---
pipeline_tag: text-generation
inference: true
widget:
- text: 'def print_hello_world():'
  example_title: Hello world
  group: Python
license: bigscience-openrail-m
pretrain-datasets:
- books
- arxiv
- c4
- falcon-refinedweb
- wiki
- github-issues
- stack_markdown
- self-made dataset of permissive github code
datasets:
- bigcode/the-stack-dedup
- rombodawg/2XUNCENSORED_MegaCodeTraining188k
- bigcode/commitpackft
metrics:
- code_eval
library_name: transformers
tags:
- code
model-index:
- name: Refact-1.6B
  results:
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: openai_humaneval
      name: HumanEval
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.01)
      type: pass@1
      value: 32.0
      verified: false
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 31.5
      verified: false
    - name: pass@10 (T=0.8)
      type: pass@10
      value: 53.0
      verified: false
    - name: pass@100 (T=0.8)
      type: pass@100
      value: 76.9
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalSynthesize Python
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 35.8
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalSynthesize JavaScript
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 31.6
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalSynthesize Java
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 29.1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalSynthesize Go
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalSynthesize C++
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 26.3
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalSynthesize Rust
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalSynthesize Average
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false




      
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixTests Python
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 18.38
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixTests JavaScript
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 12.28
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixTests Java
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 15.12
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixTests Go
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixTests C++
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 13.17
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixTests Rust
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 2.8
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixTests Average
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false





      
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixDocs Python
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 26.92
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixDocs JavaScript
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 26.85
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixDocs Java
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 30.76
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixDocs Go
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixDocs C++
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 25.94
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixDocs Rust
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 8.44
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalFixDocs Average
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false



     
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalExplain Python
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 26.46
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalExplain JavaScript
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 17.86
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalExplain Java
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 20.94
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalExplain Go
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalExplain C++
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 18.78
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalExplain Rust
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: bigcode/humanevalpack
      name: HumanEvalExplain Average
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: -1
      verified: false


  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: mbpp
      name: MBPP
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.01)
      type: pass@1
      value: 31.15
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: ds1000
      name: DS-1000 (Overall Completion)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 10.1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (C++)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 21.61
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (C#)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 13.91
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (D)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 9.5
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Go)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 53.57
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Java)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 21.58
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Julia)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 13.75
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (JavaScript)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 26.88
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Lua)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 15.26
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (PHP)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 23.04
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Perl)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 12.1
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Python)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 29.6
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (R)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 13.77
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Ruby)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 12.68
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Racket)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 4.29
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Rust)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 19.54
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Scala)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 18.33
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Bash)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 5.7
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (Swift)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 17.68
      verified: false
  - task:
      type: text-generation
    dataset:
      type: nuprl/MultiPL-E
      name: MultiPL-HumanEval (TypeScript)
    metrics:
    - name: pass@1 (T=0.2)
      type: pass@1
      value: 25
      verified: false

language:
- en
---
[![banner](https://maddes8cht.github.io/assets/buttons/Huggingface-banner.jpg)]()

I'm constantly enhancing these model descriptions to provide you with the most relevant and comprehensive information

# Refact-1_6B-fim - GGUF
- Model creator: [smallcloudai](https://huggingface.co/smallcloudai)
- Original model: [Refact-1_6B-fim](https://huggingface.co/smallcloudai/Refact-1_6B-fim)

Refact seems to be an original model so far without any descendants.
It was [anounced](https://refact.ai/blog/2023/applying-recent-innovations-to-train-model/) on the refact.ai website and published on Huggingface.



# About GGUF format

`gguf` is the current file format used by the [`ggml`](https://github.com/ggerganov/ggml) library.
A growing list of Software is using it and can therefore use this model.
The core project making use of the ggml library is the [llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp) project by Georgi Gerganov

# Quantization variants

There is a bunch of quantized files available to cater to your specific needs. Here's how to choose the best option for you:

# Legacy quants

Q4_0, Q4_1, Q5_0, Q5_1 and Q8 are `legacy` quantization types.
Nevertheless, they are fully supported, as there are several circumstances that cause certain model not to be compatible with the modern K-quants.
## Note:
Now there's a new option to use K-quants even for previously 'incompatible' models, although this involves some fallback solution that makes them not *real* K-quants. More details can be found in affected model descriptions.
(This mainly refers to Falcon 7b and Starcoder models)

# K-quants

K-quants are designed with the idea that different levels of quantization in specific parts of the model can optimize performance, file size, and memory load.
So, if possible, use K-quants.
With a Q6_K, you'll likely find it challenging to discern a quality difference from the original model - ask your model two times the same question and you may encounter bigger quality differences.




---

# Original Model Card:
![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/643a9dd0c5f633a7fa7e804a/HkB0QYV0BbmB3ktMugbZy.png)


# Refact-1.6B

Finally, the model we started training with our [blog post](https://refact.ai/blog/2023/applying-recent-innovations-to-train-model/) is ready 🎉

After fine-tuning on generated data, it beats Replit 3b, Stability Code 3b and many other models. It almost beats
StarCoder ten times the size!


