 1913, several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhurst's younger daughters, [Adela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst) and [Sylvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst). Emmeline was so furious that she "gave [Adela] a ticket, £20, and a letter of introduction to a suffragette in Australia, and firmly insisted that she emigrate". Adela complied and the family rift was never healed. Sylvia became a socialist. With the advent of the [First World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War), Emmeline and Christabel called an immediate halt to the militant terrorism in support of the [British government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government)'s stand against the "German Peril". Emmeline organised and led a massive procession called the Women's Right to Serve demonstration to illustrate women's contribution to the war effort. Emmeline and Christabel urged women to aid industrial production and encouraged young men to fight. Some have suggested there is an ideological link between the feminist movement and the [white feather](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_feather) movement. In 1918, the [Representation of the People Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918) granted votes to all men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30. This discrepancy was intended to ensure that men did not become minority voters as a consequence of the huge number of deaths suffered during the First World War. She transformed the WSPU machinery into the [Women's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(UK)), which was dedicated to promoting women's equality in public life. In her later years, she became concerned with what she perceived as the menace posed by [Bolshevism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevism) and joined the [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)). She was selected as the Conservative candidate for [Whitechapel and St Georges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_and_St_Georges_(UK_Parliament_constituency)) in 1927. She died on 14 June 1928, only weeks before the Conservative government's [Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928) extended the vote to all women over 21 years of age on 2 July 1928. She was commemorated two years later with a statue in [Victoria Tower Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Tower_Gardens), next to the [Houses of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament). Early life Emmeline Goulden was born on Sloan Street in the [Moss Side](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Side) district of [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester) on 15 July 1858. At school, her teachers called her Emily, a name she preferred. Although her [birth certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_certificate) says otherwise, she believed and later claimed her birthday was a day earlier, on [Bastille Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Day) (14 July). Most biographies, including those written by her daughters, repeat this claim. Feeling a kinship with the female revolutionaries who [stormed the Bastille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille), she said in 1908: "I have always thought that the fact that I was born on that day had some kind of influence over my life." The family into which she was born had been steeped in political agitation for generations; her mother, [Sophia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Goulden), was a Manx woman from the [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man) who was descended from men who were charged with social unrest and slander. In 1881, the Isle of Man became the first place in the British Isles to grant women the right to vote in Manx national elections (the Isle does not return members to the UK Parliament). Her father, Robert Goulden, was a self-made man – working his way from errand boy to manufacturer – from a humble Manchester family with its own background of political activity. Robert's mother, a [fustian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustian) cutter, worked with the [Anti-Corn Law League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League), and his father was [press-ganged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressment) into the [Royal Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy) and present at the [Peterloo massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterloo_massacre), when cavalry charged and broke up a crowd demanding parliamentary reform. The Gouldens' first son died at the age of three, but they had 10 other children; Emmeline was the eldest of five daughters. Soon after her birth, the family moved to [Seedley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedley), where her father had co-founded a small business. He was also active in local politics, serving for several years on the [Salford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford) town council. He was an enthusiastic supporter of dramatic organisations including the Manchester Athenaeum and the Dramatic Reading Society. He owned a theatre in Salford for several years, where he played the leads in several [Shakespeare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare) plays. Goulden absorbed an appreciation of drama and theatrics from her father, which she used later in social activism. The Gouldens included their children in social activism. As part of the movement to end U.S. slavery, Robert welcomed American abolitionist [Henry Ward Beecher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher) when he visited Manchester. Sophia used the novel [Uncle Tom's Cabin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin), written by Beecher's sister [Harriet Beecher Stowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe), as a regular source of bedtime stories for her sons and daughters. In her 1914 autobiography My Own Story, Goulden recalls visiting a [bazaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar) at a young age to collect money for newly freed slaves in the U.S. Emmeline began to read books when she was very young, with one source claiming that she was reading as early as the age of three. She read the [Odyssey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey) at the age of nine and enjoyed the works of [John Bunyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunyan), especially his 1678 story [The Pilgrim's Progress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress). Another of her favourite books was [Thomas Carlyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle)'s three-volume treatise [The French Revolution: A History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Revolution:_A_History), and she later said the work "remained all [her] life a source of inspiration". Despite her avid consumption of books, however, she was not given the educational advantages enjoyed by her brothers. Their parents believed that the girls needed most to learn the art of "making home attractive" and other skills desired by potential husbands. The Gouldens deliberated carefully about future plans for their sons' education, but they expected their daughters to marry young and avoid paid work. Although they supported [women's suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage) and the general advancement of women in society, the Gouldens believed their daughters incapable of the goals of their male peers. Feigning sleep one evening as her father came into her bedroom, Goulden heard him pause and say to himself, "What a pity she wasn't born a lad." It was through her parents' interest in women's suffrage that Goulden was first introduced to the subject. Her mother received and read the [Women's Suffrage Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Journal), and Goulden grew fond of its editor [Lydia Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Becker). At the age of 14, she returned home from school one day to find her mother on her way to a public meeting about women's voting rights. After learning that Becker would be speaking, she insisted on attending. Goulden was enthralled by Becker's address and later wrote, "I left the meeting a conscious and confirmed suffragist." A year later, she arrived in [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris) to attend the École Normale de Neuilly. The school provided its female pupils with classes in chemistry and bookkeeping, in addition to traditionally feminine arts such as [embroidery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery). Her roommate was Noémie, the daughter of [Victor Henri Rochefort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Lu%C3%A7ay), who had been imprisoned in [New Caledonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia) for his support of the [Paris Commune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune). The girls shared tales of their parents' political exploits and remained good friends for years. Goulden was so fond of Noémie and the school that she returned with her sister [Mary Jane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Clarke) as a [parlour boarder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlour_boarder) after graduating. Noémie had married a Swiss painter and quickly found a suitable French husband for her English friend. When Robert refused to provide a [dowry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry) for his daughter, the man withdrew his offer of marriage and Goulden returned, miserable, to Manchester. Marriage and family In the autumn of 1878, at the age of 20, Goulden met and began a relationship with [Richard Pankhurst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)), a barrister who had advocated women's suffrage – and other causes, including [freedom of speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech) and education reform – for years. Richard, 44 years old when they met, had earlier resolved to remain a [bachelor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor) to better serve the public. Their mutual affection was powerful, but the couple's happiness was diminished by the death of his mother the following year. Sophia Jane Goulden chastised her daughter for "throwing herself" at Richard and advised her without success to exhibit more aloofness. Emmeline suggested to Richard that they avoid the legal formalities of marriage by entering into a [free union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_union); he objected on the grounds that she would be excluded from political life as an unmarried woman. He noted that his colleague [Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Clarke_Wolstenholme_Elmy) had faced social condemnation before she formalised her marriage to Ben Elmy. Emmeline Goulden agreed, and they had their wedding in [St Luke's Church, Pendleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_Pendleton) on 18 December 1879. During the 1880s, living at the Goulden cottage with her parents in Seedley, then at 1 Drayton Terrace Chester Rd Old Trafford (1881 census Stretford) opposite Richards parents home, Emmeline Pankhurst tended to her husband and children, but still devoted time to political activities. Although she gave birth to five children in ten years, both she and Richard believed that she should not be "a household machine". Thus a butler was hired to help with the children as Pankhurst involved herself with the Women's Suffrage Society. Their daughter [Christabel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst) was born on 22 September 1880, less than a year after the wedding. Pankhurst gave birth to another daughter, [Estelle Sylvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst), in 1882, and their son Henry Francis Robert, nicknamed Frank, in 1884. Soon afterwards Richard Pankhurst left the [Liberal Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)). He began expressing more radical socialist views and argued a case in court against several wealthy businessmen. These actions roused Robert Goulden's ire and the mood in the house became tense. In 1885, the Pankhursts moved to [Chorlton-on-Medlock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorlton-on-Medlock), and their daughter [Adela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst) was born. They moved to London the following year, where Richard ran unsuccessfully for election as a Member of [Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom) and Pankhurst opened a small fabric shop called Emerson and Company, together with her sister Mary Jane. In 1888, Pankhurst's son Frank developed [diphtheria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria). He died on 11 September. Overwhelmed with grief, Pankhurst commissioned two portraits of the dead boy but was unable to look at them and hid them in a bedroom cupboard. The family concluded that a faulty [drainage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage) system at the back of their house had caused their son's illness. Pankhurst blamed the poor conditions of the neighbourhood, and the family moved to a more affluent middle class district at [Russell Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Square). She was soon pregnant once more and declared that the child was "Frank coming again". She gave birth to a son on 7 July 1889 and named him Henry Francis in honour of his deceased brother. Pankhurst made their Russell Square home into a centre for political intellectuals and activists, including, "Socialists, Protesters, Anarchists, Suffragists, Free Thinkers, Radicals and Humanitarians of all schools." She took pleasure in decorating the house – especially with furnishings from Asia – and clothing the family in tasteful apparel. Her daughter Sylvia later wrote: "Beauty and appropriateness in her dress and household appointments seemed to her at all times an indispensable setting to public work." The Pankhursts hosted a variety of guests including Indian MP [Dadabhai Naoroji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji), socialist activists [Herbert Burrows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Burrows) and [Annie Besant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant), and French anarchist [Louise Michel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Michel). Women's Franchise League In 1888, Britain's first nationwide coalition of groups advocating women's right to vote, the [National Society for Women's Suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage) (NSWS), split after a majority of members decided to accept organisations affiliated with political parties. Angry at this decision, some of the group's leaders, including [Lydia Becker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Becker) and [Millicent Fawcett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett), stormed out of the meeting and created an alternative organisation committed to the "old rules," called the Great College Street Society after the location of its headquarters. Pankhurst aligned herself with the "new rules" group, which became known as the [Parliament Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall) Society (PSS). Some members of the PSS favoured a piecemeal approach to gaining the vote. Because it was often assumed that married women did not need the vote since their husbands "voted for them," some PSS members felt that the vote for single women and widows was a practical step along the path to full suffrage. When the reluctance within the PSS to advocate on behalf of married women became clear, Pankhurst and her husband helped organise another new group dedicated to voting rights for all women – married and unmarried. The inaugural meeting of the [Women's Franchise League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Franchise_League) (WFL) was held on 25 July 1889, at the Pankhurst home in Russell Square. Early members of the WFL included [Josephine Butler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Butler), leader of the [Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_National_Association_for_the_Repeal_of_the_Contagious_Diseases_Acts); the Pankhursts' friend [Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme-Elmy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Clarke_Wolstenholme-Elmy); and [Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriot_Eaton_Stanton_Blatch), daughter of US suffragist [Elizabeth Cady Stanton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton). The WFL was considered a radical organisation, since in addition to women's suffrage it supported [equal rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality) for women in the areas of divorce and [inheritance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance). It also advocated [trade unionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionism) and sought alliances with socialist organisations. The more conservative group that emerged from the NSWS split spoke out against what they called the "extreme left" wing of the movement. The WFL reacted by ridiculing the "Spinster Suffrage party" and insisting that a wider assault on social inequity was required. The group's [radicalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism) caused some members to leave; both Blatch and Elmy resigned from the WFL. The group fell apart one year later. Independent Labour Party Pankhurst's shop never succeeded and he had trouble attracting business in London. With the family's finances in jeopardy, Richard travelled regularly to [northwest England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_England), where most of his clients were. In 1893 the Pankhursts closed the store and returned to Manchester. They stayed for several months in the seaside town of [Southport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport), then moved briefly to the village of [Disley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disley) and finally settled into a house in Manchester's [Victoria Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Manchester). The girls were enrolled in Manchester Girls' High School, where they felt confined by the large student population and strictly regimented schedule. Pankhurst began to work with several political organisations, distinguishing herself for the first time as an activist in her own right and gaining respect in the community. One biographer describes this period as her "emergence from Richard's shadow." In addition to her work on behalf of women's suffrage, she became active with the [Women's Liberal Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Liberal_Federation) (WLF), an auxiliary of the Liberal Party. She quickly grew disenchanted with the group's moderate positions, however, especially its unwillingness to support [Irish Home Rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_bills) and the aristocratic leadership of [Archibald Primrose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery). In 1888 Pankhurst had met and befriended [Keir Hardie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Hardie), a socialist from Scotland. He was elected to parliament in 1891 and two years later helped to create the [Independent Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party) (ILP). Excited about the range of issues which the ILP pledged to confront, Pankhurst resigned from the WFL and applied to join the ILP. The local branch refused her admission on the grounds of her sex, but she eventually joined the ILP nationally. Christabel later wrote of her mother's enthusiasm for the party and its organising efforts: "In this movement she hoped there might be the means of righting every political and social wrong." One of her first activities with the ILP found Pankhurst distributing food to poor men and women through the Committee for the Relief of the Unemployed. In December 1894 she was elected to the position of [Poor Law Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Guardians) in [Chorlton-on-Medlock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorlton-on-Medlock). She was appalled by the conditions she witnessed first-hand in the Manchester [workhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse):.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} The first time I went into the place I was horrified to see little girls seven and eight years old on their knees scrubbing the cold stones of the long corridors ... bronchitis was epidemic among them most of the time ... I found that there were pregnant women in that workhouse, scrubbing floors, doing the hardest kind of work, almost until their babies came into the world ... Of course the babies are very badly protected ... These poor, unprotected mothers and their babies I am sure were potent factors in my education as a militant. Pankhurst immediately began to change these conditions, and established herself as a successful voice of reform on the Board of Guardians. Her chief opponent was a passionate man named Mainwaring, known for his rudeness. Recognising that his loud anger was hurting his chances of persuading those aligned with Pankhurst, he kept a note nearby during meetings: "Keep your temper!" After helping her husband with another unsuccessful parliamentary campaign, Pankhurst faced legal troubles in 1896 when she and two men violated a [court order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_order) against ILP meetings at [Boggart Hole Clough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggart_Hole_Clough). With Richard's volunteering his time as [legal counsel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer), they refused to pay fines, and the two men spent a month in prison. The punishment was never ordered for Pankhurst, however, possibly because the magistrate feared public backlash against the imprisonment of a woman so respected in the community. Asked by an ILP reporter if she were prepared to spend time in prison, Pankhurst replied: "Oh, yes, quite. It wouldn't be so very dreadful, you know, and it would be a valuable experience." Although ILP meetings were eventually permitted, the episode was a strain on Pankhurst's health and caused loss of income for their family. Richard's death During the struggle at Boggart Hole Clough, Richard Pankhurst began to experience severe [stomach pains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_pain). He had developed a [gastric ulcer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_ulcer), and his health deteriorated in 1897. The family moved briefly to [Mobberley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobberley), with the hope that country air would help his condition. He soon felt well again, and the family returned to Manchester in the autumn. In the summer of 1898, he suffered a sudden relapse. Emmeline Pankhurst had taken their oldest daughter Christabel to [Corsier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsier), Switzerland, to visit her old friend Noémie. A telegram arrived from Richard, reading: "I am not well. Please come home, my love." Leaving Christabel with Noémie, Pankhurst returned immediately to England. On 5 July, while on a train from London to Manchester, she noticed a newspaper announcing the death of Richard Pankhurst. The loss of her husband left Pankhurst with new responsibilities and a significant amount of debt. She moved the family to a smaller house at 62 Nelson Street, resigned from the Board of Guardians, and was given a paid position as Registrar of Births and Deaths in Chorlton. This work gave her more insight into the conditions of women in the region. She wrote in her autobiography: "They used to tell me their stories, dreadful stories some of them, and all of them pathetic with that patient and uncomplaining pathos of poverty." Her observations of the differences between the lives of men and women, for example in relation to [illegitimacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimacy), reinforced her conviction that women needed the right to vote before their conditions could improve. In 1900 she was elected to the Manchester School Board and saw new examples of women suffering unequal treatment and limited opportunities. During this time she also re-opened her store, with the hope that it would provide additional income for the family. The individual identities of the Pankhurst children began to emerge around the time of their father's death. Before long they were all involved in the struggle for women's suffrage. Christabel enjoyed a privileged status among the daughters, as Sylvia noted in 1931: "She was our mother's favourite; we all knew it, and I, for one, never resented the fact." Christabel did not share her mother's fervour for political work, however, until she befriended the suffrage activists [Esther Roper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roper) and [Eva Gore-Booth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Gore-Booth). She soon became involved with the suffrage movement and joined her mother at speaking events. Sylvia took lessons from a respected local artist and soon received a scholarship to the [Manchester School of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University). She went on to study art in Florence and Venice. The younger children, Adela and Harry, had difficulty finding a path for their studies. Adela was sent to a local [boarding school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school), where she was cut off from her friends and contracted [head lice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculosis). Harry also had difficulty at school; he suffered from [measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles) and vision problems. Women's Social and Political Union/WSPU By 1903, Pankhurst believed that years of moderate speeches and promises about women's suffrage from members of parliament (MPs) had yielded no progress. Although suffrage bills in 1870, 1886, and 1897 had shown promise, each was defeated. She doubted that political parties, with their many agenda items, would ever make women's suffrage a priority. She even broke with the [ILP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party) when it refused to focus on [Votes for Women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votes_for_Women). It was necessary to abandon the patient tactics of existing advocacy groups, she believed, in favour of more militant actions. Thus on 10 October 1903 Pankhurst and several colleagues founded the [Women's Social and Political Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union) (WSPU), an organisation open only to women and focused on [direct action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action) to win the vote. "Deeds," she wrote later, "not words, was to be our permanent motto." The WSPU confined its membership to women – men could not become members. The group's early militancy took [non-violent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence) forms. In addition to making speeches and gathering petition signatures, the WSPU organised rallies and published a newsletter called Votes for Women. The group also convened a series of "Women's Parliaments" for example, in [Caxton Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxton_Hall), to coincide with official government sessions. When a bill for women's suffrage was filibustered on 12 May 1905, Pankhurst and other WSPU members began a loud protest outside the Parliament building. Police immediately forced them away from the building, where they regrouped and demanded passage of the bill. Although the bill was never resurrected, Pankhurst considered it a successful demonstration of militancy's power to capture attention. Pankhurst declared in 1906: "We are at last recognized as a political party; we are now in the swim of politics, and are a political force." Before long, all three of her daughters became active with the WSPU. Christabel was arrested after spitting at a policeman during a meeting of the Liberal Party in October 1905; Adela and Sylvia were arrested a year later during a protest outside Parliament. Pankhurst was arrested for the first time in February 1908, when she tried to enter Parliament to deliver a protest resolution to Prime Minister [H. H. Asquith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Asquith). She was charged with obstruction and sentenced to six weeks in prison. She spoke out against the conditions of her confinement, including vermin, meagre food, and the "civilised torture of [solitary confinement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement) and absolute silence" to which she and others were ordered. Pankhurst saw imprisonment as a means to publicise the urgency of women's suffrage; in June 1909 she struck a police officer twice in the face to ensure she would be arrested. Pankhurst was arrested seven times before women's suffrage was approved. During her trial on 21 October 1908 she told the court: "We are here not because we are law-breakers; we are here in our efforts to become law-makers." The exclusive focus of the WSPU on votes for women was another hallmark of its militancy. While other organisations agreed to work with individual political parties, the WSPU insisted on separating itself from – and in many cases opposing – parties which did not make women's suffrage a priority. The group protested against all candidates belonging to the party of the ruling government since it refused to pass women's suffrage legislation. This brought them into immediate conflict with Liberal Party organisers, particularly since many Liberal candidates supported women's suffrage. (One early target of WSPU opposition was future Prime Minister [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill); his opponent attributed Churchill's defeat in part to "those ladies who are sometimes laughed at.") Members of the WSPU were sometimes heckled and derided for spoiling elections for Liberal candidates. On 18 January 1908, Pankhurst and her associate [Nellie Martel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Martel) were attacked by an all-male crowd of Liberal supporters who blamed the WSPU for costing them a recent by-election to the Conservative candidate. The men threw clay, rotten eggs, and stones packed in snow; the women were beaten and Pankhurst's ankle was severely bruised. Similar tensions later formed with Labour. Until party leaders made the vote for women a priority, however, the WSPU vowed to continue its militant activism. Pankhurst and others in the union saw [party politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party) as distracting to the goal of women's suffrage and criticised other organisations for putting party loyalty ahead of women's votes. As the WSPU gained recognition and notoriety for its actions, Pankhurst resisted efforts to democratise the organisation itself. In 1907 a small group of members led by [Teresa Billington-Greig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Billington-Greig) called for more involvement from the rank-and-file suffragettes at the union's annual meetings. In response, Pankhurst announced at a WSPU meeting that elements of the organisation's constitution relating to decision-making were void and cancelled the annual meetings. She also insisted that a small committee chosen by the members in attendance be allowed to co-ordinate WSPU activities. Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel were chosen (along with [Mabel Tuke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Tuke) and [Emmeline Pethick Lawrence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick_Lawrence)) as members of the new committee. Frustrated, several members including Billington-Greig and [Charlotte Despard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Despard) quit to form their own organisation, the [Women's Freedom League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Freedom_League). In her 1914 autobiography Pankhurst dismissed criticism of the WSPU's leadership structure: if at any time a member, or a group of members, loses faith in our policy; if any one begins to suggest that some other policy ought to be substituted, or if she tries to confuse the issue by adding other policies, she ceases at once to be a member. Autocratic? Quite so. But, you may object, a suffrage organisation ought to be democratic. Well the members of the W.S.P.U. do not agree with you. We do not believe in the effectiveness of the ordinary suffrage organisation. The W.S.P.U. is not hampered by a complexity of rules. We have no constitution and [by-laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bylaw); nothing to be amended or tinkered with or quarrelled over at an annual meeting ... The W.S.P.U. is simply a suffrage army in the field. Tactical intensification On 21 June 1908, 500,000 activists rallied in [Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London) to demand votes for women. This day is the beginning of "Women' s Sunday". It was organised by the WSPN, the massive demonstration for women's suffrage saw thousands march in seven processions all over London, gathering for a day of peaceful protest. Asquith and leading MPs responded with indifference. Angered by this intransigence and abusive police activity, some WSPU members increased the severity of their actions. Soon after the rally, twelve women gathered in [Parliament Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Square) and tried to deliver speeches for women's suffrage. Police officers seized several of the speakers and pushed them into a crowd of opponents who had gathered nearby. Frustrated, two WSPU members – [Edith New](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_New) and [Mary Leigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leigh) – went to [10 Downing Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street) and hurled rocks at the windows of the Prime Minister's home. They insisted their act was independent of the WSPU command, but Pankhurst expressed her approval of the action. When a magistrate sentenced New and Leigh to two months' imprisonment, Pankhurst reminded the court of how various male political agitators had broken windows to win legal and [civil rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights) throughout Britain's history. In 1909 the [hunger strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike) was added to the WSPU's repertoire of resistance. On 24 June [Marion Wallace Dunlop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Wallace_Dunlop) was arrested for writing an excerpt from the [Bill of Rights (1688 or 1689)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689) on a wall in the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom). Angered by the conditions of the jail, Dunlop went on a hunger strike. When it proved effective, fourteen women imprisoned for smashing windows began to fast. WSPU members soon became known around the country for holding prolonged hunger strikes to protest their incarceration. Prison authorities frequently force-fed the women, using tubes inserted through the nose or mouth. The painful techniques (which, in the case of mouth-feeding, required the use of steel gags to force the mouth open) brought condemnation from suffragists and medical professionals. These tactics caused some tension between the WSPU and more moderate organisations, which had coalesced into the [National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies) (NUWSS). That group's leader, [Millicent Fawcett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett), originally hailed WSPU members for their courage and dedication to the cause. By 1912, however, she declared that hunger strikes were mere publicity stunts and that militant activists were "the chief obstacles in the way of the success of the suffrage movement in the House of Commons." The NUWSS refused to join a march of women's suffrage groups after demanding without success that the WSPU end its support of property destruction. Fawcett's sister [Elizabeth Garrett Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson) later resigned from the WSPU for similar reasons. Press coverage was mixed; many journalists noted that crowds of women responded positively to speeches by Pankhurst, while others condemned her radical approach to the issue. [The Daily News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(UK)) urged her to endorse a more moderate approach, and other press outlets condemned the breaking of windows by WSPU members. In 1906 [Daily Mail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail) journalist Charles Hands referred to militant women using the diminutive term "[suffragette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette)" (rather than the standard "[suffragist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragist)"). Pankhurst and her allies seized the term as their own and used it to differentiate themselves from moderate groups. The last half of the century's first decade was a time of sorrow, loneliness, and constant work for Pankhurst. In 1907 she sold her home in Manchester and began an itinerant lifestyle, moving from place to place as she spoke and marched for women's suffrage. She stayed with friends and in hotels, carrying her few possessions in suitcases. Although she was energized by the struggle–and found joy in giving energy to others– her constant travelling meant separation from her children, especially Christabel, who had become the national coordinator of the WSPU. In 1909, as Pankhurst planned a speaking tour of the United States, Henry was paralyzed after his [spinal cord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord) became inflamed. She hesitated to leave the country while he was ill, but she needed money to pay for his treatment and the tour promised to be lucrative. On her return from a successful tour, she sat by Henry's bedside as he died on 5 January 1910. Five days later she buried him beside his brother Frank in Highgate Cemetery, then spoke before 5,000 people in Manchester. Liberal Party supporters who had come to heckle her remained quiet as she addressed the crowd. Conciliation, force-feeding attempt, and arson After the Liberal losses in the 1910 elections, ILP member and journalist [Henry Brailsford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brailsford) helped organise a Conciliation Committee for Women's Suffrage, which gathered 54 MPs from various parties. The group's [Conciliation Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliation_Bills) looked to be a narrowly defined but still significant possibility to achieve the vote for some women. Thus the WSPU agreed to suspend its support for window-breaking and hunger strikes while it was being negotiated. When it became clear that the bill would not pass, Pankhurst declared: "If the Bill, in spite of our efforts, is killed by the Government, then ... I have to say there is an end to the truce." When it was defeated, Pankhurst led a [protest march](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_(people)) of 300 women to Parliament Square on 18 November. They were met with aggressive police response, directed by [Home Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary) Winston Churchill: officers punched the marchers, twisted arms, and pulled on women's breasts. Although Pankhurst was allowed to enter Parliament, Prime Minister Asquith refused to meet her. The incident became known as [Black Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)). Her sister Mary Jane, who had attended the protest, too, was arrested for the third time, a few days later. She was sentenced to a month of imprisonment. On Christmas Day she died at the home of their brother Herbert Goulden, two days after her release. As subsequent Conciliation Bills were introduced, WSPU leaders advocated a halt to militant tactics. Aileen Preston was appointed as Pankhurst's driver in April 1911, to drive her around the country to help spread the suffrage message. In March 1912, the second bill was in jeopardy and Pankhurst joined a fresh outbreak of window-smashing. Extensive property damage led police to raid the WSPU offices. Pankhurst and Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence were tried at the [Old Bailey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey) and convicted of conspiracy to commit [property damage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_damage). Christabel, who by 1912 was the chief coordinator for the organisation, was also wanted by police. She fled to Paris, where she directed WSPU strategy in exile. Inside [Holloway Prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_(HM_Prison)), Emmeline Pankhurst staged her first hunger strike to improve conditions for other suffragettes in nearby cells; she was quickly joined by Pethick-Lawrence and other WSPU members. She described in her autobiography the trauma caused by [force-feeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-feeding) during the strike: "Holloway became a place of horror and torment. Sickening scenes of violence took place almost every hour of the day, as the doctors went from cell to cell performing their hideous office." When prison officials tried to enter her cell, Pankhurst raised a clay jug over her head and announced: "If any of you dares so much as to take one step inside this cell I shall defend myself." Pankhurst was spared further force-feeding attempts after this incident, but she continued to violate the law and – when imprisoned – starve herself in protest. During the following two years she was arrested numerous times but was frequently released after several days because of her [ill health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease). Later, the Asquith government enacted the [Cat and Mouse Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_Act), which allowed similar releases for other suffragettes facing ill-health due to hunger strikes. Prison officials recognised the potential [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations) disaster that would erupt if the popular WSPU leader were force-fed or allowed to suffer extensively in jail. Still, police officers arrested her during talks and as she marched. She tried to evade police harassment by wearing disguises and eventually the WSPU established a [jujutsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu)-trained female bodyguard squad to physically protect her against the police. She and other escorts were targeted by police, resulting in violent scuffles as officers tried to detain Pankhurst. In 1912, WSPU members [adopted arson as another tactic to win the vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign). After Prime Minister Asquith had visited the [Theatre Royal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Dublin) in Dublin, suffragette activists Gladys Evans, Lizzie Baker, [Mary Leigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leigh), and [Mabel Capper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Capper) [attempted to cause an explosion using gunpowder and benzine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign#The_campaign), which resulted in minimal damage. During the same evening, Mary Leigh threw an axe at the carriage containing [John Redmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Redmond) (leader of the [Irish Parliamentary Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party)), the Lord Mayor, and Asquith. Over the next two years women set fire to a refreshments building in [Regent's Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park), an orchid house at [Kew Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens), [pillar boxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_box), and a [railway carriage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_car). [Emily Davison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Davison) threw herself under [the King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V)'s horse [Anmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anmer) at the [Epsom Derby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby) in 1913. Her funeral drew 55,000 attendees along the streets and at the funeral. This gave significant publicity to the movement. Although Pankhurst confirmed that these women had not been commanded by her or Christabel, they both assured the public that they supported the arsonist suffragettes. There were similar incidents around the country. One WSPU member, for example, put a small [hatchet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchet) into the Prime Minister's carriage inscribed with the words: "Votes for Women," and other suffragettes used acid to burn the same slogan into [golf courses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf) used by MPs. In 1914, [Mary Richardson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Richardson) slashed the [Velasquez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez) painting [Rokeby Venus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokeby_Venus) to protest against Pankhurst's imprisonment. Defection and dismissal The WSPU's approval of property destruction led to the departure of several important members. The first were Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and her husband [Frederick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence). They had long been integral members of the group's leadership but found themselves in conflict with Christabel about the wisdom of such volatile tactics. After returning from a vacation in Canada they found that Pankhurst had expelled them from the WSPU. The pair found the decision appalling, but to avoid a [schism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_(organizational)) in the movement they continued to praise Pankhurst and the organisation in public. Around the same time, Emmeline's daughter Adela left the group. She disapproved of WSPU endorsement of property destruction and felt that a heavier emphasis on socialism was necessary. Adela's relationship with her family – especially Christabel – was also strained as a result. The deepest rift in the Pankhurst family came in November 1913 when Sylvia spoke at a meeting of socialists and trade unionists in support of trade union organiser [Jim Larkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Larkin). She had been working with the [East London Federation of Suffragettes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Socialist_Federation) (ELFS), a local branch of the WSPU which had a close relationship with socialists and [organised labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement). The close connection to labour groups and Sylvia's appearance on stage with Frederick Pethick-Lawrence – who also addressed the crowd – convinced Christabel that her sister was organising a group that might challenge the WSPU in the suffrage movement. The dispute became public, and members of groups including the WSPU, ILP, and ELFS braced themselves for a showdown. After being dismissed from the WSPU, Sylvia felt "bruised, as one does, when fighting the foe without, one is struck by the friend within." In January Sylvia was summoned to Paris, where Emmeline and Christabel were waiting. Their mother had just returned from another tour of the US, and Sylvia had just been released from prison. All three women were exhausted and stressed, which added considerably to the tension. In her 1931 book The Suffrage Movement Sylvia describes Christabel as an unreasonable figure, haranguing her for refusing to toe the WSPU line: She turned to me. "You have your own ideas. We do not want that; we want all our women to take their instructions and walk in step like an army!" Too tired, too ill to argue, I made no reply. I was oppressed by a sense of tragedy, grieved by her ruthlessness. Her glorification of autocracy seemed to me remote indeed from the struggle we were waging, the grim fight even now proceeding in the cells. I thought of many others who had been thrust aside for some minor difference. With their mother's blessing, Christabel ordered Sylvia's group to dissociate from the WSPU. Pankhurst tried to persuade the ELFS to remove the word "suffragettes" from its name, since it was inextricably linked to the WSPU. When Sylvia refused, her mother switched to fierce anger in a letter: You are unreasonable, always have been & I fear always will be. I suppose you were made so! ... Had you chosen a name which we could approve we could have done much to launch you & advertise your society by name. Now you must take your own way of doing so. I am sorry but you make your own difficulties by an incapacity to look at situations from other people's point of view as well as your own. Perhaps in time you will learn the lessons that we all have to learn in life. Adela, unemployed and unsure of her future, had become a worry for Pankhurst as well. She decided that Adela should move to Australia, and paid for her relocation. They never saw one another again. The Women's Party In November 1917 the WSPU's weekly newspaper announced that the WSPU was to become the [Women's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(UK)). Twelve months later on Tuesday 19 November at the [Queen's Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall) in London Emmeline Pankhurst said that her daughter Christabel would be their candidate at the forthcoming [General Election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election), the first at which women could stand as candidates. They didn't say which constituency they would fight but a few days later [Westbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)) in Wiltshire was identified. Emmeline lobbied Prime Minister [David Lloyd George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George) to ensure Christabel would have coalition backing. However, as these discussions were taking place the Pankhurst's switched their attention to [Smethwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smethwick_(UK_Parliament_constituency)) in Staffordshire. The Coalition had already settled on a local candidate, Major Samuel Nock Thompson, but [Bonar Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonar_Law), the Conservative leader, was persuaded to ask Thompson to withdraw. Significantly, Christabel was not issued with a formal letter of support from the two leaders, the [Coalition Coupon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Coupon). Christabel then had a straight fight with the Labour candidate [John Davison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davison_(politician)) and lost by 775 votes. The Women's Party fought no other elections and closed soon after. First World War When the [First World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War) began in August 1914, Emmeline and Christabel considered that the threat posed by Germany was a danger to all humanity, and that the British government needed the support of all men. They persuaded the WSPU to halt all militant suffrage activities until fighting on the European mainland ended. It was no time for dissent or agitation; Christabel wrote later: "This was national militancy. As Suffragists we could not be pacifists at any price." A truce with the government was established, all WSPU prisoners were released, and Christabel returned to London. Emmeline and Christabel set the WSPU into motion on behalf of the [war effort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_effort). In her first speech after returning to Britain, Christabel warned of the "German Peril". She urged the gathered women to follow the example of their French sisters, who – while the men fought – "are able to keep the country going, to get in the harvest, to carry on the industries". Emmeline tried to shame men in to volunteering for the front lines. Sylvia and Adela, meanwhile, did not share their mother's enthusiasm for the war. As committed [pacifists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism), they rejected the WSPU's support for the government. Sylvia's socialist perspective convinced her that the war was another example of capitalist oligarchs exploiting poor soldiers and workers. Adela, meanwhile, spoke against the war in Australia and made public her opposition to [conscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription). In a short letter, Emmeline told Sylvia: "I am ashamed to know where you and Adela stand." She had a similar impatience for dissent within the WSPU; when long-time member [Mary Leigh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leigh) asked a question during a meeting in October 1915, Pankhurst replied: "That woman is a pro German and should leave the hall. ... I denounce you as a pro German and wish to forget that such a person ever existed." Some WSPU members were outraged by this sudden rigid devotion to the government, the leadership's perceived abandonment of efforts to win the vote for women, and questions about how funds collected on behalf of suffrage were being managed with regard to the organisation's new focus. Two groups split from the WSPU: The Suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union (SWSPU) and the [Independent Women's Social and Political Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union) (IWSPU), each dedicated to maintaining pressure toward women's suffrage. Pankhurst put the same energy and determination she had previously applied to women's suffrage into patriotic advocacy of the war effort. She organised rallies, toured constantly delivering speeches, and lobbied the government to help women enter the work force while men were overseas fighting. Another issue which concerned her greatly at the time was the plight of so-called [war babies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_children), children born to [single mothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parent) whose fathers were on the front lines. Pankhurst established an adoption home at [Campden Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campden_Hill) designed to employ the [Montessori method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori_method) of childhood education. Some women criticised Pankhurst for offering relief to parents of children born [out of wedlock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimacy), but she declared indignantly that the welfare of children–whose suffering she had seen firsthand as a Poor Law Guardian–was her only concern. Due to lack of funds, however, the home was soon turned over to [Princess Alice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone). Pankhurst herself adopted four children, whom she renamed Kathleen King, Flora Mary Gordon (later Mary Hodgson), Joan Pembridge and Elizabeth Tudor. They lived in London, where–for the first time in many years–she had a permanent home, at [Holland Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Park). Asked how, at the age of 57 and with no steady income, she could take on the burden of bringing up four more children, Pankhurst replied: "My dear, I wonder I didn't take forty." The historian, [Brian Harrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Harrison_(historian)), interviewed Mary Hodgson, about Pankhurst, in July 1976 as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews. She talks about Pankhurst's approach to motherhood and education, their time in Bermuda and Canada, and Pankhurst's death and funeral. Russian delegation Pankhurst visited North America in 1916 together with the former Secretary of State for Serbia, [Čedomilj Mijatović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cedomilj_Mijatovi%C4%87), whose nation had been at the centre of fighting at the start of the war. They toured the United States and Canada, raising money and urging the [US government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) to support Britain and its Canadian and other allies. Two years later, after the US entered the war, Pankhurst returned to the United States, encouraging suffragettes there – who had not suspended their militancy – to support the war effort by sidelining activities related to the vote. She also spoke about her fears of communist insurgency, which she considered a grave threat to Russian democracy. By June 1917 the [Russian Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)) had strengthened the [Bolsheviks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik), who urged an end to the war. Pankhurst's translated autobiography had been read widely in Russia, and she saw an opportunity to put pressure on the [Russian people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians). She hoped to convince them not to accept Germany's conditions for peace, which she saw as a potential defeat for Britain and Russia. UK Prime Minister [David Lloyd George](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George) agreed to sponsor her trip to Russia, which she took in June. She told one crowd: "I came to Petrograd with a prayer from the English nation to the Russian nation, that you may continue the war on which depends the face of civilisation and freedom." Press response was divided between left and right wings; the former depicted her as a tool of capitalism, while the latter praised her devout patriotism. In August she met with [Alexander Kerensky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky), the Russian Prime Minister. Although she had been active with the socialist-leaning ILP in years past, Pankhurst had begun to see leftist politics as disagreeable, an attitude which intensified while she was in Russia. The meeting was uncomfortable for both parties; he felt that she was unable to appreciate the [class-based conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_struggle) driving Russian policy at the time. He concluded by telling her that English women had nothing to teach women in Russia. She later told the New York Times that Kerensky was the "biggest fraud of modern times" and that his government could "destroy civilisation." Accomplishment of suffrage (1918) When she returned from Russia, Pankhurst was delighted to find that women's right to vote was finally on its way to becoming a reality. The 1918 [Representation of the People Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918) removed property restrictions on men's suffrage and granted the vote to women over the age of 30 (with several restrictions). As suffragists and suffragettes celebrated and prepared for its imminent passage, a new schism erupted: should women's political organisations join forces with those established by men? Many socialists and moderates supported unity of the sexes in politics, but Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst saw the best hope in remaining separate. They reinvented the WSPU as the [Women's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(UK)), still open only to women. Women, they said, "can best serve the nation by keeping clear of men's party political machinery and traditions, which, by universal consent, leave so much to be desired." The party favoured equal marriage laws, [equal pay for equal work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_pay_for_women), and equal job opportunities for women. These were matters for the post-war era, however. While the fighting continued the Women's Party demanded no compromise in the defeat of Germany; the removal from government of anyone with family ties to Germany or pacifist attitudes; and shorter work hours to forestall labour strikes. This last plank in the party's platform was meant to discourage potential interest in Bolshevism, about which Pankhurst was increasingly anxious. Post-war activities In the years after the [1918 Armistice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)), Pankhurst continued to promote her nationalist vision of British unity. She maintained a focus on women's empowerment, but her days of fighting with government officialdom were over. She defended the presence and reach of the British Empire: "Some talk about the Empire and [Imperialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism) as if it were something to decry and something to be ashamed of. [I]t is a great thing to be the inheritors of an Empire like ours ... great in territory, great in potential wealth. ... If we can only realise and use that potential wealth we can destroy thereby poverty, we can remove and destroy ignorance." For years she travelled around England and North America, rallying support for [the British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) and warning audiences about the dangers of Bolshevism. After the war she lived in Bermuda and America for a couple of years. Emmeline Pankhurst also became active in [political campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_campaign) again when a bill was passed allowing women to run for the House of Commons. Many Women's Party members urged Pankhurst to stand for election, but she insisted that Christabel was a better choice. She campaigned tirelessly for her daughter, lobbying Prime Minister Lloyd George for his support and at one point delivering a passionate speech in the rain. Christabel lost by a very slim margin to [the Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)) candidate, and the recount showed a difference of 775 votes. One biographer called it "the bitterest disappointment of Emmeline's life." The Women's Party withered from existence soon afterward. As a result of her many trips to North America, Pankhurst became fond of Canada, stating in an interview that "there seems to be more equality between men and women [there] than in any other country I know." In 1922 she applied for [Canadian "permission to land"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law) (a prerequisite to status as a "British Subject with Canadian Domicile") and rented a house in Toronto, where she moved with her four adopted children. She became active with the Canadian National Council for Combating [Venereal Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease) (CNCCVD), which worked against the sexual double standard which Pankhurst considered particularly harmful to women. In many of her public lectures across Canada, she also promoted [eugenic feminist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenic_feminism) notions of "race betterment" and often gave speeches together with [Emily Murphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Murphy), a prominent proponent [compulsory sterilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization) for the "feeble-minded." During a tour of [Bathurst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst,_New_Brunswick), the mayor showed her a new building which would become the Home for Fallen Women. Pankhurst replied: "Ah! Where is your Home for Fallen Men?" Before long, however, she grew tired of long Canadian winters, and she ran out of money. She returned to England in late 1925. Back in London Emmeline was visited by Sylvia, who had not seen her mother in years. Their politics were by now very different, and Sylvia was living, unmarried, with an Italian anarchist. Sylvia described a moment of familial affection when they met, followed by a sad distance between them. Emmeline's adopted daughter Mary, however, remembered the meeting differently. According to her version, Emmeline set her teacup down and walked silently out of the room, leaving Sylvia in tears. Christabel, meanwhile, had become a convert to [Adventism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventism) and devoted much of her time to the church. The British press sometimes made light of the varied paths followed by the once indivisible family. In 1926 Pankhurst joined the [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)) and two years later ran as a candidate for Parliament in [Whitechapel and St George's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_and_St_Georges_(UK_Parliament_constituency)). Her transformation from a fiery supporter of the ILP and window-smashing radical to an official Conservative Party member surprised many people. She replied succinctly: "My war experience and my experience on the other side of the Atlantic have changed my views considerably." Her biographers insist that the move was more complex; she was devoted to a programme of women's empowerment and [anti-communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism). Both the Liberal and Labour parties bore grudges for her work against them in the WSPU, and the Conservative Party had a victorious record after the war and a [significant majority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election). Pankhurst may have joined the Conservative Party as much to secure the vote for women as from ideological affinity. Illness and death Pankhurst's campaign for Parliament was preempted by her ill health and a final scandal involving Sylvia. The years of touring, lectures, imprisonment and hunger strikes had taken their toll; fatigue and illness became a regular part of Pankhurst's life. Even more painful, however, was the news in April 1928 that Sylvia had given birth out of wedlock. She had named the child [Richard Keir Pethick Pankhurst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(Ethiopianist)), in memory of her father, her ILP comrade, and her colleagues from the WSPU respectively. Emmeline was further shocked to see a report from a newspaper in the US that declared that "Miss Pankhurst" – a title usually reserved for Christabel – boasted of her child being a triumph of "[eugenics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics)", since both parents were healthy and intelligent. In the article, Sylvia also spoke of her belief that "marriage without legal union" was the most sensible option for liberated women. These offences against the social dignity which Pankhurst had always valued devastated the elderly woman; to make matters worse, many people believed the "Miss Pankhurst" in newspaper headlines referred to Christabel. After hearing the news, Emmeline spent an entire day crying; her campaign for Parliament ended with the scandal. As her health deteriorated, Pankhurst moved into a [nursing home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home) in [Hampstead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead). She requested that she be treated by the doctor who attended to her during her hunger strikes. His use of the [stomach pump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_lavage) had helped her feel better while in prison; her nurses were sure that the shock of such treatment would severely wound her, but Christabel felt obliged to carry out her mother's request. Before the procedure could be carried out, however, she fell into a critical condition from which none expected her to recover. On Thursday, 14 June 1928, Pankhurst died at the age of 69. She was interred in [Brompton Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton_Cemetery) in London. Legacy News of Emmeline Pankhurst's death was announced around the country, and extensively in North America. Her funeral service on 18 June 1928 was filled with her former WSPU colleagues and those who had worked beside her in various capacities. The Daily Mail described the procession as "like a dead general in the midst of a mourning army". Women wore WSPU sashes and ribbons, and the organisation's flag was carried alongside the [Union Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag). Christabel and Sylvia appeared together at the service, the latter with her child. Adela did not attend. Press coverage around the world recognised her tireless work on behalf of women's right to vote – even if they did not agree on the value of her contributions. The [New York Herald Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune) called her "the most remarkable political and social agitator of the early part of the twentieth century and the supreme protagonist of the campaign for the electoral enfranchisement of women." Shortly after the funeral, one of Pankhurst's bodyguards from her WSPU days, [Catherine Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Marshall_(suffragist)), began raising funds for a memorial statue. In spring 1930 her efforts bore fruit, and on 6 March [her statue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial) in [Victoria Tower Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Tower_Gardens), next to and gesturing towards the [Houses of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament), was unveiled. A crowd of radicals, former suffragettes, and national dignitaries gathered as former Prime Minister [Stanley Baldwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin) presented the memorial to the public. In his address, Baldwin declared: "I say with no fear of contradiction, that whatever view posterity may take, Mrs. Pankhurst has won for herself a niche in the Temple of Fame which will last for all time." Sylvia was the only Pankhurst daughter in attendance; Christabel, touring North America, sent a telegram which was read aloud. While planning the agenda for the day, Marshall had intentionally excluded Sylvia, who in her opinion had hastened Pankhurst's death. Historic England listed the statue as Grade II on 5 February 1970. A proposal to move the statue of Pankhurst away from the Houses of Parliament to the private Regent's University London in Regent's Park was submitted to Westminster City Council planning department in July 2018 by former Conservative MP Sir [Neil Thorne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Thorne). This proposal was withdrawn in September 2018 after widespread anger and a public campaign against it. The planning application received 896 comments, 887 of them objections. A 38 Degrees petition against the removal of the statue attracted 180,839 signatures. The Curator's Office at the Palace of Westminster commissioned a report into the plan to remove the statue. Published on 22 August 2018, it concluded 'The Memorial to Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst is of high significance, which is not fully recognised through its listing at Grade II. An application has been made to Historic England to upgrade the memorial to Grade II*. This is based on it having 'more than special interest', in terms of its unique history, its artistic quality and the importance of its setting next to the Houses of Parliament. This proposal to move the memorial from Victoria Tower Gardens to Regent's Park would cause substantial harm to the significance of the memorial, as well has harm to the Westminster Abbey and Parliament Square Conservation Area...The proposal to move the memorial, therefore, should not be granted planning permission or listed building consent. During the twentieth century Emmeline Pankhurst's value to the movement for women's suffrage was debated passionately, and no consensus was achieved. Her daughters Sylvia and Christabel weighed in with books, scornful and laudatory respectively, about their time in the struggle. Sylvia's 1931 book The Suffrage Movement describes her mother's political shift at the start of the First World War as the beginning of a betrayal of her family (especially her father) and the movement. It set the tone for much of the socialist and activist history written about the WSPU and particularly solidified Emmeline Pankhurst's reputation as an unreasonable autocrat. Christabel's "Unshackled: The Story of How We Won the Vote," released in 1959, paints her mother as generous and selfless to a fault, offering herself completely to the most noble causes. It provided a sympathetic counterpart to Sylvia's attacks and continued the polarised discussion; detached and objective assessment has rarely been a part of Pankhurst scholarship. Recent biographies show that historians differ about whether Emmeline Pankhurst's militancy helped or hurt the movement; however, there is general agreement that the WSPU raised public awareness of the movement in ways that proved essential. Baldwin compared her to [Martin Luther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther) and [Jean-Jacques Rousseau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau): individuals who were not the sum total of the movements in which they took part, but who nevertheless played crucial roles in struggles of social and political reform. In the case of Pankhurst, this reform took place in both intentional and unintentional ways. By defying the roles of wife and mother as the docile companion, Pankhurst helped to pave the way for many future feminists, though some would later decry her support for empire and endorsement of the idea of "race betterment." In 1987 one of her homes in Manchester was opened as the [Pankhurst Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre), an [all-women gathering space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women-only_space) and museum. In 2002, Pankhurst was placed at number 27 in the BBC's poll of the [100 Greatest Britons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons). In 2006, a [blue plaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque) for Pankhurst and her daughter, Christabel was placed by English Heritage at 50 [Clarendon Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Road), Notting Hill, London W11 3AD, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, where they had lived. In January 2016, following a public vote, it was announced that [Rise up, Women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)), a statue of Emmeline Pankhurst by [Hazel Reeves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Reeves), would be unveiled in Manchester in 2019, making her the first woman to be honoured with a statue in the city since [Queen Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria) more than 100 years ago. The statue was unveiled on 14 December 2018, one hundred years after British women were first able to vote in the [1918 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election). Her name and image and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters including her daughters are etched on the [plinth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinth) of the [statue of Millicent Fawcett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett) in [Parliament Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Square), London that was unveiled in 2018. One of the '[houses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_system)' at [Wellacre Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellacre_Academy) in Manchester is named after her. [Helen Pankhurst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Pankhurst), the great-granddaughter of Emmeline Pankhurst and the granddaughter of [Sylvia Pankhurst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst), works for women's rights. Along with her daughter, she founded Olympic Suffragettes, which campaigns on a number of women's rights issues. Pankhurst has appeared in several works of popular culture. In the 1974 BBC television miniseries [Shoulder to Shoulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder), Pankhurst is played by [Siân Phillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Phillips). In the 2015 film [Suffragette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette_(film)), Pankhurst is played by [Meryl Streep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep). Works .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}Emmeline Pankhurst (1907). "The Present Position of the Women's Suffrage Movement". The Case for Women's Suffrage: 42–49. [Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)) Q107130938.

