LoRA Learns Less and Forgets Less

These are model checkpoints and LoRA adapters from the research paper "LoRA Learns Less and Forgets Less" (Biderman et al. TMLR, 2024). This work was done in collaboration with Databricks Mosaic AI Research.

Model Details

Developed by: Databricks Mosaic AI
Model type: Research Artifacts
Language(s) (NLP): English
License: cc-by-nc-4.0
Finetuned from model: Llama-2-7b

We trained Llama-2-7B using full finetuning and LoRA. Model checkpoints and LoRA adapters can be found on HuggingFace here: LoRA-TMLR-2024. Intermediate checkpoints can be found in the branches of the respective models.

Setting	Dataset	HuggingFace Collection
Continued Pretraining - Code	StarCoder-Python	LoRA-TMLR-2024/continued-pretraining-code-starcoder-python
Continued Pretraing - Math	OpenWebMath	LoRA-TMLR-2024/continued-pretraining-math-openwebmath
Instruction Finetuning - Code	Magicoder-Evol-Instruct-110K	LoRA-TMLR-2024/instruction-finetuning-code-magicoder-evol-instruct-110k
Instruction Finetuning - Math	MetaMathQA	LoRA-TMLR-2024/instruction-finetuning-math-metamathqa

All training was done using the Databricks MosaicML composer, streaming, and llm-foundry repositories, as well as the HuggingFace peft library.

Model Sources

Repository: https://github.com/danbider/lora-tradeoffs
Paper: LoRA Learns Less and Forgets Less

Abstract

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a widely-used parameter-efficient finetuning method for large language models. LoRA saves memory by training only low rank perturbations to selected weight matrices. In this work, we compare the performance of LoRA and full finetuning on two target domains, programming and mathematics. We consider both the instruction finetuning (≈100K prompt-response pairs) and continued pretraining (≈20B unstructured tokens) data regimes. Our results show that, in the standard low-rank settings, LoRA substantially underperforms full finetuning. Nevertheless, LoRA better maintains the base model’s performance on tasks outside the target domain. We show that LoRA mitigates forgetting more than common regularization techniques such as weight decay and dropout; it also helps maintain more diverse generations. Finally, we show that full finetuning learns perturbations with a rank that is 10-100× greater than typical LoRA configurations, possibly explaining some of the reported gaps. We conclude by proposing best practices for finetuning with LoRA.

Uses

These are research artifacts that are intended for research purposes only.

Training Details

Training Data

The following datasets were used:

Setting	Dataset
Continued Pretraining - Code	StarCoder-Python
Continued Pretraing - Math	OpenWebMath
Instruction Finetuning - Code	Magicoder-Evol-Instruct-110K
Instruction Finetuning - Math	MetaMathQA

Training Procedure

In all four scenarios below, we use the Llama-2-7B base model meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf. For the CPT runs, we use the meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf tokenizer, while for the IFT runs we use the meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf tokenizer.

Code CPT (StarCoder-Python)

StarCoder-Python (Li et al., 2023a) This dataset consists of permissively licensed repositories from GitHub, including Git commits, in 80+ programming languages. We chose the Python subset and sub-sampled it to 20B tokens.

Parameter	Value
seq_len	4096
optimizer	decoupled_lionw (betas=[0.9, 0.95])
learning_rate	1.0e-05 for LoRA and Full Finetuning
scheduler	inv_sqrt_with_warmup (t_scale=1000ba, t_warmup=1000ba, t_cooldown=5086ba, alpha_f_decay=1, alpha_f_cooldown=0)
weight_decay	1.0e-06
precision	amp_bf16
global_train_batch_size	192
device_train_microbatch_size	6
gradient_clipping	norm (threshold=1)
num_gpus	32

We trained models for 0.25B, 0.5B, 1B, 2B, 4B, 8B, 16B and 20B tokens. These checkpoints can be found for each LoRA and full finetuning setting in the HuggingFace model branches.

