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summarization | What events did John James Monckton set the world record for? | John James Monckton (28 October 1938 – 29 June 2017)[1] was an Australian backstroke swimmer who won a silver medal in the 100-metre event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Although he set multiple world records, he never won an Olympic gold medal.[2]
An apprentice carpenter from the New England region of New South Wales, Monckton appeared to be primed to win gold at the 1956 Olympics. At the national team camp in Townsville before the games, he became the first person to swim 400-metre backstroke in under five minutes. Although it was not a regularly contested event at international level, it was a promising sign for the event to be included for medal competition in the Olympics. He also set world records in the 110- and 220-yard freestyle events.
At the Olympics, Monckton was the fastest qualifier in the heats and semifinal, but was upstaged in the final by teammate David Theile.[2]
In the absence of Theile, who had retired after the Olympics to study medicine at university, Monckton dominated backstroke swimming, winning the 110-yard backstroke event at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff and also the 4×110-yard medley relay.[2] Monckton then prepared for another Olympics in 1960 in Rome, with Theile deferring his studies to defend his Olympic title. Monckton again led the qualifying in the heats and semifinals. However, in the final, he misjudged the turn and broke a finger. He limped home in seventh position, with Theile successfully defending his title.[3] Monckton continued competing in the hope of reaching a third Olympics in 1964, but retired after his performances began to deteriorate.
He married Maureen Giles, an Australian swimmer at the 1956 Olympics.[4]
He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1999.[5]
The Monckton Aquatic Centre in his hometown of Armidale is named for him. | John James Monckton set world records for the 400-metre backstroke, 220-yard freestyle and 110-yard freestyle events. |
information_extraction | From the Passage please find out what are the cause of climate change | In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels.[2][3] Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices increase greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane.[4] Greenhouse gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight. Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower atmosphere, causing global warming.
Due to climate change, deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common.[5] Increased warming in the Arctic has contributed to melting permafrost, glacial retreat and sea ice loss.[6] Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes.[7] Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct.[8] Even if efforts to minimise future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.[9] | 1. Climate change is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels.
2. Fossil fuel use,
3. deforestation,
4.agricultural and industrial practices increase |
summarization | Please provide a short biography of The Needle from the passage provided. | The Needle is a fictional character, a mutant supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Mark Gruenwald, Carmine Infantino, and Al Gordon, the character first appeared in Spider-Woman #9 (December 1978). Creator Mark Gruenwald brought the character back during his run on the West Coast Avengers as a member of the villain team Night Shift, which included other former Spider-Woman foes.
After being mugged one night while leaving work, Josef Saint, an elderly tailor, lost an eye and his ability to speak. While recuperating, he discovered that he has the power to paralyze with his gaze. Seeking revenge, Saint assumed the guise of the vigilante the Needle. Armed with a yard-long needle, the mute villain attacked young men on the streets at night, sewing their mouths shut. After victimizing S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Jerry Hunt, the Needle incurred the wrath of Spider-Woman, the agent's girlfriend, and she took him out with a close-range venom blast. He was subsequently arrested.
With other superhuman adventurers and criminals, the Needle was imprisoned by the Locksmith, but then freed by Spider-Woman.
The Needle joined the Night Shift, and teamed with Captain America against the Power Broker and his augmented mutates. Alongside the Night Shift, he tested Moon Knight to take over as the leader of the Night Shift. Later, alongside the Night Shift, he battled the West Coast Avengers. Alongside the Night Shift, the second Hangman, and Satannish, he battled the Avengers West Coast; his abilities had been enhanced by Satannish's black magic.
The Needle was later defeated by Armory.
Needle appears with the Night Shift, as part of the Hood's gang. They battle the Midnight Sons, and Needle impales Daimon Hellstrom with his needle, before Jennifer Kale knocks him off with a spell. He and the Night Shift are killed when the zombie virus mutates and becomes airborne. The virus cloud begins to rain blood, and reanimates the Night Shift as zombies. Dormammu assumes control of the Night Shift and uses them to fight the Midnight Sons. When Jennifer Kale and the Black Talon contain the virus within the Zombie (Simon Garth), the Night Shift members are apparently restored to normal, and the Hood teleports away with them. | The Needle is a mutant supervillain created by Mark Gruenwald, Carmine Infantino, and Al Gordon. He first appeared in Spider-Woman #9 (December 1978) and was brought back during his run on the West Coast Avengers as a member of the villain team Night Shift. He was imprisoned by the Locksmith and freed by Spider-Woman. He joined the Night Shift and teamed with Captain America against the Power Broker and his augmented mutates. He also battled the West Coast Avengers, the second Hangman, and Satannish.
He was later defeated by Armory. Needle appears with the Night Shift, as part of the Hood's gang, and they battle the Midnight Sons. They are killed when the zombie virus mutates and becomes airborne. Dormammu assumes control of the Night Shift and uses them to fight the Midnight Sons. When Jennifer Kale and the Black Talon contain the virus within the Zombie, the Night Shift members are restored to normal and the Hood teleports away with them. |
summarization | What is Ana María Gonzalez famous for | Ana María González (born 13 April 1951[1]) is a Spanish lyric soprano trained in Argentina, known for performing at the Teatro Colón from 1973 to 1994. Although associated with the Italian lyric repertoire, she also excelled in lyric soprano roles of the French repertoire such as Manon, Marguerite, and Juliette, which brought her international fame.[2] | Ana María Gonzalez (born 13 April 1951[1]) is a Spanish lyric soprano trained in Argentina, known for performing at the Teatro Colón from 1973 to 1994. Although associated with the Italian lyric repertoire, she also excelled in lyric soprano roles of the French repertoire such as Manon, Marguerite, and Juliette, which brought her international fame. |
information_extraction | From the passage identify the most common colloquial terms for dismissal in the United States and United Kingdom. Display the results in comma separated format. | Termination of employment or separation of employment is an employee's departure from a job and the end of an employee's duration with an employer. Termination may be voluntary on the employee's part, or it may be at the hands of the employer, often in the form of dismissal (firing) or a layoff. Dismissal or firing is usually thought to be the employee's fault, whereas a layoff is generally done for business reasons (for instance, a business slowdown, or an economic downturn) outside the employee's performance.