2024-09-18 22:23:02

Dean_Winchester

<Infotable> Dean Winchester Supernaturalcharacter First appearance: "Pilot" (2005) Last appearance: "Hey, That's No Way to Say Goodbye" (2023) Created by: Eric Kripke Portrayed by: Jensen AcklesBrock Kelly andDylan Everett(teenager)Nicolai Lawton-Giustra (preteen)Ridge Canipe(child)Hunter Brochu (toddler)Chad Everett(elderly) Voiced by: Hiroki Tōchi(Anime, Japanese dub)Andrew Farrar (Anime, English dub) In-universe information Nickname: Jerk (by Sam)Squirrel (by Crowley)Deano (by Gabriel)Batman(by Himself) Species: HumanVampire (cured)Knight of Hell (cured)Jefferson Starship (cured)Ghost (formerly) Gender: Male Occupation: Hunter Family: Sam Winchester(younger brother)Adam Milligan(younger paternal half-brother)John Winchester(father)Mary Winchester (née Campbell)(mother)Emma (daughter)Samuel Campbell(maternal grandfather)Deanna Campbell(maternal grandmother)Henry Winchester(paternal grandfather)Millie Winchester(paternal grandmother)Dean Winchester II (nephew) </Infotable> [Sam Winchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Winchester) (younger brother) [Adam Milligan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_characters#Adam_Milligan) (younger paternal half-brother) [John Winchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winchester_(Supernatural)) (father) [Mary Winchester (née Campbell)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Winchester_(Supernatural)) (mother) Emma (daughter) [Samuel Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_characters#Samuel_Campbell) (maternal grandfather) [Deanna Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_characters#Samuel_Campbell) (maternal grandmother) [Henry Winchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_characters#Henry_Winchester) (paternal grandfather) [Millie Winchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_characters#Millie_Winchester) (paternal grandmother) Dean Winchester II (nephew) Dean Winchester is one of the two [protagonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist) from the American drama television series [Supernatural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)), along with his younger brother [Sam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Winchester). He is portrayed primarily by [Jensen Ackles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen_Ackles). Other versions of the character having been portrayed by Hunter Brochu (toddler), [Ridge Canipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_Canipe) (child), Nicolai Lawton-Giustra (pre-teen), Brock Kelly and [Dylan Everett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Everett) (teen), and [Chad Everett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Everett) (elderly). Development Dean Winchester was created by [Eric Kripke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kripke), creator and original showrunner of Supernatural, when he pitched a show to [The WB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB) about two brothers who investigate the supernatural. Dean's name is a homage to Dean Moriarty in [Jack Kerouac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac)'s road-trip novel [On the Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Road), tying into Kripke's concept for an Americana road-trip television series. It was intended for the brothers' last name to be "Harrison" as a nod to actor [Harrison Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford), as Kripke wanted Dean to have the "devil-may-care swagger of Han Solo." However, there was a Sam Harrison living in Kansas, so the name had to be changed for legal reasons. Combining his interest in the [Winchester Mystery House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Mystery_House) and his desire to give the series the feel of "a modern-day Western", Kripke settled on the surname of "Winchester". Dean and his brother Sam are from [Lawrence, Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas), due to its closeness to [Stull Cemetery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stull,_Kansas#Stull_Cemetery), a location famous for its urban legends. Jensen Ackles, who portrays Dean Winchester, auditioned for the role of Sam, but was then asked to read for Dean and found he preferred the character of Dean after reading the script. Character biography Preseries Dean Winchester was born on January 24, 1979, to [John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winchester_(Supernatural)) and [Mary Winchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Winchester_(Supernatural)) in Lawrence, Kansas. He is the couple's first child, four years older than his younger brother, [Sam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Winchester). He is named after his maternal grandmother, Deanna Campbell. On November 2, 1983, Mary was killed in Sam's nursery by the demon [Azazel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel_(Supernatural)), and in the ensuing fire Dean was tasked with carrying Sam out to safety while John unsuccessfully tried to rescue Mary. Since then, Dean has felt responsible for Sam and was always given the job to take care of him while they were growing up. John began investigating the cause of Mary's death and learned about supernatural creatures and the people who hunted them. John became a hunter himself, and trained Dean to be one as well, though both hid the supernatural from Sam until he was 8 years old. The Winchesters constantly moved around the country, living in motels and the homes of John's friends. Dean was left to look after Sam with John being continuously absent during their childhood. When Dean was 16, he was arrested for stealing and spent time in a boys' home where he had the opportunity to go to a regular school, though eventually Dean chose to return to Sam. Prior to the pilot of the series, Sam left to pursue his own life away from the supernatural. John held a grudge against Sam as he felt Sam had abandoned them, while Sam also held a grudge due to the huge argument prior to Sam leaving. John and Dean continued to hunt together and traveled throughout the United States. Dean is known for handling a large number of weapons. His signature looks are black boots, a dark leather jacket and dark flannel shirts with dark blue jeans. He is also known for driving a signature black [1967 Chevrolet Impala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala_(fourth_generation)), which he occasionally sleeps in, and he has a huge stash of weaponry in the trunk. Series Dean is 26 years old when the series begins and has been allowed by John to hunt by himself. In the first episode, Dean goes to Sam (who is away at college), whom he has not seen for a few years, and asks for help finding John, who has gone missing. The pair are initially unsuccessful, and at the end of the first episode, Sam's girlfriend [Jessica Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_characters#Jessica_Moore) dies the same way their mother did. Sam joins Dean on the road, hunting various supernatural creatures, tracking down their father and searching for the culprit behind the deaths of their mother and Jessica. After eventually reuniting with their father and coming into possession of the [Colt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colt_(Supernatural)), they prepare to strike back against [Azazel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel_(Supernatural)), a powerful demon with yellow eyes. Failing to kill him, they are rammed into by a semi-truck, sending Dean into a coma. Flat-lining, Dean dies but is saved from death at the last second when John makes a deal with the Demon to save his life. After John's soul is taken by the Demon to Hell, Sam and Dean start hunting the Demon, who eventually kidnaps Sam. In a turn of events, Sam is stabbed in the back and killed, forcing Dean to make a deal to save his brother's life. He is given one year of life. Dean and Sam are unable to stop the Demon from opening a gate to Hell and freeing [Lilith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilith_(Supernatural)). However, their father escapes as well and gives them the chance they need to kill the Yellow Eyed Demon, before his soul heads to heaven. While trying to cope with his impending death and make the best of his final year, Dean begins to start hunting the freed Demons. Meeting a seemingly helpful demon [Ruby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(Supernatural)), Dean learns that he too may become a demon himself if he burns in Hell too long. Learning Lilith to have taken the throne of Hell from Azazel and to hold Dean's life contract in her hands, the brothers eventually confront her. Unable to kill her, Dean is mauled to death by Hellhounds and his soul is dragged to Hell. While there Lilith orders a demon called [Alastair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_(Supernatural)) to brutalize Dean. Dean spends four months dead, equating to 40 years in Hell. Dean had joined Alastair in torturing souls after previously refusing for 30 years. However, Dean awakens from his grave and reunites with family and meets the [angel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel) [Castiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiel_(Supernatural)) who (along with the army of angels who were also sent to work together) is revealed to have saved from Hell and resurrected Dean. Struggling with his actions in Hell and trying to get Sam to quit drinking demon blood, Dean meets Azazel again when sent back in time by Castiel. At one point, Dean opened to Sam and revealed how he not only tortured but enjoyed the events while in Hell. Dean encounters another angel Zachariah who implores Dean to keep hunting after he nearly gave it up when learning Alastair had tortured John, who never broke in his time in Hell. During Jump the Shark, Dean and Sam learn of their half-brother Adam with Sam. Although initially disbelieving, Dean is convinced of the relation with pictures. Dean is also against Sam using the teachings of their father on Adam after he is attacked by monsters. At the end, it is revealed that it was a ghoul (that wanted revenge on John for a previous hunt) and impersonating Adam who was killed but Dean saved Sam and the brothers burned Adam's body. Eventually, Dean learns that the angels the want the Apocalypse to start and that if one of the Demon's Special Children, of whom Sam is the only one left, kill Lilith, Lucifer will be free. Castiel helps Dean escape the angels, as Dean kills Ruby (who was a spy for Lilith) but arrives moments too late to stop [Lucifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer_(Supernatural)) from breaking free. After Lucifer is freed, Dean and Sam are teleported onto an airplane by an unknown force (God). Later learning of his role as the vessel for the Archangel [Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(Supernatural)) and Sam's role as Lucifer's vessel, the brothers meet the King of Crossroads [Crowley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_(Supernatural)) and fight against the [Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse) to defeat Lucifer. On their search to find a way to defeat Lucifer, the brothers attempt to use the Colt and look for [God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God), but it is revealed that the Colt cannot kill Lucifer and God does not care about the Apocalypse. These actions make Dean decide to become Michael's vessel even if the result is the deaths of millions of people, however, Sam's faith in Dean pulls him back into finding another solution. Upon the death of the [Archangel Gabriel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Supernatural#Gabriel), the brothers discover that by using the rings from the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, they can reopen and trap Lucifer back into Hell. As Dean and Sam already have War and Famine's rings, they search for Pestilence and Death's location, leading Sam to meet his old college friend Brady: the guy who introduced Sam to Jessica and the demon ordered by Azazel to kill Jessica. Dean lets Sam kill Brady after getting the information they need. Learning from [Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(Supernatural)) how to trap Lucifer, Dean eventually lets Sam become the devil's vessel, but his strong bond with Dean helps him fall into Lucifer's Cage with Michael, who is using the boys' younger brother Adam as a vessel. Quitting hunting and moving in with an ex-one-night-stand, Lisa, Dean begins to move into a normal life but is thrust back into hunting when attacked by a Djinn and mysteriously saved by Sam. Shocked to learn of his brother and maternal grandfather's resurrections, Dean is placed even more on edge when Sam acts cold, ruthlessly and lets Dean get temporarily turned into a vampire. This is mostly shocking because out of the brothers, Sam has always been the gentler of the two. Later learning from Castiel that Sam is lacking a soul, Dean sets out to fix his brother. Getting Sam's soul back, from Lucifer's cage, through Death, the brothers begin to unravel a conspiracy involving Crowley and Castiel. Defeating Eve, the mother of all monsters, Dean cuts ties with Lisa and learns Castiel to have taken Purgatory's souls to become the most powerful angel alive. Requesting Death's help, Dean is unable to get Castiel to return the souls of Purgatory in time and the Leviathans break free and begin an effort to take over the Earth. After their father figure Bobby is killed by Dick Roman, the Leviathan leader, they gain an ally through [Kevin Tran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Tran_(Supernatural)), a new prophet. With the Word of God, Dean and Castiel kill Roman but are themselves killed in the subsequent explosion and dragged to Purgatory. Surviving a full year in Purgatory with the aid of the vampire Benny after being abandoned by Castiel, Dean and Benny eventually escape. Dean is angered to learn that Sam did not even search for him. Reuniting with Kevin, they find another Word of God that details trials to close the gates of Hell. Dean aids Sam in completing the trials, and along the way they encounter the rogue angel Metatron and the Knight of Hell Abaddon. During this time the brothers are also given the Men of Letters bunker as a headquarters, by their paternal grandfather. Dean is horrified to learn Castiel was programmed by the angel Naomi to try to kill him. Capturing Crowley, Dean stops Sam from completing the trials when he learns it will kill his brother. When they begin to head to the hospital, Sam collapses just as the angels begin to fall down to Earth. Praying for help, Dean learns Metatron fooled Castiel and stole his grace leaving him human and causing the fall. Aided by an angel named Ezekiel, Dean allows him to possess Sam if it means saving his brother. With Ezekiel in Sam, however, Dean is unable to get any help from Castiel and begins to try to find a way to handle Abaddon. Joining up with Metatron, Ezekiel reveals himself to actually be the angel Gadreel and overpowers Dean, preventing him from saving Kevin. Turning to Crowley for help, Dean manages to purge Gadreel from Sam at the cost of their relationship. Growing desperate to defeat Abaddon, Crowley manipulates Dean into accepting the [Mark of Cain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_of_Cain), from Dean's ancestor Cain, and aids him in locating the First Blade. Mending his bond with Sam, Dean kills Abaddon and nearly slaughters Gadreel. When finally confronting Metatron, Dean is fatally stabbed and once again dies. His body brought back to the bunker, Dean's reawakens a demon and leaves with Crowley. Enjoying his time as a demon and killing several of Abaddon's loyalists, Dean eventually kills a man called Lester Morris and uses his newfound demon powers to confirm what Crowley told him about Sam. Eventually confronting his brother, Dean is pulled into a fight by a soldier named Cole, allowing Sam to use holy water to imprison his brother. Using the demon cure process to try to turn his brother back, Sam lets his guard down and Dean escapes. With the help of Castiel, however, Dean is cured, but still remains an enhanced human with the Mark of Cain. After eventually growing more and more powerful while losing control, Dean learns from Cain, before killing his ancestor, that there is no viable cure. Death later confirms this by revealing that removing the Mark would unleash the Darkness and offers to remove Dean from society on the condition that he kill Sam. Although he initially agrees, Dean relents and kills Death instead. However, due to Sam's earlier machinations, the Mark is removed and the Darkness is unleashed regardless. With the Darkness unleashed, Dean and Sam set out to try to find the Darkness, but are shaken to learn that the entity they are hunting is essentially God's sister, who was 'sacrificed' so that he could create the world. Manifesting as a woman who comes to call herself Amara, Dean finds himself unable to kill her due to a twisted attraction, but matters become even more complicated when Castiel consents to act the vessel for Lucifer when he becomes convinced that only an archangel has any chance against Amara. This strategy fails – speculated to be due to Lucifer's status as a fallen archangel – but the Winchesters are eventually contacted by the true God, now revealed to be Chuck Surely, the author who wrote the Winchester Gospels, who is able to make peace with Amara and depart. Dean is shocked when he is reunited with his mother, who was brought back to life by Amara as a thanks for Dean's actions. The Winchesters find themselves facing human and supernatural threats when the British branch of the Men of Letters attack the Winchesters to try to take control of America's hunters and Lucifer is left on the run trying to find a new vessel. Lucifer eventually takes the President of the United States as a vessel, but the Winchesters are able to banish him from this host. While the Winchesters discover that Lucifer conceived a child while possessing the President, they are left to guard the child's mother while Mary explores the possibility of an alliance with the British Men of Letters. Although Castiel concludes that Lucifer's child is worth protecting, the potential alliance with the Men of Letters ends when the group prove to be excessively ruthless, to the point of killing a hunter who had assisted the Winchesters on a case because she accidentally killed one of their members. The Winchesters are eventually able to banish Lucifer to a parallel universe where the Apocalypse took place 'on schedule', in 2012, but this plan backfired when Lucifer alerted the alternate version of Michael to the existence of the original world, as well as leaving them with the complication of trying to raise Lucifer's suddenly-adult son, Jack Kline (6 months old, chronologically). Jack soon comes to see the Winchesters and Castiel as his 'fathers', while they gain a new ally when they discover that Gabriel survived his death, in season 5, but although they are able to return to the Apocalypse World to rescue several humans (including alternate versions of Bobby Singer and Charlie Bradbury), the alternate Michael, and Lucifer follow them into this world. Stuck for options to stop Lucifer after he takes Jack's grace to charge his own powers, Dean agrees to act as Michael's vessel, but Michael takes control of Dean's body after Lucifer's death. Using Dean's body, Michael spends the next few weeks exploring this world until he decides to aid the monsters in taking control of the world as their desires are pure. Dean eventually manifested long enough to demand his freedom. He briefly abandons Dean to continue his own plans while wearing down Dean's willingness to resist, but although Michael eventually takes Dean as his vessel again, with the aid of his family Dean is able to trap Michael in his subconscious. He is later informed by Billie the Reaper, who has replaced Death after his death, that Michael will inevitably escape his prison in every future but the one where Dean seals himself in an Enochian box at the bottom of the ocean, but although Dean starts creating such a box, he accepts Sam's argument that they will still try and find another way first. Dean is briefly reunited with his father after a pearl with magical abilities grants him that which his heart desires. Although Dean hoped that his heart desire would be Michael out of his head, the family reunion was heart touching. John was forced to return to his own time before an alternate time line could ensue. Still abandoning his plan to seal himself in the Malik box, Dean accompanies Sam, Castiel, and Jack in a fairly routine hunt. During this, Dean gets knocked unconscious only to wake, and find that Michael has escaped his mind. After slaughtering many hunters in his wake, Michael tortures the Winchesters but is confronted and killed by Jack Kline, who uses his soul to draw on his angelic abilities. In killing Michael, Jack not only burned off his soul, but also absorbed the grace of Michael, restoring him to his powerful state as a Nephilim. Due to this, Dean becomes increasingly more concerned with the condition of Jack's soul. Parallel to this, the previous vessel of Lucifer engages in a plan to raise Lucifer from the empty. Jack is able to stop him in a grotesque killing which leaves Mary Winchester in a state of deep concern. Jack becomes frustrated and accidentally uses his powers to kill Mary. Dean finds out about his mother's death and starts into a fit of anger fueled by grief. On a mission to kill Jack, Chuck makes an appearance, supplying a gun which will do to the holder what it does to the victim. Dean accepts this as a solution for his building anger towards Jack and finds himself aiming, point blank, at Jack. Dean realizes that this is not the solution and drops the gun, eliciting an angered response from Chuck. Sam and Dean begin to realize that their lives have been nothing more than entertainment to Chuck, while he pulls the strings. Chuck kills Jack and releases every evil spirit from hell to attack the trio in a dramatic show of frustration, with a prequel statement "Story's over. Welcome to the end." Dean characteristically takes a fighting stance as the swarm engulfs him, his brother, and Castiel. After Chuck brings on the end by breaking open the gates of hell, Sam, Dean and Castiel deal with the aftereffects, fighting off a horde of zombies and ghosts. After sealing the breach, they search for a way to defeat Chuck, finally succeeding after many tribulations. After defeating Chuck, Dean is killed by vampires during a hunt. He accepts his fate and tells Sam a tearful goodbye. He is then reunited with Bobby Singer in heaven who explains to him what has been going on since Chuck's defeat. Dean learns that Jack pulled Castiel from the Empty so that Castiel could help Jack reshape heaven for the better. Sam joins Dean in heaven after living a fulfilling life on Earth. Set in the 1970s, Dean Winchester narrates the story of how his parents, John Winchester and Mary Campbell, met, fell in love, and fought monsters together while in search for their missing fathers. Narrating these events, Dean Winchester reveals that, unbeknownst to the group, the Akrida are a threat to all of existence and he intends to continue searching for more information on this lost chapter of his parents' lives. Amongst Samuel's light-damaged reconnaissance photos, John spots a picture of the man who gave him Henry's letter. John and Mary don't recognize the man who is revealed to be Dean who is seen getting into the Impala in the picture. The Akrida decide to focus their efforts on using the Monster Club to find Dean who they know brought the hunters together to stop them. While under interrogation by the Akrida, John deduces that because the Akrida fear him, Dean is of not of this Earth and is the one person who can harm the creatures. In a flashback, after John returns from Vietnam, he is given Henry's letter by Dean who is hunting the Akrida with [Bobby Singer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Singer). In the present, Joan Hopkins, the Akrida Queen, reveals that she had thrown both Dean and the Impala into a portal which would tear them apart. Using the Ostium and Dean's hunter's journal, the Monster Club attempt to bring Dean back, but they only succeed in bringing back the Impala, causing the hunters to conclude that Dean must be dead. However, as Dean's car is also not of their Earth, Mary is able to kill Joan and by extension the Akrida by running Joan down with the Impala at the cost of driving through Joan's portal. Dean rescues Mary from Joan's portal and reveals that the Monster Club is in an alternate universe. While driving through Heaven [after his death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_On_(Supernatural)), Dean had taken a detour through the multiverse looking for a world where his family got a happy ending, only to find the Akrida who were created by [Chuck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_and_The_Winchesters_characters#Chuck_Shurley_/_God) as a failsafe in case of his defeat. With the Akrida threatening Sam's safety as well, Dean defied Jack's orders about no interference to stop them. Jack reprimands Dean for his actions, but ultimately concedes and lets Dean finish what he started, returning Dean's journal and the Colt to him. Dean gives John his journal to guide his father in hunting in the same way that John's journal had guided Dean throughout his lifetime, and he gives Mary the Colt with a warning to use it should she ever encounter [Azazel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel_(Supernatural)) who is due to [force Mary into a deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Beginning_(Supernatural)) the next year. When they ask his name, Dean hesitates before giving them a fake name. He then vanishes with Jack and Bobby to return to Heaven, content that he had found a world where his family had a chance at a happy ending as Dean had wanted. Powers, skills and abilities Dean is a skilled and highly resourceful hunter. He is well-versed in multiple types of [firearms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm); he prefers his [Colt 1911](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_1911) and [sawed-off shotgun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawed-off), but is proficient with numerous weapons and firearms. He is also adept at brawling, and [knife fighting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_fighting), and has subdued several human assailants with ease and bested physically more powerful creatures such as shapeshifters, vampires and demons. He frequently utilizes improvised weapons and explosive devices; in "Croatoan", he demonstrated knowledge of [chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry), constructing [Molotov cocktails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail) and [improvised explosive devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device), and in "Phantom Traveler", he revealed knowledge of [electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics) and [reverse engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering), having built an [EMF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_force) detector from an old [Walkman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkman) radio. Dean also possesses extensive knowledge of the supernatural, and [mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology), and from season 4 onwards learns and is able to perform spells that are effective against angels. Dean's work as a hunter requires him to impersonate various occupational roles in pursuing his investigations and avoid the attention of law-enforcement. To this end, Dean is well-versed in how police, and various other governmental agencies, such as the [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation) and [CDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention), typically operate and conduct investigations. In supporting this lifestyle, Dean is also skillful in lock picking, breaking into security systems, carjacking and hustling for pool. Due to his time spent in Hell as Alistair's "student", Dean has an in-depth knowledge of torture. Dean is also an accomplished mechanic and maintained an intimate knowledge of automobiles and engines since childhood; he maintains his [Impala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impala_(Supernatural)) in top condition. When turned into a vampire, Dean had greater strength and all of his senses were enhanced. As a human, Dean was the bearer of the Mark of Cain; this granted him extraordinary strength, allowing him to fight on the level of a supercharged angel like Metatron. He also had several psionic abilities, the most notable of which is being able to summon and call the First Blade to him granted it is reasonable range. These powers also included premonitions given in dreams and immunity to both magical and demonic powers. As a demon bearing the Mark of Cain, Dean's strength was multiplied from the time he was a human, allowing him strength on par with, if not greater than, the Knights of Hell. His demonic powers also included a degree of telepathy, being able to read an individual named Lester's mind and learn his history with Sam upon meeting him. During his time as a demon, Dean also possessed the ability to easily regenerate from wounds and as his corrupted soul was possessing his own body, he was exempt from exorcisms that plagued other demons. During the short period as the angel Michael, Dean had powers similar to teleportation, telekinesis and rapid healing. Michael's possession also granted Dean the ability to wield the Archangel Blade to kill Lucifer, something that only an archangel could normally do. In [The Winchesters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winchesters), Dean is unable to be physically harmed, at one point stating that a portal that was supposed to tear him apart couldn't hurt him because Dean was already dead. Taking on the form of a corporeal spirit, Dean was able to physically interact with the world around him without any trouble, but also appeared to possess the ghostly power of teleportation, disappearing from in front of John and reappearing on a nearby balcony, noted by John to have just mysteriously vanished after giving him Henry Winchester's letter. However, Dean preferred to use the Impala -- which he brought with him from Heaven -- for transportation.

