Datasets:

Paulgrim

/

miniviquae_passages

like 0

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] At the tip of the tower stands the double-eagle imperial emblem with the Habsburg-Lorraine coat of arms on its chest, surmounted by a double-armed apostolic cross, which refers to "Apostolic Majesty", the imperial style of kings of Hungary. This emblem replaced earlier crescent and the six-pointed star emblem. The original emblem, as well as a couple of later ones, today can be seen at the Vienna City Museum.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The north tower was originally intended to mirror the south tower, but the design proved too ambitious, considering the era of Gothic cathedrals was nearing its end, and construction was halted in 1511. In 1578, the tower-stump was augmented with a Renaissance cap, nicknamed the "water tower top" by the Viennese. The tower now stands at tall, roughly half the height of the south tower.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The main entrance to the church is named the Giant's Door, or "Riesentor", referring to the thighbone of a mastodon that hung over it for decades after being unearthed in 1443 while digging the foundations for the north tower. The tympanum above the Giant's Door depicts Christ Pantocrator flanked by two winged angels, while on the left and right are the two Roman Towers, or "Heidentürme", that each stand at approximately tall.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The name for the towers derives from the fact that they were constructed from the rubble of old structures built by the Romans (German "Heiden" meaning heathens or pagans) during their occupation of the area. Square at the base and octagonal above the roofline, the "Heidentürme" originally housed bells; those in the south tower were lost during World War II, but the north tower remains an operational bell tower. The Roman Towers, together with the Giant's Door, are the oldest parts of the church.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The glory of St. Stephen's Cathedral is its ornately patterned, richly coloured roof, long, and covered by 230,000 glazed tiles. Above the choir on the south side of the building the tiles form a mosaic of the double-headed eagle that is symbolic of the empire ruled from Vienna by the Habsburg dynasty. On the north side the coats of arms of the City of Vienna and of the Republic of Austria are depicted.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] In 1945, fire caused by World War II damage to nearby buildings leapt to the north tower of the cathedral and destroyed the wooden framework of the roof. Replicating the original bracing for so large a roof (it rises 38 metres above the floor) would have been cost prohibitive, so over 600 metric tons of steel bracing were used instead. The roof is so steep that it is sufficiently cleaned by the rain alone and is seldom covered by snow.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Composer Ludwig van Beethoven discovered the totality of his deafness when he saw birds flying out of the bell tower as a result of the bells' tolling but could not hear the bells. St. Stephen's Cathedral has 23 bells in total. The largest is officially named for St. Mary, but usually called "Pummerin" ("Boomer") and hangs in the north tower. At , it is the largest in Austria and the second largest swinging bell in Europe after the "Peter" in Cologne Cathedral).

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Originally cast in 1711 from cannons captured from the Muslim invaders, it was recast (partly from its original metal) in 1951 after crashing onto the floor when its wooden cradle burned during the 1945 fire. The new bell has a diameter of and was a gift from the province of Upper Austria. It sounds on only a few special occasions each year, including the arrival of the new year.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Also in this tower are two (formerly three) older bells that are no longer used: "Kleine Glocke" ("small bell") () cast around 1280; "Speisglocke" ("dinner bell") () cast in 1746; and "Zügenglocke" ("processions bell") () cast in 1830. However, the Kleine Glocke was restored at the Grassmayr foundry in Innsbruck in 2017 and rehung in the North Roman Tower.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] A peal of eleven electrically operated bells, cast in 1960, hangs in the soaring south tower. Replacements for other ancient bells also lost in the 1945 fire, they are used during Masses at the cathedral: four are used for an ordinary Mass; the quantity increases to as many as ten for a major holiday Mass; and the eleventh and largest is added when the Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna himself is present.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] From the largest to the smallest, they are named the "St. Stephen" (); "St. Leopold" (); "St. Christopher" (); "St. Leonhard" (); "St. Josef" (); "St. Peter Canisius" (); "St. Pius X" (280 kg); "All Saints" (); "St. Clement Maria Hofbauer" (); "St. Michael" (); and "St. Tarsicius" ().

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Also in this tallest tower are the "Primglocke" (recast in 1772) and the "Uhrschälle" (cast in 1449), which mark the passing of the hours. The north Roman Tower contains six bells, four of which were cast in 1772, that ring for evening prayers and toll for funerals.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] They are working bells of the cathedral and their names usually recall their original uses: "Feuerin" ("fire alarm" but now used as a call to evening prayers) cast in 1879; "Kantnerin" (calling the cantors (musicians) to Mass); "Feringerin" (used for High Mass on Sundays); "Bieringerin" ("beer ringer" for last call at taverns); "Poor Souls" (the funeral bell); "Churpötsch" (donated by the local curia in honor of the Maria Pötsch icon in the cathedral), and Kleine Glocke(cast in 1280 and is the oldest bell in the cathedral).

