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The Stellar Consensus Protocol - A federated model for Internet-level consensus
The Stellar Consensus ProtocolA federatedmodel for Internet-level consensus
David Mazières
Stellar Development Foundation
Wednesday, December 6, 2017
Obligatory disclaimer
"Prof. Mazières's contribution to this workwas as a paid consultant, and was notpart of his Stanford University duties or
responsibilities. "
2 / 44
https: / / doresearch.stanford.edu / research-scholarship / conflicts-interest / coi-policies # stanford-r | [
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The Stellar Consensus Protocol - A federated model for Internet-level consensus
The Stellar Consensus ProtocolA federatedmodel for Internet-level consensus
David Mazières
Stellar Development Foundation
Wednesday, December 6, 2017
Obligatory disclaimer
"Prof. Mazières's contribution to this workwas as a paid consultant, and was notpart of his Stanford University duties or
responsibilities. "
2 / 44
https: / / doresearch.stanford.edu / research-scholarship / conflicts-interest / coi-policies # stanford-r | [
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equirements-for-faculty-consulting-activities-and-agreements
Internet payments
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O οΏ½ eror Bid Askbank4 60.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
bank2 0.93 EUR @ bank3 1.00USD @ bank1
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
Say youwant to send $1 fromU.S. to a customer of bank4 in IndiaBank4may have a nostro account at a European bank3- Will disburse 60.0 INR in exchange for 0.93 EUR on deposit at bank3Some bank2may have nostro accounts at bank3 and your bank1 | [
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] | The Stellar Consensus Protocol A Federated Model for Internet level Consensus | 2 |
- O οΏ½ ers 0.93 EUR at bank3 in exchange for 1.00USD at bank1Goal: implement quick, secure, atomic, irreversible payment
3 / 44
Internet payments
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank4
has account at has account at has account at
O οΏ½ eror Bid Askbank4 60.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
bank2 0.93 EUR @ bank3 1.00USD @ bank1
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
Say youwant to send $1 fromU.S. to a customer of bank4 in IndiaBank4may have a nostro account at a European bank3- Will disburse 60.0 INR in exchange for 0.93 EUR on deposit | [
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at bank3Some bank2may have nostro accounts at bank3 and your bank1- O οΏ½ ers 0.93 EUR at bank3 in exchange for 1.00USD at bank1Goal: implement quick, secure, atomic, irreversible payment
3 / 44
Internet payments
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank4
has account at has account at has account at
O οΏ½ eror Bid Askbank4 60.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3bank2 0.93 EUR @ bank3 1.00USD @ bank1
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
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"transactions"
] | The Stellar Consensus Protocol A Federated Model for Internet level Consensus | 4 |
bank3- Will disburse 60.0 INR in exchange for 0.93 EUR on deposit at bank3Some bank2may have nostro accounts at bank3 and your bank1- O οΏ½ ers 0.93 EUR at bank3 in exchange for 1.00USD at bank1Goal: implement quick, secure, atomic, irreversible payment
3 / 44
Internet payments
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank4
has account at has account at has account at
O οΏ½ eror Bid Askbank4 60.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3bank2 0.93 EUR @ bank3 1.00USD @ bank1
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
Say youwant to send $1 fromU.S. to a cust | [
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omer of bank4 in IndiaBank4may have a nostro account at a European bank3- Will disburse 60.0 INR in exchange for 0.93 EUR on deposit at bank3Some bank2may have nostro accounts at bank3 and your bank1- O οΏ½ ers 0.93 EUR at bank3 in exchange for 1.00USD at bank1Goal: implement quick, secure, atomic, irreversible payment
3 / 44
Strawman: Two-phase commit
Buy Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
Decompose payment into a series of trades- E οΏ½ ectively excha | [
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] | The Stellar Consensus Protocol A Federated Model for Internet level Consensus | 6 |
nging deposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no longer valid
4 / 44
Strawman: Two-phase commit
Buy Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
Decompose payment into a series of trades- E οΏ½ ectively exchanging d | [
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] | The Stellar Consensus Protocol A Federated Model for Internet level Consensus | 7 |
nging deposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no longer valid
4 / 44
Strawman: Two-phase commit
Buy Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
Decompose payment into a series of trades- E οΏ½ ectively exchanging d | [
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eposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no longer valid
