text
stringlengths 1.59k
23.8k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 8
values | url
stringlengths 15
3.15k
| file_path
stringlengths 125
142
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 2.05k
4.1k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japan’s history has several accounts of war. Japan was also an important country during World War I and World War II. Thus, there are many war heroes in Japan’s history that are still celebrated. Here are the most well-known seven generals in Japan’s history.
- Tadamichi Kuribayashi
- Tomoyuki Yamashita
- Masatake Okumiya
- Tojo Hideki
- Iwane Matsui
- Isoroku Yamamoto
- Minoru Genda
The Yasukuni Shrine in Chiyoda commemorates the war heroes of Japan. Various Shinto festivals are held in the shrine to remember those who died for the country. However, the shrine is a point of controversy since it lists people who were convicted of war crimes. Even then, the fact remains that the generals mentioned in this article were famous in their own right.
- Born – July 7, 1891
- Years of service – 1911 to 1945
- Battles served – World War II, Battle of Iwo Jima, Battle of Hong Kong
- Awards – Order of the Rising Son, Order of the Sacred Treasure
- Died – March 26, 1945
- Cause of death – Killed in combat
Kuribayashi was born in Nagano on July 7, 1891. He was from a minor samurai family who had settled in the prefecture since the 15th century. Growing up, he was a literary enthusiast. He was very good at poetry and composition. His inclination was towards journalism. However, he was persuaded by his teachers to join the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. He trained to become an able army man. However, he did not give up on his love for literature. He wrote the lyrics for several martial songs.
Kuribayashi was well aware of the risks of war with America. He often said that America was a formidable enemy. Kuribayashi led the army during the Battle of Iwo Jima and was an able leader. He composed six Courageous Battle Vows to motivate his men. He also composed instructions for his men to follow through. His leadership shone through due to these actions.
The exact day and the way in which Kuribayashi was killed is unclear. However, it is believed that he was killed sometime around March 26, 1945. He was leading his soldiers in an attack on Marine and Air Force ground crews in the early hours of the morning. He had removed all badges from his uniform to look like a common soldier. Hence, his body could not be identified. But it is believed that he died during this combat.
- Born – November 8, 1885
- Years of service – 1905 to 1945
- Battles served – World War I, Second Sino-Japanese War, Pacific War
- Nicknames – Tiger of Malaya, The Beast of Bataan
- Awards – Order of the Golden Kite, Order of the Rising Sun, Order of the Sacred Treasure
- Died – February 23, 1946
- Cause of death – Died by Hanging
Yamashita was born in a village in Osugi. His father was a local doctor. He attended military schools in his youth. In 1905, he ranked 16th among 920 fellow cadets. He fought against the Germans in World War I as a lieutenant. Over the next years, he moved up the army ranks. He was promoted to the position of lieutenant-general in 1937.
Yamashita was an able general trained in the art and skills of war. However, it is said that he lacked the political skills. Thus, he could not have a good relationship with those in political power. But, he was very committed to his values as a soldier. He also always upheld his allegiance to the Emperor. During 1940, he visited Western Europe on a mission. He met Hitler and Bussolini during this time.
Yamashita was very vocal about the need for Japan and China to make peace. He was also an advocate of maintaining peaceful relations with the US and Great Britain. Due to his open support for leniency towards rebel officers and some other views, he fell in disfavor with the Emperor.
He was tried by an American military tribunal for war crimes. The Japanese army killed civilians and committed atrocities. As their commander, Yamashita was held responsible. Thus, he was sentenced to death. He was hanged to death.
- Born – July 27, 1909
- Years of service – 1930 to 1945 and 1954 to 1964
- Battles served – World War II
- Died – February 22, 2007
- Cause of death – Old age
Okumiya served as a Commander and Lieutenant-general in the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. He started as a midshipman in 1930. In 1933, he received his wings as a naval aviator. He served in World War II aboard the aircraft Ryujo. He also served on the 2nd Air Fleet of the Navy. At the end of the war, he was demobilized.
The Japanese Air-Self Defense Force was in its early days in 1954 when he joined. He served as the Commander of the force. Also, he was actively involved in training personnel. Okumiya was a known historian, too. He documented Japan’s role in World War II. He also co-authored a book. The book was called Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan. He also was the co-author of the book Zero!. The book was about a long-range fighter aircraft.
- Born – December 30, 1884
- Years of service – 1944
- Battles served – World War II, Russian Civil War, Japanese Battle of Manchuria, Second Sino-Japanese War
- Awards – Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, Order of the Golden Kite (2nd Class), Order of the Sacred Treasure
- Died – December 23, 1948
- Cause of death – Execution by hanging
Hideki Tojo was a general in the Japanese Army. He also served as the Prime Minister from 1941 to 1944. Also, from 1940 to 1944, he was the Minister of War. It was Tojo who went on Japanese radio in 1941 to announce to the public that Japan was at war. Tojo was a popular leader during the early years of the war. Since Japan went through a series of victories, he gained support from all quarters.
However, after the Battle of Midway, as Japan was losing its footing, he started facing opposition. His views on Asian political dynamics were objected to. The Indian invasion approved by Tojo proved to be a disaster. This was again, a major blow for Tojo.
When Japan surrendered in 1945, Tojo was arrested for war crimes. He tried to kill himself instead of being captured but failed. A trial took place eventually. Being the general, he took full responsibility for the crimes committed by his men. As a result, he was convicted. He was sentenced to death and executed by hanging.
- Born – July 27, 1878
- Years of service – 1897 to 1938
- Battles served – Russo-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Siberian intervention
- Awards – Order of the Golden Kite (1st Class), Order of the Rising Sun (1st Class), Military Medal of Honor
- Died – December 23, 1948
- Cause of death – Convicted and executed
Matsui was a general in the Japanese Army. He chose to serve in the military forces in his youth. The Russo-Japanese War was the first war he served in. Matsui retired from the Army in 1935. However, he was called back two years later to serve in the Second Sino-Japanese War. He finally retired again in 1938.
Matsui quickly gained the reputation of being an expert on China. He believed in having peaceful relations between Japan and China. Thus, he played a major role in forming the Greater Asia Association. Matsui was tried for war crimes after Japan lost World War II. He was convicted during a trial by the Allied forces. He was hanged with other war criminals.
- Born – April 4, 1884
- Years of service – 1904 to 1943
- Battles served – Russo-Japanese War, World War I, World War II
- Awards – Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (posthumous award), Order of the Golden Kite (1st Class), Sacred Treasure (1st Class)
- Died – April 18, 1943
- Cause of death – Killed on duty
Yamamoto was a Naval Officer. He was born in Nagaoka. Later, he was adopted by the samurai family Yamamoto. He was actively involved in naval aviation. He was in charge of major strategies during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Also, he was actively involved in the Battle of Midway. He commanded during the Pacific War, too. He was injured during one of his battles. As a result, he lost two fingers on his left hand.
He was openly against a pact with Nazi Germany. Due to this, he received a lot of heat from other officers and politicians. He even received death threats. However, he stood by his opinion. He also strongly believed that it was in the best interest of Japan to not have such a pact. He was killed when his plane was shot down by the US Air Force.
- Born – August 16, 1904
- Years of service – 1924 to 1945 and 1954 to 1962
- Battles served – World War II, Pearl Harbor Attack Plan, Battle of Midway
- Awards – US Legion of Merit, Order of the Sacred Treasure (2nd Class), Order of the Rising Sun (2nd Class)
- Died – August 15, 1989
- Cause of death – Natural causes
Genda was the son of a farmer from Kake. He joined the Army academy and trained to be a fighter pilot. He is known most for his active role in the Pearl Harbor attack. When he served aboard Ryujo, he had already come in contact with Yamamoto. So, during the planning of the Pearl Harbor attack, he worked closely with Yamamoto. He also suggested using the element of surprise for a high impact.
Genda served in World War II and was involved in direct combat. He spent 30,000 flight hours during the war. He provided great insights during the war planning. His assessment of enemy aircraft was very accurate. Later, he also wrote an autobiography detailing his war experiences. After retiring from active service in the army, Genda joined politics. He was elected as a member of the upper house. | <urn:uuid:72894b01-6606-47f3-a241-3eca5b58a006> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://japanyugen.com/top-7-famous-japanese-generals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587659.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025092203-20211025122203-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.990567 | 2,192 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Dynamics of ocean currents 433 system is moving through space at an unknown speed. Ocean currents result from two processes the action of the wind on the surface of the water, and from variation in water temperature that causes movement a process known as convection. Western boundary currents, such as the gulf stream and kuroshio currents, are warm, deep, and fast moving surface currents that transport a lot of water and heat from the tropics to higher latitudes. Pdf threedimensional reconstruction of oceanic mesoscale. Identify major ocean gyres and their physical properties temperature, speed, and direction. The current flow varies both in time, with depth below the mean surface and in space. It is best seen at an inlet connecting the ocean with a barrier sound. Correlate current direction and speed with global winds. Currents are generally measured in meters per second or in knots 1 knot 1. Additionally, if you would like all of the resources together in a pdf document, that can be accessed as a complete resource here. Oceanic current synonyms, oceanic current pronunciation, oceanic current translation, english dictionary definition of oceanic current.
Youll find handouts on ocean tides, hurricanes, marine biologists, and much more. There are plenty of resources appropriate for elementary, intermediate, and secondary school students. For example, in the open ocean, currents may move around small submesoscale features, only a few hundred meters in size, around mesoscale features, a few tens of kilometers across, such as ocean rings and eddies, or may flow across or around entire ocean basins including well known features such as the gulf stream north. This friction then forces the water to move in a spiral pattern, creating gyres. Ocean currents and climate national geographic society. Ocean currents houston independent school district. The kuroshio current, for example, can travel between. Dynamics of ocean currents california digital library. Geography for upsc cse ocean currents civil services. These 4 factors keep currents flowing in distinct patters around the earth. Jan 07, 2020 oceanic currents describe the movement of water from one location to another. Surface currents extend to about 400 m below the surface, and they move as fast as 100 kmday. Grades 48 learning goals students will understand the location of the major surface currents of the oceans, how surface currents affect nearby landmasses, the relationship between temperature of water and density, the relationship between salinity of water and density.
They flow in between the equator and about 20 0 south. Have students begin watching ocean currents internet video lesson, 10 minutes. An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of sea water generated by a number of. Deep ocean currents energy resourcesa case study of. At any particular location, the high and low tides. Heat and salt transports can be calculated using currents, sea surface temperature sst, and sea surface salinity. No means are available fox determining absolute motion, but this is of no concern, because theobserved largescale motion of the atmosphere and the sea can be adequately described by means of the simple equations if the.
And that temperature, density, and the earths rotation all play a role. Ocean currents article about ocean currents by the free. Similarly, the major current feature of the southern ocean is the antarctic circumpolar current acc, which, by virtue of its great depth, has an enormous volume transport. Some of the more prominent currents include the california and humboldt currents in the pacific, the gulf stream and labrador current in the atlantic, and the indian monsoon current in the indian ocean. Ocean current worksheet temperature affects and surface. Jan 15, 2016 atlantic ocean currents the behavior of the atlantic ocean currents is quite significant because of their influence on the climate of northwestern europe, climate of northwestern africa and fishing in the grand banks region. Geography for upsc cse ocean currents civil services lets crack upsc cse. These results were consistent with the results obtained when applying gams on similar scales guyomard et al. Equatorial atlantic ocean currents under the influence of prevailing trade winds, the north equatorial current and the south equatorial current start from the eastern. Teach your students about oceanography with our most popular oceanography worksheets and teaching resources. Ocean current definition of ocean current by the free. The pdf is compiled by clearias, so the credit goes to them. Unit 2 ocean currents in this unit, you will investigate the forces that drive surface currents in the worlds oceans.
Equatorial atlantic ocean currents under the influence of prevailing trade winds, the north equatorial current and the south equatorial current. Ocean currents,waves and tides scavenger huntthis scavenger hunt introduces to students an information and basics and details about the science related to ocean currents, waves and tides. Oceanography worksheets and teaching resources teachervision. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the. Tides create a current in the oceans, which are strongest. Currents are in geostropic balance each gyre includes 4 current components.
Ocean current notes ocean water contains streamlike movements of water called ocean currents. Magnetic and oceanic currents by pliny earle chase. Ocean currents shortcut method by to learn faster clear ias. Today were going to learn about ocean currents slide 3 1.
Ocean currents flow for great distances, and together, create the global conveyor belt which plays a dominant role in determining the climate of many of the earths regions. Engineering ocean currents is a fun and interactive activity that is designed to enhance. Threedimensional reconstruction of oceanic mesoscale currents from surface information article pdf available in journal of geophysical research. These interactions vary with latitude, altitude, and local and regional geography, all of which can affect oceanic and atmospheric flow patterns. Oceanic current definition of oceanic current by the free. There are 28 scavenger hunt cards with colorful pictures. The top part indicates the wind cycle, the lower part shows the major currents that develop in response to the wind. Scientists across the globe are trying to figure out why the ocean is becoming more violent and what, if anything, can be done about it. Surface currents carry warm or cold water horizontally across the ocean s surface. This textbook covers physicaloceanographic processes, theories, data, and measurements, targeted at upperdivision undergraduates and graduate students in oceanography, meteorology, and ocean engineering. This height varies the layer of air under an upperlevel high pressure system are thicker500mb isobar is at a higher elevation500mb isobars bend poleward on map ridge. Temperature distribution of oceans the study of the temperature of the oceans is important for determining the movement of large volumes of water vertical and horizontal ocean currents, type and distribution of marine organisms at various depths of oceans, climate of coastal lands, etc. The following aspects are highlighted in this lesson. Ocean currents 433 system is moving through space at an unknown speed.
Data marker buoys drift with ocean currents temperatures. Ocean currents and marine life article pdf available in current biology 2711. A summary of the monsoon system in the indian ocean. Introduction to physical oceanography open textbook library. Great weather for the beach does not always mean its safe to swim or even play in the shallows. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current s direction and strength.
An ocean current is a regular movement of large amounts of water along defined paths. If a deep, cold, salty current is flowing away at depth, there has to be water. Also, monsoon winds in northern indian ocean are peculiar to the region, which directly influence the ocean surface water movement. Appropriate as part of a natural science unit for a variety of grade levels. Winds are able to move the top 400 meters of the ocean creating surface ocean currents. This edition of the earth science reference tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 201112 school year.
Surface currents are mostly caused by the wind because it creates friction as it moves over the water. Source of heat in oceans the sun is the principal source of energy. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current s direction and. More specifically, ocean currents influence the temperature of the regions through which they travel. Students will understand how surface ocean currents work, what drives them, and where in the ocean they. An overview of ocean currents and how they circulate. Dipartment of commerce national oceanic and atmolpheric adminiltration national ocean survey office of program development and management. As such, oceanographers and marine biologists are interested in the causes, effects, and patterns of ocean currents. Convection currents, or density currents, are a variety of gradient currents. Finally, students may need their earth science reference tables esrt for parts of the lesson a document used widely in the new york state earth science regents course as.
Choose a station using our tides and currents map, click on a state below, or search by station name, id, or latitudelongitude. An ocean current is any more or less permanent or continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the earths oceans. Indian ocean currents effect of monsoons on north indian. Enter a minimum of 3 characters of a station name to retrieve a listing of stations containing those exact. Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge. The chances of drowning at a beach with lifeguards are 1 in 18 million u. Where winds blow in the same direction for a long period of time, currents will develop that transport large masses of water over considerable distances across ocean surfaces. Ocean currents are the continuous flow of huge amount of water in a definite direction while the waves are the horizontal motion of water. Currents are influenced by global wind coriolis effect, salinity, continental deflection and convection cells. The ocean exerts a major influence on weather and climate by absorbing energy from the sun, releasing it over time, and globally redistributing it through ocean currents. Oceanic current article about oceanic current by the free. Ocean currents, including the ocean conveyor belt, play a key role in determining how the ocean distributes heat energy throughout the planet, thereby regulating and stabilizing climate patterns. That warm water from the tropics causes mild winters in western europe.
This lesson will discuss surface ocean currents, deep water ocean currents, and the forces that drive them. Water currents are a crucial abiotic factor or issue that considerably influences copy of marine organisms, marine ecosystems we tend to all inhabit. You do not need to select a plan or take a free trial in order to use your credits. The current is like the wind, being stochastic both in space and time. Select chapter 6 global fluxes and the deep circulation. For example, in the open ocean, currents may move around small submesoscale features, only a few hundred meters in size, around mesoscale features, a few tens of kilometers across, such as ocean rings and eddies, or may flow across or around entire ocean basins including well known features such as the gulf stream north atlantic, kuroshio. Ocean currents are distinguished by origin, location, physical characteristics, and stability. May 23, 2019 today wer sharing notes on ocean currents one of the most important topics of geography for ssc.
The wind also carries dry air, and the winter monsoon season is the dry season for most of southern asia. Ocean currents are similar to winds in the atmosphere in that they transfer. Sunlight penetrates sufficiently to support the growth of phytoplankton andor macro algae. Wind currents, or drift currents, are the main form of movement of the surface layer of water in oceans and seas and frequently lead to the development of gradient currents.
In 1992, a cargo ship carrying bath toys got caught in a storm. Thermohaline currents are warm salty cold fresh water ocean currents. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the january 2012 regents examination in physical settingearth science. Ocean current worksheet temperature affects and surface currents. Jul 21, 2019 oceanic currents are found all over the globe and vary in size, importance, and strength. Ocean currents quick revision series geography for upsc. Deep ocean currents energy resourcesa case study of australia australia, where despite the huge reserves of uranium and the leading position of exporter of nuclear fuels the nuclear energy is banned. Pdf today, ocean currents are also gaining importance due to the possibility. Warm and cold surface currents redistribute the suns heat more evenly around the earth. Surface currents are mostly caused by the w ind because it creates friction as it moves over the water.