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The 1945 fire destroyed the bells that hung in the south Roman Tower. During the Middle Ages, major cities had their own set of measures and the public availability of these standards allowed visiting merchants to comply with local regulations. The official Viennese ell length standards for verifying the measure of different types of cloth sold are embedded in the cathedral wall, to the left of the main entrance.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The linen ell, also called Viennese yard, () and the drapery ell () length standards consist of two iron bars. According to Franz Twaroch, the ratio between the linen ell and the drapery ell is exactly formula_1. The Viennese ells are mentioned for the first time in 1685 by the Canon Testarello della Massa in his book "Beschreibung der ansehnlichen und berühmten St. Stephans-Domkirchen".

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] A memorial tablet (near location SJC on the Plan below) gives a detailed account of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's relationship with the cathedral, including the fact that he had been appointed an adjunct music director here shortly before his death. This was his parish church when he lived at the "Figaro House" and he was married here, two of his children were baptised here, and his funeral was held in the Chapel of the Cross (at location PES) inside.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Adjacent to the catacomb entrance is the Capistran Chancel, the pulpit (now outdoors at location SJC) from which St. John Capistrano and Hungarian general John Hunyadi preached a crusade in 1456 to repel Muslim invasions of Christian Europe. ( See: Siege of Belgrade). The 18th century Baroque statue shows the Franciscan friar under an extravagant sunburst, trampling on a beaten Turk. This was the original cathedral's main pulpit inside until it was replaced by Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden's pulpit in 1515.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] A figure of Christ (at location CT) affectionately known to the Viennese as "Christ with a toothache", from the agonized expression of his face, various memorials from the time the area outside the cathedral was a cemetery and a recently restored 15th-century sundial, on a flying buttress at the southwest corner (location S) can be seen. The main part of the church contains 18 altars, with more in the various chapels.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The High Altar (HA) and the Wiener Neustadt Altar () (WNA) are the most famous. The first focal point of any visitor is the distant High Altar, built over seven years from 1641 to 1647 as part of the first refurbishment of the cathedral in the baroque style. The altar was built by Tobias Pock at the direction of Vienna's Bishop Philipp Friedrich Graf Breuner with marble from Poland, Styria and Tyrol. The High Altar represents the stoning of the church's patron St. Stephen.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] It is framed by figures of patron saints from the surrounding areas – Saints Leopold, Florian, Sebastian and Rochus – and surmounted with a statue of St. Mary which draws the beholder's eye to a glimpse of heaven where Christ waits for Stephen (the first martyr) to ascend from below. The Wiener Neustädter Altar at the head of the north nave was ordered in 1447 by Emperor Frederick III, whose tomb is located in the opposite direction. On the predella is his famous A.E.I.O.U. device.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Frederick ordered it for the Cistercian Viktring Abbey (near Klagenfurt) where it remained until the abbey was closed in 1786 as part of Emperor Joseph II's anti-clerical reforms. It was then sent to the Cistercian monastery of St. Bernard of Clairvaux (founded by Emperor Frederick III) in the city of Wiener Neustadt, and finally sold in 1885 to St. Stephen's Cathedral when the Wiener Neustadt monastery was closed after merging with Heiligenkreuz Abbey.