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Wilhelm Vocabulary
- Wilhelm Vocabulary
Wilhelm Vocabulary is the data that drives the wilhelmlang.com.
Docker
A Docker image has been made to allow us to explore the vocabulary in Neo4J browser backed by a Neo4J database in container. To get the image and run the container, simply do:
docker run \
--publish=7474:7474 \
--publish=7687:7687 \
--env=NEO4J_AUTH=none \
--env=NEO4J_ACCEPT_LICENSE_AGREEMENT=yes \
-e NEO4JLABS_PLUGINS=\[\"apoc\"\] \
--env NEO4J_browser_remote__content__hostname__whitelist=https://raw.githubusercontent.com \
--env NEO4J_browser_post__connect__cmd="style https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/refs/heads/master/graphstyle.grass" \
jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary
The image is based on Neo4J Enterprise 5.23.0.
- When container starts, access neo4j through browser at http://localhost:7474
- Both bolt:// and neo4j:// protocols are fine.
- Choose No authentication for Authentication type
- Then hit Connect as shown below
We have offered some queries that can be used to quickly explore our language data in the next section
Interesting Queries
Search for all Synonyms:
MATCH (term:Term)-[r]-(synonym:Term) WHERE r.name = "synonym" RETURN term, r, synonym
Finding all gerunds:
MATCH (source)-[link:RELATED]->(target) WHERE link.name = "gerund of" RETURN source, link, target;
Expanding a word "nรคmlich" (reveals its relationship to other languages):
MATCH (term:Term{label:'nรคmlich'}) CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "LINK", null, 1, 3) YIELD path RETURN path, length(path) AS hops ORDER BY hops;
In German, "rice" and "travel" are related:
MATCH (term:Term{label:'die Reise'}) CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "LINK", null, 1, 3) YIELD path RETURN path, length(path) AS hops ORDER BY hops;
MATCH (term:Term{label:'die Schwester'}) CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "LINK", null, 1, -1) YIELD path RETURN path, length(path) AS hops ORDER BY hops;
Data Format
The data that serves wilhelmlang.com. They are written in YAML format, because
- it is machine-readable so that it can be consumed quickly in data pipelines
- it is human-readable and, thus, easy to read and modify
- it supports multi-lines value which is very handy for language data
Encoding Table in YAML
To encode the inflections which are common in most Indo-European languages, an application-specific YAML that looks like the following are employed throughout this repository:
- term: der Gegenstand
definition:
- object
- thing
declension:
- ["", singular, plural ]
- [nominative, Gegenstand, Gegenstรคnde ]
- [genitive, "Gegenstandes, Gegenstands", Gegenstรคnde ]
- [dative, Gegenstand, Gegenstรคnden]
- [accusative, Gegenstand, Gegenstรคnde ]
- A list under
declension
is a table row- All rows have the same number of columns
- Each element of the list corresponds to a table cell
The declension (inflection) table above is equivalent to
singular | plural | |
nominative | Gegenstand | Gegenstรคnde |
genitive | Gegenstandes, Gegenstands | Gegenstรคnde |
dative | Gegenstand | Gegenstรคnden |
accusative | Gegenstand | Gegenstรคnde |
Data Pipeline
When the graph database is Neo4J, all constrains relating to the Term node must be using:
SHOW CONSTRAINTS DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
This is because certain vocabulary has multiple grammatical forms. This vocabulary is spread out as multiple entries. These multiple entries, because they have lots of common properties, often triggers constraint violations in Neo4J on load
How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database
Why Graph Database
Graph data representation assumes universal connectivity among world entities. This applies pretty well to the realm of languages. Multilanguage learners have already seen that Indo-European languages are similar in many aspects. The similarities not only signify the historical facts about Philology but also surface a great opportunity for multilanguage learners to take advantages of them and study much more efficiently. What's missing is connecting the dots using Graph Databases that visually presents these vastly enlightening links between the related languages in a natural way.