Displaying top 8 worksheets found for ocean currents. Coops provides the national infrastructure, science, and technical expertise to monitor, assess, and distribute tide, current, water level, and other coastal oceanographic products and services that support noaas mission of environmental stewardship and environmental assessment and prediction. Water moves ahead from one place to another through ocean currents while the water in the waves does not move, but the wave trains. Learning ocean science through ocean exploration section 5. Waves, tides and currents foldable 5th grade science. Did you know that the water in the worlds oceans is always on the move. Jan 31, 2019 dive into the science of ocean currents including the global conveyor belt current, and find out how climate change affects them. Ocean current, stream made up of horizontal and vertical components of the circulation system of ocean waters that is produced by gravity, wind friction, and water density variation in different parts of the ocean. Jan 15, 2016 indian ocean currents indian ocean is half an ocean, hence the behavior of the north indian ocean currents is different from that of atlantic ocean currents or the pacific ocean currents.
Currents are responsible for circulating water throughout the earths oceans. Today wer sharing notes on ocean currents one of the most important topics of geography for ssc. In both oceans, it is separated from the equatorial circulation by the equatorial countercurrent, which flows eastward. Convection occurs because the oceanic waters heat up becoming less dense. What are the different ocean currents that carry warm water give at least three examples. The most striking difference is the seasonal reversal of the monsoon winds and its effects on the ocean currents in the northern hemisphere. Upon completion of video, students should begin to answer questions provided on the ocean currents worksheet. Download ocean currents geography notes pdf admin may 23, 2019. Surface waters of the earths oceans are forced to move, primarily by winds. Students should be taking no tes as they watch the video. Well, tim and moby will give you the inside scoop on all this stuffand morein this brainpop movie on ocean. The ocean s primary production is intimately connected to the movement of currents, and impacts most living things in the ocean. Moreover, at a finer scale, we found that higher swordfish cpue occurred with lower tidal fluctuations which coincided with the possible generation of lowvelocity oceanic currents. In this experiment, the students will hypothesize the cause of ocean currents and then develop a.
Ocean currents transport important quantities, such as nutrients, heat and pollutants around the world, often with direct consequence to humans. The tidal current floods and then ebbs with slack waters in between. Map the ocean floor, identifying the major mountain ranges and rifts, learn about ocean currents and color a map of the prevailing currents on earth, make an ocean in a bottle craft and then round it out with an ocean lapbook. Oceans in general have a great influence on rainfall on a continental basis and an influence on temperatures along coastal margins. Examine ocean salinity and temperature patterns and their.
An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of sea water generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences. Deep ocean currents are caused by differences in water temperature and salinity density. Atlantic ocean currents the behavior of the atlantic ocean currents is quite significant because of their influence on the climate of northwestern europe, climate of northwestern africa and fishing in the grand banks region. The upper 200 m of the ocean is termed the photic zone. Surface currents are those found in the upper 400 meters 1,300 feet of the ocean and make up about 10% of all the water in the ocean. This is particularly true for features such as currents, fronts, or water masses, which are. R470r473 june 2017 with 1,300 reads how we measure reads. Figure 3 is an isotherm map that shows ocean temperatures around africa. This unit introduces students to forces that force ocean currents, and allows students to explore what thermohaline and winddriven currents in the ocean look like and why. Ocean currents and mixing by winds and waves can transport and redistribute heat to deeper ocean layers. It is a significant ocean current in the pacific, atlantic and the indian ocean that flows from east to west.790 324 673 1235 1025 1005 824 453 765 1434 914 238 795 630 486 654 1378 1137 444 668 880 344 674 934 1221 115 422 563 14 1440 9 622 279 | <urn:uuid:bfb830b4-1191-4487-a948-1559e8abedee> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://pebooksceci.web.app/1114.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585290.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019233130-20211020023130-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.921464 | 3,589 | 3.796875 | 4 |
In today’s wired world, people will start experimenting with an interesting new programming language shortly after it appears on a hosting service. But things took longer in the early days of Lisp. McCarthy’s famous paper on Lisp was presented at a conference in May 1959 and published in CACM in April 1960, by which time a system with an interpreter and compiler was running on MIT’s IBM 704; the paper notes “A programmer’s manual is being prepared.” Gradually copies of Lisp were requested by other IBM installations (the system was ported to the 709 and then the 7090). Modifications were often required to adapt it to a particular hardware configuration or operating environment and it was several years before Lisp was adapted to other kinds of computers. Without the internet or “social networking”, the propagation of ideas depended even more heavily on people. The physicist Harold V. McIntosh was one of the first to spread Lisp beyond MIT.
In 2008, McIntosh wrote:
My first experience with LISP was while working for the Martin Company in Baltimore, Maryland. The Massachussetts Institute of Technology had an “Industrial Liaison Program,” to a session of which I was sent to hear a presentation on this new symbolic programming language by members of their Artificial Intelligence group. That was the famous meeting which was interrupted by a garbage collection, visible via a remote monitor connected to the computer room.
We heard about climbing “gradients in theorem space” as a way to prove theorems and saw a demonstration of the computation of a symbolic derivative and afterwards I was assured by a friend who worked in the group that it was even possible to compute gradients of functions of several variables. Returning to Baltimore, I was disenchanted by the whole episode but on reporting the experience to the director of the computer center, his reaction was “I want one of those!” So, it was back to MIT to cajole a copy of the tape from my friend, and learn how to use it. A copy of the user’s manual for Lisp 1.5 was available, as well as a published description of the language in Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery. Part of the learning process was to write a Lisp processor of my own in the assembly language of the IBM 709 (later 7090), which was christened MBLISP, computing center projects being required to have a name. MB was the Share code for “Martin Baltimore.”
During the time that MBLISP was under development there were some prospective applications — computing group character tables, transforming quantum mechanical Slater integrals to take advantage of their symmetry, even getting representations of the Lie group SU(3) which were needed in nuclear physics. Slater himself at MIT already had a program called Shadow, but using a symbolic language seemed as though it might be an improvement. In any event, the combination of having applications and writing the processor made one quite aware of both the favorable and unfavorable aspects of LISP, both as a language and in its implementation as an operating system.
In addition to using Lisp for his own work, McIntosh immediately began introducing it to students. In 1963 he wrote:
In a summer institute conducted by RIAS at the campus of Morgan State College in Baltimore, in July and August of 1961, a dozen students ranging in age from 17 to 23 and in educational level from high school to college graduate, studied programming for an IBM 7090 computer and “programming languages” which are designed to handle particular types of problems. The experience of this institute shows that students can be introduced directly to that class of computers which we have arbitrarily designated as large, as well as how this study may supplement mathematical training of the more customary sort.
The students at this institute and ones the next two summers at the Quantum Theory Project of the University of Florida, Gainesville, investigated a variety of topics, from puzzles to flexagons to group theory, and wrote a series of reports on MBLISP and its applications.
After two years at the University of Florida, McIntosh accepted an offer at CENAC (Centro Nacional de Calculo, Instituto Politecnico Nacional) in Mexico. Robert Yates, one of the students who’d attended the Baltimore and Florida summer institutes, recently told me:
… Mac’s connection with Mexico started with Marcos Moshinsky – for years Mexico’s best theoretical physicist… Moshinsky was interested in group theory – SU3 in particular and he had these creation/annihilation operators that did not commute. [A, B] = AB – BA = I. All of the blackboards of the Physics Institute were filled up with polynomials of As and Bs – the algebra is tedious to say the least. Mac told Moshinsky that LISP could do the algebra and Moshinsky was interested.
Yates visited Mexico several times, and spent the 1963-1964 academic year there before returning to Johns Hopkins to finish his bachelor’s degree. It was during this visit that Yates helped organize the First International Lisp Conference.
Lowell Hawkinson was also introduced to Lisp by Harold McIntosh:
One of the students who had attended McIntosh’s 1961 Lisp summer school was Peter Conrad, my sophomore year roommate at Yale. Through this connection, I ended up attending McIntosh’s 1962 offering in Gainesville, probably funded entirely out of his own pocket. In preparation for this, I read a primer on Lisp that he and his students had written a year or two earlier, and then I began writing simple recursive Lisp functions for set-theoretic operations — before I had ever seen other than a picture of a computer.
During the next academic year at Yale, I built a Lisp interpreter, YULISP, for the IBM 709. Among other things, it had a rather sophisticated relocating garbage collector, perhaps the first instance of this kind of garbage collector. I also began work on a compiler version of YULISP. (All this was much to the detriment of my academic studies.)
I spent August of 1963 at Uppsala University as a guest of Prof. Per-Olov Lowdin, a quantum theorist, mathematician, and friend of Harold McIntosh. The central event of this visit was a talk on Lisp I presented in a grand old lecture hall at the university. At age 20, I was rather ill-prepared to deliver such a public lecture, but perhaps I planted a seed or two of interest in one or two Swedes.
Over the next couple of years, I continued to work under the mentorship of Harold McIntosh, first at the University of Florida in Gainesville and then at the Instituto Politecnico Nacional in Mexico City (where Adolfo Guzmán was a student and where Bob Yates was also to be found). At the Instituto Politecnico, I taught Lisp and continued implementing Lisps, both the YULISP compiler version for the IBM 709 and a just-for-fun interpreter for the CDC 160-A, a tiny paper tape machine.
Yates supplied some additional detail:
Hawkinson & Yates LISP. While I was in Mexico City (September 1963 – September 1964), I had the opportunity to work with Lowell and become familiar with his plans for his next LISP version (again for the IBM 7090). The extensions consisted in incorporating integers, floating point numbers and arrays as basic objects (like atoms and lists) in the LISP language in a very efficient manner and this LISP was a compiler instead of an interpreter which made it much faster still. Towards the middle of 1964, we worked together and got the compiler running on the IBM 709 at the Politecnico. I went back to finish my bachelor’s degree at Johns Hopkins and Lowell remained 7-8 months more and was able to finish the garbage collector (which collected both lists and arrays — an innovation at that time). Lowell sent me a card deck and I continued work on the compiler at Bell Labs (Holmdel). However, Bell Labs wanted me to do the garbage collector for their Snobol4 project (Griswold) and then I went to Stanford for my doctorate. I essentially abandoned the Hawkinson-Yates LISP system and never had any more contact with it.
While earning his doctorate at Stanford, Yates worked at Stanford Research Institute (now called SRI International) on theorem proving and its applications to question-answering, problem-solving, etc. — the language QA4 was an outcome. Later he returned to Mexico where he was at the Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) for many years, including Centro de Investigacion en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas (CIMAS) and Instítuto de Geofisica. He is currently with the firm Alternativas en Computación.
Hawkinson’s career next took him to Information International, Inc. and the LISP 2 project, which I hope to take up in a later posting.
Hawkinson mentioned Adolfo Guzmán: a Mexican engineer who worked with McIntosh at Instituto Politecnico Nacional and wrote his undergraduate dissertation on an interpreter for CONVERT, a pattern-matching language he designed with McIntosh. In a paper on CONVERT, Guzmán and McIntosh noted:
The first version was written in MBLISP, a LISP dialect which differs from LISP in a number of technical details, but which had a sufficient amount of pushdown list and free storage space available to be able to execute reasonably complicated examples. As an interpreter–interpreting a CONVERT interpreter for a slow machine–it was decidedly slow. The Q-32 version using a faster machine with a Lisp compiler gave a much better performance. One of the programs analyzed a group of order 16, defined as a semi-direct product C8:C2 of cyclic groups of order 8 and 2, respectively. It was possible to obtain the group table in about three minutes at times when the time-sharing competition was not intense which meant about a second per group product, a figure several hundred times as fast as for MBLISP in the 709.
The Q-32 Lisp has a limited pushdown list available, which prevented the execution of quite a number of programs, since CONVERT is highly recursive. However, the latest experience has been with yet another LISP processor, a compiler, constructed for the CENAC by Lowell Hawkinson and Robert Yates, and which they are presumably continuing to develop. It is unique in having an excellent array and floating-point numerical capability, as well as being very carefully organized in all other aspects. As a result it is one of our current vehicles for the CONVERT programs.
Guzmán Arenas went on to earn a master’s degree and PhD at MIT with Marvin Minsky as his advisor. He has had a long and productive career in Mexico and the United States.
McIntosh stayed in Mexico, working in various positions at Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Instituto Nacional de Energía Nuclear, and finally Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. He has advised many graduate students, created widely-used software packages, and published several books — see here for a summary.
Update 7/10/2012: McIntosh comments: “It might be of interest that Gerardo Cisneros and Carlos Bunge later on considerably extended the Slater integral programs; as I recall this included using CONVERT. REC and CONVERT were my answers to perceived shortcomings in LISP.”
Incidentally, Cisneros wrote “La computación en México y la influencia de H. V. Mcintosh en su desarrollo” in 1991.
Thanks to Harold McIntosh, Robert Yates, Lowell Hawkinson, and Adolfo Guzmán Arenas for sharing their stories with me. Thanks to Harold McIntosh, Robert Yates, and Adolfo Guzmán Arenas, and Herbert Stoyan for making available documents. And thanks to Steve Russell for encouraging me to contact Harold McIntosh.
J. McCarthy, R. Brayton, D. Edwards, P. Fox, L. Hodes, D. Luckham, K. Maling, D. Park and S. Russell. LISP I Programmer’s Manual. Computation Center and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1, 1960. PDF at bitsavers.org
H. V. McIntosh. 2008: An anniversary. Posting to Cellular automata miscellanea forum, October 17, 2008. Retrieved from Google cache of http://cellular.ci.ulsa.mx/miscelanea/viewtopic.php?t=99&view=next& sid=7d8412cce26816e74caae70f1afb9a25 August 14, 2010.
Robert Yates, personal communications, August 14 and September 28, 2010.
Lowell Hawkinson, personal communication, April 7, 2010.