Firing carries a stigma in many cultures and may hinder the jobseeker's chances of finding new employment, particularly if they have been terminated from a previous job. Jobseekers sometimes do not mention jobs from which they were fired on their resumes; accordingly, unexplained gaps in employment, and refusal or failure to contact previous employers are often regarded as "red flags".[1]
Dismissal is when the employer chooses to require the employee to leave, usually for the reason that is the employee's fault. The most common colloquial terms for dismissal in the United States are "getting fired" or "getting canned" whereas in the United Kingdom the terms "getting the sack" or "getting sacked" are also used. | getting fired, getting canned, getting the sack, getting sacked |
creative_writing | What is a good city to visit in Michigan in the summer? | Michigan is well known for the variety of activities it offers year round. In the summer, camping, golfing, bicycling, hiking and swimming are some of the popular activities locals and visitors enjoy. While there are many great cities in the state that cater to these and other activities, a perennial favorite is Traverse City. Traverse City is located on the western side of Michigan right on Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay. This side of Michigan is often referred to as the Middle or Third Coast given the abundant shoreline. Traverse City is known for ease of access to all of the activities listed above as well as offering a small town feel with larger city amenities. There are also numerous cities and destinations all within a day’s drive including the famous Sleeping Bear Sand Dunes national lakeshore. The western side of Michigan is also known for its wine production and Traverse City has over 30 wineries within a 30 minute drive. Throughout the summer, Traverse City hosts many events, the most famous being the National Cherry Festival as Michigan is the largest tart cherry producing state in the US. |
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closed_qa | Given this paragraph about Dartmouth College traditions, which homecoming-related traditions are illegal? | Dartmouth Night starts the college's traditional "Homecoming" weekend with an evening of speeches, a parade, and a bonfire. Traditionally, the freshman class builds the bonfire and then runs around it a set number of times in concordance with their class year; the class of 2009 performed 109 circuits, the class of 1999 performed 99, etc. The College officially discourages a number of student traditions of varying degrees of antiquity. During the circling of the bonfire, upperclassmen encourage the freshmen to "touch the fire", an action legally considered trespassing and prohibited by police officials present. At halftime of the Homecoming football game on the Saturday of the weekend, some upperclassmen encourage freshman to "rush the field", although no upperclassman has seen a significant rush since several injuries sustained during the 1986 rush prompted the school to ban the practice. Among the two or three students who sometimes run across the field, those who are arrested are charged with trespassing (the independent newspaper The Dartmouth Review claimed to set up a fund to automatically pay any fines associated with freshman who rush the field.) However, in 2012 this was proven false when two students rushed the field and were arrested for disorderly conduct. The Dartmouth Review ignored their emails until finally replying and denying that this fund had ever existed. These students then had to pay $300 fines out of pocket. For the 2011 Homecoming game, however, over 40 members of the Class of 2015 rushed the field at homecoming without any action taken by Safety and Security or the Hanover Police Department. | Touching the bonfire, and rushing the football field during halftime of the homecoming game |
summarization | Please write a bulleted list of the key people involved in the construction of the Amsterdam Centraal station, and their role in the project. | Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Pierre Cuypers, who is also known for his design of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. While Cuypers was the principal architect, it is believed that he focused mostly on the decoration of the station building and left the structural design to railway engineers.[4] The station was built by contractor Philipp Holzmann. The new central station replaced Amsterdam Willemspoort Station, which had closed in 1878, as well as the temporary Westerdok Station used from 1878 to 1889. The idea for a central station came from Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, then the Netherlands Minister of the Interior and responsible for the national railways, who, in 1884, laid two proposals before the Amsterdam municipal council. In the first proposal, the station would be situated between the Leidseplein and the Amstel river. In the other, it would be built in the open harbour front allowing for the station to be connected to the existing main lines in the area to the west and the south, but also to a projected new northern line. | The key people involved in the construction of Amsterdam Centraal station were:
- Pierre Cuypers: designer
- Philipp Holzmann: building contractor
- Johan Rudolph Thorbecke: proposer |
closed_qa | Based on the passage provided in which years the movie named 'A star is Born' was released? | A Star Is Born (1937 film), starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, directed by William A. Wellman
A Star Is Born (1954 film), starring Judy Garland and James Mason, directed by George Cukor
A Star Is Born (1976 film), starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson, directed by Frank Pierson
A Star Is Born (2018 film), starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, directed by Bradley Cooper | 1937, 1954, 1976 and 2018. |
general_qa | What causes ocean tides? | Tides are very long waves moving across the ocean and are caused by the gravitational forces exerted on the earth by the moon. When the highest point in the long-period wave reaches a shoreline the area experiences high tide. When the lowest point of the wave, the trough, reaches shore the area experiences low tide. The earth is mostly water and the water "points" at the moon, the parts of the Earth experiencing high tide is the water drawing towards the moon. The "pointing" water that faces the moon is formed because the gravitational pull of the moon is strongest on whichever side of the Earth faces it. Gravity pulls the ocean towards the moon and high tide occurs.
The bulge on the far side of the Earth is caused by inertia. The water moving away from the moon resists the gravitational forces that attempt to pull it in the opposite direction. Because the gravitational pull of the moon is weaker on the far side of the Earth, inertia wins, the ocean bulges out and high tide occurs. As the Earth spins, different areas of the planet face the moon, and this rotation causes the tides to cycle around the planet. |
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closed_qa | Given these paragraphs about Large language models, when was the first model in OpenAI's GPT series trained? | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model | 2018. |
open_qa | Why is a higher interest rate on my home worse? | Getting a higher interest rate on a home loan increases the payments on your loan. Over time, a higher interest rate can greatly increase the amount that you pay to your lender. However, a silver lining might be the lower home prices that often accompany higher interest rates. It’s possible that refinancing after interest rates drop might provide an opportunity to pay less on your loan down the road. |
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information_extraction | What is the most famous 'Running of the Bulls' event? | A running of the bulls (Spanish: encierro, from the verb encerrar, 'to corral, to enclose'; Occitan: abrivado, literally 'haste, momentum'; Catalan: correbous, 'run-bulls') is an event that involves running in front of a small group of bulls, typically six but sometimes ten or more, that have been let loose on sectioned-off streets in a town, usually as part of a summertime festival. Particular breeds of cattle may be favored, such as the toro bravo in Spain, also often used in post-run bullfighting, and Camargue cattle in Occitan France, which are not fought. Bulls (non-castrated male cattle) are typically used in such events.
