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This is the 1.0 distribution of the Stanford Natural Language Inferece (SNLI) Corpus.

If you use this corpus, please cite this paper:

http://nlp.stanford.edu/pubs/snli_paper.pdf

Samuel R. Bowman, Gabor Angeli, Christopher Potts, and Christopher D. Manning. 2015.

A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference.

Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP).

@inproceedings{snli:emnlp2015,

Author = {Bowman, Samuel R. and Angeli, Gabor and Potts, Christopher, and Manning, Christopher D.},

Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},

Publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},

Title = {A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference},

Year = {2015}}

Contact: [email protected]

Project page: http://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/

== Fields ==

sentence1: The premise caption that was supplied to the author of the pair.

sentence2: The hypothesis caption that was written by the author of the pair.

sentence{1,2}_parse: The parse produced by the Stanford Parser (3.5.2, case insensitive PCFG, trained on the standard training set augmented with the parsed Brown Corpus) in Penn Treebank format.

sentence{1,2}_binary_parse: The same parse as in sentence{1,2}_parse, but formatted for use in tree-structured neural networks with no unary nodes and no labels.

annotator_labels (label1-5 in the tab separated file): These are all of the individual labels from annotators in phases 1 and 2. The first label comes from the phase 1 author, and is the only label for examples that did not undergo phase 2 annotation. In a few cases, the one of the phase 2 labels may be blank, indicating that an annotator saw the example but could not annotate it.

gold_label: This is the label chosen by the majority of annotators. Where no majority exists, this is '-', and the pair should not be included when evaluating hard classification accuracy.

captionID: A unique identifier for each sentence1 from the original Flickr30k example.

pairID: A unique identifier for each sentence1--sentence2 pair.

NOTE: captionID and pairID contain information that can be useful in making classification decisions and should not be included in model input (nor, of course, should either annotator_labels or gold_label).

== Data sources ==

The sentence1 sentences drawn from two sources. Except where otherwise marked, they are drawn from the Flickr30k corpus and are licenced as CreativeCommons Attribution-ShareAlike and can be cited as:

Peter Young, Alice Lai, Micah Hodosh, and Julia Hockenmaier. 2014.

From image descriptions to visual denotations: New similarity metrics for semantic inference over event descriptions.

Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2: 67--78.

@article{young:tacl2014,

Author = {Young, Peter and Lai, Alice and Hodosh, Micah and Hockenmaier, Julia},

Date-Added = {2015-05-29 01:51:07 +0000},

Date-Modified = {2015-08-17 15:42:39 +0000},

Journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},

Pages = {67--78},

Title = {From image descriptions to visual denotations: New similarity metrics for semantic inference over event descriptions},

Volume = {2},

Year = {2014}}

About 4k sentences in the training set have captionIDs and pairIDs beginning with `vg_'. These come from a pilot data collection effort that used data from the VisualGenome corpus, which is still under construction as of the release of SNLI. For more information on VisualGenome, see: https://visualgenome.org/

== Staistics ==

Training pairs: 550152

Dev pairs: 10000

Test pairs: 10000

Total pairs: 570152

Train labels: {'entailment': 183416, 'neutral': 182764, '-': 785, 'contradiction': 183187}

Dev labels: {'entailment': 3329, 'neutral': 3235, '-': 158, 'contradiction': 3278}

Test labels: {'entailment': 3368, 'neutral': 3219, '-': 176, 'contradiction': 3237}

LHS sentences parsed with root label S: 0.739764133073

RHS sentences parsed with root label S: 0.888862969875

Mean tokens per LHS sentence (averaging over pairs): 14.0717791045

Mean tokens per RHS sentence (averaging over pairs): 8.25575811363

LHS length distribution: {2: 42, 3: 156, 4: 1095, 5: 3882, 6: 12120, 7: 26514, 8: 37434, 9: 44028, 10: 49245, 11: 50919, 12: 48363, 13: 43314, 14: 38119, 15: 33183, 16: 27619, 17: 23250, 18: 20247, 19: 18513, 20: 16386, 21: 13746, 22: 12066, 23: 9183, 24: 7131, 25: 6198, 26: 5007, 27: 3963, 28: 3438, 29: 2631, 30: 1959, 31: 1956, 32: 1434, 33: 1086, 34: 912, 35: 897, 36: 774, 37: 453, 38: 618, 39: 291, 40: 330, 41: 249, 42: 180, 43: 225, 44: 162, 45: 108, 46: 87, 47: 60, 48: 36, 49: 90, 50: 21, 51: 66, 52: 51, 53: 36, 54: 24, 55: 63, 56: 18, 57: 15, 58: 6, 59: 27, 60: 6, 61: 3, 62: 3, 63: 3, 64: 6, 65: 3, 66: 3, 67: 6, 68: 6, 69: 18, 70: 15, 71: 3, 72: 15, 73: 3, 75: 15, 79: 3, 82: 15}