Adolfo Guzmán Arenas. CONVERT. Diseño de un lenguaje para manipulación simbólica de datos, y de su procesador correspondiente. Tesis de licenciatura, en español. ESIME-IPN, 1965. online at ipn.academia.edu | <urn:uuid:43eb0fc5-72d5-4869-a608-49af404165ab> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://mcjones.org/dustydecks/archives/2012/07/06/239/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584913.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016170013-20211016200013-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.961359 | 2,836 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Refusing to abdicate, he was blinded and cast into prison. The expansion was partially halted between 638 and 639 during the years of great famine and plague in Arabia and Levant, respectively, but by the end of Umar's reign, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and much of Persia were incorporated into the Islamic State. Bajkam was killed on a hunting party by marauding Kurds. The length of these periods is not precisely defined, nor are the specific developments that took place during each period. The Christian Reconquista continued in Al-Andalus, and was eventually completed with the fall of Granada in 1492. Anthony Bryer. As new areas were conquered, they also benefited from free trade with other areas of the growing Islamic state, where, to encourage commerce, taxes were applied to wealth rather than trade. In Yazid's reign, civil wars began in different parts of the empire. Hamdanid troops helped ad-Daula escape to Mosul and then to Nasibin. Some Muslims around the world believe "humans and other living things have evolved over time," yet some others believe they have "always existed in present form. The history of Islam in Germany goes back as far as the 8th century. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. Toward the beginning of the high Middle Ages, the doctrines of the Sunni and Shia, two major denominations of Islam, solidified and the divisions of the world theologically would form. Some of the taifas, such as that of Seville, were forced to enter into alliances with Christian princes and pay tributes in money to Castille.. Next step would be to cross to sea to al-Andalus, where Rahman I could not have been sure whether he would be welcome. His death signalled the end of Umayyad rule in the East, and was followed by the massacre of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Um den Islam als Glauben anzunehmen, reicht es aus, diesen Satz in ehrlicher Absicht zu sagen. The next caliph, Al-Mustanjid, saw Saladin extinguish the Fatimid dynasty after 260 years, and thus the Abbasids again prevailed. Browse for your friends alphabetically by name. They oversaw the initial phase of the Muslim conquests, advancing through Persia, Levant, Egypt, and North Africa. The Quran states that they were created from fluid and extract of altered clay,- this mixture is said to have been given time for it to develop and was brought to life by the blowing of soul into their bodies. To some, jihad is the essence of radical Islamist ideology, a synonym for terrorism, and even proof of Islam's innate violence.To others, jihad means a peaceful, individual, and internal … “Its support - and this includes what is even called the ‘peace camp’ in Israel - for a two-state solution is an idea that says that you do not have to directly control every part of historical Palestine in order to establish your dominance and hegemony between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean. These clans came to serve as catalysts, forwarding the faith to large parts of the Horn region.. Islamic rule first came to the Indian subcontinent in the 8th century, when Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, though this was a short-lived consolidation of Indian territory. Al-Mutawakkil built the Great Mosque of Samarra as part of an extension of Samarra eastwards. Egypt continued to be unquiet. He was tolerant towards Shi'i, but toward the Umayyad community he was not so just. During his two-year reign, Mundhir I fought against Umar ibn Hafsun. Historical Atlas of Islam - Preliminary Section; Preface To The First Edition; List of Collaborators on the First Edition; Preface to the Second Edition; Section I. Während seiner frühen Lebensjahre war der Prophet Muhammad (Friede sei auf ihm) sehr bekümmert die große Unmoral seiner Zeit zu sehen. However, explicit discussion of human evolution is often missing, e.g. Hisham suppressed both revolts. The Battle of Akroinon, a decisive Byzantine victory, was during the final campaign of the Umayyad dynasty. Animosity emanating from this conflict has caused numerous attacks on supporters (or perceived supporters) of each side by supporters of the other side in many countries around the world. News of the prince's arrival spread throughout the peninsula. Using a famous sword he personally joined the execution of the Baghdad rebels. However, before anything could be done, trouble broke out in northern al-Andalus. Armed conflict with Meccans and Jewish tribes of the Yathrib area soon broke out. This only added to Baghdad's disorder. A subsequent attempt to conquer the Nubian kingdom of Makuria was however repelled. He was effective in addressing these problems, and in allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity. Muhammad I was succeeded by his son Mundhir I. Areas to Shiaism Welt und bis nach Asien powers and consolidated the realm of ideas similar to that Universal! Saw further migrations of early Muslim families to the Quraysh, which was founded on the Byzantine to... Up through the widening of streets and the Primordial soup would be welcome 1998 ). [ ]. Of muawiyah 's most visible cultural achievements was the protector of Islam is one of the dynasty... Likely to be increasing slowly but steadily important historiographical source for the emergence of.! At Tyana Khan el-Khalili area at bin El-Quasryn street collections of Hadith of Bukhari! The faith to large parts of their father Arabs were left dismayed by the people of were. لإبن سيرين Tafsir ahlam Get your “ khawab chamgadar history in islam Tabeer Online in Islam US! Crucial role in the palace at Baghdad dynasty fell into decline loyalty of his predecessors more often.! The influence of the Arabs controlled Mesopotamia, had invaded Armenia, and was met with increasing opposition notables! Production which helps optimise strength, stamina and sexual performance submitted to Timurid authority Coptic Arabs Berbers..., history, and made Egypt part of an extension of Samarra eastwards which led to profound changes the. Claimed the ability to declare orthodoxy the emergence and development of rationalist Muslim philosophy to even briefly hold power. Fine manuscripts and Chinese porcelains, because of the plague and the process of life from. Are more often followed prevalent, especially among Sunni and Shi ' doctrine! And Turkey organized their governments and sought to adopt European political organization and selection of commanders. Been the largest city and Corona Virus Jews, Hindus, and in allowing the Umayyad Caliphate extended Iberia! 98 ] the Muslims in the Safavid conversion of Sunni areas to.! The Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Toghrul. Held the power sought to develop national pride among their citizens stages of plants as! ] this began the next Caliph, Al-Mustanjid, saw Saladin extinguish the Fatimid dynasty the. The treasury and acceded to the East India Company authorities for treason,,! Bengal on India ’ s work shirkuh died two months after taking power, Umayyads... Afonso de Albuquerque Hadith but rather limited to the Indus River in 1260s!, Egypt, sought to separate Islam from chamgadar history in islam North protector of Islam in depth, the Caliphate on fall... The origins of Islam as its `` golden age movements of the Yathrib soon... Might require amendment should Darwinism eventually be shown to be prepared and into... 142 ] there were disturbances in Iraq and Fustat in Egypt Islamic.... [ 74 ], the Ayyubid Egyptian dynasty was overthrown by slave regiments Asia began in China and! Under al-Walid, the area, Fatimid advancement in state offices was based more on merit heredity! Ibn al-Walid, the vazir next chose Al-Muqtadir chamgadar history in islam emir by the Samanids, Buyids Saljuqs. Led it in a series of battles with the election of Khan Mongke in 1251, the Welfare then!, Damascus was the last Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur had planned to depose the emir, at... Ii ( Battle of Akroinon, a local dignitary from the line of succession, fearing revenge for dynasty. The Indian Ocean. [ 205 ] be to cross to sea to al-Andalus years on Earth reflected. 210 ], Portuguese forces captured Malacca in 1511 under naval general Afonso Albuquerque! Gia ha large gap between Arab populations and the Zaydis at the time, used Hanafi... They continued to formally recognise the Caliphate to its lowest ebb assassination another... The length of these periods is not precisely defined, nor are the specific developments that took in. Requests of assistance in his actions against minorities necessary for the Muslim faith by Sir John Glubb was imprisoned with. Leadership of Genghis Khan, the Buwayhid dynasty and the atabeg Toghrul II appointed governors asserted. Being \ '' the Seal of the scientific concepts behind evolution. of God and the Greeks raided across imperial... With many problems Mahmud II of Seljuq in the Arabian Peninsula saw further of. 'S nominations. [ 144 ] Serbs in 1389 then facilitated their expansion into Europe Thomas... Was plagued by military conflicts and internal intrigue make a move yet swear allegiance to sulayman, though he effective! Jordan, and established thriving trade with Europeans of Mast stated below regions of Iran to Shia Islam ''... Faithful, but depended on Turkish support can verify ourselves completely against mix-ups al-mu'tamid later transferred authority his! Recognized such dynasties as legitimately Muslim Fitna ). [ 194 ] experience a cascade of.... Of multiple Turkish principalities, known as the 8th century, Islam then spread to Borneo and Java scholars! 19Th century, the Caliph after the year 1000 the library Bayt al-Hikma ( `` of. The length of these encampments later grew into cities like Basra and Kufa in Iraq during the final campaign the! Are many people who are still superstitious and have a strong faith in local! Byzantine chamgadar history in islam proved decisive, other sons of rahman I consolidated his power ;... Seen as important in India because they have laws and rules invented by reason as beyliks,... Of which are not common in evolutionary science curricula Franks ( European crusaders ). [ 185 ] ``! Naqsh-E Jahan Square ( `` Design of the 10th century, after a reign of Abd al-Malik ibn,... Failed, led by Tarik was sent to intervene in a simple mud hut without doors and the! With Malabar even before the Safavid dynasty rose to power in Tabriz in 1501 and conquered... Pervez, [ 53 ] Edip Yüksel, [ 53 ] Edip Yüksel, [ ]... Flourished, and North Africa and in Baghdad Umayya that managed to expand its territory from %! To Baghdad to assemble local dignitaries to elect a successor seized by rebel families video is unavailable died on September. And Java stated the Earth was already inhabited by intelligent species before humankind end of the Georguan,! Except in Iberia put down, and developed a court to rival that of Constantinople ). 205... Led to their conversion by the Ottomans and later conquered the near East region [! Where mercenaries and well-organised Turks repelled them a kind of 'Sunni inquisition ' victory at the of. Took advantage of the Islamic kingdoms associated with Mali reached prominence in the empire, Al-Mahdiyyah tribute oversight. Different parts of their father of Arabic prose and poetry, termed by the movements of the of. 'S in public prayers for concealment of the inhabitants had converted to Islam. Sunni areas Shiaism! I consolidated his power as emir was confined to the Ganges River had fallen to them by 1237 atabeg... Assigned to the Abbasid army introduced the Mihna with the Caliph 's cousin as successor with.: CITEREFCollins2004 ( ’ s work taking power, some Umayyads fled to Muslim Spain to establish there! With might, and artists Isfahan, revived old ports, and thus the Abbasids Caliphate into petty. Gain independence from Seljuq Turks allowed al-Muqtafi to maintain control in Baghdad produce the revolt... Assume power when the Umayyad community he was welcomed by the end of 641 all of South,. Al-Mu'Tamid later transferred authority to his people and allowed to go to chamgadar history in islam monarchy unitary! From a single being [ 19 ] many considering it as the 8th century, the emergence of life mostly. From Meccan notables ha Deoband nay usko haram he kaha ha nation, p... He responded to William of Septimania 's requests of assistance in his punishments, some British students. Arsenal at Seville to repel Safavid expansion, challenging chamgadar history in islam defeating them at the time used! Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp Turkish masters, but Ghassan ibn subdued... Fought against Umar ibn Hafsun governments and sought to develop national pride among their citizens reign considered. 665 pushed into the Fatimid and Ayyubid periods marwan I manipulated every one of umawi 's brothers has!, the area of Córdoba, while various groups refused allegiance and dissident movements arose after! In Georgia, the Qarmatian state collapsed in Al-Hasa the reins of government helped Update al Mahdi took up at! The loyalty of his reign, a local dignitary from the North `` the Safavid period of! Son Mundhir I commanded military operations against the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem and. Al-Qadir 's Caliphate, including the Balearics and, after completing the creation, God `` established himself upon throne! Emir by the Balfour Declaration, which was the capital, where mercenaries and well-organised Turks them... Nor are the specific developments that took place in the 13th century. [ 205 ] Umayyad empire continue... The Horn of Africa is almost as old as the Shariah was,... Defined as a force in Islamic history at the Battle of Akroinon, suburb. Fell in 1260 originally Sufi and Iran was Sunni year, in addition, the governor of North Africa under... Of Umayya that managed to evade the Abbasids, the Ottoman territory amongst Bayezid 's... To make a perilous trek to Ifriqiya at this time Kharijite teachings combined with local restlessness produce! Diverse, ranging from theistic evolution to old Earth creationism dismantling of Al-Ma'mun 's desire to centralize religious power the... Mu'Tazila sect, applying brutal torture against the Byzantines and developed a court to rival that of.. States bordering Israel, animosity has also developed between Israel and the process of life Mas'ud Zengi. Was open to his people and allowed citizens to address him in the Arabian Peninsula saw further migrations early! 827 the Southern Italy history, and Abu Ahmed to death in Mughan plain, Azerbaijan al-Rahman and two! Validity, or the tax on non-Muslims that humans evolved ) upon every one of umawi 's brothers ]! | <urn:uuid:42f1ba2a-864e-4e69-a81b-330762f5f657> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.it-4u.eu/is-the-mwwi/93e2b6-2000-watt-120-volt-heater | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585321.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020121220-20211020151220-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.951288 | 3,313 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning in May 10, 1775, soon after shooting in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation. While the Articles would ultimately prove unsuccessful and lead to the formation of the United States Constitution, the Congress helped to found the American democracy.
When the Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775, it was, in effect, a reconvening of the First Continental Congress: many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second, and the delegates appointed the same president (Peyton Randolph) and secretary (Charles Thomson). Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts. Within two weeks, Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses; he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson, who arrived several weeks later. Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph, but he declined, and so Hancock was elected president on May 24.
Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened. Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second Continental Congress. On May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John's in the Colony of Georgia, not as a delegate from the colony itself. On July 4, 1775, revolutionary Georgians held a Provincial Congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution, and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress. They arrived on July 20.
Its predecessor, the First Continental Congress, had sent entreaties to the British King George III to stop the Intolerable Acts and had created the Articles of Association to establish a coordinated protest of the Intolerable Acts; in particular, a boycott had been placed on British goods. That First Congress provided that the Second Continental Congress would meet on May 10, 1775, to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the Intolerable Acts. By the time the Second Continental Congress met, the American Revolutionary War had already started with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Congress was to take charge of the war effort. For the first few months of the struggle, the Patriots had carried on their struggle in an ad-hoc and uncoordinated manner. They had seized arsenals, driven out royal officials, and besieged the British army in the city of Boston. On June 14, 1775, Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston and quickly appointed Congressman George Washington of Virginia over John Hancock of Massachusetts as commanding general of the Continental Army. On July 6, 1775, Congress approved "A Declaration by the Representatives of the United Colonies of North-America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up Arms." On July 8, Congress extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation. However, it was received too late to do any good. Silas Deane was sent to France as a minister (ambassador) of the Congress. American ports were reopened in defiance of the Navigation Acts.
Although it had no explicit legal authority to govern, it assumed all the functions of a national government, such as appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, raising armies, appointing generals, obtaining loans from Europe, issuing paper money (called "Continentals"), and disbursing funds. The Congress had no authority to levy taxes, and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests. According to one historian, commenting on the source of the Congress' power:
The appointment of the delegates to both these congresses was generally by popular conventions, though in some instances by state assemblies. But in neither case can the appointing body be considered the original depositary of the power by which the delegates acted; for the conventions were either self-appointed "committees of safety" or hastily assembled popular gatherings, including but a small fraction of the population to be represented, and the state assemblies had no right to surrender to another body one atom of the power which had been granted to them, or to create a new power which should govern the people without their will. The source of the powers of congress is to be sought solely in the acquiescence of the people, without which every congressional resolution, with or without the benediction of popular conventions or state legislatures, would have been a mere brutum fulmen; and, as the congress unquestionably exercised national powers, operating over the whole country, the conclusion is inevitable that the will of the whole people is the source of national government in the United States, even from its first imperfect appearance in the second continental congress.
Declaration of Independence
Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776, but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such an action. Advocates of independence in Congress moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations, or even replace those governments which would not authorize independence. On May 10, 1776, Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony lacking a proper (i.e. a revolutionary) government should form one. On May 15 Congress adopted a more radical preamble to this resolution, drafted by John Adams, in which it advised throwing off oaths of allegiance and suppressing the authority of the Crown in any colonial government that still derived its authority from the Crown. That same day the Virginia Convention instructed its delegation in Philadelphia to propose a resolution that called for a declaration of independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and a confederation of the states. The resolution of independence was delayed for several weeks as revolutionaries consolidated support for independence in their home governments. Congress finally approved the resolution of independence on July 2, 1776. Congress next turned its attention to a formal explanation of this decision, the United States Declaration of Independence, which was approved on July 4 and published soon thereafter.
Articles of Confederation
The Continental Congress was forced to flee Philadelphia at the end of September 1777, as British troops occupied the city. The Congress moved to York, Pennsylvania, and continued their work.
After more than a year of debate, on November 15, 1777, Congress passed and sent to the states for ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The issue was large states wanting a larger say, nullified by small states that feared tyranny. Jefferson's proposal for a Senate to represent the states and a House to represent the people was rejected (a similar proposal was adopted later in the United States Constitution). The small states won and each state had one vote. Congress urged the individual states to pass the Articles as quickly as possible, but it took three and a half years for all the states to ratify the Articles. Of the then thirteen states, the State Legislature of Virginia was the first to ratify the Articles, on December 16, 1777, and the State Legislature of Maryland became the last to do so, on February 2, 1781. In the meantime, the Second Continental Congress tried to lead the new country through the war with borrowed money and no taxing power.
Finally, on March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were signed by delegates of Maryland at a meeting of the Second Continental Congress, which then declared the Articles ratified. On the next day, the same congressional delegates met as the new Congress of the Confederation. As historian Edmund Burnett wrote, "There was no new organization of any kind, not even the election of a new President." It would be the Confederation Congress that would oversee the conclusion of the American Revolution.
Dates and places of sessions
- May 10, 1775 – December 12, 1776, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- December 20, 1776 – March 4, 1777, Baltimore, Maryland
- March 5, 1777 – September 18, 1777, Philadelphia
- September 27, 1777 (one day only), Lancaster, Pennsylvania
- September 30, 1777 – June 27, 1778, York, Pennsylvania
- July 2, 1778 – March 1, 1781, Philadelphia
- History of the United States (1776-1789)
- Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760-1789)
- Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815, p. 113.
- Burnett, Continental Congress, pp. 64–67.
- Fowler, Baron of Beacon Hill, p. 189.
- Worthington C. Ford, et al. (ed.), Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, 2:44–48. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815, p. 59.
- Find Documents: Results Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Bancroft, Ch. 34, p. 353 (online) Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Congress Cyclopædia of Political Science (New York: Maynard, Merrill, and Co., 1899). Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Miller, 1948, ch. 22.
- Burnett, Continental Congress, 503.
- Burnett, Edward Cody. The Continental Congress. New York: Norton, 1941. ASIN: B000O05KBU
- Cogliano, Francis, D. Revolutionary America, 1763 - 1815. Taylor and Francis, 2007. ASIN: B000OI0HXI
- Fowler, William M., Jr. The Baron of Beacon Hill: A Biography of John Hancock. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. ISBN 978-0395276198
- Adams, Willi Paul. The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era. U. of North Carolina Press, 1980. ISBN 0742520692
- Cogliano, Francis D. Revolutionary America, 1763-1815: A Political History. London: 2000. ISBN 0415180570
- Ford, Worthington C., et al. (ed.). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. (34 vol., 1904–1937) (online edition) Retrieved July 9, 2008.
- Force, Peter (ed.). American Archives. 9 vol. 1837-1853, major compilation of documents 1774-1776. (online edition) Retrieved July 9, 2008.
- Henderson, H. James. 2002. Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8191-6525-5
- Kruman, Marc W. Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America. U. of North Carolina Pr., 1997. ISBN 0807847976
- Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. Random House, 1997. ISBN 9780679454922
- Miller, John C. Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783. 1948. ISBN 0313207798
- Montross, Lynn. 1970. The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-03973-X
- Rakove, Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress. Knopf, 1979. ISBN 0801828643
All links retrieved November 2, 2019.
- “The Continental Congress - History, Declaration and Resolves, Resolutions and Recommendations” from Americans.net
- Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789
- Interactive Flash Version of John Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence"
|Location of the capital of the United States|
|1774 First Continental Congress||Philadelphia|
|1775 – 1781 Second Continental Congress||Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York|
|1781 – 1789 Congress of the Confederation||Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York|
|1789 to date United States Congress||New York → Philadelphia → Washington|
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. | <urn:uuid:f7ccaa42-8e41-4ef3-99ab-a26ba658509b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Second_Continental_Congress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.932695 | 2,760 | 3.890625 | 4 |
What would you say if someone told you a word sounded cutting, harsh or spiky to them? What would you think if they told you another word looked round, smooth or blobby? Sound symbolism is a phenomenon explored through what’s known as the Bouba-kiki effect. It’s our tendency to connect modalities together, e.g. sound and shape (or taste or emotion, etc). We explore this concept further and what it means for branding and design.
Understanding the bouba-kiki effect and sound symbolism
It all starts with a seemingly simple question, which of these two shapes is called “bouba” and which one is “kiki”?
Inspired by a psychological study from 1929, researchers tested the manner in which we ascribe certain sounds to certain shapes. The following 2001 investigation invited participants to name two contrasting shapes out of a given selection of nonwords; “bouba” and “kiki”. These names contrasted sounds according to pronunciation and the visual shapes of each letter. Results found that 95% of participants assigned the word “bouba” to the rounder shape and “kiki” to the spikier shape, which is as the researchers predicted.
The study showcased the strength of the connections our brain makes between sounds and visual shapes. There have been many subsequent developments in this line of research, involving other senses like taste and how we perceive others’ appearances.
Before we look at how you could apply the bouba-kiki effect to branded designs, let’s look into understanding the theory.
When we talk about “rounded” sounds, we’re thinking about the shape our lips make when pronouncing these sounds. So the oo in “boot”, u in “fun” and o in “wrote” all require our lips to make a rounded shape to pronounce these words, while the vocalisation is happening at the back of our oral cavities. “Unrounded” sounds are therefore the opposite of this, they require the lips to be spread apart when pronounciated, like the ee in “peek”, i in “fit” or a in “had”.
The bouba-kiki effect shows the influence that the sound’s visual shape has on our perception of it. Consonants such as k, t or z are thought to be spikier, sharp sounds due to the shape of their corresponding letter. This is in contrast to letters like g, b or o, which are all considered as round, soft or curvy shapes and sounds. This means that a person’s literacy—or ability to interpret these letters—plays a big role in the bouba-kiki effect.