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The Wiener Neustädter Altar is composed of two triptychs, the upper being four times taller than the lower one. When the lower panels are opened, the Gothic grate of the former reliquary depot above the altar is revealed. On weekdays, the four panels are closed and display a drab painted scene involving 72 saints. On Sundays, the panels are opened showing gilded wooden figures depicting events in the life of the Virgin Mary.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Restoration began on its 100th anniversary, in 1985 and took 20 years, 10 art restorers, 40,000 man-hours, and €1.3 million to complete, primarily because its large surface area of . The Maria Pötsch Icon (MP) is a Byzantine style icon of St. Mary with the child Jesus. The icon takes its name from the Hungarian Byzantine Catholic shrine of Máriapócs (pronounced "Poach"), from where it was transferred to Vienna.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The picture shows the Virgin Mary pointing to the child (signifying "He is the way") and the child holding a three-stemmed rose (symbolizing the Holy Trinity) and wearing a prescient cross from his neck. The 50 x 70 cm icon was commissioned in 1676 from painter István Papp by László Csigri upon his release as a prisoner of war from the Turks who were invading Hungary at the time.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] As Csigri was unable to pay the 6-forint fee the icon was bought by Lőrinc Hurta who donated it to the church of Pócs. After claims of two miraculous incidents in 1696 with the mother in the picture allegedly shedding real tears, Emperor Leopold I ordered it brought to St. Stephen's Cathedral, where it would be safe from the Muslim armies that still controlled much of Hungary.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Upon its arrival after a triumphal five-month journey in 1697, Empress Eleonora Magdalena commissioned the splendid "Rosa Mystica" oklad and framework (now one of several) for it, and the Emperor personally ordered the icon placed near the High Altar in the front of the church, where it stood prominently from 1697 until 1945.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Since then, it has been in a different framework, above an altar under a medieval stone baldachin near the southwest corner of the nave – where the many burning candles indicate the extent of its veneration, especially by Hungarians. Since its arrival the picture has not been seen weeping again but other miracles and answered prayers have been attributed to it, including Prince Eugene of Savoy's victory over the Turks at Zenta few weeks after the icon's installation in the Stephansdom.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The residents of Pócs wanted their holy miracle-working painting returned, but the emperor sent them a copy instead. Since then, the copy has been reported to weep real tears and work miracles, so the village changed its name from merely "Pócs" to "Máriapócs" and has become an important pilgrimage site. The stone pulpit is a masterwork of late Gothic sculpture. Long attributed to Anton Pilgram, today Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden is thought more likely to be the carver.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] So that the local language sermon could be better heard by the worshipers in the days before microphones and loud speakers, the pulpit stands against a pillar out in the nave, instead of in the chancel at the front of the church. The sides of the pulpit erupt like stylized petals from the stem supporting it.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] On those Gothic petals are relief portraits of the four original Doctors of the Church (St. Augustine of Hippo, St. Ambrose, St. Gregory the Great and St. Jerome), each of them in one of four different temperaments and in one of four different stages of life. The handrail of the stairway curving its way around the pillar from ground level to the pulpit has fantastic decorations of toads and lizards biting each other, symbolizing the fight of good against evil.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] At the top of the stairs, a stone puppy protects the preacher from intruders. Beneath the stairs is one of the most beloved symbols of the cathedral: a stone self-portrait of the unknown sculptor gawking (German: "gucken") out of a window (German: "fenster") and thus famously known as the "Fenstergucker".