RHS length distribution: {0: 38, 2: 1011, 3: 7980, 4: 29471, 5: 61196, 6: 74094, 7: 93600, 8: 85848, 9: 61359, 10: 46712, 11: 33241, 12: 22843, 13: 15994, 14: 11047, 15: 7601, 16: 5312, 17: 3731, 18: 2631, 19: 1878, 20: 1325, 21: 911, 22: 642, 23: 449, 24: 357, 25: 217, 26: 168, 27: 138, 28: 84, 29: 67, 30: 46, 31: 26, 32: 31, 33: 23, 34: 16, 35: 19, 36: 8, 37: 12, 38: 4, 39: 5, 40: 2, 41: 4, 42: 2, 43: 1, 44: 1, 48: 1, 51: 1, 55: 2, 56: 1, 60: 1, 62: 1}

Total validated pairs (4x each, plus the original annotation): 56951 a.k.a. 0.0998873984481

Fraction where gold != author label or no gold label: 0.0874962687222

Fraction where gold != author label: 0.0678477989851

Fraction with no gold label: 0.0196484697371

Fraction with unanimous agreement: 0.582588541026

% annotator agreement with gold labels: 0.889849081482

% annotator agreement with original labels: 0.857684676301

{"annotator_labels": ["neutral", "entailment", "neutral", "neutral", "neutral"], "captionID": "4705552913.jpg#2", "gold_label": "neutral", "pairID": "4705552913.jpg#2r1n", "sentence1": "Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( Two women ) ( ( are ( embracing ( while ( holding ( to ( go packages ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (CD Two) (NNS women)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG embracing) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (VBG holding)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB go) (NP (NNS packages)))))))) (. .)))", "sentence2": "The sisters are hugging goodbye while holding to go packages after just eating lunch.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( The sisters ) ( ( are ( ( hugging goodbye ) ( while ( holding ( to ( ( go packages ) ( after ( just ( eating lunch ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS sisters)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG hugging) (NP (UH goodbye)) (PP (IN while) (S (VP (VBG holding) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB go) (NP (NNS packages)) (PP (IN after) (S (ADVP (RB just)) (VP (VBG eating) (NP (NN lunch))))))))))))) (. .)))"}

{"annotator_labels": ["entailment", "entailment", "entailment", "entailment", "entailment"], "captionID": "4705552913.jpg#2", "gold_label": "entailment", "pairID": "4705552913.jpg#2r1e", "sentence1": "Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( Two women ) ( ( are ( embracing ( while ( holding ( to ( go packages ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (CD Two) (NNS women)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG embracing) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (VBG holding)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB go) (NP (NNS packages)))))))) (. .)))", "sentence2": "Two woman are holding packages.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( Two woman ) ( ( are ( holding packages ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (CD Two) (NN woman)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG holding) (NP (NNS packages)))) (. .)))"}

{"annotator_labels": ["contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction"], "captionID": "4705552913.jpg#2", "gold_label": "contradiction", "pairID": "4705552913.jpg#2r1c", "sentence1": "Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( Two women ) ( ( are ( embracing ( while ( holding ( to ( go packages ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (CD Two) (NNS women)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG embracing) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (VBG holding)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB go) (NP (NNS packages)))))))) (. .)))", "sentence2": "The men are fighting outside a deli.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( The men ) ( ( are ( fighting ( outside ( a deli ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS men)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG fighting) (PP (IN outside) (NP (DT a) (NNS deli))))) (. .)))"}

{"annotator_labels": ["entailment", "entailment", "entailment", "entailment", "entailment"], "captionID": "2407214681.jpg#0", "gold_label": "entailment", "pairID": "2407214681.jpg#0r1e", "sentence1": "Two young children in blue jerseys, one with the number 9 and one with the number 2 are standing on wooden steps in a bathroom and washing their hands in a sink.", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( ( Two ( young children ) ) ( in ( ( ( ( ( blue jerseys ) , ) ( one ( with ( the ( number 9 ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( one ( with ( the ( number 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( are ( ( ( standing ( on ( ( wooden steps ) ( in ( a bathroom ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( ( washing ( their hands ) ) ( in ( a sink ) ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD Two) (JJ young) (NNS children)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ blue) (NNS jerseys)) (, ,) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NN number) (CD 9)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NN number) (CD 2))))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VP (VBG standing) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ wooden) (NNS steps)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN bathroom)))))) (CC and) (VP (VBG washing) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS hands)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN sink)))))) (. .)))", "sentence2": "Two kids in numbered jerseys wash their hands.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( ( Two kids ) ( in ( numbered jerseys ) ) ) ( ( wash ( their hands ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD Two) (NNS kids)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ numbered) (NNS jerseys)))) (VP (VBP wash) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS hands))) (. .)))"}