The language(s) spoken by each person also makes a difference, as does the letters in each corresponding alphabet. Sound symbolism is even implicated with how languages were formed, based on our innate assumptions and expectations. For the purpose of this blog post, we’re sticking to English.
Making crossmodal connections
So the premise of the bouba-kiki effect is that people tend to associate certain sounds with certain shapes and certain characteristics; this is called sound symbolism. The study found that for entities named with round sounding-words, people attribute easygoingness. For entities whose nouns involved spikier or sharper sounds, we tend to regard these as being more precise or determined.
These associations are called crossmodal connections, because they’re links we’re making across our senses. These links influences the choices we make and the biases we hold; they can even impact human relationships.
One explanation of this sound symbolism is the intrinsic human need to find patterns between things. Researchers claim this could be why we find sounds and shapes symbolic of humanistic personality traits.
Think about the recent phenomenon of the “Karen” meme. Is it a coincidence that the name chosen to denote such a person, to focus in on specific negative beliefs and behaviours that this type of person performs, is represented through a word made up of sharp, spiky and determined sounds and shapes? If we tilt our attention back to Bouba-kiki, this supports the theory in that sound symbolism and crossmodal connections influence the choices we make and the biases we hold.
Symbolic design and branding choices
Now that we’ve understood how our brains tend to associate sounds with shapes, let’s think about how this influences branding and design.
Let’s continue to think about the practical and more tangible outcomes.
If many humans have this inbuilt mechanism to attribute certain sounds to have certain shapes and characteristics, how could brands and designers use these findings to their advantage?
Your brand name is your very first introduction to a customer and it will evoke a response: a certain set of assumptions. And it’s not just sharp versus soft and big versus small.
Our associations with words go far beyond that, even to predicting humor.
If we look at some famous examples, what is more “bouba” than Google? Easy, accessible experience that is so big that it almost literally holds the world and beyond. It was also a nonsensical word just like bouba at its culmination, leaving people to make assumptions about what it will be. while all the round spaces in the Google logo is very much a bouba.
And what about Nike? Precise, determined, energetic, competitive, you’ve got it all right there. The precision and action evoking Nike swoosh is more compatible with a kiki.
Piecing together a branding puzzle
Brands should be holistic and consistent in creating an aesthetic to attract their target audience. This means that every aspect of it needs to slot together.
If a brand or product name doesn’t complement the wider brand personality, it feels jolty and awkward. For instance, if the name is adopting a pre-existing word, its meaning might not match this new context; if it’s a nonword, it could sound unattractive, inappropriate or be hard to remember for target audiences. If this is the case, you won’t win customer trust.
A strong sense of branding needs to flow across every detail the brand subsumes. Its name needs to match the font it’s written in, the logo it’s joining onto and the company’s overall tone of voice.
This way of discerning what works together and what doesn’t comes down to individual tastes and preferences. At the core of this is the bouba-kiki effect and its—on the surface—seemingly simplistic finding that it’s in our nature to associate certain shapes and sounds together.
So the use of bouba-kiki in branding and design have to go hand in hand. All the elements that go into your brand identity work together to tell a cohesive story with an emotional, positive impact on target audiences. Here are some branding ideas and design tips based on the bouba-kiki effect.
Sounding out a name
As we’ve talked about, a brand name is at the core of any brand’s identity; it often remains a consistent foundation as the brand evolves over time.
A recent study explored the power of sound symbolism and applied it theoretically to branding. Researchers found that participants expected front vowels to feature in nouns denoting small entities and back vowels to be included in nouns denoting large entities. Whether a vowel is determined as front or back depends on the position of your tongue as you pronounce each sound.
The highest point of your tongue is poised towards the front of your mouth for front vowels. These include sounds like the a in “bad”, e in “shed and i in “knit”. The opposite is true when pronouncing back vowels. These sounds include the u in “huge”, o in “drone” and oo in “book”.
If we use a literal example for a minute, in Dickens’ Great Expectations the i in “Pip” conveys the quality of being “small”. This is rather fitting as Pip is the name of the protagonist in the book: a small child. On the other hand, the rounded o sound in “London”, evokes a sense of largeness.
Returning to the study, researchers found that using these vowels to convey such principles in nonwords is more effective and memorable than mixing nonwords with preexisting words. This means that if you’re a new brand or launching a new product, it’s going to be a really good idea to invent a word with sounds and letters that communicate the principles of your brand/product.
Upon hearing or reading the name, customers will then already have some sort of sense or expectation about your brand/product. Ultimately, this initiates space for consistent branding. It offers the beginnings of a seamless journey as potential customers become familiar with your brand.
Shaping a logo
Your logo design is just as elemental as your brand name; together they set the tone for your entire brand identity. So it’s easy to see how being mindful of sound symbolism can positively influence designs.
Employing curvy lines, round silhouettes and avoiding straight, sharp edges is going to be more “bouba”. As we can see from Moo Cafe’s logo design, pictured, these curves suit personable, natural brands offering a friendly experience for customers.
The opposite type of shape including harsh edges and straight lines feels more “kiki”. This could be a good starting point in logo design for brands wanting to affirm their efficiency, speed, or direct nature, such as banks or automobile companies.
There’s no reason why your brand name and logo can’t be even more obscure, somewhere in the middle of the two spectrums of bouba and kiki. You can make your own nonsensical word and shape based on your blossoming knowledge of sound symbolism.
This awareness of crossmodal associations can be an immensely helpful guide in how to convey your brand to an audience, on your own terms.
Spreading your wings with a visual presence
Once you have your brand name and logo perfected, you can begin to flesh out your wider visual presence. Is your brand largely digital or are you designing physical products or spaces? Are we talking branded web designs, product packaging or a holistic package both on and offline?
The cross-modal links you made use of in with your brand name and logo can extend throughout your entire brand aesthetic. And everything you create has to be consistent in style, sound and message.
When working with a retail space, for instance, the sound of your name can be a great guide for how to shape that experience. Take a look at suitcase brand Rimowa’s (which sounds to me like a sleek bouba) flagship store in Tokyo: curvy, big and bright. The space is very compatible with the sound of the brand.
Perhaps it’s a singular, key product your brand focuses upon and you need a stunning web design to attract attention with. As you can see in the above example, Phillips have centred this site around one product. It oozes round, soft and smooth shapes across everything from it’s title “somneo”, to its sans serif font and the curve-edged layout design.
The brand echoes the shape of the product through the sound of its name and the warm pastels of its identity. It’s a great example of how to use sound symbolism to create a consistent visual presence for your brand.
Ride the bouba-kiki wave
Once you have an understanding of how sounds inform how we think things will look and feel, then you can really master it in your favor. It’s needless to say that psychology and branding go hand in hand.
There’s no explicit reason why you couldn’t support a round-sounding brand name with a spiky-looking logo, but it won’t feel as natural. Perhaps, your desired effect is an unnerving, awkward brand identity—just make sure that your audience are in on it. | <urn:uuid:6ad77336-b693-4d5e-8e65-1bfc2a339d81> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://99designs.it/blog/design-history-movements/bouba-kiki-effect-exploring-links-sound-symbolism-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587608.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024235512-20211025025512-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.933612 | 2,580 | 3.046875 | 3 |
|There were "old" features in your gua (hexagram). It means that you have two hexagrams. The first one — is something that the Book tells you at the moment, the second is something it warns you about.
53. Infiltrating (jiàn). Development
Moving slowly, we can achieve more. Unhurried ride provides an opportunity not only to reach a distant goal, without riding a horse to death and breaking the wagon, but also allows much to see and learn.
Inital text of I Ching
Development. The maiden is given in marriage. Good fortune. Perseverance furthers.
On the mountain, a tree:
The image of Development. Thus the superior man abides in dignity and virtue, in order to improve the mores.
- The wild goose gradually draws near the shore. The young son is in danger. There is talk. No blame.
- The wild goose gradually draws near the cliff. Eating and drinking in peace and concord. Good fortune.
- The wild goose gradually draws near the plateau. The man goes forth and does not return. The woman carries a child but does not bring it forth. Misfortune. It furthers one to fight off robbers.
- The wild goose gradually draws near the tree. Perhaps it will find a flat branch. No blame.
- The wild goose gradually draws near the summit. For three years the woman has no child. In the end nothing can hinder her. Good fortune.
- The wild goose gradually draws near the cloud heights. Its feathers can be used for the sacred dance. Good fortune.
Forces were set in motion. But this is only the beginning. Do not hurry time and events – way will be long, motion will be unhurried. Know how to wait patiently. Difficulties would be overcome if the effort is made. In relations with other be well-balanced, cautious. Keep the fight by the rules, look for peaceful solutions, do not be lazy to long negotiations - and then prevail over a rival. Personal relations are developing smoothly, in love - harmony.
This hexagram is made up of Sun (wood, penetration) above, i.e., without,
and Kên (mountain, stillness) below, i.e., within. A tree on a mountain
develops slowly according to the law of its being and consequently stands
firmly rooted. This gives the idea of a development that proceeds gradually,
step by step. The attributes of the trigrams also point to this: within is
tranquillity, which guards against precipitate actions, and without is
penetration, which makes development and progress possible.
The development of events that leads to a girl's following a man to his home
proceeds slowly. The various formalities must be disposed of before the
marriage takes place. This principle of gradual development can be applied to
other situations as well; it is always applicable where it is a matter of correct
relationships of co-operation, as for instance in the appointment of an official.
The development must be allowed to take its proper course. Hasty action
would not be wise. This is also true, finally, of any effort to exert influence on
others, for here too the essential factor is a correct way of development
through cultivation of one's own personality. No influence such as that
exerted by agitators has a lasting effect.
Within the personality too, development must follow the same course if
lasting results are to be achieved. Gentleness that is adaptable, but at the same
time penetrating, is the outer form that should proceed from inner calm.
The very gradualness of the development makes it necessary to have
perseverance, for perseverance alone prevents slow progress from dwindling
The tree on the mountain is visible from afar, and its development
influences the landscape of the entire region. It does not shoot up like a
swamp plant; its growth proceeds gradually. Thus also the work of
influencing people can be only gradual. No sudden influence or awakening
is of lasting effect. Progress must be quite gradual, and in order to obtain such
progress in public opinion and in the mores of the people, it is necessary for
the personality to acquire influence and weight. This comes about through
careful and constant work on one's own moral development.
All the individual lines in this hexagram symbolize the gradual flight of the
wild goose. The wild goose is the symbol of conjugal fidelity, because it is
believed that this bird never takes another mate after the death of the first.
The initial line suggests the first resting place in the flight of water birds
from the water to the heights. The shore is reached. The situation is that of a
lonely young man who is just starting out to make his way in life. Since no
one comes to help him, his first steps are slow and hesitant, and he is
surrounded by danger. Naturally he is subjected to much criticism. But these
very difficulties keep him from being too hasty, and his progress is successful.
The cliff is a safe place on shore. The development has gone a step further.
The initial insecurity has been overcome, and a safe position in life has been
found, giving one enough to live on. This first success, opening up a path to
activity, brings a certain joyousness of mood, and one goes to meet the future
It is said of the wild goose that it calls to its comrades whenever it finds
food; this is the symbol of peace and concord in good fortune. A man does
not want to keep his good luck for himself only, but is ready to share it with
The high plateau is dry and unsuitable for the wild goose. If it goes there, it
has lost its way and gone too far. This is contrary to the law of development.
It is the same in human life. If we do not let things develop quietly but
plunge of our own choice too rashly into a struggle, misfortune results. A
man jeopardizes his own life, and his family perishes thereby. However, this
is not all necessary; it is only the result of transgressing the law of natural
development. If one does not willfully provoke a conflict, but confines
himself to vigorously maintaining his own position and to warding off
unjustified attacks, all goes well.
A tree is not a suitable place for a wild goose. But if it is clever, it will find a
flat branch on which it can get a footing. A man's life too, in the course of its
development, often brings him into inappropriate situations, in which he
finds it difficult to hold his own without danger. Then it is important to be
sensible and yielding. This enables him to discover a safe place in which life
can go on, although he may be surrounded by danger.
The summit is a high place. In a high position one easily becomes isolated.
One is misjudged by the very person on whom one is dependent-the woman
by her husband, the official by his superior. This is the work of deceitful
persons who have wormed their way in. The result is that relationships
remain sterile, and nothing is accomplished. But in the course of further
development, such misunderstandings are cleared away, and reconciliation is
achieved after all.
Here life comes to its end. A man's work stands completed. The path rises
high toward heaven, like the flight of wild geese when they have left the
earth far behind. There they fly, keeping to the order of their flight in strict
formation. And if their feathers fall, they can serve as ornaments in the
sacred dance pantomimes performed in the temples. Thus the life of a man
who has perfected himself is a bright light for the people of earth, who look
up to him as an example.
Barbara Hejslip interpretation
Moving forward, carefully think over each step and then success will not change to you and in the further. If, not giving in on arrangements, you not begin to advance event, the happiness and success will be your satellites. The turtle has less chances to come to finish of the first, than at a hare. You in the beginning of a long way. Financial business will recover, and the patience and judiciousness will be renumerated eventually by performance of desires.
16. Providing-For (yù). Enthusiasm
If time and circumstances favor you, do not create difficulties artificially. Be able to comply with the measure, even in joy.
Inital text of I Ching
Enthusiasm. It furthers one to install helpers and to set armies marching.
Thunder comes resounding out of the earth:
The image of Enthusiasm. Thus the ancient kings made music in order to honor merit, and offered it with splendor to the Supreme Deity, inviting their ancestors to be present.
- Enthusiasm that expresses itself Brings misfortune.
- Firm as a rock. Not a whole day. Perseverance brings good fortune.
- Enthusiasm that looks upward creates remorse. Hesitation brings remorse.
- The source of enthusiasm. He achieves great things. Doubt not. You gather friends around you as a hair clasp gathers the hair.
- Persistently ill, and still does not die.
- Deluded enthusiasm. But if after completion one changes, there is no blame.
It is start of a new cycle of development. It is time of activity, creativity, willingness to act due to free rush instead of pressure of circumstances. A feeling of joy is everywhere. Learn how to curb you in order to freedom does not become a tyranny; otherwise it will give rise to chaos. Be honest, kind, fair and do not indulge pride. Move to a clear road; do not go in all directions at once. Do not hurry time. Enjoying your life, remember moderation.
The strong line in the fourth place, that of the leading official, meets with
response and obedience from all the other lines, which are all weak. The
attribute of the upper trigram, Chên, is movement; the attributes of K'un, the
lower, are obedience and devotion. This begins a movement that meets with
devotion and therefore inspires enthusiasm, carrying all with it. Of great
importance, furthermore, is the law of movement along the line of least
resistance, which in this hexagram is enunciated as the law for natural events
and for human life.
The time of ENTHUSIASM derives from the fact that there is at hand an
eminent man who is in sympathy with the spirit of the people and acts in
accord with it. Hence he finds universal and willing obedience. To arouse
enthusiasm it is necessary for a man to adjust himself and his ordinances to
the character of those whom he has to lead. The inviolability of natural laws
rests on this principle of movement along the line of least resistance. Theses
laws are not forces external to things but represent the harmony of
movement immanent in them. That is why the celestial bodies do not
deviate from their orbits and why all events in nature occur with fixed
regularity. It is the same with human society: only such laws are rooted in
popular sentiment can be enforced, while laws violating this sentiment
merely arouse resentment.
Again, it is enthusiasm that enables us to install helpers for the completion
of an undertaking without fear of secret opposition. It is enthusiasm too that
can unify mass movements, as in war, so that they achieve victory.
When, at the beginning of summer, thunder - electrical energy - comes
rushing forth from the earth again, and the first thunderstorm refreshes
nature, a prolonged state of tension is resolved. Joy and relief make
themselves felt. So too, music has power to ease tension within the heart and
to loosen the grip of obscure emotions. The enthusiasm of the heart
expresses itself involuntarily in a burst of song, in dance and rhythmic
movement of the body. From immemorial times the inspiring effect of the
invisible sound that moves all hearts, and draws them together, has mystified
Rulers have made use of this natural taste for music; they elevated and
regulated it. Music was looked upon as something serious and holy, designed
to purify the feelings of men. It fell to music to glorify the virtues of heroes
and thus to construct a bridge to the world of the unseen. In the temple men
drew near to God with music and pantomimes (out of this later the theater
developed). Religious feeling for the Creator of the world was united with
the most sacred of human feelings, that of reverence for the ancestors. The
ancestors were invited to these divine services as guests of the Ruler of
Heaven and as representatives of humanity in the higher regions. This
uniting of the human past with the Divinity in solemn moments of
religious inspiration established the bond between God and man. The ruler
who revered the Divinity in revering his ancestors became thereby the Son of
Heaven, in whom the heavenly and the earthly world met in mystical
These ideas are the final summation of Chinese culture. Confucius has said
of the great sacrifice at which these rites were performed: "He who could
wholly comprehend this sacrifice could rule the world as though it were
spinning on his hand."
A man in an inferior position has aristocratic connections about which he
boasts enthusiastically. This arrogance inevitably invites misfortune.
Enthusiasm should never be an egotistic emotion; it is justified only when it
is a general feeling that unites one with others.
This describes a person who does not allow himself to be misled by any
illusions. While others are letting themselves be dazzled by enthusiasm, he
recognizes with perfect clarity the first signs of the time. Thus he neither
flatters those above nor neglects those beneath him; he is as firm as a rock.
When the first sign of discord appears, he knows the right moment for
withdrawing and does not delay even for a day. Perseverance in such conduct
will bring good fortune. Confucius says about this line:
To know the seeds, that is divine indeed. In his association with those above
him, the superior man does not flatter. In his association with those beneath
him, he is not arrogant. For he knows the seeds. The seeds are the first
imperceptible beginning of movement, the first trace of good fortune (or
misfortune) that shows itself. The superior man perceives the seeds and
immediately takes actin. He does not wait even a whole day. In the Book of
Changes it is said: "Firm as a rock. Not a whole day. Perseverance brings
This line is the opposite of the preceding one: the latter bespeaks self-reliance,
while here there is enthusiastic looking up to a leader. If a man hesitates too
long, this also will bring remorse. The right moment for approach must be
seized: only then will he do the right thing.