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The chisel in the subject's hand, and the stonemason's signature mark on the shield above the window led to the speculation that it could be a self-portrait of the sculptor. There are several formal chapels in St. Stephen's Cathedral: Since its earliest days, the cathedral has been surrounded by cemeteries dating back to Roman times, and has sheltered the bodies of notables and commoners.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] It has always been an honour to be buried inside a church, close to the physical presence of the saints whose relics are preserved there. Those less honoured were buried near, but outside, the church.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Inside the cathedral are the tombs of Prince Eugene of Savoy (PES), commander of the Imperial forces during the War of the Spanish Succession in the "Chapel of The Cross" (northwest corner of the cathedral) and of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (Fr3), under whose reign the Diocese of Vienna was canonically erected on 18 January 1469, in the Apostles' Choir (southeast corner of the cathedral).

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The construction of Emperor Frederick's tomb spanned over 45 years, starting 25 years before his death. The impressive sarcophagus is made of the unusually dense red marble-like stone found at the Adnet quarry. Carved by Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden, the tomb lid shows Emperor Frederick in his coronation regalia surrounded by the coats of arms of all of his dominions. The body of the tomb has 240 statues and is a glory of medieval sculptural art.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] When the charnel house and eight cemeteries abutting the cathedral's side and back walls closed due to an outbreak of bubonic plague in 1735, the bones within them were moved to the catacombs below the church. Burials directly in the catacombs occurred until 1783, when a new law forbade most burials within the city. The remains of over 11,000 persons are in the catacombs (which may be toured). The basement of the cathedral also hosts the Bishops, Provosts and Ducal crypts.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The most recent interment in the Bishop's crypt completed in 1952 under the south choir was that of 98-year-old Cardinal Franz König in 2004. Provosts of the cathedral are buried in another chamber. Other members of the cathedral chapter are now buried in a special section at the Zentralfriedhof. The Ducal Crypt located under the chancel holds 78 bronze containers with the bodies, hearts, or viscera of 72 members of the Habsburg dynasty.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Before his death in 1365, Duke Rudolf IV ordered the crypt built for his remains in the new cathedral he commissioned. By 1754, the small rectangular chamber was overcrowded with 12 sarcophagi and 39 urns, so the area was expanded with an oval chamber added to the east end of the rectangular one. In 1956, the two chambers were renovated and their contents rearranged.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The sarcophagi of Duke Rudolf IV and his wife were placed upon a pedestal and the 62 urns containing organs were moved from the two rows of shelves around the new chamber to cabinets in the original one. St Stephen's Cathedral has an old organ tradition. The first organ is mentioned in 1334. After the 1945 fire, Michael Kauffmann finished a large electric action pipe organ in 1960 with 125 voices and 4 manuals, financed with public donations. In 1991, the Austrian firm of Rieger rebuilt the choir organ.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] It is a mechanical organ, with 56 voices and 4 manuals. Preservation and repair of the fabric of the medieval cathedral has been a continuous process at St. Stephen's Cathedral since its original construction in 1147. The porous limestone is subject to weathering, but coating it with a sealer like silicone would simply trap moisture inside the stone and cause it to crack faster when the water freezes.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The permanent "Dombauhütte" (Construction Department) uses the latest scientific techniques (including laser cleaning of delicate features on stonework), and is investigating a process that would impregnate the cavities within the stone with something that would keep water from having a place to infiltrate. The most visible current repair project is a multi-year renovation of the tall south tower, for which scaffolding has been installed.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Fees from advertising on the netting around the scaffolding were defraying some of the costs of the work, but the concept of such advertising was controversial and has been discontinued. As of December 2008, the majority of the restoration on the south tower has been finished, and most scaffolding removed. Systematic cleaning of the interior is gradually proceeding around the walls, and an outdoor relief of Christ in Gethsemane is being restored.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] A major project has been recently completed for which visitors and worshippers in St. Stephen's Cathedral had been waiting since 1147: better heating of the church during the winter. Previous systems, including fireplaces, just deposited soot and grease on the artwork, but the new system uses apparatus in many different locations so that there is little moving airflow to carry damaging particles. The church is now heated to around .

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Some of the architectural drawings date from the Middle Ages and are on paper 15 ft long and too fragile to handle. Laser measurements of the ancient cathedral have now been made so that a digital 3-dimensional virtual model of the cathedral now exists in its computers, and detailed modern plans can be output at will.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] When weathered stonework needs to be repaired or replaced, the computerized system can create life-sized models to guide the nine full-time stonemasons on staff in the on-site workshops against the north wall of the cathedral. On 29 March 2014, a 37-year-old Ghanaian asylum seeker vandalized the interior of the cathedral by pushing the statue of St. Jude Thaddeus from its marble base.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Notable musicians who have been "Kapellmeister" at St. Stephen's include: The cathedral has hosted the weddings and funerals of many notable figures in Austrian and European history. Notable figures buried in the crypt: (For a list of nobility buried in the crypt, see Ducal Crypt, Vienna) As Vienna's landmark, the St. Stephen's Cathedral is featured in media including films, video games, and television shows. These include "The Third Man" and "Burnout 3".

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] The cathedral is also depicted on the Austrian 10 cent euro coins and on the packaging of the Manner-Schnitten wafer treat. The Archdiocese of Vienna allowed the Manner company to use the Cathedral as its logo in return for funding the wages of one stonemason doing repair work on the Cathedral. In 2008, Sarah Brightman performed a concert promoting her latest album, "Symphony", which was recorded for a TV broadcast and a further DVD release in late September.

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna [SEP] Since 2008, the two sabres of the Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award, founded by Pal Molnar, have been blessed during a Balassi Mass held a few days before the award ceremony. On 25 January 2013, in the presence of some three hundred Hungarians, Bishop Laszlo Kiss-Rigo blessed the two swords during a Mass celebrated in the cathedral.