4 / 44
Strawman: Two-phase commit
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank4
Buy Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
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eposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no longer valid
4 / 44
Strawman: Two-phase commit
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank4
Buy Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
%
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rt
Decompose payment into a series of trades- E οΏ½ ectively exchanging deposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no longer valid
4 / 44
Strawman: Two-phase commit
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank4
Buy Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3 | [
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] | The Stellar Consensus Protocol A Federated Model for Internet level Consensus | 11 |
rt
Decompose payment into a series of trades- E οΏ½ ectively exchanging deposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no longer valid
4 / 44
Strawman: Two-phase commit
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank4
Buy Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3 | [
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] | The Stellar Consensus Protocol A Federated Model for Internet level Consensus | 12 |
atomic transaction
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
!
commit commit commitcommit
Decompose payment into a series of trades- E οΏ½ ectively exchanging deposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no longer valid
4 / 44
Strawman: Two-phase commit
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank4
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y Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
%
commit commit commitabort
Decompose payment into a series of trades- E οΏ½ ectively exchanging deposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no long | [
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y Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
1.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
%
commit commit commitabort
Decompose payment into a series of trades- E οΏ½ ectively exchanging deposits at one bank for ones at another
Combine them into atomic transactionUse well-known two-phase commit protocol across 4 banks- Send transaction to every institution concerned- Commit only if all participants unanimously vote to do so- E.g., bank2 can abort transaction if its o οΏ½ er no long | [
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er valid
4 / 44
The problem: Failure
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank41.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
commit commit commit
FAILFAIL
What if bank2 disappears mid transaction?- Don't knowwhether or when it will come back online...- Now your original dollar is tied up pending transaction resolutionWhat if bank2 lies and changes vote?- Bank2might convince bank1 of commit and bank3 of abort...- Now bank2 receives USD at bank1 without paying EUR at bank3!- Note bank4 can collude with bank2, or create chain of "Sybil" banks- | [
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Anymajority-based scheme is useless with unknownmarket makersWe need secure transactions across unknown, untrusted parties
5 / 44
https: / / www.microsoft.com / en-us / research / wp-content / uploads / 2002 / 01 / IPTPS2002.pdf
The problem: Failure
bank1 bank2 bank3 bank41.00USD 0.93 EUR 0.93 EUR
commit commit commit
EVILEVIL
commit abort
What if bank2 disappears mid transaction?- Don't knowwhether or when it will come back online...- Now your original dollar is tied up pending transaction resolutionWha | [
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t if bank2 lies and changes vote?- Bank2might convince bank1 of commit and bank3 of abort...- Now bank2 receives USD at bank1 without paying EUR at bank3!- Note bank4 can collude with bank2, or create chain of "Sybil" banks- Anymajority-based scheme is useless with unknownmarket makersWe need secure transactions across unknown, untrusted parties
5 / 44
https: / / www.microsoft.com / en-us / research / wp-content / uploads / 2002 / 01 / IPTPS2002.pdf
The problem: Failure
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3 EUR 0.93 EUR
commit commit commitBuy Sell0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
Buy Sell
0.93 EUR @ bank2 1.00USD @ bank160.0 INR @ bank4 0.93 EUR @ bank3
atomic transaction
!%
EVILEVIL
What if bank2 disappears mid transaction?- Don't knowwhether or when it will come back online...- Now your original dollar is tied up pending transaction resolutionWhat if bank2 lies and changes vote?- Bank2might convince bank1 of commit and bank3 of abort...- Now bank2 recei | [
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End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
Dataset Card for ESG/DLT Named Entity Recognition Dataset
This dataset contains named entities related to Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) topics created to support research in these areas and at the intersection of these domains.