{"annotator_labels": ["neutral", "neutral", "neutral", "entailment", "entailment"], "captionID": "2407214681.jpg#0", "gold_label": "neutral", "pairID": "2407214681.jpg#0r1n", "sentence1": "Two young children in blue jerseys, one with the number 9 and one with the number 2 are standing on wooden steps in a bathroom and washing their hands in a sink.", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( ( Two ( young children ) ) ( in ( ( ( ( ( blue jerseys ) , ) ( one ( with ( the ( number 9 ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( one ( with ( the ( number 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( are ( ( ( standing ( on ( ( wooden steps ) ( in ( a bathroom ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( ( washing ( their hands ) ) ( in ( a sink ) ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD Two) (JJ young) (NNS children)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ blue) (NNS jerseys)) (, ,) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NN number) (CD 9)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NN number) (CD 2))))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VP (VBG standing) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ wooden) (NNS steps)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN bathroom)))))) (CC and) (VP (VBG washing) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS hands)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN sink)))))) (. .)))", "sentence2": "Two kids at a ballgame wash their hands.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( ( Two kids ) ( at ( a ballgame ) ) ) ( ( wash ( their hands ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD Two) (NNS kids)) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT a) (NN ballgame)))) (VP (VBP wash) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS hands))) (. .)))"}

{"annotator_labels": ["contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction"], "captionID": "2407214681.jpg#0", "gold_label": "contradiction", "pairID": "2407214681.jpg#0r1c", "sentence1": "Two young children in blue jerseys, one with the number 9 and one with the number 2 are standing on wooden steps in a bathroom and washing their hands in a sink.", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( ( Two ( young children ) ) ( in ( ( ( ( ( blue jerseys ) , ) ( one ( with ( the ( number 9 ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( one ( with ( the ( number 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( are ( ( ( standing ( on ( ( wooden steps ) ( in ( a bathroom ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( ( washing ( their hands ) ) ( in ( a sink ) ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD Two) (JJ young) (NNS children)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ blue) (NNS jerseys)) (, ,) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NN number) (CD 9)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NN number) (CD 2))))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VP (VBG standing) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ wooden) (NNS steps)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN bathroom)))))) (CC and) (VP (VBG washing) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS hands)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (NN sink)))))) (. .)))", "sentence2": "Two kids in jackets walk to school.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( ( Two kids ) ( in jackets ) ) ( ( walk ( to school ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD Two) (NNS kids)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS jackets)))) (VP (VBP walk) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN school)))) (. .)))"}

{"annotator_labels": ["contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction", "contradiction"], "captionID": "4718146904.jpg#2", "gold_label": "contradiction", "pairID": "4718146904.jpg#2r1c", "sentence1": "A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event held in the city of Angeles", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( A ( man selling ) ) ( ( donuts ( to ( a customer ) ) ) ( during ( ( a ( world ( exhibition event ) ) ) ( held ( in ( ( the city ) ( of Angeles ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN man) (NN selling)) (VP (VBZ donuts) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT a) (NN customer))) (PP (IN during) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN world) (NN exhibition) (NN event)) (VP (VBN held) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN city)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Angeles)))))))))))", "sentence2": "A woman drinks her coffee in a small cafe.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( A woman ) ( ( ( drinks ( her coffee ) ) ( in ( a ( small cafe ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN woman)) (VP (VBZ drinks) (NP (PRP$ her) (NN coffee)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (JJ small) (NN cafe)))) (. .)))"}

{"annotator_labels": ["neutral", "entailment", "entailment", "neutral", "neutral"], "captionID": "4718146904.jpg#2", "gold_label": "neutral", "pairID": "4718146904.jpg#2r1n", "sentence1": "A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event held in the city of Angeles", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( A ( man selling ) ) ( ( donuts ( to ( a customer ) ) ) ( during ( ( a ( world ( exhibition event ) ) ) ( held ( in ( ( the city ) ( of Angeles ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN man) (NN selling)) (VP (VBZ donuts) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT a) (NN customer))) (PP (IN during) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN world) (NN exhibition) (NN event)) (VP (VBN held) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN city)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Angeles)))))))))))", "sentence2": "A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event while people wait in line behind him.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( A ( man selling ) ) ( ( ( donuts ( to ( ( a customer ) ( during ( a ( world ( exhibition event ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( while ( people ( ( wait ( in line ) ) ( behind him ) ) ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN man) (NN selling)) (VP (VBZ donuts) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN customer)) (PP (IN during) (NP (DT a) (NN world) (NN exhibition) (NN event))))) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (NNS people)) (VP (VBP wait) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN line))) (PP (IN behind) (NP (PRP him))))))) (. .)))"}

{"annotator_labels": ["entailment", "neutral", "entailment", "entailment", "entailment"], "captionID": "4718146904.jpg#2", "gold_label": "entailment", "pairID": "4718146904.jpg#2r1e", "sentence1": "A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event held in the city of Angeles", "sentence1_binary_parse": "( ( A ( man selling ) ) ( ( donuts ( to ( a customer ) ) ) ( during ( ( a ( world ( exhibition event ) ) ) ( held ( in ( ( the city ) ( of Angeles ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )", "sentence1_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN man) (NN selling)) (VP (VBZ donuts) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT a) (NN customer))) (PP (IN during) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN world) (NN exhibition) (NN event)) (VP (VBN held) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN city)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Angeles)))))))))))", "sentence2": "A man selling donuts to a customer.", "sentence2_binary_parse": "( ( A ( man selling ) ) ( ( donuts ( to ( a customer ) ) ) . ) )", "sentence2_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN man) (NN selling)) (VP (VBZ donuts) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT a) (NN customer)))) (. .)))"}