Province of Bologna [SEP] The province of Bologna () was a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its provincial capital was the city of Bologna. It was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Bologna starting from January 2015.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] Shatt al-Arab (, "River of the Arabs") or Arvand Rud (, "Swift River") is a river of some 200 km (120 mi) in length, formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The southern end of the river constitutes the border between Iraq and Iran down to the mouth of the river as it discharges into the Persian Gulf.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] It varies in width from about at Basra to at its mouth. It is thought that the waterway formed relatively recently in geologic time, with the Tigris and Euphrates originally emptying into the Persian Gulf via a channel further to the west. The Karun River, a tributary which joins the waterway from the Iranian side, deposits large amounts of silt into the river; this necessitates continuous dredging to keep it navigable. The area is judged to hold the largest date palm forest in the world.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] In the mid-1970s, the region included 17 to 18 million date palms, an estimated one-fifth of the world's 90 million palm trees. But by 2002, war, salt, and pests had wiped out more than 14 million of the palms, including around 9 million in Iraq and 5 million in Iran. Many of the remaining 3 to 4 million trees are in poor condition.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] In Middle Persian literature and the "Shahnameh" (written between c. 977 and 1010 AD), the name "Arvand" is used for the Tigris, the confluent of the Shatt al-Arab. Iranians also used this name specifically to designate the Shatt al-Arab during the later Pahlavi period, and continue to do so after the Iranian Revolution of 1979.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] Shatt al-Arab river is made by the confluence of the Tigris and Eurphates river at Al-Qurnah and continues to end up at the Persian gulf south of the city of Al-Faw. According to a study, the river appears to have formed in the recent Earth's geologic time scale in comparison between lithoaces and biofacies of previous studies. The river may have formed 2000–1600 years prior to the 21st century.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] Conflicting territorial claims and disputes over navigation rights between Iran and Iraq were among the main factors for the Iran–Iraq War that lasted from 1980 to 1988, when the pre-1980 "status quo" was restored. The Iranian cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr and the Iraqi city and major port of Basra are situated along this river. The background of the issue stretches mainly back to the Ottoman-Safavid era, way prior to the establishment of an independent Iraq, which happened in the 20th century.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] In the early 16th century, the Iranian Safavids gained most of what is present-day Iraq, but lost it later by the Peace of Amasya (1555) to the expanding Ottomans. In the early 17th century, the Safavids under king ("shah") Abbas I (r. 1588–1629) regained it, only to lose it permanently (along, temporarily, with control over the waterway), to the Ottomans by the Treaty of Zuhab (1639).

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] This treaty, which roughly re-established the common borders of the Ottoman and Safavid Empires the way they had been in 1555, never demarcated a precise and fixed boundary regarding the frontier in the south. Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747) restored Iranian control over the waterway, but the Treaty of Kerden (1746) restored the Zuhab boundaries, and ceded it back to the Turks. The First Treaty of Erzurum (1823) concluded between Ottoman Turkey and Qajar Iran, resulted in the same.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] The Second Treaty of Erzurum was signed by Ottoman Turkey and Qajar Iran in 1847 after protracted negotiations, which included British and Russian delegates. Even afterwards, backtracking and disagreements continued, until British Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, was moved to comment in 1851 that "the boundary line between Turkey and Persia can never be finally settled except by an arbitrary decision on the part of Great Britain and Russia".