Base Schema
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list
The meaning of a word is called the definition
. A term has a natural relationship to its definition(s). For example,
the German noun "Ecke" has at least 4 definitions:
The parenthesized value at the beginning of each
definition
item played an un-ignorable role: it is the label of the relationship betweenterm
anddefinition
in graph database loaded by Wilhelm SDK. For example, both German words
- term: denn definition: - (adv.) then, thus - (conj.) because
and
- term: nรคmlich definition: - (adj.) same - (adv.) namely - (adv.) because
can mean "because" acting as different types. This is visualized as follows:
Visualzing synonyms this way presents a big advantage to human brain who is exceedingly good at memorizing patterns
Languages
German
Pronoun
The declension table of a pronoun follows:
declension:
- ["", masclune, feminine, neuter, plural]
- [nominative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [genitive, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [dative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [accusative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
Noun
term
with a definite article of der
/die
/das
signifies a noun which has a declension table template of the
following form:
declension:
- ["", singular, plural]
- [nominative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [genitive, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [dative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [accusative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
For example:
- term: das Getrรคnk
definition: the drink
declension:
- ["", singular, plural ]
- [nominative, Getrรคnk, Getrรคnke ]
- [genitive, Getrรคnkes, Getrรคnks, Getrรคnke ]
- [dative, Getrรคnk, Getrรคnken]
- [accusative, Getrรคnk, Getrรคnke ]
The declension tables for all nouns are sourced from Wiktionary
Adjectival nouns, however, do NOT follow the template above.
Ancient Greek
Unless otherwise mentioned, we are always talking about Attic Greek.
Ancient Greek vocabulary come from the following sources
- Greek Core Vocabulary of Dickinson College
- Aristotle - Logic I: Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics
Diacritic Mark Convention
We employ the following 3 diacritic signs only in vocabulary:
- the acute (ฮฌ)
- the circumflex (แพถ), and
- the grave (แฝฐ)
In fact, it is called the medium diacritics and the same convention used in Loeb Classical Library prints from Harvard. Notice that, however, the commonly sourced Wiktionary uses full diacritics, including the breve diacritic mark; we don't do that.
Pronoun
The source of pronouns and their declensions are the following
Wiktionary
Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition
- Unit 6, Section 49. The Relative Pronoun
More grammar about pronouns can be found in these great articles from Ancient Greek for Everyone above
The declension table of a pronoun follows:
declension:
- ["", singular, plural]
- [nominative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [genitive, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [dative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [accusative, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [vocative, N/A, N/A ]
Noun
The vocabulary entry for each noun consists of its nominative and genitive forms, an article which indicates the noun's
gender all in its term
attribute. The English meaning(s) come as a list under definition
attribute. For example.
- term: ฯฮญฯฮฝฮท ฯฮญฯฮฝฮทฯ, แผก
definition:
- art,
- skill,
- craft
declension class: 1st
the vocabulary entry above consists of the following 5 items:
ฯฮญฯฮฝฮท: nominative singular
ฯฮญฯฮฝฮทฯ: genitive singular
แผก: nominative feminine singular of the article, which shows that the gender of the noun is feminine. Gender will be indicated by the appropriate form of the definite article "the":
- แฝ for the masculine nouns
- แผก for the feminine nouns
- ฯฯ for the neutor nouns
a list of English meanings of the word
the noun employs the first declension. The 3 classes of declensions are
- first declension (
1st
) - second declension (
2nd
) - third declension (
3rd
)
- first declension (
The declension of the entry is not shown because to decline any noun, we can take the genitive singular, remove the genitive singular ending to get the stem, and then add the proper set of endings to the stem based on its declension class[^2].
[^2]: Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition, Hansen & Quinn, p.20
For example, to decline ฯฮญฯฮฝฮท ฯฮญฯฮฝฮทฯ, แผก, art, take the genitive singular ฯฮญฯฮฝฮทฯ, remove the genitive singular ending -ฮทฯ, and add the appropriate endings to the stem which gives following paradigm:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | ฯฮญฯฮฝฮท | ฯฮญฯฮฝฮฑฮน |
genitive | ฯฮญฯฮฝฮทฯ | ฯฮตฯฮฝแฟถฮฝ |
dative | ฯฮญฯฮฝแฟ | ฯฮญฯฮฝฮฑฮนฯ |
accusative | ฯฮญฯฮฝฮทฮฝ | ฯฮญฯฮฝแพฑฯ |
vocative | ฯฮญฯฮฝฮท | ฯฮญฯฮฝฮฑฮน |
Adjective Declension
Declension template:
declension:
- ["", singular, singular, singular, dual, dual, dual plural, plural, plural]
- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter]
- [nominative, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [genitive, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [dative, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [accusative, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
- [vocative, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโโโ, โโโโโโ]
Verb Conjugation
The Greek verb has 6 principal parts. All 6 must be learned whenever a new verb is encountered:
- (first person singular) present indicative active
- (first person singular) future indicative active
- (first person singular) aorist indicative active
- (first person singular) perfect indicative active
- (first person singular) perfect indicative passive
- (first person singular) aorist indicative passive
The minimum number of forms which one must know in order to generate all possible forms of a verb are called the principal parts of that verb.