The most famous bull-run is the encierro held in Pamplona during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin. It has become a major global tourism event, today very different from the traditional, local festival. More traditional summer bull-runs are held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, in some cities in Mexico, and in the Occitan (Camargue) region of southern France. Bull-running was formerly also practiced in rural England, most famously at Stamford until 1837. | The most famous 'Running of the Bulls' event is held annually in Pamplona Spain during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin. |
closed_qa | Based on this paragraph, what was the main focus of Mohammad Shah I's reign over his sultanate? | When Mohammad inherited the newly born sultanate from his father Alauddin, the land was still infested with thieves and robbers. As such he spent the entire part of his reign in establishing law in his land. He ordered his governors to never give refuge to anyone who defied his authority. This campaign was successful and at the end of his reign,the land became peaceful and law abiding. He also sat on the takht-ē-firoza or The Turquoise throne which was gifted to him by Kapaya Nayaka.[5] | Mohammad was mainly focused on establishing law and order within his territory during his reign in order to remove thieves and robbers. |
information_extraction | What are some examples of CPU architectures that do not use a dedicated flag register? | Some CPU architectures, such as the MIPS and Alpha, do not use a dedicated flag register. Others do not implicitly set and/or read flags. Such machines either do not pass implicit status information between instructions at all, or they pass it in an explicitly selected general purpose register. | Some examples of CPU architectures that do not use a dedicated flag register include MIPS and Alpha. |
brainstorming | Share the best 7 European Cities for Nightlife | 1. Berlin
2. Amsterdam
3. Prague
4. Budapest
5. Dublin
6. London
7. Barcelona |
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general_qa | Where do bears live? | Bears are native to every continent on earth besides Antarctica. Polar bears live in the Arctic, black bears live in North America and Asia, brown bears live in North America, Asia, and Europe, and Panda bears live in Asia. |
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classification | Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Giant Panda, Oviraptor | Oviraptor is extinct, Giant Panda is alive. |
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general_qa | How does a zipper work? | A zipper is used to repeatedly open and close two edges of a surface together, typically on garment bags, luggage, coats, and pants. Zippers refer to the system of two surface edges and a slider, where a human pulls the slider one direction to open and another direction to close. The slider interlocks "teeth" together to make the surfaces bind when they close, and disconnects the teeth apart when then open. Zippers are usually made from metal or plastic. |
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closed_qa | In which part of Germany is the town Kirchenlamitz located? | Kirchenlamitz is a town in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the Fichtelgebirge, 13 km northwest of Wunsiedel and 19 km south of Hof. | Bavaria |
closed_qa | what was population of India during Mauryan Era? | Prehistory to early 19th century
The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.[citation needed]
Estimates of historical world population
Year Aggregate average Period Average
% growth
/ century
Population % of World population
10,000 BC 1,000 0.83% Stone Age 30.28
4000 BC 1,000,000 30.83%
2000 BC 13,000,000 37.143% Bronze Age 26.25
500 BC 25,000,000 41.70% Iron Age
400 BC 26,000,000 43.96%
200 BC 31,000,000 47.63% Maurya era
1 AD 35,000,000 35.56% Classical
era
200 41,000,000 36.15%
400 47,000,000 40%
500 50,000,000 43.58%
600 53,000,000 48.83% Early
medieval
era
700 60,000,000 56.67%
800 64,000,000 55%
900 70,000,000 53.34%
1000 79,000,000 30%
1100 83,000,000 35% Late
medieval
era
1200 86,000,000 36.67%
1300 91,000,000 38.34%
1400 97,000,000 30%
1500 105,000,000 21.67%
1600 140,000,000 23.33% Early modern era
1650 170,000,000 26.15%
1700 140,000,000 20%
1750 183,000,000 21.53%
1800 200,000,000 20%
1820 210,000,000 19.09%
The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,[19] before population growth slowed down in the Early Medieval Era up to 700 AD, and then started decreasing the up to 1500 AD.[20][21]
Under Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,[19] due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production.[22] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India[23] and contemporary Europe[23] up until the 19th century.[24] Those estimates were criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations. According to Dyson, urbanisation of the Mughal empire was less than 9%[25]
Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.[26] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.[27] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.[23] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[23] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people[28] and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people.[29] Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).[26] | It was around 31,000,000 during Maurya Era (200BC) . |
brainstorming | 5 best Resume titles | Savvy & Energetic Director with Robust Skills in Marketing ,PR, IT, Healthcare , Administration
Licensed FL Attorney and Experienced Educator Seeking Remote Work
Bilingual, dedicated, and proactive with experience in visual communication, office clerk, and CS.
Flexible Professional with Experience in Account Management and International Consulting
Experienced customer enthusiast ready to deliver diamond-level service! |
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open_qa | Did Magic Johnson or Larry Bird win more collegiate and professional basketball championships? | Magic Johnson. Magic Johnson has won 6 total which are the 1979 NCAA Championship (defeated Larry Bird), and NBA Championships in 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987 and 1988. Larry Bird has only won three NBA Championships and zero collegiate championships. |
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general_qa | How do you gain muscle? | Gaining muscle mass requires proper exercise and a good diet. A good diet is important to give the body the nutrient it needs in order to sustain muscle growth. On the flip side, properly stressing the muscles will stimulate them to grow. This requires a variance of different exercises to work the muscle group. Otherwise, the muscle will build resistance to an often repeated exercise, and growth for that muscle will plateau. |
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brainstorming | What are some tricks to learning a new language? | Learning a new language can be a great challenge. Here are some tips to help you learn a new language:
1. Turn on Netflix subtitles or dubbing. You'll hear and read how people actually talk, including slang.
2. Join an online chat group for other people learning your language or find someone in your community to practice speaking with.
3. Use flash cards to common words and phrases.
4. Listen to radio or podcasts in your new language. |
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general_qa | What is Hornachuelos? | Hornachuelos is a small, picturesque village in the Southern Region of Spain called Andalusia. It is famous for its ancient history, Roman walls and Natural Park. |
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information_extraction | What is WordPress? | WordPress (WP or WordPress.org) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) written in hypertext preprocessor (PHP) language and paired with a MySQL or MariaDB database with supported HTTPS. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system, referred to within WordPress as "Themes". WordPress was originally created as a blog-publishing system but has evolved to support other web content types including more traditional mailing lists and Internet fora, media galleries, membership sites, learning management systems (LMS) and online stores. | WordPress is a Content Management System (CMS) written in hypertext preprocessor (PHP). It uses either a MySQL or MariaDB database and has a robust library of WordPress plugins and themes for customization. |
classification | Classify each country as landlocked or not landlocked: China, Bolivia, Paraguay, Morocco, Ireland, Austria, Switzerland | China: Not Landlocked
Bolivia: Landlocked
Paraguay: Landlocked
Morocco: Not Landlocked
Ireland: Not Landlocked
Austria: Landlocked
Switzerland: Landlocked |
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classification | Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Lummi stick, Timple | Timple is string, Lummi stick is percussion. |
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general_qa | Which onsen villages in Japan are the best to visit for foreign tourists? And what should I do once I'm in an onsen village? | There are many great onsen villages in Japan in which tourists of any nationals can enjoy the experience of bathing in natural hot springs. Some great examples are Hakone, Kusatsu and Nyuto Onsen. Ideally, you would want to spend a day or two in a village as these villages are often located in beautiful nature and offer great opportunities for hiking and walking. |
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open_qa | What genre did the Chicks (formerly the Dixie Chicks) begin their career in? | The Chicks established themselves in the genre of Country Music |
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classification | Tell me if these vegetables are or are not green: carrot, courgette, bell pepper, radish, spaghetti squash, onion. | carrot - not green
courgette - green
bell pepper - may be green
radish - not green
spaghetti squash - not green
onion - may be green |
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general_qa | What is a Peloton in a bicycle race? | The peloton in a bicycle race is the group of riders all riding in a tightly grouped formation. Riding in a group allows riders to save energy by drafting behind riders who are in the front. When an individual or small group attempts to ride away in front of the peloton it is referred to as a break away. |
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general_qa | can i run for president? | According to the U.S. constitution you must meet the following requirements:
- Be a natural-born citizen of the United States.
- Be at least 35 years old.
- Have been a resident of the United States for 14 years. |
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classification | Categorize these paint colours as “primary”, “secondary”, and “tertiary” according to the Quiller color wheel.
