metadata

license: mit
tags:
  - vision
  - depth-estimation
model-index:
  - name: dpt-beit-large-384
    results:
      - task:
          type: monocular-depth-estimation
          name: Monocular Depth Estimation
        dataset:
          type: MIX-6
          name: MIX-6
        metrics:
          - type: Zero-shot transfer
            value: 10.82
            name: Zero-shot transfer
            config: Zero-shot transfer
            verified: false

Overview of Monocular depth estimation and BEiT

The Intel/dpt-beit-large-384 model is based on Monocular depth estimation with the BEiT backbone. Monocular depth estimation, aiming to infer detailed depth from a single image or camera view, finds applications in fields like generative AI, 3D reconstruction, and autonomous driving. However, deriving depth from individual pixels in a single image is challenging due to the underconstrained nature of the problem. Recent advancements attribute progress to learning-based methods, particularly with MiDaS, leveraging dataset mixing and scale-and-shift-invariant loss. MiDaS has evolved with releases featuring more powerful backbones and lightweight variants for mobile use. With the rise of transformer architectures in computer vision, including those pioneered by models like ViT, there's been a shift towards using them for depth estimation. Inspired by this, MiDaS v3.1 incorporates promising transformer-based encoders alongside traditional convolutional ones, aiming for a comprehensive investigation of depth estimation techniques. The paper focuses on describing the integration of these backbones into MiDaS, providing a thorough comparison of different v3.1 models, and offering guidance on utilizing future backbones with MiDaS.

Input Image	Output Depth Image

Model description

This DPT model uses the BEiT model as backbone and adds a neck + head on top for monocular depth estimation.

The previous release MiDaS v3.0 solely leverages the vanilla vision transformer ViT, MiDaS v3.1 offers additional models based on BEiT, Swin, SwinV2, Next-ViT and LeViT.

DPT 3.1 (BEiT backbone): focus on BEiT384-L

The highest quality depth estimation is achieved using the BEiT transformer. We provide variants such as BEiT512-L, BEiT384-L, and BEiT384-B, where the numbers signify training resolutions of 512x512 and 384x384, while the letters denote large and base models respectively. Although newer versions like BEiT v2 and BEiT-3 exist, they were not explored in our study. BEiT v2 lacked pretrained checkpoints with resolutions of 384x384 or higher, only offering them at 224x224. BEiT-3 was released after our study was completed.

DPT (Dense Prediction Transformer) model trained on 1.4 million images for monocular depth estimation. It was introduced in the paper Vision Transformers for Dense Prediction by Ranftl et al. (2021) and first released in this repository.

This model card refers specifically to BEiT384-L in the paper, and is referred to dpt-beit-large-384. A more recent paper from 2013, specifically discussing BEit, is in this paper MiDaS v3.1 – A Model Zoo for Robust Monocular Relative Depth Estimation

The model card has been written in combination by the Hugging Face team and Intel.

Model Detail	Description
Model Authors - Company	Intel
Date	March 7, 2024
Version	1
Type	Computer Vision - Monocular Depth Estimation
Paper or Other Resources	MiDaS v3.1 – A Model Zoo for Robust Monocular Relative Depth Estimation and GitHub Repo
License	MIT
Questions or Comments	Community Tab and Intel Developers Discord

Intended Use	Description
Primary intended uses	You can use the raw model for zero-shot monocular depth estimation. See the model hub to look for fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Primary intended users	Anyone doing monocular depth estimation
Out-of-scope uses	This model in most cases will need to be fine-tuned for your particular task. The model should not be used to intentionally create hostile or alienating environments for people.

How to use

Be sure the to update PyTorch as Transformers as mismatches in versions can generate erros such as: "TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for //: 'NoneType' and 'NoneType'".

As tested by this contributor, the following versions ran correctly:

import torch
import transformers
print(torch.__version__)
print(transformers.__version__)

out: '2.2.1+cpu'
out: '4.37.2'

To Install:

pip3 install torch torchvision torchaudio --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu

To Use:

Here is how to use this model for zero-shot depth estimation on an image:

from transformers import DPTImageProcessor, DPTForDepthEstimation
import torch
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
import requests

# retrieve image remotely
url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
# retrieve image local file
# path = "../image/000000039769.jpg"
# image = Image.open(path)

processor = DPTImageProcessor.from_pretrained("Intel/dpt-beit-large-384")
model = DPTForDepthEstimation.from_pretrained("Intel/dpt-beit-large-384")

# prepare image for the model
inputs = processor(images=image, return_tensors="pt")

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = model(**inputs)
    predicted_depth = outputs.predicted_depth

# interpolate to original size
prediction = torch.nn.functional.interpolate(
    predicted_depth.unsqueeze(1),
    size=image.size[::-1],
    mode="bicubic",
    align_corners=False,
)

# visualize the prediction
output = prediction.squeeze().cpu().numpy()
formatted = (output * 255 / np.max(output)).astype("uint8")
depth = Image.fromarray(formatted)
depth

or one can use the pipeline API:

from transformers import pipeline

pipe = pipeline(task="depth-estimation", model="Intel/dpt-beit-large-384")
result = pipe("http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000181816.jpg")
result["depth"]

Quantitative Analyses

Model	Square Resolution HRWSI RMSE	Square Resolution Blended MVS REL	Square Resolution ReDWeb RMSE
BEiT 384-L	0.068	0.070	0.076
Swin-L Training 1	0.0708	0.0724	0.0826
Swin-L Training 2	0.0713	0.0720	0.0831
ViT-L	0.071	0.072	0.082
---	---	---	---
Next-ViT-L-1K-6M	0.075	0.073	0.085
DeiT3-L-22K-1K	0.070	0.070	0.080
ViT-L-Hybrid	0.075	0.075	0.085
DeiT3-L	0.077	0.075	0.087
---	---	---	---
ConvNeXt-XL	0.075	0.075	0.085
ConvNeXt-L	0.076	0.076	0.087
EfficientNet-L2	0.165	0.277	0.219
---	---	---	---
ViT-L Reversed	0.071	0.073	0.081
Swin-L Equidistant	0.072	0.074	0.083
---	---	---	---

Ethical Considerations and Limitations

dpt-beit-large-384 can produce factually incorrect output, and should not be relied on to produce factually accurate information. Because of the limitations of the pretrained model and the finetuning datasets, it is possible that this model could generate lewd, biased or otherwise offensive outputs.

Therefore, before deploying any applications of dpt-beit-large-384, developers should perform safety testing.

Caveats and Recommendations

Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model.

Here are a couple of useful links to learn more about Intel's AI software:

Intel Neural Compressor link
Intel Extension for Transformers link

Disclaimer

The license on this model does not constitute legal advice. We are not responsible for the actions of third parties who use this model. Please cosult an attorney before using this model for commercial purposes.

BibTeX entry and citation info

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2103-13413,
  author    = {Ren{\'{e}} Reiner Birkl, Diana Wofk, Matthias Muller},
  title     = {MiDaS v3.1 – A Model Zoo for Robust Monocular Relative Depth Estimation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/2307.14460},
  year      = {2021},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.14460},
  eprinttype = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {2307.14460},
  timestamp = {Wed, 26 Jul 2023},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2307.14460.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}