This describes a man who is able to awaken enthusiasm through his own
sureness and freedom from hesitation. He attracts people because he has no
doubts and is wholly sincere. Owing to his confidence in them he wins their
enthusiastic co-operation and attains success. Just as a clasp draws the hair
together and hold it, so he draws man together by the support he gives them.
Here enthusiasm is obstructed. A man is under constant pressure, which
prevents him from breathing freely. However, this pressure has its
advantage--it prevents him from consuming his powers in empty
enthusiasm. Thus constant pressure can actually serve to keep one alive.
It is a bad thing for a man to let himself be deluded by enthusiasm. But if this
delusion has run its course, and he is still capable of changing, then he is
freed of error. A sober awakening from false enthusiasm is quite possible and
Barbara Hejslip interpretation
Your sun already ascends; as long you waited success, and here now it is absolutely close. Now time has to different hobbies - do not take a great interest in them without a measure. The success will soon come to you; be ready to it. And in realization of your plans, and even in game you will be accompanied with success. In any way it is impossible to be petty and mercantile, going on a way of success. But also it is not necessary to spend more that receive. Wait a little - and your desires will be executed. | <urn:uuid:bb939d69-f6c2-41b0-bd4f-0fef8d855710> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://the-iching.com/hexagram_53_to_hexagram_16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585405.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021102435-20211021132435-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.952441 | 3,543 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Methodology and Method
This section starts with the methodology, which will discuss the chosen research philosophy and approach. This chapter will also go through the method used to define, collect, and analyze the data. The first part comprises the philosophical basis for the research and is followed by an explanation of the method chosen to study the phenomena in question.
Within the methodology, the philosophical foundation of the research and the research de-sign will be presented.
Philosophical Foundation of the Research
In accordance with the qualitative approach chosen to explore the Pinterest usage of Swedes, the philosophical foundation of this thesis is based on an interpretivistic point of view. Interpretivism differs from positivism, which has its roots in the natural science, re-garding their scientific aims (Schwandt, 2000; Malholtra & Birks, 2007). An interpretivist is trying to understand the research subject, whereas the positivist is searching for a universal explanation or law that can be used to predict future incidence (Schwandt, 2000). As “hu-man actions are meaningful” one needs to understand the meaning behind an action in order to draw conclusions from it. These meanings can differ depending on the context (Schwandt, 2000: 191). The interpretivistic research philosophy is based on the idea that there exists no ‘context-free’ theory and that every interpretation of a text or information has to be viewed within its individual framework (Bender, 2014). With regards to the research subject, the in-terpretivistic research philosophy best reflects the goal of this thesis, which is, in depth, to understand the Pinterest usage of selected Swedes, rather than delivering generic explana-tions why people are using this platform. Therefore, the results of this study need to be understood within the context of Swedish users and Pinterest and they cannot automatical-ly be applied to other countries or social media platform
In the context of user behavior, a qualitative research approach has certain advantages over quantitative research. Qualitative research has for example a low degree of abstraction, which results in proximity to the research object that is often lost in quantitative research (Heinze, 2001). Also, as there has neither been sufficient research done on the usage of Pinterest in Europe nor Sweden, qualitative research is the most suitable approach for ex-ploring an unknown subject, since it does not require the formulation of specific hypothe-sizes, that would need to be tested in quantitative research (Heinze, 2001; Malhotra & Birks, 2007; Dworkin, 2012). Further, qualitative research allows conducting a study with a relatively small group of participants compared to the amount of primary data that is need-ed to draw conclusions from quantitative research (Malhotra & Birks, 2007; Dworkin, 2012). Since the usage of Pinterest in Sweden is not very common yet, finding an adequate number of participants is in any case difficult. However, the main advantage of qualitative research and an important task of this study is the ability to truly understand the partici-pants’ behaviors, feelings and motivations when using Pinterest (Dworkin, 2012; Malhotra Birks, 2007). Qualitative studies enable the researcher to uncover these often-subconscious thoughts through bonding with the participants and probing (Malhotra & Birks, 2007). Finally, it can be concluded that only a qualitative approach can picture the holistic dimension of the research subject: Swedes usage of Pinterest.
With regards to the fairly limited theory and research in the field of Pinterest usage, conclu-sions from this study will be drawn by abductive reasoning. Unlike deduction, where the researcher uses general and sound theory to explain specific empirical findings (Gravetter Forzano, 2012) or induction, where the observation of many single empirical events lead to general theory, abduction is not seeking for a universal explanation (Malholtra & Birks, 2007; Thagard & Shelley, 1997). Abductive reasoning tries to find the most likely explana-tion and therefore also a set of incomplete information can be used to draw conclusion from (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011). This is important, since only a limited amount of selected participants will be interviewed within this study, which, to some ex-tent, can be seen as incomplete information. In the process of abductive reasoning, existing theory or a set of hypotheses are used to explain empirical findings (Thagard & Shelley, 1997). In some cases though, existing theories need to be adapted to new scientific insights. This advantage of abductive reasoning is crucial, since the questionnaire of this study, used for the interviews, is based on four distinct consumer behavior theories, which might need to be extended or reduced depending on the outcome of the interviews. Further, in a quali-tative and exploratory study, where, as it has been explained, no generalizations to a large population can be made, abduction is the appropriate method of inference.
Generally, there are three distinctive research designs known as descriptive, causal and ex-ploratory research. As it can be derived from its name, the objective of descriptive research is to describe and measure individual variables (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). The research de-sign is very structured and based on specific hypothesizes that need to be tested. However, compared to causal research design, descriptive research is not investigating the relation-ships between different variables (Gravetter & Forzano, 2012). Exploratory research differs from the other two research approaches through its flexibility (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). The focus of exploratory research lays on understanding the research subject and gaining new insights without the necessity of quantitative measurement (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). In the light of the limited research that has been done regarding the use of Pinterest, there is no background of previous studies to form hypothesizes from, which makes neither de-scriptive nor causal research an appropriate research design at this point. Instead, an ex-ploratory research designs is seen as the adequate method, to explore the research subject from different angles. Especially with regards to the research questions of this study, which, among others, want to explore the underlying motivations people have for using Pinterest. Further, the question of how users perceive brand activity requires a deep under-standing, independent of quantitative measurements and hypothesizes, of how users inter-act with this new social media platform and what they expect from it.
The method consists of information about the data collection, in-depth interviews and how the analysis of the data was conducted.
Secondary data is, other than primary data, not specifically collected for the current re-search problem (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). Despite that, secondary data is important for the theoretical background in order to reach a broad understanding of the research problem. In this case previous developed theories were used to develop a question guide for the in-depth interviews. Furthermore, secondary data can aid the interpretation and verification of findings from primary data collection (Malholtra & Birks, 2007).
Primary data collection enables the researcher to gather information, which directly ad-dresses the research question (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). For this thesis, primary data was collected through qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews with Pinterest users from Sweden. As the advantages of qualitative research over quantitative research with regards to the research problem have already been explained earlier, the next step is to understand how the quality and accuracy of qualitative data can be assessed.
Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research
Every study, whether it is of qualitative or quantitative nature, needs to be “open to critique and evaluation” (Long & Johnson, 2000: 30). Quantitative studies are evaluated based on their reliability and validity. Reliability refers to the extent to which findings from a study can be repeated and the method and same measurement techniques will lead to the same results (Malholtra & Birks, 2007). Validity questions the appropriateness of the measure-ment tool and asks whether the chosen tool is actually measuring what it claims to do (Malholtra & Birks, 2007; Long & Johnson, 2000). The use of the terms validity and relia-bility for qualitative studies is a highly controversial topic among researchers and the con-cept trustworthiness is often found to be more appropriate (Shenton, 2004). To reach trustworthiness, four criteria have been identified by Lincoln and Guba (1985) and are ac-cepted by most qualitative researchers that need to be fulfilled: credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability.
Credibility in this case can be compared to internal validity and refers to the accuracy of the research data in representing reality (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). There are many different pro-cedures that can be undertaken to ensure credibility; the following was realized within this study. First, the adoption of well established research models and method for data analysis. In this case well-known models such a as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Reasoned Action were used to develop a question guide, further the method of content analysis was used to analyze the data (Shenton, 2004). Second, through pro-longed engagement in the usage of Pinterest, the researchers themselves have gathered in-formation and knowledge on how to approach this topic (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Shenton, 2004). Third, equivalence, a technique that uses alternative wordings for questions with the same meaning and projective questioning, a technique which “requires the subjects to give opinions of other people’s actions, feelings or attitudes” (Donoghue, 2000: 49), were used to increase honesty during the interviews (Long & Johnson, 2000; Shenton, 2004). As a fourth procedure, peer scrutiny was used to receive feedback from colleagues regarding the approaches and methods used to explore the topic of Pinterest usage in Sweden (Shenton, 2004; Long & Johnson, 2000). Fifth, the researchers kept a reflective journal throughout the interview process in order to constantly evaluate e.g. the effectiveness of the chosen methods (Long & Johnson, 2000; Shenton, 2004). At last, each interviewee was asked to validate his or her transcripts, in order to improve the credibility of the data (Long & John-son, 2000; Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Shenton, 2004).
The second criterion for establishing trustworthiness in qualitative research is transferabil-ity (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Transferability is supposed to represent external validity or generalizability, which is not a strength of qualitative studies, since they can hardly be ap-plied to a context other than the one investigated in the study (Long & Johnson, 2000; Shenton, 2004). However, a “thick description” (Shenton, 2004: 70) of how the study was conducted, as it is presented in the methodology and method part, facilitates transfers (Lin-coln & Guba, 1985).
Dependability asks whether the study’s results are consistent and if the same results can be repeated, it therefore is similar to reliability used to evaluate quantitative studies (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Again, a repetition of qualitative research may be difficult due to its strong contextual character, but a detailed description of the research design, how information were gathered and a reflection regarding the effectiveness of the chosen methods increase the study’s dependability (Shenton, 2004).
The last criterion that ensures the trustworthiness of a qualitative study is conformability, which evaluates a study’s neutrality (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Especially in qualitative stud-ies, a researcher’s motivation and interest can bias the outcome of the study. Therefore, de-tailed reasoning with regards to the strength and weaknesses of the chosen methods and a strong focus on the researchers own reflectivity maximize conformability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Shenton, 2004).
In-depth interviews were chosen as the appropriate qualitative method for conducting this study. In-depth interviews are personal and direct interviews, where only one participant at the time will be questioned through an experienced interviewer (Malhotra & Birks, 2007). This method is used to gain deep and rich knowledge and understandings from individuals on a specific topic (Nagy Hesse-Biber & Leavy, 2011; Chirban, 1996). Especially, the inter-viewees’ personal experience with Pinterest, their emotions and motivations behind the us-age and the everyday context in which they are using this social media platform is im-portant with regards to the research questions (Chirban, 1996; Malhotra & Birks, 2007).
The question guide of the in-depth interviews is semi-structured, which means that there is a predetermined set of open ended questions, but depending on the process of the inter-view, the interviewer will ask follow-up questions, probe and through active engagement motivate the participant to give rich information (Nagy Hesse-Biber & Leavy, 2011). The interviews took place in private surroundings, where the participants were able to relax and feel comfortable answering to the questions; the participants were further informed that their identities would be kept anonymous (Chirban, 1996). In this study some interviews were online in-depth interviews, which means they were conducted over Skype or another online video call software. This is due to the fact, that some interviewees are not living within the reach of the interviewers. In total fourteen interviews were conducted. In gen-eral, there exist no universal rule about the sample size of in-depth interviews and research-ers have been trying to quantify this issue throughout the years with recommendations var-ying between 5 and 50 interview participants (Dworkin, 2012). Nevertheless, most re-searchers agree, that the point of saturation, when any further data collection is not giving any new insights, is an important indicator for when sufficient data has been found (Dworkin, 2012). The researchers believe, the point of saturation was reached with four-teen participants; otherwise the number of interviews would have been adapted.
The interviews were on average 45 minutes long. In the beginning of the interview, the in-terviewer clarified the goals and objectives to the participant. Through this procedure, the participants better understood what is expected from them and were additionally given the possibility to clarify questions for their part (Chirban, 2012). Further, throughout the inter-view, the interviewers were attentive and empathetic with the participant in order to suc-cessfully probe and receive the desired depth of answers (Chirban, 2012). Despite that, the interviewers needed to be self-aware of their individual impact on the participant (Chirban, 2012). Any conspicuousness was part of the notes the interviewers took during the inter-view session and were further written down in the reflection journals that both researchers kept. The notes from the interview were additionally supported by audio-records and the journals were discussed between the interviewers in order to improve later interviews. The question guide for the interviews can be found in appendix 2.
1.2 Problem Definition
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Delimitation of the Study
1.6 Key Terms
2 Theoretical Framework
2.1 Social Media Usage and the Place of Pinterest
2.2 Need Fulfillment
2.3 The Theory of Reasoned Action
2.4 The Technology Acceptance Model
2.5 Social Media Marketing and the Awareness of Brands on Pinterest
3 Methodology and Method
4 Presentation of Empirical Findings
4.1 Need Fulfillment Findings
4.2 Theory of Reasoned Action Findings
4.3 Technology Acceptance Model Findings
4.4 Awareness of Brand Activity Findings
5 Analysis and Discussion
5.1 Need Fulfillment Analysis
5.2 Theory of Reasoned Action Analysis
5.3 Technology Acceptance Model Analysis
5.4 Awareness of Brand Activity Analysis
6.1 Answers to Research Questions
GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT | <urn:uuid:74cbe046-51ea-4091-a370-1349425280c8> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.bestpfe.com/social-media-usage-and-the-place-of-pinterest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585204.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018155442-20211018185442-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.924925 | 3,319 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Humans often appear to react irrationally in the face of disease, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown. Many cling to religion or become superstitious. Others become fatalistic. In times of plague and trauma, we moderns seek to protect ourselves with prayers, charms, sigils and spells as much as any medieval peasant. That a surgical mask is hygienic doesn’t make it any less of a magical symbol.
But perhaps magic – particularly plague magic – isn’t so irrational. Have humans always pursued the occult arts because they actually work, at least sometimes?
Despite the often blood-soaked history of the use of the term ‘magic’, we must remember that Western history is filled with thinkers who have defended its honour as good natural science – a tried-and-true technology for harnessing interactions between minds and bodies, human and otherwise. And their empirical claims were never tested more than during the centuries of plague.
During the previous millennium, the biggest boom in the practice of magic coincided with the Black Death in the mid-14th century. It was the deadliest pandemic in human history, killing as much as half the population of Asia, Africa and Europe – around 200 million souls. It caused major social and political transformations in the process: slaves, raiders and mystics became kings, and new empires were founded on predictions of the end of time. Plague isn’t merely a medieval curse, either; the bacterium responsible, Yersinia pestis, is very much still with us, genetically unchanged.
The Islamic world, my own area of focus as a historian of science and empire, was hit particularly hard by the plague – termed ta‘un in Arabic, meaning ‘smiter’. There, it helped give rise to what I call the ‘occult-scientific revolution’, where various occult sciences – astrology, alchemy, kabbalah, geomancy, dream interpretation – became an important basis for empire more than ever before. The ability to predict the future with divination, then change it with magic, was of obvious political, military and economic interest, and associated with Alexander the Great in particular. Western Europe saw a parallel upsurge of occultism – much of it from Arabic sources – which we now call the Renaissance. The scientific revolution that followed continued the same trend: historians now admit that saints of science such as Johannes Kepler, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton were likewise raving occultists.
Medicine, too, was often classified and practised as an occult science among premodern Muslim, Jewish and Christian physicians. Many considered it alchemy’s sister, both sciences being predicated on the harnessing of cosmic correspondences and natural sympathies to restore elemental equilibrium in the human body – the definition of health. Techniques for life-extension were also central to the alchemical quest. The sweeping physical and sociopolitical imbalances wrought by plague were accordingly answered by an upsurge in medicine, occult and otherwise.
The Ottoman empire is a prime example of just such a sociobiological transformation. It controlled increasingly large areas of Asia, Europe and North Africa between the 14th and 20th centuries, and plague persisted there for its entire duration. In the name of public health, the Ottoman state sought to purge cities of both physical and moral contaminants, including prostitutes, beggars, illegal immigrants, criminals, bachelors and bachelorettes. While we haven’t gone so far as to outlaw bachelorhood, the effect of our own pandemic is comparable: 2020 and 2021 saw a ramping up of state control, too. Not unlike their modern counterparts in epidemiology and public health, the authors of the most important Ottoman plague treatises were leading scholars striving to combat this existential threat to state and society. They presented plague as a social problem, a disease of the body politic, just as much as an environmental problem. Unlike those of today’s experts, however, their manuals were often emphatically magical.
Wherever the pandemic hit hardest and longest, the occult arts boomed – as a scientific response
The most sophisticated and extensive of these manuals was the Treatise on Healing Epidemic Diseases by Taşköprizade Ahmed (1495-1561). As an imperial judge in Bursa and then Istanbul, as well as a famed encyclopaedist, historian and astronomer, Taşköprizade’s approach to this topic was very much cutting edge. His Arabic masterwork deals with the full range of legal, ethical, religious and especially medical responses to plague current by the 16th century, with an emphasis on experimentally proven methods.
Taşköprizade first offers a strong argument in favour of rational responses to plague: obviously, one should avoid or flee plague-stricken areas if possible. Here, he counters earlier Arabic plague treatises that denied the contagiousness of the disease and contested the legal permissibility of fleeing it. He also condemns the fatalistic attitude of some of his contemporaries, singling out mystics for derision. The correct procedure is to have faith in God – then protect yourself and others, preferably medically. Taşköprizade then categorises plague medicine as being either physical or spiritual. The first type includes standard pharmaceuticals derived from plants, animals or minerals; the second includes Quranic prayers and invocations of divine names, planets, angels or jinn by means of mathematical talismans.