Cadmium Yellow Light, Permanent Green Light, Viridian Green, Green Blue, Phthalocyanine Blue, Ultramarine Blue, Ultramarine Violet, Magenta, Permanent Rose, Cadmium Red, Cadmium Scarlet, Cadmium Orange | Primary: Cadmium Yellow Light, Phthalocyanine Blue, Permanent Rose
Secondary: Viridian Green, Ultramarine Violet, Cadmium Scarlet
Tertiary: Permanent Green Light, Green Blue, Ultramarine Blue, Magenta, Cadmium Red, Cadmium Orange |
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classification | Tell me whether each food is from a grain or animal: quinoa, millet, couscous, ribeye steak, pork belly, chicken wing | Quinoa: Grain
Millet: Grain
Couscous: Grain
Ribeye Steak: Animal
Pork Belly: Animal
Chicken Wing: Animal |
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general_qa | Can you tell if someone has hypothyroidism by looking at their face? | Quite often, symptoms of hypothyroidism can be seen by the appearance of an individual's face or neck. The first and most common symptom is an unusually puffy or swollen face or neck. Individuals with hypothyroidism may also have thin eyebrows, with the outer portion of the brow either extremely sparse or missing. Dry skin on the face and neck, persistent acne around the mouth or chin, tired, swollen looking eyes and thinning hair are also common symptoms of hypothyroidism. If you or someone you know are experiencing any of these symptoms, it's important to be seen by a doctor. |
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brainstorming | Will AI replace all human beings? | When I was writing down those words used to train an AI model, I feel funny. Some of my friends expressed concern that AI could soon replace humans and take away all of our jobs. However, I see things differently. I believe that AI has the potential to develop rapidly, and I'm excited to see how it will transform the world in my lifetime. If AI can create more resources, we may be able to live more comfortably and work fewer hours. This could allow us to pursue our passions and interests without worrying so much about survival. Additionally, in the future, humans may be able to live alongside AI, which mean live more longer and stronger. |
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summarization | Give me a chronological bulleted list based on a timeline of events | Olson served as a law clerk for Judge Barbara Jacobs Rothstein on the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington for two years immediately after finishing law school. She served as a trial attorney and later Deputy Director of the National Church Arson Task Force in the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division from 1992 to 1997. From 1994 to 1997, she also worked part-time as an adjunct professor at George Washington University Law School.
In 1997, Olson joined the Office of the United States Attorney for the District of Idaho, rising to the rank of Senior Litigation Counsel at the time of her appointment in 2010.[4]
After Olson resigned in 2017, she joined the Boise office of Stoel Rives, a law firm that operates in the Pacific Northwest.[5][6] In 2021, Olson was included on a shortlist of possible nominees to succeed Judge B. Lynn Winmill.[7][8] | * 1992 to 1997: Olson served as a trial attorney and later Deputy Director of the National Church Arson Task Force in the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
* 1994 to 1997: Olson worked part-time as an adjunct professor at George Washington University Law School
* 1997: Olson joined the Office of the United States Attorney for the District of Idaho
* 2010: Olson rose to the rank of Senior Litigation Counsel
* 2017: Olson resigned
* 2017: Olson joined the Boise office of Stoel Rives, a law firm that operates in the Pacific Northwest
* 2021: Olson was included on a shortlist of possible nominees to succeed Judge B. Lynn Winmill |
open_qa | Did Sir Winston Churchill win the Nobel Peace Prize? | No, Sir Winston Churchill did not win the Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize twice, in 1945 and in 1950, and did not win it.
However, he did win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. |
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open_qa | Are the Golden State Warriors a good basketball team? | The Golden State Warriors won the most recent NBA championship in 2022. In the last 8 years they reached the NBA finals 6 times, won 4 championships, and set the record for regular seasons wins with 73. Stephen Curry, the Warriors best player, also won the NBA Most Valuable Player award twice during that same span. This success is generally regarded as a dynasty, a term used to describe a dominating team over a long period.
However, this season the Warriors have struggled. Despite winning the most recent NBA championship only 9 months ago, near the end of this regular season they are only a few games above .500. Their current record is 42-38 as of today, which is only the 13th best record in the NBA out of 30 teams.
The reason for the drop is not clear. The Warriors have the same starting lineup as last year with 4 All-Stars and when playing at Home their record is among the best in the league. However, when playing on the road the Warriors have one of the worst records at 9-30. A big factor in their road losses is lack of good defense, as opposing teams score considerably more points against the Warriors than when the Warriors play at home. There seems to be a lack of focus and intensity from the Warriors players on defense in these away games and in the NBA, where the margin between winning and losing is very thin, that has seemed to make the difference. |
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brainstorming | What are some fun ways that you could spend time with your family? | There are many different fun activities that you could do with your family. Some examples include going for a walk, visiting a museum, watching a movie, doing an arts and crafts project, playing a board game, or trying a new restaurant. Please note that your decision ought to consider factors such as the ages, health, interests, and available time of the family members. |
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open_qa | What is the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction? | The Pulitzer in Fiction is awarded each year to the American author who published the best novel written in the prior year. |
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summarization | According to the given paragraph, how do convolutional neural networks avoid overfitting in machine learning? | In deep learning, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is a class of artificial neural network most commonly applied to analyze visual imagery. CNNs use a mathematical operation called convolution in place of general matrix multiplication in at least one of their layers. They are specifically designed to process pixel data and are used in image recognition and processing. They have applications in image and video recognition, recommender systems, image classification, image segmentation, medical image analysis, natural language processing, brain–computer interfaces, and financial time series.
CNNs are also known as Shift Invariant or Space Invariant Artificial Neural Networks (SIANN), based on the shared-weight architecture of the convolution kernels or filters that slide along input features and provide translation-equivariant responses known as feature maps. Counter-intuitively, most convolutional neural networks are not invariant to translation, due to the downsampling operation they apply to the input.
CNNs are regularized versions of multilayer perceptrons. Multilayer perceptrons are usually fully connected networks, that is, each neuron in one layer is connected to all neurons in the next layer. The "full connectivity" of these networks make them prone to overfitting data. Typical ways of regularization, or preventing overfitting, include: penalizing parameters during training (such as weight decay) or trimming connectivity (skipped connections, dropout, etc.) Developing robust datasets also increases the probability that CNNs will learn the generalized principles that characterize a given dataset rather than the biases of a poorly-populated set. | A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has a fully connected layer in which each neuron is connected to every neuron in the next layer, this structure helps to avoid overfitting |
summarization | Give me an overview of the different types of SOC reports and what they are used for | System and Organization Controls (SOC), (also sometimes referred to as service organizations controls) as defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), is the name of a suite of reports produced during an audit. It is intended for use by service organizations (organizations that provide information systems as a service to other organizations) to issue validated reports of internal controls over those information systems to the users of those services. The reports focus on controls grouped into five categories called Trust Service Principles.[1] The AICPA auditing standard Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements no. 18 (SSAE 18), section 320, "Reporting on an Examination of Controls at a Service Organization Relevant to User Entities' Internal Control Over Financial Reporting", defines two levels of reporting, type 1 and type 2. Additional AICPA guidance materials specify three types of reporting: SOC 1, SOC 2, and SOC 3.