Model                 | Size          | HumanEval pass@1   | HumanEval pass@10  |
----------------------|---------------|--------------------|--------------------|
DeciCoder-1b          |   1b          |  19.1%             |                    |
<b>Refact-1.6-fim</b> | <b>1.6b</b>   |  <b>32.0%</b>      | <b>53.0%</b>       |
StableCode            |   3b          |  20.2%             | 33.8%              |
ReplitCode v1         |   3b          |  21.9%             |                    |
CodeGen2.5-multi      |   7b          |  28.4%             | 47.5%              |
CodeLlama             |   7b          |  33.5%             | 59.6%              |
StarCoder             |  15b          |  33.6%             |                    |

Likely, it's the best model for practical use in your IDE for code completion because it's smart and fast!
You can start using it right now by downloading the
[Refact plugin](https://refact.ai/). You can host the model yourself, too, using the
[open source docker container](https://github.com/smallcloudai/refact).

And it's multi-language (see MultiPL-HumanEval and other metrics below) and it works as a chat (see the section below).

# It Works As a Chat

The primary application of this model is code completion (infill) in multiple programming languages.
But it works as a chat quite well.

HumanEval results using instruction following (chat) format, against models specialized for chat only:

Model                  | Size   | pass@1   | pass@10  |
-----------------------|--------|----------|----------|
<b>Refact-1.6-fim</b>  | 1.6b   |  38.4%   | 55.6%    |
StableCode-instruct    |   3b   |  26.9%   | 36.2%    |
OctoGeeX               |   6b   |  44.7%   |          |
CodeLlama-instruct     |   7b   |  34.8%   | 64.3%    |
CodeGen2.5-instruct    |   7b   |  36.2%   | 60.87    |
CodeLlama-instruct     |  13b   |  42.7%   | 71.6%    |
StarChat-β             |  15b   |  33.5%   |          |
OctoCoder              |  15b   |  46.2%   |          |


# Example

Fill-in-the-middle uses special tokens to identify the prefix/middle/suffix part of the input and output:

```python
# pip install -q transformers
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

checkpoint = "smallcloudai/Refact-1_6B-fim"
device = "cuda" # for GPU usage or "cpu" for CPU usage

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint, trust_remote_code=True).to(device)

prompt = '<fim_prefix>def print_hello_world():\n    """<fim_suffix>\n    print("Hello world!")<fim_middle>'

inputs = tokenizer.encode(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(device)
outputs = model.generate(inputs, max_length=100, temperature=0.2)
print("-"*80)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```

# Chat Format

The same model works as chat (experimental).

```python
prompt_template = "<empty_output>SYSTEM {system}\n" \
                  "<empty_output>USER {query}\n" \
                  "<empty_output>ASSISTANT"
prompt = prompt_template.format(system="You are a programming assistant",
                                query="How do I sort a list in Python?")
```

# Architecture

As described in more detail in the blog post, we used:

- [ALiBi](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12409) based attention
- [LayerNorm](https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.06450v1) instead of [RMSNorm](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.07467.pdf)
- [Multi Query Attention](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02150)

We also used LiON, flash attention, early dropout. It's not that innovative that you can't run it, in fact you can -- see an example below.


# Pretraining

For the base model, we used our own dataset that contains code with permissive licenses only, and open text datasets.
Filtering is the key to success of this model:

- We only used text in English
- Only topics related to computer science
- Applied heavy deduplication

The text to code proportion was 50:50, model trained for 1.2T tokens. 

We don't release the base model, because its Fill-in-the-Middle (FIM) capability likes to repeat itself too much, so
its practical use is limited. But if you still want it, write us a message on Discord.


# Finetuning

We tested our hypothesis that chat data should boost base model performance in FIM and
regular left-to-right code completion. We found that just 15% of open
[code](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/commitpackft)
[instruction-following](https://huggingface.co/datasets/rombodawg/2XUNCENSORED_MegaCodeTraining188k) datasets,
that we filtered for quality, improves almost all metrics.

Additionally, to improve FIM, we observed common failure modes, and prepared a synthetic dataset based on
[The Stack dedup v1.1](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack-dedup) to address them.

There is a distribution shift between typical code on the internet, and the code you write in your IDE.
The former is likely finished, so the model tries to come up with a suggestion that makes the code complete.
You are likely to have half-written code as you work on it, there is no single addition that can repair it
fully.

In practice, model needs to have a tendency to stop after a couple of lines are added, and sometimes don't write
anything at all. We found that just giving it empty completions, single line completions, multiline
completions that end with a smaller text indent or at least a newline -- makes it much more usable. This data
was used as the rest 85% of the finetune dataset.

The final model is the result of several attempts to make it work as good as possible for code completion,
and to perform well on a wide range of metrics. The best attempt took 40B tokens.


# Limitations and Bias

The Refact-1.6B model was trained on text in English. But it has seen a lot more languages in
code comments. Its performance on non-English languages is lower, for sure.


# Model Stats

- **Architecture:** LLAMA-like model with multi-query attention
- **Objectives** Fill-in-the-Middle, Chat
- **Tokens context:** 4096
- **Pretraining tokens:** 1.2T
- **Finetuning tokens:** 40B
- **Precision:** bfloat16
- **GPUs** 64 NVidia A5000
- **Training time** 28 days


# License

The model is licensed under the BigScience OpenRAIL-M v1 license agreement


# Citation

If you are using this model, please give a link to this page.

***End of original Model File***
---


## Please consider to support my work
**Coming Soon:** I'm in the process of launching a sponsorship/crowdfunding campaign for my work. I'm evaluating Kickstarter, Patreon, or the new GitHub Sponsors platform, and I am hoping for some support and contribution to the continued availability of these kind of models. Your support will enable me to provide even more valuable resources and maintain the models you rely on. Your patience and ongoing support are greatly appreciated as I work to make this page an even more valuable resource for the community.

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