2024-09-18 17:30:26

Scottish_Maritime_Museum

<Infotable> The Linthouse building Established: 1991 Location: The Linthouse, Harbour Road,Irvine, Ayrshire KA12 8BTScotland Coordinates: 55°36′34″N4°40′37″W / 55.60953°N 4.67684°W /55.60953; -4.67684 Maritime museum in Dunbartonshire , Scotland The Dumbarton building Established: 1983 Location: Denny Ship Model Experiment Tank,Castle Street,Dumbarton, Dunbartonshire G82 1QSScotland Coordinates: 55°56′36″N4°33′47″W / 55.94342°N 4.56312°W /55.94342; -4.56312 Type: Maritime museum Collection size: Buildings, ship testing tank, historic vessels, artefacts, art, personal items, shipbuilding tools and machinery Director: David Mann Curator: Abigail McIntyre Website: www.scottishmaritimemuseum.org </Infotable> The Scottish Maritime Museum is an industrial museum with a Collection Recognised as Nationally Significant to Scotland. It is located at two sites in the West of [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland) in [Irvine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire) and [Dumbarton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton), with a focus on Scotland's shipbuilding heritage. Irvine - The Linthouse The museum's Linthouse building is located at [Irvine Harbour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Harbour), situated within the [category A listed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Category_A_listed_buildings_in_North_Ayrshire) former Engine Shop of [Alexander Stephen and Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stephen_and_Sons), which was salvaged and relocated from their derelict [Linthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linthouse) shipyard in Glasgow in 1991. The Linthouse engineering shop is now home to a collection of significant vessels including MV Kyles and [MV Spartan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_puffer) which are listed on the National Historic Ships UK register. A highly significant vessel built of iron in 1872 in [Paisley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire), MV Kyles is the oldest iron Clyde built vessel still afloat in the UK. It entered the museum's collection in 1984. The museum also has a collection of marine engines and industrial machine tools, and owns a recreated 1920s worker's tenement flat at Irvine Harbour. The museum also has a significant collection of artwork funded by the [Heritage Lottery Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund). In 2020 the museum managed to raise funds to keep MV Kyles as a floating vessel. Looking seaward towards the museum's pontoons, with the closed 'Big Idea' building and footbridge in the background The Scottish Maritime Museum with the old [ICI Explosives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Enterprises) tug MV Garnock to the right The ship exhibits at the pontoons The Clyde Puffer MV Spartan at the slipway The A-listed Linthouse building forms the main exhibition hall at the Irvine Museum Tug Garnock Dumbarton - Denny Ship Model Experiment Tank The Denny Ship Model Experiment Tank, in Dumbarton, focuses on the world of the [naval architect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architect). Shipbuilder William Denny Jr of [William Denny and Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Denny_and_Brothers) was inspired by the work of eminent naval architect [William Froude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Froude) and completed the tank for his shipyard in 1883. It was the world's first commercial example of a [ship testing tank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_model_basin). Re-opened as a museum in 1983, it retains many of its original features, including the original 100-meter-long tank. The museum also tells the story of the test tank's original owners, William Denny and Brothers of Dumbarton, one of the most innovative shipbuilding companies in the world until their closure in 1963. The A-listed 100m Denny [Ship Model Experiment Tank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_model_basin) forms the centrepiece of the Dumbarton collection Early [side-lever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-lever) engine designed by [Robert Napier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Napier_(engineer)), from PS Leven (1823), on display at Dumbarton Another marine engine at Dumbarton [William Froude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Froude) memorial on facade of building The Dumbarton building from the side Trust structure The museum is an independent museum operated by a charitable trust: the Scottish Maritime Museum Trust. It became operational in 1983. The first trust chairperson was Clydeside shipbuilder Ross Belch who held the post until 1998 The trust includes Scottish industrial historian [John R. Hume](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Hume) among its trustees. The founding Director was Dr Henry C. McMurray.

2024-09-18 22:36:03

George_Frideric_Handel

<Infotable> George Frideric Handel Portrait of Handel, 1726–1728 Born: Georg Friedrich Händel5 March [O.S.23 February] 1685Halle,Duchy of Magdeburg,Brandenburg-Prussia Died: 14 April 1759(1759-04-14)(aged 74)Westminster, Middlesex, England Burial place: Westminster Abbey Works: List of compositions Signature </Infotable> George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel ([/ˈhændəl/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [HAN-dəl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key);[[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-1) baptised Georg Fried[e]rich Händel,[[b]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-4) .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}German: [[ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhɛndl̩]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg); 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759)[[c]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-7) was a German-British [Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music) composer well known for his [operas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera#Baroque_era), [oratorios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio), [anthems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthem), [concerti grossi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_grosso), and [organ concertos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_concerto). Handel received his training in [Halle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)) and worked as a composer in [Hamburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg) and Italy before settling in London in 1712, where he spent the bulk of his career and [became a naturalised British subject in 1727](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel%27s_Naturalisation_Act_1727). He was strongly influenced both by the middle-German [polyphonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony) choral tradition and by composers of the [Italian Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Baroque). In turn, Handel's music forms one of the peaks of the "high baroque" style, bringing Italian opera to its highest development, creating the genres of English oratorio and organ concerto, and introducing a new style into English church music. He is consistently recognized as one of the greatest composers of his age. Handel started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera. In 1737, he had a physical breakdown, changed direction creatively, addressed the middle class and made a transition to English choral works. After his success with [Messiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)) (1742), he never composed an Italian opera again. His orchestral [Water Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Music) and [Music for the Royal Fireworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks) remain steadfastly popular. One of his four [coronation anthems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Anthems_(Handel)), [Zadok the Priest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest), has been performed at every [British coronation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch) since 1727. Almost blind, he died in 1759 a respected and rich man, and was given a state funeral at [Westminster Abbey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey). Handel composed more than forty [opere serie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria) over a period of more than thirty years. Since the late 1960s, interest in Handel's music has grown. The musicologist [Winton Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Dean) wrote that "Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order." His music was admired by [Classical-era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)) composers, especially [Mozart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart), [Haydn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn) and [Beethoven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven). Early years Family Handel was born in 1685 (the same year as [Johann Sebastian Bach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach) and [Domenico Scarlatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti)) in [Halle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)), in the [Duchy of Magdeburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg), then part of Brandenburg-Prussia. His parents were [Georg Händel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_H%C3%A4ndel), aged 63, and Dorothea Taust. His father was an eminent [barber-surgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_surgeon) who served the court of [Saxe-Weissenfels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weissenfels) and the [Margraviate of Brandenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg).[[d]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-16) Halle was a relatively prosperous city, home of a salt-mining industry, a centre of trade, and a member of the [Hanseatic League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League). The Margrave of Brandenburg became the administrator of the archepiscopal territories of [Mainz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz), including [Magdeburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg) when they converted, and by the early 17th century held his court in Halle, which attracted renowned musicians.[[e]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-19) Even the smaller churches all had "able organists and fair choirs",[[f]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-21) and humanities and the letters thrived (Shakespeare was performed in the theatres early in the 17th century). The Thirty Years' War brought extensive destruction to Halle, and by the 1680s it was impoverished. However, since the middle of the war the city had been under the administration of the [Duke of Saxony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weissenfels), and soon after the end of the war he would bring musicians trained in [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden) to his court in [Weissenfels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenfels). The arts and music, however, flourished only among the higher strata (not only in Halle but throughout Germany), of which Handel's family was not a part. Georg Händel (senior) was born at the beginning of the war and was apprenticed to a barber in Halle at the age of 14 after his father died.[[g]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-24) When he was 20, he married the widow of the official barber-surgeon of a suburb of Halle, inheriting his practice. With this, Georg determinedly began the process of becoming self-made; by dint of his "conservative, steady, thrifty, unadventurous" lifestyle, he guided the five children he had with Anna who reached adulthood into the medical profession (except his youngest daughter, who married a government official). Anna died in 1682. Within a year Georg married again, this time to the daughter of a Lutheran minister, Pastor Georg Taust of the Church of St. Bartholomew in Giebichenstein, who himself came from a long line of Lutheran pastors. George Frideric was the second child of this marriage; the first son was [stillborn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth). Two younger sisters arrived afterwards: Dorthea Sophia, born on 6 October 1687, and Johanna Christiana, born on 10 January 1690. Early education Early in his life Handel is reported to have attended the [Gymnasium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)) in Halle, where the headmaster, Johann Praetorius&action=edit&redlink=1)[de)], was reputed to be an ardent musician. Whether Handel remained there, and if he did for how long, is unknown, but many biographers suggest that he was withdrawn from school by his father, based on the characterization of him by Handel's first biographer, [John Mainwaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mainwaring). Mainwaring is the source for almost all information (little as it is) of Handel's childhood, and much of that information came from J. C. Smith Jr., Handel's confidant and copyist. Whether it came from Smith or elsewhere, Mainwaring frequently relates misinformation.[[h]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-33) It is from Mainwaring that the portrait comes of Handel's father as implacably opposed to any musical education. Mainwaring writes that Georg Händel was "alarmed" at Handel's very early propensity for music,[[i]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-35) "took every measure to oppose it", including forbidding any musical instrument in the house and preventing Handel from going to any house where they might be found. This did nothing to dampen young Handel's inclination; in fact, it did the reverse. Mainwaring tells the story of Handel's secret attic [spinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinet): Handel "found means to get a little [clavichord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavichord) privately convey'd to a room at the top of the house. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep". Although both [John Hawkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(author)) and [Charles Burney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burney) credited this tale, Schoelcher found it nearly "incredible" and a feat of "poetic imagination" and Lang considers it one of the unproven "romantic stories" that surrounded Handel's childhood. But Handel had to have had some experience with the keyboard to have made the impression in Weissenfels that resulted in his receiving formal musical training. Musical education Sometime between the ages of seven and nine, Handel accompanied his father to [Weissenfels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weissenfels), where he came under the notice of one whom Handel thereafter always regarded throughout life as his benefactor, [Duke Johann Adolf I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adolf_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weissenfels).[[j]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-44) Somehow Handel made his way to the court organ in the palace chapel of the Holy Trinity, where he surprised everyone with his playing. Overhearing this performance and noting the youth of the performer caused the Duke, whose suggestions were not to be disregarded, to recommend to Georg Händel that Handel be given musical instruction. Handel's father engaged the organist at the Halle parish church, the young [Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Zachow), to instruct Handel. Zachow would be the only teacher that Handel ever had. Because of his church employment, Zachow was an organist "of the old school", revelling in fugues, canons, and counterpoint. But he was also familiar with developments in music across Europe and his own compositions "embraced the new concerted, dramatic style".[[k]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-48) When Zachow discovered the talent of Handel, he introduced him "to a vast collection of German and Italian music, which he possessed, sacred and profane, vocal and instrumental compositions of different schools, different styles, and of every master". Many traits considered "Handelian" can be traced back to Zachow's music. At the same time Handel continued practice on the [harpsichord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord), and learned violin and organ, but according to [Burney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burney) his special affection was for the hautbois (oboe). Schoelcher speculates that his youthful devotion to the instrument explains the large number of pieces he composed for the oboe. With respect to instruction in composition, in addition to having Handel apply himself to traditional [fugue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue) and [cantus firmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantus_firmus) work, Zachow, recognising Handel's precocious talents, systematically introduced Handel to the variety of styles and masterworks contained in his extensive library. He did this by requiring Handel to copy selected scores. "I used to write like the devil in those days", Handel recalled much later. Much of this copying was entered into a notebook that Handel maintained for the rest of his life. Although it has since disappeared, the notebook has been sufficiently described to understand what pieces Zachow wished Handel to study. Among the chief composers represented in this exercise book were [Johann Krieger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Krieger), an "old master" in the fugue and prominent organ composer, [Johann Caspar Kerll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll), a representative of the "southern style" after his teacher [Girolamo Frescobaldi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi) and imitated later by Handel,[[l]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-54) [Johann Jakob Froberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger), an "internationalist" also closely studied by [Buxtehude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude) and [Bach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach), and [Georg Muffat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Muffat), whose amalgam of French and Italian styles and his synthesis of musical forms influenced Handel. Mainwaring writes that during this time Zachow had begun to have Handel assume some of his church duties. Zachow, Mainwaring asserts, was "often" absent, "from his love of company, and a cheerful glass", and Handel, therefore, performed on organ frequently. What is more, according to Mainwaring, Handel began composing, at the age of nine, church services for voice and instruments "and from that time actually did compose a service every week for three years successively". Mainwaring ends this chapter of Handel's life by concluding that three or four years had been enough to allow Handel to surpass Zachow, and Handel had become "impatient for another situation"; "Berlin was the place agreed upon." Carelessness with dates or sequences (and possibly imaginative interpretation by Mainwaring) makes this period confused.[[m]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-59) After the death of Handel's father Handel's father died on 11 February 1697. It was German custom for friends and family to compose funeral odes for a substantial burgher like Georg, and young Handel discharged his duty with a poem dated 18 February and signed with his name and (in deference to his father's wishes) "dedicated to the liberal arts." At the time Handel was studying either at Halle's Lutheran Gymnasium or the Latin School. Mainwaring has Handel travelling to Berlin the next year, 1698. The problem with Mainwaring as an authority for this date, however, is that he tells of how Handel's father communicated with the "king"[[n]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-64) during Handel's stay, declining the Court's offer to send Handel to Italy on a stipend and that his father died "after his return from Berlin." But since Georg Händel died in 1697, either the date of the trip or Mainwaring's statements about Handel's father must be in error. Early biographers solved the problem by making the year of the trip 1696, then noting that at the age of 11, Handel would need a guardian, so they have Handel's father or a friend of the family accompany him, all the while puzzling over why the elder Handel, who wanted Handel to become a lawyer, would spend the sum to lead his son further into the temptation of music as a career. Schoelcher for example has Handel travelling to Berlin at 11, meeting both [Bononcini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini) and [Attilio Ariosti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attilio_Ariosti) in Berlin and then returning at the direction of his father. But Ariosti was not in Berlin before the death of Handel's father, and Handel could not have met Bononcini in Berlin before 1702. Modern biographers either accept the year as 1698, since most reliable older authorities agree with it,[[o]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-71) and discount what Mainwaring says about what took place during the trip or assume that Mainwaring conflated two or more visits to Berlin, as he did with Handel's later trips to Venice. University Perhaps to fulfil a promise to his father or simply because he saw himself as "dedicated to the liberal arts", on 10 February 1702 Handel matriculated at the [University of Halle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg). That university had only recently been founded. In 1694, the [Elector of Brandenburg Frederick III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia) (later Prussian King Frederick I) created the school, largely to provide a lecture forum for the jurist [Christian Thomasius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Thomasius) who had been expelled from [Leipzig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_University) for his liberal views. Handel did not enrol in the faculty of law, although he almost certainly attended lectures. Thomasius was an intellectual and academic crusader, who was the first German academic to lecture in German and also denounced witch trials. Lang believes that Thomasius instilled in Handel a "respect for the dignity and freedom of man's mind and the solemn majesty of the law", principles that would have drawn him to and kept him in England for half a century. Handel also there encountered theologian and professor of Oriental languages [August Hermann Francke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke), who was particularly solicitous of children, especially orphans. The orphanage he founded became a model for Germany, and undoubtedly influenced Handel's own charitable impulse when he assigned the rights of Messiah to London's [Foundling Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital). Shortly after commencing his university education, Handel (though Lutheran[[p]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-78)) on 13 March 1702 accepted the position of organist at the [Calvinist Cathedral in Halle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_Cathedral), the Domkirche, replacing J. C. Leporin, for whom he had acted as assistant. The position, which was a one-year probationary appointment, showed the foundation he had received from Zachow, for a church organist and cantor was a highly prestigious office. From it, he received 5 thalers a year and lodgings in the run-down castle of Moritzburg. Around this same time, Handel made the acquaintance of [Telemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann). Four years Handel's senior, Telemann was studying law at Leipzig and was assisting cantor [Johann Kuhnau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau) ([Bach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach)'s predecessor at the [Thomaskirche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomaskirche) there). Telemann recalled forty years later in an autobiography for Mattheson's Grundlage: "The writing of the excellent Johann Kuhnau served as a model for me in fugue and counterpoint; but in fashioning melodic movements and examining them Handel and I were constantly occupied, frequently visiting each other as well as writing letters." Halle compositions Although Mainwaring records that Handel wrote weekly when assistant to Zachow and as probationary organist at Domkirche part of his duty was to provide suitable music,[[q]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-83) no sacred compositions from his Halle period can now be identified. Mattheson, however, summarised his opinion of Handel's church cantatas written in Halle: "Handel in those days set very, very long arias and sheerly unending cantatas which, while not possessing the proper knack or correct taste, were perfect so far as harmony is concerned." Early chamber works do exist, but it is difficult to date any of them to Handel's time in Halle. Many historians until recently followed Chrysander and designated the six trio sonatas for two oboes and basso continuo as his first known composition, supposedly written in 1696 (when Handel was 11). Lang doubts the dating based on a handwritten date of a copy (1700) and stylistic considerations. Lang writes that the works "show thorough acquaintance with the distilled sonata style of the [Corelli school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli)" and are notable for "the formal security and the cleanness of the texture." Hogwood considers all of the oboe trio sonatas spurious and even suggests that some parts cannot be performed on oboe. That authentic manuscript sources do not exist and that Handel never recycled any material from these works makes their authenticity doubtful. Other early chamber works were printed in Amsterdam in 1724 as opus 1, but it is impossible to tell which are early works in their original form, rather than later re-workings by Handel, a frequent practice of his. From Hamburg to Italy Handel's probationary appointment to Domkirche expired in March 1703. By July[[r]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-92) Handel was in Hamburg. Since he left no explanation for the move[[s]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-94) biographers have offered their own speculation. [Donald Burrows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Burrows_(musicologist)) believes that the answer can be found by untangling Mainwaring's confused chronology of the trip to Berlin. Burrows dates this trip to 1702 or 1703 (after his father's death) and concludes that since Handel (through a "friend and relation" at the Berlin court) turned down Frederick's offer to subsidise his musical education in Italy (with the implicit understanding that he would become a court musician on his return), Handel was no longer able to expect preferment (whether as a musician, lawyer or otherwise) within Brandenburg-Prussia. Since he was attracted to secular, dramatic music (by meeting the Italians Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti and through the influence of Telemann), Hamburg, a free city with an established opera company, was the logical choice. The question remains, however, why Handel rejected the King's offer, given that Italy was the centre of opera. Lang suggests that influenced by the teachings of Thomasius, Handel's character was such that he was unable to make himself subservient to anyone, even a king. Lang sees Handel as someone who could not accept class distinctions that required him to regard himself as a social inferior. "What Handel craved was personal freedom to raise himself out of his provincial milieu to a life of culture." Burrows notes that, like his father, Handel was able to accept royal (and aristocratic) favours without considering himself a court servant; and so, given the embarrassed financial condition of his mother, Handel set off for Hamburg to obtain experience while supporting himself. In 1703, he accepted a position as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the Hamburg [Oper am Gänsemarkt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper_am_G%C3%A4nsemarkt). There he met the composers [Johann Mattheson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Mattheson), [Christoph Graupner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Graupner) and [Reinhard Keiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Keiser). Handel's first two operas, [Almira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almira) and Nero, were produced in 1705. He produced two other operas, [Daphne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel%27s_lost_Hamburg_operas#Florindo_and_Daphne) and [Florindo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florindo), performed in 1708. According to Mainwaring, in 1706 Handel travelled to Italy at the invitation of [Ferdinando de' Medici](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_(III)_de%27_Medici). (Other sources say Handel was invited by [Gian Gastone de' Medici](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici), whom Handel had met in 1703–04 in Hamburg.) Ferdinando, who had a keen interest in opera, was trying to make Florence Italy's musical capital by attracting the leading talents of his day. In Italy, Handel met [librettist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librettist) [Antonio Salvi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Salvi), with whom he later collaborated. Handel left for Rome and since opera was (temporarily) banned in the [Papal States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States), composed sacred music for the Roman clergy. His famous [Dixit Dominus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixit_Dominus_(Handel)) (1707) is from this era. He also composed [cantatas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata) in [pastoral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral) style for musical gatherings in the palaces of duchess [Aurora Sanseverino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Sanseverino) (whom Mainwaring called "Donna Laura") one of the most influential patrons from the [Kingdom of Naples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples), and cardinals [Pietro Ottoboni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Ottoboni_(cardinal)), [Benedetto Pamphili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Pamphili) and [Carlo Colonna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_family). Two [oratorios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio), [La resurrezione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_resurrezione) and [Il trionfo del tempo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trionfo_del_tempo_e_del_disinganno), were produced in a private setting for [Ruspoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Marescotti_Ruspoli,_1st_Prince_of_Cerveteri) and Ottoboni in 1709 and 1710, respectively. [Rodrigo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_(opera)), his first all-Italian opera, was produced in the [Cocomero theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatres_in_Florence) in Florence in 1707. [Agrippina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippina_(opera)) was first produced in 1709 at [Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Malibran) in Venice, owned by the [Grimanis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimani_family). The opera, with a [libretto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto) by Cardinal [Vincenzo Grimani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Grimani), ran for 27 nights successively. The audience, thunderstruck with the grandeur and sublimity of his style, applauded for Il caro Sassone ("the dear Saxon" – referring to Handel's German origins). In London Arrival In June 1710, Handel became [Kapellmeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapellmeister) to German prince George, the [Elector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector) of [Hanover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover), but left at the end of the year. It is likely he was also invited by [Charles Montagu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Duke_of_Manchester) the former ambassador in Venice to visit England. He visited [Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Luisa_de%27_Medici) and her husband in [Düsseldorf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) on his way to London. With his opera [Rinaldo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaldo_(opera)), based on [La Gerusalemme Liberata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Delivered) by the Italian poet [Torquato Tasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquato_Tasso), Handel enjoyed great success, although it was composed quickly, with many borrowings from his older Italian works. This work contains one of Handel's favourite arias, Cara sposa, amante cara, and the famous [Lascia ch'io pianga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascia_ch%27io_pianga). Handel went back to Halle twice, to attend the wedding of his sister and the baptism of her daughter, but decided to settle permanently in England in 1712. In the summer of 1713, he lived at Mr. Mathew Andrews' estate in [Barn Elms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_Elms), Surrey. He received a yearly income of £200 from [Queen Anne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain) after composing for her the [Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_Te_Deum_and_Jubilate), first performed in 1713. One of his most important patrons was the [3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington_and_4th_Earl_of_Cork), a young and extremely wealthy member of an [Anglo-Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish) [aristocratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)) family. While living in the mansion of Lord Burlington, Handel wrote [Amadigi di Gaula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadigi_di_Gaula), a "[magic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(fantasy))" opera, about a [damsel in distress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsel_in_distress), based on the tragedy by [Antoine Houdar de la Motte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Houdar_de_la_Motte). The conception of an opera as a coherent structure was slow to capture Handel's imagination and he composed no operas for five years. In July 1717, Handel's [Water Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Music) was performed more than three times on the [River Thames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames) for King George I and his guests. It is said the compositions spurred reconciliation between Handel and the king, supposedly annoyed by the composer's abandonment of his Hanover post. At Cannons (1717–19) In 1717, Handel became house composer at [Cannons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons_(house)) in [Middlesex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex), where he laid the cornerstone for his future choral compositions in the [Chandos Anthems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandos_Anthems). [Romain Rolland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland) wrote that these anthems (or Psalms) stood in relation to Handel's oratorios, much the same way that the Italian cantatas stood to his operas: "splendid sketches of the more monumental works." Another work, which he wrote for [The 1st Duke of Chandos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brydges,_1st_Duke_of_Chandos), the owner of Cannons, was [Acis and Galatea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)): during Handel's lifetime, it was his most performed work. [Winton Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Dean) wrote that "the music catches breath and disturbs the memory". In 1719, the Duke of Chandos became one of the composer's important patrons and a primary subscriber to his new opera company, the [Royal Academy of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_(company)), though his patronage declined after Chandos lost large sums of money in the [South Sea Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company), which burst in 1720 in one of history's greatest financial cataclysms. Handel himself invested in the South Sea Company in 1716, when its share prices were low and sold them before the "bubble" burst in 1720. In 1720, Handel invested in the [slave-trading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) [Royal African Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company) (RAC), following in the steps of his patron (the Duke of Chandos was one of the leading investors in the RAC). As noted by music historian David Hunter, 32 per cent of the subscribers and investors in the Royal Academy of Music, or their close family members, held investments in the RAC as well. Royal Academy of Music (1719–34) In May 1719, [The 1st Duke of Newcastle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne), the [Lord Chamberlain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain), ordered Handel to look for new singers. Handel travelled to [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden) to attend the newly built opera. He saw Teofane by [Antonio Lotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Lotti), and engaged members of the cast for the Royal Academy of Music, founded by a group of aristocrats to assure themselves a constant supply of baroque opera or [opera seria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria). Handel may have invited John Smith, his fellow student in Halle, and his son [Johann Christoph Schmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christopher_Smith), to become his secretary and [amanuensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanuensis). By 1723 he had moved into a [Georgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture) house at 25 [Brook Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Street), which he rented for the rest of his life. This house, where he rehearsed, copied music, and sold tickets, is now the [Handel House Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_House_Museum).[[t]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-125) During twelve months between 1724 and 1725, Handel wrote three successful operas, [Giulio Cesare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Cesare), [Tamerlano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlano) and [Rodelinda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodelinda_(opera)). Handel's operas are filled with [da capo arias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_capo_aria), such as [Svegliatevi nel core](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svegliatevi_nel_core). After composing Silete venti, he concentrated on opera and stopped writing cantatas. [Scipio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_(opera)), from which the regimental slow march of the British [Grenadier Guards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards) is derived, was performed as a stopgap, waiting for the arrival of [Faustina Bordoni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustina_Bordoni). In 1727, Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the [Coronation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch) ceremony of [King George II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain). One of these, [Zadok the Priest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest), has been played at every British coronation ceremony since. The words to Zadok the Priest are taken from the [King James Bible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Bible). In 1728, John Gay's [The Beggar's Opera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera), which made fun of the type of Italian opera Handel had popularised in London, premiered at [Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisle%27s_Tennis_Court) and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the longest run in theatre history up to that time. After nine years the Royal Academy of Music ceased to function but Handel soon started a new company. The [Queen's Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre) at the Haymarket (now His Majesty's Theatre), established in 1705 by architect and playwright [John Vanbrugh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh), quickly became an opera house. Between 1711 and 1739, more than 25 of Handel's operas premièred there. In 1729, Handel became joint manager of the theatre with [John James Heidegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Heidegger). Handel travelled to Italy to engage new singers and also composed seven more operas, among them the comic masterpiece [Partenope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenope) and the "magic" opera [Orlando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(opera)).">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-132) After two commercially successful English oratorios [Esther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_(Handel)) and [Deborah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_(Handel)), he was able to invest again in the [South Sea Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company). Handel reworked his Acis and Galatea which then became his most successful work ever. Handel failed to compete with the [Opera of the Nobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_of_the_Nobility), who engaged musicians such as [Johann Adolph Hasse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse), [Nicolo Porpora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolo_Porpora) and the famous castrato [Farinelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinelli). The strong support by [Frederick, Prince of Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales) caused conflicts in the royal family. In March 1734 Handel composed a wedding anthem [This is the day which the Lord hath made](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_anthem_for_Princess_Anne), and a [serenata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenata) [Parnasso in Festa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnasso_in_Festa) for [Anne, Princess Royal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange). Despite the problems the Opera of the Nobility was causing him at the time, Handel's neighbour in Brook Street, [Mary Delany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Delany), reported on a party she invited Handel to at her house on 12 April 1734 where he was in good spirits: I had Lady Rich and her daughter, Lady Cath. Hanmer and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. Percival, [Sir John Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Stanley,_1st_Baronet) and my brother, Mrs. Donellan, [Strada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Strada) [star soprano of Handel's operas] and Mr. Coot. [Lord Shaftesbury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_4th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury) begged of Mr. Percival to bring him, and being a profess'd friend of Mr. Handel (who was here also) was admitted; I never was so well entertained at an opera! Mr. Handel was in the best humour in the world, and played lessons and accompanied Strada and all the ladies that sang from seven o'clock till eleven. I gave them tea and coffee, and about half an hour after nine had a salver brought in of chocolate, mulled white wine, and biscuits. Everybody was easy and seemed pleased. Opera at Covent Garden (1734–41) In 1733, the [Earl of Essex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Capell,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex) received a letter with the following sentence: "Handel became so arbitrary a prince, that the Town murmurs." The board of chief investors expected Handel to retire when his contract ended, but Handel immediately looked for another theatre. In cooperation with [John Rich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rich_(producer)) he started his third company at [Covent Garden Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden_Theatre). Rich was renowned for his spectacular productions. He suggested Handel use his small chorus and introduce the dancing of [Marie Sallé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Sall%C3%A9), for whom Handel composed [Terpsicore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpsicore). In 1735, he introduced organ concertos between the acts. For the first time, Handel allowed [Gioacchino Conti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioacchino_Conti), who had no time to learn his part, to substitute arias. Financially, [Ariodante](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariodante) was a failure, although he introduced ballet suites at the end of each act. [Alcina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcina), his last opera with a magic content, and [Alexander's Feast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Handel)) or the Power of Music based on John Dryden's [Alexander's Feast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Dryden)) starred [Anna Maria Strada del Pò](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Strada_del_P%C3%B2) and [John Beard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beard_(tenor)). Early 1737 he produced Arminio and Giustino, completed Berenice, revived Partenope, and continued with Il Parnasso in Festa, Alexander's Feast, and the revised [The Triumph of Time and Truth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Time_and_Truth) which premiered on 23 March. In April Handel suffered a mild stroke, or rheumatic palsy, resulting in temporary paralysis in his right hand and arm. After brief signs of a recovery, he had a relapse in May, with an accompanying deterioration in his mental capacities. He had strong competition from [John Frederick Lampe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Lampe); [The Dragon of Wantley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dragon_of_Wantley_(opera)) was first performed at the Little Theatre in the Haymarket in London on 16 May 1737. It was a parody of the Italian [opera seria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria). In Autumn 1737 the fatigued Handel reluctantly followed the advice of his physicians and went to take the cure in the [spa towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_town) of [Royal Tunbridge Wells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells), [Aix-la-Chapelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-la-Chapelle) ([Burtscheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burtscheid)) in September. All the symptoms of his "disorder" vanished by November. On Christmas Eve Handel finished the score of [Faramondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faramondo), but its composition was interrupted by that of the [Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ways_of_Zion_Do_Mourn_/_Funeral_Anthem_for_Queen_Caroline). On Boxing Day he began the composition of [Serse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serse), the only comic opera that Handel ever wrote and worked with [Elisabeth Duparc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Duparc). A harp and organ concerto (HWV 294) and Alexander's Feast were published in 1738 by [John Walsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walsh_(printer)). He composed music for a [musical clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_clock) with a pipe organ built by Charles Clay; it was bought by [Gerrit Braamcamp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Braamcamp) and was in 2016 acquired by the [Museum Speelklok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Speelklok) in Utrecht. [Deidamia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deidamia_(opera)), his last opera, a co-production with the [Earl of Holderness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_4th_Earl_of_Holderness), was performed three times in 1741. Handel gave up the opera business, while he enjoyed more success with his English oratorios. Oratorio [Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trionfo_del_tempo_e_del_disinganno), an [allegory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory), Handel's first oratorio was composed in Italy in 1707, followed by [La resurrezione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_resurrezione) in 1708 which uses material from the Bible. The circumstances of [Esther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_(Handel)) and its first performance, possibly in 1718, are obscure. Another 12 years had passed when an act of piracy caused him to take up Esther once again. Three earlier performances aroused such interest that they naturally prompted the idea of introducing it to a larger public. Next came [Deborah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_(Handel)), strongly coloured by the coronation anthems and [Athaliah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athalia_(Handel)), his third English Oratorio. In these three oratorios Handel laid the foundation for the traditional use of the chorus which marks his later oratorios. Handel became sure of himself, broader in his presentation, and more diverse in his composition. It is evident how much he learned from [Arcangelo Corelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli) about writing for instruments, and from [Alessandro Scarlatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti) about writing for the solo voice; but there is no single composer who taught him how to write for chorus. Handel tended more and more to replace Italian soloists with English ones. The most significant reason for this change was the dwindling financial returns from his operas. Thus a tradition was created for oratorios which was to govern their future performance. The performances were given without costumes and action; the singers appeared in their own clothes. In 1736, Handel produced [Alexander's Feast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Handel)). [John Beard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beard_(tenor)) appeared for the first time as one of Handel's principal singers and became Handel's permanent tenor soloist for the rest of Handel's life. The piece was a great success and it encouraged Handel to make the transition from writing Italian operas to English choral works. In [Saul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_(Handel)), Handel was collaborating with [Charles Jennens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jennens) and experimenting with three trombones, a carillon and extra-large military kettledrums (from the [Tower of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London)), to be sure "...it will be most excessive noisy". Saul and [Israel in Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt), both from 1739, head the list of great, mature oratorios, in which the da capo aria became the exception and not the rule. Israel in Egypt consists of little else but choruses, borrowing from the [Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ways_of_Zion_Do_Mourn_/_Funeral_Anthem_for_Queen_Caroline). In his next works, Handel changed his course. In these works he laid greater stress on the effects of orchestra and soloists; the chorus retired into the background. [L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Allegro,_il_Penseroso_ed_il_Moderato) has a rather diverting character; the work is light and fresh. During the summer of 1741, the [3rd Duke of Devonshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire) invited Handel to [Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin), capital of the [Kingdom of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland), to give concerts for the benefit of local hospitals. His [Messiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)) was first performed at the [New Music Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neale%27s_Musick_Hall,_Dublin) in [Fishamble Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishamble_Street) on 13 April 1742, with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of [St Patrick's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin) and [Christ Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin) cathedrals participating. Handel secured a balance between soloists and chorus which he never surpassed. In 1747, Handel wrote his oratorio Alexander Balus. This work was produced at Covent Garden Theatre in London, on 23 March 1748, and to the aria Hark! hark! He strikes the golden lyre, Handel wrote the accompaniment for [mandolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin), [harp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp), violin, viola, and [violoncello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violoncello). Another of his English oratorios, [Solomon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)), was first performed on 17 March 1749 at the Covent Garden Theatre. Solomon contains a short and lively instrumental passage for two oboes and strings in act 3, known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba". The use of English soloists reached its height at the first performance of [Samson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_(Handel)). The work is highly theatrical. The role of the chorus became increasingly important in his later oratorios. [Jephtha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jephtha_(Handel)) was first performed on 26 February 1752; even though it was his last oratorio, it was no less a masterpiece than his earlier works. Later years In 1749, Handel composed [Music for the Royal Fireworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks); 12,000 people attended the first performance. In 1750, he arranged a performance of Messiah to benefit the [Foundling Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital), a children's home in London. The performance was considered a great success and was followed by annual concerts that continued throughout his life. In recognition of his patronage, Handel was made a governor of the Hospital the day after his initial concert. He bequeathed a copy of Messiah to the institution upon his death. His involvement with the Foundling Hospital is today commemorated with a permanent exhibition in London's [Foundling Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Museum), which also holds the Gerald Coke Handel Collection. In addition to the Foundling Hospital, Handel also gave to a charity that assisted impoverished musicians and their families. In August 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured in a carriage accident between [The Hague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague) and [Haarlem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem) in the Netherlands. In 1751, one eye started to fail. The cause was a [cataract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract) which was operated on by the great charlatan [Chevalier Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(oculist)). This did not improve his eyesight and possibly made it worse. He was completely blind by 1752. He died in 1759 at home in Brook Street, at the age of 74. The last performance he attended was of Messiah. Handel was buried in [Westminster Abbey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey). More than three thousand mourners attended his funeral, which was given full state honours. Handel never married and kept his personal life private. His initial [will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_of_George_Frideric_Handel) bequeathed the bulk of his estate to his niece Johanna, but four [codicils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codicil_(will)) distributed much of his estate to other relations, servants, friends and charities. Handel owned an [art collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel%27s_art_collection) that was auctioned posthumously in 1760. The auction catalogue listed approximately seventy paintings and ten prints (other paintings were bequeathed). Works Overview Handel's compositions include 42 operas, 24 oratorios, more than 120 cantatas, trios and duets, numerous arias, odes and serenatas, solo and trio sonatas, 18 concerti grossi, and 12 organ concertos. His most famous work, the oratorio [Messiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)) with its "Hallelujah" chorus, is among the most popular works in choral music. The [Lobkowicz Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobkowicz_Palace) in Prague holds [Mozart's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) copy of Messiah, complete with handwritten annotations. Among the works with opus numbers published and popularised in his lifetime are the [Organ concertos Op. 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_concertos,_Op._4_(Handel)) and [Op. 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_concertos,_Op._7_(Handel)), together with the [Opus 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerti_Grossi,_Op._3_(Handel)) and [Opus 6 Concerti grossi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerti_grossi,_Op._6_(Handel)); the latter incorporates an earlier organ concerto, [The Cuckoo and the Nightingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cuckoo_and_the_Nightingale_(concerto)), in which birdsong is imitated in the upper registers of the organ. Also notable are his 16 keyboard suites, especially [The Harmonious Blacksmith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harmonious_Blacksmith). Catalogues The first published catalogue of Handel's works appeared as an appendix to Mainwaring's Memoirs. Between 1787 and 1797 [Samuel Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Arnold_(composer)) compiled a 180-volume collection of Handel's works—however, it was far from complete. Also incomplete was the collection produced between 1843 and 1858 by the English Handel Society (founded by [Sir George Macfarren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Macfarren)). The 105-volume [Händel-Gesellschaft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Gesellschaft) ("Handel Society") edition was published between 1858 and 1902 – mainly due to the efforts of [Friedrich Chrysander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander). For modern performance, the realisation of the basso continuo reflects 19th-century practice. Vocal scores drawn from the edition were published by [Novello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novello_%26_Co) in London, but some scores, such as the vocal score to Samson, are incomplete. The continuing [Hallische Händel-Ausgabe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallische_H%C3%A4ndel-Ausgabe) edition was first inaugurated in 1955 in the [Halle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(region)) region in [Saxony-Anhalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt), East Germany. It did not start as a critical edition, but after heavy criticism of the first volumes, which were performing editions without a critical apparatus (for example, the opera Serse was published with the title character recast as a tenor, reflecting pre-war German practice), it repositioned itself as a critical edition. Influenced in part by cold-war realities, editorial work was inconsistent: misprints were found in abundance and editors failed to consult important sources. In 1985, a committee was formed to establish better standards for the edition. The reunification of Germany in 1990 removed communication problems, and the volumes issued have since shown a significant improvement in standards. Between 1978 and 1986 the German academic [Bernd Baselt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Baselt) catalogued Handel's works in his [Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Werke-Verzeichnis) publication. The catalogue has achieved wide acceptance and is used as the modern numbering system, with each of Handel's works designated an "HWV" number – for example, Messiah is catalogued as "HWV 56". Legacy Handel's works were collected and preserved by two men: [Sir Samuel Hellier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Hellier), a country squire whose musical acquisitions form the nucleus of the Shaw–Hellier Collection, and the abolitionist [Granville Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Sharp). The catalogue accompanying the [National Portrait Gallery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) exhibition marking the tercentenary of the composer's birth calls them two men of the late eighteenth century "who have left us solid evidence of the means by which they indulged their enthusiasm". With his English oratorios, such as [Messiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)) and [Solomon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)), the [coronation anthems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_anthem#Handel's_coronation_anthems), and other works including [Water Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Music) and [Music for the Royal Fireworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks), Handel became a national icon in Britain, and featured in the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) series The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero. After his death, Handel's Italian operas fell into obscurity, except for selections such as the aria from [Serse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serse), "[Ombra mai fu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombra_mai_fu)". The oratorios continued to be performed but not long after Handel's death they were thought to need some modernisation, and Mozart orchestrated German versions of Messiah and other works. Throughout the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, particularly in the [Anglophone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world) countries, his reputation rested primarily on his English oratorios, which were customarily performed by choruses of amateur singers on solemn occasions. The centenary of his death, in 1859, was celebrated by a performance of Messiah at [The Crystal Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace), involving 2,765 singers and 460 instrumentalists, who played for an audience of about 10,000 people. Recent decades have revived his secular cantatas and what one might call 'secular oratorios' or 'concert operas'. Of the former, [Ode for St. Cecilia's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_for_St._Cecilia%27s_Day) (1739) (set to texts by [John Dryden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden)) and [Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_for_the_Birthday_of_Queen_Anne) (1713) are noteworthy. For his secular oratorios, Handel turned to classical mythology for subjects, producing such works as [Acis and Galatea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)) (1719), [Hercules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(Handel)) (1745) and [Semele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semele_(Handel)) (1744). These works have a close kinship with the sacred oratorios, particularly in the vocal writing for the English-language texts. They also share the lyrical and dramatic qualities of Handel's Italian operas. As such, they are sometimes fully staged as operas. With the rediscovery of his theatrical works, Handel, in addition to his renown as instrumentalist, orchestral writer, and melodist, is now perceived as being one of opera's great musical dramatists. Reception Handel has generally been accorded high esteem by fellow composers, both in his own time and since. [Johann Sebastian Bach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach) attempted, unsuccessfully, to meet Handel while he was visiting [Halle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)). (Handel was born in the same year as Bach and [Domenico Scarlatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti).) [Mozart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) is reputed to have said of him, "Handel understands [affect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)) better than any of us. When he chooses, he strikes like a thunder bolt." To [Beethoven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven) he was "the master of us all... the greatest composer that ever lived. I would uncover my head and kneel before his tomb." Beethoven emphasised above all the simplicity and popular appeal of Handel's music when he said, "Go to him to learn how to achieve great effects, by such simple means." Borrowings Since 1831, when [William Crotch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crotch) raised the issue in his Substance of Several Lectures on Music, scholars have extensively studied Handel's "borrowing" of music from other composers. Summarising the field in 2005, [Richard Taruskin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taruskin) wrote that Handel "seems to have been the champion of all [parodists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_music), adapting both his own works and those of other composers in unparalleled numbers and with unparalleled exactitude." Among the composers whose music Handel apparently reused are [Alessandro Stradella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella), [Gottlieb Muffat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Muffat), [Alessandro Scarlatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti), [Domenico Scarlatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti) [Giacomo Carissimi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi), [Georg Philipp Telemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann), [Carl Heinrich Graun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun), [Leonardo Vinci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci), [Jacobus Gallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Gallus), [Francesco Antonio Urio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Urio), [Reinhard Keiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Keiser), [Francesco Gasparini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Gasparini), [Giovanni Bononcini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini), [William Boyce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)), [Henry Lawes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lawes), [Michael Wise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wise_(musician)), [Agostino Steffani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Steffani), Franz Johann Habermann, and numerous others. In an essay published in 1985, John H. Roberts demonstrated that Handel's borrowings were unusually frequent even for his own era, enough to have been criticised by contemporaries (notably [Johann Mattheson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Mattheson)); Roberts suggested several reasons for Handel's practice, including Handel's attempts to make certain works sound more up-to-date and, more radically, his "basic lack of facility in inventing original ideas" – though Roberts took care to argue that this does not "diminish Handel's stature", which should be "judged not by his methods, still less by his motives in employing them, but solely by the effects he achieves." Homages After Handel's death, many composers wrote works based on or inspired by his music. The first movement from [Louis Spohr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Spohr)'s Symphony No. 6, Op. 116, "The Age of Bach and Handel", resembles two melodies from Handel's Messiah. In 1797, [Ludwig van Beethoven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven) published the 12 Variations in G major on "See the conqu’ring hero comes" from Judas Maccabaeus by Handel, for cello and piano. In 1822, Beethoven composed the overture [The Consecration of the House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Consecration_of_the_House_(overture)), which also bears the influence of Handel. Guitar virtuoso [Mauro Giuliani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani) composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel, Op. 107 for guitar, based on Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major, HWV 430, for harpsichord. In 1861, using a theme from the second of Handel's harpsichord suites, [Johannes Brahms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms) wrote the [Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_and_Fugue_on_a_Theme_by_Handel), Op. 24, one of his most successful works (praised by [Richard Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner)). Several works by the French composer [Félix-Alexandre Guilmant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Alexandre_Guilmant) use Handel's themes; for example, his March on a Theme by Handel uses a theme from Messiah. French composer and flautist [Philippe Gaubert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Gaubert) wrote his Petite marche for flute and piano based on the fourth movement of Handel's Trio Sonata, Op. 5, No. 2, HWV 397. [Argentine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_people) composer [Luis Gianneo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Gianneo) composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel for piano. In 1911, Australian-born composer and pianist [Percy Grainger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Grainger) based one of his most famous works on the final movement of Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major (just like Giuliani). He first wrote some variations on the theme, which he titled Variations on Handel's 'The Harmonious Blacksmith'. Then he used the first sixteen bars of his set of variations to create Handel in the Strand, one of his most beloved pieces, of which he made several versions (for example, the piano solo version from 1930). [Arnold Schoenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg)'s Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra in B-flat major (1933) was composed after Handel's Concerto Grosso, Op. 6/7. Veneration In the [Lutheran Calendar of Saints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)) Handel and Bach share the date 28 July with [Heinrich Schütz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz), and Handel and Bach are commemorated in the calendar of saints prepared by the [Order of Saint Luke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Luke) for the use of the [United Methodist Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church). The Book of Common Worship of the Presbyterian Church (USA) (Westminster John Knox Press, 2018) commemorates him on 20 April. Fictional depictions In 1942, Handel was the subject of the British biographical film [The Great Mr. Handel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mr._Handel) directed by [Norman Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Walker_(director)) and starring [Wilfrid Lawson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Lawson_(actor)). It was made at [Denham Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham_Studios) by the [Rank Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation), and shot in [Technicolor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor). He is also the central character in the television films [God Rot Tunbridge Wells!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Rot_Tunbridge_Wells!) (1985) and [Handel's Last Chance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel%27s_Last_Chance) (1996) and the stage play [All the Angels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Angels) (2015). Handel was portrayed by [Jeroen Krabbé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9) as the antagonist in the film [Farinelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinelli_(film)) (1994).