From the 6 forms above, various verb forms (i.e. stems & endings) can be derived by rules[^4]
[^4]: Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition, Hansen & Quinn, p.44
In practice, however, obtaining precise and complete principal parts for some verbs has been proven to be impossible. While the best efforts have been made for reconstructing the complete principal parts, we also put a link to the Wiktionary of each verb for wilhelm-python-sdk, which will dynamically load the complete conjugation tables into graph database.
What's also being loaded are the reconstructed principal parts with a list of references that validate the reconstruction.
In conclusion, the entry of a verb, thus, has the form of:
- term: string
definition: list
conjugation:
wiktionary: string
principal parts:
- ["", Attic, (Possibly other dialects)]
- [(first person singular) present indicative active, โโโโโ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) future indicative active, โโโโโ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, โโโโโ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, โโโโโ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, โโโโโ, ... ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, โโโโโ, ... ]
references: list
For example:
- term: ฮปฮญฮณฯ
definition:
- to say, speak
- to pick up
conjugation:
wiktionary: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ฮปฮญฮณฯ#Verb_2
principal parts:
- ["", Attic , Koine ]
- [(first person singular) present indicative active, ฮปฮญฮณฯ , ฮปฮญฮณฯ ]
- [(first person singular) future indicative active, ฮปฮญฮพฯ , แผฯแฟถ ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, แผฮปฮตฮพฮฑ , ฮตแผถฯฮฟฮฝ/ฮตแผถฯฮฑ ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, (missing), ฮตแผดฯฮทฮบฮฑ ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, ฮปฮญฮปฮตฮณฮผฮฑฮน , ฮปฮญฮปฮตฮณฮผฮฑฮน ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, แผฮปฮญฯฮธฮทฮฝ , แผฯฯฮญฮธฮทฮฝ/แผฯฯฮฎฮธฮทฮฝ]
references:
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ฮปฮญฮณฯ#Inflection
- http://atticgreek.org/downloads/allPPbytypes.pdf
- https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0264/ch25.xhtml
- https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/lego
- https://koine-greek.fandom.com/wiki/ฮฮญฮณฯ
Latin
The vocabulary and declensions come from the following sources
- Latin Core Vocabulary of Dickinson College
- Wiktionary
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list
Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)
The vocabulary is presented to help read and understand Biblical Hebrew. A complementary audio helps well with the pronunciation.
Korean
ไธญๅฝไบบๅญฆไน ้ฉ่ฏญๆๅ
ๅคฉไผๅฟ๏ผๅ ไน้ฉ่ฏญๆฌ่บซไนๆฏไธ้จ็ธๅฝ็ฎๅ็่ฏญ่จ๏ผๆไปฅ่ฟ้ๅฐ่ฏญๆณๅ่ฏๆฑๅๅนถๅจไธ่ตท๏ผ
ๆฏไธ้กนไนๅช็ฑ term
๏ผ้ฉ๏ผๅ definition
๏ผไธญ๏ผ็ปๆ๏ผ
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list of strings
example:
- Korean: ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ฌด๋ ด ๊ทธ์ชฝ ํธ์ ์๊ฒ ์ด์
Chinese: ๆๆ ่ฎบๅฆไฝ้ฝไผ็ซๅจไฝ ่ฟ่พน
- Korean: ...
Chinese: ...
ไธ็จ่ดนๅคชๅคๅๅคซ่ฎฐ็ข็ฎๅ็่ฏญๆณๅ่ฏๆฑ๏ผๅฉไธ็ๅฐฑๆฏๆฟ้ฉ่ฏญๅญๅนๅงไธๅ็ปไน ๅฌ่ฏด่ฏปๅๆขๆใexample
ไธญ็ไพๅฅๅๆฅ่ช้ฉๅฝๆฌๅ่ฏญๆ
้ฉ่ฏญไธๅฑไบๆฑ่่ฏญ็ณป๏ผๅ ๅ ถๆๅฑ่ฏญ็ณป้ๅธธ็ญๅฐ๏ผๆ ๆณๅๅ ถๅฎ่ฏญ่จไบง็่ถณๅคๅ ณ่๏ผๅ ๆญคๅ ถๆฐๆฎๆๆถไธ่ขซๅญๅ ฅๅพๆฐๆฎๅบ่ฟ่กๆฐๆฎๅๆ
License
The use and distribution terms for wilhelm-vocabulary are covered by the Apache License, Version 2.0.
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