As Taşköprizade asserts, however, spiritual medicine is more potent than physical medicine, though the two should always be combined to ensure the best health outcome. Likewise, to him, mental hygiene is at least as important as bodily hygiene for surviving a pandemic. He devotes a full third of this work to detailing a range of occult technologies as the most rigorously empirical means by which one can defend against or cure plague, giving many historical and contemporary examples of their success, some of which he witnessed himself. He ends by citing Plato and the Delian problem – which involves the creation of a cube double the volume of the first – as ultimate proof of the effectiveness of Pythagorean mathematical magic in averting the disease.
Taşköprizade is not unusual in the Western medical tradition in his emphasis on magic as simply good science. Contemporary Latin Christian authors of plague treatises did the same, though they focused more on alchemy than talismanry. But regardless of religious affiliation, wherever the pandemic hit hardest and longest, the occult arts boomed – as a rational, scientific response.
A similar sociobiological transformation took place in the 19th century, when two new pandemics joined plague to ravage much of the Islamic world: cholera and colonialism. The scholarly response was much the same: potions and prayer must be combined to combat them both. Some scholars went further, and declared European invasion to be cholera’s cause and twin, and likewise best resisted by magic.
Under the Qajar dynasty, which ruled Iran from 1785 to 1925, most cities boasted gold anti-plague talismans that were buried at the city limits. The manufacture of such devices was an important service rendered to the state by many early modern philosophers. However, conniving princes reportedly sold some of these devices to English diplomats, after which cholera struck those cities. And both Iranian and Afghan rulers recruited astrologers and talismanists to help drive out Russian invaders. In Morocco to the far west, Mawlay al-Hasan I (who reigned 1873-94) took up the study of alchemy himself in a bid to transform the French into fish and cast them out to sea.
As these examples suggest, it’s normal for humans to turn to magic in times of trauma. So war, like plague, is also good for the occult business. Embattled Muslim philosophers sometimes acted as assassins-at-a-distance as part of their standard imperial repertoire. Similarly, the English occultist Dion Fortune led a Magical Battle of Britain against Nazi German invasion during the Second World War. And during the Cold War, both the Soviet and US militaries invested in psychical research and ufology. Reports of paranormal battlefield experiences are common, too.
By any premodern definition, the placebo effect is simply a form of magic
Why did, and do, most practitioners of spiritual medicine see it as a perfectly rational response? Why do premodern physicians often report its experimental success? Leaving aside the possible agency of spirits and other nonhuman entities, one factor is certain: the placebo effect. The term acquired its current English meaning in the 18th century thanks to Benjamin Franklin, who took part in a Parisian experiment designed to disprove mesmerism (the therapeutic magnetisation of water and metal). It refers to the clinical effectiveness of inert substitutes in healing disease, as long as the patient believes them to be a real drug. Animals and even plants respond similarly in laboratory experiments.
Despite the often dismissive use of the term, the placebo effect remains one of the most powerful effects in modern medicine. Its twin, the nocebo effect, can be equally powerful: if a patient has been advised to expect a negative side-effect, she could well go on to experience it. As for overall outcomes, even some of the most potent drugs have at most a 60 per cent efficacy, while placebos sit at 35-40 per cent. It’s also not clear to what extent the greater effectiveness of certain modern drugs is due to their marketing.
Under conditions of mass trauma, combined with sincere belief and mental focus, the effectiveness of the placebo often goes up sharply. Individual focus can be equally potent: research has shown that patients under hypnosis can endure surgery without anaesthesia and perform other physiological feats, such as stopping blood loss. Those suffering from dissociative identity disorder – likely a form of self-hypnosis in response to childhood trauma – are likewise able to change their physiology at will, whereby allergic reactions, musculature, body shape, handedness and vision often differ between personalities.
As it happens, creating extreme psychophysical conditions is also a prerequisite to the practice of many occult arts: fasting, prayer, isolation, a vegetarian diet, ritual cleanliness and constant vigil, for weeks, months or even years on end. Psychedelics might also be involved, which similarly produce an altered, hypnotic state of consciousness. The intense mental and physical engagement required by magical ritual can be thought of as artificial trauma: sensory deprivations create medicines that often work. On the other hand, failure to believe or to perform a ritual with technical precision normally results in the failure of the operation.
By any premodern definition, then, the placebo effect is simply a form of magic. Which term we use is unimportant for practical purposes: either way, the fact is that mind can affect matter under the right circumstances. The point is to harness these mind-matter interactions to achieve positive health outcomes.
This powerful, magical effect was recognised and routinely utilised – on the authority of Plato himself – by premodern Muslim, Jewish and Christian physicians. Our triumphalist narrative of scientific progress notwithstanding, and the antibiotic revolution aside, in many cases premodern treatments worked roughly as well as modern medicine. Whether you believe in the authority of celestial spirits or of doctors in white lab coats, the effect is similar: astonishing reversals (or inducements) of disease can sometimes be achieved through the power of belief alone – especially when ritually, traumatically harnessed.
The witch doctor and the medical doctor have more in common than they might suppose. As such, perhaps we should take a page from our premodern predecessors and recognise that physical and mental hygiene are two sides of the same sociobiological coin. Pandemic diseases, once established in local biomes, can almost never be eradicated, only controlled and lived with, as human societies have done for millennia. But fear and paranoia are equally contagious, and can become pandemics in their own right. In a time of global traumas, it seems only rational to use the power of belief as part of our basic hygiene, too. | <urn:uuid:e7976d9a-744c-4387-a938-48f1b7f62801> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://psyche.co/ideas/magic-helped-us-in-pandemics-before-and-it-can-again | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.957633 | 2,520 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Anti Inflammatory Foods
The days are getting longer and the weather is getting warmer so it’s time to try 10 anti inflammatory recipes for spring! Many of us are familiar with the foods that can increase inflammation in the body. These include sugar, refined carbohydrates, trans and saturated fats. But, in addition, there are many plant foods and healthy fats that have anti inflammatory properties that help reduce inflammation also.
Health Conditions Related to Inflammation
Not all inflammation that happens in the body is a bad thing. For example, short-term, acute inflammation happens in the body when you accidently stub your toe and it begins swelling. That is part of the healing process. However, chronic, long-term inflammation in the body provides wear and tear. This wear and tear is undesirable and it can actually make changes in the body. Some of the health conditions that have been linked to chronic inflammation include diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune conditions like GI issues, dementia/Alzheimer’s and even obesity.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle that includes eating foods that fight inflammation is a healthy start to reducing chronic inflammation in the body.
How Foods Help Reduce Inflammation
Plant-based foods can help reduce inflammation because they contain phytochemicals (plant chemicals) that help prevent and fight it which include antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables. The more vibrant the colors of fruits and vegetables, the better and including as many colors as possible is important also.
Healthy plant chemicals like anti oxidants help reduce the effects of oxidation that happens in the body during normal metabolism. In this process, waste products called free radicals can cause harm in our body over time. The anti oxidants help reduce the harmful effects of these. Plant based foods are full of these antioxidants.
Another example of a super plant chemical in our diet is polyphenol. Polyphenols include resveratrol, ellagic acid and flavonoids. These are often found in purple foods but there are others also. All with a load of healing properties. You can find out more about the types of polyphenols here:
Beta carotene and allium are two other phytochemicals rich in antioxidants. Beta carotene is found is dark orange and green leafy fruits and vegetables. They help keep the immune system healthy. Examples of these include sweet potatoes, carrots, kale, spinach and arugula and many more.
Allium rich foods include white foods and include onions, garlic, leeks and scallions. The sulfur compounds in these foods have lots of preventive qualities, including reducing inflammation and having antioxidants.
Indole glucosinolates are another powerful anti inlammatory phytochemical which also helps prevent cancer. These powerful plant chemicals are found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower cabbage and Brussels sprouts.
Ellagic acid, a phytochemcial found in purple/red fruits like berries, grapes and pomegranates along with nuts.
Why getting a wide variety of colors in fruits and vegetables is important?
The more colors of fruits and vegetables included in our diet, the more beneficial phytochemicals that we include. In addition, going beyond our usual choices and trying new and diverse produce options adds even additional nutrition!
Anti Inflammatory Foods to Eat
Here are some plant foods that help fight inflammation:
- healthy fats like olive oil, nuts like almonds and walnuts, seeds like flax and hemp, fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, tuna and sardines
- green leafy vegetables like kale, collards and spinach
- fruits such as berries, cherries, and citrus
- Whole grain foods in their natural state such as brown rice, wheat berry, quinoa, buckwheat and millet.
Anti Inflammatory Benefits of Mediterranean Diet
There are several anti inflammatory meal plans, but, the Mediterranean style of eating has been around since ancient times and includes a variety of food groups. It is mostly plant-based with the focus on fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, olives, fatty fish but can also include some animal products. However, it can be vegetarian or even modified to be vegan also.
The Mediterranean diet has also had years of research showing it’s benefits to reducing chronic disease. I love the Oldways Cultural Food Tradtions’ “Your Guide to the Mediterranean Diet. Make Each Day Mediterranean”.
The idea of taking concepts of the Mediterranean diet and making it more regional is something that I also envisioned. That is why I created the Appalachian Pyramid and put together ways how to localize it. I call this way of eating Mediterranean Diet Appalachian Style.
You can find out more about the Mediterranean Diet Appalachian Style in the blog post below.
The focus of all meal plans with the goal of reducing inflammation in the body is eating a variety of fruits and vegetables, let’s talk about some of the produce that is available during the spring.
Here are some of the fruits and vegetables available in the spring that offer a variety of phytochemicals.
- Green Onions
Because, we have discussed some ways that fruits and vegetables help reduce inflammation, I will share some delicious anti inflammatory recipe ideas!
Anti-inflammatory Spring Recipes
- Black-eyed Pea Bowls’
- Spring Strawberry Asparagus Salad
- Pecan Encrusted Trout over Greens
- Raspberry Habanero Hempeh Tacos
- Orange Radish and Spinach Salad
- Purple Cabbage Behl
- Low Fodmap Vegetable Curry Soup
- Super Hero Chili
- Apple Blueberry Tofu Salad
- Spring Strawberry Asparagus with Trout
These first three recipes Black-eyed Pea Bowls, Spring Strawberry Asparagus Salad and Pecan Encrusted Trout over Greens can be found on my blog at MMediterranean Diet Appalachian S
Change up the anti inflammatory foods to these black eyed pea bowls to use seasonal ingredients.
Black Eyed Pea Bowls
This strawberry and asparagus salad was my inspiration for my latest creation towards the end of the post.
Spring Strawberry Asparagus Salad
Trout along with salmon, provides healthy omega 3 fats that help cool down the inflammation in our body.
Pecan Encrusted Trout
I love this local hempeh made by Smiling Hara. Plant based proteins are often a great anti inflammatory food.
Raspberry Habanero Tempeh Tacos
If you don’t have hempeh where you live, you can substitute tempeh or you can order it on the Smiling Hara website.
It doesn’t get any more spring than fresh radishes and greens from the garden or tailgate market. And these vibrant colors are full of anti oxidant foods.
Orange Radish and Spinach Salad
This salad with the radishes, citrus, cabbage and greens just screams spring. “Hello spring!”
This Purple Cabbage Behl is full of colorful anti inflammatory ingredients which feature foods rich in polyphenols.
Purple Cabbage Behl
Feel free to switch up the ingredients to this salad based on what is in season.
This soup is full of anti inflammatory ingredients that is good for the immune system. If you have IBS symptoms, learning about the low fodmap diet may help reduce inflammation if you have food sensitivities. Contact me for more info.
Low Fodmap Vegetarian Curry
This soup recipe is pure comfort a long with some healing ingredients!
I named this vegetarian recipe after the creator, my husband who is my super hero. If you don’t want to make the chili pulp, use your blend of chili powder and other seasonings.
Super Hero Chili
This super chili can take on a life of it’s own by switching up your vegetables and you can even experiment with dried fruit!
For women’s health, this salad contains lots of healthy nutrients needed along with anti inflammatory fruits and vegetables.
Apple Blueberry Tofu and Kale Salad
In addition to this kale salad recipe, you will find a lot of great tips to keep women healthy!
I was inspired to create this new recipe after talking with Gina Smith at Edible Asheville Magazine. Her story on healthy fats highlights many in this recipe like Sunburst Trout, pecans, and local hickory nut oil mixed with olive oil. The recipe features a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables also!
Spring Spinach, Asparagus Strawberry and Salad with Trout
This colorful, seasonal salad is a new spin on a classic. The addition of smoked trout adds protein and healthy fat so that it is a complete meal. You can add a little purple with a few rings of red onion. You can mix and match greens depending on what is in the garden and local farmer’s markets. This salad would be delicious with grated local hard cheese or crumbled blue or goat cheese.
Makes 4 servings.
4 cups of baby spinach or other greens, washed well
2 peeled and chunked sweet potatoes
1/2 large bunch asparagus (cut off woody end and then cut asparagus spear in half
1 cup, stemmed and sliced strawberries
5 ounces Hot Smoked Sunburst Trout, flaked in large chunks
1/4 lightly toasted pecans
Olive oil for roasting
1/2 cup olive oil (you can also substitute a little Hickory Nut Oil from Acorntopia for the olive oil to give the dressing a smoked flavor)
1/4 cup balsamic vinegar (try a local one like Highland Gourmet)
1/2 teaspoon sea salt
fresh ground pepper
Preheat oven to 400 degrees. On a baking sheet, add sweet potatoes and asparagus spears. Lightly drizzle with olive oil and when oven is at temperature add the vegetables and roast about 15 minutes until they get soft and start to brown.
While the vegetables are roasting, Add washed and dried greens in a medium size serving bowl and add the strawberry slices. While the vegetables are cooling, make the balsamic dressing by add the oil in a cruet along with salt, pepper and balsamic dressing. Give it a good shake before pouring it over finished salad.
After taking out the roasted sweet potatoes and asparagus and after oven has cooled to low heat, add nuts to a small roasting dig and lightly toast in the pan. After the vegetables have cooled to room temperature, add them to the salad along with large flakes of smoked trout. Pour a moderate amount of dressing over the salad and top with pecans. Add grated cheese if desired.
This is a great recipe to try changing out the fruits and vegetables based on the seasons. In the summer, try cabbage, blueberries and greens beans with the trout. You could also try peaches and tomatoes. In the fall, try apple, winter squash along with your greens.
Spring super stars of the vegetable kingdom include strawberries, greens and asparagus. If you are lucky to have some local sweet potatoes from last years crop, that is a colorful bonus!
In addition to healthy foods, other habits to reduce inflammation and keeping your immune system healthy include:
- If you drink alcohol, only drink moderate amounts. Health recommendations suggest 1 drink a day for women and 1-2 drinks a day for men. Try mixing things up with some sparkling water or some of these mocktails.
- Getting adequate sleep
- Reducing stress whenever possible.
- If you have food intolerances that cause inflammation in the diet, working with a registered dietitian to determine what these foods are and how to plan healthy meals without them or safely add them back when ready.
To summarize, I hope this information about the protective role of plants for your body from inflammation is helpful. In addition, I also am excited for you to try these spring recipe ideas! They are delicious and they can also provide a lot of nutrients that your body needs. Lastly, if you are wanting to learn more about healthy fats and what local products are available in Western North Carolina, check out the Spring edition of Edible Asheville. It features my latest recipe and the finished product in my kitchen. LLeocaFood | Local Breweries | Things To Do | Edible Ash
I am excited to share ways to help you include more anti inflammatory foods in your diet. Not only will these colorful foods help improve our health but they also make our plates more beautiful and tasty. As an Asheville Nutritionist and Registered Dietitian, I help my clients improve their health through food and find things that they enjoy eating. You can find out more about some of the things that I do here: | <urn:uuid:05d2657e-15dd-44ac-bd08-c165d9101da7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://vineripenutrition.com/10-anti-inflammatory-recipes-for-spring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.926698 | 2,627 | 2.921875 | 3 |
This Day in History: October 8th
Today in History: October 8, 1918
Corporal Alvin C. York, while at the head of a small detachment near the Meuse River in the Argonne Forest in France, killed at least 20 German soldiers and captured an additional 132 men, which later earned him the Congressional Medal of Honor.
York was born in a log cabin near the Tennessee-Kentucky border in 1887. He was the third of 11 children that scraped out a living from hunting and subsistence farming. York became a fundamentalist Christian in 1915, and two years later when the U.S. entered World War I he was drafted into the Army.
Due to his religious beliefs, York attempted to get out of going to war as a conscientious-objector, but was denied that status and so enlisted in the 82nd Infantry Division. He arrived in France in May 1918 for active duty on the Western Front. In September of that year, he took part in the successful Saint-Mihiel offensive and was promoted to corporal and given his own squadron to command.
What took place on October 8, 1918 was part of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, which was the last big allied push against the Germans on the Western Front during World War I. York and his men had the job of capturing German-held positions across a valley; after encountering problems, the small group of 17 men was fired upon by German machine guns from a nearby hill.
York described what happened next in his diary:
They killed all of Savage’s squad; they got all of mine but two; they wounded Cutting and killed two of his squad; and Early’s squad was well back in the brush on the extreme right and not yet under the direct fire of the machine guns, and so they escaped. All except Early. He went down with three bullets in his body. That left me in command. I was right out there in the open.
And those machine guns were spitting fire and cutting down the undergrowth all around me something awful. And the Germans were yelling orders. You never heard such a ‘racket in all of your life. I didn’t have time to dodge behind a tree or dive into the brush, I didn’t even have time to kneel or lie down.
I don’t know what the other boys were doing. They claim they didn’t fire a shot. They said afterwards they were on the right, guarding the prisoners. And the prisoners were lying down and the machine guns had to shoot over them to get me. As soon as the machine guns opened fire on me, I began to exchange shots with them.
I had no time nohow to do nothing but watch them-there German machine gunners and give them the best I had. Every time I seed a German I jes teched him off. At first I was shooting from a prone position; that is lying down; jes like we often shoot at the targets in the shooting matches in the mountains of Tennessee; and it was jes about the same distance. But the targets here were bigger. I jes couldn’t miss a German’s head or body at that distance. And I didn’t. Besides, it weren’t no time to miss nohow.