2024-09-18 16:29:42

Gamer_(film)

A [gamer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer) is one who plays and/or devises games, especially role-playing or video games. Gamer(s) may also refer to: People [Gambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler), a person who gambles [esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports) competitor, a person who competes in eSports [Cheater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheater), a person who cheats (games) the system [Carlton Gamer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Gamer) (1929–2023), American composer and music theorist Film [Gamer (2011 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_(2011_film)), a 2011 Ukrainian film [Gamer (2009 film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_(2009_film)), a 2009 science fiction thriller [The Gamers (film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gamers_(film)), a 2002 low-budget cult film, followed by the sequels, [The Gamers: Dorkness Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gamers:_Dorkness_Rising) and [The Gamers: Hands of Fate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gamers:_Hands_of_Fate) [Gamers: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamers:_The_Movie), a 2006 mockumentary Television [G@mers (TV series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G@mers_(TV_series)) [Gamer.tv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer.tv), a UK video-game programme Literature [The Gamer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gamer), a Korean comic [Gamers!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamers!), a 2015 Japanese light novel series Companies [The Gamers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gamers), a wargaming company Gamers, a retail chain operated by the Japanese media company [Broccoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broccoli_(company)) [Gamers (US retailer)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamers_(US_retailer)), a retail video game chain located primarily in Iowa and Nebraska Other uses [Gamers (album)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamers_(album)), a 1996 album by The Conscious Daughters

2024-09-18 22:49:01

The_Life_&amp;_Times_of_Tim

The requested page title is invalid. It may be empty, contain [unsupported characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_name#Technical_restrictions_and_limitations), or include a non-local or incorrectly linked [interwiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking) prefix. You may be able to locate the desired page by searching for its name (with the interwiki prefix, if any) in the search box. Possible causes are: an attempt to load a [URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator) such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/|](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%7C) (the | character is unsupported); an attempt to load a URL pointing to a "non-local" interwiki page (usually those not run by the Wikimedia Foundation). For example, the URL [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meatball:WikiPedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meatball:WikiPedia) will give this error, because the "meatball:" interwiki prefix is not marked as local in the interwiki table. Certain interwiki prefixes are marked as local in the table. For example, the URL [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meta:Main_Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meta:Main_Page) can be used to load meta:Main_Page. All interlanguage prefixes are marked as local, and thus URLs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Accueil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Accueil) will work as expected. However, non-local interwiki pages can still be accessed by interwiki linking or by entering them in the search box. For example [[meatball:WikiPedia]] can be used on a page, like this: meatball:WikiPedia. Return to [Main Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).

2024-09-18 16:39:21

And_There's_More

<Infotable> Jimmy CricketKSG Cricket in 2018 Born: James Mulgrew(1945-10-17)17 October 1945(age 78)Cookstown,County Tyrone, Northern Ireland Nationality: Northern Irish Occupation(s): Comedian, radio and TV personality, writer Years active: 1972-present Children: 4 </Infotable> James Mulgrew (born 17 October 1945), known professionally as Jimmy Cricket, is a Northern Irish comedian. He first came to prominence as a comedian in the 1970s and has had his own shows on television and radio. Early life and career Cricket was born in [Cookstown, County Tyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookstown,_County_Tyrone),Northern Ireland and left school at 16. He spent the next two years working in a [betting shop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_shop), before spending the summer of 1966 working as a [Red Coat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butlins_Redcoats) in [Butlins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butlins) [Holiday camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_camp) at [Mosney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosney), [County Meath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Meath). He spent the following two summers at the Butlins Holiday Camp in [Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea), [Essex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex). By the early 1970s he was living in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester). From 1972 he worked at the [Pontins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontins) holiday camps in [Southport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport) and [Morecambe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe). He returned to [Clacton-on-Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea) in 2006 to star in the eight-week summer show, Summer Special at the [West Cliff Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Cliff_Theatre). Jimmy has toured in the UK with other artists such as [The Osmonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Osmonds), [Brotherhood of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Man), [Gerry and the Pacemakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_and_the_Pacemakers). He has also toured in comedy themed shows with [Cannon and Ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_and_Ball), [Paul Daniels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Daniels), [Frank Carson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carson) and [The Krankies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Krankies). In 2022 he toured with Leah Bell in the, "Right Royal Knees Up Show" for the [Queen's Platinum Jubilee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee). Television and radio He was given his own four television series on a show called And There's More (named after his best-known catchphrase), produced by [Central Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Central) (also notable for including the first TV appearance by [Rory Bremner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Bremner)) and Brian Conley. He also had his own [radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio) series for [BBC Radio 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2) called Jimmy's Cricket Team, written by [Eddie Braben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Braben) and starring [Peter Goodwright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Goodwright), [Bill Pertwee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pertwee) and [Noreen Kershaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreen_Kershaw). He featured in The Krankies Klub alongside the Krankies and [Bobby Davro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Davro). He has appeared in numerous [Royal Variety Shows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Variety_Show). He has featured on numerous occasions the BBC TVs long running TV show [The Good Old Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Old_Days_(UK_TV_series)) Jimmy appeared on [Bullseye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullseye_(British_game_show)) in 1984, scoring 125 with nine darts for charity. He told Tony at the oche he forgot to add 60; Tony said he forgot and added the 60 to give a total of 185. Jimmy was the subject of [This Is Your Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(UK_TV_series)) in 1987 when he was surprised by [Eamonn Andrews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Andrews) in central London - the last regular edition of the programme to be broadcast with Andrews as presenter.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Cricket was one of a number of performers to appear in the video for the 2007 [Comic Relief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Relief) single, a cover of [The Proclaimers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proclaimers)' song "[I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Be_(500_Miles))" by [Matt Lucas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lucas_(comedian)) as [Andy Pipkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Pipkin) and [Peter Kay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kay) as [Brian Potter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Potter_(character)). Style Cricket's humour is entirely clean. A popular theme of his comedy is [Irish logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_joke), and the ubiquitous letter from his "Mammy". He almost always appears in his trademark outfit of cut-off evening trousers, evening tailcoat, hat (given to him by the BBC to wear on The Good Old Days and [wellington boots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_boots) marked "L" and "R" for left and right, but worn on the wrong feet. He frequently prefaces an anecdote with the catchphrase: "Ladies and gentlemen, [beat], come here [or c'mere]". Personal life Cricket lives in Lancashire with his wife, May. He has four children and four grandchildren. Two of his children, Frankie and Katie Mulgrew, followed him into comedy; Katie using her own name, Frankie as 'Frankie Doodle'. Frankie has since become ordained as a [Catholic priest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_priest) and published his first book, Does God LOL?, in June 2013 and his second, Miracles Of Grace in 2020. Another of Cricket's daughters, Jamie, became a Headteacher and now lives in [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida), USA. His oldest son Dale is an events organiser for Bury Hospice. Cricket is also a close friend of snooker legend [Dennis Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Taylor). Papal knighthood On 18 September 2015 it was announced that he had been awarded a [papal knighthood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Orders_of_Knighthood) ([Order of St. Gregory the Great](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great)) by [Pope Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis) for his charity work.

2024-09-18 16:33:11

Ronnie_Simpson

<Infotable> Personal information Full name: Ronald Campbell Simpson[1] Date of birth: (1930-10-11)11 October 1930 Place of birth: Glasgow, Scotland Date of death: 19 April 2004(2004-04-19)(aged 73) Place of death: Edinburgh, Scotland Height: 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)[2] Position(s): Goalkeeper Senior career* Years: Team Apps (Gls) 1946–1950: Queen's Park 78 (0) 1950–1951: Third Lanark 21 (0) 1951–1960: Newcastle United 262 (0) 1960–1964: Hibernian 123 (0) 1964–1970: Celtic 118 (0) Total: 602 (0) International career 1948: Great Britain 1953–1957: Scotland B 2 (0) 1967–1968: Scotland 5 (0) 1968: Scottish Football League XI 1 (0) Managerial career 1971–1972: Hamilton Academical *Club domestic league appearances and goals </Infotable> Ronald Campbell Simpson (11 October 1930 – 19 April 2004) was a Scottish [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) player and coach. He is mainly remembered for his time with [Celtic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C.), where he was the [goalkeeper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)) in the [Lisbon Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Lions) team that won the [European Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League) in 1967. Earlier in his career, Simpson had won the [FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup) twice with [Newcastle United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C.). He also played for [Queen's Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C.), [Third Lanark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lanark_A.C.) and [Hibernian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C.). Simpson represented [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_Olympic_football_team) in the [1948 Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics), but was not selected for [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team) until 1967. He made his international debut in the [famous 3–2 victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England%E2%80%93Scotland_football_rivalry#1967) against [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team) at [Wembley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)). Club career Simpson started his senior career with amateur club [Queen's Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C.); he was selected by their first team in 1945, aged just 14 years and 304 days. This made him the youngest person to represent a Scottish league club, although it was an unofficial record due to the suspension of normal competitive football during the [Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War). He was 15 when he made his first [Scottish Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League) appearance in August 1946. After completing his [National Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_in_the_United_Kingdom), Simpson moved to [Third Lanark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lanark_A.C.) in 1950. He then joined [Newcastle United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C.) six months later for a fee of £8,750. He won the [FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup) twice with Newcastle, after taking over as their regular goalkeeper from [Jack Fairbrother](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Fairbrother), in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_FA_Cup_Final) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_FA_Cup_Final). After nine years and almost 300 appearances for Newcastle, Simpson returned to Scotland, with [Hibernian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C.), in 1960. His performances helped to save Hibs from relegation in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_in_Scottish_football), but he fell out of favour under the management of [Jock Stein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Stein) due to his attitude in training. Hibernian sold Simpson to [Celtic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C.) in 1964 for £4,000. Thought to be in the last throes of his career, Celtic signed Simpson as cover for [John Fallon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fallon_(footballer)). This perception appeared to be confirmed when Jock Stein, who had let Simpson go as Hibernian manager, was appointed Celtic manager later in the 1964–65 season; however, Simpson became the first choice after Fallon was blamed for a defeat by [Rangers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C.) in the [1964 Scottish League Cup Final](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Scottish_League_Cup_Final). His sense of humour made Simpson a popular figure in the team, who nicknamed him "Faither", on account of his relative old age. The highlight of his time at Celtic was winning the [1967 European Cup Final](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_European_Cup_Final), as part of a clean sweep of trophies in the 1966–67 season. Apart from an early save with his knees from a [Sandro Mazzola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Mazzola) header, Simpson had little to do during the match. His fancy footwork when dealing with a backpass was one of the highlights. Because Fallon did not factor into that season's [Scottish Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966-67_Scottish_Cup) or [Scottish League Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966-67_Scottish_League_Cup), Simpson stood alone as the first goalkeeper to win the European [Treble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_(association_football)) and remains the only goalkeeper to win the fabled Quadruple. He suffered a dislocated shoulder in 1969, and trouble with this injury forced him to miss the [1970 European Cup Final](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_European_Cup_Final) and to retire as a player that year. International career Simpson represented the Scotland Youth side in a match against England Youth played on 25 October 1947 at Belle Vue, Doncaster. He was selected by [Matt Busby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Busby) to play for the [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland_Olympic_football_team) [squad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_squads#Great_Britain) in the [1948 Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics). Great Britain finished fourth, losing a bronze medal playoff to [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team). Simpson also played for the [Scotland national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team), making his debut in the famous 3–2 win over [1966 World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup) winners [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team) at [Wembley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)) in 1967. He set a new record for being the oldest player to make his Scotland debut, aged 36 years and 196 days. He won five full caps in total, alongside the Youth and B international caps won earlier in his career. He also represented the [Scottish League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_XI) once, in 1968. Style of play Simpson was small in stature for a goalkeeper, at just 5 feet 10 inches. He compensated for this with an unorthodox style of shot-stopping, using his elbows and shoulders to block shots. He also had top-class foot movement and ball distribution skills. Personal and later life Simpson's father [Jimmy Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Simpson_(footballer,_born_1908)) also played for Scotland, and enjoyed notable success as a centre-half for [Rangers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C.) and [Dundee United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C.) in the 1930s. After Ronnie Simpson retired as a player, he was manager of [Hamilton Academical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C.) for a year. He also served on the [Pools Panel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pools_Panel), which adjudicated on results of postponed matches in periods of exceptionally bad weather. He was also a [Progressives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressives_(Scotland)) Councillor on [Edinburgh City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Council) in the 1970s. Simpson died from a heart attack on 19 April 2004. Awards In 2002, Simpson was named in Celtic's greatest ever team, ahead of [John Thomson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomson_(footballer,_born_1909)) and [Pat Bonner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Bonner). He was posthumously inducted into the [Scottish Football Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Hall_of_Fame) in November 2011. Honours Newcastle United [FA Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup): [1951–52](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_FA_Cup), [1954–55](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_FA_Cup) Celtic [Scottish League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions): [1965–66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Scottish_Division_One), [1966–67](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Scottish_Division_One), [1967–68](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Scottish_Division_One), [1968–69](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Scottish_Division_One) [Scottish Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup): [1966–67](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Scottish_Cup); runner-up: [1965–66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Scottish_Cup) [Scottish League Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup): [1965–66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Scottish_League_Cup), [1966–67](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Scottish_League_Cup), [1967–68](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Scottish_League_Cup) [Glasgow Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Cup): 1966–67, 1967–68 [European Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League): [1966–67](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_European_Cup) Individual [SFWA Footballer of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFWA_Footballer_of_the_Year): 1967

2024-09-18 16:26:10

Youth_(2015_film)

<Infotable> Youth Theatrical release poster Directed by: Paolo Sorrentino Written by: Paolo Sorrentino Produced by: Nicola GiulianoFrancesca CimaCarlotta Calori Starring: Michael CaineHarvey KeitelRachel WeiszPaul DanoJane Fonda Cinematography: Luca Bigazzi Edited by: Cristiano Travaglioli Music by: David Lang Productioncompanies: Indigo FilmNumber 9 FilmsFilm4Canal+France TélévisionsBarbary FilmsMediaset Premium Distributed by: StudioCanal(United Kingdom)[1]Pathé Distribution(France)Medusa Film(Italy) Release dates: 4 December 2015(2015-12-04)(United States)29 January 2016(2016-01-29)(United Kingdom) Running time: 124 minutes[2] Countries: ItalyUnited KingdomFranceSwitzerland Language: English Budget: €12.8 million[3]($14.4 million) Box office: $24 million[4] </Infotable> Nicola Giuliano Francesca Cima Carlotta Calori [Michael Caine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine) [Harvey Keitel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Keitel) [Rachel Weisz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Weisz) [Paul Dano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dano) [Jane Fonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda) [David Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lang_(composer)) Indigo Film [Number 9 Films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_9_Films) [Film4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film4_Productions) [Canal+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B) [France Télévisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions) Barbary Films [Mediaset Premium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaset_Premium) [StudioCanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudioCanal_UK) (United Kingdom) [Pathé Distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Distribution) (France) [Medusa Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaset) (Italy) 4 December 2015(2015-12-04) (United States) 29 January 2016(2016-01-29) (United Kingdom) Italy United Kingdom France Switzerland [€](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro)12.8 million ([$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar)14.4 million) Youth is a 2015 [comedy-drama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama) film written and directed by [Paolo Sorrentino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Sorrentino). It is the director's second English-language film, and stars [Michael Caine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine) and [Harvey Keitel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Keitel) as best friends who reflect on their lives while holidaying in the [Swiss Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps). It is a story of the eternal struggle between age and youth, the past and the future, life and death, commitment and betrayal. The cast also includes [Rachel Weisz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Weisz), [Paul Dano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dano), and [Jane Fonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda). The film premiered at the [2015 Cannes Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Cannes_Film_Festival), where it competed for the [Palme d'Or](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or) and had a positive critical response. At the [28th European Film Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_European_Film_Awards), Youth won [Best Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Award_for_Best_Film), [Best Director](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Award_for_Best_Director) for Sorrentino, and [Best Actor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Award_for_Best_Actor) for Caine. It received one [Academy Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards) nomination: [Best Original Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song), for [David Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lang_(composer))'s composition of "[Simple Song #3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Song_Number_3)". At the [Golden Globe Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards), Lang was also nominated along with Jane Fonda for [Best Supporting Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture). Plot Septuagenarian best friends Fred Ballinger and Mick Boyle are on vacation in the [Swiss Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps), staying at a luxury spa/resort in [Flims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flims). Fred is a retired composer of classical music; at the hotel, he is approached by an emissary for [Queen Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II), conferring a knighthood and asking him to perform his popular piece "Simple Song #3" at [Prince Philip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh)'s birthday concert. Fred turns down the offer, claiming he is not interested in performing any more – although he still composes pieces in his head when alone. Mick is a film director, and is working with a group of writers to develop the screenplay for his latest film, which he calls his "testament". Also with them is actor Jimmy Tree, who is researching for an upcoming role and frustrated that he is only remembered for his role as a robot. The hotel is inhabited by other quirky individuals, including a young masseuse, an overweight [Diego Maradona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Maradona), and [Miss Universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe). Fred and Mick reflect on their lives, admitting that their memories are fading and that they see little in their futures. Fred's daughter and assistant, Lena, is married to Mick's son, but the latter leaves her for pop star [Paloma Faith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Faith). Lena stays at the resort and vents her anger at her father, who was always distant as she grew up. The emissary returns, and Lena cries as Fred explains that he won't perform "Simple Song #3" because the [soprano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano) part belongs only to his wife and she can no longer sing. Mick completes his screenplay and is satisfied with it. The main role is written for aging diva Brenda Morel, who has starred in eleven of his previous films. Brenda surprises Mick by arriving at the resort, and telling him that she is taking a television role instead; cinema is the past, she says, and Mick hasn't made a good film in years. Disheartened, Mick commits suicide by jumping from a balcony in front of Fred. Fred decides to visit his wife for the first time in years. She is senile, and living at a [care home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_home) in Venice. He then returns to the UK to conduct "Simple Song #3" in front of the Queen and Prince. Interspersed throughout the film are surreal sequences, including a levitating monk, an imagined Paloma Faith music video, Jimmy dressed as [Adolf Hitler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler), Fred conducting a field of cowbells, and Mick envisioning all his previous leading ladies on a mountaintop (including Brenda, in her new unglamorous TV role). Cast [Michael Caine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine) as Fred Ballinger [Harvey Keitel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Keitel) as Mick Boyle [Rachel Weisz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Weisz) as Lena Ballinger [Paul Dano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dano) as Jimmy Tree [Jane Fonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda) as Brenda Morel Roly Serrano as [Diego Armando Maradona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Armando_Maradona) [Alex Macqueen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Macqueen) as Queen's emissary Ian Keir Attard as Queen's emissary assistant [Luna Mijović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Mijovi%C4%87) as Young masseuse [Robert Seethaler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Seethaler) as Luca Moroder Tom Lipinski as Screenwriter in Love [Chloe Pirrie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Pirrie) as Girl screenwriter [Alex Beckett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Beckett_(actor)) as Intellectual screenwriter Nate Dern as Funny screenwriter [Mark Gessner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gessner) as Shy screenwriter [Ed Stoppard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Stoppard) as Julian Boyle [Paloma Faith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Faith) as herself [Mark Kozelek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kozelek) as himself [Mădălina Diana Ghenea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83d%C4%83lina_Diana_Ghenea) as [Miss Universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe) Joyce Owens [Sumi Jo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumi_Jo) as herself [Viktoria Mullova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_Mullova) as herself Production Youth is Sorrentino's second English-language film and the follow-up to his Academy Award-winning film [The Great Beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Beauty) (2013). [Principal photography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography) began in [Flims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flims), Switzerland in May 2014. The primary location was the [Waldhaus Flims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldhaus_Flims), a 5-star hotel built in the nineteenth century, where the cast and crew all stayed while filming. Other scenes were filmed in [Davos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos), Switzerland, particularly in the Hotel Schatzalp (the location of [Thomas Mann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann)'s [The Magic Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain)). Some filming was also done in Rome and Venice. Sorrentino's regular cinematographer [Luca Bigazzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Bigazzi) returned to photograph the film. [David Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lang_(composer)) contributed in composing the film's music, including the piece "[Simple Song #3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Song_Number_3)" that is fictionally performed for Queen Elizabeth at the end. The scene was shot with soprano [Sumi Jo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumi_Jo), violinist [Viktoria Mullova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_Mullova), the [BBC Concert Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Concert_Orchestra), and the [Berlin Radio Choir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Radio_Choir). Michael Caine was coached for the role as conductor by the Italian composer and conductor [Dimitri Scarlato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Scarlato). Release Youth premiered at the [2015 Cannes Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Cannes_Film_Festival), where it competed for the [Palme d'Or](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or), and was simultaneously released in Italy. The film was also selected for the Special Presentations section of the [2015 Toronto International Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Toronto_International_Film_Festival).[Fox Searchlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Searchlight) distributed the film in the United States on 4 December 2015 in a [limited release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_release). It was released in the United Kingdom on 29 January 2016, by [StudioCanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudioCanal). By the end of its box office run,Youth had earned $24,035,045 worldwide. Critical reception Youth received positive reviews. The review aggregator website [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) gives the film a 72% approval rating based on 212 reviews, with an average of 7 out of 10. The site's consensus reads, "Gorgeously filmed and beautifully acted, Youth offers an enticing – albeit flawed – opportunity to witness an impressive array of seasoned veterans combining their cinematic might." On [Metacritic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic), the film has received a [weighted average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average) score of 64 out of 100 based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [Kenneth Turan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan) of the [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) wrote, "Youth is a film that goes its own way. Quixotic, idiosyncratic, effortlessly moving, it's as much a cinematic essay as anything else, a meditation on the wonders and complications of life, an examination of what lasts, of what matters to people no matter their age." [Todd McCarthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_McCarthy) of [The Hollywood Reporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) called the film "a voluptuary's feast, a full-body immersion in the sensory pleasures of the cinema", and praised Caine and Keitel's performances. Jay Weissberg of [Variety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) described it as Sorrentino's "most tender film to date, an emotionally rich contemplation of life's wisdom gained, lost, and remembered". In more mixed reviews, [Robbie Collin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Collin) of [The Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) described the film as "gorgeous but chilly" and said it "never grasps its central theme", while [Peter Bradshaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw) of [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) said it "has a wan eloquence and elegance, though freighted with sentimentality and a strangely unearned and uninteresting macho-geriatric regret for lost time." Home media Youth was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) on 1 March 2016. Soundtrack The soundtrack for Youth was released by Milan Records in December 2015. Among various songs the soundtrack also includes the opening track of the film "You Got The Love" performed by The Retrosettes, "[Simple Song #3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Song_Number_3)" composed by David Lang, as well as "[Just (After Song of Songs)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_(After_Song_of_Songs))," also composed by David Lang. Accolades <Wikitable> Award Category Recipient Result Ref(s) 88th Academy Awards Best Original Song David Lang Nominated [28] 2015 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards Best Film Music or Score David Lang Nominated NaN 2015 Cannes Film Festival Palme D'Or Paolo Sorrentino Nominated [29] 2015 Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Contemporary Film Carlo Poggioli Nominated NaN 41st César Awards Best Foreign Film Paolo Sorrentino Nominated [30] 21st Critics' Choice Awards Best Original Song David Lang Nominated [31] 2015 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Best Film Paolo Sorrentino Nominated [32] 2015 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Best Director Paolo Sorrentino Nominated [32] 2015 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Best Actor Michael Caine Won [32] 28th European Film Awards Best Film Paolo Sorrentino Won [33] 28th European Film Awards Best Director Paolo Sorrentino Won [33] 28th European Film Awards Best Screenwriter Paolo Sorrentino Nominated [33] 28th European Film Awards Best Actor Michael Caine Won [33] 28th European Film Awards Best Actress Rachel Weisz Nominated [33] 2015 Florida Film Critics Circle Awards Best Cinematography Luca Bigazzi Nominated NaN 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song David Lang Nominated [34] 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Jane Fonda Nominated [34] 2015 Hawaii Film Festival EuroCinema Hawai'i Award Paolo Sorrentino Nominated NaN 2015 Hollywood Film Awards Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Won [35] 2015 Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Original Song David Lang Nominated NaN 2015 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Audience Award Paolo Sorrentino Won [36] 2015 London Film Critics Circle Awards Best British/Irish Actor Michael Caine Nominated [37] 2015 Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Makeup - Feature Motion Picture Maurizio Silvi, Matteo Silvi Nominated NaN 2015 Nastro d'Argento Awards Best Director Paolo Sorrentino Won NaN 2015 Nastro d'Argento Awards Best Producer Nicola Giuliano, Francesca Cima, Carlotta Calori Nominated NaN 2015 Nastro d'Argento Awards Best Script Paolo Sorrentino Nominated NaN 2015 Nastro d'Argento Awards Best Cinematography Luca Bigazzi Won NaN 2015 Nastro d'Argento Awards Best Editing Cristiano Travaglioli Won NaN 2015 Nastro d'Argento Awards Best Production Design Ludovica Ferrario Nominated NaN 2015 Nastro d'Argento Awards Best Costume Design Carlo Poggioli Nominated NaN 2015 Nastro d'Argento Awards Best Casting Director Anna Maria Sambucco Nominated NaN 2015 Ostend Film Festival Look Prize Paolo Sorrentino Nominated [38] 20th Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated [39] </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 18:58:37