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] A protocol between the Ottomans and the Persians was signed in Istanbul in 1913, which declared that the Ottoman-Persian frontier run along the "thalweg", but World War I canceled all plans. During the Mandate of Iraq (1920–32), the British advisors in Iraq were able to keep the waterway binational under the thalweg principle that worked in Europe: the dividing line was a line drawn between the deepest points along the stream bed.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] In 1937, Iran and Iraq signed a treaty that settled the dispute over control of the Shatt al-Arab.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] The 1937 treaty recognized the Iranian-Iraqi border as along the low-water mark on the eastern side of the Shatt al-Arab except at Abadan and Khorramshahr where the frontier ran along the "thalweg" (the deep water line) which gave Iraq control of almost the entire waterway; provided that all ships using the Shatt al-Arab fly the Iraqi flag and have an Iraqi pilot, and required Iran to pay tolls to Iraq whenever its ships used the Shatt al-Arab.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] The treaty of 1937 marked a familiar pattern by British empire of Divide and rule that was routinely employed in the Indian subcontinent and other British colonial or influenced regions: it ensured long term if not permanent tension between Iran and Iraq. As opposed to using the "thalweg" principle as advised during 1920–1932 period, which would have calmed down or ended the river border tensions between the two nations.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] The Shatt al-Arab and the forest were depicted in the middle of the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq, from 1932–1959. Under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in the late 60s, Iran developed a strong military and took a more assertive stance in the Near East. In April 1969, Iran abrogated the 1937 treaty over the Shatt al-Arab and Iranian ships stopped paying tolls to Iraq when they used the Shatt al-Arab.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] The Shah argued that the 1937 treaty was unfair to Iran because almost all river borders around the world ran along the "thalweg", and because most of the ships that used the Shatt al-Arab were Iranian. Iraq threatened war over the Iranian move, but on 24 April 1969, an Iranian tanker escorted by Iranian warships (Joint Operation Arvand) sailed down the Shatt al-Arab, and Iraq—being the militarily weaker state—did nothing.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] The Iranian abrogation of the 1937 treaty marked the beginning of a period of acute Iraqi-Iranian tension that was to last until the Algiers Accords of 1975. All United Nations attempts to intervene and mediate the dispute were rebuffed. Under Saddam Hussein, Baathist Iraq claimed the entire waterway up to the Iranian shore as its territory. In response, Iran in the early 1970s became the main patron of Iraqi Kurdish groups fighting for independence from Iraq.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] In March 1975, Iraq signed the Algiers Accord in which it recognized a series of straight lines closely approximating the "thalweg" (deepest channel) of the waterway, as the official border, in exchange for which Iran ended its support of the Iraqi Kurds. In 1980, Hussein released a statement claiming to abrogate the 1975 treaty and Iraq invaded Iran. International law, however, holds that in all cases no bilateral or multilateral treaty can be abrogated by one party only.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] The main thrust of the military movement on the ground was across the waterway which was the stage for most of the military battles between the two armies. The waterway was Iraq's only outlet to the Persian Gulf, and thus, its shipping lanes were greatly affected by continuous Iranian attacks. When the Al-Faw peninsula was captured by the Iranians in 1986, Iraq's shipping activities virtually came to a halt and had to be diverted to other Arab ports, such as Kuwait and even Aqaba, Jordan.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] At the end of the Iran–Iraq War, both sides agreed to once again treat the Algiers Accord as binding. In the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the waterway was a key military target for the Coalition Forces. Since it is the only outlet to the Persian Gulf, its capture was important in delivering humanitarian aid to the rest of the country, and also to stop the flow of operations trying to break the naval blockade against Iraq.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] The British Royal Marines staged an amphibious assault to capture the key oil installations and shipping docks located at Umm Qasr on the al-Faw peninsula at the onset of the conflict. Following the end of the war, the UK was given responsibility, subsequently mandated by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1723, to patrol the waterway and the area of the Persian Gulf surrounding the river mouth. They were tasked until 2007 to make sure that ships in the area were not being used to transport munitions into Iraq.

Shatt al-Arab [SEP] British forces also trained Iraqi naval units to take over the responsibility of guarding their waterways after the Coalition Forces left Iraq in December 2011. On two separate occasions, Iranian forces operating on the Shatt al-Arab have captured British Royal Navy sailors who they claim have trespassed into their territory.

Tagus [SEP] The Tagus (; , ; , ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is long, in Spain, along the border between Portugal and Spain and in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to places of central Spain and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power.

Tagus [SEP] Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a wide alluvial valley, prone to flooding. Its mouth is a large estuary near the port city of Lisbon. The source of the Tagus is the Fuente de García, the legends says, it was founded by Miquel Lozano, in the Frías de Albarracín municipal term, Montes Universales, Sistema Ibérico, Sierra de Albarracín Comarca. All its major tributaries enter the Tagus from the right (north) bank.

Tagus [SEP] The main cities it passes through are Aranjuez, Toledo, Talavera de la Reina and Alcántara in Spain, and Abrantes, Santarém, Almada and Lisbon in Portugal. The first notable city on the Tagus is Sacedón. Below Aranjuez it receives the combined flow of the Jarama, Henares, Algodor and Tajuña. Below Toledo it receives the Guadarrama River. Above Talavera de la Reina it receives the Alberche.

Tagus [SEP] At Valdeverdeja is the upper end of the long upper reservoir, the "Embalse de Valdecañas", beyond which are the "Embalse de Torrejon", into which flow the Tiétar, and the lower reservoir, the Alcántara Dam into which flows the Alagón at the lower end. There is a canal and aqueduct between the Tagus and the Segura, the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer.

Tagus [SEP] After forming the border it enters Portugal, passing Vila Velha de Ródão, Abrantes, Constância, Entroncamento, Santarém and Vila Franca de Xira at the head of the long narrow estuary, which has Lisbon at its mouth. The estuary is protected by the Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve. There is a large bridge across the river, the Vasco da Gama Bridge, which with a total length of is the second longest bridge in Europe. The Port of Lisbon, located at its mouth, is one of Europe's busiest.

Tagus [SEP] The Portuguese Alentejo region and former Ribatejo Province take their names from the river; Alentejo, from "além Tejo" "Beyond the Tagus" and Ribatejo from "arriba Tejo", an archaic way of saying "Upper Tagus". In Spanish Riba means land beside a river or shore along of a river. Then Ribatejo should mean "The land beside the Tejo" or "The shore of the Tejo". One can see many examples of towns in Spain with this prefix.