Trust Service Principles
SOC 2 reports focus on controls addressed by five semi-overlapping categories called Trust Service Principles which also support the CIA triad of information security:[1]
Security
Firewalls
Intrusion detection
Multi-factor authentication
Availability
Performance monitoring
Disaster recovery
Incident handling
Confidentiality
Encryption
Access controls
Firewalls
Processing Integrity
Quality assurance
Process monitoring
Adherence to principle
Privacy
Access control
Multi-factor authentication
Encryption
Reporting
Levels
There are two levels of SOC reports which are also specified by SSAE 18:[1]
Type I, which describes a service organization's systems and whether the design of specified controls meet the relevant trust principles. (Are the design and documentation likely to accomplish the goals defined in the report?)
Type II, which also addresses the operational effectiveness of the specified controls over a period of time (usually 9 to 12 months). (Is the implementation appropriate?)
Types
There are three types of SOC reports.[2]
SOC 1 – Internal Control over Financial Reporting (ICFR)[3]
SOC 2 – Trust Services Criteria[4][5]
SOC 3 – Trust Services Criteria for General Use Report[6]
Additionally, there are specialized SOC reports for Cybersecurity and Supply Chain.[7]
SOC 1 and SOC 2 reports are intended for a limited audience – specifically, users with an adequate understanding of the system in question. SOC 3 reports contain less specific information and can be distributed to the general public. | The different types of SOC reports are SOC 1, SOC 2, and SOC 3. Each report is used for a third party organization to understand the controls of another organization. SOC 1 reports cover controls over financial reporting, SOC 2 reports cover the trust services criteria (security, availability, confidentiality, processing integrity, and privacy), and SOC 3 reports are general use SOC 2 reports. |
closed_qa | Who played Harry Bosch in the eponymous TV series? | Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels.
The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch.
Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy. | Titus Welliver played Detective Harry Bosch in "Bosch" and in "Bosch:Legacy". |
classification | Would you typically find each of the following items in a bathroom, bedroom, kitchen or living room? Couch, pillow, dish soap, bedside table, oven, shower, toilet, coffee table, coffee machine | Couch: living room, pillow: bedroom, dish soap: kitchen, bedside table: bedroom, oven: kitchen, shower: bathroom, toilet: bathroom, coffee table: living room, coffee machine: kitchen |
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open_qa | What is Mario Puzo's most famous book? | The Godfather. Originally published in 1969, is a novel about a fictional crime family in New York. |
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open_qa | What is the capital city of Malaysia? | The capital city of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur. |
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general_qa | what is a computer? | A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. |
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general_qa | Is it fun to play guitar? How do you start playing guitar? | Playing guitar is a worthwhile and super fun exercise for anyone, but especially those that are musically inclined. Even for a beginner, its not difficult to be able to start playing simple songs from great artists like the Rolling Stones, The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, or even Led Zeppelin. The best way to get started is by understanding open chords, both major and minor, and simple string picking patterns. |
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brainstorming | Pitch me some bad ideas for cologne scents. | - Goat cheese
- Dead bird
- Nursing home
- Gasoline
- Carcase
- Sweat
- Basement must
- Mold |
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open_qa | What are the names of some of the cities in the Boston Metro West area? | Boston Metro West cities include Newton, Natick, Framingham, Wellesley, Dedham, and Needham, among others. |
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information_extraction | Extract all words derived from Swahili language in the following paragraph: | Shingopana is known from a partial jaw, represented by the angular bone. Shingopana is also known from four cervical vertebrae; with two of these vertebrae having preserved cervical ribs and another isolated cervical rib. Shingopana instead had remnants of a bulbous expansion on the incompletely preserved cervical vertebrae, which probably helped to strengthen its neck. | The following are words extracted from Swahili language in the above paragraph: Shingopana (which means wide neck). |
open_qa | How many cents do I have if I have 3 quarters? | If you have 3 quarters, you have 75 cents. |
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brainstorming | Give me a list of Greek foods that are absolutely amazing | 1. spanakopita
2. tyropita
3. gemista
4. lamb souvlaki
5. chicken souvlaki
6. tzatziki
7. taramasalata
8. dolmathes
9. calamari
10. greek salad |
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open_qa | Which Game of Thrones episode does Arya go blind? | Arya goes temporarily blind in the last episode of season 5, entitled "Mother's Mercy" |
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open_qa | What color is the Rainbow? | The rainbow is the VIBGYOR that stands for Violet, Indigo, Blue, green, yellow, Orange and Red. |
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open_qa | Name the Hindi novel that has become the 1st novel to win the International Booker Prize | Tomb of Sand |
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creative_writing | If my car's fuel tank fits 18 gallon, how many times do I need to refuel on a 10-hour trip if the average speed is 60mph and the car's fuel efficiency is 30mpg? | Assuming the tank is full when you start, you would have to refuel once. 10 hours at 60mph means the total distance is 600 miles. To drive 600 miles at a fuel efficiency of 30 mpg you would need 20 gallons of fuel. That's more than the 18 gallon capacity of the tank, but less than twice the capacity, so you would need to refuel once. |
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classification | Which of the following Countries are on the African Continent: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Brazil, Columbia. | Of the Countries you listed, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Tanzania, and Kenya are on the African continent.
For reference:
United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Germany, Russia are on the European continent
Afghanistan and Iraq are on the Asian continent
Brazil and Columbia are on the South American continent |
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general_qa | What would be the pros and cons of replacing all civilian airplanes with dirigibles? | Replacing all civilian airplanes with dirigibles would have positive and negative effects. The most notable positive effect would be reduced environmental impact: although dirigibles, like airplanes, need engines, dirigibles are filled with lighter-than-air gas and therefore no power is needed to counteract gravity, so they consume less fuel. However, there would be a significant negative economic impact because dirigibles fly much more slowly than airplanes, thus the items airplanes carry (e.g. people and freight) would take much longer to get to their destination. In addition, another problem with dirigibles is that they are less able to handle strong winds compared to airplanes, so it might be necessary for the dirigible to take a more circuitous route than an airplane, or simply delay the flight until the bad weather passes. |
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general_qa | What is a bubble vest? | A bubble vest is an outerwear piece of clothing worn by both men and women. Usually it is stuffed with down or some sort of insulation to make it nice and warm. Also, the vest usually has seams in it to make the bubble like appearance. There are lots of different brands that make bubble vests, but some common ones are The North Face, L.L. Bean, Patagonia, and Lands’ End. |
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open_qa | Where does Nick work on the show the New Girl | at the Bar |
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open_qa | Who wrote the Great Gatsby? | The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald |
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closed_qa | According to this paragraph, tell me what is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event. | In 2019, Virginia men's basketball won the NCAA Championship in "March Madness", the single-elimination national college basketball tournament considered by YouGov polled American viewers (as of the same year) to be the most exciting collegiate sporting event.[200][201] In 2015, when Virginia first won its first Capital One Cup its teams won the 2014 College Cup, the 2015 College World Series, and the 2015 NCAA Tennis Championships. When it repeated the feat in 2019, the program won both March Madness and the 2019 Men's Lacrosse Championship. | What is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event is when the Virginia men's basketball team won the NCAA Championship in 2019. |
closed_qa | Who were the children of Bill 101 | The children of Bill 101 (les enfants de la loi 101) is the name given to the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the 1977 Charter of the French Language (Bill 101).