Northeast_Normal_University

<Infotable> 东北师范大学 Former names: Northeast University, Jilin Normal University Motto: 勤奋创新，为人师表 Motto in English: Be diligent and creative in studies, be exemplary in virtue Type: Public Established: 1946; 78 years ago(1946) President: Liu Yichun[1] Academic staff: 1,294 Undergraduates: 15,191 Postgraduates: 6,599 Location: Nanguan,Changchun,Jilin,China43°51′26″N125°19′38″E / 43.8573°N 125.3272°E /43.8573; 125.3272 Campus: 150 ha Website: nenu.edu.cn Chinese name Simplified Chinese: 东北师范大学 Traditional Chinese: 東北師範大學 Hanyu Pinyin: TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDōngběi Shīfàn Dàxué Dōngběi Shīfàn Dàxué Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin: Dōngběi Shīfàn Dàxué </Infotable> Northeast Normal University (NENU; 东北师范大学) is a [public normal university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China) in [Changchun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchun), [Jilin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin), [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China). It is affiliated with the [Ministry of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(China)), and co-funded by the Ministry of Education and the Jilin Provincial People's Government. The university is part of [Project 211](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_211) and the [Double First-Class Construction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction). History Northeast Normal University (NENU) is an institution of higher learning under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education, being selected as one of the universities given priority in construction in the "211 Project". The university, in Changchun city, Jilin province, occupies an area of 1,500,000 square meters, including 800,000 square meters of the main campus and 700,000 square meters of the new campus. NENU's predecessor is Northeast University, the first comprehensive university founded by the [Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China) in northeast China in [Benxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benxi), [Liaoning province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning_province), in February 1946. In 1949, the school was moved to Changchun City and renamed Northeast Normal University in 1950. Administration College and departments School of Psychology Faculty of Education School of Politics and Law School of Economics School of Business School of Chinese Language and Literature School of History and Culture School of Foreign Languages School of Music School of Fine Arts School of Mathematics and Statistics School of Computer Science School of Software School of Physics School of Chemistry School of Life Science College of Urban and Environmental Science School of Physical Education School of Media Science International Relations Institute and Marxism Research Institute [Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_History_of_Ancient_Civilizations) (IHAC) NENU comprises 19 schools, 56 undergraduate specialties and a graduate school, which offers 145 M.A. degree specialties, and 77 Ph.D. degree specialties. There are nine faculties authorized to confer doctoral degrees, 11 disciplines with post-doctoral R&D stations, five key disciplines of the National Institution of Higher Education, six disciplines among the construction projects of the key disciplines of the national "[Tenth Five-Year Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Five-Year_Plan_(People%27s_Republic_of_China))" and the "211 Project" and 18 disciplines among the key subject program of Jilin Province. Three disciplines are personnel training and scientific research bases of the national fundamental disciplines of arts and sciences; two disciplines are among the key research bases for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education; eight laboratories and research centers are authorized by the ministry. In addition, NENU possesses several national training programs and research institutes such as Preparatory School for Chinese Students to Japan (PSCSJ). Staff There are 1297 full-time teachers, including 354 professors, 429 associate professors and 272 Ph.D. supervisors. There is one academician of the [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences), one academician of the [Third World Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Academy_of_Sciences) and 11 members of the Academic Degree Committee of the State Council. In addition, there are five professors in the "Yangtze River Scholar Program", one recipient of the [Ho Leung Ho Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Leung_Ho_Lee) Prize, four recipients of National Outstanding Youth Fund, five national outstanding young and middle age specialists, three professors selected for the "One Hundred Experts Program" (a national personnel development project organized by the Chinese Academy of Sciences), 25 teachers selected for the personnel construction program sponsored by the Ministry of Education, and two state-level renowned teachers, 14 committee members of the Guiding Committee for Higher Education Instruction and 13 outstanding individuals in education system as well. Student life There are 22,221 full-time students in NENU, including 15,191 undergraduates, 6,599 M.A. and Ph.D. students, and 431 foreign students. NENU preserves education and teaching as "the foundation of school setting" and has formed a concept of education which is "BE DILIGENT AND CREATIVE IN STUDIES" and "BE EXEMPLARY IN VIRTUE". The quality of students has been continuously improved and for this. The university has enjoyed high prestige in basic education, and received a positive evaluation from the society. NENU was named a "National Advanced Unit for Job-Hunting" by the State Council, becoming one of only four universities to be so named nationally in 2004. Research and education NENU regards scientific research as "the basis of institution strengthening" and places great emphasis on scientific research and has made significant achievements. The natural science research and education was ranked the 18th among all universities in China in 2013. Notable Alumni [Ma Jun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Jun_(historian)), historian and professor

2024-09-18 23:11:57

Circus_Diablo

<Infotable> Circus Diablo Billy Morrisonlive in concert Background information Origin: Los Angeles,California, U.S. Genres: Alternative rock Years active: 2006–present Labels: Koch Members: Billy MorrisonRob PattersonPatrick CornellCharles Ruggiero Past members: Billy DuffyBrett ScallionsRicky WarwickMatt SorumJeremy Colson Website: circusdiablo.com </Infotable> [Billy Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Morrison) [Rob Patterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Patterson) Patrick Cornell Charles Ruggiero [Billy Duffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Duffy) [Brett Scallions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Scallions) [Ricky Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Warwick) [Matt Sorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Sorum) Jeremy Colson Circus Diablo is an American [rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music) band formed in early 2006 by [Billy Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Morrison) (vocals), [Billy Duffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Duffy) (lead guitar) and [Ricky Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Warwick) (rhythm guitar). [Fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_(band)) frontman [Brett Scallions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Scallions) and [Velvet Revolver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolver) drummer [Matt Sorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Sorum) subsequently joined the band on bass and drums, respectively. To date, Circus Diablo have released one studio album, entitled Circus Diablo. The band's most recent touring incarnation featured Morrison alongside [Rob Patterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Patterson) (lead guitar), Patrick Cornell (bass) and Charles Ruggiero (drums). The band is not currently active, however, in a recent interview Morrison stated that "Circus Diablo is always together. We can get together and make music when we feel like it." History Circus Diablo formed in 2006 with [Camp Freddy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Freddy) guitarist [Billy Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Morrison), [The Cult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cult)'s [Billy Duffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Duffy), and [Ricky Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Warwick) – former member of [The Almighty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Almighty_(band)) – meeting at Morrison's home and writing songs in his home studio. Morrison states that: Circus Diablo just sort of evolved. Before the current line-up of The Cult went back out touring, Billy [Duffy] would come over and we'd just write songs together. We both knew Ricky from back in the day, so we called him up and invited him to join us. It was an organic thing. It wasn't done to put a band together at all. We wrote a bunch of songs and about five or six weeks later, we stepped back and went "wow, what should we do with this?" The band enlisted [Velvet Revolver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolver) drummer [Matt Sorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Sorum) to perform on the band's album, and the four-piece recorded at Sorum's Drac Studios. Former [Fuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_(band)) vocalist [Brett Scallions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Scallions) joined on bass guitar for live performances, and Jeremy Colson – who had previously worked with [Steve Vai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vai) joined as the band's live drummer. On April 29, 2007, the band signed a record deal with [Koch Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Records) for the release of their eponymous debut album, which was released in July. Billy Duffy's fiancé Jen Mallini was the model for both the front and back of the cd cover. During the summer, the track "Loaded" featured prominently on the Sirius [hard rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock) [satellite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radio) station [Octane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_(Sirius)), as well as terrestrial radio, and reached the top 20 slot according to [Billboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)). The album itself received a high critical praise by [Allmusic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic)'s Jo-Ann Greene who exclaimed "The songs are simply superb, not a clinker in the bunch. If this platter doesn't top best album polls in another three decades, it's because the world as we know it is no more." The band performed on a rotating slot during [Ozzfest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzfest) 2007,but dropped out due to two of the guitarists wives being pregnant and giving birth. In December 2007, the following appeared on the band's official website: Billy Duffy (who co-wrote and recorded the album with Billy Morrison and Ricky Warwick) played the first few shows before moving back with The Cult. Brett Scallions became a first time dad, joined the remaining members of The Doors and filled the shoes of Jim Morrison in Riders On The Storm. Both Billy and Brett were influential parts in the Diablo story, and will be missed. The current V2.0 line up of Circus Diablo features ex Korn guitarist Rob Patterson (who traveled the US with Diablo during the summer Ozzfest tour) and session bassist / solo artist Patrick Cornell. "Both Billy and Brett were influential parts in the Diablo story, and will be missed. Since then, the band has remained inactive. However, in March 2009, Billy Morrison stated: Circus Diablo is always together. We can get together and make music when we feel like it [...] I love Billy [Duffy] and Ricky [Warwick] and Matt [Sorum], and the timing worked out: we wrote and recorded that shit really quickly. Then we toured with a different line-up, and what does that matter? We played the songs and had fun. Then I got busy, the tour support dried up, and that was the end of round one. Now I find myself wanting to record more music. So I began writing. And, of course, I am still very good friends with Billy and Matt. So the way I see it is this: write songs first, without worrying about what they're for, or where they're gonna' come out. If the managers put a "Diablo Album Number Two" deal together, maybe we'll do that. Who knows? All I care about is being creative and making some cool music, either solo or in a "band" environment. Band members [Billy Morrison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Morrison) – vocals, rhythm guitar (2006–present) [Rob Patterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Patterson) – lead guitar (2007–present) Patrick Cornell – bass (2007–present) Charles Ruggiero – drums (2007–present) [Billy Duffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Duffy) – lead guitar (2006–2007) [Brett Scallions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Scallions) – bass (2006–2007) [Ricky Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Warwick) – rhythm guitar (2006–2007) [Matt Sorum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Sorum) – drums (2006) Jeremy Colson – drums (2007) Discography Circus Diablo (2007)

2024-09-18 16:50:58

Mark_Noske

<Infotable> Mark Noske Nationality: Australian Born: (1975-07-25)25 July 1975(age 49) Retired: 2010 Related to: Tony Noske(father) V8 Supercar Years active: 1997-2010 Teams: Allan Moffat RacingGibson MotorsportHolden Young LionsHolden Racing TeamRod Nash RacingPrancing Horse RacingGarry Rogers MotorsportStone Brothers RacingWPS RacingRobert Smith RacingHSV Dealer TeamTasman MotorsportLucas Dumbrell Motorsport Starts: 45 Wins: 0 Poles: 0 Best finish: 19th in1999 Previous series 1994-9519961997-982000-012011: Australian Formula Ford Champ.US Formula Ford 2000Australian Drivers' Champ.Australian Nations CupAustralian Carrera Cup </Infotable> Mark Anthony Noske (born 25 July 1975) is a former Australian racing car driver. He has scored round wins in various Australian championships including the [Australian Drivers' Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Drivers%27_Championship), the [Australian Formula Ford Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Formula_Ford_Championship) and the [Australian Nations Cup Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Nations_Cup_Championship). Formula Racing The son of former 1980's [Sprintcar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Car_Racing) and [Group A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A) racer [Tony Noske](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Noske), Mark started in [Formula Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Ford) in Australia in 1992 after three seasons of [Karting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart_racing) finishing fourth in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Australian_Formula_Ford_Championship) and third in 1995 championships. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Australian_Drivers%27_Championship) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Australian_Drivers%27_Championship), he entered the [Formula Holden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Holden) class finishing sixth and third respectively. He made a brief return in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Australian_Drivers%27_Championship) for two races only. He competed in the [US Formula Ford 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._F2000_National_Championship) series. Touring/GT Racing Noske raced for [Allan Moffat Racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Moffat_Racing) at the [1995 Bathurst 1000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Bathurst_1000), [Gibson Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Motorsport) at the [1996 Sandown 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Sandown_500) and [Bathurst 1000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Bathurst_1000) and the [Holden Racing Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Racing_Team) in 1997/98. His only full season was in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Shell_Championship_Series) driving for the [Holden Young Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Young_Lions) program. He continued as a co-driver for endurance events and was drafted into the vacant [Lucas Dumbrell Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Dumbrell_Motorsport) seat for the remainder of the [2010 V8 Supercar Championship Series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_V8_Supercar_Championship_Series). He tried GT racing in the Australian Nations Cup finishing third in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Australian_Nations_Cup_Championship) and seventh in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Australian_Nations_Cup_Championship), both years driving a [Ferrari 360 Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_360_Challenge) for Prancing Horse Racing. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_Carrera_Cup_Championship) he stood in for an ill [Jason Richards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Richards) as a guest driver at the [Australian Carrera Cup Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Carrera_Cup_Championship) third round in [Townsville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville_Street_Circuit). He has also done selected [Production Car Racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Production_Car_Championship) mainly in long-distance events. His best finish was in the [1995 Eastern Creek 12 Hour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Eastern_Creek_12_Hour) finishing third driving a [Porsche 911 RSCS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_993). Results Career results <Wikitable> Season Series Position Car Entrant 1992 Motorcraft Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series 16th Van Diemen RF91 Ford Mark Noske 1993 Australian Formula Ford Championship 11th Swift SC93F Ford Mark Noske 1994 Australian Formula Ford Championship 4th Van Diemen RF94 Ford Valvoline Australia Pty Ltd 1995 Australian Formula Ford Championship 3rd Van Diemen RF95 Ford AMSA Team Agip 1997 Australian Drivers' Championship 6th Lola T93/50 Holden Mark Noske 1998 Australian Drivers' Championship 3rd Reynard 95D Holden Arthur Abrahams 1999 Shell Championship Series 19th Holden VS Commodore Holden VT Commodore Young Lions Racing Holden Racing Team 2000 Australian Nations Cup Championship 3rd Ferrari 360 Modena Challenge Prancing Horse Racing 2001 Australian Nations Cup Championship 7th Ferrari 360 Modena Challenge Prancing Horse Racing 2002 Australian Drivers' Championship 13th Reynard 96D Holden John Herman 2003 V8 Supercar Championship Series 28th Ford AU Falcon Ford BA Falcon ICS Team Ford Caltex Havoline Race Team 2004 V8 Supercar Championship Series 35th Ford BA Falcon WPS 2006 V8 Supercar Championship Series 52nd Holden VZ Commodore Tasman Motorsport 2008 V8 Supercar Championship Series 42nd Holden VE Commodore Sprint Gas Racing 2009 V8 Supercar Championship Series 37th Holden VE Commodore Sprint Gas Racing 2010 V8 Supercar Championship Series 52nd Holden VE Commodore Gulf Western Oil Racing </Wikitable> Complete Bathurst 1000 results <Wikitable> Year Car# Team Car Co-driver Position Laps 1995 9 Allan Moffat Racing Ford EB Falcon Andrew Miedecke DNF 16 1996 6 Gibson Motorsport Holden VR Commodore Garry Waldon 9th 158 1997 97 Holden Young Lions Holden VS Commodore Jason Bargwanna DNS 0 1998 50 Holden Racing Team Holden VT Commodore Greg Murphy DNF 86 1999 15 Holden Young Lions Holden VT Commodore Todd Kelly 6th 161 2001 888 Prancing Horse Racing Ford AU Falcon Craig Baird DNF 27 2002 35 Garry Rogers Motorsport Holden VX Commodore Jamie Whincup DNF 72 2003 9 Stone Brothers Racing Ford BA Falcon Mark Winterbottom DNF 102 2004 14 Robert Smith Racing Holden VY Commodore Lee Holdsworth DNF 59 2005 15 HSV Dealer Team Holden VZ Commodore Tim Leahey DNF 32 2006 23 Tasman Motorsport Holden VZ Commodore Owen Kelly 15th 159 2007 3 Tasman Motorsport Holden VE Commodore Jay Verdnik DNF 138 2008 51 Tasman Motorsport Holden VE Commodore Dale Wood 13th 160 2009 3 Tasman Motorsport Holden VE Commodore Jason Bargwanna 6th 161 2010 30 Lucas Dumbrell Motorsport Holden VE Commodore Nathan Pretty 17th 161 </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 16:07:11

Jon_Garth_Murray

<Infotable> Jon Garth Murray President ofAmerican Atheists In office1986–1995 Preceded by: Madalyn Murray O'Hair Succeeded by: Ellen Johnson Personal details Born: (1954-11-16)November 16, 1954Baltimore,Maryland, U.S. Died: September 29, 1995(1995-09-29)(aged 40)San Antonio,Texas, U.S. Cause of death: Murder Relations: William J. Murray(half-brother)Robin Murray O'Hair (niece; deceased) Parent(s): Michael FiorilloMadalyn Murray O'Hair (deceased) Known for: Son ofMadalyn Murray O'HairAmerican Atheists </Infotable> Jon Garth Murray (November 16, 1954 – September 29, 1995) served as the first male president of [American Atheists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Atheists), a non-governmental organization that lobbied on the separation of church and state. He was the second son of [Madalyn Murray O'Hair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair), an activist who founded American Atheists in 1963 and served as its first president. He was the half-brother of [William J. Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Murray). Career and activism From 1986 until his death in 1995, Murray held the [de jure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure) office of President of American Atheists.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] It was a title without power, however, as his mother retained authoritative control behind-the-scenes. Personal life and death Jon Garth Murray[[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-3) was born in [Baltimore, Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland) in 1954, the son of [Madalyn Murray O'Hair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair) and Michael Fiorillo, her boyfriend at the time. It is likely that Jon Garth never met his father. In 1960 his mother filed a lawsuit against the Baltimore public school system, naming his older half-brother William J. Murray as plaintiff. Consolidated with another case, it reached the United States Supreme Court on appeal, which ruled that mandatory public Bible readings in public schools were unconstitutional. That year his mother founded [American Atheists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Atheists) and served for decades as the first president. Murray also worked for the organization as an adult. He is thought to have had only one, short-lived relationship with a woman. He was a tall, heavyset man and had a [speech impairment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp). He was living with his mother Madalyn in 1995, together with his niece Robin Murray O'Hair in [Austin, Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas). (His mother had adopted her granddaughter Robin, making her Garth's adopted sister). In 1995, Murray, his mother, and his niece Robin were all kidnapped and killed in [San Antonio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio) by David Roland Waters, a former employee of American Atheists. Waters committed these crimes in association with two other men. Remembrance In 2012, a memorial brick for Murray, his mother [Madalyn Murray O'Hair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair), and his niece Robin was placed at [Lou Neff Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Neff_Point) in [Zilker Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilker_Park) in Austin, Texas. Notes ^ According to the autobiography of his estranged half-brother, Jon was called "Garth" by his family, although he was usually referred to as Jon in the media.

2024-09-18 22:23:51

Bulawayo_Railway_Museum

<Infotable> Steam locomotives at the museum in 1990 Established: 1972 Location: Bulawayo,Zimbabwe Coordinates: 20°09′49″S28°34′27″E / 20.16361°S 28.57417°E /-20.16361; 28.57417 Collections: Steam Locomotives, Diesel electric locomotives, coaches, saloons, wagons, trolleys, railway cranes Curator: Gordon Murray Historian: Gordon Murray Owner: National Railways of Zimbabwe Nearest parking: On site (no charge) </Infotable> Bulawayo Railway Museum (established 1972) is a railway museum located at [Bulawayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo) railway station in [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe) that houses several exhibitions on the history of the railway system in Zimbabwe, formerly [Rhodesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia). Its oldest exhibits date back to 1897, and include [Cecil Rhodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes)' personal railway coach. The museum is owned by [National Railways of Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railways_of_Zimbabwe) (NRZ). Due to the severe shortage of rolling stock, some [steam locomotives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive) from the museum have, in the past, been refurbished and returned to service. Exhibits Main exhibits are grouped into seven different classes namely: Steam Locomotives Diesel Electric Locomotives Coaches and Saloons Wagons Trolleys Railway Cranes Other Miscellaneous Items Steam Locomotives Lawley. [4-4-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-4-0). Falcon Small Class #1. [0-6-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-6-0)[T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_tank_locomotive). 'Rhodesia' Small Class #7. [0-6-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-6-0)[ST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_tank_locomotive). 'Jack Tar' 6th Class #19. [4-8-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-2)[T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_tank_locomotive) 7th Class. #43. [4-8-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-0) 9A Class. #122. [4-8-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-0) 9B Class. #115. [4-8-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-0) 10th Class. #98. [4-8-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-0) 11th Class. #127. [4-8-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-2) 12th Class. #190. [4-8-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-2) 14th Class. #507. [2-6-2+2-6-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-2%2B2-6-2) Garratt 16th Class. #600. [2-8-2+2-8-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-8-2%2B2-8-2) Garratt 19th Class. #330. [4-8-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-2). Henschel 20th Class. #730. [4-8-2+2-8-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-2%2B2-8-4) Garratt 20th Class. #736. [4-8-2+2-8-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-2%2B2-8-4) Garratt 20A Class. #740. [4-8-2+2-8-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-2%2B2-8-4) Garratt Diesel Electric Locomotives Class DE1. #0106. Davenport. Class [DE2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_Railways_class_DE2). #1200. English Electric. Class DE3. #1314. English Electric. Class DE4. #1407. Brush. Class DE5. #1531. David Poole (Jung). Class DE7. #1708. SGP. Class DE8B. #1837. Sorefame. Class DE8B. #1845. Sorefame. Coaches Dining Car #660. Chimanimani. C6 - Enginemens Caboose #21 Enginemens Caboose #25 Guards Van #89035 C5 - Eye Surgery Coach #1823 C3 - Rhodes Private Saloon C2 - Chaplain's service coach #872 First Class coach #1045. First Class balcony coach #1058. Second Class balcony coach #2024. Goods Wagons Short open wagon (wood) Short Livestock Wagon. (wood). 4 Wheel wooden underframe (Oldbury Rly Carriage Co Ltd.) Short explosives wagon EOZ 134167 Short wooden 'K' wagon. RRKUK 843429 Long Aluminium 'K' wagon. URR KHB Short metal 'K' wagon. URR KOZ Trolleys T3 - used by Engineers to inspect the railway line Victoria Falls Trolley Railway Cranes Booth Bros Crane Ransomes & Rapier Crane Artifacts, Art and Photography There are also a number of items and pieces of art related to the railway industry at the museum. These include pictures of the day the Queen of the United Kingdom visited Rhodesia, pictures of the "white train", a chronicle of [Rhodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_John_Rhodes)' death with his furniture in his coach, typewriters, train ticketing machines, train tickets, train passes, train destination boards, models of locomotives and coaches. Buildings There are two key buildings at the Bulawayo Railway Museum. The first one, right by the entrance, is the [Shamva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamva) Station and the other is the Main Hall which houses many of the special exhibits. Shamva Station This is a typical Rhodesian Railways station building, dismantled and moved from Shamva to the museum to serve as the main reception. It consists of a ticketing office with most of the notice boards and equipment (rain gauge, fire extinguishers, etc) a railway station was expected to have during Rhodesian Railway times. Main Hall This hall was once the mechanical workshop of the Bulawayo station. In it can be found much of the mechanical equipment used there and at the station. There is also a wall of fame of Chief Mechanical Engineers since the start of Rhodesia Railways until 2013. This hall houses the most important exhibits at the Museum. Management and Ownership The Museum was created by Rhodesia Railways and is now owned by [National Railways of Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railways_of_Zimbabwe). It is managed by Gordon Murray, a retired member of the company.

2024-09-18 18:42:39

Darby_O'Gill_and_the_Little_People

<Infotable> Darby O'Gill and the Little People Film posterbyReynold Brown Directed by: Robert Stevenson Written by: Lawrence Edward Watkin Based on: Darby O'GillbyH. T. Kavanagh Produced by: Bill AndersonWalt Disney Starring: Albert SharpeJanet MunroSean ConneryJimmy O'DeaKieron MooreEstelle WinwoodWalter Fitzgerald Cinematography: Winton Hoch Edited by: Stanley Johnson Music by: Oliver Wallace Productioncompany: Walt Disney Productions Distributed by: Buena Vista Distribution Release dates: June 24, 1959(1959-06-24)(Dublin)[1]June 26, 1959(1959-06-26)(Los Angeles)[1] Running time: 93 minutes Country: United States Language: English Box office: Original release:$2.6 million (est. US/ Canada rentals)[2]1969 re-release:$2.3 million (US/ Canada rentals)[3] </Infotable> June 24, 1959(1959-06-24) (Dublin) June 26, 1959(1959-06-26) (Los Angeles) Darby O'Gill and the Little People is a 1959 American [fantasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film) [adventure film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film) produced by [Walt Disney Productions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures), adapted from the Darby O'Gill stories of [Herminie Templeton Kavanagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herminie_Templeton_Kavanagh). Directed by [Robert Stevenson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(director)) and written by [Lawrence Edward Watkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Edward_Watkin), the film stars [Albert Sharpe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sharpe) as O'Gill alongside [Janet Munro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Munro), [Sean Connery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery), and [Jimmy O'Dea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_O%27Dea). It was released on Walt Disney Home Video via video cassette in October 1981. Plot Darby O'Gill and his daughter, Katie, live in Rathcullen, a small [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) town, where Darby is the caretaker for Lord Fitzpatrick's estate. Darby continually tries to catch a tribe of [leprechauns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun), particularly their king, Brian Connors. Lord Fitzpatrick retires Darby, replacing him with a young [Dubliner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin) named Michael McBride. Darby begs Michael not to tell Katie he has been replaced, and he reluctantly agrees. While chasing a [púca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAca) disguised as Fitzpatrick's horse Cleopatra, Darby is captured by the leprechauns and taken to their mountain lair, Knocknasheega. Brian has brought Darby there to live with him, as he has come to respect and care for Darby even as adversaries, and also to prevent Katie from learning he lost his job, and Darby cannot leave Knocknasheega as a consequence. Darby tricks the leprechauns into opening the mountain and leaving by playing "The Fox Chase" on Brian's [Stradivarius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradivarius) violin. Darby escapes, and expecting Brian to pursue him, later engages him in a drinking game with a jug of [poitín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn), allowing him to capture the leprechaun at sunrise, when his magic has no effect. Since Darby has caught him, Brian grants him three wishes. Brian tries to trick Darby into making additional wishes, but Darby recalls from their previous encounter that wishing for a fourth forfeits them all. Darby's first wish is for Brian to stay by his side for two weeks or until Darby runs out of wishes. Darby tries to show Michael the King whilst he's trapped in a sack, but Michael sees only a rabbit, Darby accidentally wishes that Michael could see Brian, which the fairy king grants with the caveat that "He does see me, he sees me as a rabbit". Pony Sugrue, the town bully, decides to try to take Michael's new job and Katie for himself. Pony's mother, Sheelah, tells Katie about Darby's retirement, causing Katie to angrily confront Darby and Michael. When Cleopatra has gotten loose again, Katie chases her to Knocknasheega. Darby later finds Katie fallen at the bottom of a cliff and stricken with a deadly fever. A [banshee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banshee) appears and summons the [Dullahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dullahan) on a [death coach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Coach) to transport Katie's soul. Brian sadly grants Darby's third wish to take Katie's place. Inside the death coach, Brian consoles Darby, then, in order to save him, tricks him into wishing he would have Brian's company in the afterlife. This counts as a fourth wish and Brian voids all his others. Darby is freed from the death coach and returns to Katie, who makes a full recovery. Michael later confronts and humiliates Pony at the pub. Michael and Katie fall in love with Darby's approval. Cast [Albert Sharpe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sharpe) as Darby O'Gill [Janet Munro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Munro) as Katie O'Gill [Sean Connery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery) as Michael McBride [Jimmy O'Dea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_O%27Dea) as King Brian [Kieron Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieron_Moore_(Irish_actor)) as Pony Sugrue [Estelle Winwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Winwood) as Widow Sheelah Sugrue [Walter Fitzgerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fitzgerald) as Lord Fitzpatrick [Denis O'Dea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_O%27Dea) as Father Murphy [J. G. Devlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Devlin) as Tom Kerrigan [Jack MacGowran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_MacGowran) as Phadrig Oge (King Brian's adjutant) Farrell Pelly as Paddy Scanlon [Nora O'Mahoney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_O%27Mahoney) as Molly Malloy Production [Walt Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney) conceived the film during a trip to Ireland with the [Irish Folklore Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Folklore_Commission) in 1947. The following year, Disney announced he would make a film titled Three Wishes, based on a script from Watkin about an Irishman battling a leprechaun, which was to involve both live action and animation, but the script was never produced. Disney took a second trip to Ireland in 1956 and announced a new film that October, The Three Wishes of Darby O'Gill, based on Kavanagh's 1903 book Darby O'Gill and the Good People, retaining Watkin as writer. Disney studied Gaelic folklore for three months at the Dublin Library and received input from [seanchaithe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD) while developing the film. During casting in London in February 1958, the film's title became Darby O'Gill and the Little People. [Barry Fitzgerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Fitzgerald) was Disney's first choice to play both Darby and Brian. Sharpe and O'Dea were instead cast in the lead roles after Disney spotted O'Dea in a pantomime. Munro was cast in March after Disney signed her for a five-year contract, while Connery was borrowed from [20th Century Fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox), where he was then under contract. Darby O'Gill and the Little People was Connery's first leading role. Filming started on the Disney backlot in May 1958, though some location work was done at Albertson Ranch in the [San Fernando Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley). Munro and Connery sing a duet in the film titled "Pretty Irish Girl", apparently dubbing over vocals by [Brendan O'Dowda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_O%27Dowda) and [Ruby Murray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Murray), which was released in the UK as a single in 1959. A demo of Connery singing the song solo was included in the 1992 compilation The Music of Disney: A Legacy of Song. [Dell Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Comics) produced a comic book adaptation of the film in August 1959. Reception Writing for [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times), [A. H. Weiler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._Weiler) praised the cast, but described Connery as "merely [tall, dark, and handsome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall,_dark,_and_handsome)", and called the film an "overpoweringly charming concoction of standard Gaelic tall stories, fantasy and romance". [Variety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) called the film a "rollicking Gaelic fantasy" with "meticulously painstaking production" and "a gem" of a performance from Sharpe, though Connery was called "artificial" and "the weakest link in Robert Stevenson's otherwise distinguished direction". Charles Stinson of the [Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) wrote: "Being a Disney product, it is as technically perfect a job as can be had; the Technicolor, the camera work, the special effects, the Irish music and all are a rich feast for anyone's eye and ear." [The Monthly Film Bulletin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin) called the special effects "brilliantly executed" but found that "all attempts at Irish charm seem pretty synthetic, a notable exception being the playing of Jimmy O'Dea, who makes King Brian the most likeable and beguiling leprechaun yet to appear on the screen." [Leonard Maltin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin) praises the film in his book The Disney Films, calling it "not only one of Disney's best films, but [also it] is certainly one of the best fantasies ever put on film." In a later article, he included it among a list of outstanding lesser-known Disney films. The film has a 100% rating on [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) based on 15 reviews, with an average grade of 7 out of 10. Munro won the 1960 [Golden Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe) for New Star of the Year for her performance in the film. Box office According to Kinematograph Weekly the film performed "better than average" at the British box office in 1959.