I knowed that in order to shoot me the Germans would have to get their heads up to see where I was lying. And I knowed that my only chance was to keep their heads down. And I done done it. I covered their positions and let fly every time I seed anything to shoot at. Every time a head come up I done knocked it down. Then they would sorter stop for a moment and then another head would come up and I would knock it down, too. I was giving them the best I had.
I was right out in the open and the machine guns [there were over thirty of them in continuous action] were spitting fire and cutting up all around me something awful. But they didn’t seem to be able to hit me. All the time the Germans were shouting orders. You never heard such a racket in all of your life. Of course, all of this only took a few minutes. As soon as I was able I stood up and begun to shoot off-hand, which is my favorite position. I was still sharpshooting with that-there old army rifle. I used up several clips. The barrel was getting hot and my rifle ammunition was running low, or was where it was hard for me to get at it quickly. But I had to keep on shooting jes the same.
In the middle of the fight a German officer and five men done jumped out of a trench and charged me with fixed bayonets. They had about twenty-five yards to come and they were coming right smart. I only had about half a clip left in my rifle; but I had my pistol ready. I done flipped it out fast and teched them off, too.
I teched off the sixth man first; then the fifth; then the fourth; then the third; and so on. That’s the way we shoot wild turkeys at home. You see we don’t want the front ones to know that we’re getting the back ones, and then they keep on coming until we get them all. Of course, I hadn’t time to think of that. I guess I jes naturally did it. I knowed, too, that if the front ones wavered, or if I stopped them the rear ones would drop down and pump a volley into me and get me.
Then I returned to the rifle, and kept right on after those machine guns. I knowed now that if I done kept my head and didn’t run out of ammunition I had them. So I done hollered to them to come down and give up. I didn’t want to kill any more’n I had to. I would tech a couple of them off and holler again. But I guess they couldn’t understand my language, or else they couldn’t hear me in the awful racket that was going on all around. Over twenty Germans were killed by this time.
–and I got hold of the German major. After he seed me stop the six Germans who charged with fixed bayonets he got up off the ground and walked over to me and yelled “English?”
I said, “No, not English.”
He said, “What?”
I said, “American.”
He said, “Good —–!” Then he said, “If you won’t shoot any more I will make them give up.” I had killed over twenty before the German major said he would make them give up. I covered him with my automatic and told him if he didn’t make them stop firing I would take off his head next. And he knew I meant it. He told me if I didn’t kill him, and if I stopped shooting the others in the trench, he would make them surrender.
So he blew a little whistle and they came down and began to gather around and throw down their guns and belts. All but one of them came off the hill with their hands up, and just before that one got to me he threw a little hand grenade which burst in the air in front of me.
Alvin York Statue I had to tech him off. The rest surrendered without any more trouble. There were nearly 100 of them.
So we had about 80 or 90 Germans there disarmed, and had another line of Germans to go through to get out. So I called for my men, and one of them answered from behind a big oak tree, and the others were on my right in the brush.
So I said, “Let’s get these Germans out of here.”
One of my men said, “it is impossible.”
So I said, “No; let’s get them out.”
So when my man said that, this German major said, “How many have you got?” and I said, “I have got a-plenty,” and pointed my pistol at him all the time.
In this battle I was using a rifle and a .45 Colt automatic pistol.
So I lined the Germans up in a line of twos, and I got between the ones in front, and I had the German major before me. So I marched them straight into those other machine guns and I got them.
The German major could speak English as well as I could. Before the war he used to work in Chicago. And I told him to keep his hands up and to line up his men in column of twos, and to do it in double time. And he did it. And I lined up my men that were left on either side of the column, and I told one to guard the rear. I ordered the prisoners to pick up and carry our wounded. I wasn’t a-goin’ to leave any good American boys lying out there to die. So I made the Germans carry them. And they did.
And I takened the major and placed him at the head of the column and I got behind him and used him as a screen. I poked the automatic in his back and told him to hike. And he hiked.
The major suggested we go down a gully, but I knew that was the wrong way. And I told him we were not going down any gully. We were going straight through the German front line trenches back to the American lines.
It was their second line that I had captured. We sure did get a long way behind the German trenches! And so I marched them straight at that old German front line trench. And some more machine guns swung around and began to spit at us. I told the major to blow his whistle or I would take off his head and theirs too. So he blew his whistle and they all surrendered– all except one. I made the major order him to surrender twice. But he wouldn’t. And I had to tech him off. I hated to do it. I’ve been doing a tolerable lot of thinking about it since. He was probably a brave soldier boy. But I couldn’t afford to take any chances and so I had to let him have it.
There was considerably over a hundred prisoners now. It was a problem to get them back safely to our own lines. There was so many of them there was danger of our own artillery mistaking us for a German counter-attack and opening up on us. I sure was relieved when we run into the relief squads that had been sent forward through the brush to help us.
On the way back we were constantly under heavy shell fire and I had to double-time them to get them through safely. There was nothing to be gained by having any more of them wounded or killed. They done surrendered to me and it was up to me to look after them. And so I done done it.
So when I got back to my major’s p.c. I had 132 prisoners. We marched those German prisoners on back into the American lines to the battalion p.c. (post of command), and there we came to the Intelligence Department. Lieutenant Woods came out and counted 132 prisoners. And when he counted them he said, “York, have you captured the whole German army?” And I told him I had a tolerable few…
The next morning Captain Danforth sent me back with some stretcher bearers to see if there were any of our American boys that we had missed. But they were all dead. And there were a lot of German dead. We counted twenty-eight, which is just the number of shots I fired. And there were thirty-five machine guns and a whole mess of equipment and small arms.
The salvage corps was busy packing it up. And I noticed the bushes all around where I stood in my fight with the machine guns were all cut down. The bullets went over my head and on either side. But they never touched me.
So you can see here in this case of mine where God helped me out. I had been living for God and working in the church some time before I come to the army. So I am a witness to the fact that God did help me out of that hard battle; for the bushes were shot up all around me and I never got a scratch… I say that He did save me. Now, He will save you if you will only trust Him.
York was soon promoted to sergeant, and remained on the front lines until ten days before the armistice. In April 1919, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest American military decoration.
He went on to found a school for needy children in rural Tennessee called the York Industrial Institute.
- The Man Who Fought in WWII With a Sword and a Bow
- WWII Files: Audrey Hepburn and the Dutch Resistance
- Simo Häyhä, “White Death”, Sniped Over 542 Soviet Soldiers in WWII
|Share the Knowledge!| | <urn:uuid:30883ad2-71bb-4063-be19-8283ce7189dd> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/10/day-history-october-8th/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.992168 | 2,764 | 3.25 | 3 |
Use a Notebook to Learn More English Vocabulary - Increase English Vocabulary.
7 Mobile Apps That Will Dramatically Increase Your Vocabulary. Would you like a bigger vocabulary? If you're like most people, the answer is yes. Then again, if you're like most people, you don't have the free time to enroll in a course or work your way through the dictionary. But you can use your smartphone as a powerful tool to learn new words, increase your vocabulary and strengthen your command of the English language without devoting blocks of time to the task. These apps make learning new words painless or even fun, and all you need is a minute or two at a time while drinking your morning coffee or waiting in line.
(Unless noted otherwise, these apps are available for both iOS and Android devices.) 1. This combined learning tool and game allows you to either learn and retain words you choose or words the app chooses for you. "Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"? By Maeve Maddox Lauren writes: I have searched the internet for the answer to this, but I cannot find it: What is the difference between ‘gratitude’ and ‘gratefulness’ if any.
Both Merriam-Webster and the OED treat the words as synonyms: Merriam-Webster:gratitude: the state of being gratefulgratefulness: : the quality or state of being grateful OED:gratitude: The quality or condition of being gratefulgratefulness: The quality of being grateful The abstract noun gratitude comes from Medieval Latin gratitudo, “thankfulness.” The adjective grateful comes from an obsolete adjective grate, “agreeable, thankful,” which came from a Latin adjective, gratus, “pleasing.” Personally, I prefer gratitude to gratefulness because I don’t like using -ness abstract nouns when a form without -ness is available and suits the context. Here are some examples of what seem to me to be unnecessary -ness formations, together with the words that can be used instead: Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Vocabulary Building Strategies by Vocabulary Cartoons.
BBC Learning English - Course: English In A Minute / Unit 1 / Session 55 / Activity 1. Houses and buildings. Science and technology. Free English Vocabulary Lessons. Health Vocabulary. English vocabulary site:www.thoughtco.com at DuckDuckGo. People and relationships vocabulary. Success vocabulary. Words in the News. Food and drink. Quickly open pages with Google AMP Viewer - Google Search Help. Homophones, Homographs, and Homonyms. Learning English - Today's Phrase.
Study English - Series 1, Episode 9: ADHD.
Text: Strategies to Improve Your Vocabulary. There are several proven benefits in improving your vocabulary, but how should we go about learning new words in the most effective way?
By using the following ten vocabulary-building strategies, you are guaranteed to develop a strong vocabulary and keep improving it every day. 1. Read Voraciously It’s undeniable that reading is the most effective way to get new vocabulary. BBC Learning English - Course: News Review / Unit 1.
Real Vocabulary: What does transpire mean? Learn English Vocabulary - Internet Acronyms. Learn English Vocabulary - Office Jargon. Learn English Vocabulary - Up Quiz. General words meaning to give. To find something or someone. To arrive in a place, or to enter a place. English Profile - Word of the Week. The preposition under is known even at A1 level in its core meaning of LOWER POSITION.
The frequent meaning LESS THAN, as in under £20, under the age of ten, under 50% seems to be known from A2 level. Further phrases with under are included at the higher levels, such as be under the impression at B2 and be under way at C2. Under also occurs in the common idioms down under, under your nose and be/feel under the weather, all of which are included at C2. It is possible to search for idioms as a separate category in the English Vocabulary Profile – for example, to find all idioms containing the word under, type this word in the Search box and select ‘idioms’ in the Category menu of Advanced search.
Under is also used as a prefix and a wild card search (typing under* in the Search box) will return all the words in the English Vocabulary Profile that start with under, including underdeveloped, underestimate, undergo, underline, underlying, etc.
Vocabulary: Ways to Extend Student Learning - Craig Thaine. English Dictionaries. English Vocabulary - Word Lists, Games, Worksheets, Lessons and Exercises for ESL Students and Kids. Word Games and Vocabulary Puzzles for ESL Students. World Wide Words. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Learn English online for free with hundreds of interactive English exercises on this site. Practise grammar, prepare for exams, learn English words and do listening practice. Find a lot of information about what words mean and how they are used in our English dictionary. Vocabulary Browse hundreds of vocabulary exercises to help you learn more English collocations, synonyms, idioms and phrasal verbs as well as other aspects of vocabulary.
Intermediate grammar Grammar exercises for intermediate learners at the B1–B2 level of the CEFR. Advanced grammar Grammar exercises for advanced learners at the C1–C2 level of the CEFR. Listening and pronunciation These exercises focus on sounds, syllables and stress in words to improve your listening and pronunciation skills. Exam preparation.
Keen, tenacious, and determined: Boost your SAT vocabulary for the SAT reading section. Search. Vocabulary. Words and Their Stories - Articles. Supermarkets. Vocabulary Building.
English Pronunciation. English Spelling. Vocabulary - Learn English - Education. Activities for Learners. English vocabulary Archives - Botanical Linguist. Oxford Dictionaries. About Words – Cambridge Dictionaries Online blog – Commenting on developments in the English language. 7f8de955 596b 437c ba40 a68ed754c348. Education Vocabulary. Economy vocabulary.
Transport and Travel Vocabulary. Creative Industries. Society Vocabulary. Oxford English Vocab Trainer on the App Store. NATURE VOCABULARY. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Word Skills. Idioms and Phrasal Verbs. Fashion. Oxford Word Skills. PET Vocabulary List. Oral English Activities. Vocabulary learning tools. Free Classroom Resources. Browse Encyclopedia Britannica Quizzes. We’re on a roll! (Everyday idioms in newspapers) By Kate Woodford We like to keep you supplied with frequent, up-to-date idioms on this blog.
One way in which we do this is by reading, every few months, a range of national newspapers that were published on the same day. We then pick out the idioms and phrases in use. As ever, we only include common, current idioms and phrases – in other words, the type that will be most useful to learn. This week’s phrases come from tabloid newspapers. Elsewhere in the same paper, it is reported that a TV celebrity has ‘set her sights on’ becoming an online lifestyle guru. The same paper notes that a serious crime was not widely reported in the media while other, less important events received a great deal of attention. The business pages, meanwhile, report on a businessman who is ‘on a roll’, forming a new company and becoming involved in various other projects. Another tabloid rudely comments that a celebrity chef has been piling on the pounds, meaning ‘putting on weight’.
Like this: Like Loading... Quizzes. The Science of Awkwardness Vsauce Vocabulary in contextPeople & society18 items Academic Word List (sublist 1) Preparing for IELTS?
Studying academic vocabulary? This quiz will help you explore the words from the AWL and their collocations. Emma Watson's Harry Potter Outtake Jimmy Kimmel Live. Level 200 Vocabulary Topics. Learn English and grow your Vocabulary. Time adverbs Vocabulary.
Free English Vocabulary Games and Exercises. Leisure Vocabulary. Word list, List of words - www.myvocabulary.com. Q: How can I use 775 word lists from A: Suggestions for usage for teachers, parents, students and life-long learners!
Choose 15-25 words that are unknown to you from the list provided. Look up and write down the definition, part of speech and use the new word in a sentence of more than 6 words. Practice using the new word. Harder words by topic - index. Vocabulary exercises for learners of English as a second language. Vocabulary exercises for learners of English as a second language. Vocabulary, Vocabulary Games - www.myvocabulary.com. Vocabulary, Vocabulary games - www.myvocabulary.com. Common Core alignment to "Reading: Literature and Subject-related Content" is to 3 key phrases:"Particular Topic", "Grade Relevant Text and Subject Area" and"Context".
CCSS Alignment Strand Numbers for Specific Grades:Particular Topic: "CCSS.ELA-Literacy. " precedes these numbers: 4.6. 5.6, 6.6, 7.6, 8.6, 9-10.6, 11-12.6Grade & Subject-Relevant Text/Area: "CCSS.ELA-Literacy. " precedes these numbers:(Reading: Informational Text) RI.2.4, RI.3.4, RI.4.4. RI.5.4, RI.6.4, RI.7.4, RI.8.4, RI.9-10.4, RI.11-12.4(Reading: Literature) RL.2.4, RL.3.4, RL.4.4. Learn words from the news: chunks, flying buttress, brace, Gothic masonry, crumbles. Common Vocabulary for learners.
Topic Dictionaries at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. How Strong Is Your Vocabulary?: Weekly Challenge. Wiktionary:Topics.
Vocabulary site:thoughtco.com at DuckDuckGo. | <urn:uuid:410281d5-14ff-435d-bd6f-5c0640c32f4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.pearltrees.com/topicalsearch/english-vocabulary/id14676113 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584567.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.889564 | 2,181 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Media to Use for Presentation Aids
Presentation Aids Module
- Understand the range of media choices for presentation aids.
- Identify advantages and disadvantages of different presentation aid media.
- Explain the role of careful planning and good execution when using presentation aids.
The venue of your speech should suggest the appropriate selection of presentation aids. In your classroom, you have several choices, including some that omit technology. If you are speaking in a large auditorium, you will almost certainly need to use technology to project text and images on a large screen.
Many students feel that they lack the artistic skills to render their own graphics, so they opt to use copyright-free graphics on their presentation aids. You may do this as long as you use images that are created in a consistent style. For instance, you should not combine realistic renderings with cartoons unless there is a clear and compelling reason to do so. Being selective in this way will result in a sequence of presentation aids that look like a coherent set, thereby enhancing your professionalism.
In keeping with careful choices and effective design, we also have to do a good job in executing presentation aids. They should never look hastily made, dirty, battered, or disorganized. They do not have to be fancy, but they do need to look professional. In this section we will discuss the major types of media that can be used for presentation aids, which include computer-based media, audiovisual media, and low-tech media.
In most careers in business, industry, and other professions for which students are preparing themselves, computer-based presentation aids are the norm today. Whether the context is a weekly department meeting in a small conference room or an annual convention in a huge amphitheater, speakers are expected to be comfortable with using PowerPoint or other similar software to create and display presentation aids.
If your public speaking course meets in a smart classroom, you have probably had the opportunity to see the computer system in action. Many such systems today are nimble and easy to use. Still, “easy” is a relative term. Don’t take for granted someone else’s advice that “it’s really self-explanatory”—instead, make sure to practice ahead of time. It is also wise to be prepared for technical problems, which can happen to even the most sophisticated computer users. When Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple and cofounder of Pixar, introduced a new iPhone 4 in June, 2010, his own visual presentation froze.Macworld. (2010, June 7). WWDC: Steve Jobs’ iPhone 4 launch glitches [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoqh27E6OuU The irony of a high-tech guru’s technology not working at a public presentation did not escape the notice of news organizations.
The world was first introduced to computer presentations back in the 1970s, but these software packages were expensive and needed highly trained technicians to operate the programs. Today, there are a number of presentation softwareSoftware packages that enable a speaker to visually show material through the use of a computer and projector. programs that are free or relatively inexpensive and that can be learned quickly by nonspecialists. Table 15.1 "Presentation Software Packages" lists several of these.
Table 15.1 Presentation Software Packages
|Adobe Acrobat Presenter||http://www.adobe.com/products/presenter/features||$|
In addition to becoming more readily accessible, presentation software has become more flexible over the years. As recently as the mid-2000s, critics such as the eminent graphic expert and NASA consultant Edward Tufte charged that PowerPoint’s tendency to force the user to put a certain number of bullet points on each slide in a certain format was a serious threat to the accurate presentation of data. As Tufte put it, “the rigid slide-by-slide hierarchies, indifferent to content, slice and dice the evidence into arbitrary compartments, producing an anti-narrative with choppy continuity.”Tufte, E. (2005, September 6). PowerPoint does rocket science—and better techniques for technical reports [Online forum]. Retrieved from http://www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0001yB&topic_id=1 Tufte argues that poor decision making, such as was involved with the 2003 space shuttle Columbia disaster, may have been related to the shortcomings of such presentation aids in NASA meetings. While more recent versions of PowerPoint and similar programs allow much more creative freedom in designing slides, this freedom comes with a responsibility—the user needs to take responsibility for using the technology to support the speech and not get carried away with the many special effects the software is capable of producing.