One of the Charter's articles stipulates that all children under 16 must receive their primary and secondary education in French schools, unless one of the child's parents has received most of their education in English, in Canada, or the child or the child's sibling has already received a substantial part of their education in English, in Canada. If a child qualifies for a certificate of eligibility for instruction in English under one of those criteria, then the certificate is permanent and can be passed on to future generations even if the child ends up attending French instead of English school. The permanent certificate can only be granted if one of the child's parents is a Canadian citizen. In addition, children of foreign temporary residents living in Quebec on study or work permits, as well as children of diplomats, can also obtain a temporary certificate of eligibility that is only valid for the duration of their permit.[1] | The children of Bill 101 (les enfants de la loi 101) is the name given to the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the 1977 Charter of the French Language (Bill 101).
One of the Charter's articles stipulates that all children under 16 must receive their primary and secondary education in French schools, unless one of the child's parents has received most of their education in English, in Canada, or the child or the child's sibling has already received a substantial part of their education in English, in Canada. |
classification | Categorize each of the following as being beneficial or not beneficial to making a home protected from burglars: alarm system, open doors, locks, cameras, open windows | Alarm System: Beneficial
Open Doors: Not Beneficial
Locks: Beneficial
Cameras: Beneficial
Open Windows: Not Beneficial |
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open_qa | What is a bond in finance? | In finance, a bond is a type of security under which the issuer (debtor) owes the holder (creditor) a debt, and is obliged – depending on the terms – to provide cash flow to the creditor (e.g. repay the principal (i.e. amount borrowed) of the bond at the maturity date as well as interest (called the coupon) over a specified amount of time).The timing and the amount of cash flow provided varies, depending on the economic value that is emphasized upon, thus giving rise to different types of bonds. The interest is usually payable at fixed intervals: semiannual, annual, and less often at other periods. Thus, a bond is a form of loan or IOU. Bonds provide the borrower with external funds to finance long-term investments or, in the case of government bonds, to finance current expenditure.
Bonds and stocks are both securities, but the major difference between the two is that (capital) stockholders have an equity stake in a company (i.e. they are owners), whereas bondholders have a creditor stake in a company (i.e. they are lenders). As creditors, bondholders have priority over stockholders. This means they will be repaid in advance of stockholders, but will rank behind secured creditors, in the event of bankruptcy. Another difference is that bonds usually have a defined term, or maturity, after which the bond is redeemed, whereas stocks typically remain outstanding indefinitely. An exception is an irredeemable bond, which is a perpetuity, that is, a bond with no maturity. Certificates of deposit (CDs) or short-term commercial paper are classified as money market instruments and not bonds: the main difference is the length of the term of the instrument.
The most common forms include municipal, corporate, and government bonds. Very often the bond is negotiable, that is, the ownership of the instrument can be transferred in the secondary market. This means that once the transfer agents at the bank medallion-stamp the bond, it is highly liquid on the secondary market. The price of a bond in the secondary market may differ substantially from the principal due to various factors in bond valuation. |
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open_qa | Why did Kim Kardashian and Ye divorce? | Kim Kardashian and Ye experienced marital stress from many causes. The initial commonly cited reason by social outlets for their separation and later divorce was tensions that arose from Ye's erratic behavior on social media and in public spheres. |
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general_qa | Why do people like biking? | Biking is fun for people of all ages. Many people enjoying biking because it is good exercise and they are able to spend time outdoors. There are different styles of biking including road biking, mountain biking, and cross country. E-bikes are a growing trend that allow the rider to go farther distances, or bike with less effort per a given distance. |
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creative_writing | What do you say to someone that is suicidal? | First, acknowledge their feelings. While they may be irrational, they are very real emotions. Tell them that you are worried about them and ask them to seek help. If they will not seek help, take steps to alert the appropriate people. Do not ignore any verbal signs. Do not keep it a secret. Ask them to contact emergency services immediately. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is 1-800-273-TALK |
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classification | Which is a bird or fish: Black-necked grebe, Black tetra | Black tetra is a fish, Black-necked grebe is a bird |
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closed_qa | Given this paragraph about the First Treaty that was signed after the Russo-Japanese War, was there a secret component? | After the Russo-Japanese War, the First Treaty was signed on 30 July 1907 by Motono Ichirō, the Japanese Ambassador in Moscow, and Alexander Izvolsky, the Foreign Minister of Russian. The treaty was divided into two parts: one is open agreement, which respected the treaties concluded between the two countries and China, respected China's independence, promoted open doors, and achieved equal opportunities and another is secret agreement, which defined the scope of Japan's interests in Southern Manchuria and Russia's interests in Northern Manchuria and Japan recognized Russia's interests in Outer Mongolia, and Russia recognized Japan's interests in the Korean Peninsula. | Yes. The second part of the First Treaty contained a secret agreement which defined the political scope of each party's interest. |
general_qa | Why is my baby crying right now? | The first thing to check is if your baby is hungry. It’s by far the most common reason they cry. You can tell if they’re hungry by lightly touching their cheek and seeing if they have a “rooting” reflex. This is where they open their mouth and turn towards your touch, as if they were looking for the source of food.
If they’re not hungry, they’re possibly tired. Babies can become over tired and cry and fuss, even when you are just trying to get them to sleep. If this is the case you’ll need to calm them down first, and then you can get them to sleep.
Finally sometimes babies just cry for no reason. Isn’t parenting fun? |
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classification | Identify which car manufacturer is German or American: Artega, Brammo, Vaydor | Brammo and Vaydor are American, Artega is German |
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classification | tell me whether these are synonyms or antonyms of love: dislike, care, like, hate, affection, harsh | Synonyms: care, like, affection
Antonyms: dislike, hate, harsh |
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open_qa | What is the American show The Office based on? | The Office is based on the original version of the Office, which was produced in England and is known as the British Office |
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classification | Which films contain Tom Cruise and which do not contain Tom Cruise: "Trading Places", "Risky Business", "The Hunt for Red October", "Top Gun", "The Hangover", "Born on the 4th of July", "Saving Private Ryan", and "Reds" | The films which contain Tom Cruise are: "Risky Business", "Top Gun", and "Born on the 4th of July." The films which do not contain Tom Cruise are: "Trading Places", "The Hunt for Red October","The Hangover", "Saving Private Ryan", and "Reds." |
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information_extraction | Who is Alexander McGuire? | Alexander McGuire (born 5 October 1932) is a New Zealand cricketer. He played in four first-class matches for Central Districts in 1957/58. | Alexander McGuire (born 5 October 1932) is a New Zealand cricketer. He played in four first-class matches for Central Districts in 1957/58. |
closed_qa | Which country has topped the swimming medals list in the summer olympics? | Summary
Games Year Events Best Nation
1 1896 4 Hungary
2 1900 7 Great Britain
3 1904 9 Germany
4 1908 6 Great Britain
5 1912 9 Germany
6
7 1920 10 United States
8 1924 11 United States
9 1928 11 United States
10 1932 11 Japan
11 1936 11 Japan
12
13
14 1948 11 United States
15 1952 11 United States
16 1956 13 Australia
Games Year Events Best Nation
17 1960 15 United States
18 1964 18 United States
19 1968 29 United States
20 1972 29 United States
21 1976 26 United States
22 1980 26 East Germany
23 1984 29 United States
24 1988 31 East Germany
25 1992 31 United States
26 1996 32 United States
27 2000 32 United States
28 2004 32 United States
29 2008 34 United States
30 2012 34 United States
31 2016 34 United States
32 2020 37 United States | United States |
brainstorming | What are some fun ways to keep a toddler busy? | 1. If you have a spare box and some colored plastic balls, one idea is to cut holes in the box and color a ring around each hole to match a color of ball. Mount the box and show your little one how to drop each ball into its matching hole.