Math CPT (OpenWebMath)

OpenWebMath (Paster et al., 2023) - This dataset contains 14.7B tokens derived from mathematical web pages from Common Crawl, correctly formatted to preserve mathematical content such as LaTeX equations. To match with the StarCoder-Python dataset, we trained on up to 20B tokens, repeating tokens beyond the first 14.7B. An analysis of this dataset shows that it contains a considerable amount of full English sentences.

Parameter	Value
max_seq_len	4096
optimizer	decoupled_lionw (betas=[0.9, 0.95])
learning_rate	1.0e-05 for full finetuning, 4.0e-05 for LoRA
scheduler	inv_sqrt_with_warmup (t_scale=1000ba, t_warmup=1000ba, t_cooldown=5086ba, alpha_f_decay=1, alpha_f_cooldown=0)
weight_decay	0
precision	amp_bf16
global_train_batch_size	192
device_train_microbatch_size	6
gradient_clipping	norm (threshold=1)
num_gpus	32

We trained models for 0.25B, 0.5B, 1B, 2B, 4B, 8B, 16B and 20B tokens. These checkpoints can be found for each LoRA and full finetuning setting in the HuggingFace model branches.

Code IFT (Magicoder-Evol-Instruct-110K)

Magicoder-Evol-Instruct-110K (Wei et al., 2023) This dataset contains 72.97M tokens of programming questions and answers. It reproduces the “Evol-Instruct” dataset of WizardCoder (Luo et al., 2023b) by iteratively prompting an LLM (GPT-4) to increase the difficulty of a set of question-answer pairs from Code Alpaca (Chaudhary, 2023).

Parameter	Value
max_seq_len	4096
optimizer	decoupled_lionw (betas=[0.9, 0.95])
learning_rate	5e-5 for full finetuning; 2e-4 for rank r = 16, 64 and 1e-4 for r = 256 α = 2r = 512 (due to instabilities/loss spikes at 2e-4)
scheduler	cosine_with_warmup (alpha_f=0.01, t_warmup=0.1dur)
weight_decay	0
precision	amp_bf16
global_train_batch_size	192
device_train_microbatch_size	6
gradient_clipping	norm (threshold=1)
num_gpus	32

Each model was finetuned separately for 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 epochs.

Epoch	Number of Batches	Estimated Tokens
1	193	72,970,000
2	386	145,940,000
4	772	291,880,000
8	1544	583,760,000
16	3088	1,167,520,000

Math IFT (MetaMathQA)

MetaMathQA (Yu et al., 2023) This dataset was built by bootstrapping mathematical word problems from the training sets of GSM8K (Cobbe et al., 2021) and MATH (Hendrycks et al., 2021) by rewriting the questions with variations using GPT-3.5. This dataset contains 395K question-answer pairs and roughly 103M tokens.

Parameter	Value
seq_len	1024
optimizer	decoupled_lionw (betas=[0.9, 0.95])
learning_rate	Full finetuning: 1e-5, LoRA: 1e-4 for r = 16, 64, 5e-5 for r = 256 due to instabilities
scheduler	cosine_with_warmup (alpha_f=0.01, t_warmup=0.1dur)
weight_decay	0
precision	amp_bf16
global_train_batch_size	768
device_train_microbatch_size	24
gradient_clipping	norm (threshold=1)
num_gpus	32

Each model was finetuned separately for 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 epochs.

Epoch	Estimated Tokens
1	103,000,000
2	206,000,000
4	412,000,000
8	824,000,000
16	1,648,000,000

Evaluation

Model performance can be found in the paper LoRA Learns Less and Forgets Less. See Appendix for relevant tables.

Citation

BibTeX:

@article{
biderman2024lora,
title={Lo{RA} Learns Less and Forgets Less},
author={Dan Biderman and Jacob Portes and Jose Javier Gonzalez Ortiz and Mansheej Paul and Philip Greengard and Connor Jennings and Daniel King and Sam Havens and Vitaliy Chiley and Jonathan Frankle and Cody Blakeney and John Patrick Cunningham},
journal={Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
issn={2835-8856},
year={2024},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=aloEru2qCG},
note={Featured Certification}
}

Framework versions

PEFT 0.11.1

LoRA-TMLR-2024
/

magicoder-full-finetuning-lr-5e-05