2024-09-18 15:57:00

Love_Actually

<Infotable> Love Actually Theatrical release poster Directed by: Richard Curtis Written by: Richard Curtis Produced by: Duncan KenworthyTim BevanEric FellnerDebra HaywardLiza Chasin Starring: Hugh GrantLiam NeesonColin FirthLaura LinneyEmma ThompsonAlan RickmanKeira KnightleyMartine McCutcheonBill NighyRowan Atkinson Cinematography: Michael Coulter Edited by: Nick Moore Music by: Craig Armstrong Productioncompanies: StudioCanalWorking Title FilmsDNA Films Distributed by: Universal Pictures(International)Mars Distribution(France)[1] Release dates: 14 November 2003(2003-11-14)(United States)21 November 2003(2003-11-21)(United Kingdom)3 December 2003(2003-12-03)(France) Running time: 135 minutes Countries: United KingdomUnited StatesFrance[2] Language: English Budget: $40million Box office: $248.3million </Infotable> [Duncan Kenworthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Kenworthy) [Tim Bevan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Bevan) [Eric Fellner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Fellner) [Debra Hayward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Hayward) [Liza Chasin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Chasin) [Hugh Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant) [Liam Neeson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson) [Colin Firth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Firth) [Laura Linney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Linney) [Emma Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson) [Alan Rickman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rickman) [Keira Knightley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Knightley) [Martine McCutcheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_McCutcheon) [Bill Nighy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nighy) [Rowan Atkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson) [StudioCanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudioCanal) [Working Title Films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Title_Films) [DNA Films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_Films) [Universal Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures) (International) [Mars Distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_Films) (France) 14 November 2003(2003-11-14) (United States) 21 November 2003(2003-11-21) (United Kingdom) 3 December 2003(2003-12-03) (France) United KingdomUnited StatesFrance Love Actually is a 2003 [Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas) [romantic comedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy) film written and directed by [Richard Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curtis). The [Christmas film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_film) features an [ensemble cast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast), composed predominantly of British actors, many of whom had worked with Curtis in previous projects. An international co-production of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom), [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States), and [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France), it was mostly filmed on-location in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London). The film delves into different aspects of love as shown through 10 separate stories involving a variety of individuals, many of whom are interlinked as the plot progresses. The story begins five weeks before Christmas and is played out in a weekly countdown until the holiday, followed by an [epilogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilogue) that takes place in the New Year. The film was released in the US on 14 November 2003 and a week later in the UK during its theatrical run. Love Actually was a box-office success, grossing $248million worldwide on a budget of $40million. The film received mixed reviews and a nomination for the [Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Musical_or_Comedy). A [made-for-television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made-for-television) [short film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film) sequel, [Red Nose Day Actually](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Nose_Day_Actually), aired in two different versions on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One) and [NBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC) in 2017. Plot A voice-over opens the film, commenting that whenever the narrator gets gloomy about the state of the world, he thinks of the arrivals gate at [Heathrow Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport), and the pure and uncomplicated love of lovers, friends and families welcoming their loved ones. He also points out that the messages from the [9/11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks) victims were messages of love and not hate. The story then switches among the interconnecting "love stories" of many people: Billy Mack and Joe With his long-time manager Joe ([Gregor Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Fisher)), [rock and roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll) legend Billy Mack ([Bill Nighy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nighy)) records a Christmas version of the [Troggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troggs)' 1967 song "[Love Is All Around](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_All_Around)", titling it "Christmas Is All Around". Although believing the record is terrible, Mack promotes the release in the hope it will become the [Christmas number one single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_number-one_singles_in_the_UK), which it does. He foregoes a victory party hosted by [Elton John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John) to celebrate Christmas with Joe, getting drunk and watching [porn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography). Juliet, Peter, and Mark Juliet and Peter's wedding ([Keira Knightley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Knightley) and [Chiwetel Ejiofor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwetel_Ejiofor)) is videotaped by the [best man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_man), Mark ([Andrew Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lincoln)), where a surprise band plays the [Beatles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles)' "[All You Need Is Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Love)" as they walk out of the church. Although the couple believes Mark dislikes Juliet, it is later revealed that he is actually in love with her. When he evades her requests to see the video he shot at the wedding, she shows up at his flat. Juliet insists she wants them to be friends, but when she views the wedding video Mark recorded, she sees many extreme close-ups of herself and a few of Peter's face. She realises Mark's true feelings towards her. After an uncomfortable silence, Mark blurts out that he acts coldly toward her out of "self-preservation". On Christmas Eve, Juliet answers the doorbell to find Mark carrying a [boombox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boombox) playing a [Christmas carol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Night) and large [cue cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_cards). While Peter is inside watching television, Mark shows a message of his love to Juliet through a series of cue cards. As he walks away down the street, Juliet runs after him, gives him a quick kiss, and returns inside. Mark walks away, uttering "Enough", to imply he can be content as friends. Jamie and Aurélia Writer Jamie ([Colin Firth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Firth)) is pushed by his girlfriend to attend Juliet and Peter's wedding alone as she is ill. He returns before the reception to check on her, discovering she is having sex with his brother. Crushed, Jamie withdraws to his French cottage, where he meets Portuguese housekeeper Aurélia ([Lúcia Moniz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAcia_Moniz)), who does not speak English. Despite not sharing a common language, a mutual attraction grows. Jamie returns to the United Kingdom, realises he is in love with Aurélia and begins learning Portuguese. He returns to France to find her and ends up walking through town with her father and sister, gathering additional people as they walk to her waitressing job. In basic, and often grammatically incorrect, Portuguese, he declares his love for her and proposes. She says yes in broken English, showing she too had been studying English "just in cases", as the crowd erupts in applause. Harry, Karen, and Mia Harry ([Alan Rickman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rickman)) is the managing director of a design agency. Mia ([Heike Makatsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Makatsch)) is his secretary. Harry is happily married to Karen ([Emma Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson)), a stay-at-home mother. They have two children, Bernard and Daisy ([Lulu Popplewell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Popplewell)). Mia behaves in an overtly sexual way with him at the office and asks him for a Christmas present. At the company Christmas party held at Mark's gallery, they dance closely. While Christmas shopping, Harry calls Mia and asks what she wants for Christmas. He is almost caught by his wife purchasing an expensive necklace with a gold heart pendant from the jewelry department when the salesman, Rufus ([Rowan Atkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson)), takes an inordinate amount of time to wrap it. Later, Karen finds the necklace in Harry's coat pocket and assumes it is for her. Opening a similarly shaped box on Christmas Eve, she is heartbroken to find it is a [Joni Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell) CD, realises he bought the necklace for someone else, and cries in their bedroom alone. She keeps a happy face so as not to ruin her family's holiday. She confronts Harry and asks what he would do if he were her. She feels he has made a mockery of their marriage and of her. Harry comes clean and admits that he has been foolish. David and Natalie David ([Hugh Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant)), Karen's brother and the recently elected [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom), is single. Natalie ([Martine McCutcheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_McCutcheon)) is a new junior member of the household staff at [10 Downing Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street). During a meeting with the [US president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) ([Billy Bob Thornton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton)), they pass Natalie, and the president makes inappropriate comments to David about her. Later, David walks in on Natalie who is serving tea and biscuits to the president, and finds him kissing her. Natalie seems embarrassed, and the president has a sly grin on his face. At the following [joint press conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations), David is uncharacteristically assertive while taking a stand against the president's intimidation techniques. Feeling uncomfortable around Natalie, David has her moved to another position. He is spurred to action on Christmas Eve when he finds a [Christmas card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_card) from her in his [red box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_box_(government)), declaring that she is his and only his. He finds her after a door-to-door search of her street. Her entire family is on their way to a multi-school [Christmas play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_play), and he offers to drive them so he can talk to her. As Natalie sneaks him into the school, he runs into his heartbroken sister, Karen, who believes he is there for his niece and nephew. As David and Natalie try to keep from being seen and watch from backstage, they finally kiss. Everyone sees them kissing as the curtain rises. Daniel, Sam, Joanna, and Carol Daniel ([Liam Neeson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson)), Karen's close friend, mourns the recent death of his wife, Joanna, as he tries to care for his stepson Sam ([Thomas Sangster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sangster)). Sam has fallen for an American classmate, also named Joanna ([Olivia Olson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Olson)), and after talking with his stepfather, decides to learn the drums to accompany her in the big finale for their school's Christmas pageant at Karen and Harry's children's school. Sam feels he has missed his chance to impress her, but Daniel convinces him to try to tell Joanna how he feels at the airport before she returns to the US. Sam slips through airport security and catches up with her. She acknowledges him by name, which surprises him. Sam returns to Daniel to tell him, and Joanna follows him, surprising him again, and kisses him on the cheek. A subplot in this storyline involves Daniel stating a few times his wish to date [Claudia Schiffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer). Eventually, Daniel meets Carol (portrayed by Schiffer) who is the mother of Sam's schoolmate, and there is a mutual spark. Sarah, Karl, and Michael Sarah ([Laura Linney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Linney)) first appears at Juliet and Peter's wedding, sitting next to her friend Jamie. An American working at Harry's graphic design company, she is in love with the creative director, Karl ([Rodrigo Santoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Santoro)). Prompted by Harry, they finally connect at the Christmas party, and Karl drives her home. Sarah invites Karl in and they immediately pull off their clothes and begin to get intimate when Michael (Michael Fitzgerald&action=edit&redlink=1)), her [mentally ill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder) brother, telephones from a psychiatric hospital, aborting their tryst. On Christmas Eve, they are both working late. Karl tries to find words but just wishes her a merry Christmas and leaves. In tears, Sarah calls Michael and visits him to give him a Christmas gift. Colin, Tony, and the American girls After unsuccessfully attempting to woo various British women, including Mia and Nancy (Juliet and Peter's wedding caterer; [Julia Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Davis)), Colin Frissell from Basildon ([Kris Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Marshall)) informs his friend Tony ([Abdul Salis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Salis)) that he plans to go to the US, convinced that his [Britishness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britishness) will be an asset. Landing in [Milwaukee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee), Colin hails a taxi and asks the driver to take him to the nearest bar. There, he immediately meets Stacey ([Ivana Miličević](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Mili%C4%8Devi%C4%87)), Jeannie ([January Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Jones)), and Carol-Anne ([Elisha Cuthbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Cuthbert)), three stunningly attractive women who instantly fall for his [Estuary English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary_English) accent, inviting him to stay at their home, where they are joined by their 'sexiest' roommate Harriet ([Shannon Elizabeth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Elizabeth)). John and Judy John ([Martin Freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Freeman)) and Judy ([Joanna Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Page)) are professional [stand-ins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-in) for films. They meet doing the [sex scenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_scene) for a film for which Tony is a production assistant. John tells Judy, "It's lovely to find someone I can actually chat to." While they are perfectly comfortable being naked and simulating sex on-set, they are shy and tentative off-set. They carefully pursue a relationship, attending the Christmas pageant (involving David and Natalie, Harry and Karen's children, Daniel and Sam, etc.) at the local school with John's brother. They get engaged by the end of the film. Rufus Rufus ([Rowan Atkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson)) is the jewellery salesman whose meticulous gift-wrapping nearly results in Karen seeing Harry buying a necklace for Mia. In another scene, his distraction of airport staff enables Sam to sneak past them to talk to Joanna. (In the director and cast commentary, it is revealed that Rufus was originally supposed to be a Christmas angel, but this was dropped from the final script.) Epilogue A month later, all the characters are seen at [Heathrow Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport). Billy's Christmas single has spurred a comeback. Juliet, Peter, and Mark meet Jamie and his bride, Aurélia. Karen and the kids greet Harry, but Karen's stilted reaction suggests they are struggling to move past his affair. Sam greets Joanna, who has returned from America, and Daniel is joined by his new girlfriend, Carol, and her son. Newlyweds John and Judy, heading off to their honeymoon, run into Tony who is awaiting Colin's return from America. Colin returns with Harriet and her sister Carla, who meets Tony for the first time but greets him with a hug and a kiss on the lips. Natalie welcomes David back from his flight in view of the press, showing their relationship is now public. These scenes dissolve into footage of actual arrivals at Heathrow, as the screen is divided into an increasing number of smaller segments to form a [photographic mosaic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_mosaic) of a heart. Story association All the stories are linked in some way; while Billy Mack and his manager may not connect with any of the other characters physically, Billy appears frequently on characters' radios and TVs, his music video twice providing an important plot device for Sam's pursuit of Joanna, and they also cross paths with the other characters in the closing Heathrow scene. John and Judy work with Tony, who is best friends with Colin, who works for a catering company that services the office where Sarah, Karl, Mia, and Harry work. Mia is friends with Mark, who runs the art gallery where the Christmas office party takes place. Mia also lives next door to Natalie. Mark is in love with Juliet and friends with Peter. The couple is friends with Jamie and Sarah. Harry is married to Karen, who is friends with Daniel, and her brother is David, who works with Natalie. Harry and Karen's children (and thus David's niece and nephew), Natalie's siblings (and thus Mia's neighbours), and Carol's son are all schoolmates of Sam and Joanna. Daniel proclaims that his late wife was the only one for him unless Claudia Schiffer were to call him up. Carol is played by [Claudia Schiffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer). Cast [Chiwetel Ejiofor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwetel_Ejiofor) as Peter [Colin Firth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Firth) as Jamie [Gregor Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Fisher) as Joe [Hugh Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant) as David, the [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom) [Sienna Guillory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienna_Guillory) as Jamie's girlfriend [Keira Knightley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Knightley) as Juliet [Andrew Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lincoln) as Mark [Laura Linney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Linney) as Sarah [Martine McCutcheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_McCutcheon) as Natalie [Lúcia Moniz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAcia_Moniz) as Aurélia [Liam Neeson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson) as Daniel [Bill Nighy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nighy) as Billy Mack [Alan Rickman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rickman) as Harry [Thomas Sangster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brodie-Sangster) as Sam [Rodrigo Santoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Santoro) as Karl [Emma Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson) as Karen Joanna Bacon&action=edit&redlink=1) as Natalie's Mum Brian Bovell as Radio Watford DJ [Kris Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Marshall) as Colin [Abdul Salis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Salis) as Tony [Heike Makatsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Makatsch) as Mia [Martin Freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Freeman) as John [Joanna Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Page) as Judy [Olivia Olson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Olson) as Joanna [Billy Bob Thornton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton) as the [U.S. President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President) [Rowan Atkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson) as Rufus [Claudia Schiffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Schiffer) as Carol [Nina Sosanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Sosanya) as Annie [Margery Mason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margery_Mason) as Harris Street old lady [Rowan Atkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson) as salesman [Gillian Barge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Barge) as cabinet minister [Ivana Miličević](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Mili%C4%8Devi%C4%87) as Stacey - American dreamgirl [John Sharian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sharian) as Wisconsin taxi driver [Wyllie Longmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyllie_Longmore) as Jeremy [Dan Fredenburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Fredenburgh) as Jamie's bad brother [Lynden David Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynden_David_Hall) as the wedding singer [Sheila Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Allen_(English_actress)) as Jamie's Mum [Junior Simpson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Simpson) as Wedding DJ [Jo Whiley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Whiley) as Radio DJ [January Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Jones) as Jeannie - American angel [Elisha Cuthbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Cuthbert) as Carol-Anne - American goddess [Laura Rees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Rees) as record company executive [Wes Butters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Butters) as Radio 1 Chart Show DJ [Lulu Popplewell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Popplewell) as Daisy [Marcus Brigstocke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Brigstocke) as Mikey [Julia Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Davis) as Nancy [Ruby Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Turner) as Jean [Adam Godley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Godley) as Mr Trench [Élisabeth Margoni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Margoni) as Eleonore [Edward Hardwicke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hardwicke) as Sam's grandfather [Caroline John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_John) as Sam's grandmother [Meg Wynn Owen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Wynn_Owen) as Mary, the PM's secretary [Nancy Sorrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Sorrell) as Greta [Shannon Elizabeth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Elizabeth) as Harriet - the sexy one [Denise Richards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Richards) as Carla - the real friendly one [Richard Curtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curtis) as trombone player (uncredited) [Rebecca Frayn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Frayn) as Joanna, Daniel's wife (uncredited) [Jeanne Moreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau) as taxi passenger Marseille Airport (uncredited) [Anthony McPartlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_McPartlin) as TV host Ant (himself) [Declan Donnelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Donnelly) as TV host Dec (himself) [Michael Parkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Parkinson) as TV host Parkinson (himself) Production Development Initially, Curtis started writing with two distinct and separate films in mind, each featuring expanded versions of what would eventually become storylines in Love Actually: those featuring Hugh Grant and Colin Firth. He changed tack and became frustrated with the process. Partly inspired by the films of [Robert Altman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman) as well as films such as [Pulp Fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction), and inspired by Curtis having become "more interested in writing a film about love and what love sort of means" he had the idea of creating an ensemble film. The film initially did not have any sort of Christmas theme, although Curtis's penchant for such films eventually caused him to write it as one. Curtis's original concept for the film included fourteen different scenarios, but four of them were cut (two having been filmed). The scene in which Colin attempts to chat up the female caterer at the wedding appeared in drafts of the screenplay for [Four Weddings and a Funeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Weddings_and_a_Funeral), but was cut from the final version. The music video for Billy Mack's song, "Christmas Is All Around", is a tribute to [Robert Palmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(singer))'s 1986 video, "[Addicted to Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addicted_to_Love_(song))". Curtis has spoken negatively about the editing process for the film, which he labelled in 2014 as a "catastrophe" and "the only nightmare scenario that I've been caught in". The film was rushed in order to be ready for the 2003 Christmas season which he likened to "[three-dimensional chess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_chess)". For the scene in which Rowan Atkinson's character Rufus annoys Harry, Alan Rickman's reaction was reportedly genuine, having been "driven insane" by the time constraints. Hugh Grant disliked filming the dance scene as he called it "excruciating" and "absolute hell". In a 2023 interview, Curtis would later call the card scene "a bit weird". Casting [Ant & Dec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_%26_Dec) played themselves in the film with Bill Nighy's character referring to [Dec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dec_Donnelly) as "Ant or Dec". This refers to the common mistaking of one for the other, owing to their constant joint professional presence as a comedy and presenting duo. The veteran actress [Jeanne Moreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau) is seen briefly, entering a taxi at the Marseille Airport. The [soul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music) singer [Ruby Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Turner) appears as Joanna Anderson's mother, one of the [backing singers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist) at the school Christmas pageant. Curtis cast his mother-in-law, actress Jill Freud, as the Prime Minister's cleaner. Curtis cast his daughter [Scarlett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_Curtis) in the film; she was given the choice of being an angel or a lobster, and played the part of Lobster number 2 in the nativity play, on the condition that she meets Keira Knightley. Helder Costa plays Mr Barros, Aurelia's father. He is a veteran actor in Portuguese cinema. Emma Thompson used the experience of her own marriage breaking up for the role of Karen. [Joe Alwyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Alwyn) auditioned for the role of Sam; Alwyn read scenes with Grant and Curtis. Curtis originally had two actors in mind for the part of Billy Mack, but he couldn't decide and then told casting director Mary Selway to find someone who would do the part well but whom he would never think to cast; she suggested Bill Nighy. Locations Most of the film was made on location in London, including [Trafalgar Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square), the central court of [Somerset House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_House) in the [Strand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London), [Grosvenor Chapel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_Chapel) on South Audley Street near [Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London), [St Paul's Church, Clapham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Clapham), the [Millennium Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Bridge_(London)), [Selfridges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridges) department store on [Oxford Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street), [Lambeth Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Bridge), the [Tate Modern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern) in the former [Bankside Power Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankside_Power_Station), [Canary Wharf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf), [Marble Arch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch), St. Luke's Mews off All Saint's Road in [Notting Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill), [Chelsea Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Bridge), the [OXO Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO_Tower), [London City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)), Poplar Road in [Herne Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne_Hill), [Elliott School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_School_(London)) in Pullman Gardens, [Putney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney), [Heathrow Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport) and the [Marseille Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9roport_de_Marseille_Provence). Scenes set in [10 Downing Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street) were filmed at [Shepperton Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton_Studios). Standing up to the US president Following [Tony Blair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair)'s resignation as Prime Minister, pundits and speculators commented on a potential anti-American shift in [Gordon Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown)'s cabinet as a "Love Actually moment", referring to the scene in which Hugh Grant's character stands up to the US president. In 2009, during President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama)'s first visit to the UK, [Chris Matthews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Matthews) referred to the president in Love Actually as an example of [George W. Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush) and other former presidents' bullying of European allies. Commenting on this, [Mediaite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaite)'s Jon Bershad described the U.S. president character as a "sleazy Bill Clinton/George W. Bush hybrid". In the scene in question, the swaggering president bullies the prime minister and then sexually harasses a member of the household staff. In September 2013, [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron) made a speech in reply to Russia's comment that Britain was a small insignificant country, which drew comparisons with Hugh Grant's speech during the film. Cut storyline One storyline consisting of two scenes, featuring the only gay love story, was cut and not included. In the first scene, [Anne Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Reid), as the headmistress of Karen's children's school, is revealed going home to her terminally ill partner, Geraldine, played by [Frances de la Tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_de_la_Tour). In the second scene, while speaking at the Christmas concert, Karen acknowledges Geraldine's recent death. Curtis said he regretted losing this storyline. Soundtrack <Infotable> Love Actually Soundtrack albumbyVarious artists Released: 17 November 2003 Label: UniversalIsland </Infotable> [Universal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group) [Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records) US version The US edition of the soundtrack removed two pieces of the score and "Sometimes" by [Gabrielle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_(singer)) and reordered the tracklist. It also replaced the [Girls Aloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud) cover of "[Jump (For My Love)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_(For_My_Love))" with the original by [The Pointer Sisters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pointer_Sisters), and replaced [Maroon 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_5)'s "Sweetest Goodbye" with a medley of "Sweetest Goodbye" with "[Sunday Morning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Morning_(Maroon_5_song))". Score The film's original score was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by [Craig Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Armstrong_(composer)). It was commercially unreleased until 19 November 2021, when it was released digitally by [Universal Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures)' Back Lot Music, and on CD by La-La Land Records. Certifications <Wikitable> Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA)[31] Platinum 70,000^ United Kingdom (BPI)[32] 2× Platinum 600,000* United States (RIAA)[33] Gold 500,000^ * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. </Wikitable> * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. The soundtrack album reached number one on the [UK Albums Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart), and by Christmas 2018 it had spent 348 weeks on the Chart. It reached the top forty on the US [Billboard 200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200) in 2004 and ranked second on the [Top Soundtracks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Soundtracks) chart. Use in film The UK and US versions of the actual film contain two instances of alternative music. In the UK cut, the montage leading up to and continuing through the first part of the office party is set to the song "[Too Lost in You](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Lost_in_You)", by the British group [Sugababes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugababes). In the US version of the film, this song is replaced with "[The Trouble with Love Is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Love_Is)", performed by the American singer [Kelly Clarkson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson). Subsequently, in the UK version's end credit roll, the second song is a cover of "[Jump (For My Love)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_(For_My_Love))" performed by [Girls Aloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud); in the US version, this song is replaced with "Too Lost in You". Several songs were heard in the film but did not appear on either soundtrack: "[Bye Bye Baby (Baby Goodbye)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye,_Bye,_Baby_(Baby_Goodbye))" performed by [Bay City Rollers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City_Rollers) "[Puppy Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Love/Sleigh_Ride)" performed by [S Club Juniors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_Club_8) "[All I Want for Christmas Is You](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_You)" performed by [Tessa Niles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Niles) "[River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_(Joni_Mitchell_song))" performed by [Joni Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell) "Rose" from the [Titanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)) score, written by [James Horner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Horner) "[Like I Love You](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_I_Love_You)" performed by [Justin Timberlake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake) "[All Alone on Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Alone_on_Christmas)" performed by [Darlene Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlene_Love) "[Smooth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_(Santana_song))" by [Santana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana_(band)) featuring [Rob Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Thomas_(musician)) "[Silent Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Night)" performed by Pre Teens "[Good King Wenceslas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_King_Wenceslas)" performed by [Hugh Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant) (as David) and Andrew Tinkler (as Gavin) "[Catch a Falling Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_a_Falling_Star)" performed by child cast Reception Box office Love Actually grossed $59.7million in the United States and Canada, $62.7million in the United Kingdom, and $122.6million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $244.9million, against a budget of $40million. It spent its first five weeks in the Top 10 at the U.S. box office. Critical response On the [review aggregator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator) website [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes), 64% of 225 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's consensus reads: "A sugary tale overstuffed with too many stories. Still, the cast charms." [Metacritic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic), which uses a [weighted average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean), assigned the film a score of 55 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. [Michael Atkinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atkinson_(writer)) of [The Village Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice) called it "love British style, handicapped slightly by corny circumstance and populated by colorful neurotics". [Roger Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert) of the [Chicago Sun-Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times) gave the film three and a half out of four stars, describing it as "a belly-flop into the sea of romantic comedy ... The movie's only flaw is also a virtue: ... It feels a little like a gourmet meal that turns into a hot-dog eating contest." Nev Pierce of the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) awarded it four of a possible five stars and called it a "vibrant romantic comedy ... Warm, bittersweet and hilarious, this is lovely, actually. Prepare to be smitten." In his review in [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times), journalist [A. O. Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott) called it "a romantic comedy swollen to the length of an Oscar-trawling epic" and added, "It is more like a record label's greatest-hits compilation or a very special sitcom clip-reel show than an actual movie." In [Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)), [Peter Travers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers) rated it two stars out of a possible four, saying "there are laughs laced with feeling here, but the deft screenwriter Richard Curtis dilutes the impact by tossing in more and more stories." [Christopher Orr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Orr_(film_critic)) of [The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic) was negative toward the work and described it as the least romantic movie of all time, considering its ultimate message to be "It's probably best if you give up on love altogether and get on with the rest of your life." Since its initial release some publications have come to regard Love Actually as a [cult film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_film) as it is habitually watched by many people as a [holiday staple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_traditions). Despite this, the film continues to be highly divisive amongst critics and audiences. Publications such as [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN), [The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic) and [The Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) have written positively about Love Actually whilst others such as [The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent), [Cosmopolitan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) and [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) have panned the film. Some publications in later years have labelled it as one of the [worst Christmas films ever made](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_worst). Accolades <Wikitable> Ceremony Award Nominee(s) Result British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film Love Actually Nominated British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) Best Actor in a Supporting Role Bill Nighy Won British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) Best Actress in a Supporting Role Emma Thompson Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Love Actually Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Screenplay Love Actually Nominated Empire Awards Best British Film Love Actually Won Empire Awards Best British Actress Emma Thompson Won Empire Awards Best Newcomer Martine McCutcheon Won Empire Awards Best Newcomer Andrew Lincoln Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards Best Actress Emma Thompson Won Evening Standard British Film Awards Peter Sellers Award for Comedy Bill Nighy Won European Film Award Best Actor Hugh Grant Nominated European Film Award Best Director Richard Curtis Nominated London Film Critics Circle Award Best British Supporting Actor Bill Nighy Won London Film Critics Circle Award Best British Supporting Actress Emma Thompson Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actor Bill Nighy Won Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor, Musical or Comedy Bill Nighy and Thomas Sangster Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress, Musical or Comedy Emma Thompson Nominated </Wikitable> Other adaptations The screenplay by Richard Curtis was published by Michael Joseph Ltd. in the United Kingdom and by St. Martin's Griffin in the US. Red Nose Day Actually In 2017, Richard Curtis wrote a script for [Red Nose Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Nose_Day) that reunited a dozen characters and picked up their storylines fourteen years later. Filming began in February 2017, and the [short film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film) was broadcast on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One) on 24 March 2017. Home media [Universal Pictures Home Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures_Home_Entertainment) released the film on [Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray) in November 2009. The film was released on [Ultra HD Blu-ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray) on 21 November 2023 for the film's 20th anniversary, featuring a 4K restoration.

2024-09-18 17:12:28

The_Rockfords

<Infotable> The Rockfords Origin: Seattle, Washington, U.S. Genres: Alternative rock Years active: 1999–2003 Labels: Epic Members: Carrie AkreChris FrielRick FrielMike McCreadyDanny Newcomb </Infotable> The Rockfords were an American [rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music) band formed in [Seattle, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington), in 1999 by [Carrie Akre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Akre), Chris Friel, and Danny Newcomb of [Goodness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_(band)), [Mike McCready](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McCready) of [Pearl Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam), and Rick Friel of Jodie Watts. The group served as a side project for its members, who had already tasted success with their respective bands. History Chris Friel, Rick Friel, Danny Newcomb, and [Mike McCready](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McCready) were originally members of the band Shadow during the mid-1980s in [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle), [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)). After a couple of attempts at breaking into the [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles), [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California) music scene, the group broke up and the band members went their separate ways. McCready would go on to co-form [Pearl Jam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam) in 1990 and Chris Friel and Danny Newcomb would go on to be a part of the band [Goodness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_(band)). Sometime as early as June 20, 1998, Chris Friel and Danny Newcomb of Goodness would invite McCready to play with Goodness onstage prior to a Pearl Jam set. They soon decided afterward to put a band together with Rick Friel and Goodness vocalist [Carrie Akre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Akre). They named themselves The Rockfords, after one of McCready's favorite TV shows [The Rockford Files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rockford_Files). The band's debut album, [The Rockfords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rockfords_(album)), was released on February 1, 2000, through [Epic Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records). Produced by [John Goodmanson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodmanson), it featured vocalist/guitarist [Nancy Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(guitarist)) (of [Heart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band))) contributing guest vocals on the track "Riverwide". Theresa E. LaVeck of [AllMusic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic) called the album a "compelling, if uneven, collaborative effort". The band members would go back to their regular work for some time after playing at least five shows together in the Seattle area in 2000. In 2003, the band got together again, playing several more shows around Seattle and writing several new songs. A live album, [Live Seattle, WA 12/13/03](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Seattle,_WA_12/13/03), was released in 2003 through Kufala Recordings. An EP containing the new songs, [Waiting...](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting..._(EP)) (again produced by Goodmanson), was released in 2004. In 2021 the band secured the rights to their debut album, and it was re-released on digital platforms in January 2022. Band members [Carrie Akre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Akre) – vocals Chris Friel – drums Rick Friel – bass [Mike McCready](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McCready) – guitar Danny Newcomb – guitar Discography Studio albums <Wikitable> Year Album details 2000 The Rockfords Released: February 1, 2000 Label: Epic Format: CD </Wikitable> Released: February 1, 2000 Label: [Epic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records) Format: [CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc) Live albums <Wikitable> Year Album details 2003 Live Seattle, WA 12/13/03 Released: December 28, 2003 Label: Kufala Format: 2-CD set </Wikitable> Released: December 28, 2003 Label: Kufala Format: 2-CD set Extended plays <Wikitable> Year Album details 2004 Waiting... Released: January 2004 Label: Ten Club Format: CD </Wikitable> Released: January 2004 Label: Ten Club Format: CD Singles <Wikitable> Year Single Album 2000 "Silver Lining" The Rockfords </Wikitable> Other appearances <Wikitable> Year Song Title Label 2000 "Silver Lining" Down to You: Music from the Miramax Motion Picture Epic </Wikitable> "Silver Lining"