2. If you have a spare toothbrush and a yellow dry erase marker, you can work teach some teeth brushing skills in a fun way! Draw a big toothy smile and color in the lips and gums leaving the teeth bright white. Cover it up with clear tape or hard plastic wrap and cut it out. Color the teeth with the yellow marker and have your little one brush it clean.
3. Teach some valuable life skills and keep your little one entertained by getting a kid-safe knife and having him or her cut fruits. |
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open_qa | What are the disadvantages of Linux? | The disadvantages of Linux include limited hardware support, a steep learning curve, lack of commercial support, and compatibility issues. |
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creative_writing | How do you plan a trip? | There are many different ways to plan a trip. In addition, there are many different factors to include in order to plan a trip. First of all, it is important to know the type of travel. Is this a business trip? Is this family trip?
Next you need to decide on how many days you want to stay in your destination(s). Once the first two steps are completed, you need to find out the activities during your trip. Last but not least, you need to decide on your budget.
Once all of these factors are decided, you should work backward and spread your budget between accommodations, activities and means of transportation. |
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classification | Identify which car manufacturer is German or American: Jeep, Alpina | Alpina is German, Jeep is American |
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open_qa | How can I better learn a new language? | Learning a language by using it is the most efficient way. Having a partner to practice not only help you work on your pronunciation and accent, it also incentivize you to keep practicing (similar to how having a gym buddy makes you go to the gym more often).
Language are also meant to communicate. Allowing yourself for mistakes, whether it is an accent, bad conjugation would allow you to keep practicing and would result having a broader set of words and sentences you can use. From there correcting mistakes becomes easier as you naturally find relations between conjugation, forms etc. |
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information_extraction | From this passage, tell me what was the highest grossing movie in 2022 and what was the second highest grossing movie? | Avatar: The Way of Water became the 51st film to gross $ 1 billion worldwide,[3] the sixth film to gross $2 billion worldwide, the sixth-fastest film to cross the billion-dollar mark at 14 days,[4] the second-fastest to gross the $2 billion mark,[5][6] the highest grossing film of 2022,[7] and the highest-grossing film of the COVID-19 pandemic era.[8]
It had the 11th-biggest global opening of all time and the third-biggest global opening for a film in the pandemic era behind Spider-Man: No Way Home and Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, earning $441.7 million in its first weekend.[9][10]
It also achieved the second-highest global opening weekend ever for a film released in IMAX cinemas with $48.8 million.[9]
With the release of Avatar: The Way of Water, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures led over other film distributors in worldwide box office grosses and crossed the $4.9 billion mark for the eighth year.[11] Disney’s cumulative gross was generated from 16 film releases across its various studio divisions.[12]
Top Gun: Maverick became the 49th film to gross $1 billion worldwide.[13]
Additionally, the film surpassed Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018) to become Tom Cruise's highest-grossing film of all time at the worldwide box office and also surpassed War of the Worlds (2005) to become Cruise's highest-grossing film at the domestic box office.[14]
It also passed The Mummy (2017) as Cruise's biggest opening weekend at the worldwide box office and also passed War of the Worlds (2005) as Cruise's biggest opening at the domestic box office and his first film to open to over $100 million in the US.
It also passed Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007), another Jerry Bruckheimer produced movie, to have the highest Memorial Day opening weekend[15][16] and passed Shrek 2 (2004) to have the lowest second-weekend drop for a movie that made over $100M in its opening weekend.[17]
The film surpassed Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) to become the highest-grossing film distributed solely by Paramount Pictures worldwide, and Titanic (1997) to become Paramount's highest grossing film in the United States and Canada. | The highest grossing movie in 2022 is Avatar The way of Water, which grossed $2B worldwide. I unfortunately cannot tell what was the second highest grossing movie as that information is not available in the passage you shared with me |
closed_qa | Given a reference text about the Cuban Missile Crisis, when did the crisis occur and how long did it last? | The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (of 1962) (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, tr. Karibsky krizis, IPA: [kɐˈrʲipskʲɪj ˈkrʲizʲɪs]) in Russia, or the Missile Scare, was a 35-day (October 16 – November 20, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, which escalated into an international crisis when American deployments of missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of similar ballistic missiles in Cuba. Despite the short time frame, the Cuban Missile Crisis remains a defining moment in national security and nuclear war preparation. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.[4] | The Cuban Missile crises lasted 35 days, from October 16 to November 20, 1962. |
creative_writing | Write the first paragraph of an advertising brochure describing an hotel nearby the Annecy Lake in France | This fantastic hotel is ideally located, minutes away from the Annecy Lake, one of the purest in Europe. The water temperature reaches 27 degrees celcius at the peak season, allowing the guests to swim and enjoy several water activities including wake surf and pedalo. Finally, this region is known for being the home of several cheese specialties like "Raclette" and "Tartiflette" to name a few. |
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closed_qa | Given this text of Mao Zedong, tell me how many people were killed in Mao's era through starvation, persecution, prison labour, and mass executions? | Mao Zedong[a] (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which he led as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist, his theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism.
Mao was the son of a prosperous peasant in Shaoshan, Hunan. He supported Chinese nationalism and had an anti-imperialist outlook early in his life, and was particularly influenced by the events of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and May Fourth Movement of 1919. He later adopted Marxism–Leninism while working at Peking University as a librarian and became a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), leading the Autumn Harvest Uprising in 1927. During the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the CCP, Mao helped to found the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, led the Jiangxi Soviet's radical land reform policies, and ultimately became head of the CCP during the Long March. Although the CCP temporarily allied with the KMT under the Second United Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), China's civil war resumed after Japan's surrender, and Mao's forces defeated the Nationalist government, which withdrew to Taiwan in 1949.