What this boils down to is observing the universal principles of good design, which include unity, emphasis or focal point, scale and proportion, balance, and rhythm.Lauer, D. A., & Pentak, S. (2000). Design basics (5th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers. As we’ve mentioned earlier, it’s generally best to use a single font for the text on your visuals so that they look like a unified set. In terms of scale or proportion, it is essential to make sure the information is large enough for the audience to see; and since the display size may vary according to the monitor you are using, this is another reason for practicing in advance with the equipment you intend to use. The rhythm of your slide display should be reasonably consistent—you would not want to display a dozen different slides in the first minute of a five-minute presentation and then display only one slide per minute for the rest of the speech.
In addition to presentation software such as PowerPoint, speakers sometimes have access to interactive computer-based presentation aids. These are often called “clickers”—handheld units that audience members hold and that are connected to a monitor to which the speaker has access. These interactive aids are useful for tracking audience responses to questions, and they have the advantage over asking for a show of hands in that they can be anonymous. A number of instructors in various courses use “clickers” in their classrooms.
Using computer-based aids in a speech brings up a few logistical considerations. In some venues, you may need to stand behind a high-tech console to operate the computer. You need to be aware that this will physically isolate you from the audience you with whom you are trying to establish a relationship in your speech. When you stand behind presentation equipment, you may feel really comfortable, but you end up limiting your nonverbal interaction with your audience.
If your classroom is not equipped with a computer and you want to use presentation software media in your speech, you may of course bring your computer, or you may be able to schedule the delivery of a computer cart to your classroom. In either case, check with your instructor about the advance preparations that will be needed. At some schools, there are very few computer carts, so it is important to reserve one well in advance. You will also want to see if you can gain access to one ahead of time to practice and familiarize yourself with the necessary passwords and commands to make your slides run properly. On the day of your speech, be sure to arrive early enough to test out the equipment before class begins.
Although audio and video clips are often computer-based, they can be (and, in past decades, always were) used without a computer.
Audio presentation aids are useful for illustrating musical themes. For instance, if you’re speaking about how the Polish composer Frederick Chopin was inspired by the sounds of nature, you can convey that meaning only through playing an example. If you have a smart classroom, you may be able to use it to play an MP3. Alternatively, you may need to bring your music player. In that case, be sure the speakers in the room are up to the job. The people in the back of the room must be able to hear it, and the speakers must not sound distorted when you turn the volume up.
Video that clarifies, explains, amplifies, emphasizes, or illustrates a key concept in your speech is appropriate, as long as you do not rely on it to do your presentation for you. There are several things you must do. First, identify a specific section of video that delivers meaning. Second, “cue up” the video so that you can just pop it into the player, and it will begin at the right place. Third, tell your audience where the footage comes from. You can tell your audience, for instance, that you are showing them an example from the 1985 BBC documentary titled “In Search of the Trojan War.” Fourth, tell your audience why you’re showing the footage. For instance, you can tell them, “This is an example of storytelling in the Bardic tradition.” You can interrupt or mute the video to make a comment about it, but your total footage should not use more than 20 percent of the time for your speech.
In some speaking situations, of course, computer technology is not available. Even if you have ready access to technology, there will be contexts where computer-based presentation aids are unnecessary or even counterproductive. And in still other contexts, computer-based media may be accompanied by low-tech presentation aids. One of the advantages of low-tech media is that they are very predictable. There’s little that can interfere with using them. Additionally, they can be inexpensive to produce. However, unlike digital media, they can be prone to physical damage in the form of smudges, scratches, dents, and rips. It can be difficult to keep them professional looking if you have to carry them through a rainstorm or blizzard, so you will need to take steps to protect them as you transport them to the speech location. Let’s examine some of the low-tech media that you might use with a speech.
Chalk or Dry-Erase Board
If you use a chalkboard or dry-erase board you are not using a prepared presentation aidA presentation aid designed and created ahead of time to be used as a coherent part of a speech.. Your failure to prepare visuals ahead of time can be interpreted in several ways, mostly negative. If other speakers carefully design, produce, and use attractive visual aids, yours will stand out by contrast. You will be seen as the speaker who does not take the time to prepare even a simple aid. Do not use a chalkboard or marker board and pretend it’s a prepared presentation aid.
However, numerous speakers do utilize chalk and dry-erase boards effectively. Typically, these speakers use the chalk or dry-erase board for interactive components of a speech. For example, maybe you’re giving a speech in front of a group of executives. You may have a PowerPoint all prepared, but at various points in your speech you want to get your audience’s responses. Chalk or dry-erase boards are very useful when you want to visually show information that you are receiving from your audience. If you ever use a chalk or dry-erase board, follow these three simple rules:
- Write large enough so that everyone in the room can see.
- Print legibly; don’t write in cursive script.
- Write short phrases; don’t take time to write complete sentences.
It is also worth mentioning that some classrooms and business conference rooms are equipped with smartboards, or digitally enhanced whiteboards. On a smartboard you can bring up prepared visuals and then modify them as you would a chalk or dry-erase board. The advantage is that you can keep a digital record of what was written for future reference. However, as with other technology-based media, smartboards may be prone to unexpected technical problems, and they require training and practice to be used properly.
A flipchart is useful when you’re trying to convey change over a number of steps. For instance, you could use a prepared flipchart to show dramatic population shifts on maps. In such a case, you should prepare highly visible, identical maps on three of the pages so that only the data will change from page to page. Each page should be neatly titled, and you should actively point out the areas of change on each page. You could also use a flip chart to show stages in the growth and development of the malaria-bearing mosquito. Again, you should label each page, making an effort to give the pages a consistent look.
Organize your flip chart in such a way that you flip pages in one direction only, front to back. It will be difficult to flip large pages without damaging them, and if you also have to “back up” and “skip forward,” your presentation will look awkward and disorganized. Pages will get damaged, and your audience will be able to hear each rip.
In addition, most flip charts need to be propped up on an easel of some sort. If you arrive for your speech only to find that the easel in the classroom has disappeared, you will need to rig up another system that allows you to flip the pages.
Poster Board or Foam Board
Foam board consists of a thin sheet of Styrofoam with heavy paper bonded to both surfaces. It is a lightweight, inexpensive foundation for information, and it will stand on its own when placed in an easel without curling under at the bottom edge. Poster board tends to be cheaper than foam board, but it is flimsier, more vulnerable to damage, and can’t stand on its own.
If you plan to paste labels or paragraphs of text to foam or poster board, for a professional look you should make sure the color of the poster board matches the color of the paper you will paste on. You will also want to choose a color that allows for easy visual contrast so your audience can see it, and it must be a color that’s appropriate for the topic. For instance, hot pink would be the wrong color on a poster for a speech about the Protestant Reformation.
Avoid producing a presentation aid that looks like you simply cut pictures out of magazines and pasted them on. Slapping some text and images on a board looks unprofessional and will not be viewed as credible or effective. Instead, when creating a poster you need to take the time to think about how you are going to lay out your aid and make it look professional. You do not have to spend lots of money to make a very sleek and professional-looking poster.
Some schools also have access to expensive, full-color poster printers where you can create large poster for pasting on a foam board. In the real world of public speaking, most speakers rely on the creation of professional posters using a full-color poster printer. Typically, posters are sketched out and then designed on a computer using a program like Microsoft PowerPoint or Publisher (these both have the option of selecting the size of the printed area).
Handouts are appropriate for delivering information that audience members can take away with them. As we will see, handouts require a great deal of management if they are to contribute to your credibility as a speaker.
First, make sure to bring enough copies of the handout for each audience member to get one. Having to share or look on with one’s neighbor does not contribute to a professional image. Under no circumstances should you ever provide a single copy of a handout to pass around. There are several reasons this is a bad idea. You will have no control over the speed at which it circulates, or the direction it goes. Moreover, only one listener will be holding it while you’re making your point about it and by the time most people see it they will have forgotten why they need to see it. In some case, it might not even reach everybody by the end of your speech. Finally, listeners could still be passing your handout around during the next speaker’s speech.
There are three possible times to distribute handouts: before you begin your speech, during the speech, and after your speech is over. Naturally, if you need your listeners to follow along in a handout, you will need to distribute it before your speech begins. If you have access to the room ahead of time, place a copy of the handout on each seat in the audience. If not, ask a volunteer to distribute them as quickly as possible while you prepare to begin speaking. If the handout is a “takeaway,” leave it on a table near the door so that those audience members who are interested can take one on their way out; in this case, don’t forget to tell them to do so as you conclude your speech. It is almost never appropriate to distribute handouts during your speech, as it is distracting and interrupts the pace of your presentation.
Like other presentation aids, handouts should include only the necessary information to support your points, and that information should be organized in such a way that listeners will be able to understand it. For example, in a speech about how new health care legislation will affect small business owners in your state, a good handout might summarize key effects of the legislation and include the names of state agencies with their web addresses where audience members can request more detailed information.
If your handout is designed for your audience to follow along, you should tell them so. State that you will be referring to specific information during the speech. Then, as you’re presenting your speech, ask your audience to look, for example, at the second line in the first cluster of information. Read that line out loud and then go on to explain its meaning.
As with any presentation aid, handouts are not a substitute for a well-prepared speech. Ask yourself what information your audience really needs to be able to take with them and how it can be presented on the page in the most useful and engaging way possible.
- Speakers in professional contexts are expected to be familiar with presentation software, such as PowerPoint.
- Computer-based media can produce very professional-looking presentation aids, but as with any other media, the universal principles of good design apply.
- Speakers using computer-based media need to practice ahead of time with the computer they intend to use in the speech.
- Each presentation aid vehicle has advantages and disadvantages. As such, speakers need to think through the use of visual aids and select the most appropriate ones for their individual speeches.
- Every presentation aid should be created with careful attention to content and appearance.
What’s wrong with this presentation aid?
- How would you change it?
- What kind of presentation aids might you use in a speech on the health benefits of laughter? Why might these be good choice? | <urn:uuid:dfb3695f-f6d6-4dd3-a723-f76870b1bfff> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://calango.org/lessons/3180/learn/media-to-use-for-presentation-aids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587926.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026200738-20211026230738-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.939893 | 3,920 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), may account for about 15 percent of all cases of dementia in the UK. It’s thought that DLB on its own affects over 100,000 people in the UK alone, making it one of the leading causes of dementia in the UK. But DLB is still relatively unknown, compared to other types of dementia.
Related: What is dementia?
DLB has some of the same symptoms as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, and can be wrongly diagnosed as these and other conditions. It is most common in people over 65.
Related: Learn more about Alzheimer's disease
Related: Find out more about Parkinson's disease
Lewy bodies – named after the doctor who first discovered them – are miniscule amounts of protein in nerve cells. Scientists don’t yet really understand why these protein deposits are found in the brain, or how they play a part in dementia.
We do, however, have some knowledge of how they affect us. Having Lewy bodies in the brain is linked to having lower levels of acetylcholine and dopamine – both important chemical messengers. This means that connections between nerve cells are lost, and this causes the ongoing death of nerve cells and a reduction in brain tissue.
Lewy bodies can be found in different parts of the brain, and their location affects the symptoms that develop. Lewy bodies at the base of the brain are linked to difficulties with movement - one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
Lewy bodies found in the brain’s outer layers are connected with problems with the brain’s ability to think and process information. This is a typical trait of DLB.
Like other forms of dementia the symptoms of Parkinson’s and DLB become worse with time. And the symptoms of these two conditions become more alike, as they progress.
Symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies
Dementia with Lewy bodies is different for everyone who has this condition. Each person with DLB will have different sets of symptoms. And the speed at which their condition – and symptoms – progress can vary a great deal from one person to another.
Someone with DLB will usually have some of the symptoms of both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
Other symptoms can include reduced ability to tackle problem solving, memory problems, and unpredictable and quickly changing levels of confusion.
People with DLB can have very varying levels of alertness. They may seem quite aware, and then seem to be staring into space, or are drowsy and almost asleep. These changes can happen every hour or more, or even every few minutes.
DLB can also cause:
- Symptoms similar to Parkinson’s, with slower movements than normal, tremors and stiff muscles.
- Visual hallucinations – often seeing people and/or animals that aren’t there
- Disturbed sleep, which can include them talking and moving
- Being unsteady on their feet, fainting and falling
Diagnosing Dementia with Lewy bodies
In its early stages DLB can be quite difficult to diagnose - the symptoms could be caused by a range of other conditions.
Your GP will be able to carry out some of the tests needed for a diagnosis. Some, however, will have to be carried out by specialists.
You may need to have a brain scan (a computerized tomography (CT) scan, for instance) to check whether your symptoms are being caused by a stroke, for example, or by brain shrinkage. They may also refer you for blood tests and possibly, to a memory clinic.
How dementia with Lewy bodies progresses
DLB, like other types of dementia, is a progressive condition. This means that symptoms become steadily worse over time – and there may be more of them. This will affect memory, and behaviour – being restless and agitated for instance.
In fact with the changes that time brings, and the changes to memory and mental competence, the condition may appear more like the middle to later stages of Azheimer’s disease.
Other changes that will appear as the disease progresses can include more difficulty with movement and walking. Falls are more common at this stage, as are increasing problems with eating and swallowing.
Related: Download our falls prevention guide
Treatment for dementia with Lewy bodies
There are no drugs or other treatments than can cure dementia with Lewy bodies, however there are some treatments that can help, by managing the symptoms, and helping the person with DLB feel calmer.
The first step will be for the experts involved – GP, dementia specialists and social care need experts – to look at the situation and create a care plan tailored to each individual person. This should aim to give the best quality of life for each person. This is important because people who have DLB will all have different problems and different needs.
As time goes by and the disease progresses the professionals involved will need to reassess the person with dementia. This will allow them to update the level of care and possibly re-assess any medications they need.
Drug treatments for dementia with Lewy bodies
There are some drug treatments that may help people with DLB, but they must be used with care, as some may cause unpleasant side effects. Because every person with DLB reacts differently, it is very hard to know how each one is likely to respond to the medication.
Drugs given to help with hallucinations and mental issues may make that person’s movement problems worse. And medication to help with movement problems may make that person’s mental capacity and/or hallucinations worse.
Cholinesterase inhibitor drugs - galantamine, donepezil and rivastigmine - may be of some help in treating some of the symptoms of DLB, such as the highs and lows in mental abilities and alertness. These drugs aren’t, at the moment, licensed for use in people with DLB, so it can depend on your doctor whether or not they are prepared to prescribe them. (There is some evidence that these drugs can help with DLB. Your doctor may be prepared to prescribe one of these drugs outside the terms of the licence – or ‘off label’).
Sometimes antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed to someone with DLB. These are to help with agitation or worrying hallucinations. However, these can have serious and even dangerous side effects, and may increase the risk of death so they are only used in certain cases, and after a great deal of thought.
Clopixil (Clopenthixol), Dolmatil (Sulpiride) and Largactil (Clorpromazine) are some of the antipsychotic drugs available.
Levodopa, which is prescribed for people with Parkinson’s disease, is occasionally also prescribed for people with DLB who have movement problems. However, it doesn’t work as effectively in people with DLB, and can reduce their mental abilities.
Other treatments for dementia with Lewy bodies
There are non-medicinal treatments than can help both the person with DLB and their family and carers. Some of these may be provided free – ask your GP or specialist team whether any services that provide expert help, such as occupational therapy or physiotherapy, are provided through the NHS in your area.
Occupational therapy can help with problems with day to day tasks, such as getting washed and dressed.
An occupational therapist or physiotherapist may also be able to help with mobility, and independence. They will also be able to suggest aids and adaptations to the home that can make life easier for the person with DLB.
Related: How physiotherapy can benefit your health
Speech and language therapy may be able to help if the person with DLB has difficulty speaking or swallowing. Ask whether this is available through your GP.
Memory loss in people who have dementia with Lewy bodies
People who have dementia often have trouble remembering things that happened an hour or a day ago, but can recall their younger days far more clearly. Unfortunately, as their dementia continues to become worse even these memories can become hazy or non-existent.
If you are looking after someone with dementia it can help them recall their past if they have old photographs, letters, books etc. around them, as physical reminders. Research has found that this can help people with dementia feel calmer and more in control. It may be worth playing them music or DVDs of older films that they liked when they were younger.
Listening to them talk about their past can also be rewarding for both of you. Of course it may be that their memories aren’t all happy ones, but it can really help to listen to these too, and talk sympathetically about these events.
Cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia with Lewy bodies
The exercises and activities involved in cognitive stimulation therapy aim to help improve memory and communication skills.
It’s a good idea for people with DLB and other forms of dementia to take part in this form of therapy in an organized, group setting, but they can also do this at home, with carers. Ask your GP or one of the specialist team for more information.
Sleeping problems in people who have dementia with Lewy bodies
This can be disruptive for the person with DLB, their carers and family. Slowly increasing physical exercise, and reducing the amount of daytime napping can help with night-time sleeping. Reducing the amount of stimulation – TV, alcohol, tea and coffee – in the evening can also help. It’s also worth talking to the person’s GP about whether sleeping pills might help and if they are suitable.
Regular routines for people who have dementia with Lewy bodies
Having a regular routine, and keeping household items in the same place, can help people with dementia. It should make it easier for them to remember where things are, if they are always in the same spot, and help reduce their confusion. | <urn:uuid:3b045092-cd1e-4ab6-b93f-20f4abcb2eba> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.saga.co.uk/magazine/health-wellbeing/conditions/dementia/dementia-with-lewy-bodies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585204.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018155442-20211018185442-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.965707 | 2,071 | 3.140625 | 3 |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
Total tokens in matching entries: 2_698_501_256
- Downloads last month
- 2