2024-09-18 16:53:51

Richard_Griffiths

<Infotable> Richard GriffithsOBE Griffiths at the61st British Academy Film Awardsin 2007 Born: Richard Thomas Griffiths(1947-07-31)31 July 1947Thornaby-on-Tees,North Riding of Yorkshire, England Died: 28 March 2013(2013-03-28)(aged 65)Coventry,West Midlands, England Resting place: St Mary The Virgin Churchyard,Bearley, Warwickshire Education: Stockton & Billingham College Alma mater: Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama Occupation: Actor Years active: 1974–2013 Spouse: Heather Gibson​(m.1980)​ Awards: Seeawards section </Infotable> Richard Thomas Griffiths [OBE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire) (31 July 1947 – 28 March 2013) was an English actor. He was known for his portrayals of [Vernon Dursley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Dursley) in the [Harry Potter films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)) (2001–2010), Uncle Monty in [Withnail and I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withnail_and_I) (1987), and Henry Crabbe in [Pie in the Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_in_the_Sky_(TV_series)) (1994–1997). Over his career he received numerous accolades including a [Tony Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award) and [Olivier Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Award) as well as a nomination for a [BAFTA Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award). He was appointed an [Officer of the Order of the British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) (OBE) by Queen [Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II) in 2008. For his performance in the stage play [The History Boys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Boys), Griffiths won the [Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Performance_by_a_Leading_Actor_in_a_Play) and a [Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Actor). For the [2006 film adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Boys_(film)), Griffiths was nominated for the [BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role). Griffiths' is also known for his performances at the [National Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre) including [Equus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_(play)) (2008), [The Habit of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Habit_of_Art) (2010), and [The Sunshine Boys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunshine_Boys) (2012). He had supporting roles in such critically acclaimed films as [Chariots of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire) (1981), [The French Lieutenant's Woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman_(film)) (1981), [Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_(film)) (1982), [A Private Function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Private_Function) (1984), [Venus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(2006_film)) (2006), [Ballet Shoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_Shoes_(film)) (2007), and [Hugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_(film)) (2011). He also appeared in the commercial films [The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear) (1991), [Sleepy Hollow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(film)) (1999), [The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(film)) (2005), [Bedtime Stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_Stories_(film)) (2008), and [Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides) (2011). Early life and education Richard Thomas Griffiths was born in [Thornaby-on-Tees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornaby-on-Tees), [North Riding of Yorkshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire), to Jane (née Denmark, 1923–1969) and Thomas Griffiths (1915–1976). His father was a steelworker who also fought in pubs for money, while his mother's occupation was described as "bagger". He had an elder sister and two elder brothers, all of whom died in infancy before he was born. He was brought up as a Roman Catholic. As a boy he was so skinny that he was given radiation therapy on his pituitary gland when he was eight years old. This permanently slowed his metabolism, making him struggle with obesity for the rest of his life. His parents were both deaf and he became fluent in [British Sign Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sign_Language) at an early age. During his childhood he attempted to run away from home many times. He dropped out of Our Lady & St Bede School in [Stockton-on-Tees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees) at the age of 15 and worked as a porter for [Littlewoods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlewoods) for a while but his boss eventually persuaded him to go back to school. He decided to attend a drama class at Stockton & Billingham College. He continued his education in drama at Manchester Polytechnic School of Theatre (now [Manchester School of Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_School_of_Theatre)) at the same time as [Bernard Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hill). Career After graduating, Griffiths won a contract on [BBC Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio) with their Radio Drama Company. He also worked in small theatres, sometimes acting and sometimes managing. He built up an early reputation as a Shakespearean clown with portrayals of Pompey in [Measure for Measure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_for_Measure) and [Bottom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bottom) in [A Midsummer Night's Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream) with the [Royal Shakespeare Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company) and went on to play the Kings in [Love's Labour's Lost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost) and in [Henry VIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)). He eventually settled in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester) and began to get lead roles in plays. From there, he began to appear on television and then got his big break in film in [It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Shouldn%27t_Happen_to_a_Vet) (1976). By the early 1980s, he was selected for the lead role in [Bird of Prey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_Prey_(TV_serial)), an early computer-conspiracy thriller. His character Henry Jay was reprised in Bird of Prey 2 (1984). In 1981, he also gave a memorable performance as Chilean secret police victim [William Beausire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beausire) in an edition of the BBC Prisoners of Conscience series. Griffiths went on to supporting roles in a number of major films, including [The French Lieutenant's Woman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman_(film)), [Chariots of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire) and [Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_(film)). On stage, in 1985–1986, he performed the role of [Verdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdi) in Julian Mitchell's [After Aida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Aida), in [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales) and at the [Old Vic Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Vic_Theatre) in London. He appeared in [The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Peter_Rabbit_and_Friends). Griffiths' film roles were in both contemporary and period pieces. Some of his most memorable roles included supporting parts in films as [Gorky Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorky_Park_(film)) (1983), [Withnail and I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withnail_and_I) (1987), [King Ralph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ralph) (1991), [The Naked Gun 2+1⁄2: The Smell of Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear) (1991), [Blame It on the Bellboy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Bellboy) (1992), [Guarding Tess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarding_Tess) (1994) and [Sleepy Hollow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(film)) (1999). Later, he was seen as the short-tempered [Vernon Dursley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Dursley) in the Harry Potter series, appearing in five of the eight films: [Philosopher's Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)), [Chamber of Secrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)), [Prisoner of Azkaban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)), [Order of the Phoenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(film)) and [Deathly Hallows – Part 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_1). He appeared as Inspector Henry Crabbe, disillusioned policeman and pie chef extraordinaire, in [Pie in the Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_in_the_Sky_(TV_series)), a role which was created for him.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] He also made an extended appearance in the 2005 version of [Charles Dickens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens)' [Bleak House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleak_House_(2005_TV_serial)). In 2004, he originated the role of Hector (the teacher) in [Alan Bennett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett)'s play [The History Boys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Boys), directed by [Nicholas Hytner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hytner), winning the 2005 [Laurence Olivier Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award) for Best Actor. During the play's United States run, he won a [Drama Desk Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award), an [Outer Critics Circle Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Award) and a [Tony Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Performance_by_a_Leading_Actor_in_a_Play). He reprised his role in the [film version](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Boys_(film)), which was released in October 2006. In 2007 he starred in Ballet Shoes with his Harry Potter co-stars [Emma Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Watson) and [Gemma Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Jones). Together with his Harry Potter co-star [Daniel Radcliffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe), he appeared in a stage revival of [Peter Shaffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shaffer)'s [Equus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_(play)) at the [Gielgud Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gielgud_Theatre) in London and later, from October 2008, in a short run of the play at the [Broadhurst Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadhurst_Theatre) on Broadway, which ended in February 2009. Later in 2009, he replaced [Michael Gambon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gambon) as [W. H. Auden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.H._Auden) prior to the premiere of [The Habit of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Habit_of_Art) at the National Theatre, once again directed by Hytner. Griffiths was considered for the part of [The Doctor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_(Doctor_Who)) in [Doctor Who](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who), following [Tom Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Baker)'s departure in 1981, but was unavailable. He was strongly considered once again to take on the role of the Eighth Doctor, had the series continued past 1989. He performed in adaptations of the [Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy), providing the voice for Slartibartfast for the [radio adaptation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_Tertiary_through_Quintessential_Phases#The_Tertiary_Phase) of [Life, the Universe and Everything](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_the_Universe_and_Everything) and playing the Vogon Jeltz in the film version of [The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(film)). He appeared in [Bedtime Stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_Stories_(film)) with [Adam Sandler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sandler) and as a special guest in [A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Muppets_Christmas:_Letters_to_Santa). In 2005 he asked a member of the audience to leave a performance of Heroes after her phone rang three times. Such interruptions due to audience distractions happened three times in his career. Griffiths appeared in a cameo as King [George II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain) in Disney's [Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides). He appeared in the first episode of the television series [Episodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodes_(TV_series)) as Julian Bullard. In April 2012, Griffiths starred, with [Danny DeVito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_DeVito), in a revival of the [Neil Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Simon) play [The Sunshine Boys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunshine_Boys). The show previewed at the [Savoy Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Theatre) from 27 April 2012, opening on 17 May and playing a limited 12-week season until 28 July. Personal life Griffiths met Heather Gibson in 1973 and they married in 1980. They had no children. Griffiths was awarded an honorary degree from [Teesside University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesside_University) in 2006 and was appointed an [Officer of the Order of the British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire) (OBE) in the [2008 New Year Honours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_New_Year_Honours). He was the godfather of comedian [Jack Whitehall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Whitehall). Death Griffiths died aged 65 at [University Hospital Coventry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hospital_Coventry) on 28 March 2013 after complications following [heart surgery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgery). Filmography Film <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1977 It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet Sam Broadbent NaN 1980 Breaking Glass Studio engineer NaN 1980 Superman II Terrorist #3 NaN 1981 Chariots of Fire Head Porter at Caius College NaN 1981 The French Lieutenant's Woman Sir Tom NaN 1981 Ragtime Delmas' Assistant No. 1 NaN 1982 Britannia Hospital Cheerful Bernie NaN 1982 Gandhi Collins NaN 1983 Gorky Park Anton NaN 1984 Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan Captain Billings NaN 1984 A Private Function Henry Allardyce the Accountant NaN 1986 Shanghai Surprise Willie Tuttle NaN 1987 Withnail and I Uncle Monty NaN 1991 King Ralph Duncan Phipps NaN 1991 The Naked Gun 2+1⁄2: The Smell of Fear Dr. Albert S. Meinheimer / Earl Hacker NaN 1992 Blame It on the Bellboy Maurice Horton NaN 1994 Guarding Tess Frederick NaN 1995 Funny Bones Jim Minty NaN 1997 The Warrens NaN NaN 1999 Sleepy Hollow Magistrate Philipse NaN 1999 Casper & Spooky NaN NaN 2000 Vatel Dr. Bourdelot NaN 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Vernon Dursley NaN 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Vernon Dursley NaN 2004 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Vernon Dursley NaN 2004 Stage Beauty Sir Charles Sedley NaN 2005 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Jeltz Voice 2005 Opa! Tierrney NaN 2006 Venus Donald NaN 2006 The History Boys Hector NaN 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Vernon Dursley NaN 2008 Bedtime Stories Barry Nottingham NaN 2010 National Theatre Live: The Habit of Art Fitz / W.H. Auden NaN 2010 Jackboots on Whitehall Hermann Göring Voice 2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Vernon Dursley NaN 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides King George II NaN 2011 Hugo Monsieur Frick NaN 2012 Private Peaceful The Colonel NaN 2013 About Time Defence Lawyer in play (uncredited) Posthumous release Final film role </Wikitable> Television <Wikitable> Year Title Role Notes 1974 Crown Court Interpreter Episode 3.31: "Duress: Part 1" 1974 Village Hall Mr. Ridealgh Episode 1.1: "Mr. Ellis Versus the People" 1974 ITV Playhouse Park keeper Episode 7.2: "Norma" 1976 When the Boat Comes In P.C. Price Episode 1.1 "A Land Fit for Heroes and Idiots" 1976 Red Letter Day Window cleaner Episode 1.3: "Well Thank You, Thursday" 1976 The Expert Ripley Episode 4.10: "Tainted Money" 1977 Second City Firsts NaN Episode 8.1: "Twelve Off the Belt" 1977 ITV Playhouse Board member Episode 9.10: "It's Only Rock 'n' Roll" 1978 The Comedy of Errors Officer TV play 1978 The Sweeney Ronnie Harries Episode 4.14: "Jack or Knave" 1979 Afternoon Off Mr. Turnbull TV play 1980 Nobody's Perfect Sam Hooper 14 episodes 1981 Prisoners of Conscience William Beausire Episode 1.1: "William Beausire" 1982 Minder Derek Farrow Episode: "Dreamhouse" 1982 Whoops Apocalypse Premier Dubienkin Episode: "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" 1982 Bird of Prey Henry Jay 4 episodes 1982 The World Cup: A Captain's Tale Sidney Barron TV film 1982 Five-Minute Films The Window Cleaner Episode: "A Light Snack" 1982 The Merry Wives of Windsor Sir John Falstaff Part of the BBC Television Shakespeare series 1983 The Cleopatras Pot Belly 3 episodes 1983 Bergerac Jean-Pierre Episode 2.6: "Fall of a Birdman" 1984 Bird of Prey 2 Henry Jay 4 episodes 1985 Bleak House Mr Bayham Badger BBC TV serial 1986 Boon Sidney Garbutt Episode: "Glasshouse People" 1987 Casanova Cardinal TV film 1987 Ffizz Jack Mowbray 12 episodes 1987 The Marksman Brown TV mini-series 1988–90 A Kind of Living Trevor Beasley 15 episodes 1989 Goldeneye Second admiral TV film 1989 Plum, A Portrait of P.G. Wodehouse P.G. Wodehouse (voice) BBC documentary[36] 1991 Perfect Scoundrels Phil Kirby Episode: "Ssh, You Know Who" 1992 El C.I.D. Weatherby Episode: "Nothing Is Forever" 1992 The Good Guys Archie Phillips Episode: "Going West" 1992 Mr. Wakefield's Crusade Porter TV film 1993 Inspector Morse Canon Humphrey Appleton Episode: "The Day of the Devil" 1993 Lovejoy Hans Koopman Episode: "They Call Me Midas" 1994 A Breed of Heroes Brian Beazely TV film 1993–95 The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Various (voice) 3 episodes 1994–97 Pie in the Sky Henry Crabbe All 40 episodes 1998 In the Red Geoffrey Crichton-Potter Episode 1.3 1998 The Canterbury Tales Saturn (voice) Episode: "Leaving London" 1998 Oi! Get Off Our Train Elephant (voice) TV short 1998 Ted & Ralph Landowner at Party TV film 1998–00 Archibald the Koala Archibald (voice) Episode: The Dragon 1999 The Vicar of Dibley Bishop of Mulberry Episode: "Spring" 2000 Gormenghast Swelter TV mini-series; 2 episodes 2000 Hope and Glory Leo Wheeldon 10 episodes 2002 TLC Mr Benedict Ron 6 episodes 2002 Jeffrey Archer: The Truth Willie Whitelaw TV film 2003 The Brides in the Bath Sir Edward Marshall Hall TV film 2005 Princes in the Tower Sir Thomas More (voice) TV film 2005 Bleak House Mr. Bayham Badger 2 episodes 2007 Ballet Shoes Great Uncle Matthew Brown "Gum" TV film 2008 A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa Santa Claus TV film 2010 National Theatre Live Fitz / W.H. Auden TV play: The Habit of Art 2011 George and Bernard Shaw Bernard Episode: "Pilot" 2011 Episodes Julian Bullard Episode: "Episode One" 2012 The Hollow Crown – Henry V Duke of Burgundy TV film </Wikitable> Theatre <Wikitable> Year Production Role Venue Ref. 1974 Measure for Measure Abhorson/Guard The Royal Shakespeare Theatre [37] 1974 The Tempest Gonzalo The Other Palace, London [37] 1976–77 The Comedy of Errors Officer The Royal Shakespeare Theatre [37] 1976–77 Romeo and Juliet Peter The Royal Shakespeare Theatre [37] 1977 The Days of the Commune Thiers Aldwych Theatre, London [37] 1978 The Tempest Trinculo The Royal Shakespeare Theatre [37] 1978–79 Measure for Measure Pompey The Royal Shakespeare Theatre [37] 1978 A Miserable and Lonely Death Dr. Gordon Donmar Warehouse, London [37] 1983–84 Volpone Volpone The Other Place, London [37] 2004–2005 The History Boys Hector Lyttelton Theatre, London [37] 2006 The History Boys Hector Broadhurst Theatre, Broadway [37] 2008–09 Equus Martin Dysart Broadhurst Theatre, Broadway [37] 2010 The Habit of Art Fitz/W. H. Auden Lyttelton Theatre, London [37] 2012 The Sunshine Boys Al Savoy Theatre, London [38] </Wikitable> Awards and nominations <Wikitable> Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref. 1981 Clarence Derwent Awards Best Supporting Male — Won [39] 2003 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Acting Ensemble Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Nominated [39] 2005 Laurence Olivier Awards Best Actor The History Boys Won [40] 2006 Tony Award Best Actor in a Play The History Boys Won [41] 2006 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Play The History Boys Won [41] 2006 Outer Critics Circle Award Best Actor in a Play The History Boys Won [41] 2006 Theatre World Award — The History Boys Won [41] 2007 British Academy Film Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role The History Boys Nominated [39] 2007 London Film Critics' Circle Best Actor of the Year The History Boys Nominated [39] 2007 Chlotrudis Awards Best Supporting Actor The History Boys Nominated [39] </Wikitable>

2024-09-18 16:31:32

Drum_+_Fife

<Infotable> "Drum + Fife" SinglebyThe Smashing Pumpkins from the albumMonuments to an Elegy Released: November 21, 2014 Recorded: 2014 Genre: Rock[1] Length: 3:54 Label: BMG/Martha's Music Songwriter(s): Billy Corgan Producer(s): Billy CorganJeff SchroederHoward Willing The Smashing Pumpkinssingles chronology "One and All (We Are)"(2014)"Drum + Fife"(2014)"Run2me"(2015) "One and All (We Are)"(2014) "Drum + Fife"(2014) "Run2me"(2015) "One and All (We Are)"(2014) "Drum + Fife"(2014) "Run2me"(2015) </Infotable> Billy Corgan [Jeff Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Schroeder) Howard Willing "Drum + Fife" is the third single from [The Smashing Pumpkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins)' ninth studio album [Monuments to an Elegy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_to_an_Elegy). The track was premiered through [NME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME) on November 21, 2014. Background and recording In an interview with the [NME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME), [Billy Corgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Corgan) said "'Drum + Fife' was originally a folk song. We really had a problem getting it off its almost dour Irish balladeer aspect. And I must give a lot of credit to Tommy Lee, because he's the one who turned the corner. Without saying it he was reacting in a way that told me he thought it was a bit boring. Tommy loves energy. Tommy wants to feel excitement. So he's playing the song and he's like 'I know this is a good song but it's just not working.' And he said to me 'Do you mind if I tinker around with it?' And so he got on the computer and used his experience in dance music and kind of turned the corner and found some loops and some beats and suddenly I was like...'wow'. It's almost like mid 80s new wave or something and it reminded me a little bit of early [U2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2) or [Big Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Country). The open strut made the Irish ballad part of the song come alive and have more of a expansive quality and from there on it got a lot easier." Despite doing significant restructuring on the song, Tommy Lee was not given a co-writer's credit. Reception The song was received positively. [Stereogum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum) compared it to the previous songs released from Monuments, saying it was "not on the level of 'Tiberius', but at least as good as 'One and All'." [Consequence of Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound) described it as "a melodic, yet rallying rocker", and went on to describe Corgan's vocals as "tenacious". [Radio.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio.com) stated "Our latest taste is track 'Drum + Fife', a mid-tempo, melodic rock song, structured and accessible like all their best work. Essentially, the Smashing Pumpkins are not still in their experimental period. They are back to crowd-pleasing—and many are, appropriately, pleased." Personnel [Billy Corgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Corgan) – vocals, guitar, bass, [keyboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_keyboard) and synthesizers [Jeff Schroeder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Schroeder) – guitar [Tommy Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee) – drums

2024-09-18 23:52:22

Doge_(meme)

Doge (usually [/doʊdʒ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DOHJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key), [/doʊɡ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DOHG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) or [/doʊʒ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DOHZH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)) is an [Internet meme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme) that became popular in 2013. The meme consists of a picture of a [Shiba Inu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiba_Inu) dog, accompanied by multicolored text in [Comic Sans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Sans) font in the foreground. The text, representing a kind of internal [monologue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monologue), is deliberately written in a form of [broken English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_English). The meme originally and most frequently uses an image of a Shiba Inu named [Kabosu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabosu_(dog)), though versions with other Shiba Inus are also popular. The meme is based on a 2010 photograph of Kabosu which became popular in late 2013, being named as [Know Your Meme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Your_Meme)'s "top meme" of that year. The Shiba Inu had a notable presence in popular culture in late 2013, including a [cryptocurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency) based on Doge, the [Dogecoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogecoin), launching in December of that year. Several online polls and media outlets recognized Doge as one of the best [Internet memes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_memes) of the 2010s. Structure Doge uses two-word phrases in which the first word is almost always one of five modifiers ("so", "such", "many", "much", and "very"), and the departure from correct English is to use the modifier with a word that it cannot properly modify. For example, "Much respect. So noble." uses the Doge modifiers but is not "proper" Doge because the modifiers are used in a formally correct fashion; the Doge version would be "Much noble, so respect." In addition to these phrases, a Doge utterance often ends with a single word, most often "wow" but with "amaze" and "excite" also being used. Since the inception of the meme, several variations and spin-offs have been created, including "liquified Doge", a variation wherein the dog's shape is morphed into other animals, and "ironic Doge", a version wherein the Doge character is put into ironic and uncharacteristic situations. The ironic Doge memes have spawned several other related characters, often dogs themselves, one of which is [Cheems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balltze), another Shiba Inu who is typically characterized by a [speech impediment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_impediment) that adds the letter "M" throughout its speech. Walter, a [Bull Terrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Terrier) character who is typically portrayed as liking "[moster trucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_truck)" [[sic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic)] and [firetrucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_engine), is another commonly recurring ironic Doge character. These memes are mostly present on subreddits like r/dogelore. One meme which became popular in 2020 was "Swole Doge vs. Cheems", in which a muscular, [anthropomorphic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism) Doge and a baby Cheems are depicted as something considered better in the past, and its modern version, respectively. Origin and pronunciation The original meme featured Kabosu, a female [Shiba Inu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiba_Inu) dog. The famous picture of her first appeared in a 2010 blog post by her owner Atsuko Sato, and variations of the pictures using overlaid Comic Sans text were posted afterward from a [Tumblr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr) blog, Shiba Confessions. However, the use of the intentionally misspelled word "Doge" dates back to June 2005, when it was mentioned in an episode of [Homestar Runner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestar_Runner)'s puppet series. The use of the word began to grow in popularity after it was used on [Reddit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit) in October 2010 in a post of a corgi titled "LMBO LOOK @ THIS FUKKEN DOGE." Kabosu died of [leukemia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia) on 24 May 2024 at the age of 18. Another Shiba Inu featured in the meme is Suki, a female belonging to photographer Jonathan Fleming from San Francisco. His wife had accidentally put a scarf in the wash, making it shrink. He took a photograph of Suki wearing the scarf outside on a cold night in February 2010. Some of the other characters used in the meme are based on photographs of real dogs. Cheems is based on an image of a dog named [Balltze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheems), from Hong Kong; he was adopted at the age of one and was nine years old in 2020. He had [leukemia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia) and was undergoing [thoracentesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracentesis) (the draining of fluid from his chest) when he died on August 18, 2023, aged 12. Walter is based on the bull terrier Nelson, who originally became popular in 2018 after his owner, Victoria Leigh, posted a picture of Nelson to Twitter, with the caption "When u open the front-facing camera on accident." In 2020, rumors of Nelson's death began to circulate the internet, although they turned out to be false. The most common pronunciations of "Doge" are [/ˈdoʊdʒ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DOHJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) and [/ˈdoʊɡ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DOHG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key). In non-English-speaking countries, "Doge" is occasionally pronounced [/ˈdɒdʒ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) "dodge". Those unfamiliar or unacquainted with the meme also use the pronunciations [/ˈdɒɡi/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) "doggie", [/ˈdɒɡeɪ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DOG-ay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key), [/ˈdoʊɡeɪ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DOH-gay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key), or simply like the word "dog" itself, i.e. [/ˈdɒɡ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DOG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) or [/ˈdɔːɡ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [DAWG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key). History and spread Initial 2013 spread Online searches for the meme began to increase in July 2013. In August 2013, images of the meme were [spammed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(electronic)) on [Reddit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit)'s r/MURICA subreddit by [4chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4chan)'s random imageboard, /b/. In late December 2013, members of the [U.S. Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress) produced material in the meme's style. [The Huffington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) commented that Doge was "killed" because of the Congress members' usage of the meme. In December 2013, the [Dogecoin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogecoin) was introduced as a new [cryptocurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency), making it the first cryptocurrency to be based on an Internet meme; the [viral phenomenon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon), along with usage of the Comic Sans MS typeface, gave it "the Internet density of a large star" according to Medium writer [Quinn Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_Norton). Continued popularity By early 2014, Doge's popularity was sustained by Internet communities on social media, accompanied by the rapid growth and acceptance of Dogecoin. In April 2014, Doge experienced a second major media resurgence due to revelations of the Dogecoin community's intent to sponsor [Josh Wise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Wise) in [NASCAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR) and place a picture of the Shiba Inu on his vehicle. The car features in downloadable content for the video game [NASCAR '14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_%2714). Media outlets have embraced the meme while reporting on the cryptocurrency and the car, with titles featuring phrases such as "so wow" and "very vroom". A report on [The Daily Dot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Dot) in December 2016 found that Doge's popularity peaked in 2014 and then fell due to "overexposure and co-option by advertisers and mainstream 'normies'", but remained stable since then and returned to [Tumblr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr)'s top 10 shared memes of the year in 2016. For [April Fools' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day) in 2017, [China Central Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television) published a hoax story of the death of Kabosu. In 2021, a [non-fungible token](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token) depicting the meme was acquired by PleasrDAO for $4 million. In 2022, during the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine), an online phenomenon and group dedicated to countering [Russian propaganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_propaganda) and [Russian disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) called [NAFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFO_(group)) (or the North Atlantic Fella Organization), where participants, who refer themselves as "Fellas", use Doge as their avatar. In addition to posting pro-Ukraine memes, or ones mocking Russian war effort and strategy and "[shitposting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitposting)", the group also raises funds for the [Ukrainian military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_military) and other pro-Ukrainian causes. Cultural depictions In advertising [Convergence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_(journal)) viewed the use of the image in commercial advertising as a result of it being a widely-recognized cultural icon. In mid-2014, the advertisement agency DDB Stockholm had Doge featured prominently in an advertising campaign for the public transport company [SL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storstockholms_Lokaltrafik) in Stockholm, Sweden. The advertisement concerned the company's special summer tickets, and featured Doge holding a public transport ticket in his mouth, with phrases such as "many summer", "such cheap" and "very buy". Online Google created a Doge [Easter egg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)): when doge meme was entered into the YouTube search bar, all the site's text would be displayed in colorful [Comic Sans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Sans), similar to the kind used by the meme. In January 2014, [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney)-based [web developers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developer) Katia Eirin and Bennett Wong created Doge Weather, a weather website and [mobile app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app) incorporating the meme. Doge Weather reports the temperature and weather conditions based on the user's [geographic location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system). In April 2014, Doge Weather became available as a mobile app for [iOS 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_7). Mozilla's [Servo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_(software)) project incorporated the meme into the project logo from May 2016 to February 2020. Between April 3 and 7, 2023, [Elon Musk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk) replaced [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter)'s bird logo with an image of Doge for website users. Some speculated that it may have been a late-posted April Fools' Day joke; however, Thomas Barabbi of [New York Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post) said that the Dogecoin logo appeared just days after Musk's lawyers asked a judge to dismiss a $258 billion racketeering lawsuit, accusing the billionaire on boosting the digital currency's value. In entertainment In the video for ["Weird Al" Yankovic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic)'s 2014 song "[Word Crimes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Crimes)", a song about bad grammar, a Doge [tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter) is used to illustrate the types of bad grammar referenced in that part of the song. In the 2015 video game [The Legend of Zelda: Tri Force Heroes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Tri_Force_Heroes), a reference to the meme can be found in the North American version only. When examining one of the ancient bookshelves, the text reads "Still, coming here has at least afforded me the rare chance to explore these ancient ruins. So ancient. Such ruin." The reference was met with mixed views from fans of the series. In the 2015 online game [Agar.io](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar.io), Doge appears as a [playable skin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(computing)#Video_gaming) in the game by typing in the name "Doge". [Just Cause 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_3) also included a special mode that popped up text in the style of the meme in response to certain player actions. In 2017, the video game [Smite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smite_(video_game)) added a Doge skin for the goddess [Skadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadi). Reception and legacy "Doge" was one of several additions to [Dictionary.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com) in November 2015. The website defines it as not just the image macro and its variants, but also the form of "language" that it uses. Several media publications included Doge on a list of memes that helped define Internet culture in the 2010s, and wrote on the meme's influence of further online developments, such as [DoggoLingo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoggoLingo) and [WeRateDogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeRateDogs). [io9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io9) compared the internal dialog of the Shiba Inu dogs to [lolspeak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolcat). Evan McMurry of [ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) and Stacey Ritzen of [The Daily Dot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Dot) both ranked Doge as the number-one meme of the 2010s. In December 2019, Doge was voted as the best Internet meme of the 2010s on a poll held by [The Tab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tab), gaining 737 votes, or 22 percent of total votes cast. [Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website))'s Aja Romano included Doge on their 11 memes "that captured the decade," writing that it took "[cat memes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolcat) to new, absurdist heights, an early hallmark of neo-[Dadaist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadaism) millennial humor." It was included on [MTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV)'s "50 Things Pop Culture Had Us Giving Thanks For" in 2013. Angela Watercutter of [Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)) described it as one of the best memes of 2013, and was named the "top meme" of 2013 by [Know Your Meme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Your_Meme). In 2014, it became the first meme that was not a cat to win a [Webby Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webby_Awards) for meme of the year. [Mashable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable) said it is one of the best "internet moments turning 10 in 2023". The Japanese perception is remarkably different; Kabosu and Sato are known as pet and owner rather than a meme, and her blog was the fourth-most popular pet-related blog in the country as of December 2013. Reacting to the meme, she explained, "To be honest, some pictures are strange for me, but it's still funny! I'm very impressed with their skills and taste. Around me, nobody knows about the Doge meme. Maybe I don't understand memes very well, because I'm living such an analog life." Sato has also expressed that she had learned that "the risk of the internet is that anyone in the world can see my life on my blog". Fleming stated that in his experience, the Shiba Inu breed has become more recognized due to the meme. In 2023, a monument to Kabosu was installed in [Sakura, Chiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura,_Chiba). A manhole cover with Kabosu's image was also installed in Sakura in 2024.

2024-09-18 23:14:53

GamePro

<Infotable> May 2010 issue cover:Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction Vice President, Content: Julian Rignall Categories: Video game journalism Frequency: Monthly First issue: Magazine: April 1989; 35 years ago(1989-04)Website: 1998; 26 years ago(1998) Final issue: Magazine: Winter 2011Website: 2011 Company: IDG Country: United States Based in: Oakland, California Language: English Website: Gamepro.com(archived) ISSN: 1042-8658 OCLC: 19231826 </Infotable> GamePro was an American multiplatform [video game magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_magazine) media company that published online and print content covering the [video game industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry), [video game hardware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_hardware) and [video game software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_software). The magazine featured content on various [video game consoles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console), [personal computers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer) and [mobile devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device). GamePro Media properties included GamePro magazine and their website. The company was also a part subsidiary of the privately held [International Data Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group) (IDG), a media, events and research technology group. The magazine and its parent publication printing the magazine went defunct in 2011, but is outlasted by Gamepro.com. Originally published in 1989, GamePro magazine provided feature articles, news, previews and reviews on various video games, video game hardware and the entertainment video game industry. The magazine was published monthly (most recently from its headquarters in [Oakland, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California)) with October 2011 being its last issue, after over 22 years of publication. GamePro's February 2010 issue introduced a redesigned layout and a new editorial direction focused on the people and culture of its gaming. Despite the shutdown of U.S. operations, the magazine continues to operate internationally in France, Germany, and Spain. GamePro.com was officially launched in 1998. Updated daily, the website's content included feature articles, news, previews, reviews, [screenshots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenshots) and videos covering video games, video game hardware and the entertainment gaming industry. The website also included user content such as forums, reviews and blogs. In January 2010, the website was redesigned to reflect the same new editorial changes being made in the print magazine. The website was based at Gamepro's headquarters in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco) from 1998 to 2002 and then in [Oakland, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California) from 2002 to 2011. History and establishment Gamepro was first established in late 1988 by Patrick Ferrell, his sister-in-law Leeanne McDermott, and the husband-wife design team of Michael and Lynne Kavish. They worked out of their houses throughout the [San Francisco Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area) before leasing their first office in [Redwood City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City), [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California) at the end of 1989. Lacking the cashflow to be able to sustain growth after publishing the first issue, the founding management team sought a major publisher and in 1989 found one with IDG Peterborough, a New Hampshire-based division of the global giant IDG. Led by a merger and acquisition team comprising IDG Peterborough President Roger Murphy and two other executives, Jim McBrian and Roger Strukhoff, the magazine was acquired, then a few months later spun off as an independent business unit of IDG, under the leadership of Ferrell as president/CEO. The later addition of John Rousseau as publisher and editor-in-chief Wes Nihei, as well as renowned artist Francis Mao, established Gamepro as a large, profitable worldwide publication. Francis Mao, acting in his role as art director for the nascent GamePro, contracted game illustrator Marc Ericksen to create the premiere cover for the first edition of the magazine. Ericksen would go on to produce five of the first ten covers for GamePro, eventually creating eight in total, and would continue a secondary role creating a number of the double page spreads for the very popular monthly Pro Tips section. The magazine had a monthly circulation of 300,000 Over the years, the Gamepro offices have moved from [Redwood City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City) (1989–1991) to [San Mateo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_California) (1991–1998) to [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco) (1998–2002) and lastly [Oakland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California). In 1993, the company was renamed from Gamepro Inc. to Infotainment World in reflection of its growing and diverse publication lines. The magazine was known for its editors using [comic book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book)-like [avatars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)) and monikers when reviewing games. As of January 2004, however, Gamepro ceased to use the avatars due to a change in the overall design and layout of the magazine. Meanwhile, editorial voices carried over to the community on its online sister publication, www.gamepro.com. Gamepro was also most widely famous for its ProTips, small pieces of gameplay tips and advice depicted with game screenshot captions. It also features a special corner section known as Code Vault (formerly Strategies Weapons and Tactics or S.W.A.T. Pro), where [secret codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_video_games) are all posted. These particular features have since gradually vanished. Code Vault was also published in print format and sold as a quarterly cheats and strategy magazine on newsstands. There was also a [TV show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program) called [GamePro TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro_TV). The show was hosted by [J. D. Roth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Roth) and Brennan Howard. The show was nationally syndicated for one year, then moved to cable (USA and Sci-Fi) for a second year. In 1993, Patrick Ferrell sent Debra Vernon, VP of marketing, to a meeting between the games industry and the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). Realizing an opportunity, the team at the now-entitled Infotainment World launched E3, the Electronic Entertainment Expo. The industry backed E3 and Ferrell partnered with the IDSA to produce the event. It was one of the biggest trade show launches in history. Early in its lifespan, the magazine also included comic book pages about the adventures of a superhero named Gamepro who was a video game player from the real world brought into a dimension where video games were real to save it from creatures called the Evil Darklings. In 2003, Joyride Studios produced limited-edition action figures of some of the Gamepro editorial characters. Gamepro also appeared in several international editions, including France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Turkey, Australia, Brazil and Greece. Some of these publications share the North American content, while some others share only the name and logo but do feature different content. Early in 2006, IDG Entertainment began to change internally and shift operational focus from a "Print to Online" to "Online to Print" publishing mentality. The first steps; build a large online network of web sites and rebuild the editorial team. Enter: George Jones, industry veteran. In February 2006, Gamepro's online video channel, Games.net, launched a series of video-game related shows. The extensive online programming is geared towards an older and more mature audience. In August 2006, the Gamepro online team spun off a new cheats site, GamerHelp.com. It was shortly followed by a video game information aggregation site, Games.net, and a dedicated gaming downloads site, GameDownloads.com. Under the new leadership of George Jones, Gamepro magazine underwent a massive overhaul in the March 2007 issue. While losing some of the more dated elements of the magazine, the new arrangement focused on five main insertions: HD game images, more reviews and previews per issue, www.gamepro.com community showcase, user contributions and insider news. However the German Gamepro website is still run, however this time, by "[GameStar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStar)" as their partner, as that website have a message at the top of the screen saying "Partner of GameStar" (Note: This is written in German) In 2009, Gamepro's 20th anniversary coincided with 20-year industry veteran John Davison joining the newly named Gamepro Media team in October 2009 as executive vice president of content. Under Davison's direction, the magazine and website were redesigned in early 2010 with an editorial shift toward focusing on the people and culture of gaming. The redesigned magazine and website were met with an enthusiastic audience response. In addition to announcing the hire of Davison in October 2009, the company also announced an "aggressive growth plan throughout 2009 and beyond, with numerous online media initiatives to deepen consumer engagement and create new opportunities for advertisers." Plans included partnering with sister company IDG TechNetwork to build a "boutique online network of sites." The result was the introduction of the Gamepro Media Network. In September 2010, Gamepro Media announced a new alliance with online magazine The Escapist offering marketers joint advertising programs for reaching an unduplicated male audience. The partnership was named the Gamepro Escapist Media Group. In November 2010, [Julian Rignall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Rignall) joined Gamepro Media as its new vice-president of content, replacing John Davison, who resigned in September 2010. Gamepro ended monthly publication after over 22 years with its October 2011 issue. Shortly after that issue, the magazine changed to Gamepro Quarterly, which was a quarterly publication using higher quality paper stock as well as being larger and thicker than all of the previous standard magazine issues. Gamepro Quarterly hit newsstands within the first half of November 2011. The quarterly endeavor lasted for only one issue before being scrapped. On November 30, it was announced that Gamepro as a magazine and a website would be shutting down on December 5, 2011. Gamepro then became part of the [PC World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World) website as a small section of the site covering the latest video games, run by the PC World staff. Content Main sections In February 2010, the magazine's main sections were:- Inside: A redesigned table of contents page listing the major pieces and games in the issue. From the Editor: A column found at the beginning of the magazine from the editor introducing features or big games covered in that month's issue. Inbox: User feedback and letter of the month. Art Attack: Reader art sent into the magazine. That month's best art would win a game-related prize. Editorials: Articles on varying topics by freelance writers and individuals working in the game industry. Spawn Point: Front of magazine sections featuring behind-the-scenes game news and insights, interviews, game previews and a calendar of "gamer-culture events". The Bonus Level: A short guide to "essential geek gear", including video game releases, books and game-related items for sale at various websites. Features: Any cover stories or featured games/issues that warrant a separate article would be told here. Reviews: This section was initially named "ProViews" and later renamed to "ProReviews". The reviews format changed over the years, although the original basic format remained the same: One reviewer speaks for the entire Gamepro staff about a particular game. The magazine initially began by giving each platform its own section of reviews. Near the end of 2005, Gamepro changed this format to have only one review for any game released on more than one platform, describing any differences that one platform may have over another with that particular game, and giving separate scores for each platform's version of the game. During 2006, another aspect of the reviews debuted, called "Key Moment", in which the reviewer names one particular instance or a standout piece of the game that led them to the decision they made in a short, one sentence description. "Key Moment" was eventually replaced by "Pros" and "Cons", found with the review score, which briefly list any issues that stand out with the game, both good and bad. Parting Shot: With the major overhaul of the magazine in the February 2010 issue, Opening Shots was dropped, and Parting Shot went from being art from a particular game showcased at the back of the magazine, to a look back at the issue of Gamepro that appeared that month 10 years ago. Art Attack: Reader art sent into the magazine. That month's best art would win a game-related prize. Retired sections Opening Shots/Parting Shot: Use of higher quality HD images and bigger, more detailed screen shots throughout the magazine. "Opening Shots" is a new screen grab gallery at the front of the magazine, while "Parting Shot" is art from a game showcased at the back of the magazine. The Hub: Section dedicated to the Gamepro.com online community. Back of the magazine highlights of reader reviews, comments, new "Ask the Pros" question of the month, community leaders profile highlights, featured forum threads and the new Head2Head: User feedback and letter of the month. Every week, the Hub gets a new Featured Member. Ask The Pros: Returns from the past in this new, online version of user submitted question (online) and answered by the editor of relative expertise. Head2Head: User feedback and letter of the month return to new subsection in rear of each issue. Previews (formerly known as "Short ProShots" and then "Sneak Previews"): A peek at games in development, telling of the projected release dates of games and what to expect out of them. When this column first appeared, it was in the back of the magazine, with only minuscule information. In 1996, it was moved to the front of the magazine after the features. It was shortly after the rearranging in 1996 that GamePro started a new approach to the previews, labeling previews as either "First Look", where they may have only seen a video and only had information on storyline and features in the game, and "Hands-On", where the editor providing the preview got to play an early build of the game and described any first impressions of the game. Also added for a short time in 1996 was a "percent complete bar" graphic that noted how far along the game was. This graphic was dropped in 1999 during the 10th Anniversary redesign. Games To Go: Reviews and previews of games for portable game systems. The Sports Page: Previews and reviews of sports games. When this section debuted in 1993, each review and preview got its own "headline" to give the section a newspaper feel. By the end of 1996, the newspaper-style headlines were only used for one or two reviews each issue and never for previews, and they were dropped entirely in 1999 for the 10th Anniversary redesign. This section was also the first section to have the "multiplatform game review" tactic described above, in 2003. Role Players Realm: Reviews, previews, and walkthroughs of [role playing games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game) (RPGs). Often a walkthrough for a game would be serialized across two or three issues. During slow months for RPGs, the section would be padded with fantasy-themed video games from other genres. Code Vault (formerly "C.S.A.T. Pro"): Video game cheats, strategies, tactics, tips, secrets and easter eggs revealed. Both game companies and readers sent in submissions for this section, with a random prize to the reader who sent in the best tip (usually a game). When this section debuted as C.S.A.T. Pro, C.S.A.T. stood for "Cheats, Strategies and Tactics". In 2002 this feature was renamed "Code Vault" so as to match the name of Gamepro's short-lived cheat-code spinoff magazines. Head-2-Head (formerly known as "The Mail"): A [letters to the editor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_the_editor) section. They began doing a "Letter Of The Month" special in 2004, with the winning letter's author winning a particular prize. This section had begun to feature a Reader Review from their website on a particular game as a way to entice other readers to visit their site and do the same. Throughout the magazine's lifespan, this section was in the front of the magazine. However, as of April 2007's redesign, the section has been moved to the back of the magazine. Buyers Beware: A consumer advocacy section in which readers send in complaints about defective and malfunctioning games, peripherals, systems, and the like. Gamepro was the only publication to feature such a column.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] Every once in a while, the column steered away from its usual formula to feature a current widespread issue. Whenever possible, GamePro contacted the relevant game company and a company representative would directly answer the reader's query, sometimes with the editor putting in additional advice or critical comments if he considered the company's response inadequate. This was the only Gamepro column to be authored by the same editor since its debut in 1994: The Watch Dog. This section migrated onto Gamepro.com as of the April 2007 redesign, and was seemingly dropped from the print magazine. ProNews: Gamepro's news section. This section first appeared in the back of the magazine after the reviews, but found its way to the front of the magazine in 1996 to follow suit with other game magazines. This section has shape-shifted over the years to include various "game watches", a random quote generation sidebar called "Static" that seemingly disappeared after 2003. Gamepro Labs, which used to be a separate column, then appeared as a part of this section. Hot At The Arcades: Previews and reviews of cabinet arcade games. This section appeared regularly for about 5 years after the magazine debuted. The section still appeared every now and again, but was absent for the most part since 1997 due to the steady decline of arcades. This section was at times folded into the Pro news section. Overseas Prospects: Import games were featured and sometimes reviewed. This section is still in the magazine, but appears only rarely. Video Game Survival Guide: Originally titled "16-Bit Survival Guide" when the [Super NES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_NES) and [Genesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis) were on the last year of their respective runs, to review those games that were still being released for the systems. This was changed to reflect other game systems that were close to, or even past, the end of their commercial lifespan. Adventures of Gamepro: The Adventures of Gamepro was a comic strip run in the early issues of the magazine detailing the adventures of a superhero named after the magazine. He was a gamer drawn into the realm of video games to fight off evil creatures taking over game after game called the Evil Darklings. Ask The Pros: Returns from the past in this new, online version of user submitted question (online) and answered by the editor of relative expertise. Head2Head: User feedback and letter of the month return to new subsection in rear of each issue. Rating scale At first, games were rated by five categories: Graphics, Sound, Gameplay, FunFactor, and Challenge. Later the "Challenge" category was dropped and the "Gameplay" category was renamed "Control". The ratings were initially on a scale of 1.0 to 5.0, in increments of 0.5, but a possible 0.5 score was later added. The first game to receive such a score was [Battle Arena Toshinden URA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Arena_Toshinden_URA) for the [Sega Saturn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn). Starting in October 1990, each score was accentuated with a cartoon face (The Gamepro Dude) depicting different expressions for different ratings. The ratings faces remained in use until about 2002. GamePro's reviews became esteemed enough that some games would display their GamePro ratings on their retail boxes. After 2002, the category system was eliminated in favor of a single overall rating for each game on a scale of 1.0 to 5.0 stars. A graphic of five stars were shown alongside the written review. The number of stars a game earned was indicated by the number of solid stars (e.g., a game's 4-star rating was represented by showing 4 solid stars and one hollow star). No game ever received less than one star. An Editors' Choice Award was given to a game that earned either 4.5 or 5.0 stars. Role-Player's Realm GamePro had a "Role-Player's Realm" section dedicated to the coverage and reviews of [role-playing video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game). In the January 1997 issue, they published a list of "The Top Ten Best RPGs Ever" which consisted of the following games: [The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past) ([Super NES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System)) [Final Fantasy 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VI) ([Super NES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System)) [Lunar: Eternal Blue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar:_Eternal_Blue) / [Silver Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar:_The_Silver_Star) ([Sega CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_CD)) [Breath of Fire II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath_of_Fire_II) (Super NES) [Phantasy Star IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasy_Star_IV) ([Genesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis)) [Secret of Mana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_of_Mana) (Super NES) [Chrono Trigger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Trigger) (Super NES) [Super Mario RPG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_RPG) (Super NES) [Might and Magic II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Might_and_Magic_II) (Genesis) [Final Fantasy 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV) (Super NES) Later in 2008, GamePro published another list of "The 26 Best RPGs of the All Time", the top ten of which consisted of the following games: [Final Fantasy VII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII) [World of Warcraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Warcraft) [The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time) [Chrono Trigger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Trigger) [Fallout 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_3) [Diablo II: Lord of Destruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_II:_Lord_of_Destruction) [Ultima series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima_(series)) [Xenogears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenogears) [The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past) [Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic_(video_game)) ProTips GamePro is credited with coming up with the concept of "Protip", a short piece of advice as if spoken by an expert usually attached to an image, which was explained by former writer Dan Amrich that as part of their editorial process, they were encouraged to caption the three-to-seven images used in an article with such advice. One purported image from a GamePro review of [Doom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)) (1993) had a caption for an image of one of the game's bosses as "PROTIP: To defeat the Cyberdemon, shoot at it until it dies". The apparent advice, which is [common sense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense) and self-evident for players of [first-person shooters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter) like Doom, was widely mocked and created a [meme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme) of similarly obvious ProTips added as captions to pictures. However, the image was revealed to be a fake, created as an April Fools' joke for a fansite doomworld.com. Lamepro Every April until 2007, as an [April Fools' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day) prank, Gamepro printed a 2-5 page satirical spoof of the magazine called Lamepro, a parody of Gamepro's own official title. The feature contained humorous game titles and fake news similar to [The Onion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion), though some content, such as ways to get useless game glitches (games getting stuck, reset, or otherwise), was real. The section parodied GamePro itself, as well as other game magazines. PC Games What was called a "sister publication" to GamePro, PC Games, was published by IDG until 1999. It was founded in August 1988, but changed its name to Electronic Entertainment in late 1993 and PC Entertainment in early 1996. The title reverted to PC Games in June 1996. Its PC Games Online website was merged with several other IDG properties, including GamePro Online, to form the IDG Games Network in late 1997. The print version of PC Games was the fourth-largest computer game magazine in the United States during 1998, with a circulation of 169,281. In March 1999, it was purchased and closed by [Imagine Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US); its April 1999 issue was its last. Following this event, Imagine sent former subscribers of PC Games issues of [PC Gamer US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US) and [PC Accelerator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Accelerator) in its place. According to [GameDaily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameDaily), the move came as part of IDG's rebranding effort to lean more heavily on the GamePro name: coverage of computer games was thereafter centralized at PCGamePro.com, and in the "PC GamePro" section of GamePro's print edition. Australian GamePro <Infotable> Australian GamePro(issue 17) Editor: Chris Stead Former editors: Stuart Clarke Categories: Video game journalism Frequency: Bi-monthly First issue: 10 November 2003 Final issue: February 2007 Company: IDG Country: Australia Based in: Sydney Language: English ISSN: 1448-8825 </Infotable> Australian GamePro was a bi-monthly [video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game) [magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine) published by IDG from 10 November 2003 to February 2007. The founding editor was Stuart Clarke, who was succeeded in January 2006 by Chris Stead. According to the latter, the magazine had doubled its sales from 2006 to 2007, but the decision to discontinue the publication came as a result of internal restructuring. Special issues The Australian GamePro team put together a number of special issues, including: Ultimate PSP Buyer's Guide Ultimate Nintendo Buyer's Guide Ultimate Xbox 360 Buyer's Guide Your Complete Guide to Online Gaming Australian GamePro Presents World of Warcraft