On 1 October 1949, Mao proclaimed the foundation of the PRC, a Marxist–Leninist single-party state controlled by the CCP. In the following years he solidified his control through the Chinese Land Reform against landlords, the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the "Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns", and through a truce in the Korean War, which altogether resulted in the deaths of several million Chinese. From 1953 to 1958, Mao played an important role in enforcing command economy in China, constructing the first Constitution of the PRC, launching the industrialisation program, and initiating military projects such as the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" project and Project 523. His foreign policies during this time were dominated by the Sino-Soviet split which drove a wedge between China and the Soviet Union. In 1955, Mao launched the Sufan movement, and in 1957 he launched the Anti-Rightist Campaign, in which at least 550,000 people, mostly intellectuals and dissidents, were persecuted.[2] In 1958, he launched the Great Leap Forward that aimed to rapidly transform China's economy from agrarian to industrial, which led to the deadliest famine in history and the deaths of 15–55 million people between 1958 and 1962. In 1963, Mao launched the Socialist Education Movement, and in 1966 he initiated the Cultural Revolution, a program to remove "counter-revolutionary" elements in Chinese society which lasted 10 years and was marked by violent class struggle, widespread destruction of cultural artifacts, and an unprecedented elevation of Mao's cult of personality. Tens of millions of people were persecuted during the Revolution, while the estimated number of deaths ranges from hundreds of thousands to millions. After years of ill health, Mao suffered a series of heart attacks in 1976 and died at the age of 82. During the Mao era, China's population grew from around 550 million to over 900 million while the government did not strictly enforce its family planning policy.
Widely regarded as one of the most influential figures of the twentieth century, Mao remains a controversial figure within and outside China. Beyond politics, Mao is also known as a theorist, military strategist, and poet. Mao has been credited with transforming China from a semi-colony to a leading world power, with greatly advanced literacy, women's rights, basic healthcare, primary education and life expectancy.[3][4][5][6] However, Mao's government was responsible for vast numbers of deaths, with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims through starvation, persecution, prison labour, and mass executions.[7][8][9][10] During his leadership tenure, China was heavily involved with other Asian communist conflicts such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Cambodian Civil War. | Mao's government was responsible for vast numbers of deaths, with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims through starvation, persecution, prison labour, and mass executions. |
closed_qa | Who did John Evelyn support during the English Civil War? | Sir John Evelyn (1591–1664) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1628 and 1660. He reluctantly supported the Parliamentary side in the English Civil War.
Evelyn was the son of Sir John Evelyn of Kingston, Godstone, Surrey and Marden, MP and his wife Elizabeth Stever, daughter of William Stever of Kingston upon Thames. He was baptised at Kingston upon Thames on 20 October 1591. He was admitted at Emmanuel College, Cambridge on 13 March 1606. He was a member of the Virginia Company in 1612 and of the East India Company in 1624. He was a JP for Surrey from 1624. | the Parliamentary side |
information_extraction | Given this paragraph, extract a list of names that are playable by the user of this game. | During the single-player campaign, the player controls five different characters from a first-person perspective. The player primarily controls Sergeant Gary "Roach" Sanderson, a British member of an international special forces unit named Task Force 141. In addition to Roach, the player will also assume control of Private First Class Joseph Allen (Troy Baker) and Private James Ramirez of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion/75th Ranger Regiment.[23] The now Captain John "Soap" MacTavish (Kevin McKidd) serves as a senior member of Task Force 141, acting as Roach's superior officer and becomes the playable character in the final three missions of the game.[24] Lastly, the player briefly assumes the role of an astronaut stationed on the International Space Station during the height of the war between the United States and Russia.
The game's non-playable characters (NPCs) feature prominently in the story: For Task Force 141, Lieutenant Simon "Ghost" Riley (Craig Fairbrass), who conceals his face with a skull print balaclava serves as Soap's second in command.[25] For the United States Army Rangers, Sergeant Foley (Keith David), along with his subordinate, Corporal Dunn (Barry Pepper), is initially Joseph Allen's squad leader, and becomes James Ramirez's squad leader later in the story. Lieutenant General Shepherd (Lance Henriksen) is the commander of the United States Army Rangers and Task Force 141. Other supporting characters returning from Call of Duty 4 include Captain John Price (Billy Murray), MacTavish's former commanding officer in the British Special Air Service who was imprisoned in Russia, and Russian informant turned mercenary pilot "Nikolai" (Sven Holmberg). | 1. Sergeant Gary "Roach" Sanderson
2. Joseph Allen
3. James Ramirez
4. John "Soap" MacTavish
5. An unnamed astronaut |
open_qa | Eminem's 8 Mile is named after a road in which city? | Detroit. |
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open_qa | Is it safe for dogs to eat avacado? | No, avocado is considered dangerous for dogs to consume. |
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general_qa | How to reverse Type 2 diabetes naturally? | Intermittent fasting is recently been found to be very effective in reversing Type 2 diabetes
Especially healthy eating habits during in eating window and healthy lifestyle accelerates the time taken to reverse the Type 2 diabetes i.e blood sugar levels comes to normal range.
There’s a lot of research going on in this space, lots of people are seeing the results. Doctors and dietician are finding this revolutionary and out of the standard medical procedure of treating Type 2 diabetes with drugs like Metformin.”
Low carb high protein and high fat diet, keto diet, right exercise routine have found to improve the results.
The effect of this approach depends on various factors like Age, current food habits and health lifestyle, severity of the condition, discipline, will power and lots more |
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open_qa | Who is the founder of the Communist Party? | Lenin |
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information_extraction | What is gardening? | Gardening is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of horticulture. In gardens, ornamental plants are often grown for their flowers, foliage, or overall appearance; useful plants, such as root vegetables, leaf vegetables, fruits, and herbs, are grown for consumption, for use as dyes, or for medicinal or cosmetic use.
Gardening ranges in scale from fruit orchards, to long boulevard plantings with one or more different types of shrubs, trees, and herbaceous plants, to residential back gardens including lawns and foundation plantings, all the way to container gardens grown inside or outside. Gardening may be very specialized, with only one type of plant grown, or involve a variety of plants in mixed plantings. It involves an active participation in the growing of plants, and tends to be labor-intensive, which differentiates it from farming or forestry. | Gardening is laying out and caring for a plot of ground devoted partially or wholly to growing plants such as flowers, herbs, or vegetables. |
creative_writing | What are your thoughts of Michael Jackson as a singer and person | Michael Jackson is acclaimed as the greatest pop star of all times. He invented the Moon Walk and created many chartbuster hits. He still continues to have a loyal fanbase across the world, shows on him are still running packed houses in Las Vegas. |
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general_qa | What is the largest pollutant? | Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a greenhouse gas emitted by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human activities that contribute to climate change.
Particulate matter - tiny particles of pollutants such as dust, smoke, and soot that can be inhaled and cause respiratory problems.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - gases emitted by vehicle exhausts and industrial processes that contribute to air pollution and can also react with other pollutants to form ozone.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) - a gas emitted by burning fossil fuels and industrial processes that can cause respiratory problems and acid rain.
Methane (CH4) - a potent greenhouse gas emitted by agriculture, waste management, and natural gas production.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and industrial processes that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. |
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general_qa | Why do people drink coffee? | Coffee contains caffeine which is a stimulant. It increases wakefulness and alertness. Too much coffee can cause hyperactivity. |