Tagus [SEP] The lower Tagus is on a fault line. Slippage along it has caused numerous earthquakes, the major ones being those of 1309, 1531 and 1755. The Pepper Wreck, properly the wreck of the "Nossa Senhora dos Mártires", is a shipwreck located and excavated at the mouth of the Tagus between 1996 and 2001. The river had strategic value to the Spanish and Portuguese empires, as it guarded the approach to Lisbon.

Tagus [SEP] For example, in 1587, Francis Drake briefly approached the river after his successful raid at Cadiz. A major river, the Tagus is brought to mind in the songs and stories of the Portuguese. A popular fado song in Lisbon notes that while people get older, the Tagus remains young (""My hair getting white, the Tagus is always young"").

Tagus [SEP] The author, Fernando Pessoa, wrote a poem that begins: Richard Crashaw's poem "Saint Mary Magdalene, or the Weeper" refers to the "Golden" Tagus as wanting Mary Magdalene's silver tears. In classical poetry the Tagus was famous for its gold-bearing sands (Catullus 29.19, Ovid, "Amores", 1.15.34, Juvenal, "Satires", 3.55, etc.).

Farmers Bank Building (Pittsburgh) [SEP] The Farmers Bank Building was a 27-story, skyscraper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania completed in 1902 and demolished on May 25, 1997. The University of Pittsburgh's online digital library states the building was constructed in 1903 and had 24 stories.

Farmers Bank Building (Pittsburgh) [SEP] To a generation of Pittsburgh sports fans the building is well remembered for being resurfaced in the mid 1960 in a failed rehabilitation but also fondly for a 15 story high mural of Roberto Clemente, Bill Mazeroski, Jack Lambert, Mean Joe Greene and Mario Lemieux completed in 1992 by Judy Penzer, who was killed in the crash of TWA Flight 800 four years later. For the five years the mural existed it was often the centerpiece for national networks cutting to or from games while they were in town for sporting events.

Farmers Bank Building (Pittsburgh) [SEP] Rockwell International owned the building starting in the mid-1960s and used it as its global headquarters, selling it in early 1972 and consolidating its headquarters staff in the U.S. Steel Tower blocks away. For a time, the father of Pittsburgh hockey, some claim of professional hockey, James Wallace Conant was the building manager for the complex. He also was the longtime manager of the Schenley Park Casino and Duquesne Gardens. The building was imploded by Controlled Demolition, Inc. on the afternoon of May 25, 1997.

Farmers Bank Building (Pittsburgh) [SEP] In its place, a low-rise department store named Lazarus was built on the site. That building has since been extensively redesigned and now operates as a condominium development named Piatt Place.

San Macuto, Rome [SEP] The church of San Macuto is a church on Piazza di San Macuto in the Colonna rione of Rome, Italy. Located next to the Jesuit Collegio di San Roberto Bellarmino in the Palazzo Gabrielli-Borromeo, it is the only church in Italy dedicated to the Breton saint Malo. First recorded in 1192, the church of San Macuto has had several owners at different times.

San Macuto, Rome [SEP] In the second half of the 13th century it was dependent on San Marcello al Corso, then later it belonged to the Dominicans from the neighbouring Santa Maria sopra Minerva (confirmed by Niccolo III in 1279). In the year 1422 it was described as a parish church. Pope Leo X joined the parish with that of St. Peter's Basilica in 1516, giving it to the Fraternity of Bergamo in 1539.

San Macuto, Rome [SEP] The Bergamo monks changed the saint it was dedicated to from Bartholemew to Alexander of Bergamo and the church got a new façade around 1560. The façade was a project of the Ferraran architect Giovanni Alberto Galvani and it was partially reconstructed 1577−1585 to the design of Francesco da Volterra. Following a decision by Pope Benedict XIII, the Bergamo monks bequeathed their church to the Jesuits from the neighbouring palazzo in 1725−1726.

San Macuto, Rome [SEP] They moved to a church then called Santa Maria della Pietà instead, and changed its name to Santi Bartolomeo ed Alessandro dei Bergamaschi (on the Piazza Colonna). The Jesuits rededicated the church to Saint Malo, following the vicissitudes of history together with the adjacent palazzo (later called Palazzo Gabrielli-Borromeo), which had longer been known as belonging to the Jesuits.