Dataset Details
Dataset Sources
- Repository: https://github.com/dlt-science/ESG-DLT-LitReview
- Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12420
Use
This dataset can be used for training and evaluating Named Entity Recognition models focused on DLT and ESG topics. It's particularly useful for researchers and practitioners working on text mining and information extraction in these domains.
Dataset Structure
The dataset contains 39,427 named entities organized into 12 top-level categories with 136 labels in a tree structure. It includes entities related to blockchain names, consensus mechanisms, transaction capabilities, security and privacy, and ESG concepts.
Label ID
The label2id dictionary is:
{
"O": 0,
"B-Blockchain_Name": 1,
"I-Blockchain_Name": 2,
"B-Codebase": 3,
"I-Codebase": 4,
"B-Consensus": 5,
"I-Consensus": 6,
"B-ChargingAndRewardingSystem": 7,
"I-ChargingAndRewardingSystem": 8,
"B-ESG": 9,
"I-ESG": 10,
"B-Extensibility": 11,
"I-Extensibility": 12,
"B-Identifiers": 13,
"I-Identifiers": 14,
"B-Identity_Management": 15,
"I-Identity_Management": 16,
"B-Miscellaneous": 17,
"I-Miscellaneous": 18,
"B-Native_Currency_Tokenisation": 19,
"I-Native_Currency_Tokenisation": 20,
"B-Security_Privacy": 21,
"I-Security_Privacy": 22,
"B-Transaction_Capabilities": 23,
"I-Transaction_Capabilities": 24
}
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
The dataset was created to address the scarcity of labeled NLP data for blockchain research, focusing on the intersection of DLT and ESG topics.
Source Data
Data Collection and Processing
The dataset was created by manually annotating 80 publicly available publications using the brat tool and argilla. The taxonomy framework from Tasca and Tessone (2019) was extended to include ESG-related concepts.
Annotations
Annotation process
The annotation process involved manual labeling using the brat tool and argilla, following an extended version of the Tasca and Tessone (2019) taxonomy. Inter-labeler consistency was improved through systematic processes and programmatic cleaning.
Who are the annotators?
The annotators are the research paper's authors and other collaborators involved in the project.
Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset does not contain personal or sensitive information as it is based on publicly available academic publications.
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Recommendations
Users should be aware of potential biases in the dataset due to the selection of source publications and the annotation process.
Glossary
- DLT: Distributed Ledger Technology
- ESG: Environmental, Social, and Governance
- NER: Named Entity Recognition
More Information
For more details about the dataset creation process and its applications, please refer to the associated research paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12420
Citation Information
@misc{hernandez2024evolutionesgfocuseddltresearch,
title={Evolution of ESG-focused DLT Research: An NLP Analysis of the Literature},
author={Walter Hernandez and Kamil Tylinski and Alastair Moore and Niall Roche and Nikhil Vadgama and Horst Treiblmaier and Jiangbo Shangguan and Paolo Tasca and Jiahua Xu},
year={2024},
eprint={2308.12420},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.IR},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12420},
}
Contributions
Thanks to Ali Irzam Kathia for his contribution to labeling this dataset.
- Downloads last month
- 48
Curated by:
Walter Hernandez Cruz, Kamil Tylinski, Ali Irzam Kathia, Alastair Moore, Niall Roche, Nikhil Vadgama, Horst Treiblmaier, Jiangbo Shangguan, Jiahua Xu, Paolo Tasca
Language(s) (NLP):
English
Number of Entity:
12
Entity Types:
Miscellaneous
License:
CC BY-NC 4.0
Size of downloaded dataset files:
11.4 MB
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:
11.4 MB
Number of rows:
5,813