2024-09-18 22:20:51

Selfish_(Future_song)

<Infotable> "Selfish" SinglebyFuturefeaturingRihanna from the albumHndrxx Released: February 28, 2017(2017-02-28) Recorded: 2016 Genre: PopR&B Length: 4:11 Label: A1FreebandzEpic Songwriter(s): Nayvadius WilburnRobyn FentyNoel FisherOmar WalkerEvan Smith Producer(s): DetailMajor SevenMantra Futuresingles chronology "Draco"(2017)"Selfish"(2017)"No Pressure"(2017) "Draco"(2017) "Selfish"(2017) "No Pressure"(2017) "Draco"(2017) "Selfish"(2017) "No Pressure"(2017) Rihannasingles chronology "Love on the Brain"(2016)"Selfish"(2017)"Wild Thoughts"(2017) "Love on the Brain"(2016) "Selfish"(2017) "Wild Thoughts"(2017) "Love on the Brain"(2016) "Selfish"(2017) "Wild Thoughts"(2017) Licensed audio "Selfish"onYouTube </Infotable> [Pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music)[R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) [A1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Recordings)[Freebandz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freebandz)[Epic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records) [Nayvadius Wilburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_(rapper))[Robyn Fenty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna)[Noel Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detail_(record_producer))Omar WalkerEvan Smith [Detail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detail_(record_producer))Major SevenMantra "Selfish" is a song by American rapper [Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_(rapper)) for his sixth studio album, [Hndrxx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hndrxx) (2017), featuring Barbadian singer [Rihanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna), the song was released as the lead single from Hndrxx on February 28, 2017. The track was produced by [Detail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detail_(record_producer)), Major Seven and Mantra. Composition "Selfish" draws influences from the [R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B) and [pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music) music genres. Future's voice is set with [Auto-Tune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune). Charts Weekly charts <Wikitable> Chart (2017) Peak position Australia (ARIA)[5] 37 Australia Urban (ARIA)[6] 3 Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)[7] 4 Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)[8] 18 Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[9] 28 CIS (TopHit)[10] 316 Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[11] 36 France (SNEP)[12] 34 Hungary (Stream Top 40)[13] 40 Ireland (IRMA)[14] 78 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[15] 17 Portugal (AFP)[16] 34 Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[17] 35 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[18] 80 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[19] 51 UK Singles (OCC)[20] 94 UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[21] 25 US Billboard Hot 100[22] 37 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[23] 15 US Rhythmic (Billboard)[24] 13 </Wikitable> Year-end charts <Wikitable> Chart (2017) Position US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[25] 85 </Wikitable> Certifications <Wikitable> Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA)[26] Platinum 70,000‡ Canada (Music Canada)[27] 2× Platinum 160,000‡ Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[28] Gold 45,000‡ New Zealand (RMNZ)[29] Gold 15,000‡ Sweden (GLF)[30] Gold 20,000‡ United States (RIAA)[31] Platinum 1,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. </Wikitable> ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

2024-09-18 19:07:24

The_River_Wild

<Infotable> The River Wild Theatrical release poster Directed by: Curtis Hanson Written by: Denis O'Neill Produced by: David FosterLawrence Turman Starring: Meryl StreepKevin BaconDavid StrathairnJoseph MazzelloJohn C. Reilly Cinematography: Robert Elswit Edited by: Joe HutshingDavid Brenner Music by: Jerry Goldsmith Productioncompany: Turman-Foster Company Distributed by: Universal Pictures Release date: September 30, 1994(1994-09-30) Running time: 111 minutes Country: United States Languages: EnglishAmerican Sign Language Budget: $45 million[1][2] Box office: $94.2 million[2][3] </Infotable> [David Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_(film_producer)) [Lawrence Turman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Turman) [Meryl Streep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep) [Kevin Bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon) [David Strathairn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strathairn) [Joseph Mazzello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mazzello) [John C. Reilly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Reilly) [Joe Hutshing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hutshing) [David Brenner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brenner_(film_editor)) September 30, 1994(1994-09-30) English [American Sign Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language) The River Wild is a 1994 American [thriller film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film) starring [Meryl Streep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep), [Kevin Bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon), and [David Strathairn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strathairn). It was directed by [Curtis Hanson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Hanson) and written by Denis O'Neill. It follows a young family whose white-water [rafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafting) holiday is endangered when they are taken hostage by a pair of armed [fugitives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive). The film was theatrically released in the United States on September 30, 1994, by [Universal Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures). Streep was nominated for a [Golden Globe Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards) and a [Screen Actors Guild Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards) for her performance, while Bacon received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance. Plot A Boston couple, Gail and Tom Hartman, are having marital problems, mostly due to Tom, an [architect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect), spending so much time working. Gail, a history teacher and former river guide, is taking their son, Roarke, on a rafting trip down the [Salmon River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_River_(Idaho)) in Idaho, along with their dog, Maggie. Their daughter, Willa, is staying behind with Gail's parents in Idaho. Tom, who had remained in Boston, unexpectedly joins them at the last minute. As they are setting off, they meet three other rafters, Wade, Terry, and Frank, who appear to be friendly. The Hartmans catch up with the trio during a day break, and notice that Frank is no longer with Wade and Terry. They explain that he hiked out after an argument. Unfortunately, he was their guide, and Wade and Terry lack any rafting experience. Gail offers to guide them down the rest of the river. Before getting back on the water, Maggie wanders off and becomes curious about something in the brush farther up the canyon. Tom fetches her before she uncovers it, and they return to the raft. After a day's rafting, they make camp for the night, but Tom continues working on his [architectural project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)), disappointing Roarke, who feels neglected. They are joined by Wade and Terry, who help celebrate Roarke's birthday that night. After Wade begins acting suspiciously, Gail agrees with Tom that they should part ways with him and Terry. Their plans are upended when Wade and Terry shove off first with Roarke aboard their raft. Wade, showing off to Roarke, reveals they have a gun. During a rest stop, Gail and Tom attempt to take off with Roarke before Wade and Terry notice. That fails, and Wade pulls the gun on Tom. As they struggle, Maggie runs off into the bushes. Gail then realizes that Wade and Terry committed a recently reported robbery and have killed Frank, who was wounded during the robbery and was slowing them down. The Hartmans are forced down the river at gunpoint before setting up camp for the night. During the night, Tom tries and fails to wrestle the gun away from Terry. Tom runs into the river with Wade chasing him, but he escapes. Wade lies, telling Gail and Roarke that Tom is dead. The next day they run into a ranger, Johnny, who knows that Gail intends to run the Gauntlet, and warns her not to try. Wade shoots him and throws his body into the rapids. Unbeknownst to anyone, Tom, who finds Maggie, is racing on foot along the canyon rim to get ahead of the raft. After a harrowing ride, the group makes it through the Gauntlet. Tom reappears, and flips the raft. As he struggles with Terry, Gail is able to get the gun. She shoots and kills Wade while Tom subdues Terry. A helicopter with rangers aboard arrives, and they arrest Terry. Gail and Tom share a kiss by the rapids. The film ends with the Hartmans in embrace. Cast [Meryl Streep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep) as Gail Hartman [Kevin Bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon) as Wade [David Strathairn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strathairn) as Tom Hartman [Joseph Mazzello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mazzello) as Roarke Hartman [John C. Reilly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Reilly) as Terry [Benjamin Bratt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bratt) as Ranger Johnny [Elizabeth Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hoffman_(actress)) as Gail's Mother Victor H. Galloway as Gail's Father [Diane Delano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Delano) as Ranger [Thomas F. Duffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Duffy) as Ranger [William Lucking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lucking) as Frank [Paul Cantelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cantelon) as Violinist [Glenn Morshower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Morshower) as Policeman Stephanie Sawyer as Willa Hartman Pre-production and filming In June 1993, Universal Studios began considering locations along the Middle Fork of the [Flathead River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_River) and the [Kootenai River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenai_River) in [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana). They also began to seek permits from the forest service and permission from private landowners to film near the falls and nearby West Glacier. Other than Montana for locations, the studio then began to scout the areas in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Wyoming. Before filming began, the crew spent two weeks doing research and development on whitewater rafting. Principal photography began on August 4, 1993. Many of the film's whitewater scenes were filmed on the Kootenai River. Other scenes were filmed on the Ruby Horsethief section of the [Colorado River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River), the [Rogue River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_River_(Oregon)) in [Southern Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon), and the Middle Fork of the [Flathead River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_River). The locations necessitated specialized whitewater river professionals to perform the river stunts and provide the needed safety for Streep and other cast members. Streep did several of her own stunts in the film on the milder river sections. The major whitewater stunts were performed by expert professional river guide Kelley Kalafatich who was hired as Streep's stunt double for the movie. There was a scare at the end of one day of filming when Hanson asked Streep to shoot one more scene, to which she objected because of her exhaustion. However, she decided to attempt it, and weak from fatigue, was swept off the raft into the river and was in danger of drowning; she did not drown because of her [personal flotation device](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_flotation_device) and the river rescue team. Afterwards she said to Hanson, "In the future, when I say I can't do something, I think you should believe me," to which he agreed. After filming of the whitewater sequences in Montana and Oregon concluded, the main cast and crew went to [Boston, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts) to film the remaining scenes that are shown at the beginning of the film. Production was completed in November. Music The film was initially scored by [Maurice Jarre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Jarre), but after the producers threw his work out, [Jerry Goldsmith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Goldsmith) was signed to rescore the project (footage of the Goldsmith scoring sessions was used in the 1995 documentary Film Music Masters: Jerry Goldsmith, with extended footage of same as a DVD bonus). Although Goldsmith took a different approach to Jarre, both composers incorporated the folk song "[The Water Is Wide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Water_Is_Wide_(song))" into their scores; the [Cowboy Junkies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_Junkies) also recorded a version of the song for the end credits. [RCA Victor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor) released a soundtrack album on September 13, 1994. On January 19, 2014, [Intrada Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrada_Records) released a limited-edition album, with Goldsmith's score and alternates on disc one and Jarre's unused music on disc two. Tracks in bold also appear on the RCA album, mostly under different names. Release The film was initially planned to be released in the summer but Universal decided to delay the release until September 30, 1994 in the United States. It grossed a total of $94,216,343 worldwide, earning $46,816,343 in the United States and Canada and $47,400,000 internationally. Reception Critical response On the [review aggregator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator) website [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes), 63% of 40 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.9/10. [Metacritic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic), which uses a [weighted average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean), assigned the film a score of 63 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Audiences polled by [CinemaScore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore) gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale. Film critic [James Berardinelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Berardinelli) praised the production values of the cinematography and score, and the pace of the rafting experience. He also praised Hanson's directing, likening it to [The Hand That Rocks the Cradle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hand_That_Rocks_the_Cradle_(film)) (1992), stating that Hanson, "could manipulate characters and situations within the comfortable confines of a formula plot", and describing it as a "level of excitement designed to submerge implausibilities and minor [gaffes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffe), and a film which "braves the rapids while keeping the viewer afloat amidst its churning waters". He also praised Streep's powerful performance as a female action hero, but described the film overall as "a cut below a white-knuckler". [Roger Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert) of the [Chicago Sun Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun_Times) also said the best elements of the film were its cinematography, which he described as "great looking", and the performances of Bacon and Streep; he described the latter as "putting a lot of humor and intelligence into her character". However, Ebert identified serious flaws in the strength of the plot, remarking that, "movies like this are so predictable in their overall stories that they win or lose with their details...The River Wild was constructed from so many ideas, characters and situations recycled from other movies that all the way down the river I kept thinking: Been there". He emphasized the lack of credibility in the storyline and sheer impossibility of some scenes, particularly involving Strathairn as he outruns the pace of the river, and his scenes with the cliff and his [Swiss Army knife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Army_knife). In 2003, the [American Film Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute) nominated Gail as a hero from the film for [AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Heroes_%26_Villains). Accolades <Wikitable> Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref. 1995 52nd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Meryl Streep Nominated [15] 1995 52nd Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Kevin Bacon Nominated [15] 1995 1st Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated [16] 1995 1st YoungStar Awards Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Drama Film Joseph Mazzello Nominated [17] </Wikitable> Year-end lists Honorable mention – William Arnold, [Seattle Post-Intelligencer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer) Honorable mention – David Elliott, [The San Diego Union-Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune) 6th worst – John Hurley, [Staten Island Advance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island_Advance) Standalone sequel In July 2022, it was revealed that a feature film [reimagining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remake) had entered production, while [principal photography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography) had already commenced in [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) by that time. Directed by [Ben Ketai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Ketai) from a script he co-authored with [Mike Nguyen Le](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nguyen_Le), the plot centers around a brother and sister with a [strained relationship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_estrangement) who go on a [whitewater rafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafting) trip with a small group of friends. As the group experiences the adventure together, they start to question the intentions of their childhood friend. The film will star [Leighton Meester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Meester), [Taran Killam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taran_Killam), and [Adam Brody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Brody) as the siblings and their childhood friend, respectively. Produced by [Ogden Gavanski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Gavanski), the project is a [Universal 1440 Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_1440_Entertainment) production and will be distributed by Universal Filmed Entertainment Group. Though it was announced as a remake/[reboot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)) by tabloids, the executives of the studio called the movie a "new The River Wild story" in the "universe" of the original indicating that it is a [standalone-sequel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel#Classifications) taking place in a contemporary setting. The official title was revealed to be River Wild, with the movie's trailer and release poster debuting in July 2023. The film was released on digital and on DVD on August 1, 2023.

2024-09-18 16:50:15

Suburban_Roulette

<Infotable> Suburban Roulette Directed by: Herschell Gordon Lewis Written by: Herschell Gordon LewisJames Thomas Produced by: Herschell Gordon Lewis Starring: Elizabeth WilkinsonBen Moore Release date: June 1968(1968-06) Running time: 91 minutes Country: United States Language: English </Infotable> June 1968(1968-06) Suburban Roulette is a 1968 American drama film directed by [Herschell Gordon Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschell_Gordon_Lewis) and starring William Kerwin and Allison Louise Downe as characters who are involved in [wife swapping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)) to overcome the boredom of living in the suburbs. It was produced as an [independent film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film) by Lewis and was shown in Chicago area movie theaters during the summer of 1968. It contains implied sex, boozing, adult themes, fighting, but is without nudity (which would have prohibited mainstream movie theater distribution). It was filmed in [Wood Dale, Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Dale,_Illinois), a suburb of Chicago during the summer of 1967. Plot The Fisher family, which makes up of Bert and Ilene Fisher and their 13-year-old daughter Cindy, move into the seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood to get away from the nearby city of Chicago. Private marital troubles between the Fishers include Bert's drinking problem, and Ilene's propensity for other men. On their first day living in "suburbia", they meet the neighbors, Ron and Margo Elston, who invite them to a pool party at the Elston house. Bert and Ilene have cocktails, partake in a cookout, and flirting with each other's mates, but not without [guilt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)) and repercussions. The Fishers fall into a dangerous game of wife swapping until the unwilling Bert can't take it any more. Ignoring the presence of the other guests, including Ron's wife Margo, Ilene succumbs to the advances of Ron and has sex with him in a bedroom. In the weeks that follow, Ilene and Ron's secret affair heats up as the Fishers and Elstons join a third couple, Fran and Marty Conley, whom appear to be the perfect conservative suburban family complete with raising four kids, but they are in fact closeted swingers. The three couples partake in drunken parties at each of their houses which eventually leads one evening to them playing a form of roulette in which the prize is someone else's marital partner for the night. Outraged by everyone's immorality, including his own, Bert demands to Ilene that they move out of the neighborhood, but Ilene refuses for she has quiet confidence that Ron will divorce Margo and marry her to make a new life for themselves. But one evening, when Ilene confides in Ron about her choice to leave her husband, Ron makes is clear to Ilene that his interest in her is only physical and that he has no intention of breaking up his family. Depressed over this turn of events, Ilene attempts suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills, but is saved from death by Burt and their daughter, Cindy, who find her in time and rush her to the hospital. In the final scenes, Ilene and Burt and their daughter move out of the neighborhood to another location to resolve to try to save their marriage, while the debauched Ron and Margo, Fran and Marty, begin to look for new participants in their continuing game of suburban roulette. Cast Lewis was known for using everyday people instead of actors in his films. Elizabeth Wilkinson as Ilene Fisher Ben Moore as Bert Fisher Ione Rolnick as Fran Conley [William Kerwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kerwin) (credited as Thomas Wood)) as Marty Conley Allison Louise Downe (credited as Vicki Miles) as "Mattress Back" Margo Elston Tony McCabe as Ron Elston Debbie Grant as Cindy Fisher Richard Mark Oliver as Conley Child Joseph Trucco as Conley Child Michael Shallop as Conley Child Paul Shallop as Conley Child Ray Woods as Police chief Bob Roth as Card Buyer

2024-09-18 15:56:08

Kurtalan_Ekspres

<Infotable> Kurtalan Ekspres Origin: Turkey Genres: Anatolian rock,rock and roll Years active: 1972-present Members: Ahmet GüvençTolga AkyurtSelim IşıkKoray AlarslanTaha Purcafer Past members: Barış MançoBahadır AkkuzuMithat Danışan </Infotable> Kurtalan Ekspres is a Turkish [Anatolian rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rock) band that has worked with several famous lead singers, such as [Cem Karaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cem_Karaca), [Cahit Berkay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahit_Berkay), [Barış Manço](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_Man%C3%A7o). The band takes its name from a train named [Kurtalan Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kurtalan_Express), which travels between [Kurtalan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtalan) and [Haydarpaşa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa). Kurtalan Ekspres was founded by Barış Manço in 1971, and initially included Murat Ses, Erdinç Avcı, [Fuat Güner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuat_G%C3%BCner), Celal Güven, [Özkan Uğur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zkan_U%C4%9Fur) and Ali Serdar. In the late-1970s [Bahadır Akkuzu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahad%C4%B1r_Akkuzu) joined the group as the lead guitarist. After Barış Manço's death in 1999, the band began working with Cem Karaca. After Cem Karaca's death in 2004, Bahadır Akkuzu took over the vocals, and later died of a heart attack in 2009. The band took part as the orchestra of the programmes Adam Olacak Çocuk and 4×21 Doludizgin, which Manço used to present. History Kurtalan Ekspres was formed in 1972 by Barış Manço to accompany him on records and at concerts. The band's first line-up consisted of drummer Nur Moray and percussionist Celal Güven, who would stay as a member of the band for many years; drummer Ali Serdar and guitarist [Fuat Güner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuat_G%C3%BCner), who had worked with Manço in Kaygısızlar; bass guitarist [Özkan Uğur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zkan_U%C4%9Fur) and flutist Erdinç Avcı. The band had a change of members before it could even produce a record. Their first 45-rpm was "Ölüm Allah'ın Emri / Gamzedeyim Deva Bulmam" released in 1972. Members Drums: Ali Serdar (1971), Nur Moray (1971-1976), Hüdai Özgüder (1971-1972), Engin Yörükoğlu (1972-1974, deceased in 2010), Caner Bora (1974-1988) Hüseyin Cebeci (1988-1995), Cihangir Akkuzu (1995-) Bass Guitar: [Özkan Uğur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zkan_U%C4%9Fur) (1971, 1972-1974, 1976), Mithat Danışan (1971-1972, 1974-1976), Ahmet Güvenç (1976-1988, 1991-) Tumba: Celal Güven (1971-1988) Electric Guitar: [Fuat Güner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuat_G%C3%BCner) (1971-1972, 1978), Ohannes Kemer (1971-1974, 1975, 1976-1977, deceased in 2012), Nezih Cihanoğlu (1972), Kirkor Kalender (1972), Mustafa Sarışın (1974), Nurhan Özcan (1974), Samim Boztaş (1975), Fehimen Uğurdemir (1976, 1980), [Özkan Uğur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zkan_U%C4%9Fur) (1978-1985), [Bahadır Akkuzu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahad%C4%B1r_Akkuzu) (1978-2009, deceased in 2009) Flute: Erdinç Avcı (1971-1972), Oktay Aldoğan (1974-1982, deceased in 2014), Serdar Ertürk (1980-1988), Serdar Akatlar (1980-1983) Keyboard: Murat Ses (1972-1974), Yalçın Gürbüz (1975), Kılıç Danışman (1976-1977, 1978-1980), Ömür Gidel (1978-1985), Nejat Tekdal (1980-1982), Jean Jacques Falaise (1985-1986), Ufuk Yıldırım (1988-1996), [Garo Mafyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_Mafyan) (1988-1992), Elif Turhan (1991), Eser Taşkıran (1995-) Albums Solo (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3552&action=edit&redlink=1) (2003) Göğe Selam (2011) Göğe Selam II (2014) Barış Manço & Kurtalan Ekspres Yeni Bir Gün (1979) [Sözüm Meclisten Dışarı](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6z%C3%BCm_Meclisten_D%C4%B1%C5%9Far%C4%B1) (1981) Estağfurullah... Ne Haddimize! (1983)

2024-09-18 16:03:40

Deanna_Loveland

Wiktionary (dictionary) Wikibooks (textbooks) Wikiquote (quotations) Wikisource (library) Wikiversity (learning resources) Commons (media) Wikivoyage (travel guide) Wikinews (news source) Wikidata (linked database) Wikispecies (species directory) You need to log in or create an account and be [autoconfirmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users) to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use the [article wizard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard) to submit a draft for review, or [request a new article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles). Search for "Deanna Loveland" in existing articles. [Look for pages within Wikipedia that link to this title](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Deanna_Loveland). Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or [try the purge function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Purge/Deanna_Loveland). Titles on Wikipedia are [case sensitive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_sensitivity) except for the first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a [redirect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log, and see [Why was the page I created deleted?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_was_the_page_I_created_deleted%3F)

2024-09-18 19:15:04

Nokomis_Regional_High_School

<Infotable> Nokomis Regional High Address 291 Williams Rd. Suite 2Newport,Maine04953United States Coordinates: 44°52′37″N69°17′41″W / 44.8769°N 69.2947°W /44.8769; -69.2947 Information Type: Public High School Motto: "Inspire every student. Instill a motivation for learning. Insure contributing citizens." Established: 1968 School district: RSU#19 Principal: Mary Nadeau Faculty: 48.00 (FTE)[1] Grades: 9–12 Enrollment: 634 (2022–23)[1] Student to teacher ratio: 13.21[1] Color(s): BurgundyandWhite Mascot: Warrior Website: www.rsu19.org/o/nokomis </Infotable> Nokomis Regional High is a [secondary school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school) located in [Newport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Maine), [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine), United States. Nokomis is a public school which accepts students from [Newport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Maine), [Corinna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinna,_Maine), [Palmyra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_Maine), [Hartland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartland,_Maine), [St. Albans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Albans,_Maine), [Plymouth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Maine), [Etna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna,_Maine) and [Dixmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixmont,_Maine) The school principal is Mary Nadeau. The school [mascot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot) is the Warrior, and the sports team name is "Nokomis Warriors". Notable alumni [Dean Cray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Cray), State Legislator [Cooper Flagg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Flagg), basketball player (transferred out after freshman year) [Aaron Frey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Frey), Maine Attorney General [Josh Tardy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Tardy), State Legislator

2024-09-18 18:14:45

Rebecca_Rippy

<Infotable> Rebecca Rippy Born: 1977 (age 46–47) Origin: Tennessee, United States Genres: Country, rock,folk,Americana Occupation: Singer-songwriter Instrument(s): Guitar, vocals Years active: 2008–present </Infotable> Rebecca Rippy (born 1977) is an American singer-songwriter, most notably in the roots country and Americana genres. She was born to a musical family and grew up singing gospel music, picking up a guitar and starting to write at 19 years of age. She has released two critically acclaimed records, Secrets (2008), and Telling Stories (2009). She has played or shared the stage with such well-known acts and artists as REM producer [Don Dixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Dixon_(musician)), [Leon Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Russell), [Lucy Kaplansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Kaplansky), [Tony Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rice), [Donna the Buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_the_Buffalo), [Jim Lauderdale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lauderdale), [Bill Mallonee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallonee) and the Vigilantes of Love, [Tinsley Ellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsley_Ellis), [John Cowan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cowan), [Rhonda Vincent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhonda_Vincent), [Danielle Howle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Howle), and [Old Crow Medicine Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Crow_Medicine_Show), and has become a regular performer at such venues as the [Bluebird Café](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebird_Caf%C3%A9) in [Nashville, Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee), and at the Neighborhood Theater in [Charlotte, North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina). Both her debut record, Secrets, and her 2009 release Telling Stories were produced by Jamie Hoover, a multi-instrumentalist, producer, and recording engineer who has worked with [Hootie and the Blowfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hootie_and_the_Blowfish), [The Smithereens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smithereens), and [Don Dixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Dixon_(musician)) and the Jump Rabbits, and is the leader of his own band, [the Spongetones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spongetones). Telling Stories also features a duet with [Don Dixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Dixon_(musician)). The song "It's October", from Telling Stories, was released as a music video in December 2009. Telling Stories debuted in the Americana charts in January 2010, and hit a peak position in the National Roots Country top 40 of number 20. Her live band from 2008 – 2010 consisted of Terry Wheeler (acoustic guitar, vocals), Brian Doell (bass), Scott McLaughlin (drums/percussion), Victoria McLaughlin (cello), and producer/guitarist Doug Barnhill.

2024-09-18 18:04:15

Walter_Francis_Willcox

<Infotable> Walter F. Willcox Born: (1861-03-22)March 22, 1861Reading, Massachusetts Died: October 30, 1964(1964-10-30)(aged 103)Ithaca, New York Nationality: American Education: Amherst CollegeColumbia University Children: Alan Willcox Academic career Institution: Cornell University Doctoraladvisor: Richmond Mayo-Smith Doctoralstudents: Allyn Abbott Young </Infotable> Walter Francis Willcox (March 22, 1861 – October 30, 1964) was an American statistician. He was professor of economics at Cornell University. He founded the statistical research office in the [U.S. Census Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau). Early life and education He was born in [Reading, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts), to William Henry Willcox, a congregational minister, and Anne Holmes Goodenow. He was graduated from [Phillips Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Academy), [Andover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts), in 1880, from [Amherst College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College) in 1884 with an [A.B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B.), and in 1888 received an A.M. degree from [Amherst College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College). He received an LL.B degree (1887) and a Ph.D. (1891) from [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University). In 1906 he received an honorary LL.D. degree from [Amherst College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College). Life Willcox was a [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University) faculty member from 1891 to 1931. He was initially an instructor in philosophy but became a professor of economics at Cornell. He held the presidency of the [American Statistical Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association) from 1911 to 1912 and of the [American Economic Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Association) in 1915. He published The Divorce Problem, A Study in Statistics (1891; second edition, 1897). In his research on [divorce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce), he estimated that one in 12 marriages in the United States ended in divorce in 1909 and that if trends continued, approximately one in two marriages would end in divorce. He also published Supplementary Analysis and Derivative Tables, twelfth census (1906). He contributed the "Negroes in the United States" subsection to the "Negro" article in the 1911 [Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition). (The main section, by [Thomas Athol Joyce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Athol_Joyce), is of interest today for the insight it gives into racial prejudices of the time.) Willcox initiated the first [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics) course at Cornell in 1892, one of the earliest university courses in statistics in the United States, and one among 16 universities with such courses in the 1890s. His research interest was in vital statistics. [Emil Julius Gumbel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Julius_Gumbel) described his body of work, collected in Studies in American Demography, as "the type of old-fashioned writings which will continue to be of value notwithstanding all progress achieved in mathematical statistics." In 1911, Willcox claimed there would be "no children in the United States under five years of age" by the year 2020. Perpetuating ideas of [race suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_suicide), Willcox erroneously explained that the United States' birth rate meant that importing babies from France would be the only option for maintaining population levels. After serving as one of five chief statisticians for the [U.S. Census in 1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_census), Willcox proved that for any method of [apportionment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_apportionment) that involves rounding, a priority list can be created by dividing the rounding point into each state's population, by which each seat can be assigned in successive order based on each state's priority listings. Willcox was an advocate for reducing the number of seats in the House of Representatives. He proposed to reduce one seat per year. Willcox died in Ithaca, New York. His son, [Alan Willcox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Willcox), served as general counsel to the [U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health,_Education_and_Welfare). Publications [Studies in American Demography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_American_Demography), Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press (1940). International Migrations, Volume II: Interpretations (Editor), New York: National Bureau of Economic Research (1931). Walter Francis Willcox papers, #14-10-504. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.

2024-09-18 18:16:21