San Macuto, Rome [SEP] It served as the church for the Pontifical Roman Seminary, the Board of Ecclesiastical Nobles, the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum and the Pontifical Gregorian University (1873−1930). Since 1942 it has been part of the Collegio Bellarmino, formerly belonging to the Roman Province of Jesuits, now an international home for the religious order. The single nave church has a façade constructed in the 15th century, initially designed by Galvani. The entryway was further elaborated by Francesco da Volterra around 1575.

San Macuto, Rome [SEP] The interior underwent modifications in 1819 by the architect Benedetto Piernicoli, replacing the original wooden ceiling. The Bergamo monks who left the church to the Jesuits took all the furniture to their new home on the Piazza Colonna. The new owners decided to decorate the interior of the church using the three fifteenth-century altars that remained. The altar of the left wall was built around 1575 by Francesco da Volterra. It has an elegant aedicula with two pilasters with grooved sides and a triangular tympanum made of pavonazzetto.

San Macuto, Rome [SEP] The opposite altar is similar but complementary and is made of stucco. The main altar is decorated with a pair of columns made from African marble. It is crowned with a tympanum with a lunette. The left altar has a painting by Michelangelo Cerruti, depicting "The Sacred Heart adored by the Saints John Nepomuk and Louis Gonzaga" (1730s). Cerruti was commissioned by the Jesuits to complete paintings for all the altars.

San Macuto, Rome [SEP] These included the "Virgin appears to San Macuto" for the main altar, and a "Glory of St Joseph" for the right altar. The San Macuto painting depicts the church of San Macuto and the city of Saint Malo. Previously the church had paintings by Girolamo Muziano, Giuseppe Peruzzini, and Durante Alberti.

Novo Leski [SEP] Novo Leski is a village in Hadzhidimovo Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.

Mardale Ill Bell [SEP] Mardale Ill Bell is a fell in the English Lake District, rising to the south west of Haweswater Reservoir. It stands on the watershed between Mardale and Kentmere and is the highpoint of the south-eastern ridge of High Street, midway on its course to Harter Fell. The head of the Kentmere valley lies to the south-west of the fell with rough slopes leading down over scree to Kentmere Reservoir.

Mardale Ill Bell [SEP] Mardale Ill Bell sends out a short grass-topped spur, Lingmell End, which splits the head of the valley into two. The north-eastern face of Mardale Ill Bell forms the craggy backdrop to Blea Water. This perfect corrie tarn is the deepest in the Lake District at 207 ft. Its outflow feeds Haweswater, joining with that of a second tarn, Small Water. Between the two, Mardale Ill Bell throws out the rocky spur of Piot Crag.

Mardale Ill Bell [SEP] Two tiers of crag drop down to the confluence at Mardale Waters. South-east of the summit a rough narrowing ridge drops to Nan Bield Pass at 2,100 ft, before rising again over rocky steps to Harter Fell. Nan Bield was the ancient trading route between Kentmere and the now drowned village of Mardale Green, submerged by the raising of Haweswater in the 1940s. Near the shore of Small Water on the descending path are a number of stone shelters, pointers to the earlier importance of the pass.

Mardale Ill Bell [SEP] These each provide refuge for one person "in extremis", entrance being via crawling. North-west from Mardale Ill Bell the grassy ridge crosses a wet depression and then expands into a wide plateau, triangular in plan. High Street and Thornthwaite Crag are at the other two corners, with the Roman road crossing north to south. The summit has two large cairns on grass, the northern one being the top.

Mardale Ill Bell [SEP] The view westwards is confined by higher fells but the Ill Bell ridge and Coniston range are seen to good effect. Blea Water and Small Water can be brought into sight from the rim of the crags. The most popular routes of ascent are on the Mardale side. From the road end Nan Bield pass can be used, or the impressive scenery of Piot Crag can be attained from the shore of either Blea or Small Water.

Mardale Ill Bell [SEP] From Kentmere, Nan Bield provides the obvious route, although a pathless climb up to the top of Lingmell End is possible.

Innsbruck [SEP] Innsbruck (, ; ) is the capital city of Tyrol in western Austria and the fifth-largest city in Austria. It is in the Inn valley, at its junction with the Wipp valley, which provides access to the Brenner Pass some to the south. Located in the broad valley between high mountains, the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps (Hafelekarspitze, ) to the north, and the Patscherkofel () and Serles () to the south.

Innsbruck [SEP] Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports center, and hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics. Innsbruck also hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The name translates as "Inn Bridge". The earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age. Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously.