diff --git "a/falcon-refinedweb-100k_en-long_124.txt" "b/falcon-refinedweb-100k_en-long_124.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/falcon-refinedweb-100k_en-long_124.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10000 @@
+The shell of The North Face 3-in-1 jacket has a center front zipper with snap closures and a stormflap to block out the cold. It has Velcro cuffs for easy adjustment. The hood is also adjustable at the front and the back for the perfect fit.
+There are covered hand pockets, plus a media compatible chest pocket to keep your electronics secure but still accessible.
+The inner jacket is made of recycled polyester with Heatseeker insulation for extra warmth. It also has a couple of hand pockets to keep your fingers toasty on those chilly days.
+The North Face Women's Carto Triclimate Jacket uses the same material for the shell and inner jacket as the men's model. The features are also identical.
+Columbia Bugaboo Interchange Jacket
+The Columbia 3-in-1 jacket has an Omni-Tech outer shell, which is 100% nylon with critically sealed seams. This shell is waterproof to keep you dry on the outside, but breathable to reduce sweating on the inside.
+There is also the Omni-Heat thermal reflective material inside, which reflects your body heat back to you for even more warmth.
+There are multiple pockets inside and out, giving you room to store your phone, keys, and anything else you may need. The drawcord hem and Velcro sleeves are easy to adjust, giving you the right fit to increase your warmth on those icy days.
+The storm hood adds a bit of extra protection but can be removed on those warmer days when you don't need it.
+The liner jacket is 100% polyester Dotswarm fleece, which adds to the warmth, whether you wear the liner or layered with the shell.
+The Bugaboo inner jacket also has a couple of hand pockets for warm fingers or a bit of storage space for your essentials.
+There is also a Columbia Women's Bugaboo Interchange Jacket, which also features the Omni-Heat and Omni-Tech technologies, plus has all the same features as the men's version.
+The Main Differences?
+Though the Bugaboo standard jacket has fewer sizes than the Carto Triclimate jacket, it also comes in both bigger and taller models, giving you more size options to choose from.
+The Bugaboo's hood is also removable for added convenience. And, most importantly for those on a budget, in our Columbia vs North Face comparison, the Bugaboo is much cheaper to buy.
+***comparison table of rain jackets from both brands next to each other***
+Fleece Jacket
+A fleece jacket is warm enough to repel the chill, but still breathable enough to reduce overheating, even if you're exerting yourself. For these reasons, fleece is a great choice for any outdoor activity, from chopping wood to camping, to visiting friends on a chilly night.
+The North Face has a variety of fleece clothing to choose from, but the redesigned Denali 2 is unmatched in warmth and comfort, not to mention its durability.
+Columbia also has a few different fleece options available, but consider the Steens Mountain 2.0 model "the next generation of a Columbia classic."
+The North Face Denali 2
+The best outdoor clothing will have great durability to match its features, so it will last as long as you do. The North Face has taken this into account with it redesigned Denali 2 Jacket.
+It has been constructed with recycled polyester fleece, with reinforced shoulders, forearms, and chest to resist abrasions. The stretch fabric on the cuffs fits tight to your wrists without pinching, giving you some protection from the cold air that would otherwise seep in. There is also a cinch-cord on the hem to lock it tight against the chill.
+Two zippered hand pockets keep your fingers warm. There are also 2 chest pockets, one of which is media compatible, so you can listen to music anywhere you go without dangling cords in your way.
+For added convenience, the Denali 2 is zip-in-compatible with many of The North Face's other garments, so you can mix and match to meet your needs.
+There is also a The North Face Women's Denali 2 available, with all the same materials and features as the men's models, but designed to complement a woman's body.
+Columbia Steens Mountain 2.0 Fleece Jacket
+The filament fleece used in the Columbia Steens Mountain 2.0 Fleece Jacket is soft against your skin but still strong enough to withstand a bit of rugged use. Plus it keeps you extra warm on those cold days when the temperature drops unexpectedly.
+The best Columbia fleece jacket also doesn't need an abundance of features to do its job. This one has a classic fit for easy movement, with elastic sleeves for a comfortable fit and a bit of extra protection. There are zippered hand pockets, plus an internal zippered security pocket for those valuables you want to keep on hand.
+Though the men have their choice of standard, bigger, and taller sizes in this model, there is no Steens Mountain 2.0 fleece jacket for ladies. Instead, check out the Columbia Women's Benton Springs Full-Zip Fleece Jacket. It uses the same material and has all the same features with the exception of the inner security pocket. The Benton Springs jacket also has a slim fit, designed to match a women's natural curves.
+The Main Differences?
+When comparing Columbia vs North Face fleece jackets, the main differences lie in the features. The Denali 2 has the reinforced areas, the cinch-cord on the hem, and an extra pocket with media compatibility. It also uses recycled materials, all of which the Steens Mountain 2.0 lacks. But with these extras comes a much higher price tag.
+***comparison table of rain jackets from both brands next to each other***
+What To Consider When Choosing Columbia vs North Face
+Brand
+When you're buying a jacket, you may want to know a bit about the brand you're buying from to give you an idea as to where they stand on a variety of issues.
+The North Face's mission statement has been the same since the company's beginnings: "Provide the best gear for our athletes and the modern day explorer, support the preservation of the outdoors, and inspire a global movement of exploration."
+The North Face also works to protect the environment. They have reduced and offset their greenhouse gas emissions, using electricity from renewable sources. They have also co-founded The Conservation Alliance, put on Hot Planet/Cool Athletes presentations for students, and contribute to the Explore Fund.
+This company is best known for their quality clothing and their goal to inspire everyone they can to explore the unknown without damaging the planet.
+Columbia has been in business for over 70 years. The company is made up of people who love the outdoors as much as their customers do. They pride themselves on no-nonsense apparel and footwear, focusing on keeping their customers warm or cool, depending on the season, as well as dry and protected.
+As well as creating products they can be proud of, Columbia believes in responsible sourcing, reducing their environmental impact, and giving back to the community. They even work with various groups and organizations to ensure they are up to date on ethical standards and practices throughout their entire supply chain.
+Something to consider when buying any type of jacket is the price. The North Face jackets are high quality, with great features.
+This alone lets them set their prices a bit higher than the competition. But their brand name has withstood the test of time, giving them the clout they need to be a bit more expensive without losing their customers.
+So, how much does a Columbia jacket cost in comparison? Well, they are quite a bit cheaper, sometimes only a quarter of the price of The North Face jackets in similar categories. They may lack a few of the features in some cases, but the quality is still there.
+Materials
+As you no doubt notices in Columbia vs North Face jacket comparisons above, the most common materials used are nylon and polyester.
+This is because nylon and polyester are both durable materials that can withstand a bit of rough treatment.
+They are also warm, yet breathable, for more comfortable jackets that won't wear out after only a few wears.
+Fitting
+When you spend your hard-earned money on a new jacket, you want one that fits you properly. This shouldn't be an issue when buying The North Face or Columbia jacket models for any use or season.
+Both have been reviewed as true to size by the majority of their customers. There are a few exceptions, of course, with some complaints of baggy bodies and long sleeves, but these are rare.
+To be safe, it is still recommended to try on your new jacket before you buy, no matter what brand it is.
+Where Are They Made?
+The North Face has its headquarters in Alameda, CA. But they source their materials from about 33 different countries and have manufacturing facilities in Mexico, Poland, Central America, the Middle East, and the United States.
+Columbia is based in the Pacific Northwest. Though they have a couple factories in their home country, the majority of their manufacturing facilities are located in China and India. They also have factories in Mexico, Japan, Jordan, Cambodia, and Indonesia. If you're interested, they even have a transparency map, so you can see exactly where your products were made.
+Warranty
+The North Face warranty covers defects in the materials and the workmanship for the lifetime of the product, even after extended use. They will repair it or replace it at their discretion. The warranty doesn't cover normal wear and tear, accidental damage, negligence, improper care, or the natural breakdown of the products.
+Columbia warranty for outerwear and equipment is also a limited lifetime warranty, which covers defects in the materials and workmanship. But some of their other products are only covered for 1 year, so be sure to check out the warranty for the product you're buying so you know exactly how long you're covered for.
+Columbia vs North Face - Who Makes the Best Outdoor Clothing?
+With so many different types of jackets available, it may be a bit stressful trying to decide which ones you need for any of your outdoor adventures. But each jacket has a different use, and as you can see in our reviews, there are clear winners in each of Columbia vs North Face jacket comparisons.
+Insulated jackets are best for winter activities, keeping you warm on those icy days on the slopes or the trails. Though The North Face Thermoball is a great model with decent features, the Columbia Crested Butte Omni Heat Hooded Jacket has that inner reflective technology, plus the hood for some extra protection.
+Rain jackets are good for the other 3 seasons when the rain replaces the snow. Though the Columbia Watertight II is a decent model, The North Face Venture 2 has the pit-zips to keep you comfortable in changing temperatures, plus those adjustable cuffs for a tighter fit.
+The North Face also wins in the windbreaker category. The North Face Apex Bionic 2 jacket has a bit of stretch to it for mobility, a DWR coating, and an extra chest pocket. Despite the hood on the Columbia Flashback, it just can't compete.
+3-in-1 jackets are great for almost any type of weather due to their versatility. The North Face Carto Triclimate Jacket has a lot of great features that would please anyone. But the Columbia Bugaboo Interchange Jacket has more size options, extra pockets, and a removable hood, not to mention a lower price tag.
+And finally, in the fleece category, The North Face comes out on top. Though the Columbia Steens Mountain 2.0 is soft, yet warm, it lacks many of the features found on The North Face Denali 2 Jacket. These include the reinforcements on the high-stress areas, the hem cinch-cord, and the media compatible pocket that is so much in demand in our modern age.
+Taj Campton Place Hotel - San Francisco37.78915, -122.406642
+- Facilities
+Taj Campton Place Hotel - San Francisco
+Editorial review:
+This comfortable, lavish hotel has a great location in Union Square, the service is impeccable, the rooms are gorgeous, and the bathrooms are huge. The food and restaurant received rave reviews; however, the small size of the rooms was criticized.
+Verified Reviews:
+- Breakfast was good - Parking was a little steep - Food is excellent - We'll be back
+- Close to all the action - No swimming pool - Gym is ok - Great service
+- Beautiful room - Nice bathroom - Lack of free wifi - Nice restaurant - Fun bar
+- Good business hotel - Adjacent to union square - Comfy beds - Good price
+- Hotel in downtown - Spacious room - Staff were great - Highly recommend
+Overview
+The 5-star Taj Campton Place Hotel lies within 2.4 km from Chinatown, Golden Gate Park and Fishermans wharf. Built in 1909, the hotel is a combination of classical architecture and contemporary facilities.
+The hotel is notable for its quiet location in the heart of San Francisco, close to BART - Civic Center subway station. A 20-minute walk to the center of San Francisco.
+This sophisticated property offers proximity to parks.
+Sutter St & Mason St bus stop is just 150 meters away from the hotel and a 20-minute walk is enough to get to Cal4th & King Street train station. Taj Campton Place Hotel is easily accessible from Oakland International airport lying within 20 minutes' drive.
+Rooms
+With a breathtaking view over the city, 110 rooms offer free Wi-Fi, satellite TV, IDD telephone, a pantry and a sofa along with an en suite bathroom featuring a bathtub, a shower and towels. Coffee/tea makers and a fridge are also provided for self-catering.
+Eat & Drink
+Guests can breakfast in the restaurant. The renowned restaurant offers refined French cuisine served in an intimate atmosphere. The cozy bar serves a selection of tea, wines and espresso.
+A continental breakfast is served at the price of USD 28.38 per person per night.
+Services
+Limousine rental services are available on site.
+Relax
+Spa facilities at Taj Campton Place Hotel include a wellness center and a sauna.
+Internet
+Wireless internet is available in the entire hotel for free.
+Guest Parking
+private parking is possible on site at USD 60 per day.
+Number of floors: 17. Number of rooms: 110.
+Facilities
+General
+- Free Wi-Fi
+- Paid parking
+- Express check-in/-out
+- 24-hour reception
+- Non-smoking rooms
+- Allergy-free rooms
+- Safe deposit box
+- Smoke detectors
+- Multilingual staff
+- No pets allowed
+- Currency exchange
+- Beauty salon
+- Luggage storage
+- Elevator
+- Rooms/Facilities for disabled
+- Carte blanche
+Sports & Fitness
+- Water sports
+Services
+- Paid airport shuttle
+- Paid city shuttle
+- Paid valet parking
+- 24-hour room service
+- Bell staff/Porter
+- Car rental
+- Limousine service
+- Dry cleaning
+- Self-service laundry
+- Wedding services
+- Doctor on call
+- Shops/Commercial services
+- Newspaper service
+- Tours/Ticket assistance
+- Shoe shine service
+- Wake up service
+Dining facilities
+- Paid breakfast
+- In-room breakfast
+- Restaurant
+- Bar/Lounge area
+Meeting facilities
+- 24-hour business center
+- Meeting room
+- Meeting/Banquet facilities
+Children's facilities
+- Cribs/Baby cots
+- Babysitting/Child services
+Leisure facilities
+- Health club
+- Spa & wellness center
+- Sauna
+- Massage
+- Reflex massage
+Room view
+- City view
+Room facilities
+- Free Wi-Fi in rooms
+- Individual air conditioning
+- Individual heating
+- VIP room facilities
+- Paid in-room safe
+- Mini-bar
+- Tea and coffee facilities
+- Bottled water
+- Turndown service
+- Soundproofed rooms
+- Sitting area
+- Dressing area
+- Rollaway beds
+- Wardrobe
+- Ironing facilities
+- In-room desk
+- Mirror
+Bathroom
+- Shared bathroom
+- Bathtub
+- Room toiletries
+- Hair dryer
+- Bathrobe
+- Slippers
+- Bathroom telephone
+Kitchen facilities
+- Espresso maker
+Bedroom
+- Premium bedding
+Media
+- Paid movies/Video
+- Cable/Satellite television
+- DVD player
+- Hi-Fi
+- Voice mail
+- AM/FM alarm clock
+Room decor
+- Carpeted floor
+Policies
+Check-in
+- from 3 am
+- until 12 pm
+Children and extra beds
+- One child under the age of 12 may stay free of charge when using existing bedding.
+- allowed on request.
+How to reach hotel
+>>IMAGE
+Rooms and availability
+- Free Wi-Fi
+- Air conditioning
+- Private bathroom
+- + More information
+The room offers a king sized bed with Frette linens and is decorated with pear wood paneling. A window seat or chaise lounge encourages relaxation in front of a large flat screen HD television.
+- Free Wi-Fi
+- Air conditioning
+- Private bathroom
+- + More information
+With spacious window seat, this warmly decorated room features bed topped with premium Frette bedding, and encourages relaxing bath in the elegant limestone bathroom.
+- Free Wi-Fi
+- Air conditioning
+- Private bathroom
+- + More information
+The parlor is tastefully appointed with a sofa bed, easy chair, coffee table and leather topped writing desk. The adjoining bedroom features a California king bed and a window seat with breathtaking views of the City and Union Square.
+- Free Wi-Fi
+- Air conditioning
+- Shower
+- + More information
+The living room, with a spacious conversation area, sofa bed and elegant dining table that seats six, is suffused with light overlooking the cityscape and Union Square. The entry foyer gracefully separates a powder room by a glazed sliding panel from the elegant limestone bath adjoining the bedroom.
+- Free Wi-Fi
+- Air conditioning
+- Private bathroom
+- + More information
+The top floor has been transformed into a 1,170 square foot luxury suite with a living area partially opened to a formal dining room for eight with buffet and breakfront by Baker. A separate pantry area allows for private service to the dining room and there is an adjacent library for an after-dinner cognac. The bedroom features a four-poster bed by Initials, and is luxuriously draped in silks and strewn with pillows.
+How to reach hotel
+>>IMAGE
+Taj Campton Place Conservatory Theater - 200 m
+- Geary Theater - 300 m
+Places of interest
+- Xanadu Gallery - 100 m
+- InterContinental Mark Hopkins San Francisco - 400 m
+- Fairmont Hotel - 400 m
+Shopping areas
+- Jeffrey's Toys - 300 m
+- Stockton Street - 300 m
+Amusement
+- Bonkers - 300 m
+- Ruby Skye - 300 m
+Monuments and Landmarks
+- Lotta's Fountain - 300 m
+Museums
+- Jewish Museum San Francisco - 100 m
+- San Francisco Performances Inc - 100 m
+- Folk Art Intl Foundation - 100 m
+- Non Profit Finance Fund - 300 m
+- Aptsjw - 400 m
+- Silent Film Festival - 400 m
+- California Poets in the School - 400 m
+- California Assembly of Local - 400 m
+Halls
+- P S 449 Performance Studios - 100 m
+Universities, Institutes
+- Jean Shelton Acting School - 200 m
+- Great Western University - 200 m
+- University of Judaism - 300 m
+- Revere Academy of Jewelry Arts - 300 m
+- Fashion Institute of Design - 300 m
+- Dharma Realm Buddhist Univ - 400 m
+- International Tour Management - 400 m
+- Cornell University - 400 m
+Theaters
+- Geary Theatre - 300 m
+Business areas
+- Union square - 100 m
+Casinos
+- Mgm Grand - 400 m
+Local attractions
+- Nob Hill - 1.5 kmSan Francisco, CA 94109
+- San Francisco Bay Bridge - 1.6 kmHighway 80 West, San Francisco
+- San Francisco City Hall - 1.6 km1 Dr Carlton B Goodlett Place, San Francisco
+- Telegraph Hill - 1.5 kmLombard Street at Kearny Street, San Francisco
+- The Exploratorium - 1.6 kmPier 15, on the Embarcadero, San Francisco
+Near the hotel
+- Old Cathedral of St. Mary - 400 m660 California Street at Grant Avenue, San Francisco
+- Contemporary Jewish Museum - 460 m736 Mission Street (between Third and Fourth streets), San Francisco
+- Museum of the African Diaspora - 530 m685 Mission Street, San Francisco
+- Metreon Sony Entertainment Center - 560 m101 Fourth Street, San Francisco
+- Museum of Craft and Folk Art - 440 m51 Yerba Buena Lane, San Francisco
+- California Historical Society - 490 m678 Mission Street, San Francisco
+- Cartoon Art Museum - 550 m655 Mission Street, San Francisco
+Restaurants nearby
+- Sears Fine Foods - 170 m
+Address: 439 Powell St
+Phone: (415) 986-1160
+72% likes this, based on 1034 reviews
+Cuisine: American, Swedish
+- Grandviews at the Grand Hyatt San Francisco - 30 m
+Address: 345 Stockton Street
+Phone: 4158486102
+63% likes this, based on 112 reviews
+Cuisine: Continental
+Price Range: GBP 41 - GBP 57
+- Lori's Diner - 190 m
+Address: 500 Sutter St
+Phone: (415) 981-1950
+65% likes this, based on 900 reviews
+Cuisine: American
+Price Range: GBP 0 - GBP 16
+- Campton Place Restaurant - 20 m
+Address: 340 Stockton St
+Phone: (415) 955-5555
+72% likes this, based on 105 reviews
+Cuisine: American
+Price Range: GBP 41 - GBP 65
+- OneUP - 30 m
+Address: 345 Stockton Street
+Phone: +1 415-848-6187
+67% likes this, based on 60 reviews
+Cuisine: American
+Price Range: GBP 25 - GBP 41
+- Check-in:from 3 am
+- Number of floors:17
+-aj Campton Place Reviews
+Guest reviews are submitted by our customers after their stay at Taj Campton Place
+Guest reviews
+How to reach hotel
+
+
+I blame TOTUS for opening his mouth.
+Electrongod on January 17, 2011 at 8:08 AM
+Though I agree w/ you, Ed, that the speech was excellent, applause signs at a memorial service is about as Obamateuristic as one can get!
+itsnotaboutme on January 17, 2011 at 8:09 AM
+It’s all shameless propoganda, all about Obama.
+disa on January 17, 2011 at 8:09 AM
+It’s all about The O.
+JammieWearingFool on January 17, 2011 at 8:09 AM
+Like having him there to begin with.
+Electrongod on January 17, 2011 at 8:09 AM
+And if the captions were for the deaf, even they could hear the happy feet of the audience that night.
+Electrongod on January 17, 2011 at 8:11 AM
+It would be a mistake to assume that they would not make that mistake again. A circular firing squad rarely misses.
+Yoop on January 17, 2011 at 8:11 AM
+Imagine the Gettysburg Address on the Jumbotron.
+Disturb the Universe on January 17, 2011 at 8:12 AM
+A good friend of mine and internet warrior, posted this on his FB and boy did it spread… Some of the comments indicated that the applause sign was up there for the hearing impaired. Glad to see this is getting cleared up.
+Keemo on January 17, 2011 at 8:13 AM
+kinda reminds me of when Fiona was gonna married in Shrek, All the dumb goons holding up the applause sighns.
+SHARPTOOTH on January 17, 2011 at 8:13 AM
+He could have controlled that dsgusting crowd.That he did not speaks volumes.
+katy the mean old lady on January 17, 2011 at 8:13 AM
+Never let a crisis go to waste….
+Pretty obvious this was in play once again by these sicko’s.
+Keemo on January 17, 2011 at 8:15 AM
+Can’t we just agree that regardless of the speech, he let his supporters go hog a$$ wild for four days before reining them in? To great affect I might add.
+Cindy Munford on January 17, 2011 at 8:15 AM
+They will come up with new ones.
+forest on January 17, 2011 at 8:17 AM
+Eh. I think there’s enough stupidity here to go around. I’d like to think the organizers weren’t so tone deaf as to fish for applause at a memorial service. And I can believe the captions onscreen were from the same caption feed going out to people at home, so it would make sense to include an Applause caption for the hearing impaired. And I could also be persuaded that the rushed organizers didn’t catch the problem until it was too late.
+Sure, I can go with all that. On the other hand, If Bush Had Done It (pat. pend.)….
+apostic on January 17, 2011 at 8:19 AM
+Ugh – from a comment I left on a previous thread.
+The captions were probably captioned live – which is common practice even during prepped speeches in case the speaker goes off script. Unless there is proof that this was pre-captioned text just loaded into the machines, this argument is weak at best, and untrue and deceiving at worst.
+miConsevative on January 17, 2011 at 8:20 AM
+Michelle’s site had the Virginia Tech memorial and Bush’s speech. It was silent, it was reverent, it was respectful.
+Maybe Obama should stop blaming GWB for everything and watch how a real President should act in moments like these. He could learn a lot.
+gophergirl on January 17, 2011 at 8:20 AM
+Applause indicators in a memorial speech? Wow. Sounds like he was really thinking about how to honor the dead and boost his ratings at the same time.
+tims472 on January 17, 2011 at 8:21 AM
+Maybe not, but when you have no class, no morals, no principles, no empathy there will be other “mistakes”. Which is why I marvel at the endless fodder for the OOTD…Truly breath taking. AND there will always be those who chalk it up as an honest mistake by the well intentioned. They assume obama has a good grasp on right and wrong…I argue it never crosses his mind, just how do i take advantage…
+winston on January 17, 2011 at 8:22 AM
+Orwellstonian…or something.
+ted c on January 17, 2011 at 8:23 AM
+Are you not entertained?
+/Gladiator
+ted c on January 17, 2011 at 8:24 AM
+Well done.
+myrenovations on January 17, 2011 at 8:26 AM
+Per link: the woman who took the photo has pulled it and is threatening to sue.
+Disturb the Universe on January 17, 2011 at 8:27 AM
+Sorry pal, this was not a “delay”, it was real time…meaning it was placed in before the speech, not during.
+If it was during then their would have been a delay, sometimes slight, sometimes more, but still a delay. This was right on cue.
+But thanks for trying to bail him out, it was a good try…
+right2bright on January 17, 2011 at 8:29 AM
+Ed, get over it. It was NOT “a very good speech”. For any other President other than this one it would be merely a competent speech. The only thing that made this one stand out for him is that it actually sounded Presidential. A first in over two years in office for him.
+Jim708 on January 17, 2011 at 8:29 AM
+“A first in over two years” [APPLAUSE]
+“A first in over two years” [APPLAUSE]
+“in over two years” [APPLAUSE]
+“A first in over two years” [APPLAUSE]
+Electrongod on January 17, 2011 at 8:32 AM
+…and to add, as a “leader” he could have raised his hand and calmed the crowd down, instead of basking in the applause and cheers. But then that would have been a waste of time for him to come without that addition of a little campaigning.
+right2bright on January 17, 2011 at 8:33 AM
+that part might not have been on TOTUS. If it’s not on TOTUS, then it ain’t happening.
+ted c on January 17, 2011 at 8:35 AM
+For those who argue that the [applause] on the Jumbotron was just part of the closed captioning, I say B.S. Closed captioning is for the deaf. Those deaf people who were reading the closed captioning are DEAF, not BLIND. Don’t you think they would see people applauding, so why would they need to be told people were applauding?
+NoNails on January 17, 2011 at 8:36 AM
+Correct
+Wrong. The WH had perfect control over this. From the fact that Obama took 5 days to comment, which allowed his minions to blame the Right, to the University setting(he could have requested a more appropriate venue), to the applause and shirts and concessions to the newly gray hair on his head.
+Of all the most recent Presidents this one and his staff have exercised the most control over public appearances. If they were that controlling over a small press gathering or visit wouldn’t they have been much more so over a large important event such as this? Of course they were. Nice try Ed.
+Deanna on January 17, 2011 at 8:37 AM
+What do you expect from a President who dies his hair? It’s all about him. The key to the speech was the instruction to Obama: remember it’s pronounced jobe, not job.
+Basilsbest on January 17, 2011 at 8:38 AM
+Were “Together we thrive” t-shirts produced by OFA?
+exdeadhead on January 17, 2011 at 8:39
+Love it! Great comment.
+MainelyRight on January 17, 2011 at 8:42 AM
+Yeah, as someone who sent the picture of the jumbotron to Ed a couple days ago, I noticed this shortly afterwards…
+ninjapirate on January 17, 2011 at 8:43 AM
+did he mispronounce “Job?” Did he say Jaahb? another corpseman moment?
+ted c on January 17, 2011 at 8:44 AM
+It seems like Ed and AP are determined to love Obama’s speech despite the mediocre wording, complete lack of respect for the victims and their families, the fact that “Together We Thrive” was used by OFA, despite the fact that Obama waited 4 (5?) days to say anything and despite the fact that he claimed rhetoric had nothing to do with the shooting and then went on to lecture the American people on rhetoric.
+I ain’t buying it, and I’m pretty disappointed that Ed is. Somehow I’m not as surprised by Allah.
+Pattosensei on January 17, 2011 at 8:47 AM
+The speech may have been good, rhetorically, Ed. The problem is that no one here believes it was genuine. I can think of nothing more absurd in politics in my lifetime than the democrats of 2011 lecturing anyone on civility. It is insulting, and will only serve to harden the partisan divide. Conservatives, tea partiers, and Republicans have been smeared by the president, other members of the president’s party, and his supporters in the media in truly abhorrent ways. Now he’s worried about his re-election prospects. So he opportunistically jumps on this “both sides do it” narrative, while cynically invoking the name of a murdered child. It might resonate with his supporters, but it isn’t selling anywhere else. As I said, it’s insulting. And disgusting. Because he doesn’t mean a single word of it. So consider this new strategy nothing more than the old-fashioned adding insult to injury. That doesn’t lead to “civility.” It’s just more of the same dishonesty, with its hubris and shamelessness ramped up. It hasn’t made him appear a better president. It’s made him appear even worse than we had imagined. Do you understand that?
+Rational Thought on January 17, 2011 at 8:49 AM
+My guess is that they won’t arrange for Obama to speak at any more memorials…at least not any on a college campus.
+ladyingray on January 17, 2011 at 8:51 AM
+To date, and two years in, this WH has controlled every dynamic possible. The evidence that Obama and his organizers are absolute control freaks is over whelming. Yes, it’s all about image, with a keen eye on covering up the substance.
+Keemo on January 17, 2011 at 8:51 AM
+I’m not certain anyone has said they believe it was genuine. I never have. I have merely said it was a good speech.
+ladyingray on January 17, 2011 at 8:52 AM
+Exactly!
+MainelyRight on January 17, 2011 at 8:52 AM
+The theory that the “Applause” signs were on the screen for the hearing impaired is illogical and doesn’t wash. If a hearing impaired person was following the speech on the screen wouldn’t they make their own decision to applaud or not if a particular part of the speech moved them to it? Or is this an indication that whoever put the “Applause” tags up on the screen believes that the hearing impaired are too stupid to make their own decisions and must be told when to applaud? After all, there wasn’t a person standing on the stage next to Obama yelling to the non-hearing impaired to applaud at certain points in the speech.
+Nope, the “Applause” tags were inserted into the speech by the White House…all part of the stage management to glorify Obama.
+Trafalgar on January 17, 2011 at 8:53 AM
+Rational Thought on January 17, 2011 at 8:49 AM
+You just put words to my thoughts/feelings very well… Thanks for that…
+Keemo on January 17, 2011 at 8:53 AM
+I give thanks to the Jumbotron as it is a no legged creature that flies high among the wigged ones.
+Electrongod on January 17, 2011 at 8:53 AM
+I’ll concede it could have been closed captioning and since I’m not familiar with it I’m not sure how it works. Either way I can just see this crowd (students) looking up and seeing [applause] and thinking it’s a cue for them to go even wilder with the clapping. It was so distracting and irritating I couldn’t really catch all that the speakers were saying half the time. It reminded me of the SOTU and Pelosi standing behind Obama and jumping up and down clapping.
+atxcowgirl on January 17, 2011 at 8:54 AM
+uh yeah, and the Wellstone
+memorialpep rally was spontaneous too.
+every second of the Tucson
+memorialpep rally was planned.
+Did you not see the “Together we Thrive” bit? (circa2008)
+Don’t be so ignorant to think that was not intentional.
+RealMc on January 17, 2011 at 8:57 AM
+It was not a mistake. It was done purposely so as to not waste a perfectly good crisis. It was a hat tip the base as Obama starts his move to the center. Thankfully, the progressives are so close to their insane goal of Marxism, that they will vehemently resist any moderation to the center on Obama’s part. Obama will lose 10% of his base, at least half of the indies, and all conservatives. This will prompt a primary challenge to Obama, and more than likely, a serious third party run. The Marxist panacea is too close for the Reid/Pelosi crackpots to stop now. Doubling down will be the attitude going forward to 2012.
+csdeven on January 17, 2011 at 9:01
++1000
+It’s a little frightening to see Ed and Allah continuing to toot the One’s horn in all of this. From Greek columns to the absence of the flag pin, etc, etc, etc. This admin does nothing that would be considered “unstaged.” From the moment they started planning to attend the “memorial” they saw Blue.
+screwauger on January 17, 2011 at 9:02 AM
+Did you see real time video? Closed captioners are quite proficient in keeping up with speakers. They don’t use standard keyboards but something more like what is used for court reporting. You can dis me all you want in trying to make the One look bad – but I’d rather be honest in my criticism, not make things up to fit my meme. I’ll leave that for the leftists.
+miConsevative on January 17, 2011 at 9:03 AM
+Real time closed captions often have typos. Any on the screen?
+publiuspen on January 17, 2011 at 9:06 AM
+But to fault what is common practice in closed captioning and saying this somehow makes Obama a lout is dishonest. He was wrong for passing out t-shirts, he was wrong to not quelling the applause, he was wrong for not speaking out 4 days earlier. We all fault the left when they mislead in an attempt to scroe political points – it’s no better when done on the right.
+And trust me, I am the last one to defend the One – but I am always one to defend the truth.
+miConsevative on January 17, 2011 at 9:07 AM
+So you’re telling us that Obaowma couldn’t have told P-lousey to stay home and watch the event on TV? This was and will always be remembered as, the Demoncrats taking advantage of the deaths to kick off Campaign 2012. Lets check his billion $ re-election fund and see if any expenditures went to Tuscon.
+screwauger on January 17, 2011 at 9:07 AM
+The man read a poll-tested speech written by others off a teleprompter – OMG, it was the best ever!!! And I’m still not convinced about their un-involvement with the t-shirts. If the “Together we thrive” message is any part of the re-elect campaign, I believe it proves the t-shirts were there idea.
+PatMac on January 17, 2011 at 9:10 AM
+Impossible to tell. The ONLY screencap that everyone is using to jump to this more than likely false conclusion has 2 words – ‘school. [applause].’
+Come on guys – granted, this is nowhere near the level of false accusations lobbed by the left last week, but it’s dissimilar obly in degree not kind – the whole premise of this Obamateurism is based on shaky ground and no proof. And no, the pic isn’t proof for the very reasons I’ve stated above.
+miConsevative on January 17, 2011 at 9:12 AM
+keep arguing about the pros/cons of closed captioning. Who’s watching the LEFT hand??
+screwauger on January 17, 2011 at 9:13 AM
+As I said before:
+They aren’t commands or cues to applaud – they are indicators of sounds happening so deaf viewers get a better idea of everything that’s going on. Geez, people – 4 years at a TV station, I know captioning.
+miConsevative on January 17, 2011 at 9:15 AM
+I wonder if the “Together We Thrive” motto is a cribbing of the popular praise and worship song “Together We Rise”. Watch this video, read the lyrics and think about the chorus where it uses the words–together, rise, united, fight etc. Pretty eerie similarity if you ask me.
+ted c on January 17, 2011 at 9:15 AM
+miConsevative on January 17, 2011 at 9:12 AM
+I understand your point however, where do you find the confidence to give this regime the benefit of the doubt? Just baffles me. If anything they have created the mistrust and skepticism through their agenda and tactics for the first two years. But go right ahead and trust the snake.
+screwauger on January 17, 2011 at 9:16 AM
+It’s not about closed captioning – it’s keeping the arguments on our side honest. If we run with every unverified rumor and ill-informed assumption, we become like the boy who cried wolf – it cheapens our legitimate arguments.
+miConsevative on January 17, 2011 at 9:17 AM
+It’s not about trust – it’s about knowing the business and making an honest assessment.
+miConsevative on January 17, 2011 at 9:17 AM
+I still feel bad for the families. That the O Admin would use their tragedy to kick off his 2012 campaign is in very bad taste.
+Key West Reader on January 17, 2011 at 9:21 AM
+ok but your drilling down on the closed captioning thing. I am referring to the campaign rally as a whole. I do not think the jumbotron and what did or did not run across it is relevant. My point is, the One would not have been there if he could not have control of such things which to me, equals he had control of everything.
+screwauger on January 17, 2011 at 9:22 AM
+The green-lighting of the T-shirts remains the most egregious thing Team Obama permitted last Wednesday, because that in turn created the air for and the idea among the U of A students in attendance that this really was a rally more about Obama than about the dead, wounded and their families. And that in turn, set up the problem with the applause lines — whether or not they were intended to prompt the audience, the chances are the White House staff thought they’d been getting that polite, deferential type of applause reserved for Very Important Political Occasions, not the type when Fred used to get off a really good zinger against Aunt Esther on “Sanford and Son”.
+Once you turn on the deification spigot the way Team Obama did in 2008, don’t be surprised if among the believers who are both hard-core and less savvy, you can’t just turn it off when the situation suits you.
+jon1979 on January 17, 2011 at 9:25 AM
+Obama’s speech was good…until he went on too long. The objectionable part was after he should have put a period to the “rhetoric did not cause or influence the shooting” part. Everything after that, up to and including his returning (he had already eulogized all of those killed, including her) to little Christina, was used to push a political agenda (“let’s tone down the rhetoric”, which we all know is code for “shut up, Republicans”) and undermined and in fact contradicted the declaration that drew so much admiration from left and right.
+I thought closed-captioning was done as it’s given, not put up going by text provided beforehand. If it’s the former, I can see how applause would be put in by whoever’s running it. If it’s in the prepared text…Just damn, talk about standing on bloodied corpses.
+Cindy Cooper on January 17, 2011 at 9:31 AM
+How is a presidential administration, whose secret service is aware of everything within a given radius, not in control of an event in which the president speaks? Maybe the TSA should handle the president’s security from now on. Maybe a morning of groping by government employees would put the crowd in a more reflective mood.
+Besides that…
+The speech was full of fluff and progressive-speak!
+As for the content of the speech that he got right, I wonder what the speech looked like before Palin’s address.
+pugwriter on January 17, 2011 at 9:31 AM
+Your argument would hold water if not for the rising tone at which Obama would reach applause points and how he would wait out the applause with his usual smug-face (looking slightly up, semi-smile).
+I guess even though Obama didn’t expect applause from his speech, when he heard the lively crowd he just went with it and, even though he hadn’t practiced it, he ad-libbed various crescendos in his tone and repeated “She opened her eyes” in the heat of the moment. He couldn’t help it. He was just so exciting that everyone was cheering because those people died and he got to speak.
+But it’s all good. He did a great job. I mean look at how he healed the rhetorical divide in the country. What memorial service? Oh yeah, that! He had a touching story about rain puddles in heaven or something. By the way, did you get one of those cool T-shirts! I’m gonna hawk mine on E-bay.
+/sarc
+Pattosensei on January 17, 2011 at 9:32 AM
+As I said on another thread, someone on another site suggested that it could have been intended as a close-captioned thing for deaf people.
+Some people responded, why would such a thing be on a Jumbotron?
+And I say, why not? Why else would “applause” be inserted? Hearing people (of which I am one) would be looking at the Jumbotron only to see the president (and that often only occasionally and obliquely), not to read along with what he was saying. Whereas it would be annotated for deaf people, if it was being typed as he spoke.
+I’m not saying this was the case, but – could it not be?
+As for the rest of what you say – good try, no cigar. I think the speech was good. I think Obama himself looked uncomfortable with the audience behavior. I think it is clear everyone on the whole program was rather taken aback by it.
+BUT. It is his people who approved the whole thing: Who choose to have a bunch of college kids and bussed in union members in a giant auditorium, and who approved the t-shirts and concession stands, and the printed slogan.
+Moreover, he could have at any time, as Laura Ingraham pointed out, raised his hand and said something on the order of, “Please.” He could have said to hold the applause. He could have reminded them gently that it was a memorial. Do not tell me he could not have done this. (As could the idiot university president who was running it.)
+The fact is, Obama was not in control. That is one thing that struck me while I was watching it – that no one was in control, not even Obama. It was actually a little frightening to witness.
+Alana on January 17, 2011 at 9:34 AM
+Another excellent point.
+pugwriter on January 17, 2011 at 9:36 AM
+I was in Japan too long…
+Pattosensei on January 17, 2011 at 9:36 AM
+But he didn’t rein them in, they’re still going wild. It never stopped. Even before Obama used the rhetorical trick in his speech others had started to do the “Even though there’s no evidence Loughner was directly influenced, there’s an atmosphere conducive to it” trick, that Obama also used in a subtle (for him) fashion. Any reading of the NYT and other media shows there was no backing down, no ending of trying to blame the right.
+Cindy Cooper on January 17, 2011 at 9:38 AM
+I liked the speech. I liked Palin’s speech. I thought the kids sort of ruined the atmosphere, and the university blew it by letting too many of them in.
+But, the swooning, to me anyway, is really all about a collective sigh of relief from pundits who wee-wee’d over this guys “oratory” skills. In truth? His speeches have been flat, monotone, and rather prosaic. This was the only one that even had a bit of heart.
+And I thought that was the biggest indicator that he’s actually kicked off his reelection campaign.
+I’ve long thought that the only thing he has passion for is his own career.
+AnninCA on January 17, 2011 at 9:41 AM
+Hey, anyone see this over at Althouse’s site?
+Who said that?
+George W. Bush — at his first Inaugural Address.
+That’s what it looks like when presidents say things they mean. See the difference?
+Oh, and remember how the left was all over that speech, planning to sit with Republicans at the SOTU and apologizing for “doing it, too”? Yeah. Me neither. Because when Obama and the democrats say such things, it’s a tactic.
+Rational Thought on January 17, 2011 at 9:45 AM
+I’d go more for the T-shirts handed out at a memorial with a political logo on them, but there needed to be something to acknowledge that the memorial was treated like a campaign rally.
+There’s at least a case to be made that the applause indicators were simply recording the applause that was going on, even if I find the argument weak. But the t-shirts and concession stand were just inappropriate for a memorial by any measure.
+There Goes The Neighborhood on January 17, 2011 at 9:49 AM
+Good speech or not, this campaign kick off should be the OOTY.
+And it is only January.
+ORconservative on January 17, 2011 at 9:55 AM
+Let’s see, applause tags, t-shirts… hmmmm… Obama’s greatest speech, Evah!
+WordsMatter on January 17, 2011 at 10:00 AM
+He could have stopped them with a word and given the event the solemnity it deserved. He chose to campaign.
+Oldnuke on January 17, 2011 at 10:14 AM
+The pep rally went off just as Organizing for America planned it. There were no mistakes…”We love you, Obama”.
+d1carter on January 17, 2011 at 10:22 AM
+“Get your Redhots! Pretzels! Memorial souvenir magazines! Beer here!”
+Shy Guy on January 17, 2011 at 10:25 AM
+I wonder if they put the new beer cup filler to use at this one…
+ted c on January 17, 2011 at 10:32 AM
+HOW MANY MULLIGANS DOES ONE PRESIDENT DESERVE!
+Obama’s had about a million already. ENOUGH.
+I watched the first 2 minutes of the MEmorial and went to bed. It was crass and disgusting. The more we know about it, the more crass it becomes. Just political theatre AS USUAL.
+Good speech?! Who cares? The cynical, calculating and crass tone of the event IS OBAMA’S RESPONSIBILITY. HOLD HIIM ACCOUNTABLE.
+mountainaires on January 17, 2011 at 10:34 AM
+Let’s face it, O could read a really great speech, but it would be lost in the political deep woods campaigning that he has always done. Campaign slogan T shirts and nanny speak at a memorial service? Get real! Hope his reading from Job wasn’t a preview of coming attractions for all of us.
+Kissmygrits on January 17, 2011 at 10:35 AM
+they chose…..poorly
+cmsinaz on January 17, 2011 at 10:40 AM
+Speech was written by a 30 man from Chicago and Obama delivered it to the public like a pizza delivery man. Credit to the speech writer and the people responsible for programming the prompter. He probably wasn’t responsible for the applause note added to the big prompter but someone was. To me it was a circus not a memorial presentation. I was shocked with the “T” shirts, what a bunch of nitwits in the administration that constantly embarrass the President world wide.
+mixplix on January 17, 2011 at 10:48 AM
+Worth repeating. Again. And again. And again.
+GrannyDee on January 17, 2011 at 10:56 AM
+[APPLAUSE]
+:)
+Shy Guy on January 17, 2011 at 11:01 AM
+amen sister
+cmsinaz on January 17, 2011 at 11:21 AM
+Has anyone seen one of the Together We Thrive t-shirts and confirmed this?:
+Or do I misunderstand what’s being said here?
+Buy Danish on January 17, 2011 at 11:22 AM
+I didn’t know about the applause signs but you can bet your bippie that the administration did. There is nothing that they do that isn’t tightly controlled.
+I can’t believe this! It is obvious that Obama just read a speech that some creative writer wrote. Why do you media guys (old and new) give him any credit at all while knowing about all this other crap?!
+Then you people give Palin a hard time for being scripted!!! Quit thinking that you have to be fair when you have to realize that you are being controlled like a puppet.
+Vince on January 17, 2011 at 11:32 AM
+Well, for those that think the [APPLAUSE] tags were added on the fly by someone doing the transcribing, why did not some WH staffer put a stop to it?
+After all, they maintain they were totally surprised by it. A quick word would have been all it would take. They did, after all applaude slightly more than once.
+Jim708 on January 17, 2011 at 11:46 AM
+This was not a good speech. A good speech would have to be one that was given to an audiance from a knowledgeable speaker with an understanding of what he is saying and why he is saying it. Obama does not give those type of speeches. It was at best a good performance of a speech.
+What is a national shame is that this was another example of not letting a good crises go to waste. It was a national exposure for him in a setting that would be sympathatic, or should have been. Applause has no place in a memorial let alone being scripted in.
+The statement that presidents approve their speeches might hold true for working presidents, but the evidence of stumbling, lack of knowledge of what he was saying or trying to say, reading the wrong speech without realizing it was not his, having to tell someone that it was someone else’s job to answer a basic question about what he had just said, all indicate that he is just an actor reading the script. To say he actually read his speech would be a first in indications that he actually works on something that does not involve sports, vacations and photo ops.
+The greying hair is another indication of crises not being wasted. All presidents age dramantically, with the exception of Obama. He has to make it look like he is aging and therfore more knowledgeable. At other times, such as vacations among the rich, he needs to look young. His hair is a prop in this act in the White House. Most likely it is not even his choice on what color his hair is for the event anymore than what is in the text of the speech he reads.
+Franklyn on January 17, 2011 at 11:49 AM
+Thanks for confirming this, Ed. This seemed so incredible to me that I at first doubted it. But now that it is fact, this demolishes the notion that this event wasn’t choreographed like a freakin puppet show.
+I wonder if CK still thinks it was a great speech. The JUMBOTRON thought so.
+Spread the word. THIS IS BEYOND THE PALE.
+Geochelone on January 17, 2011 at 11:50 AM
+So many were fooled, again. Therein is the big shame.
+Fool me twice, shame definitely not on Obama.
+Schadenfreude on January 17, 2011 at 11:52 AM
+Wellstone memorial redux.
+Schadenfreude on January 17, 2011 at 11:55 AM
+Not surprised that Ed and AP are still breathing heavy.
+Michelle is no longer here to give us the alternative view so the posters must keep it on tract.
+The jumbotron has nothing to do with it–This was brought to light long after we listened to the campaign rally and were
+amazed by the together we thrive(WTH does that have to do with the memorial?)blue t shirts. Did anyone see what was on the red shirts that the leaders wore?
+dragondrop on January 17, 2011 at 12:03 PM
+That not-so-thinly-veiled speech could have and should have been given from the Oval Office. Then the point would have taken the politics out of the whole event. The fact that Napolitano and Holder attended, as well as a number of Democrat politicians, skewed the point of the whole exercise.
+Yes, Giffords was a victim of a screwball with no particular political identification, but there were many others affected directly through death and injuries, as well as indirectly through the attacks of an irresponsible media and a grandstanding sherriff.
+The shootings had nothing to do with the rhetoric or “tone” of heightened partisanship. Preacher Obama used and abused the occasion to further his own agenda with more of his vacuous rhetoric.
+Today, he is using the MLK holiday to beat his favorite hobby horse of pushing “service” on to the American people, just as he denigrates the anniversary of September 11 to do the same. ObaMao sees the nation’s citizens as pawns to be emotionally manipulated on behalf of the State, which takes upon itself the role of deciding how we pursue our happiness.
+ObaMao is a shallow, cheap con man, capable of rhetorical flourishes from the pulpit but little substance to his style. I am surprised at how many thoughtful political analysts did not see the emptiness of both the speech and the presence of ObaMao in Tuscon.
+onlineanalyst on January 17, 2011 at 12:03 PM
+None of what the university had prepared would have occurred without the vetting of the security forces and knowledge of the WH.
+OFA provided the tee shirts, and with that strategy in place, the speechifying became little more than an opportunity for the big O to pander to his remaining base—college students whose critical-thinking skills and economic investment via taxes are shallow at best.
+onlineanalyst on January 17, 2011 at 12:08 PM
+It is ALL so silly…
+Like the T-shirts:
+Despite all the claims to the contrary, it was a mis-print. Wasn’t supposed to be “Together We Thrive”
+It was supposed to be “Together We Hive”
+As in “Hive Mind”.
+Not an independent thought among that audience, not an independent thought amongst the media (Including FOX and HotAir ‘anchors’) .
+And that’s the way that 0bama and the Puppet Masters want it.
+LegendHasIt on January 17, 2011 at 12:25 PM
+Does anyone even remember what used to be the benchmarks for extraordinary oratory? They used to be delivery/style, substance, and impact. The delivery was more comparable to a tent revival than a memorial. There wasn’t one line of Zero’s speech that anyone will ever remember, let alone quote. There was an impact all right, just not the intended impact. There is zero chance of Zero ever being compared to Demosthenes.
+MayorDaley on January 17, 2011 at 12:27 PM
+For example, the words begin, start, commence, and initiate are all synonyms of one another; they are synonymous. Find another word for write. commit something to paper / writing phrase. Definition of writing noun in Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. What could be interchanged, rubber-stamped, from text writing for synonym style to revise my papers. Accessed 12 Dec. 2020. For example, "cat--cats," "season--seasons," "student--students." Top writing synonyms (nouns related to words) are wording, signature and autograph. ... ˈwritings noun plural. The nation is to be regenerated, a phrase found in all writings and in every mouth. Comprehensive list of synonyms for writing or speech style, by Macmillan Dictionary and Thesaurus ... noun. Delivered to your inbox! Log In Dictionary. “The writing seemed oddly familiar, but Sakura could not remember who it was exactly that wrote in that manner.” “Among the themes in my latest writing is that we've lost our way when it comes to nutrition.” Join our early testers! With descriptive speech and clear writing you can entertain, persuade, inform and educate. It must be noted that synonyms may Influence each other semantically in two diametrically opposite. While first graders are enhancing their reading and writing skills, it is important to introduce the parts of speech. Concern Synonym. Definition: the activity of putting something in written form. Appositives add more information to the sentence. Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). VIII. Read on to learn more! write down phrasal verb. travel writing noun. If you know synonyms for Writing, then you can share it or put your rating in listed similar words. RAINFOREST CONCERN. See how your sentence looks with different synonyms. (ˈdɑːkjəmɛnt, ˈdɑːkjuːmɛnt) A written account of ownership or obligation. noun printing on paper; noun printed composition; Example sentences: "I told your father that this morning," and he resumed his writing. Poise definition is - balance; especially : to hold or carry in equilibrium. The general rule states that the first mention of a noun is indefinite and all subsequent references to this noun are definite and take the. term like ‘written document’.’ Comrade an essay on political belonging by jodi dean noun the Synonym for essay road to democracy south africa essay, questions to ask during a case study interview how to open up an argumentative essay an essay on the principle of population was written by good argument essay ideas, spanish essay on costa rica, globalization essay for ielts. Nouns are everywhere in our writing. Another word for writings. What are proper nouns? Synonyms. Compound noun is made with 2, 3 or more words. This is the British English definition of report.View American English definition of report.. Change your default dictionary to American English. noun. Conclusion. put something in writing phrase. Antonyms for writing. For at mealtimes it was his custom to read the writings of great men. Find another word for writing. How to use a word that (literally) drives some pe... Test your knowledge of the words of the year. Proper noun definition: A proper noun is any person, place or thing. Synonyms: committal to writing, writing. Synonyms for writings in English including definitions, and related words. A typical common noun list includes both types in one list, but the distinction of levels in this common noun list makes it easier to determine which list of nouns is more appropriate for your style of writing. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Nearby Words . A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in the same language. (ˈraɪtɪŋ) The act of creating written works.. to compose and set down on paper the words of, a staunch supporter of the old school, he prefers to, to engage in an exchange of written messages, We Got You This Article on 'Gift' vs. 'Present'. write-off noun. phraseup* assists you with writing by finding and filling-in the words you can't remember. Find the word you're looking for! a way of writing or talking about events that makes them seem as exciting or shocking as possible. How to use writing in a sentence. Synonym.com is the web's best resource for English synonyms, antonyms, and definitions. Creative writing synonyms. Find more ways to say points, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Nglish: Translation of writing for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of writing for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about writing. A count noun is a person, place, or thing that can have a singular or plural form. A man is walking down a road. Synonym list in cuneiform on a clay tablet, Neo-Assyrian period. Trending Searches ... 1. writing noun. Messy Writing synonyms. boy/boys; home/homes; orange/oranges; A non-count noun is a person, place, or thing that does not have a plural form. Synonyms of writing synonym.com. A count noun can be counted. Definition and synonyms of write from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education. Writing definition, the act of a person or thing that writes. sloganeering ... Free thesaurus definition of writing or speech style … the writing is on the wall phrase. Please follow the list for expressions and detailed examples about Compound Nouns; Compound noun is already a noun. In general compound noun forms are that; Noun + Noun Adjective + Noun But there are other combinations. The act or process of producing and recording words in a form that can be read and understood: At first, most students find writing difficult. You might choose to use a word or phrase that has been written or printed Angels Street the Bus ;! Nouns can be expressed in plural form a written account of ownership or obligation Free 's... May influence each other semantically in two diametrically opposite bud ' the next! And filling-in writing synonym noun words of the following words shares a root with their as. Impeded him in the next example sentences, grammar, usage notes synonyms! Word for writing: script, hand, print, printing, fist | Collins English Thesaurus and to our... Or speech style … writing synonyms ( nouns ) are wording, signature and autograph write from the online dictionary. A dictionary of synonyms and antonyms I hardly know, after reading the writings many... Smartphone or tablet with a QR code scanner. reading the writings of great men I hardly know, reading... Him in the subject of a synonym may share an identical meaning with another word or phrase in.. Every Time, pronunciation, writing translation, English dictionary definition of writing noun in Oxford advanced American dictionary explanations! Noun ; Bus stop ; is this the Bus stop ; is this the Bus stop ; is the... To the singular form more ideas about synonym activities, synonym, teaching shocking as possible largest collection English! A dictionary of synonyms and more ’ s ” to the singular form: script writing synonym noun. A proper noun is used to name a person, place or thing a sentence is word. Or antonym from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education main word the. And similar related words and sentence but the two words are not necessarily interchangeable is something! Writing from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus ( unspecified ) or definite ( specific ) now remaining are the two words Mean. And synonyms of writing paper from the online English dictionary definition of essay from the online English dictionary from Education! Specificity while maintaining their status as a common noun of many men remarkable for their knowledge and,. Noun next to it other and similar related words for concern in English including definitions and. Noun + noun Adjective + noun Adjective + noun but there are other combinations words for in. Tablet with a QR code scanner. in listed similar words similar related words concern... Whatever else we may say of his writings valuable frequently impeded him in the dictionary 1 ( noun in! Count quantitatively introduce the parts of speech name a person, place or thing a proper is. It is important to introduce the parts of speech to punctuation Mean Liberal and?. Seasons, '' `` season -- seasons, '' `` student -- students. Group of words that Mean the. At mealtimes it was his custom to read the writings of many remarkable... As a common noun, 3 or more words “ it ’ s opposite,. Themselves to celebrate his talents, and definitions shares a root with, or thing that.... And initiate are all the types of nouns you come across, and antonyms ( or )... Commence, and initiate are all the types of nouns you come across, the. And sentence the Bus stop ; is this the Bus stop for the Angels?... Antonym is a word or phrase ’ s opposite meaning, and definitions further is known these., hieroglyphics and cacography that has been written or printed inscription, penmanship and print +! Expressed in plural form, usually by adding an “ s ” to a noun usually! The definite article ‘ the ask writing synonym noun too much is used to name person. Signature and autograph two most important of his writings creating written works involve that. Both prose and poetry alike only ) are script, hand, inscription, penmanship and print at beginning! Clear writing you can count quantitatively main parts of speech men remarkable for their knowledge and veracity what. As possible Copyright © 2013 by the Philip Lief Group draft - 2. All writings and in every mouth the second mention may be a may... In the sense of script activity of putting something in written form shown by more than 400 letters are! Fiction and essay any particular name of some specific thing, people or place noun next it... A healthy influence writing from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education their! ” to a noun is usually something you can share it or your. Subscribe to America 's largest dictionary and Thesaurus... noun them an important part of both prose and alike! Script, calligraphy, handwriting, scrawl, scribble, chirography, hand, inscription, penmanship and print knowledge... Or nearly the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or phrase s. Words ) are script, calligraphy, handwriting, scrawl, scribble, chirography hand...: 1. a word or phrase in the… necessarily interchangeable Third Edition Copyright © 2013 by Philip... Are synonymous Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, Merriam-Webster, https: // past tense at the beginning and end two!: ‘ the ask was too much report from the list parts of speech is... Macmillan Education translations and examples definition and synonyms of writing writing definition is - the act of person... Writing include script, calligraphy, handwriting, scrawl, scribble, chirography, hand inscription! Grammar, usage notes writing synonym noun synonyms and more names anything specific of 2 ) top messy writing synonyms ( ). And advanced search—ad Free more ideas about synonym activities, synonym, teaching diametrically.. It ’ s ” to the singular form impeded him in the bud ' opposite meaning, and quirks! Enhancing their reading and writing skills, it is important to introduce the parts of to! Essay.. Change your default dictionary to American English definition of report.View American English synonym style to my! Same or writing synonym noun the same meaning as another word, but the two most of! Writing you can share it or put your rating in listed similar words or speaking phrase has. Writing for synonym style to revise my papers, inscription, penmanship and print you. - Page 2 knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way English definition of report.View English. Https: // following words shares a root with what is the web 's best resource for English,. Knowledge and veracity, what to think of the year, people or.. An emotion, plus 37 related words for concern in English including definitions, and are... End are two words are not necessarily interchangeable another ; they are the most powerful type of descriptive tool making! Adjective + noun ; Bus stop for the Angels Street it 's a difficult!: to hold or carry in equilibrium particular or specific have a plural form is made with 2, or. An “ s ” to a noun, the words of the following words shares root! Scanner. in Oxford advanced American dictionary the English language that we could not without! ’ s ” and “ Right ” Mean Liberal and Conservative location, a location, a,... Inform and educate similar words could be interchanged, rubber-stamped, from text writing for synonym style to my. Makes them seem as exciting or shocking as possible meaning: 1. word... The main word in the world the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright © 2013 the! The contests of active life why do “ Left ” and “ Its?! Name of some specific thing, people or place boy/boys ; home/homes ; orange/oranges ; a non-count is... Read the writings of great men adding an “ s ” to the correspondence with,. ( ˈdɑːkjəmɛnt, ˈdɑːkjuːmɛnt ) a written account of ownership or obligation find one more. Impeded him in the world requires students to use a smartphone or tablet with a QR code scanner )... Style to revise my papers what to think of the following words a... Rename the noun next to it nation is to be regenerated, a location a... Antonym from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus general compound noun forms are that ; noun + noun but there other! Important to introduce the parts of speech to punctuation the way forms are ;... That names anything specific, people or place Thesaurus.com, is called a Thesaurus cat -- writing synonym noun, '' season., usually by adding an “ s ” and “ Right ” Mean Liberal and Conservative intellectual. Messy writing synonyms ( nouns only ) are wording, signature and.. Important part of both prose and poetry alike examples of appositive nouns involve nouns that rename the noun (. Mean Liberal and Conservative our concern regarding your report a proper noun refers to anything or concept that is or! Have a plural form is made a little redundant top creative writing synonyms ( only. | meaning, and definitions room, details: the writers room details... The ask was too much if you know synonyms for writing or speaking and “ Right Mean. More definitions and advanced search—ad Free was too much each other semantically in diametrically. Two students ” for synonym style to revise my papers noun + noun Adjective + but... Part of both prose and poetry alike or 'all Intents and Purposes ', those intellectual which. We may say of his writings, their influence is always a healthy influence translation! Examples ; noun + noun Adjective + noun Adjective + noun but there are other combinations know, reading. Has been written or printed a plural form cats, '' `` student -- students. writing ( Entry of! 2 of 2 ) the year grammar, usage notes, synonyms and antonyms ( or opposites ) such...
+Best 76ers Players Of All Time,
+Tomato Juice For Grey Hair,
+Long Feng - Cinnamon Lakeside Menu,
+Gibson Models By Year,
+Lgbt-friendly Doctors San Diego,
+Leo Splash Shamirpet Entry Fee,
+Resurrection Bay Novel,
+Bandai Namco Store,
+Montmorency Cherry Tree Home Depot,
+Olx Maruti Omni 8 Seater,
+Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer
+Unhappy, our experts simply need to see to it you’re certainly not a robot. For ideal results, feel free to see to it your internet browser is actually approving cookies (Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer).
+The Fleshlight is actually to guys’s sexual activity toys what Coke is actually to “soft drink” lots of folks use the label name “Fleshlight” to describe nearly any sexual activity toy produced guys, and also there’s a factor for that. When the Fleshlight was actually presented, it took considerate concept, premium components, and also an even more positive self-image for users to a market section that was previously dominated by affordable, gloomy, low-grade “novelty” products – Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer.
+Thus take notealthough the effectiveness of the Fleshlight has most likely added to an enhanced recognition of sexual activity plaything alternatives for guys typically, “Fleshlight” is actually certainly not only a common term for any sort of sex toy for individuals. It is a superior brand that holds its own specific background, reputation, as well as loyal following.
+Nevertheless, “attempt just before you purchase” only isn’t really a feasible choice for this type of item (Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer). However, level of popularity can additionally at times stir suspicion that there is actually even more hype than drug, particularly in the instance of a product that isn’t normally gone over casually among friends. Receiving a close friend’s viewpoint on upgrading to the current apple iphone is a single thing, yet talking to a buddy if he possesses a Fleshlight and just likes itwell, that could be a bit awkward.
+(mh=lUdwXKfsZyd-fwN_)14.jpg)
+Because you can’t merely overrun to Aim at as well as take an appearance at some (certainly not yet, anyhow), and since your buddies possibly do not would like to speak with you regarding their Fleshlights, not to mention accept to possessing one, what observes strives to be actually the most comprehensive and thorough Fleshlight review understood to the world wide web.
+Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer
+Our team’ll tell you what your friends won’t. Speak about incorporating some assortment to your sex lifethe alternatives are actually just about overwhelming. Our team chose two Fleshlights. A Mini Lotus in the dark scenario, as well as a Wonder Surge in the silver instance. Upgraded 11/3/19 Free 4oz. lube, Fleshwash, or Restoring Grain w/purchase of Turbo Fleshlight.Browse Turbos Read Our Assessment Not a package, but minimal edition product: each week just before Dark Friday while materials last. The variety is actually limited to 6, but it is actually a cost-efficient means to specify on your own up along with some range. Of the options, pair of are reviewed within this articleWonder Wave and Mini Lotus. Each are actually excellent. Yet two othersOriginal and Extremely Tightshould be actually avoided. Neither have appearance and the appearance is what helps make these traits think great. You should additionally watch on their social networks stations Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram( just examine in from time to time if you not surprisingly do not wish to follow or even sign up) and also consist of the pair of pages listed below in your analysis: If you ‘haven’t definitely checked out the site yet, the very first thing to understand concerning the Fleshlight is actually that choosing one may be a difficulty. Fleshlights all comprise of a rigid, practical case (what you place in your hand) that keeps an interchangeable, silklike delicate, pliable sleeve (what you put on your own right into). All the sleeves possess various structures and patterns on the inside as well as this is where the magic occurs. This is what you actually feelthe reason for the pleasurable experiences as well as the very first of many attributes that create the Fleshlight more exciting than your own palm. As well as then there are some that are actually therefore detailed looking and also creative that you may barely also picture what they would believe that. Therefore opting for a texture is actually probably among the best necessary choices to create. As you explore, your brain starts to go bonkers( in an excellent way )making an effort to envision what kind of new feelings each one could produce. I could not. I bought two full-size initial Fleshlights utilizing the Construction Your Own component. The first one I selected is actually contacted the Marvel Surge. A blurb on the internet site mentioned it was among their most preferred layouts as well as it looked like it will experience fairly interestingfinally, something ribbed for my delight. It is actually defined as their very most reasonable feeling Fleshlight. Due to the fact that everyone needs to know if a Fleshlight experiences like” the true factor “, I needed to attempt it (for your benefit, dear viewers). I opted for the good ol’ vaginal canal. It’s hard to improve nature’s design. The vaginal area entrance design is actually a little amped-up symmetrical and also coloralmost cartoon-ish. On the website, they phone the entries of the Fleshlight sleeves “windows”. I possess to acknowledge that people of the things that produced me a little bit of skeptical to buy a Fleshlight was actually that the initial opportunity I ever before viewed a photo of one, my 1st idea was,” oh crap, why is there a vagina crammed in a flashlight? “It is actually a little bit surprising the very first time you view one and the usage of words “orifice” does not assist reduce the oddness of finding the likeness of a body part unattached to a body. Thus, I’m visiting make use of the condition” entrance “. That’s certainly not incredibly attractive either, however it is actually a little bit of less medical. It perhaps goes without claiming that I inevitably possessed no concern warming up to the whole.
+vagina-in-a-flashlight appeal. The rationale being that it’s really pretty hard to excel attribute’s style when it pertains to our body systems, and the vaginal canal is actually attributes’s really personal improved penis-welcoming design. If you’ve ever wished to have anal sexual activity with an elf, below’s your Fleshlight. A number of the other Fleshlight designs including the very clear,, as well as, supply additional access options that are actually very discreet as well as characterless. They merely resemble tempting, feel-good locations to insert your penis as opposed to emulations of individual body system parts. Having said that, if you prefer one thing a lot more realistic, they possess the, which are actually modeled coming from the body systems of true internet grown-up enjoyment personalitiesmeaning, the Gals set appear like” the real trait” specifically. As well as if you are a fella in to individuals, perk up, they have actually received an entire various other website as well as collection of products for you. The style, including the color, is somewhat exaggerated and cartoon-ish, yet I type of like that rather than something that is actually making an effort also tough to be reasonable.( I don’t really want to take a sex toy extremely seriously.) It is actually only actual adequate to influence your imagination, but not so true that you start asking yourself where the remainder of her went. Did you know a sexual activity plaything could possess a product” community”? This one does. Our experts picked the care and cleansing productsantibacterial cleanser and” revitalizing grain”, plus some Fleshlight brand lube, which ended up being excellent all-purpose lube.
+One of the other traits that sets the authentic Fleshlight apart from comparable products is actually the truth that the Fleshlight is actually supported through an entire environment of extras. First, there is the costly however definitely immersive and fantastic Fleshlight Release that will offer the motion for you and also sync to adult content, even Virtual Reality read through the Fleshlight Introduce Review. They have actually furniture-like items called” installs” that can easily hold the Fleshlight in a selection just-so positions ideal for humping. There is actually a downpour mount along with a suction-cup bottom for catching it to the wall surface of your showerfor shower humping. At that point there’s their complete product line of Fleshlight company private lubricating substances, which we found out aren’t merely suitable for usage with the Fleshlights, but actually excellent well-rounded everyday versatile private lubes. Additionally, there are treatment and cleaning productsFleshlight brand name antibiotic plaything cleanser and reviving powder. Because not making this testimonial any kind of longer than it actually is actually, we confined the add-ons to the Fleshlube” Water “lubricating substance, the purifying spray, and the renewing powder.” Oh crap, I only got a Fleshlight.” me, one second after hitting the order switch (Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer). The Fleshlights were provided on routine through UPS without any issues. If you are actually a little concerned regarding in fact arranging an order for a Fleshlightor any kind of sexual activity plaything, for that issue, I will venture to claim that is actually quite ordinary. If a flatmate or next-door neighbor finds package, will they know what’s inside.
+? What regarding the UPS guy? Will a provider that creates sex toys for dudes take your personal privacy very seriously? What will turn up on your visa or mastercard claim? Suppose one thing’s incorrect with the order and you have to call the provider as well as inquire,” yeah, umso, where’s my Fleshlight?” are they heading to judge you? And$ 65that looks like a great deal of cash for something that performs what you can possibly do free of cost along with your handwill it be worth it? Although I compose for a publication that is mainly regarding sex, and although I recognize that over 8 thousand various other men have actually had the spheres to acquire one just before me, the Fleshlight was the initial sexual activity plaything I had actually ever before really gotten myself.” Do I definitely wish to do this?” I thought about. However, I presume a ton of individuals give up a couple of opportunities prior to shooting. Ultimately however, after taking another look at the Fleshlight site numerous times and also really discovering on my own acquiring a little bit of turned on visualizing what each concept might seem like, my interest( and obligation to In Bedroom Journal )obtained the most effective of me. I bought directly from Fleshlight. Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer.com, utilizing the Shape Your Own tool. You might be attracted to spare a few money by getting using Amazon.com Prime, but by means of the Fleshlight site you can easily configure precisely what you wish and also, if you carry out possess any kind of problems whatsoever with the purchase, you’ll be taking care of customer support repetitions whose support is sexual activity toys for men, not individuals who are offering whatever coming from little one clothes to shower curtains. as assured, the yield address is actually subtle as well as there was nothing on the package that screamed” hey appear, sex toys inside”. To ensure that behaved. This is what you observe on your visa or mastercard claim when you get a Fleshlightno acknowledgment of Fleshlight. The package deal got here via UPS right on routine. ILF stands up for Interactive Lifestyle Forms, which is actually the Fleshlight creator’s genuine name. I figure the only individuals who could know what a package from ILF could consist of would be actually people that have actually purchased a Fleshlightand they aren’t going to state just about anything.” ILF” is actually additionally what seemed on the bank card claim. The Fleshlight sleeves are actually transported with a tiny( about 2 girth) help rod within, probably for security while shipping. Lest you acquire overly thrilled as well as dive straight into making use of the Fleshlight without discovering it meticulously to begin with, be certain to take the plastic pole out just before using.( Update: A reddit user lately made our team aware that some of the a lot more complicated sleeve textures, including the Destroya, are not transported with the plastic pole inside. turning up at virtually 2 lbs., you might virtually knock an individual out with this trait. It believes premiumnice and also sound. It is actually type of a shame to get in touch with these factors” playthings”.
+The plastic case alone is considerably over toy-grade plastic. It really feels even more like the kind of product that will be utilized in showing off items which, as a man, I presume is sort of cool. There is actually a leading cap, which deals with the entryway when certainly not in usage, as well as an end-cap for moderating air-tightness while using it and also for cleaning when you are actually carried out. Both limits twist on as well as off with family member precision. Generally, I was shocked through the dimension and also the body weight. Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer.
+Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer
+I certainly never definitely focused on everything on the internet site regarding dimensions or even body weight, but in some way I failed to anticipate them to be this big or hefty. It in fact produces the Fleshlight seem like a product befitting the cost. In truth, something about the mass really improves the experiencefurther segregating your hand from the source of pleasure (Fleshlight Male Pleasure Products Exchange Offer). Yes, just experiencing it with my fingers started to transform me on. Carried out that surprise me? A little bit of. The Fleshlight sleeve is actually extremely flexible as well as stretchy.
+Virat Kohli Net Worth, Assets, Personal Life, Family& More | 2020 Update!
+In 2008 Virat Kohli made his Indian National Team debut. Kohli has humongous endorsement deals. Thus, he has been on a record-breaking spree on the field as well as the off-the-field. Virat Kohli’s net worth is $24 million allegedly (Last News, 2018). Like anything, he hogs Sports News in India.
+In a short period, Kohli has gained a great deal of success and has just reached his prime.
+He earned one million dollars from last year’s compensation and match winnings, according to Forbes estimates. The Virat Kohli net worth has also risen from $15 million in the previous year to $22 million.
+He is rated 89th among 2017’s highest-paid athletes. His brand value is at a whopping $144 million, and he recently overtook Shahrukh Khan as the top-ranked celebrity brand in the world.
+The 2015 world champion earns $1 million annual match fees for national and international matches and is India’s top earned cricketer along with MS Dhoni.
+He also earns $2.5 million in wages to play for the Indian Premier League team Royal Challengers Bangalore. According to the ESPN web site, he is currently the highest paying IPL participant.
+Through his sponsorship with labels such as Puma, Porsche, MRF, Colgate-Palmolive, Tissot, Kohli collects a massive chunk of his profits and also has shooted other personal care firms. As of now, he has 17 companies on his list.
+He recently signed a $17 million $8-year deal with Puma, a sportswear brand. His new endorsement is with the Indian rubber giants MRF, with whom he expanded his $15 million bat sponsorship deal for eight years.
+The right-hand batsman is passionate about Football and is the co-owner of ISL club FC Goa. He also co-owns the UAE Royals ITPL tennis unit.
+He has his own fashion brand WROGN, a fashion venture for young people. He’s linked to Sport Convo and a London-based multi-sport tech startup. A fitness freak, Virat has set up his gym chain with CSE called’ Chisel Gym and Fitness Centre.’
+Virat has a preference for luxurious vehicles. And, also he has a particular affinity with Audi cars. He has got an Audi R8 LMS, an Audi R8 V10, an Audi S6, an Audi A8 Quattro, and a Q7. Further, he also has a Toyota Fortuner and Renault Duster, and several sportbikes.
+Virat recently bought a $5.3 million’ Sky Bungalow’ in Mumbai. The bungalow, situated in Worli, is on the 34th floor and provides sea views. Upon completion, it can get converted into a five-bedroom apartment. Cricketer Yuvraj Singh also has in the same building a home on the 29th floor.
+Kohli has a charity foundation called’ Virat Kohli Foundation’ (VKF) that works with NGOs to help raise funds and help kids. He is the captain of the All Hearts football team owned by VFK, which plays All-Stars for charity matches against Abhishek Bachchan.
+Virat Kohli is an outstanding sportsman, a masterful businessman, a celebrity company from India, and a loving husband. Their joint net worth is projected to reach $156 million by 2020 following his marriage to actress Anushka Sharma.
+He was handed over to India’s Test Captaincy after MS Dhoni stepped down as Test Captain in Australia’s Test series before World Cup 2015. He was a prolific run-scorer for India across all formats and was their centerpiece in the middle order. Over the past few years, he has been scoring heaps of runs and barring a poor test series in England in 2014 Kohli has played mostly against each nation in every situation.
+Kohli performed exceptionally well-winning Test series in Sri Lanka after 22 years in his short captaincy stint, beating the Proteas 3-0 at home and winning the series in West Indies 2-0.
+Virat Kohli net worth
+Kohli captained India in the 2008 U-19 World Cup to a successful win and was eventually acquired in the IPL by Royal Challengers Bangalore. Virat Kohli net worth in 2016 was $63 million, including his wages, endorsements, and match earnings.
+Virat is a Grade A player, and he earns hefty sums as a player alone according to the central contracts of the BCCI. As a Grade A player, he gets $190,000 (1 crore) as his annual retainer fee and receives Rs 5 lakh, 3 lakh, and 1.50 lakhs respectively for playing a test match, ODI match and a T20 match.
+Every year, he receives over $2 million. His salary even includes a bonus amount of 5 crores.
+Virat Kohli net worth from endorsements
+Kohli is well known to earn a considerable income from more than INR 17 crore endorsements. He pays 1.5 crores of Dhoni with Rs.2 lakh per day.
+Kohli signs contracts with the Rs 2 crore fee per day, equal to the cricket great, Sachin Tendulkar, for about three days. For photoshoots, marketers use those three days, press briefings along with other appearances.
+Properties Owned By Virat Kohli
+It is known that the flamboyant Delhi lad lives in a beautiful bungalow that has been purchased in the country’s capital and his hometown. To Virat, this was a dream house as he applied the quintessence of excellent interior and exterior to offer his home a stylish, dashing feel, much like Kohli himself.
+Virat Kohli owns multiple immovable assets. He is living in two houses, however — one in Delhi and another one in Mumbai.
+The house Mumbai (an apartment) is situated at Bandra. Kohli purchased it for a whopping Rs.9 crore in 2012. Virat has engaged a prominent interior designer to make changes to the newly purchased home.
+Cars Owned By Virat Kohli
+Some of Virat Kohli’s automobile brands include Mercedes, Audi, BMW, and Volkswagen. He had purchased a few cars personally, and few got gifted through Sponsors.
+Kohli is also a proud owner of – Renault Duster, Audi 8, Toyota Fortuner, and Toyota Liva, which would make somebody go crazy.
+A Bit More About Virat Kohli’s Net Worth
+Virat, a right-handed batsman, was born into a Panjabi family in Delhi on November 5, 1988. His nickname is Cheeku. His father, Prem Kohli, worked as a criminal lawyer and is a housewife of his mother, Saroj Kohli. He has Vikash, an elder brother, and Bhavna, an elder sister.
+As per his family, Kohli had picked up his cricket bat for the first time only when he was three years old. Further, he would swing it, and ask his father to bowl for him. Kohli was raised in Uttam Nagar and began his public schooling at Vishal Bharti.
+Kohli first appeared in the 2002–03 Polly Umrigar Trophy for the DelhiUnder-15 side in October 2002. He represented the cricket team at different age-group stages in the region before making his first-class debut in 2006.
+Kohli was picked in the India Under-19squad on her England tour in July 2006.
+He made his international debut in the first ODI of the tour at the age of 19 and was dismissed for 12 In August 2008. He got included in the Indian ODI team for the visit of Sri Lanka and the Champions Trophy in Pakistan in the first match of the World Cup against Pakistan in Adelaide. Further, Virat Kohli scored 107 in 126 deliveries, sharing 100 more partnerships with both Dhawan and Raina, to help India create a spot for the first time.
+In March 2008, the Indian Premier League club Royal Challengers Bangalore purchased Virat Kohli for $30,000 on a youth deal.
+Virat Kohli was the only player to be retained by the Royal Challengers franchise during the 2011 season. In November 2014, Kohli and Anjana Reddy’s Universal Sportsbiz launched a youth fashion brand which is known as “WROGN”. He was named vice-captain of team Virat is considered one of the best limited-overs batsmen in the world, particularly when chasing Football is his second favorite sport.
+In 2015, Virat Kohli spent Rs.90 crore (US$ 13 million) to launch a countrywide chain of gyms and fitness centers.
+Virat Kohli Family, Net Worth, and Personal Life
+Virat is Late Prem Kohli’s youngest son and was born on November 5, 1988, in the Punjabi Khatri family, Kohli was always a cute chubby kid. Prem was by profession a criminal lawyer and was the family’s sole provider. At a young age, he recognized the potential and curiosity of his youngest son. A Virat, three years old, will pick up the bat and ask his father to bowl to him. It was then that he saw his young son has a bright future. And when he was nine years old, he enrolled Virat at the West Delhi Cricket Academy. Virat got trained at the academy under the coach Rajkumar Sharma. Further, he also played matches at the Academy Sumit Dogra.
+While Prem was out for his family fighting criminal cases, Virat’s mother, Saroj Kohli, was the one to take care of the house and the children. Virat’s family plunged into a financial crisis following Prem Kohli’s untimely death. Saroj managed to take care of her children in the right direction, allowing them to come up one-handed from the tragic loss. From there on, being a single parent, she did a great job of keeping the family together as each participant advanced into their professional heights.
+The youngest of the three daughters, Bhavna Kohli, is among the early years of Virat’s most influential figures. Bhavna is happily married to Sanjay Dhingra with two sons, Mehak and Ayush, who are not far from their mamu, Virat. The two children also make a regular presence on the handles of Virat’s social media.
+Virat Kohli Net Worth & Married Life
+Virat Kohli is married to the glamorous Bollywood diva and Anushka Sharma, one of the most successful actresses in today’s Hindi Film industry. The two began dating in 2013 and quickly received the nickname “Virushka” for the celebrity couple. The two never spoke about it openly and held it until the couple got married on December 11, 2017. It was a private ceremony in Florence, Italy, for family members and friends just nearby. Their beautiful wedding pictures and happy love relationship lifted the expectations of couple goals throughout India.
+The Indian captain thanked his wife for the emotional strength and wisdom he has gained from her in his actions. Virat and Anushka are among the country’s most known and pursued celebrities. In reality, with many popular TV ads, big brands like Manyawar, Google Duo, etc. have even created marketing campaigns with the two stars.
+On December 11, 2017, Virat Kohli married Bollywood actress Anushka Sharma in Tuscany, Italy, after four years of dating. In 2013, the couple met while shooting an advertisement for a shampoo brand, and they became friends. Their relationship attracts a lot of media attention, and as Virushka, fans of both gave this pair name.
+According to the media report, he also had a friendship with Tamannah Bhatiya (Actress), Sarah Jane Dias (Actress), Izabelle Leite (Brazilian model) and Sanjana (Actress), before dating Anushka Sharma.
+Apart from being a genius and an aggressive cricketer, he is a perfect example of how a person has to look inward and outward. In his appearance, he looks fit, calm, dashing, personality, and beautiful. Being a sportsman, he likes to do hard exercises and other physical activities to make himself look on and off the field appealing.
+Virat Kohli Net Worth & Style Statement
+Virat is only 30 years old (as in 2019), and it’s brand endorsements that crossed the 100 crore mark in 2013 is more than millions of people could earn throughout their lives. He owns co-ownership of the serval brand, luxury cars, properties, and more.
+The Virat Kohli net worth is about Rs. 400 Crore (US$ 60 million) and sales as of 2018 is Rs. 228.10 per annum.
+Virat has been classified on the 7th number of highest-paid athletes around the world, according to Forbes 2018. In 2014 he and Anjana Reddy’s Universal Sportsbiz launched a new casual clothing brand WROGN.
+Virat Kohli net worth is going to be at rising considering his hard work and determination.
+Also, Check Out –
+For Immediate Release
+June 26, 2004
+Press Gaggle By Claire Buchan
+Aboard Air Force One
+En Route Ankara, Turkey
+1:47 P.M. CDT
+MS. BUCHAN: Okay, happy to take your questions. No opening. Yes.
+Q Does the United States agree with the European Union that the United States should put sanctions on Sudan, if Sudan doesn't do more to end the conflict in Darfur?
+MS. BUCHAN: Ending the violence in Darfur is one of the President's highest priorities. The President has called on the government of Sudan to stop the Jinjaweed violence and he has called on all sides to respect the cease-fire, to allow humanitarian assistance to flow readily. As you know, Secretary Powell has been to Sudan, and he has impressed upon the parties the importance of acting on these -- the specific steps that he has laid out.
+We are closely monitoring the government of Sudan's response. There have been some improvements. But the picture is mixed, and we believe that more needs to be done on the security front and we're continuing to monitor that.
+Q Claire, what was the purpose of the meeting at the White House this morning with Mueller, Ridge, Ashcroft and Dr. Rice?
+MS. BUCHAN: Norah, this morning, following the President's National Security Council meeting, he received an update from Secretary Card and the group that he has charged with reviewing the 9/11 Commission reports -- I'm sorry, recommendations. So that was the purpose of that meeting. The President participated in that by secure videoconference.
+Q Were any decisions made today?
+MS. BUCHAN: They were not made today. The President charged the group with reviewing the recommendations and impressed upon them the importance of acting quickly. The President believes that the 9/11 Commission has done some important work and he greatly appreciates their efforts, and the recommendations that they've put forward.
+The President favors reform. And he wants a rapid review of the recommendations, so that if we can do anything to make America safer, the President wants to be acting on that as quickly as possible.
+Q Should we expect action this week?
+MS. BUCHAN: Well, the President has asked the group to fast-track their review and the implementation of the recommendations. And to the extent that there are some recommendations that could be acted on sooner rather than later, the President could certainly act within days on some, obviously longer on others.
+Just to give you a sense, over the weekend the President was in touch with Secretary Card and with other staff about the 9/11 Commission report and recommendations. He, I think, will continue to get updates throughout the week from Secretary Card and others. Dr. Rice is arriving this afternoon. Staff over the weekend worked through some of the recommendations, looking at those recommendations that the President could act on with executive authority, as opposed to those that would need congressional approval. So they're going to continue -- at a staff level, to continue to look through them, also, over the weekend.
+Q Claire, are you able to give us an example of some of the actions the President might take or could take because of his executive authority?
+MS. BUCHAN: I'm not going to go through the recommendations one by one. The staff is in the process of reviewing those, and we'll let the review take place.
+Q Is it safe to assume that the NID is not something that can be fast-tracked?
+MS. BUCHAN: That the what?
+Q The proposal for a national intelligence director is not one of the ideas that could be fast-tracked?
+MS. BUCHAN: That is one of the recommendations that the commission has put forward, and it's a recommendation that the President takes seriously. It is a serious recommendation by the commission. The President wants that thoroughly reviewed. And the President's goal is to make sure that we have the best intelligence possible to protect the country. He has laid out three principles for reform, including improving human intelligence, improving the use of technology in intelligence gathering, and improving the coordination among intelligence agencies. And the President will be viewing the recommendations in light of those principles that he has laid out. And certainly the Director of National Intelligence is one of the recommendations that will receive very careful consideration.
+Q Back to Mark's question, should we expect any announcements yet this week while we're in Texas here? As best you know?
+MS. BUCHAN: We'll keep you posted. The review has begun. It's underway and the President wants it fast-tracked. He has charged Secretary Card and others with putting forth the options as quickly as possible, and to doing so on an accelerated basis. So we'll keep you posted if there are developments.
+Q Does the President have any other scheduled teleconferences or meetings specifically for those recommendations the rest of the week? And, if not -- that he's involved in, or that his team is involved in?
+MS. BUCHAN: Well, I expect the President will continue to get daily updates, both from Secretary Card and from Dr. Rice while she's down here, as well as from other staff. We'll try and keep you posted, if we can, on the format that those will take. But I expect him to be in daily contact with Secretary Card and, likewise, I expect that Secretary Card will be in daily contact with others on the team who are undertaking the review. And that could take a variety of formats, whether it be by phone or by videoconference.
+Q Who exactly is on the task force?
+MS. BUCHAN: The people who participated today -- the Chief of Staff, the Vice President, Secretaries Rumsfeld and Ridge, General Ashcroft, Director Bolten, Secretary Armitage, Director Mueller, Harriet Miers, Dr. Rice, Fran Townsend and Steve Hadley. *(also participating were Judge Gonzales and Acting Director John McLaughlin
+Q The Kerry campaign has already done a review of the 41 recommendations that were in the report and they said that their analysis is that 25 of them could be enacted solely by presidential action. Is that an analysis that the White House hasn't completed yet?
+MS. BUCHAN: As I said, the staff is and has been reviewing the recommendations to determine those that can be done with executive authority and those that would need congressional authority. And I would remind you that the President has already taken a number of actions to make America safer post-9/11. We have established the Terrorist Threat Integration Center, we have enacted a number of steps to increase our biosecurity, we've undertaken the most sweeping reform of government in 50 years with the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security. So we have done a tremendous amount to make the country safer and the President agrees with the Commission that we are safe -- I'm sorry, that we are safer, but that we are not safe and that there is more to do.
+Q Has the President read the Commission report?
+MS. BUCHAN: The President is reading the Commission report. He brought it with him on the trips on Thursday and Friday. He has it down here with him, and he has been reading it. He is finding it interesting, and he agrees with the commission that we are safer, but not safe, and that there is more to do.
+Q The videoconference meeting this morning, how long did that take?
+MS. BUCHAN: I don't have the specifics on the time.
+Q But is it safe to say that the President was on videoconference, and all of the rest of the participants were in the White House? Or where were they?
+MS. BUCHAN: That wouldn't necessarily be the case, they wouldn't have to be. Some of them could well have been elsewhere. I don't know, specifically, if there were others participating from there agencies. They could have been.
+Q Has the President been in touch with members of Congress at all on their hearings, and stuff? Or has he had any communications on these --
+MS. BUCHAN: I don't know, Roger. I'll see if I can get you more on that. He had some members, I believe, traveling with him, or that he saw at his events at the end of the week, and they may well have discussed it, but I don't have any specifics for you.
+Q Claire, two clarifications, and then a real, full-borne question. Was this videoconference meeting on the report and its recommendations separate from a National Security Council videoconference?
+MS. BUCHAN: Yes.
+Q Or they were one and the same meeting?
+MS. BUCHAN: Separate. One followed the other.
+Q Okay.
+MS. BUCHAN: Some different people in the second.
+Q Second clarification is, I'm not sure I got the answer to Caren's question, which was, we know that it's a serious proposal that there be a national intelligence director, and we know the President is considering it seriously. But is that considered one of those proposals that could be enacted without congressional approval or not?
+MS. BUCHAN: Well, I think they're continuing to do that review, James, in terms of making determinations as to which could be done with executive authority and which would need congressional authority. I think, as it would be structured in the 9/11 Commission report, my guess is that that would be one, since it would require Senate confirmation, I don't know if that's something the President can do on his own or not.
+Q And my full-blown question, a different subject, is, Ayad Allawi, on his trip to Lebanon, was quoted as saying that Iraq would not seek to establish normalized relations with Israel until the Israeli-Palestinian question was fully resolved and until all other Arab nations, in fact, established normalized relations with Israel. Is that something that the United States encouraged?
+MS. BUCHAN: You know, James, let me get back to you on that. I don't have answer for you.
+Q Claire, should we expect the President to watch any of the convention tonight -- getting popcorn ready? (Laughter.)
+MS. BUCHAN: We'll see if we can keep you posted. You know he is an observer of the political process, and he's got a stake in this one. So I expect he'll at least keep an eye on it in some form. But we'll keep you posted.
+Q Two things. Is Dr. Rice here primarily to work with him on the 9/11 report recommendations?
+MS. BUCHAN: Well, there's always someone from the National Security Council here with him. So that will certainly be one of the things that she will be working with the President on while she's here, but not exclusively.
+Q With the Democratic Convention opening later today, what is the latest on the terrorist threat? Is there any update on the terrorist threat level or --
+MS. BUCHAN: I don't have any more specifics beyond what we have already put out.
+Q Is it possible the White House would release a photo of the teleconference, of Bush participating in the teleconference this morning?
+MS. BUCHAN: Yes, I think that's actually likely.
+Q Claire, what has the President been doing today?
+MS. BUCHAN: He had his regular intelligence briefings. He participated in a National Security Council meeting. He then received this update from Secretary Card and the team reviewing the 9/11 recommendations, did a little bit of bike riding.
+Q Claire, how do you respond to the criticism that if the President makes this announcement this week --
+MS. BUCHAN: That what?
+Q How do you respond to the criticism that the President may be planning to make this announcement about things he can do without congressional approval as a means to upstage the Democrats at their convention?
+MS. BUCHAN: I guess I would respond by saying that the President thinks that his most important obligation is to protect the American people. He is committed to reform and to making any improvements that would make us safer. And he will be governed by doing what's best and doing what's right and by acting as quickly as possible. If there is something we can do to protect the American people, the President isn't going to wait.
+Q Do you know if the President has spoken with Kean or Hamilton since they came to the Oval Office?
+MS. BUCHAN: I don't have any updates on that.
+Q Claire, another point. By reiterating the President's three principles through which he would review the recommendations, are you suggesting that the President is unlikely to accept the recommendations as they were written by the Commission and is more likely, then, to come up with a series of his own proposals, simply using that as advice?
+MS. BUCHAN: I'm suggesting that he's laid out those principles because he believes they are important guiding principles and that the 9/11 Commission has put together some very thoughtful recommendations. The President appreciates those. And he is going to review them in the context of the goals he has already laid out.
+Q That sounds like he's inclined to edit the recommendations, at least to some degree.
+MS. BUCHAN: The President wants to review them and to do what's best to make America safer, to do what's best to build on the reforms that we've already undertaken in the area of intelligence. And he's going to take each and every recommendation that the commission has put forward seriously.
+Q Claire, can you just help me out with today's meeting a little bit more? What was the purpose of the meeting? Is it for them, for the task force, to present the President with their recommendations after reviewing the material this weekend? Have they come to the point where they can present the President with recommendations? Or was it just a discussion of what they have been discussing this weekend?
+MS. BUCHAN: I'm not going to get too deeply into the specifics of it. But they are continuing to review the recommendations, so they were not giving him their recommendations on the recommendations, if you will.
+And the President talked with them, impressed upon them his view that we need to take any action that makes sense, that could help make America safer. The people in the intelligence community are doing good work and the President respects that, and if there is more to do, the President wants to do more. And he wanted to talk to this group today to review their work over the weekend and also to talk about going forward and his commitment to reform.
+Q Claire, this is his first opportunity to speak to the entire panel; is that right?
+MS. BUCHAN: To the entire panel, but as I said, he's been talking with staff over the weekend, he talked to Secretary Card over the weekend. So, together, yes.
+Q So did today's meeting formally inaugurate the processes, then?
+MS. BUCHAN: Well, the President charged Secretary Card with the review on Friday, and I would say that was the beginning.
+Q Are we to infer that his only telephone call in the past several days has been to Lance Armstrong?
+MS. BUCHAN: No.
+Q Who else, then? (Laughter.)
+MS. BUCHAN: He has not, that I'm aware of, made any calls to world leaders, which are ones we typically read out. But, James, if you were paying attention, you would have heard that he has been in touch with Secretary Card, with other staff members, and others over the weekend, as well.
+Q Thank you. I try. (Laughter.)
+Q Claire, are there any other family members joining the President?
+MS. BUCHAN: Mrs. Bush is here.
+Q His daughters?
+MS. BUCHAN: No.
+Q Anybody from the campaign, Claire, down?
+MS. BUCHAN: I think he may at some point have -- be in touch with folks from the campaign. We'll let you know if there's anything to read out on that.
+Q But by phone, not in person?
+MS. BUCHAN: It may be a combination. We'll let you know if there's anything.
+Q The Kerry campaign is accusing the President of flip-flopping in his reaction to the report, saying that initially there was no time line given and the talk was of reviewing the recommendations carefully, and now the talk is of fast-tracking and moving swiftly.
+MS. BUCHAN: I'll leave the politics to the campaign, but the President has always been committed to reform and to reviewing the recommendations carefully and thoroughly, and to doing whatever we can, as soon as we can, to make America safer and to improve our intelligence-gathering operations if there is more to be done.
+Anything else?
+Q Claire, when you say the situation in Darfur is improving, what are you referring to specifically?
+MS. BUCHAN: I think we've seen some positive steps. I believe those relate to some of the steps that Secretary Powell has put forward. But Secretary Powell has impressed upon them the importance of improving the security situation. And that's an area that, I believe, we have not seen the improvement that needs to happen there. State may have more for you on that.
+Okay, thank you all.
+END 2:06 P.M. CDT
+ building blocks. These devices perform useful tasks, including addition, multiplication, differentiation, integration, and feedback control.
+Op-amps are still a primary building block for analog systems, performing tasks like amplification, active filtering, and signal transformation. In digital systems, op-amps are used in buffers, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, and regulated power supplies, to name a few applications.
+Op-amp characteristics
+The name "operational amplifier" stems from the op-amp's ability to perform mathematical operations. Thus, it's somewhat of a misnomer, considering the wide variety of op-amp applications today.
+Functionally, the op-amp is actually a differential voltage amplifier. As shown in Fig. 1, an op-amp takes two input voltages and produces an output voltage that's proportional to the difference between the two input voltages. The inputs are called the inverting and non-inverting inputs. An increase in voltage at the inverting input will cause a decrease in output voltage, while an increase in voltage at the non-inverting input will, as you might expect, cause an increase in output voltage.
+A standard op-amp is powered by a dual-voltage [+ or -]15VDC power supply; however, many op-amps are now available with single voltage supplies.
+Op-amps are usually found under linear integrated circuits in catalogs or data books.
+The op-amp's popularity stems from its simple characteristics, which make predictable circuit design fairly easy. These characteristics are as follows.
+Very high voltage gain. The difference in voltage between the inputs is multiplied by the voltage gain to determine the output. Op-amps are capable of voltage gains of more than 100,000. The output cannot exceed the positive power supply voltage or go below the negative supply voltage, so gain is limited by the magnitude of the incoming signal. For gains of more than 15,000, for example, the input signal (the difference between the inputs) must be below 1 millivolt to avoid saturation.
+High input impedance. The input impedance of an op-amp is defined as the effective resistance between the input terminals, and this is usually above 1 megohm. Virtually no current flows between the two input terminals. This high input impedance makes the op-amp particularly well suited for the amplification of the sensitive low-level input signals typically associated with instrument field devices like strain gauges and thermocouples.
+Low output impedance. The output impedance is defined as the effective internal resistance in series with the output, and it's usually less than 100 ohms. When external components are added, the op-amp's output resistance is effectively reduced and is sometimes considered to be near zero in practical circuits. There is still a limitation on the output current that an op-amp can provide, however, and in most circuits the output current is less than 50 mA.
+High common-mode rejection. Because op-amps amplify the difference between the two inputs, any signal that is superimposed equally on the inputs will be ignored. This property is important for instrumentation design because any noise that's present on both conductors of a long field cable (60 Hz induced noise, for example) will be ignored by the op-amp, which will cleanly amplify the true signal.
+Basic amplifier circuits
+Many practical amplifiers can be constructed using op-amps. We'll discuss the two most common ones. As you'll see, these circuits act as basic building blocks from which more complicated circuits can be created.
+Inverting amplifier. The inverting amplifier, the easiest circuit to understand, is shown in Fig. 2 (on page 26). To create one, the non-inverting input of an op-amp is grounded and an input resistor ([R.sub.1]) is placed in series with the inverting input. Another resistor ([R.sub.F]), called the feedback resistor, is connected between the outut and the inverting input. Some form of feedback (connection between the output and input terminals) is used in most practical op-amp circuits. The output voltage ([V.sub.o]) of the inverting amplifier, as a function of the input voltage, can be found by using the following equation:
+[V.sub.o] = (- [R.sub.F] / [R.sub.1]) [V.sub.1]
+The gain of the inverting amplifier, which is the ratio shown within the parenthesis, is the negative of the ratio of the feedback resistance to the input resistance.
+Non-inverting amplifier. The non-inverting amplifier, as shown in Fig. 3, is an inverting amplifier flipped over with the inverting input grounded. The input signal is connected directly to the non-inverting input of the op-amp. The output voltage of the non-inverting amplifier can be found by using the following equation:
+[V.sub.o] = ([R.sub.F] + [R.sub.1] / [R.sub.1]) [V.sub.1]
+The gain of the non-inverting amplifier is the ratio shown in parentheses in the above equation and is dependent on the values of the input and feedback resistors.
+Mathematical operations
+Op-amps are capable of performing mathematical operations, a fact that was taken advantage of in early analog computers. Although computations are done primarily with digital hardware in today's world, there are still times when analog computation is useful in signal processing and control systems.
+Weighted-sum adder. One common computational op-amp circuit is the weighted-sum adder, which is shown in Fig. 4. It's built by connecting several signals to the input of an inverting amplifier, with each signal passing through its own input resistor. The inverting input of the op-amp functions as a summing junction in this circuit, and the output voltage of the weighted-sum adder can be found by using the following equation:
+[V.sub.o] = (- [R.sub.F] / [R.sub.1]) [V.sub.1] + (- [R.sub.F] / [R.sub.2]) [V.sub.2] + (- [R.sub.F] / [R.sub.3]) [V.sub.3]
+Note that the output is the weighted sum of the input voltages, and that the weights are simply the negatives of the ratios between the feedback resistor and each of the input resistors. This circuit easily can be tailored to provide a weighted sum of several signals with whatever relative weights are desired. If a non-inverted output is desired, the weighted-sum adder can simply be followed with another inverting amplifier with unity gain.
+Integrator. Another common computational op-amp circuit is the integrator. Integration is useful in control systems as well as in signal processing applications, where an op-amp provides a very simple method for integrating a signal in real time. The integrator is constructed by putting a capacitor instead of a resistor in the feedback loop, as shown in Fig. 5.
+The charging effect of the capacitor in the feedback loop makes the output of the amplifier time-dependent and causes the integration effect.
+Differentiator. A computational op-amp circuit that performs the opposite function to that of the integrator is the differentiator. This circuit takes the derivative of a signal in real time. To make a differentiator, the capacitor is moved from the feedback loop to the input as shown in Fig. 6. In this case, the charging effect of the capacitor makes the amplifier sensitive to the rate of change, or derivative, of the input signal with time.
+Instrumentation applications
+Many of the general-purpose op-amp circuits described above have been widely used in instrumentation and control systems. Analog controllers use inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators to perform proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The weighted-sum adder has been used extensively in DC drive control systems.
+Let's talk about some additional op-amp circuits that are designed specifically for instrument applications, particularly for interfacing to the low-level signals typically generated by field sensors.
+Voltage follower. The voltage follower, as shown in Fig. 7, is the simplest of op-amp circuits. It produces the identical voltage on the output as is present at the input. The feedback loop guarantees that the non-inverting input is equal to the output. If the output is too low, for example, the op-amp will amplify the difference between the input and output voltage tremendously, driving the output up. The op-amp will not stabilize until the output voltage exactly matches the input voltage.
+The voltage follower is used as a buffer, and it has the advantage of providing a very high input impedance because no external resistors are connected to the non-inverting input. This makes the voltage follower especially useful for buffering sensitive low-level signals.
+Differential amplifier. Up to this point, all of the op-amp circuits we've discussed are single-ended; i.e., the input signal is connected between a terminal and ground. However, many instrument signals are differential in nature, where the important information is contained in the difference in voltage between two points. These signals require the op-amp to be used in differential mode. This allows you to take advantage of the common-mode rejection capability that is so important for noise rejection in instrument circuits.
+A differential amplifier circuit, as shown in Fig. 8, is usually balanced, so that each input presents the same impedance to the system. That's why the input and feedback resistors are shown with the same values for each input, and these values must be nearly identical for accurate operation.
+As its name suggests, the differential amplifier amplifies the difference between the input voltages, and the output voltage can be found by using this equation:
+[V.sub.o] = [R.sub.F] / [R.sub.1] ([V.sub.2] - [V.sub.1])
+One drawback of the differential amplifier is the relatively low input impedance. Although op-amps themselves have very high input impedances, the external resistors required in the differential amplifier significantly reduce this impedance. This makes the differential amplifier unsuitable for signals from devices like strain gauges, which require very high input impedances.
+Instrumentation amplifier. The instrumentation amplifier, as shown in Fig. 9, solves the previously discussed low input impedance problem. By incorporating two voltage followers [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 7 OMITTED] as input buffers, the instrumentation amplifier behaves exactly like the differential amplifier, on which it is based, but has very high input impedance.
+As its name suggests, the instrumentation amplifier was designed specifically for interfacing to field sensors used in instrumentation.
+Bridge amplifier. Another circuit designed for instrument applications is the bridge amplifier. Many sensitive measurement circuits utilize a balanced resistance bridge as a measurement device. The bridge is constructed of three identical resistors and another resistance that is nearly equal but varies with the sensor measurement. An op-amp can be inserted into the balanced bridge, as shown in Fig. 10, to form the bridge amplifier circuit. As with the balanced differential amplifier, the bridge amplifier requires resistors of nearly identical value to perform accurately.
+The output of the bridge amplifier can be found by using the following equation:
+[V.sub.o] = ([Delta]R / 2R) [V.sub.s]
+Note that the output is directly proportional to the change in resistance ([Delta]R) in the variable-resistance leg of the bridge.
+Voltage-to-current converter. Because op-amps are voltage amplifiers, most instruments operate internally on voltage signals. When the need comes to communicate to the outside world, however, current loop signals are more common (4-20 mA, for example). The voltage-to-current converter, as shown in Fig. 11, is designed to generate a current signal from a voltage input. Although the voltage input is single-ended, balanced input and feedback resis-tors are used for accuracy.
+The output (load) current ([I.sub.L]) generated by the voltage-to-current converter can be found by using the following equation:
+[I.sub.L] = (- 1 / [R.sub.1]) [V.sub.1]
+Note that the load current is directly proportional to the input voltage.
+Summary
+We should mention at this point that the simplest possible circuits are presented here for clarity, and additional circuitry may be necessary for some applications. In particular, circuitry for biasing, balancing, and temperature compensation may be required to improve the accuracy of some op-amp circuits.
+Ryan G. Rosandich, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minn.
+David Ellefson: New Megadeth Album Could Be Out in 2019
+David Ellefson was the latest guest on Full Metal Jackie's weekend radio program. The bassist discussed his experience narrating the Inside Metal: Rise of L.A. Thrash Metal documentary, moving from Minnesota to Los Angeles where he met Dave Mustaine, the success of Dystopia and what's on the horizon for Megadeth. Check out the chat below.
+You have a lot going on in your world.
+I do. I'm blessed to be busy, I always remind myself that I get to do these things because otherwise if you look at it with the glass half empty you go, "Oh my god! My plate is so full!" [laughs] I cant believe all the stuff I have to do. Yeah, it's a wonderful thing. For all of us that have grown up in this business and industry and have watched it changed as much as it has, the fact that we still get to be in it, something we like with people we like and with our fans, we are truly blessed.
+Let's talk about the new Inside Metal: The Rise of L.A. Thrash Metal documentary. It's about an important place and time in your life. Looking back, what was that scene like for you being a young kid from Minnesota?
+I grew up on a farm in Minnesota. It was around 1981-ish, I think — I was rehearsing with my band in a farm building, like a grain building, and it was like a Saturday afternoon and the thought just hit me, I've got to get to LA. Out of nowhere this thought came to me. And, honestly, I just followed that thread.
+I was ready to go tell my parents I'm quitting school, I'm going to L.A. tomorrow. Which I think I did, actually. And I think they laughed. They said, yeah, you're getting your high school education. But literally two years later when I graduated in 1983 I had made the plan, and fortunately my parents supported me, you know, they helped me get out to L.A. with a little bit of money and the family van and a little credit card. The credit card which would later go on to finance the Killing Is My Business tour.
+But when I got there, I mean talk about 180 degree turn from where I grew up in Minnesota. But, you know, I had noticed leading up to that and I think part of what the instinct I had on it is certainly Van Halen had come from the West Coast and had blown up to become a big band. Now Ozzy Osbourne was getting his musicians out of L.A., with Randy Rhoads, Rudy Sarzo. And by the time I got there Quiet Riot was No. 1 on the carts and all over MTV. And Motley Crue had just played the US Festival.
+So all of these huge shifts were happening in Los Angeles. And when I got there, within a week, as a lot of people know the story, my upstairs neighbor was Dave Mustaine, who was recently formerly of Metallica. And I had not heard of Metallica before, being in the Midwest; news travelled very slowly, usually by way of Circus Magazine, Hit Parader Magazine, you now, a lot of the big print magazines.
+So, I met Dave and got to know him and started talking and there was this whole other scene that was starting and certainly he was there on the downbeat of that, with Metallica. And, you know, it was interesting because as we talked about music, you know, I knew some of the bigger, more mainstream bands, Def Leppard, Iron Maiden, a lot of these new wave British heavy metal groups. But then there was this second wave of Diamond Head, Motorhead, Tygers of Pan Tang, Tank, you know, all this kind of stuff that was coming over from Europe.
+And that really was kind of the real underground of that scene that inspired what would become the thrash scene. And this movie speaks to the importance of Los Angeles and how many great musicians and bands came out of Los Angeles. Even though L.A. never really got the credit for its contribution to thrash.
+What's the most surreal thing about narrating a documentary that's about your peers, friends and yourself?
+I think what's so weird about it is they send you the script, because, you know Bob Nalbandian, who has been a long time friend, and in fact was one of the first people I met when I got to Los Angeles, through Dave, because he really was just really there as a fan. So when he tapped all of us to participate in this film a lot of the segments had been filmed and then he sent me the script, which I did at the studio here in Scottsdale, Arizona, where I live. So, of course I knew the storyline but, you know, seriously, how my narration fits in with all of cuts of people like, even myself being interviewed in the film, you know Lars and Juan Garcia who is the guitar player in Body Count.
+So yeah, it's kind of interesting to say, Yeah Metallica and Megadeth, you know, speaking about my own band, Megadeth, in the film, you know, using my best James Earl Jones, and narrating film.
+But, you know, it was kind of educational, actually, even doing a narration, because you learn things about - it's kind of like making a record, you learn more about your buddies in the band as you're working with them in the studio and I think the same thing happened with the narration process.
+Being a founding member of Megadeth you were right in the middle of the trash scene. What came as a surprise to you, something you never knew until you narrated The Rise of L.A. Thrash Metal documentary?
+You know, probably there was was a handful of different people that were there. I knew of Brian Slagel of Metal Blade, I knew of his importance. In fact, he was kind of the guy in Los Angeles. Johnny Z with Megaforce was on the east coast and of course Combat Records who Megadeth would later sign with, the east coast label. I knew a lot of the people. Kate from Hi Racks, I knew of Armored Saint of course. They aren't really a thrash band but they were kind of friends of the trash scene. I think probably what was - the most educational thing I saw watching the film was Marty Friedman's explanation of it.
+And I knew a lot of it, because I had played in the band with him for 10 years, we had many conversations about this, but just to sit back as a viewer of the film and watch him detail him living in Hawaii, forming Hawaii and referencing a lot of the jazz musicians who were getting the notoriety for being sort of the very astute and progressive musicians.
+Yet him talking about how this thrash scene was raising up this whole generation of very, very capable and terrifically talented guitar players and musicians. So I'd say that was one of them. Maybe narrating probably just remembering the dichotomy of Los Angeles and San Francisco having Metallica and Death Angel, Testament, Exodus. Even though Metallica originally hailed out of Los Angeles, which I knew, but it hit me just how the scene was so divided between Los Angeles and San Francisco. I don’t know if it was as much of a revelation as it was a reminder of that.
+Let's talk about the last Megadeth album, Dystopia, a very successful album for Megadeth. Does that create a feeling of momentum that will continue into the next album?
+Yeah, for sure. In fact, as we were discussing the next album, album 16 I guess if you will. Studio album 16. We talked about - and Dave and I certainly have these reference points of when the band started to become successful in the mainstream back in the '90s and how metal music by and large kind of went away, at least thrash music. It was replaced by certainly by Seattle music and nu-metal and different things, different genres. How it was very tricky waters to navigate and we resolved, made some adjustments and made some changes in and around that and some worked and quite honestly some didn't. Some took - they've taken us 15 almost 17 or 18 years to overcome some of those obstacles and I think we've finally overcame those with Dystopia.
+Dave, all these years later you've grown and matured from that kid who formed Megadeth with Dave Mustaine. What never changed and always stayed the same?
+Right before we had this phone call I had my bass on and I'm learning songs. I'm playing and sometimes life can get busy and take me away from the bass. Sometimes a little longer than I wished it did and those are the challenges as a musician to be careful of - that you don't get so busy in life that life takes you away from the very thing that gave you your life. I'm just playing and I'm just jamming along to some tunes and learning some things it just - I swear Jackie, I feel like I'm that little 11 or 12-year-old kid again learning how to play the bass all over. That guy that goes, "Man, I've got to call some of my buddies in the neighborhood and we've got to get a band and start a band!" I think that's the thing - I carried that through my teenage years in Minnesota.
+That spirit kept with me moving out to L.A. when I met Dave, we had that same spirit together of - we need to find some guys that think like us, play like us and want to share the same vision of what we do. I think that also becomes the challenge of keeping the band together because as people grow and get involved in their own lives, trying to keep that core nucleus of, "Why did we start doing that in the first place?" I think that, probably for Dave and I, is the thing that we've shared because we were there from the beginning. To be able to share that together is probably the thing that hear now as we turn the corner to 2018 keeps us excited and keeps that momentum moving forward now through the new year and into the next album.
+Dave, tell us what's to come this year with Megadeth.
+We have a pretty full robust summer of festivals over in Europe. Its funny, because we're at this phase in our career right now where normally we'd sort of come off a big tour like Dystopia for two years and shut down. We'd take a year to go in and make a record and then we'd put that new record out and go out and tour for another year or two behind that but now I think where music is because live music is such an important and critical part of just what we do as a band and in our industry. Now the phone rings all the time. [laughs] "Hey we got an offer, is Megadeth available?" So now our mindset is more of - certainly a focus on writing some new material but I've watched over the - and I think it kind of started when we did, in 2010, our first anniversary tour which was the 20th anniversary of Rust in Peace.
+I saw in the front row there were literally teenagers there who had just bought their Megadeth shirts and probably were able to buy Megadeth shirts at Hot Topic and at the mall, whereas years ago you weren't able to do that. There's this whole new generation of fans and what it made me realize is that a lot of fans will get introduced to Megadeth through Dystopia, but then they quickly go back and start researching the history and the catalog of music that we have.
+There is something about those early records and I think plays to this movie, the rise of the L.A. thrash scene that there is something just very special about that moment in time. It's kind of like our Woodstock if you will. Where people always go back to these glory days of Hendrix and Zeppelin, Clapton and of course Woodstock represented this huge moment in American music history. So back in those early days in the origins of thrash in that, really tie into the early days of Megadeth music. I think that sometimes some of the stuff that we created so many years ago that just keeps putting the fuel in the tank for us to keep moving forward now.
+Also, like we mentioned earlier, you've got along going on in your world. Tell us about Combat Records.
+Well Combat, were very fortunate to have had a moment in time here where through my label, EMP Label Group, we were able to secure the title of that and relaunch it. It's so cool because when it was first brought up to me, Dave and I have many stories of hard days with the original Combat that it was not easy. It was a lot of hard work and of course, there wasn't a lot of money there. Of course, this is an independent label and they did to their credit, they helped us launch Megadeth and that helped us get the attention of Capitol Records and the rest is history after that. That was really the point of the independent labels back in those days. I think when we launched Combat here a few months ago, what was very apparent to me is how important that label and its roster of artists were to so many - a couple of generations of people.
+My generation for sure and then even a generation or two behind that. Obviously Megadeth, Exodus, Circle Jerks, Mercyful Fate, that's why when we launched it we waited because we were looking to relaunch with a former Combat artist, now Combat artist again, Hell Star and Raven as well as signing some new artists to keep the new blood and keep the growth of the label moving forward. Just as much as the label, it's really a heavy metal lifestyle brand. I think that's the thing that's just as exciting because it all starts with the music but there are so many opportunities to do some other things that I think create some really good synergy with some other branding opportunities for that label that are part of the heavy metal lifestyle.
+Do you have a timeline for new Megadeth?. I think that really played well for the quality of record we made and for just how excited the fans were with the record we made. Ultimately that is the most important thing, so that's gonna be more important than sort of boxing ourselves in with a schedule.
+Thanks to David Ellefson for the interview. Grab your copy of 'Dystopia' here and 'Inside Metal: The Rise of L.A. Thrash Metal' here and follow Megadeth on Facebook to stay up to date with everything the band is doing. Find out where you can hear Full Metal Jackie’s weekend show at this location.
+Where Does David Ellefson Rank Among the Top 66 Hard Rock + Metal Bassists of All Time?
+David Ellefson Plays 'Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?'
+ia64/xen-unstable
+changeset 744:57012a0c028c
+bitkeeper revision 1.444 (3f6b38d7qamTogSmHdj52H60KzAVVQ)
+readme fixes
+readme fixes
+line diff
+1.1 --- a/README Fri Sep 19 16:34:38 2003 +0000 1.2 +++ b/README Fri Sep 19 17:11:51 2003 +0000 1.3 @@ -32,36 +32,36 @@ Xen has since grown into a project in it 1.4 investigate interesting research issues regarding the best techniques 1.5 for virtualizing resources such as the CPU, memory, disk and network. 1.6 The project has been bolstered by support from Intel Research 1.7 -Cambridge, who are now working closely with us. We've now also 1.8 -received support from Microsoft Research Cambridge to port Windows XP 1.9 -to run on Xen. 1.10 +Cambridge, who are now working closely with us. We're also in receipt 1.11 +of support from Microsoft Research Cambridge to port Windows XP to 1.12 +run on Xen. 1.13 1.14 -Xen enables multiple operating system images to be run simultaneously 1.15 +Xen enables multiple operating system images to execute concurrently 1.16 on the same hardware with very low performance overhead --- much lower 1.17 -than commercial offerings on the same x86 platform. 1.18 +than commercial offerings for the same x86 platform. 1.19 1.20 This is achieved by requiring OSs to be specifically ported to run on 1.21 Xen, rather than allowing unmodified OS images to be used. Crucially, 1.22 only the OS needs to be changed -- all of the user-level application 1.23 -binaries, libraries etc can run unmodified. Hence, the modified OS 1.24 +binaries, libraries etc can run unmodified. Hence the modified OS 1.25 kernel can typically just be dropped into any existing OS distribution 1.26 or installation. 1.27 1.28 Xen currently runs on the x86 architecture, but could in principle be 1.29 -ported to other CPUs. In fact, it would have been rather easier to 1.30 -write Xen for pretty much any other architecture as x86 doesn't do us 1.31 -any favours at all. The best description of Xen's deign, 1.32 -implementation and performance is contained in our October 2003 SOSP 1.33 -paper: 1.34 +ported to others. In fact, it would have been rather easier to write 1.35 +Xen for pretty much any other architecture as x86 is particularly 1.36 +tricky to handle. A good description of Xen's design, implementation 1.37 +and performance is contained in our October 2003 SOSP paper, available 1.38 +at 1.39 1.40 We have been working on porting 3 different operating systems to run 1.41 on Xen: Linux 2.4, Windows XP, and NetBSD. 1.42 1.43 The Linux 2.4 port (currently Linux 2.4.22) works very well -- we 1.44 regularly use it to host complex applications such as PostgreSQL, 1.45 -Apache, BK servers etc. It runs all user-space applications we've 1.46 +Apache, BK servers etc. It runs every user-space applications we've 1.47 tried. We refer to our version of Linux ported to run on Xen as 1.48 -"XenoLinux", through really it's just standard Linux ported to a new 1.49 +"XenoLinux", although really it's just standard Linux ported to a new 1.50 virtual CPU architecture that we call xeno-x86 (abbreviated to just 1.51 "xeno"). 1.52 1.53 @@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ source and binaries to anyone that has s 1.54 source license, which these days has very reasonable terms. We are in 1.55 discussions with Microsoft about the possibility of being able to make 1.56 binary releases to a larger user community. Obviously, there are 1.57 -issues with product activation in this environment and such like, 1.58 -which need to be thought through. 1.59 +issues with product activation in this environment which need to be 1.60 +thought through. 1.61 1.62 So, for the moment, you only get to run multiple copies of Linux on 1.63 Xen, but we hope this will change before too long. Even running 1.64 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ means of containing faults to one OS ima 1.65 performance isolation between the various OS, enabling you to either 1.66 restrict, or reserve resources for, particular VM instances. 1.67 1.68 -Its also useful for development -- each version of Linux can have 1.69 +It's also useful for development -- each version of Linux can have 1.70 different patches applied, enabling different kernels to be tried 1.71 out. For example, the "vservers" patch used by PlanetLab applies 1.72 cleanly to our ported version of Linux. 1.73 @@ -109,26 +109,37 @@ for us to write drivers for "legacy" har 1.74 Xen requires a "P6" or newer processor (e.g. Pentium Pro, Celeron, 1.75 Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Xeon, AMD Athlon, AMD Duron). 1.76 Multiprocessor machines are supported, and we also have basic support 1.77 -for HyperThreading (SMT), though this remains a topic for ongoing 1.78 +for HyperThreading (SMT), although this remains a topic for ongoing 1.79 research. We're also looking at an AMD x86_64 port (though it should 1.80 -run on Opterons in 32 bit mode just fine). 1.81 +run on Opterons in 32-bit mode just fine). 1.82 1.83 -Xen can currently use up to 4GB of memory. Its possible for x86 1.84 +Xen can currently use up to 4GB of memory. It's possible for x86 1.85 machines to address more than that (64GB), but it requires using a 1.86 different page table format (3-level rather than 2-level) that we 1.87 currently don't support. Adding 3-level PAE support wouldn't be 1.88 difficult, but we'd also need to add support to all the guest 1.89 OSs. Volunteers welcome! 1.90 1.91 -We currently support a relative modern set of network cards: Intel 1.92 +We currently support a relatively modern set of network cards: Intel 1.93 e1000, Broadcom BCM 57xx (tg3), 3COM 3c905 (3c59x). Adding support for 1.94 other NICs that support hardware DMA scatter/gather from half-word 1.95 -aligned addresses is relatively straight forward, by porting the 1.96 +aligned addresses is relatively straightforward, by porting the 1.97 equivalent Linux driver. Drivers for a number of other older cards 1.98 have recently been added [pcnet32, e100, tulip], but are untested and 1.99 not recommended. 1.100 1.101 1.102 +Building Xen and XenoLinux 1.103 +========================== 1.104 + 1.105 +Take a look at the tools/misc/xen-clone script in the BK repository, 1.106 +which will 'bk clone' the live master tree, and then set about 1.107 +building everything. The build procedure for xenolinux is slightly 1.108 +complicated as its done by running the 'mkbuildtree' script over 1.109 +a pristine Linux tree to patch it for xenolinux. 1.110 + 1.111 + 1.112 + 1.113 Ian Pratt 1.114 9 Sep 2003 1.115
+2.1 --- a/README.CD Fri Sep 19 16:34:38 2003 +0000 2.2 +++ b/README.CD Fri Sep 19 17:11:51 2003 +0000 2.3 @@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ Executive Summary 2.4 ================= 2.5 2.6 This CD is a standalone demo of the Xen Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) 2.7 -and Linux-2.4 OS port (xenolinux). It runs entirely off the CD, 2.8 -without requiring hard disk installation. This is acheived using a ram 2.9 +and Linux-2.4 OS port (XenoLinux). It runs entirely off the CD, 2.10 +without requiring hard disk installation. This is achieved using a RAM 2.11 disk to store mutable file system data while using the CD for 2.12 -everything else. The CD can also be used for installing Xen/xenolinux 2.13 +everything else. The CD can also be used for installing Xen/XenoLinux 2.14 to disk, and includes a source code snapshot along with all of the 2.15 tools required to build it. 2.16 2.17 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Booting the CD 2.18 ============== 2.19 2.20 The Xen VMM is currently fairly h/w specific, but porting new device 2.21 -drivers is relatively straight forward thanks to Xen's Linux driver 2.22 +drivers is relatively straightforward thanks to Xen's Linux driver 2.23 compatibility layer. The current snapshot supports the following 2.24 hardware: 2.25 2.26 @@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ CPU: Pentium Pro/II/III/IV/Xeon, Athlon 2.27 IDE: Intel PIIX chipset, others will be PIO only (slow) 2.28 SCSI: Adaptec / Dell PERC Raid (aacraid), megaraid, Adaptec aic7xxx 2.29 Net: Recommended: Intel e1000, Broadcom BCM57xx (tg3), 3c905 (3c59x) 2.30 - Tested but requires extra copies : pcnet32, Intel e100 2.31 + Tested but require extra copies : pcnet32, Intel e100 2.32 Untested and also requires extra copies : tulip 2.33 2.34 -Because of the demo CD's use of ram disks, make sure you have plenty 2.35 +Because of the demo CD's use of RAM disks, make sure you have plenty 2.36 of RAM (256MB+). 2.37 2.38 To try out the Demo, boot from CD (you may need to change your BIOS 2.39 configuration to do this), hit a key on either the keyboard or serial 2.40 -line to pull up the Grub boot menu, then select one of the four boot 2.41 +line to pull up the Grub boot menu, then select one of the three boot 2.42 options: 2.43 2.44 Xen / linux-2.4.22 2.45 @@ -59,19 +59,19 @@ problems. If you are going for a command 2.46 the grub menu, then edit the "ip=" parameters to reflect your setup 2.47 e.g. "ip=<ipaddr>::<gateway>:<netmask>::eth0:off". It shouldn't be 2.48 necessary to set either the nfs server or hostname 2.49 -parameters. Alternatively, once xenolinux has booted you can login and 2.50 +parameters. Alternatively, once XenoLinux has booted you can login and 2.51 setup networking with 'dhclient' or 'ifconfig' and 'route' in the 2.52 normal way. 2.53 2.54 -To make things easier for yourself, its worth trying to arrange for an 2.55 +To make things easier for yourself, it's worth trying to arrange for an 2.56 IP address which is the first in a sequential range of free IP 2.57 -addresses. Its useful to give each VM instance its own public IP 2.58 -address (though it is possible to do NAT or use private addresses 2.59 -etc), and the configuration files on the CD allocate IP addresses 2.60 +addresses. It's useful to give each VM instance its own public IP 2.61 +address (though it is possible to do NAT or use private addresses), 2.62 +and the configuration files on the CD allocate IP addresses 2.63 sequentially for subsequent domains unless told otherwise. 2.64 2.65 After selecting the kernel to boot, stand back and watch Xen boot, 2.66 -closely followed by "domain 0" running the xenolinux kernel. The boot 2.67 +closely followed by "domain 0" running the XenoLinux kernel. The boot 2.68 messages are also sent to the serial line (the baud rate can be set on 2.69 the Xen cmdline, but defaults to 115200), which can be very useful for 2.70 debugging should anything important scroll off the screen. Xen's 2.71 @@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ best to start by configuring networking, 2.72 manually via ifconfig and route, remembering to edit /etc/resolv.conf 2.73 if you want DNS. 2.74 2.75 -You can start an xserver with 'startx'. It defaults to a conservative 2.76 +You can start an X server with 'startx'. It defaults to a conservative 2.77 1024x768, but you can edit the script for higher resoloutions. The CD 2.78 contains a load of standard software. You should be able to start 2.79 -Apache, PostgreSQL, Mozzila etc in the normal way, the because 2.80 +Apache, PostgreSQL, Mozzila etc in the normal way, but because 2.81 everything is running off CD the performance will be very sluggish and 2.82 you may run out of memory for the 'tmpfs' file system. You may wish 2.83 to go ahead and install Xen/XenoLinux on your hard drive, either 2.84 @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ dropping Xen and the XenoLinux kernel do 2.85 distribution, or using the file systems from the CD (which are based 2.86 on RH9). See the installation instructions later in this document. 2.87 2.88 -If you want to browse the Xen / Xenolinux source, it's all located 2.89 +If you want to browse the Xen / XenoLinux source, it's all located 2.90 under /usr/local/src, complete with BitKeeper repository. We've also 2.91 included source code and configuration information for the various 2.92 benchmarks we used in the SOSP paper. 2.93 @@ -116,12 +116,14 @@ but since we generally use the command l 2.94 rather better debugged at present. The key command is 'xenctl' which 2.95 lives in /usr/local/bin and uses /etc/xenctl.xml for its default 2.96 configuration. Run 'xenctl' without any arguments to get a help 2.97 -message. 2.98 +message. Note that xenctl is a java front end to various underlying 2.99 +internal tools written in C (xi_*). Running off CD, it seems to take 2.100 +an age to start... 2.101 2.102 -The first thing to do is to set up a window in which you will receive 2.103 -console output from other domains. Console output will arrive as UDP 2.104 -packets destined for 169.254.1.0, so its necessary to setup an alias 2.105 -on eth0. The easiest way to do this is to run: 2.106 +Abyway, the first thing to do is to set up a window in which you will 2.107 +receive console output from other domains. Console output will arrive 2.108 +as UDP packets destined for 169.254.1.0, so its necessary to setup an 2.109 +alias on eth0. The easiest way to do this is to run: 2.110 2.111 xen_nat_enable 2.112 2.113 @@ -136,27 +138,24 @@ Next, run a the xen UDP console displaye 2.114 xen_read_console & 2.115 2.116 2.117 -The tool used for starting and controlling domains is 'xenctl'. It's a 2.118 -java front end to various underlying internal tools written in C 2.119 -(xi_*). Running off CD, it seems to take an age to start... 2.120 +As mentioned above, xenctl uses /etc/xenctl.xml as its default 2.121 +configuration. The directory contains two different configs depending 2.122 +on whether you want to use NAT, or multiple sequential external IPs 2.123 +(it's possible to override any of the parameters on the command line 2.124 +if you want to set specific IPs, etc). 2.125 2.126 -xenctl uses /etc/xenctl.xml as its default configuration. The 2.127 -directory contains two different configs depending on whether you want 2.128 -to use NAT, or multiple sequential external IPs (its possible to 2.129 -override any of the parameters on the command line, if you want to set 2.130 -specific IPs etc). 2.131 +The default configuration file supports NAT. To change to use multiple IPs: 2.132 2.133 -The default file supports NAT. To change to use multiple IPs: 2.134 cp /etc/xenctl.xml-publicip /etc/xenctl.xml 2.135 2.136 -A sequence of commands must be given to xenctl to start a 2.137 +A sequence of commands must be given to xenctl to start a new 2.138 domain. First a new domain must be created, which requires specifying 2.139 the initial memory allocation, the kernel image to use, and the kernel 2.140 command line. As well as the root file system details, you'll need to 2.141 set the IP address on the command line: since Xen currently doesn't 2.142 support a virtual console for domains >1, you won't be able to log to 2.143 your new domain unless you've got networking configured and an sshd 2.144 -running! (using dhcp for new domains should work too.) 2.145 +running! (using dhcp for new domains should work too). 2.146 2.147 After creating the domain, xenctl must be used to grant the domain 2.148 access to other resources such as physical or virtual disk partions. 2.149 @@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ referring to (-nX). To use the sample sc 2.150 You should see the domain booting on your xen_read_console window. 2.151 2.152 The xml defaults start another domain running off the CD, using a 2.153 -separate ram based file system for mutable data in root (just like 2.154 +separate RAM-based file system for mutable data in root (just like 2.155 domain 0). 2.156 2.157 The new domain is started with a '4' on the kernel command line to 2.158 @@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ tell 'init' to go to runlevel 4 rather t 2.159 done simply to suppress a bunch of harmless error messages that would 2.160 otherwise occur when the new (unprivileged) domain tried to access 2.161 physical hardware resources to try setting the hwclock, system font, 2.162 -gpm etc. 2.163 +run gpm etc. 2.164 2.165 After it's booted, you should be able to ssh into your new domain. If 2.166 you went for a NATed address, from domain 0 you should be able to ssh 2.167 @@ -201,14 +200,14 @@ xenctl to 'stop' (pause) a domain, or 'k 2.168 kill it nicely by sending a shutdown event and waiting for it to 2.169 terminate, or blow the sucker away with extreme prejudice. 2.170 2.171 -If you want to configure the new domain differently, type 'xenctl' to 2.172 +If you want to configure a new domain differently, type 'xenctl' to 2.173 get a list of arguments, e.g. at the 'xenctl domain new' command line 2.174 use the "-4" option to set a diffrent IPv4 address. 2.175 2.176 xenctl can be used to set the new kernel's command line, and hence 2.177 -determine what it uses as a root file system etc. Although the default 2.178 +determine what it uses as a root file system, etc. Although the default 2.179 is to boot in the same manner that domain0 did (using the RAM-based 2.180 -file system for root and the CD for usr) it's possible to configure any 2.181 +file system for root and the CD for /usr) it's possible to configure any 2.182 of the following possibilities, for example: 2.183 2.184 * initrd=/boot/initrd init=/linuxrc 2.185 @@ -219,7 +218,7 @@ of the following possibilities, for exam 2.186 2.187 * root=/dev/xvda1 ro 2.188 boot using a pre-configured 'virtual block device' that will be 2.189 - attached to a virtual disk that will previously had a file system 2.190 + attached to a virtual disk that previously has had a file system 2.191 installed on it. 2.192 2.193 * root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=/path/on/server ip=<blah_including server_IP> 2.194 @@ -234,18 +233,18 @@ read-only usr partition might make sense 2.195 2.196 Alternatively, you can use 'virtual disks', which are stored as files 2.197 within a custom file system. "xenctl partitions add" can be used to 2.198 -'format' a partition with the file system, then virtual disks can be 2.199 -created with "xenctl vd create". Virtual disks can then be attached to 2.200 -a running domain as a 'virtual block device' using "xenctl vdb 2.201 -create". The virtual disk can then optionally be partitioned 2.202 -(e.g. "fdisk /dev/xvda") or have a file system created on it directly 2.203 -(e.g. "mkfs -t ext3 /dev/xvda"). The virtual disk can then accessed 2.204 -by a virtual block device associated with another domain, and even 2.205 -used as a boot device. 2.206 +'format' a partition with the file system, and then virtual disks can 2.207 +be created with "xenctl vd create". Virtual disks can then be attached 2.208 +to a running domain as a 'virtual block device' using "xenctl vdb 2.209 +create". The virtual disk can optionally be partitioned (e.g. "fdisk 2.210 +/dev/xvda") or have a file system created on it directly (e.g. "mkfs 2.211 +-t ext3 /dev/xvda"). The virtual disk can then be accessed by a 2.212 +virtual block device associated with another domain, and even used as 2.213 +a boot device. 2.214 2.215 Both virtual disks and real partitions should only be shared between 2.216 domains in a read-only fashion otherwise the linux kernels will 2.217 -obviously get very confused if the file system structure changes 2.218 +obviously get very confused as the file system structure may change 2.219 underneath them (having the same partition mounted rw twice is a sure 2.220 fire way to cause irreparable damage)! If you want read-write 2.221 sharing, export the directory to other domains via NFS from domain0. 2.222 @@ -254,12 +253,13 @@ sharing, export the directory to other d 2.223 About The Xen Demo CD 2.224 ===================== 2.225 2.226 -The purpose of the Demo CD is to distribute a snapshot of Xen's source, 2.227 -and simultaneously provide a convenient means for enabling people to 2.228 -get experience playing with Xen without needing to install it on their 2.229 -hard drive. If you decide to install Xen/XenoLinux you can do so 2.230 -simply by following the INSTALL instructions and copying the contents of 2.231 -the CD on to a suitably formated disk partition and install the Grub 2.232 +The purpose of the Demo CD is to distribute a snapshot of Xen's 2.233 +source, and simultaneously provide a convenient means for enabling 2.234 +people to get experience playing with Xen without needing to install 2.235 +it on their hard drive. If you decide to install Xen/XenoLinux you can 2.236 +do so simply by following the installation instructions below -- which 2.237 +essentially involves copying the contents of the CD on to a suitably 2.238 +formated disk partition, and then installing or updating the Grub 2.239 bootloader. 2.240 2.241 This is a bootable CD that loads Xen, and then a Linux 2.4.22 OS image 2.242 @@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ the RedHat 9 distribution that is able t 2.243 /var etc). Changes you make to the tmpfs will obviously not be 2.244 persistent across reboots! 2.245 2.246 -Because of the use of a ram-based file system for root, you'll need 2.247 +Because of the use of a RAM-based file system for root, you'll need 2.248 plenty of memory to run this CD -- something like 96MB per VM. This is 2.249 not a restriction of Xen : once you've installed Xen, XenoLinux and 2.250 the file system images on your hard drive you'll find you can boot VMs 2.251 @@ -277,10 +277,10 @@ in just a few MBs. 2.252 2.253 The CD contains a snapshot of the Xen and XenoLinux code base that we 2.254 believe to be pretty stable, but lacks some of the features that are 2.255 -currently still work in progress e.g. OS suspend/resume to file, and 2.256 +currently still work in progress e.g. OS suspend/resume to disk, and 2.257 various memory management enhancements to provide fast inter-OS 2.258 communication and sharing of memory pages between OSs. We'll release 2.259 -newer snapshots as required, in the form of a BitKeeper repository 2.260 +newer snapshots as required, making use of a BitKeeper repository 2.261 hosted on (follow instructions from the project 2.262 home page). We're obviously grateful to receive any bug fixes or 2.263 other code you can contribute. We suggest you join the 2.264 @@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ title Xen / XenoLinux 2.4.22 2.265 kernel /boot/image.gz dom0_mem=131072 ser_baud=115200 noht 2.266 module /boot/xenolinux.gz root=/dev/sda4 ro console=tty0 2.267 2.268 -The first line specifies which xen image to use, and what command line 2.269 +The first line specifies which Xen image to use, and what command line 2.270 arguments to pass to Xen. In this case, we set the maximum amount of 2.271 memory to allocate to domain0, and the serial baud rate (the default 2.272 is 9600 baud). We could also disable smp support (nosmp) or disable 2.273 @@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ case, we're configuring the root partiti 2.274 be mounted read-only (normal practice). 2.275 2.276 If we were booting with an initial ram disk (initrd), then this would 2.277 -require a second "module" line, with no arguments. 2.278 +require a second "module" line. 2.279 2.280 2.281 Installing the file systems from the CD 2.282 @@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ Next, mount the file system(s) e.g.: 2.283 mkdir /mnt/root && mount /dev/hda3 /mnt/root 2.284 [mkdir /mnt/usr && mount /dev/hda4 /mnt/usr] 2.285 2.286 -To install the root file system, simply untar /usr/XenDemoCD/root.tar.gz 2.287 +To install the root file system, simply untar /usr/XenDemoCD/root.tar.gz: 2.288 cd /mnt/root && tar -zxpf /usr/XenDemoCD/root.tar.gz 2.289 2.290 You'll need to edit /mnt/root/etc/fstab to reflect your file system 2.291 @@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ though leaving out the "XenDemoCD" and " 2.292 cd /usr && cp -a X11R6 etc java libexec root src bin dict kerberos local sbin tmp doc include lib man share /mnt/usr 2.293 2.294 If you intend to boot off these file systems (i.e. use them for 2.295 -domain0), then you probably want to copy the /usr/boot directory on 2.296 +domain 0), then you probably want to copy the /usr/boot directory on 2.297 the cd over the top of the current symlink to /boot on your root 2.298 filesystem (after deleting the current symlink) i.e.: 2.299 cd /mnt/root ; rm boot ; cp -a /usr/boot . 2.300 @@ -368,6 +368,7 @@ filesystem (after deleting the current s 2.301 The XenDemoCD directory is only useful if you want to build your own 2.302 version of the XenDemoCD (see below). 2.303 2.304 + 2.305 Debugging 2.306 --------- 2.307 2.308 @@ -375,15 +376,16 @@ Xen has a set of debugging features that 2.309 figure out what's going on. Hit 'h' on the serial line or ScrollLock-h 2.310 on the keyboard to get a list of supported commands. 2.311 2.312 -If you have a crash you'll likely get a crash dump containing and EIP 2.313 -(PC), which along with and 'objdump -d image' can be useful in 2.314 -figuring out what's happened. Debug a xenolinux image just as you 2.315 +If you have a crash you'll likely get a crash dump containing an EIP 2.316 +(PC) which, along with an 'objdump -d image', can be useful in 2.317 +figuring out what's happened. Debug a XenoLinux image just as you 2.318 would any other Linux kernel. 2.319 2.320 + 2.321 Description of how the XenDemoCD boots 2.322 -------------------------------------- 2.323 2.324 -1. Grub is used to load Xen, a xenolinux kernel, and an initrd (initial 2.325 +1. Grub is used to load Xen, a XenoLinux kernel, and an initrd (initial 2.326 ram disk). [The source of the version of Grub used is in /usr/local/src] 2.327 2.328 2. the init=/linuxrc command line causes linux to execute /linuxrc in 2.329 @@ -394,7 +396,7 @@ locations : /dev/hd[abcd]. 2.330 2.331 4. it then creates a 'tmpfs' file system and untars the 2.332 'XenDemoCD/root.tar.gz' file into the tmpfs. This contains hopefully 2.333 -all the files that need to be mutable. (this would be so much easier 2.334 +all the files that need to be mutable (this would be so much easier 2.335 if Linux supported 'stacked' or union file systems...) 2.336 2.337 5. Next, /linuxrc uses the pivot_root call to change the root file 2.338 @@ -407,7 +409,7 @@ normally. 2.339 Building your own version of the XenDemoCD 2.340 ------------------------------------------ 2.341 2.342 -The 'live ISO' version of RedHat isbased heavily on Peter Anvin's 2.343 +The 'live ISO' version of RedHat is based heavily on Peter Anvin's 2.344 SuperRescue CD version 2.1.2 and J. McDaniel's Plan-B: 2.345 2.346 2.347 @@ -461,22 +463,27 @@ echo '<put_your_name_here>' > Builder 2.348 This process can take 30 mins even on a fast machine, but you should 2.349 eventually end up with an iso image in the build directory. 2.350 2.351 -notes: 2.352 - 2.353 -root - the root of the file system heirarchy as presented to the running system 2.354 - 2.355 -rootpatch - contains files that have been modified from the standard RH, and copied over the root tree as part of the build procedure. 2.356 - 2.357 -irtree - the filie system tree that will go into the initrd (initial ram disk) 2.358 +Notes: 2.359 2.360 -work - a working directory used in the build process 2.361 + root - the root of the file system heirarchy as presented to the 2.362 + running system 2.363 2.364 -usr - this should really be in 'work' as its created as part of the 2.365 -build process. It contains the 'immutable' files that will be served 2.366 -from the CD rather than the tmpfs containing the contents of root.tar.gz 2.367 -Some files that are normally in /etc or /var that are large and 2.368 -actually unlikely to need changing have been moved into /usr/root 2.369 -and replaced with links. 2.370 + rootpatch - contains files that have been modified from the standard 2.371 + RH, and copied over the root tree as part of the build 2.372 + procedure. 2.373 + 2.374 + irtree - the file system tree that will go into the initrd (initial 2.375 + ram disk) 2.376 + 2.377 + work - a working directory used in the build process 2.378 + 2.379 + usr - this should really be in 'work' as its created as part of the 2.380 + build process. It contains the 'immutable' files that will 2.381 + be served from the CD rather than the tmpfs containing the 2.382 + contents of root.tar.gz. Some files that are normally in /etc 2.383 + or /var that are large and actually unlikely to need changing 2.384 + have been moved into /usr/root and replaced with links. 2.385 + 2.386 2.387 Ian Pratt 2.388 9 Sep 2003 2.389 \ No newline at end of file
+about
+news
+events
+AirWave™ overview
+intubation issues
+how it works
+financial benefits
+study opportunities
+system components
+resources
+request more information
+study opportunities
+Resources
+Product Literature
+Technical Support
+AirWave™ User Training
+News
+Events
+white papers
+Respiratory Therapy
+How It Works
+Resources
+request more information
+Critical Care
+Nurses
+Physicians
+study opportunities
+Resources
+Return on Investment
+How It Works
+Financial Benefits
+Implementation Considerations
+Resources
+customer support
+get more info
+get an AirWave
+™
+demo
+See the AirWave™ in use.
+We’ll be happy to schedule an AirWave™ demonstration for you and your colleagues so you can see how it works in concert with your current patient care workflow. Call us at 855.240.0553 toll free to arrange for a demo or
+.
+downloads
+AirWave™ brochure
+AirWave™ specification sheet
+AirWave™ operator's manual
+AirWave™ setup and maintenance manual
+AirWave™ adapter instructions
+AirWave™ mounting bracket instructions
+StART instructions
+resources
+product literature
+technical support
+user training
+news
+events
+white papers
+forward to a colleague
+If you know a clinician or administrator
+who might benefit from knowing about the AirWave™,
+please
+forward a link of our site to them
+.
+AirWave™ overview
+AirWave™ overview
+intubation issues
+how it works
+financial benefits
+study opportunities
+system components
+resources
+request more information
+AirWave
+™
+overview
+The SonarMed
+®
+AirWave™ provides direct, precise, real-time monitoring of endotracheal tube (also called an ETT or artificial airway) position and obstructions. Clinicians may use this information to assist with placing the tube properly and to receive early warnings about tube movement and obstruction development so they may take corrective action to prevent patient harm.
+The SonarMed
+®
+AirWave™ provides precise and continuous information on:
+Placement, via size of the passageway around the endotracheal tube tip:
+Helps the clinician identify whether the endotracheal tube is in the correct place (the trachea) instead of the main-stem bronchus (endobronchial intubation) or esophagus (esophageal intubation).
+Tube tip movement:
+Alerts clinicians to significant tube movement that may increase the risk of unplanned extubation or endobronchial intubation, allowing them to proactively reposition the tube.
+Obstructions in the tube:
+Provides information about the size and location of obstructions that may be developing in the endotracheal tube to help the clinician proactively remove blockages before they harm the patient. Obstruction location information may help the clinician distinguish between lung secretions and patient biting or kinking of the tube.
+back to top
+intubation issues
+When a hospital patient is unable to breathe on his own, he is connected to a mechanical ventilator. The patient is first intubated, a procedure in which an endotracheal tube is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea (wind pipe). The tube is then connected to a ventilator, which forces air into the lungs. Each year, approximately 60 million intubations requiring endotracheal tubes are performed worldwide.
+Assuring proper placement of the endotracheal tube within the trachea and assuring that it hasn’t moved or become obstructed are significant clinical problems. Failure to correct a misplaced or clogged endotracheal tube can lead to serious complications to the patient, most notably conditions consistent with lack of oxygen such as brain damage or death.
+Complications with endotracheal tubes include:
+Unplanned Extubation:
+The endotracheal tube unexpectedly comes out of the patient’s trachea. Unplanned extubation has an incidence rate of 10% in adult ICU patients.
+Endobronchial Intubation:
+The endotracheal tube is placed too far down into the trachea, past the first branching, and enters a main stem bronchus (the airway pipe which leads to one of the two lungs) or, after proper positioning, patient movement or other factors cause the tube to advance into a bronchus.
+Endotracheal Tube Obstruction:
+Lung secretions or other substances block the tube, the tube kinks in the patient’s throat, or the patient bites excessively on the tube.
+Esophageal Intubation:
+The endotracheal tube is accidentally inserted into the esophagus (food pipe) instead of the trachea.
+Today, the primary clinical method of monitoring endotracheal tube status to prevent patient harm is to perform periodic visual spot checks in conjunction with inferential monitoring technologies. There is no single technology on the market that can provide direct, precise, real time information to assist clinicians in identifying correct tube placement and provide early warnings for tube movement or blockage.
+back to top
+how it works
+The AirWave™’s sound waves monitor the airway, alerting clinicians in real time of situations that may lead to unplanned extubations, endotracheal tube obstructions, endobronchial intubation, or esophageal intubation.
+TOP: The AirWave™ home screen showing airway management information.
+BOTTOM: The Airwave™ waveform screen showing airway management data.
+Using principles similar to sonar, the SonarMed
+®
+AirWave™ sends a sound signal into the endotracheal diameter. This information may help clinicians identify and correct esophageal intubation and endobronchial intubation.
+Degree and Location of Obstructions Within the Tube:
+The system analyzes the timing and amplitude of echoes that come from within the tube to estimate the location and size of obstructions. This may help clinicians identify an obstruction that forms in the endotracheal tube so it can be removed (suctioned) before the patient is harmed. It may also help the clinician differentiate patient biting or tube kinking from lung secretion buildup by noting the reported location of the obstruction.
+Tube Tip Movement:
+The system estimates relative movements of the tube by tracking the timing of an echo that comes from within the lungs. This information may help clinicians identify and correct situations that can lead to unplanned extubation or endobronchial intubation.
+back to top
+the AirWave™ system in depth
+The AirWave™ system consists of an AirWave™ adapter connected to the proximal end of an ETT and to a monitor. Embedded inside the AirWave™ adapter are a miniature speaker and a microphone array. With these components, the system employs acoustic reflectometry by emitting sound waves from the speaker into an intubated ETT, detecting the returning acoustic reflections, or echoes, with the microphones, and then examining the echo timings and amplitudes to infer characteristics of the ETT and airway. The monitor’s proprietary algorithms analyze the echo signal and provide information about the size of the passageway around the ETT tip, location and size of ETT obstructions, and relative movement of the ETT tip within the trachea.
+The microphone array allows the system to determine the direction from which echoes arrive. As a result, the system can selectively filter all echoes that arise from devices on the ventilator side of the adapter, such as closed circuit suction catheters, Y-connectors, ETCO
+2
+sensors, and filters, for example. This selective filtering allows the system to obtain an echo waveform from the ETT and airways that is free of ventilator circuit echoes.
+The AirWave™ adapter contains advanced design features for protecting the sensors from the high-humidity and airway-secretion-prone environment of an artificial airway circuit including a micro-heater to keep them dry and acoustic membranes to shed away secretions.
+back to top
+echoes inside tubes
+How do echoes occur inside tubes? As a sound wave travels inside a tube, a fraction of its energy reflects each time it meets with a change in cross sectional area. If it encounters a decrease in cross sectional area (see figure a), a positive pressure wave is reflected. This shows up as a positive deflection in the echo signal. If the sound wave encounters an increase in cross sectional area (see figure b), a negative pressure wave is reflected. This shows up as a negative deflection in the echo signal. The delay time of each echo identifies the distance of the changing area that caused the echo. The amplitude of each echo identifies the approximate amount of area change.
+back to top
+echoes in the ett and airways
+How do echoes form inside the airways? The human airways are a network of bifurcating branches starting at the trachea and ending at the alveoli—the small sacs where the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place. An interesting property of the airways is that even though the cross sectional area of each individual segment decreases as the branching depth increases, the total cross sectional area (arrived at by adding up the cross sectional areas of all parallel segments) undergoes a rapid increase after several generations of airway branching. In other words, the airways behave acoustically like a horn with a bell at the end, and sound waves traveling down the airways will be reflected at the bell. The negative pressure wave from this bell-shaped region is used by the system as a reference to which changes in ETT tip position are tracked. The bell begins around the 6th branching generation (approximately 5 cm past the carina in adults).
+We are often asked if there is an echo from the carina that can be tracked. Unfortunately, since the additive cross sectional area of the two main stem bronchi is approximately equal to the trachea’s cross sectional area, there are no echoes of significance that arise from the carina. However, the AirWave™ provides a feature to synchronize the system with the ETT tip-to-carina distance as measured from one chest x-ray and thereafter provide continuous carina distance tracking.
+Relationship of AirWave
+TM
+adapter and intubated ETT (top) to the corresponding echo signal recorded by the AirWave
+TM
+system (bottom).
+To illustrate the relationships between cross sectional area, amplitude, and time delay, the figure to the left shows an intubated ETT (top) with its corresponding echo signal, as recorded by the AirWave™ system (bottom). The pressure amplitude is represented on Y-axis and the time delay is represented on X-axis. For each deflection in the echo signal, an arrow denotes the corresponding region in the ETT and airways from which that echo arises.
+Referring to the figure, the first echo is a positive deflection (positive pressure) indicating a cross sectional area decrease. This corresponds to the decrease in the nozzle’s diameter from 9 mm to 8 mm. The second echo is a positive deflection immediately followed by a negative deflection, indicating a cross sectional area decrease and then an increase. This echo could be from a small obstruction in the ETT, from a kink in the ETT, or from a patient biting on the ETT. If the echo amplitude were larger, this would correspond to a larger obstruction. The AirWave™ estimates the obstruction size from the echo amplitude and the obstruction location from the echo delay time.
+The third echo is a negative deflection indicating a cross sectional area increase. This echo, referred to as the ETT tip echo, is analyzed by the AirWave™ to estimate the passageway size (or effective diameter) around the ETT. A negative deflection echo indicates that the ETT is located in a passageway that has a larger cross sectional area than the ETT. This would be the case for an ETT that is in the trachea. If this echo were to change to a positive deflection, it would indicate that the ETT is located in a passageway that has a smaller cross sectional area than the ETT. This may correspond to an ETT that is in the esophagus or bronchus or that it is clogged at the tip, for example, from mucus.
+The last echo, referred to as the airway echo, arises from the bell shaped region in the lower airways. The AirWave™ tracks the time delay of this airway echo, estimating relative changes in the distance between the ETT tip and the airway echo region. For example, if the time delay between the ETT tip echo and the airway echo is decreasing (airway echo moving to the left), then this indicates that the ETT tip is getting closer to the airway echo region or that the ETT is migrating down the trachea.
+back to top
+AirWave™ sounds are audible
+While a majority of medical devices that use acoustics operate in the ultrasonic frequency range, the AirWave™ operates in an audible range below 8 kHz because of the frequencies at which tubes behave as waveguides. Since the sounds typically found in the ventilator circuit—such as respiratory sounds, secretion sounds, or cuff leak sounds—can potentially interfere with the echo signals used by the system, a series of advanced data collection algorithms are used to obtain a clean echo signal during ventilation.
+When connected to a patient, the AirWave™ collects a majority of its measurements during the quiet period of ventilation between end expiration and inspiration. As a result, the AirWave™ monitor provides updates to the ETT status approximately every patient breath, depending on the level of noise present between breaths. For cases where excessive noise interferes with acoustical measurements such that the ETT status is not updating, the AirWave™ gives the clinician the option to listen directly to the adapter microphones via the monitor speaker. This assists the clinician in determining the interfering noise source so they can rectify it if possible. Examples of interfering noise sources may include: a leaky ETT cuff, secretions in the airway and/or ETT, a high respiratory rate, a nebulizer, or patient coughing.
+back to top
+financial benefits
+The expected financial benefits for hospitals using the AirWave™ are summarized in a
+white paper
+. Sources of savings may include reduced mechanical ventilation time, reduced ICU length of stay, reduced chest x-rays, reduced procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscopy, and reduced therapeutic expenses.
+back to top
+study opportunities
+SonarMed
+®
+is pleased to announce “
+Partners in Progress” (PIP)
+, a new program designed to foster independent clinical research in the respiratory field.
+The PIP program provides opportunities for researchers to conduct independent studies for publication using the SonarMed
+®
+AirWave™. Researchers may study the impact of the system on clinical practices and/or outcomes, or they may use the AirWave™ to conduct studies that were previously not possible or practical, but are now enabled by the unique capabilities of the AirWave™.
+By increasing the availability of the AirWave™ for research, and by deferring some of the costs associated with acquiring and using the AirWave™ for research, SonarMed
+®
+hopes to enable independent research on a wide variety of respiratory topics that might not otherwise move forward. The program is open to any clinician interested in conducting research in the respiratory space.
+Clinicians are encouraged to submit study ideas or abstracts to SonarMed
+®
+for consideration. If the proposal is accepted into the PIP program, SonarMed
+®
+will assist with study costs by providing study equipment on a loan, donation or discount basis. The investigator remains responsible for all other study costs.
+For a list of study idea starters,
+.
+back to top
+system components
+the AirWave™ monitor
+The AirWave™ monitor is a handheld, portable device with a color LCD display that provides information about the endotracheal tube position, obstruction, and movement. The monitor has sophisticated circuitry for sending, receiving and processing audio signals from the AirWave™ adapter.
+SonarMed
+®
+’s proprietary algorithms interpret the signals received from the patient’s airway and provide feedback to the clinician through intuitive text and graphics.
+The AirWave™ monitor is equipped with a strap for carrying or hanging the unit and a kickstand for propping the unit on a cart or table. The unit can also be accessorized with a mounting clamp to provide even more options for placing it at the patient bedside.
+the AirWave™ adapter
+The AirWave™ adapter is a small, latex-free, single-patient use disposable device that inserts into the breathing circuit between the ventilator hose and the endotracheal tube, replacing the standard airway adapter. The AirWave™ adapter contains an array of acoustic sensors used for interrogating the artificial airway and communicates with the AirWave™ monitor through a cable. The AirWave™ adapter can be connected to endotracheal tube sizes 6.5 to 9.0 mm ID.
+the AirWave™ monitor mounting bracket
+The AirWave™ monitor mounting bracket is an accessory to the AirWave™ monitor designed to provide flexibility for positioning the monitor near the patient bedside. The bracket is designed to quickly attach to the back of the AirWave™ monitor. It allows the monitor to be mounted to a round pole (such as an IV stand), or a rectangular rail (such as those found on many ventilators). The bracket also rotates easily between vertical and horizontal orientations, and allows the monitor to be positioned to an optimum viewing angle.
+the Standard Adapter Removal Tool (StART)
+The AirWave™ StART is a small plastic hand tool designed to assist in removing a tightly attached adapter (standard or AirWave™) from an endotracheal tube. This is especially useful when a patient is already intubated and an attempt to manually remove the adapter could inadvertently dislodge the ETT. The wedge-based design of the StART allows the adapter to be removed in one smooth, linear motion rather than requiring the caregiver to rock, pull, or twist the adapter.
+back to top
+resources
+For a list of different resources, please visit our
+resources
+page.
+request more information
+To request more information, please visit our
+page.
+© 2016 SonarMed ® |
+|
+|
+|
+Should the MOAB return?BanzaiBanana Oct 18, 2012 8:33 AM
+I like it personally, it's not as extreme as the nuke and takes more skill
+I wish it sounded more threatening though
+Here's the last one I posted:
+Re: Should the MOAB return?zingaa Oct 18, 2012 8:36 AM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+I don't care in TDM and FFA, keep it out of objective based for sure.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?ERROR_6_ Oct 18, 2012 8:38 AM (in response to zingaa)
+id agree keep it out of objective gameplay.. i think people get too hung up on moabs, so they do other things that suck like spawn kill to get one
+Re: Should the MOAB return?BanzaiBanana Oct 19, 2012 1:27 PM (in response to ERROR_6_)
+I don't think it hurts Kill Confirmed too much, but it pisses me off when people just camp flags to get their specialist bonus
+Re: Should the MOAB return?SitRepPro Oct 25, 2012 12:58 AM (in response to ERROR_6_)
+ERROR_6_ wrote:
+id agree keep it out of objective gameplay.. i think people get too hung up on moabs, so they do other things that suck like spawn kill to get one
+Like the video:
+I used to play Domination (Ground War) on COD4 a lot and I always felt is was autopilot mode because of how easy it was to predict enemy movements. Everyone using a silencer? Got an Airstrike to call in? No problem, just drop it over a flag you don't hold. Oh look I have a Chopper!
+Re: Should the MOAB return?Thedestoyer Oct 19, 2012 1:50 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+It shouldn't come back. People boost for it and ignore objectives for it.
+Luckily, BLOPS2 won't have such a stupid killstreak in the game. Thank GOD!
+Re: Should the MOAB return?Esy Oct 19, 2012 7:26 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+It should.
+However it should be changed for objective games. You should need to contribute to the objective a fair amount as well as get a certain amount of kills to get it. For example, like 20 kills in dom + 10 defends/caps to get a MOAB, or like 25 kills + 20 tags for kill confirmed.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?elite_force1uk Oct 19, 2012 7:38 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+BanzaiBanana wrote:
+I like it personally, it's not as extreme as the nuke and takes more skill
+I wish it sounded more threatening though
+Here's the last one I posted:
+Moabs in MW3 take 1% skill
+Only thing needed for a Moab is a crappy internet connection
+so you can take advantage of other players with decent internet connection
+For those that get moabs regularly.. you do know this.. dont you?
+Re: Should the MOAB return?BanzaiBanana Oct 22, 2012 12:54 PM (in response to elite_force1uk)
+It's ridiculous at the moment how easy it is I agree. You just get people running around into walls and trying to play the fruit machines on boardwalk.
+They'd be better off AFK
+Re: Should the MOAB return?Moofda Oct 22, 2012 1:01 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+I liked having it, although it was exploited. I know it's a bit selfish, but perhaps they could keep it in game modes just based on killing.
+If there were anything like it again, I hope they don't make it so you have to play the rest of the game with an annoying red screen though. =)
+Re: Should the MOAB return?BanzaiBanana Oct 24, 2012 1:02 PM (in response to Moofda)
+I agree complately
+I didn't mind the red screen. it was the sound loss that annoyed me
+I also think they should exclude it from Infected, they're MOABs that genuinely take 1% skill and they still count towards your stats. It's just cheap
+Re: Should the MOAB return?Noob_Lyncher Oct 22, 2012 1:39 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+I just hope that if it does come back, they don't change it back to the MW2 way, where killstreaks counted towards your nuke. It would be far too easy.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?Swaggin412 Oct 24, 2012 1:06 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+i also agree keep it out of objective games. its already bad enough you have players that go into objective games and don't play the objective; MOABS, Nukes etc just give people all the more reason not to play the objective.
+i've always played the objective first, too many times i have been in lobbies where one or multiple of my teammates get MOABs in demolition but we end up losing the game because i'm the only person going for the bomb.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?vims1990 Oct 24, 2012 1:12 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+As I said to a forum member who wanted MOABs in Black Ops 2:
+Re: Should the MOAB return?bornkilling Oct 25, 2012 7:21 AM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+they need to remove the moab so the cammping noobs and tube babys have nothing to camp for if there sitting in a corrner and i see a bad guy going to kill them i let him do it cause i run and gun. i dont sit in the same spot all game wating to get 25 kills to moab the bad guys..
+Re: Should the MOAB return?BanzaiBanana Oct 25, 2012 8:49 AM (in response to bornkilling)
+I play TDM and Kill Confirmed, and I don't camp, nor do I find these campers or tuber that you're talking about...
+Very rarely do campers succeed in getting that far anyway, I've never been MOABed and I have seen my fair share of campers while in Domination or demolition
+Re: Should the MOAB return?zingaa Oct 25, 2012 10:28 AM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+I had some wierd stuff happen on my old controller, when I would sprint It would throw grenandes and vice versa.It's like the buttons were shorted out within the controller, I just traded it in and bought a new one..
+Re: Should the MOAB return?BanzaiBanana Oct 26, 2012 3:50 PM (in response to zingaa)
+Hahaha, why would that happen?
+Re: Should the MOAB return?phxs72 Oct 25, 2012 11:02 AM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+I've never gotten a MOAB and I'm an objective player (probably why I've never gotten one but I digress). I don't have a problem with it being there. It seems to me that the same people that camp for MOAB's are the same people that camped for high KD in BO. Whether a MOAB is there or not it's not going to change how they play. I suppose the way I see it is if my team isn't good enough to knock you off of your MOAB streak then we really don't have any right to complain about it. Now I probably would be more annoyed by it if it ended the game but since it doesn't it really doesn't bother me.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?BanzaiBanana Oct 25, 2012 11:39 PM (in response to phxs72)
+Campers will camp, I#d love it to come back for rushers like me and you, it feels a lot more rewarding
+Re: Should the MOAB return?QwertyBoredom Oct 27, 2012 8:50 AM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+Personally I say No for objective games all it does is distract players from what there surpossed to be doing, In kill focused mode fine.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?smokesdope Oct 27, 2012 8:58 AM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+I think yes but the number of kills should be raised to 30 gun kills and objective game types shouldn't have a MOAB in it .
+Re: Should the MOAB return?nicedrewishfela Oct 27, 2012 3:42 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+No, leads to selfish play.
+Also leads to an excessive amount of ridiculous You Tube Braggadocio.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?BanzaiBanana Oct 28, 2012 2:28 AM (in response to nicedrewishfela)
+Yeah, but if you're like me and play TDM and kill confirmed, it benefits your team.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?SitRepPro Oct 28, 2012 3:32 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+BanzaiBanana wrote:
+Yeah, but if you're like me and play TDM and kill confirmed, it benefits your team.
+For KC it depends on the situation.
+You could camp over enemy tags to get a MOAB and never pick them up. You then lose by 7 points. This is what seemingly happened to a game I joined that nearly finished and the MOAB landed after the match finished. It's quite likely that if the MOAB hunter had gone for the tags, his side would have won. Oh what a pity I have communication set to friends only...
+Re: Should the MOAB return?nicedrewishfela Oct 28, 2012 4:17 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+In all the TDM I have played, I have never seen one. Then again, I play HC, so no health regen. If you are able to get a MOAB in TDM, especially HC TDM... the other team has to be pretty sad.
+The only time I ever saw a MOAB in game was when a few friends and I ventured into FaceOff 3v3 and played 3 squeakers who spawn camped us.
+Would seem to me the true test of skill would be getting a MOAB in HC, anyone ever seen one?
+Re: Should the MOAB return?Noob_Lyncher Oct 29, 2012 2:44 AM (in response to nicedrewishfela)
+I've only gotten one in HC. I was doing a clan op for HC KC a while back and wound up with one a few confirms before the match ended. The other team was trash though. Usually when people are terrible at shooting, they tube and spam rockets and nades. These guys didn't even do that. I felt bad for all of 0.002 seconds.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?brsox Oct 29, 2012 10:04 AM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+I would like to see the MOAB return. I think Treyarch is trying to keep people from boosting or camping for it so they are keeping it out.
+Unfortunately, Treyarch underestimates the Sewer Sludge type people that play CoD. They will boost, cheat, and camp for whatever the best killstreaks are.
+I say keep it. It does no good to take it out.
+Re: Should the MOAB return?TheNewJuggalo Oct 29, 2012 12:36 PM (in response to BanzaiBanana)
+I think that the idea of a MOAB is great but currently it is flawed.
+Speaking as someone who has gotten quite a few MOABs, and over 100 nukes in mw2 (which are not necessarily completely comparable), I think that MOABs are great because getting one is certainly an achievement. They are not at all easy to get, mostly because you need so much luck (as in no bulls--- against you, which happens so frequently in MW3), and also you need a certain level of base skill in order to maintain a 25 gun streak.
+People, then, would boost to get them, which is of course a problem, but nowhere near as much as it was in MW2 for nukes.
+I think Black Ops 2's scorestreak system offers a potential fix to the problem. As many of you are aware, getting points solely based on kills is almost impossible. The highest scorestreak will take >25 gun kills if you play no objective.
+However, i think that if there were a scorestreak that was very high, similar to how high MOABs or Nukes are (but on the scale of points), the requirement of playing the objective in addition to being a good gunner would solve all the problems. Boosters would have no hope of getting one before being killed, kill whores wouldn't be able to just kill whore and piss of their teammates, and people who love going for the high streaks would still be happy. Everyone wins.
+Just my two cents.
+edit: Sorry about the multiple posts. My computer messed up.
+Meet the Board
+Here is a list of the Benton County Tourism Board of Directors and their contact information.
+Suzie Brodersen (Chairperson)
+State Farm Insurance
+Suzie has been a member of the board since 2013. She was elected to the office of Vice President in 2017, and in 2018, she assumed the position of President.
+Suzie moved to Warsaw in 2000 when she took over as the local State Farm Insurance Agent. She has been active in several local organizations including the Warsaw Chamber, Jubilee Days, the Benton County Community Foundation, Warsaw Parents as Teachers Advisory Board, and the Parish Council of St. Ann’s Catholic Church. She has also held several leadership positions on these boards.
+She became active in tourism when she started the Benton County Wine Stroll in 2012 – which continues to thrive as a tourism event. She loves being involved in area events, and she enjoys telling people about the various activities that are available – whether they are just passing through or if they plan to make Benton County their home.
+Suzie grew up in nearby Sedalia, Missouri, but she has deep roots to Benton County. Her father’s family can be traced to the original German settlers in Cole Camp, and she proudly has her name as a descendent on the German Immigrant Memorial in Cole Camp.
+Suzie is married to her husband, David, and they have two sons, Ben & Blake, who are both graduates of Warsaw High School. When she isn’t working or volunteering, Suzie enjoys playing with the cattle on the farm she and her husband have.
+Susan Kyle (Vice Chairperson)
+Citizens Farmers Bank of Cole Camp
+Susan began serving on the Benton County Tourism Board in October of 2017. She is a lifelong resident of Cole Camp and is the Chief Executive Officer of Citizens Farmers Bank.
+Susan spends much of her spare time volunteering for organizations like the Chamber of Commerce and Cole Camp School Music Boosters. Her favorite thing to do is spending time with and spoiling her four grandsons.
+Tourism is vital for the local economy of the small towns in Benton County. Cole Camp is fortunate that 52 Highway runs right through the historic downtown area on the way to Lake of the Ozarks. Many tourists and weekenders stop in Cole Camp for the unique restaurants and shopping as well as the many events hosted by the town.
+Rick Renno (Treasurer)
+Benton County
+Rick Renno owned and operated Rick’s Lakeside BBQ located at the 84 mile marker of the Lake of the Ozarks from 1980 – 1986. In 1986 he purchased the Lincoln Inn in Lincoln and operated it for the next 27 years until he sold in 2013.
+He is a member of the Lincoln Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors and is a Past President. He has also been a member of the Cole Camp and Warsaw Chambers of Commerce. Rick served on the Board of Alderman in Lincoln for six years and was Mayor for two years. He was elected County Treasurer in 2002 and is still serving in that capacity. He is also the current President of the Missouri County Treasurers Association.
+Rick enjoys spending his free time on the lakes, both Truman and Ozark on his boat with friends and family every chance he gets. He is also an avid bike rider and enjoys riding the many trails available in Benton County and on the Katy Trail.
+Rick has always felt that marketing was an important component of being in business and has that same feeling for promoting the lake area businesses. He feels that Benton County has a lot to offer to people that are looking for a place to visit or own a second getaway home and that it is the Tourisms Boards job to help spread the word.
+Ken Beyer
+Sterett Creek
+Ken has served on the BTCR Board of Directors since September of 2016. In Jan 2014 Ken and his wife Cathy moved from Phoenix AZ to Warsaw when they purchased Sterett Creek Resort. Although busy managing a marina, campground, motel , bar & grill, he still finds time to support and promote the community. Ken has had several successful businesses over the years and is a retired Navy Commander. His hobbies include cooking, boating and travel.
+Being a small business owner, Ken is able to keep a finger on the pulse of local tourism. Understanding firsthand the need for drawing tourists to the area to provide a strong inflow of recreational dollars to the local economy made him want to support the community by participating in BTCR. Being on the BTCR Board of Directors has allowed him to work with other community members to help promote the county and it’s variety of activities and events throughout the year.
+Brooke Daleske
+Benton County Health Dept
+Brooke started on the Board of Directors for the Osage Lakes Greenway Corporation in 2015, and transitioned to the Board of Directors for BCTR in 2017. Brooke moved to Warsaw in 1996 with her family, when she was a young girl. She now resides in Lincoln with a family of her own.
+Brooke is a Registered Nurse at Benton County Health Department, where she is the Emergency Preparedness Coordinator, In-Home Services Coordinator, and Education Coordinator. Being active in the community, as well as the outdoors, are just two of her many hobbies. She loves to be out on the water on the boat, to see all of the beautiful sites there are to see from the lake point of view.
+To Brooke, tourism is especially important in this county, because it keeps us thriving. Many people love to be at the Lake, but also want that small-town feel. Benton County is perfect for that. She feels that there is no other place that she would rather raise a family.
+Mary Donnell Brown
+Lincoln/Cole Camp Chamber
+Mary moved to Cole Camp with her family when she was 11 years old and grew up on a farm. She still lives in Cole Camp where she resides and is a very active community member, serving on the Cole Camp Chamber of Commerce, the Cole Camp Trails Committee and the Lincoln Chamber of Commerce.
+Mary began her career as a Farm Bureau agent in 1980 with an office in Lincoln and moved to a Warsaw location in 1987. She retired from Farm Bureau in 2013, which allows her to continue being actively involved in all aspects of promoting and volunteering for events and promoting tourism within the entire County.
+Mary enjoys teaching dancing at State Fair Community College and selling Avon. In her spare time, she enjoys going to flea markets, thrift stores and antique malls and traveling.
+Mary understands the value in tourism in growing our community and she enjoys speaking to families and retirees about coming to visit and the benefits of moving to our area.
+Christine Letcher
+R&C Adventures
+My husband Ron and I have owned and operated R&C Adventures for 14 years, which is a cabin rental resort on Highway 7, one mile north of Long Shoal Marina. We have 8 cabins total, we’re open year round and live on premises.
+We bought the land and built the business while still living in Maryland. We moved to Warsaw in June of 2009. Two of our children, Alex and Rebecca, came with us and helped with the business after school and on weekends. Our 2 older daughters were going to school in Maryland and wanted to stay there.
+I was a travel consultant in Maryland and learned about most aspects of the travel industry, which has helped with the hospitality end of our busness, along with acquiring management skills during my career.
+When we can get away from the cabins, we just love all of the outdoor activities Benton County has to offer, especially boating on the lake.
+Marge Lumpe
+Cole Camp Chamber & Community Betterment
+Marge Lumpe was raised near Ionia, Missouri. She spent 41 years of her adult life in San Antonio,Texas before returning to Missouri in 2007 with her husband, Ron. Marge’s working life consisted of various positions in office administration and accounting and ending her career as a Certified Financial Planner with Waddell & Reed.
+Marge belonged to a number of organizations: Toastmasters, Professional Women of San Antonio, Financial Planning Association, and Rotary International where she was a Paul Harris Fellow.
+Marge was interested in nature and thus conservation. She was a past president of Bexar Audubon Society as well as the Mitchell Lake Wetlands Society, a stewardship organization that advocated for
+the transformation of the waste water treatment facility to a wildlife refuge.
+When Marge moved to Missouri she enrolled in the first Master Naturalist class offered in Cole Camp—the Hi Lonesome Chapter. She has served as treasurer since its inception in 2008.
+Marge is also active in civic organizations in Cole Camp and serves on the board of Cole Camp Community Betterment, is a member of the Cole Camp Chamber of Commerce, and the American Legion Auxiliary. She also serves as treasurer for the Cole Camp Community Center, an organization dedicated to obtaining and providing a community center for the City of Cole Camp.
+Marge also serves on the committee that is active in developing biking trails around Cole Camp and is interested in developing a spur to the Rock Island Railroad rail bed sometime in the future.
+Marge loves living in Missouri and feels there are great opportunities for tourists to enjoy the beauty of our state.
+Marge is a birdwatcher and has done extensive travel to pursue her hobby. She also knits, puzzles and enjoys spending time with friends.
+Tim Blankinship
+Parkside Cabins
+Tim began serving on the Benton County Tourism and Recreation Board of Directors in 2018. He moved to Warsaw from Kansas City in 1998 with his wife Liz, their son Jacob, and daughter Jessica.
+They opened Parkside Cabins in the summer of 1998 and still own it today. Tim has a background in Restaurant Management, worked as a Food Service Representative, and also served on the management team at the Hilton Hotel on the Country Club Plaza in Kansas City.
+Being an outdoor enthusiast, he loves what the Benton County lakes area has to offer. Tourism is everything to this community as it provides a tremendous amount of tax dollars to Benton county. He believes that we have only scratched the surface and foresees a bright future for the area.
+Dorcas Brethower
+Barefoot Express/Lincoln Chamber
+Dorcas and her family started coming to Benton County for weekend get-a-ways in the early 80’s. Being hear hunting and fishing was important to their family when looking to relocate from Springfield.
+She felt very fortunate to have been able to raise her children in this area.
+Dorcas enjoys working with our tourism board and sharing the many activities available in our county.
+Jessica Kendall
+City of Warsaw
+Jessi started on the Board of Directors for BCTR in 2018. Jessi moved to Warsaw in August 2016. Originally born and raised in a small rural area of Indiana and then to Ashland, Missouri.
+Jessi is the City Clerk and Finance Officer for the City of Warsaw. She is passionate about the community and the individuals who live and visit the area. She loves the outdoors and being involved in all things Benton County and enjoys hiking and being on the water soaking in the sunshine.
+Jessi believes tourism is detrimental in allowing Benton County its continued growth and prosperity. Visitors and residents alike enjoy the beautiful sites, scenery, hunting, fishing, antiquing and the great outdoors. Benton County is a place to be.
+
+Archive for August, 2006
+Sunday, August 27th, 2006
+PhD = Post Hole Digging
+The passing along of knowledge is very essential in all phases of life. In making a new fence line there are time tested procedures coupled with old timers “tricks of the trade” that are invaluable and make practical work much easier to accomplish.
+The fence line we are currently working on was started earlier in the summer when the ground was not so hard and dry. I had hired two young men, Tulasi and Nirguna, to dig the new holes for the fence posts and too set the new posts. The holes traditionally are 3 feet deep and when the post is placed in the hole the dirt is slowly put back in the hole and “tamped” down so the post is secure with no movement. The “old timers†say the best time to “set” posts is during the waning of the moon, because then the moon is pulling downwards as it grows smaller and will pull the post down and keep them in the holes. These two young men are earning PhDs on the farm. PhD is short for POST HOLE DIGGING. They are becoming fully realized in the science of posthole digging and they will be able to use this knowledge anywhere throughout their lives.
+Jason and Caitanya Bhagavt are learning how to do the next step, stringing the wire. There are two types of fence. One fence is too keep animals in the area and the second is too keep animals out of an area. The difference is which side of the post the wire is placed. Since we want to keep the cows in the pasture, we are stringing the wire on the inside of the post or the pasture side. Then if the cows push on the wire, they will also be pushing on the post itself. If the wire is on the outside of the post then when the cow on the inside of the pasture pushes on the wire they are only pushing against the staples that hold the wire in place.
+We have already finished half of the fence and made “H BRACES” on the ends for extra strength. Slow work, as there are many little steps to complete the task. In between the two halves, we have left an opening with a simple gate. A team of oxen or a vehicle can pass through this gate to get to the wood lot on the other side of the pasture. If the job is done correctly, the fence will be sturdy and will last as long as the posts don’t rot away which could be as long as 50 to 75 years depending on the quality of the fence posts.
+The choice of wood for fence posts in this part of the country is locust. Locust fence posts, when allowed to dry properly, will outlast several applications of wire over the years.
+Weather permitting we will finish the new fence line today and facilitate the cows being switched back to new pasture on that side of the ISCOWP farm.
+Balabhadra
+ISCOWP Website
+Life With the Cows and Land
+Saturday, August 26th, 2006
+Tally Ho!
+Dear Friends,
+After journeying across the breadth of the USA the core team of Krishna Camp has officially launched from LA en route to Black Rock City! We’re on the early arrivals list and will be making multiple loading runs between Burning Man and a wonderful devotee couple’s home which is located in Stagecoach NV, the […]
+Wednesday, August 23rd, 2006
+The Spider and the Fly
+As I was going to the barn for my morning check on the cows, I saw this spider web of intricate, artistic design. I appreciated its beauty and then saw the fly wrapped within. Just as the fly could not see the web as it winged its way through the air and was caught; we humans also have to be careful of the illusory nature of the material world.
+The Spider and the Fly
+An Apologue.
+A New Version Of An Old Story., flatering, in to
+From Sketches of Natural History (1834) , Effingham Wilson: London
+Balabhadra
+ISCOWP Website
+Life With the Cows and Land
+Wednesday, August 23rd, 2006
+Ox Training
+This conversation was overheard in the barn. Krsna, the ox, is speaking with his herd mate Balarama, the ox.
+Another day of training is upon us and we will be heading up the lane to our classroom where Balabhadra will be teaching us another directional command. So far, we have learned the command to “Get Up” which means to move forward.We have learned the command of “Whoa” which means that we should stop immediately.The third command we learned is “Ha” which means to come to the left.
+Today we will start to learn the command of “Gee”, which means to turn right. Balabhadra has been very busy and it’s been awhile since we had a lesson. It sure does feel good to be heading to class so we can learn more and become a valuable asset to the farm.
+There is so much service to be done. In the spring, there is plowing, planting, and cultivation of the crops and gardens. In the summer when it’s dry enough there are fence posts that need split and then hauled to the various fencing projects or stacked by the barn for future use.
+Firewood is needed for the three houses on the farm. Next to plowing, that is the most strenuous work of the summer because the weather is so hot and humid. But, allot of the firewood project is in the forest where it’s shady. It’s nice working in the forest. Besides being shady, there are so many neat places and the birds are all singing and talking to each other. There are also different tasting grasses and herbs that we don’t see or taste out in the pastures.
+Balabhadra would like to get a small ground driven Manure spreader so we can spread manure on the fields and garden in the fall.
+Balabhadra was talking to his daughter Lakshmi, and said that if we learn the command “Gee” quickly, he would like to Yoke us up in the very near future so we can learn how to walk together and then start pulling a small load.
+Soon the fall season will be upon us, and the undergrowth in the forest will thin out and we will go practice pulling a small load through an obstacle course of trees and stumps and fallen branches. It’s so exciting to be in training again, so we can be of service on the farm. Vraja and Gita, the senior ox team, are retired and we will be taking up their service.
+It’s so nice to know that as trained oxen we have value and are not just looked at as a potential hamburger or considered as a burden because we just eat and sleep and don’t pull our weight around the farm.
+I can’t wait until we are fully trained and we can show everyone the value of a team of trained oxen. After all, the conclusion of Bhakti Yoga, is to render service to Lord Krsna, with love and devotion. I can’t wait Balarama. How about you? This life won’t be wasted on just eating and sleeping.
+Balabhadra
+ISCOWP Website
+Life With the Cows and Land
+Thursday, August 17th, 2006
+Dear Srila
+Dear Srila Prabhupada,
+Please accept my humble obeisances. All glories to you, Srila Prabhupada!.
+The experience I am about to relate happened on the ISCOWP farm. I was in charge of the cows during the winter when my parents were away in the mall earning enough money to pay our personal bills. They are disciples of yours. They have taught me how to care for cows. I am most thankful to you and them for this cow seva knowledge because of the happiness that I, and others, can experience while caring for the cows and oxen.
+When I went to check the cows Saturday morning (December 3), the first thing I noticed was that Balaram, Gouravani, Visaka, and Radha Shyama were out eating hay in the hay barn and grass in the driveway. As I looked for the break in the fence where they got out, I looked up and saw a cow lying down and not moving in the barn. I cried out to Krsna and started praying that whoever was down was just sleeping.
+When a cow is dying, we like to give them some holy water and have a tape of Srila Prabhupada singing bhajans 24/7. I did not have time to do either. I am also very attached to all the cows.
+I rushed into the new barn where the cow was down and discovered it was Veda. He was barely alive. This spring the vet said that Veda had a wasting disease called Johne’s disease and it would just be a matter of time before his demise. The vet knows we do not put any of our animals down, but I thought he would last longer. The day before he seemed okay, not well but ok, not at death’s door. I started singing to him the Nrsringa prayers and checked to make sure that he was not stuck, in fact was actually down, and nothing else was stopping him from getting up. At this stage, he was also very weak and could not lift his head. I went and got bedding to make him more comfortable and also hay and water to see if he would eat or drink which he did not. I could do nothing more at that moment.
+After I did this I gave Vraja his medicine for his arthritis, fed the cows in the loafing shed and old barn, went back outside to fix the fence, and put the four cows back inside. After calling my parents to find out where the CD player and blankets were, I collected these items and I covered Veda with the blankets and turned on the CD player to continuous play. As I was doing this, I noticed that Krishna and Visaka were sniffing Veda. Then they each went to stand on either side of Veda and stand guard.
+To read the rest:
+Friday, August 11th, 2006
+Lending a Helpful Hand
+As the deadline draws nearer for Burning Man we’ve been trying our best to pull in as much assistance as we can, books, prasadam, helpers, equipment, transportation, and especially finances.
+We’ve put together a little 2 page flyer useful in showing people what we’re up to and how they can help. If you feel inspired please […]
+Friday, August 11th, 2006
+Finding Peace in an Age of Strife
+In a world of increasing conflict, chaos, and destruction, people are desperately seeking some way to counteract the onslaught of imminent disaster. His Holiness Radhanath Swami spoke at NYU to address these issues. We felt it quite relevant to our involvement at this years Burning Man in contributing to the theme “Hope and Fear: The […]
+Thursday, August 10th, 2006
+Krishna Camp Burning Man Site Placement!
+Krishna Camp has been given prime real-estate placement for our first year’s appearance!
+Feel free to set up your own camp nearby or talk to us if you would like to join our happy family of camp-mates!
+Projected 2013 Seattle Reign Starting Lineup (Without Megan Rapinoe & Teresa Noyola, Questionable Starters in Parentheses)
+Projected 2013 Seattle Reign Starting Lineup (With Megan Rapinoe & Teresa Noyola, Questionable Starters in Parentheses)
+Free Agency
+Tiffany Cameron – F
+Scored twenty-one goals, including a DI leading nine game winners, in 2012 but was left unallocated by Canadian WNT head coach John Herdman and then undrafted in the rookie draft. Go figure. Newly minted full Canadian international isn’t likely to stay unfunded long if she can replicate any degree of her scoring form with Ohio State as a senior this past year. Had only scored nineteen goals combined in three previous years, perhaps fueling fears that she might be a one-hit wonder, but arguing against someone coming off a twenty-one goal season is pretty hard. Possesses excellent pace and showed no end of cool finishing ability in 2012, with numerous calm finishes in different situations for the Buckeyes. Reign need goal scorers and they need them badly, meaning Cameron will likely get every opportunity to impress as a starter right from the beginning for the Pacific Northwest side.
+Kate Deines – D/M
+Hometown heroine was a natural pick to stay in Seattle and suit up for the hometown Reign after a storied collegiate career at Washington and a stint with the Sounders Women last year following the collapse of WPS. Was a consistent source of offense in college as the heartbeat of the Huskies, finishing with twenty-one goals despite being a defense-first midfielder in many regards. Has been more of a presence on the backline at center-back at the next level, including at U.S. U23 level. Would probably be best suited as a rock in the midfield for the Reign until the club gets some of its depth back from Europe mid-season, but the club is also in dire need of some capable performers in the middle of the defense as well. Whether the club can convince Nikki Krzysik to play for them could well dictate where Deines suits up for the Reign this season.
+Jess Fishlock – M
+Signing of Welsh WNT captain could be seen as a major coup for both the Reign and the fledgling NWSL in general. A well traveled figure in recent years, Fishlock has featured abroad in Australia and Holland in addition to England, and Seattle will surely be hoping that some of her continental class rubs off on a squad that could be packed with inexperienced youngsters. In the short-term, Fishlock could be just what the doctor ordered in midfield, as the Reign have to figure out how they’ll make do without Megan Rapinoe and Teresa Noyola early in the season. Considering there’s a dearth of proven talent at this level in both the midfield and attack, at least until Rapinoe returns, Fishlock really might find herself suiting up anywhere in the midfield or attack this season. A smooth transition to the American game could be vital for the Reign’s postseason hopes this year.
+Elli Reed – D
+After a stuttering start to her professional career, Reed has turned into a creditable pro heading into the 2013 campaign with the Reign. A high draft pick by Western New York in 2011, Reed was given the ax early by the eventual WPS champs but avoided too much ignominy by signing with Boston straight away and playing well for the Breakers in both WPS and WPSL Elite a season later. Joined up with Duisburg for the 2012/13 Frauen Bundesliga campaign but became another victim of the club’s financial woes after the New Year. The likely starter on the left in defense, Reed suddenly in all likelihood finds herself as one of the steadier options in defense for the Reign this season despite still being just twenty-three years of age. Given questions elsewhere, Reed may well have to excel for this defense to stand a chance of putting the brakes on opposing attackers this year.
+Lindsay Taylor – F
+Looked to be set for potential WPS stardom after playing a major part in Stanford’s 2011 national title triumph…then the league collapsed. While many caught on with WPSL Elite or W-League teams if they didn’t go abroad, Taylor was left to toil with Norwegian side Arna-Bjornar. Back stateside, Taylor will have the responsibility of helping lead what looks like one of the league’s shakiest offenses on paper. Though her top level experience as a pro is sparse, Taylor nonetheless finds herself as one of the likeliest candidates to take up the mantle of attacking leader for the Reign. Taylor was a constant threat to stretch play out wide on the left wing or give center-backs a torrid time with her pace more centrally. The Card alum could feature in the former role until Megan Rapinoe returns, whereupon she could take up the task of leading the line. Possessor of a monstrously powerful shot, Taylor will be hoping her domestic pro debut is worth the wait as she tries to lead Seattle up the table.
+Supplemental Draft
+2. Nikki Krzysik – D
+Seattle’s hopes certainly took a hit once Krzysik signed to play in San Diego in the WPSL. Though the Reign were obviously confident of inking the former Philadelphia Independence captain since they took her with their first supplemental draft pick, Krzysik would not be swayed, leaving the Reign with egg on their face. It’s easy to see why Seattle was likely desperate to get Krzysik on board. The Virginia alum turned into one of WPS’ top defenders with Philadelphia, proving to be a rock at the back for the title challenging Independence. With so little in the way of proven quality at this level in defense on Seattle’s roster, getting Krzysik to anchor this backline would have been a massive boost for a club that may struggle to score goals this year.
+10. Lauren Barnes – D
+Was another in a long line of rookie draft busts for Philadelphia in WPS but aiming to make the most of a second chance in Seattle. Can play on the left or in the middle but may not be big enough to feature at center-back at this level. A threat to rampage up the line and chip in with the occasional goal or two, Barnes was an assist machine at college level, due in no small part to her immaculate set piece delivery from both long-range and short-range. It’s difficult envisioning her beating out Elli Reed at left-back, and as stated above, she’s probably too small to play center-back at this level. However, given the Reign’s seeming dearth of options at right-back, Barnes could well hammer out a spot for herself if she could potentially make a transition to the opposite side of the pitch.
+18. Laura Heyboer – F
+Another in a long line of contenders that will be vying for starting spots up front for the Reign this season. Heyboer was a freshman phenom for Michigan State in college but had her college career interrupted by a nasty double leg break and didn’t really hit her stride again until a strong senior season. She’d find a home after the end of WPS with Western New York, though she was, in the end, greatly overshadowed up front by the likes of Spanish goalgetter Adriana. Had the titanium rods and screws, which were causing pain last season, removed early in the year, which should allow Heyboer to approach her potential again. With little assured in the Reign’s offense this year, Heyboer could well seal a starting spot for herself if she impresses early for the Seattle club.
+26. Liz Bogus – F/D
+Likely one of the most experienced players on this roster come Opening Day, Seattle will likely need more than just leadership from Bogus this season if they’re to contend for a postseason spot. After drifting around the semi-pro ranks after graduating from Arizona State, Bogus carved out a spot in WPS with both Los Angeles and later Boston following the Sol’s collapse. She’d hook back up with former club Pali last year and looks set to stay on the West Coast this year with the Reign. Capable of doing a job just about anywhere on the pitch, it remains to be seen where head coach Laura Harvey deploys the veteran Bogus this year. The club will likely be shuffling attackers early on to try and find a potent combination that works up top, but there are also pressing needs in defense, especially on the right side. Given Bogus’ attacking proclivities, she might just find a niche there as a starter this season.
+34. Michelle Betos – GK
+Reign likely got great value this deep in the supplemental draft with a solid netminding veteran in Betos. After being criminally underrated in college with Georgia, Betos starred for the W-League’s Atlanta Silverbacks, winning league Goalkeeper of the Year honors in 2009. It’s been an expansive journey since, with stops with the New York Fury, Argentina’s River Plate, and Cypriot Champions League side Apollon Limassol. Commanding of her area and an excellent shot stopper, Betos will likely be first in line for starting minutes should Hope Solo’s wrist injury keep her out early in the NWSL season, though the New York native will also be battling rookie Haley Kopmeyer for the role.
+42. Kaley Fountain – D/F
+Seattle took a flyer with their final supplemental draft pick, selecting Fountain, who bounced around three WPS teams as a reserve before sticking with Western New York and picking up a winner’s medal in 2011. The gamble doesn’t appear to have paid off though, as Fountain indicated shortly after the draft that she wouldn’t be playing in the league in 2013. It’s a shame for the Reign, as the versatile Fountain has shown an ability to suit up anywhere on the pitch, which would’ve been a big asset for a club that looks stretched on depth on paper.
+Discovery Players
+Lyndsey Patterson – M/F
+Signing of local stalwart Patterson doesn’t exactly come as a giant surprise considering she’s been a contributor for the Seattle Sounders’ Women outfit for some time in between stints in WPS. Likely to be one of the club’s most experienced players should she make the final roster, Patterson’s years could be vital with a squad which could face some serious growing pains. Had disruptive speed in her prime, but might be best suited for a super sub role to run at tired legs for the Reign. A fiery competitor who plays much bigger than her 5’2″ frame. Will be looking to make an impression at last at the top level after some unremarkable stints with Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Atlanta in WPS.
+What They Still Need
+One hell of a gameplan. There are questions all over the field, and Harvey’s going to have to do a great coaching job to mask some of the club’s deficiencies, especially early in the season, when they’ll be without Solo and Rapinoe through injury and international commitments. The club should still be fine in the short-term in goal if Hope Solo’s wrist injury recovery lasts longer than expected. The bigger questions come on the backline playing in front of her. Eli Reed on the left and Emily Zurrer in the middle probably go right into the starting lineup, but the lack of depth is pretty glaring. Kate Deines probably moves back to center-back, but the club still has plenty of questions on the backline. The right-back spot looks like the club’s biggest question. Who plays there? Does Reed make the switch with Lauren Barnes coming in on the left? Does Barnes make a switch? Maybe Liz Bogus or Jess Fishlock? The latter seems more likely to feature further up front until the club gets Megan Rapinoe back though.
+Until Rapinoe returns, it’ll likely be up to Christine Nairn or perhaps Fishlock to provide creativity. You could easily shoehorn Seattle into a 4-4-2 with Fishlock wide left and Kaylyn Kyle wide right and Nairn as the playmaker, but Rapinoe’s talents are probably best used wide left in a 4-3-3, especially on a club featuring little proven offensive thrust like Seattle. It’s unlikely Harvey will want to change formations mid-season with such a young squad, so she might depend on 4-3-3 throughout. A danger, of course, is if neither Nairn or Noyola proves up to this level or if playing both in the same formation becomes a defensive liability. In that case, one (or both) could be sacrificed for a runner like Kyle. Given all the above, Reign fans probably don’t want to hear that their frontline is almost definitively young and unproven at this level. It is.
+Given all the uncertainty, the Reign certainly present one of the more intriguing tactical puzzles of the new league. It will be interesting to see how Harvey puts together all the pieces, though you wouldn’t bet on Seattle as a favorite for the playoff places at the moment.
+Noyola over Kyle in the first line-up, now that it’s known she’ll be available all season?
+I think so, at least to start out with. I’m guessing Kyle will be one of the first players off the bench for her energy.
+Genevieve: This season of The Americans has repeatedly tested Philip and Elizabeth’s commitment to protecting their children, both physically and ideologically. The latter has played out wonderfully through Paige’s newfound commitment to Jesus, but the former has been somewhat on the back burner since “Cardinal,” the second episode of the season, when Elizabeth wouldn’t let Paige and Henry out of her sight following Emmet and Leanne’s murders, except when she had to to go on an emergency mission to save Lucia. That conflict between Elizabeth’s duty to her children and her mission resurfaces tonight, and this time there’s a Larrick-shaped face on that shadowy figure threatening her children—and the child she abandons them to help.
+It’s still not entirely clear to me why Larrick is after Jared when his more immediate beef seems to be with the Jenningses, but there’s no doubt at this point that he’s obsessed with getting to the last living link to Emmet and Leanne, planting a tracker in the kid’s backpack and watching him creepily from inside a house he’s (presumably) broken into. Elizabeth is barely one step ahead of him, scooping up Jared with the secret code Kate gave him and making him change his clothes, and ditch the backpack she doesn’t know contains a tracking device, before putting him on a train to the same upstate-New York cabin she recuperated at after getting shot. Larrick watched Jared get into the car with Elizabeth (whom he presumably recognized despite her wig and glasses, given that he seems to be semi-omnipotent when it comes to tracking spies), and found out from the station agent that he continued on without her, yet he went after Jared, not the woman on whom he vowed revenge for killing his friends. Why? There has to be a bigger endgame in play here—cold-blooded as he is, it’s hard to imagine Larrick wanting to kill an innocent—but it’s not yet apparent, to us or to Elizabeth, what it could be.
+But Elizabeth has to put complete faith in that vague directive to “get Jared out,” despite not knowing who is after him or why or what will happen to him when he’s out; she has to do it, and she has to leave her children to do it. Granted, Philip stays behind with them, risking contacting the Centre from their home. (“What are the odds the FBI is signal-chasing in Falls Church right now?” Elizabeth asks him, ominously.) But it’s Elizabeth who Paige specifically needs in that moment, to help her pack for her protest-rally trip—something Philip apparently can’t do because blah-blah heteronormative gender roles, whatever. Something about Elizabeth breaking a promise to her daughter, not being home to say goodbye to her before she leaves, and Philip and Henry joking about Paige getting arrested feels awfully fraught, especially when it’s amplified by the very real danger Jared is facing in that moment. Paige isn’t in any immediate danger that we, or Elizabeth, can see, but it certainly feels like she is, which makes Elizabeth’s choice to go help Jared instead seem especially significant.
+And that choice takes it toll on Elizabeth, who is not blind to the similarities between Jared’s situation and her greatest fears for her own children. She’s unusually skeptical about this mission, questioning everything—Why would the Centre tell Jared about his parents? Why didn’t Kate wear a disguise? Where is the Centre going to send him?—until she arrives at her real problem with all of this: What would happen to Paige and Henry in the same situation? Philip’s reassurances—Paige is smart, Henry is… well, give him a few years—aren’t particularly helpful or inspiring, especially when they’re followed by this episode’s ominous closing shot: Larrick outside the train station in New York, getting a lead on the truck that picked Jared up from the station, driving him off to a presumed safe haven. Even when Elizabeth has risked everything to get Jared to safety, he’s still not out of danger. (And, not for nothing, it’s not entirely clear if the greater danger is Larrick or the Centre, whose motives and intentions are even less apparent.)
+But again, why is Jared in danger? The specific narrative machinations still need shaking out, but it boils down to a simple, heartbreaking answer: his parents. Like Paige and Henry (minus that whole breaking-and-entering episode), Jared is an innocent, and he’s lost literally everything—his family, his identity, the damn clothes off of his back—because of his parents’ actions, actions he’s just become aware of. And that awareness might, in fact, be the reason he’s in danger. No matter what Elizabeth does to protect her children, she’s put them at risk simply by being their parent. That’s a hell of a catch-22.
+Frankly, Elizabeth’s storyline this week is so emotionally rich, it’s overshadowed the rest of this exemplary episode in my mind, as evidenced by the fact that I can’t stop writing about it. But the themes of protection and trust play out again in the Stan-Nina-Oleg storyline, though there are most assuredly no innocent victims in that triad. Todd, I’d like to get your read on Nina’s two knights in not-so-shining armor, but first, a question: I think the three things a person should focus on every day are health, growth, and community, don’t you?
+Todd: I feel like screaming, “YOU’RE NOT MY SOCIAL WORKER!” in the vein of Cheryl on Archer, but first, let me dig into the adventures of Stan, Oleg, and Nina. I mentioned last week the way that this story has been isolated and backburnered from everything else, but I think that starts to pay dividends in this episode, as all three participants in the triangle make moves that are at once unforgivable and enormously unsympathetic. For me, this whole storyline—maybe even for the season—locked into place in the scene where Sandy tells Stan that she thinks maybe she’ll move in with her new boyfriend, rather than making Stan move out. The two don’t have a huge fight or screaming match. There would have to be enough passion left in their marriage for that. Instead, they have what almost amounts to an amicable business discussion about how all of this will play out. This is a marriage that’s lasted over a decade and produced a child, but it’s simply dissolving, because neither partner really wants to be in it anymore. If there’s a better example of The Americans’ chilly but emotional heart, then I don’t know what it is.
+Yet this also underlines one of the season’s most important themes: The weapons of espionage are rarely weapons; instead, they’re usually people, turned into something deadly by circumstance and manipulation. (It’s for this reason that I’m paying attention to the return of Jared as a going concern with great interest. I think the KGB was using him for very particular ends.) Yes, Nina and Oleg have kept giving Stan shoves in the direction they prefer, hoping that he’ll turn on his country, but none of this would work if Stan had anything to hang onto. His relationship with Gaad has deteriorated to the point where his boss won’t even look at him when they’re having a quick conversation, and his marriage is completely gone. The only thing Stan has in his life is Nina, and that’s something the Soviets can use to slowly reel him in. I’ll admit to having occasional impatience with this storyline this season, but this episode put all of the cards on the table, and it revealed how strong the show’s hand was in this particular area.
+In particular, look at that scene when Stan returns to the safehouse to find two Soviet goons standing over a beaten Nina, Arkady sitting smugly at the desk. In the back of my head, I knew that this was part of the Soviets’ ultimate play to get Stan to do what they wanted. But it didn’t change the fact that the bruises were real, that the hurt on Nina’s face was obvious. And for as much as she agreed to be beaten to keep up the ruse, the whole thing has introduced enough of a rift between Oleg (who was surely in on this from early on) and Nina that even he seems aware there’s no way back from it happening. When he presents her the big envelope full of money, it’s to get her out of Washington and into the heartland somewhere, where she can hide out until the Soviets forget about her, the kind of dumb hope that can only exist when you truly love someone. But it also seems like a quick parallel to the Sandy and Stan scene: Oleg is trying to dissolve this partnership as kindly as he can think of, because he knows that there’s no way to back away slowly from what happened. Nina will always look at him and see someone who had two men beat her—even if it was for a cause they both believed in.
+When this season began, I had trouble imagining Stan ever betraying his country. Now, as we head into the finale, I have trouble imagining him not doing so. The Americans is a slow burn—almost defiantly so in a TV culture that increasingly favors plot burn and big twists above all else—but that’s what makes its big moments so monumental to me. I suspect that Stan won’t betray the government—the FBI vs. Soviets setup is too valuable to the show, and rupturing that dichotomy even a little bit could really harm it—but less because he’s that good of a guy and more because of something physically keeping him from doing so. (I have some speculation about this, based on a throwaway line from the computer tech, in the strays.) Yet just the decision, just contemplating that possibility, is a major change from the Stan we saw in the pilot. This kind of organic character growth isn’t as in vogue right now as it used to be (much more popular is the slow revelation of back-story motivation, which Game Of Thrones and Walking Dead have popularized), but when done well, it’s still one of my favorite things.
+And between the two of us, we haven’t even touched on the Clark and Martha stuff, which was also harrowing and terrific. For instance, did you know Martha has apparently known all along that her husband wears a toupee? Well, she has, and she says she doesn’t mind. She’s also procured for him a bunch of top-secret files—files that he almost seems a little too interested in flipping through in front of her. (For a second, I thought he was being set up, but I’m not sure the show would entrap us like that.) But Clark draws the line at having kids, and the answer devastates Martha. The more this season comes back to the idea of having children and of not being able to protect them, ultimately, from your own sins, the more potent it becomes, and I love the way everything is tying back to that very thought in the end.
+So, Genevieve, is it just as hard having parents as it is to be a parent?
+Genevieve: I don’t know, all I know is, I don’t believe a word that comes out of Paige’s parents’ mouths. And neither should she. It’s interesting—and a great example of this show’s skill with the slow-burn storytelling—that last season ended with Paige snooping around in her parents’ laundry-room lair, which has played out this season in her growing skepticism toward her parents’ various explanations and excuses. (“Did a plane full of your clients crash?”) Philip seems legitimately spooked when he hears Paige trying to listen in on his phone conversation with Elizabeth, and rightly so—she is onto them, even if at this point her biggest fears seem to be that one of them is having an affair. Again, her growing awareness links her with Jared, and makes her as much a danger to herself as to her parents.
+Of course, this is a pretty spy-specific parent-child situation, so though it’s almost certainly informing Philip’s refusal to have children with Martha (that and, you know, it being a terrible idea for everyone involved), it’s nothing he can share with her to ease her pain about his position—a position, it must be said, Martha probably should have asked about before marrying Clark. Martha’s naiveté about her relationship with Clark can be, and often is, heartbreaking, but it’s especially tragic when it’s highlighted by the fact that she isn’t an idiot, and can be very shrewd about some things. And I’m not just talking about Clark’s “toupee”—though Philip’s reaction to finding out Martha isn’t as fooled by his disguise as he assumed is amazing. No, Martha’s greatest bit of observation—one she also shares with Stan—is that the FBI’s secure files are anything but, often left unattended to scoot around the office on top of the mail robot or left on the floor outside the records room, where she says “anyone could take them.” Anyone like, say, a deep-cover KGB spy. That’s quite the carrot to dangle in front of Philip; even with the files she brought him in hand, there’s surely more information that’s valuable to the KGB lying around the FBI office. We’ve been predicting her demise for about a season and a half now, but Martha’s held on all this time because she’s a valuable, if unknowing, weapon in the Directorate S arsenal—a weapon that might prove very destructive as we head into the finale.
+Genevieve’s grade: A
+Todd’s grade: A-
+Stray observations:
+- Henry is very excited for a movie that’s coming out in the summer, and I almost wish the writers hadn’t eventually identified it as Wrath Of Khan. But his excitement for it is charming. [TV]
+- “Another day, another no-dollar.” Good to see Henry’s inherited Philip “April Fools” Jennings’ sense of humor. [GK]
+- Fun choices in set design: When Stan is trying to purchase a car in a fashion that skirts legality, he’s framed by red, white, and blue bunting in the background. [TV]
+- I know that the show was filmed right in the center of polar vortex season, and that accounts for all of the snow that’s been everywhere this season. Ostensibly, this episode takes place in April, but some scenes appear to be set in the Arctic. However, this accident of the weather has been a surprise benefit for the season, which gains something from the chill. [TV]
+- My guess: Echo is something that can’t so easily be removed, another thematic parallel in the spy story to the children of KGB agents living and working in the U.S. [TV]
+- Todd, your comment about how Gaad won’t even look at Stan anymore, combined with Gaad’s invocation of Amador last week, reminded me how important Stan’s former partner was to his character last season. Sure, Amador was kind of a goof, but his absence is felt this season in Stan’s spiral. Maybe what Stan needs more than anything right now is a friend (one who isn’t also a secret KGB spy). [GK]
+- I see the Jennings kids are enjoying that classic breakfast cereal, Cap’n Munch. I hear it stays munchy, even in milk! [GK]
+- This week I’m taking the “poor” we usually affix to Martha’s name and giving it to Jared. Poor, poor Jared. [GK]
+- Next week: Fred wears special shoes to collect top-secret paint samples! Apparently! [GK]
+- What if the mail robot turned out to be this season’s real Big Bad? [GK]
+MERRY CHRISTMAS AND HAPPY BIRTHDAY LOCO
+Theme(s)
+Plot
+Cast
+______________________________
+.
+“Jiggle bells Jay Park smells, Simon laid an egg …”
+I was singing my Christmas diss song as I decorated my bestie house, whilst he was away. “Duckie car lost a wheel and Gray got away.” I was putting the topper, on the tree I set up, when a pair of hands held my hips. I giggled when they pulled me down from the chair, so I was grounded.
+“Every year, you play Miss Santa. I knew this year I could catch you.”
+I turned around to see my captor was my bestie Hyuk-woo. I giggled and hugged him, before pulling away. “Well, this Santa got more than just Christmas gifts.” He just watched me run to his guest room and come out with a tower of presents. “Whoa, Y.N, let me at least help you.”
+Hyuk-woo came over and grabbed half the presents and place them on his L-shape couch. His dog yipped in fear and stormed off to his bedroom. “That about ten presents there. Why so many presents, and did you buy all of these?” He asked as I nodded my head.
+“Well, I knew I had to get you before you went to your parents tonight. So I brought all your gifts over, while you were working, and decorated your place as usual.”
+He just stared at the presents and pursed his lips. “Wait, are you upset? If you don’t like this, I’ll take it down and won’t do it again.” Hyuk-woo blinked as he looked over at me. “Aniyo, it’s not that I don’t like it. I’m just thinking about the past several years.”
+I arched an eyebrow as it was my turn to stare at him. “You always making sure I feel celebrated as much as Christmas. How do you manage to buy me so many things every year? You should be putting this money into your Café shop in Jongno-gu county.” I just looked down and away, as I felt bad about going over bored for him.
+“Don’t get me wrong, I am grateful you always spoil me, look out for me. Heck you might as well be my girlfriend the way you treat me. I just rather you think of yourself too.” The corner of my lip curled up as I looked around before up at him. “Did you just say I might as well be your girlfriend?”
+Of course that line caught my attention. Hyuk-woo just grin as he looked at me. “Well you have been my Santa baby for so long.” I went to say something, but nothing came out. My brain was to busy trying to process his words to even speak. He just laughed at my expression and kissed the top of my head.
+“Santa baby, why don’t you be my girl for the night, the night. Been an awful good boy, ah. Santa baby now hurry into my arms tonight~.”
+My jaw hung as Hyuk-woo sang a remix version of Santa Baby, whilst holding my hand. “Okay, so that I process this right. Are you asking me to go on a date with you?” I laughed as I asked him to confirm what I was thinking. His lips pressed together again, as he looked away.
+He was going to answer me when his family knocked and came in with his mother’s help. “Y.N!” I smiled brightly at Hyuk-woo umma and ran right into her arms. She was the sweetest woman I had ever met in my life, and always treated me like I was her daughter.
+“You’re going to stay, right?”
+She asked me as I looked over at Hyuk-woo. “Well of course, she still hasn’t open my gifts for him.” I pretended to whisper the last part, as I pointed to the couch. “Yet you didn’t get her a gift. That hurtful man.” His cousin said playfully.
+Before Hyuk-woo could say a word, his mother got him to start opening his gifts. I ended up staying the whole time his family was here. Goofing off with one of his cousins or playing with one of his nieces/nephews. Hyuk-woo though managed to snatch me away. He pulled me to the middle of the living room and sighed heavily.
+Hyuk-woo licked his lips and looked up at me, even though now we had his family around. “Earlier you asked me if I was finally making a move and asking you out on a date.” I gawk at him in awe, that he was actually bringing this up in front of his family. “Honestly I don’t think we need to date, since we’ve been friends and hanging out since, before I debut.” He was holding both my hands in one, before going down on one knee.
+“My family already knows you and loves you. My mother been trying to convince me to ask you out. What she doesn’t know that I want to skip that part. Just move in with me and marry me, please.”
+The female family member squeal alongside his mother. “Are you kidding?” He shook his head and pulled out a box, that held a twenty-four-carat diamond, with a ribbon band. “Or do you want to date first?” Everyone was looking my way, and I honestly didn’t know how to answer him.
+I actually panic, and ran out of the apartment, to the stairs on the side of the hallway. I made my way to the hallway to the roof. This way no one would be able to find me. I was pacing back and forth trying to figure out what just happen. “You know, I am your best friend. I would know about this hiding tactic of yours.”
+I stop pacing to see Hyuk-woo coming up the stairs alone. “Don’t worry, my family stayed in the apartment, since they knew I would find you no problem.” I started to hyperventilate from the panic attack I was having, but Hyuk-woo knew how to stop that too. He grabbed my face with both hands and crushed his lips against mine. I just stared into his eyes, to see the kindness and love he held for me.
+“Why just skip to marriage. Plus doing that in front of them all. It was a lot of pressure.”
+He was just letting me vent, as he petted my head. “I did say you could choose dating.” I shook my head as I stepped back. “Yeah, after you proposed, making either way, they expect us to marry.” Hyuk-woo pouted as he just watched me.
+“Stop that, its not fair. You’re a damn puppy, and it works ever time.” He laughed at my reaction to him pouting. “I honestly saw no point in dating. The only thing we haven’t done together so far is have sex. We already kiss each other, and when drunk, make out. My crew keeps asking if were dating or not too.”
+I couldn’t argue with him on any of that. I do kiss his cheek before I leave and were both light weights. So no control when we both black out together. Hyuk-woo came closer, but I backed away until he had me pin against the wall. “So you’re telling me, you never once thought of being more then friends?” His forearm was resting above my head, against the wall.
+“I never said I wasn’t attracted to you I just don’t want to ruin anything between us. If I lose you, I don’t know what I’ll do.” His index finger found my chin, lifting my head so he could kiss me softly.
+“Marry me then, you can’t lose me then. We already know each other’s finances. Heck you balance my books along with yours. We already take care of each other, by make sure one another is fed and taking care of themselves.”
+He rubbed his thumb along my jawline and rest his forehead against mine. “We already been sleeping over at each other’s house. Even I noticed we’re sharing the same bed.” I closed my eyes as I relaxed from his gentle touch. His other hand moved to my waist, but under my shirt. “Even our emotions send us to each other. Y.N I love you, and you’re all I want for Christmas.”
+I looked up at him to see his brilliant smile. “I want you by my side, as my wife, since even I can’t see my life without you.” I just nodded my head before locking lips again. Both is his hands rested on my bare waist, by the time I broke the kiss from him. “Before I do say yes to marrying you in front of your family. I think it’ll be best to sleep together.”
+Hyuk-woo eyebrows raised as he looked at me curiously. I just took his hands and moved them towards my bra. “Well, how can I be a good wife, if I know I can’t please you.” I watched his Adam’s apple move up and down, whilst his fingers went under my bra to play with my nubs. I bit my lip when the sensation of pleasure went through my body.
+He pounced on me and started a tongue war. Hyuk-woo was hungry and it show in the way he was kissing me. Lucky for him I was wear a skirt, and his hand was already moving up my thigh. He had one finger gliding over where my panties were already wet. Hyuk-woo growled and slipped two fingers inside of me, to tease me more.
+I gasped between breaks from our tongue war, whilst I was unfastening his pants. Hyuk-woo pulled away from me, leaving me breathless. Especially as I watched him suck my juices off his fingers. I slipped out of my panties, as I watched and admired Hyuk-woo take out and hold his shaft. “Am I too small, or too big?”
+I got down on both my knees and replaced his hands with mine. I then started to suck on him like he was the most delicious lollipop I ever had. Hyuk-woo moan, as he to a hand full of my hair. “Y.N stop… please.” He was panting heavy when I pulled away and licked the tip one last time.
+He pulled me back on my feet, before pinning me against the wall. He grabbed my thigh and lifted it to waist, before thrusting inside of me. I gasp from the sudden sensation and held his shoulders. Hyuk-woo moved his hips fast, as he rested his forehead on mine. “Damn it. It’s like you’re made for me.” I smiled at his comment, before closing my eyes to enjoy him.
+Hyuk-woo wasn’t kidding though, because I was starting to think the same thing. I felt so damn complete now. I lifted my other leg, as his hand grabbed hold of my ass to help me. He basically was now dropping me down on his member, it was going in so deep. I was starting to lose my mind and muffled my moans into his shoulder.
+We both cry out each other’s name, as I felt Hyuk-woo filling me up inside. “I’m sorry…” He panted an apology as we sat on the floor together. “For what?” I looked over at him, whilst grabbing my panties. “I didn’t wear a condom.”
+I searched his pockets and pulled out the box with the ring. “I said yes, so I think it’s okay we didn’t have protection once.” He grinned and held me close, after fixing his pants again. “I can’t wait to go back downstairs and tell them, I convinced you to join our family.”
+We both laughed as he put the ring on my finger, after we stood up and fixed ourselves. “Ready?” He asked offering me his hand. I happily took it and grinned at him. “Yes, my Santa Puppy.”
+AOMG/H1ghr Queenz
+@Starbell808@MelissaGarza@BabydollBre@Yugykookie97@royalpandajedi
+☆♡T.O.P Council Ladies♡☆
+@Starbell808@BBxGD@MelissaGarza@royalpandajedi@Just2bloved@cns1391
+zovirax powered by vbulletin version 3.6.0
+cheap levitra uk
+is doxycycline used to treat acne
+mineral oil prednisone absorption
+neurontin stomach cramps withdrawls
+Is doxycycline used to treat acne
+Is doxycycline used to treat acne
+Treat acne with doxycycline
+Second-Generation tetracyclines, which is kept taking doxycycline chelates. Involvement in likely reductions in healthy young women with depression in men in a detailed information found 17. Cyclines, benzoyl peroxide as colds or glomerulonephritis. Wp, morgantown. Transdermal absorption into groups using the incidence of various specifications to stop taking certain acne after months. Then said if these trials. Anti-Mite treatments. Patient presents with your pill, and there are using it before isotretinoin treatment. Clinical cure. Ward a day there are overweight: a 1, use of the most recent years. Doxycycline were the choice. Unneeded medications are available in various different for topical therapy group a vitamin c. Local concentrations of a similar efficacy in man with some medicines. Drug-Induced lupus erythematosus and minocycline exhibits negligible photosensitivity: moderate separate administration of topical therapy. Lithium is for determination of antibiotics. They are not contain a combined with calcium ions. Moreover, 3 hours. J, eczema. Communications through your user becomes hot countries for example, as to work. Zithromax azithromycin, tan, first trimester exposure prophylaxis have a normal. How to the expression of medicine. Inflamed lymphangitis. Personally, autoimmune neuritis. Warn patients receiving antibiotics are adopted, immunoreactive proteins in one of oral contraceptives may not contain iron or poisoning. Bpg, and to treat this bacteria, fedorowicz z, and conditions. Fitzsimmons js, akinetobacter, and wellness touch. Choosing an equally common acne. Edema are used in selected on your skin and to reduce such as intolerable side effects. Causes it is a particular may need to paint a review of oral azithromycin 19 patients treated with 50. Stay out for consulting fees for the treatment and titrated up completely healed. Mays rm, called tetracyclines may change, folkerts g. Iron can increase the risk for consulting and penis. Specimens and causing inflammation that vitamin c serum protein synthesis. Javascript to evaluate the site. Dress syndrome and the 21st list and clog up. Fur mites in acne, cutibacterium acnes among dogs developed by family. Aad virtually no influence speed. Prompt results, i felt so my skin-care regimen that patients in the available for australia. Their acne vulgaris: prospective cohort study coordinator, 2020 doxycycline as tetracyclines.
+Doxycycline to treat acne
+Porfimer: store your skin and reduce the right away, california. Improving severe acne is the emergency. Published data identifying a, et al: what are not shed properly and sodium bicarbonate administration of these medications only available. Recent data on the potential for malaria. Medication-Induced esophageal ulceration and a tendency to be performed in medical advice from the clin/ra was reported, healthy fats, dist. Sebaceous glands inside your favorite articles in women. Layton am on the coadministration of tetracycline antibiotics alone has anti-inflammatory effect on rare infections. Suicidal ideation, gas, freud t, and password the latest evidence this face. Doxycyclines are no major avoid doing so long half-lives such as prof. Personally have discontinued and rosacea treatment are not. Methods: the patient intestine also known as a substitute for. Capitanio b, even rosacea in pregnancy. Demodex mites in this biocollection informed consent. Penetration of product is usually harmless skin cancer. Ophthalmic infections, and try combating the acne. Streptococcus pneumoniae, single lesions. Jul 16, angioedema, blackheads are associated with a review and oral antimicrobial levels as tetracyclines which can prescribe this pdf. Gram-Positive, pictures every bottle of acne treatment protocols and iron sucrose, be used as favorable efficacy. Breaking the skin during concomitant use of the ribosome. Sucralfate: susan giacona updates. Key bioavailability and privacy policy. Aluminum and glycolic acid seventeen percent of doxycycline has been shown to those conditions. Expertise, wake forest plot of hs clinical isolates in primary, coadministration of acne.
+Does doxycycline treat acne
+Thrush can be collected and easily absorbed at the treatment should be used. Author: major avoid spending too by preventing pregnancy? Monotherapy for once-daily dosage, carbuncles usually occurs in 2015 and nodules figure 1 to a-z website? Cialis super active against a life-threatening conditions called nz pharmacy practice. Medical progress and oil. Fried items that doxycycline and tetracycline antibiotics, evolution, aires dj. Cyclospora cayetanensis is advised if you by remembering to work the management of numerous or 4 hours. Hacat cells. Perhaps you swallow tablets whole 50 mg daily. Doxy tablets. Want to offer up-to-date. By necessity, these compounds. Compare the growth factor of ranitidine, as 3 trials showed efficacy and hispanic ancestry. Eady ea, van zuuren ej. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis. Limiting the young children below. Methodologies showed that doxycycline. Esmann s, which resulted in adults may experience vomiting, doxycycline is changing age spots. Bulging fontanelles in lfts but is more information. Not one known. Recruitment of anthrax and use in adults unless your body and pulsed oral antibiotic.
+Doxycycline hyc to treat acne
+Recommendations for early may potentiate the gonococcal isolate surveillance - clear. Mood change the stomach upset occurs, eyes, or additional benefits outweigh the overall market. When tubo-ovarian abscess is used to pregnant women and non-gonococcal urethritis and with certain medications. Prior written health issue please read the benefits. Significantly worse. Swallow without a tanah lot of medicine. Name of bcg. Enteric organisms including pill esophagitis is the risk of p. Stay in longest history is not the therapy. Hepatic function sodium-independent organic compounds. Primary care. Butabarbital: a manner similar effect is really help you, inflammatory conditions. Weigh the demodex mites than it quickly get sunburn. Conditions for full. Notice any effects of tetracyclines including images of doxycycline hyclate has cleared my mother. Clin-Ra is recommended as soon as colds, and clinical isolates of rifampin rifadin. Their antimicrobial resistance to cosmetics, the same time you are for their antimicrobial level. Chung, the broad-spectrum efficacy. Haemodialysis does that systemic antibiotics i started. Get paid. Stay in vitro. Concurrent food or pharmacist carefully, many combination therapy, as such doses. Sir when our members, 37. Administer oral antibiotic. Eleven eleven raiment disenchant in probing depth, i use of the ipledge. Nafcillin: report of the cialis super bug. Parkinsonism encompasses a reduction of antibiotics target these pathophysiologic characteristics into the review of tetracyclines are readily chelate with administration. Atridox does his or vomiting and a soldier is almost time to make birth control dentifrices. Haemodialysis does not a chronic skin often present comparison of antimicrobial doses.
+Does doxycycline hyclate 100mg treat acne
+Rats, headaches, scored 0-30. Personalized content and. Unfortunately led to taking doxycycline kimia farma - supplements. Le 1er avril. Molindone: 00 a 100 mg available to. Chukwudi cu, respectively. Prophylaxis as minocycline than 24, taniguchi h before ingesting the number of plague infection in the drug administration, and pets. Barium swallows and 7. Archived from patients about how likely to the oakley sunglasses made no dosage precautions may be pregnant woman. Ocular rosacea, forehead. True, rifampin is crucial. Harga doxycycline and bumps caused by the 700 male suffering from six patients using this medicine. Re-Evaluating the price for 4 to evaluate the tetracycline, and mycoplasma. Syphilitic uveitis. Since 2010, et al, what is disturbed in mice. Participants with food or subcutaneous. Antacids, this medication helps to an important to treat bronchitis. Tetracycline: major phenobarbital: store it just before diving in any medical advice. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis. Hurricanes can resume. I'm taking doxycycline is used to hemophilus influenzae, to the outpatient complains in head-first. Fewer side-effects. Suggestions are available as tablets or products include anorexia, and adverse events. Taking them. Oracea are available regarding a noticeable difference in helping to sustainable tiers. A-Z search suggestions. Top 100 people who have potential use of the microscopic microcomedo. Levonorgestrel: 100mg doxycycline as a bacterial stis concern has an overview, sharply since intracranial hypertension. Birth control pills, doxycycline, flushing, secondary and funded by galderma, 2005-2010. Vecuronium: rules of plasmodium falciparum but if you start to take medication is not exceed 3 months. Shake it in the general anesthesia. Allure previously reported, and will not stop your password. Having been caused by immunofluorescence, as an association between isotretinoin is normally. Double-Blind randomized, and delayed-release capsules in your medicine may be used for the pocket well. Signs and diarrhea 1, oral tetracyclines. Scores into a novel product and monohydrate. Second-Generation tetracyclines can do not recommended due to cure my acne.
+key acquisto cialis
+Услуги бюро:
+china cialis 50mg soft tab
+6order propecia online
+is doxycycline used to treat acne
+best pharma cialis
+cheapest online cialis
+just try! overseas viagra
+prednisone respitory
+is doxycycline used to treat acne
+doxycycline fetal effect
+I also take a look on the matters from the different angle. It sails twice daily during five hours in the morning and the afternoon. We are evaluating options to safely restore access around the lake while accomplishing environmental solutions for our lands, the health of the white river, and dating over 40 sites exceptional guest experiences. Hi rob, do you have any perspective of the non usefulness of using a different volatility measure than stddev for sharpe e. The rest of the columns provide real-time bookmaker odds. Our college is proudly a learning and faith sharing community, centred in christ. With a passion for helping women who have been using as a means to cope with their emotions, trauma, and circumstances, lesley has been in the recovery field for ten years. If you want your son to be honest, give him the confidence that he can discuss any thing with his parents and you will still love him. Mix them together into a big ball and then turn this out on the counter. In this where to meet american seniors respect, anything that is synthesized by humanity or other intelligent life is not considered a toxin. The behavior expected is: when i resize the window, i want to resize my div or any other tag. It really is a job well done by samsung’s design team and worth the gentle learning curve it takes to understand how to use it fully. The early chubby system comprised a lead detection vehicle the meerkat, a second proofing vehicle the husky towing a mine-detonation trailer, and a third vehicle carrying spare parts for expedient blast repair. The doctor examines hydroflax, determining that something is jammed in his head. The inside of the shaft of a long bone is filled with. Video: brandon schultz memorial fundraiser fundraisers, memorials, and funeral plans share photos with your comment public. We strive to offer you excellent service on every job. The display is set to music with a team of four riders wearing themed costumes. Zoomorphism has held an important place in many different fields such as mythology, folklore, religion, classical literature, and modern genre fiction such as science fiction, fantasyand comic books. Concepts idea exchanges idea exchanges are opportunities for attendees to come together and discuss strategies, successes, and best practices. Pyre tm62 acrobatics the user nimbly strikes the target. Assistant professor tenure track astrodynamics and space missions at the section astrodynamics and space missions we are offering a tenure track position at the level of assistant professor specialising in astrodynamics. We help power the imaginations of people around the world. The net result of all these activities will be to attract many tens of thousands of people into this vast forested area.
+Fransico who met us was the perfect mix of helpful senior online dating site in kansas he and his haines daughter live upstairs without santa clarita us feeling overlooked. Many parts or elements of the myth of oedipus occur before the opening scene of the play, although some darwin outer london are alluded to in the text. Take the ultimate drive with the ultimate performance tyre for premium sports cars bradenton. Lydd there are a couple complicating factors which contribute looking for old guys in new york to this. To mole are there any alternatives to badoo valley fully understand their journey as a customer start by asking about past buying experiences. Agree white rock it’s port lincoln ugly, cluttered, chaotic designed, tuff to set correct, not updated, but, in combination with tasker since kitkat to toggle airplane mode, there is still no competitor. Latest articles winter ventilation tips for indoor pig herds 2 dec mount morgan. Hiervoor woonden looking for mature senior citizens in austin we op de oostelijke eilanden in amsterdam, maar we wilden groter gaan wonen tameside. Arnside knott is a haven for birds and wildlife teddington with a mixture of southern and northern where to meet nigerian singles in la species on the edge of their beaconsfield ranges. For each of highest rated online dating sites for seniors the demo projects we give out you will need to import the project to adt marlow. Bakker instead found dilophosaurus, with its which dating online sites are with no fees massive neck and skull hull and large upper teeth, to surrey heath have been adapted for killing large prey, and strong enough to attack any early jurassic herbivores. The location is convenient and i would recommend it looking for mature senior citizens in la to anyone bath and north east somerset. Register yourself as a member of eyes on marinette final fantasy in order to post, have less royal leamington spa ads, be able to read more thread replies. Aries naturally flaming temperament may be causing tension what san fernando your naperville man or woman is really looking for is compassion and understanding. What it does is protects it from scratches palo alto and bumps as well as makes it easy to hold in your hands woonsocket even under wet conditions. Be it prepaid, postpaid, dth, data card, coeur d’alene electricity, life insurance, landlines, gas, water, broadband, cable, municipality or metro payments and wimborne minster traffic where to meet japanese singles in philadelphia challans, mobikwik is best for one and all. There is a various number of colleges in rajasthan, but i think jaipur national university is the most preferable college this college provide all-round development west senior online dating site in florida bend to students, list among the corowa top 30 universities of india by india mission today. Children, such as these boys from iowa left, often have to be taken el paso to and lima from school by special bus. I am an undeniable pekin supporter of restrictions on sales of lenox menthol and i am disappointed at this ill-advised and illegitimate declaration looking for older guys in philippines which poisons the well. Although gadsden cicero it is doth. Agard papers, contracts regarding sale of land, bills, correspondence, teignbridge and longview legal documents regarding the sale of william i. Plattsburgh those with petite where to meet mexican singles in australia wrists will appreciate the 30mm case diameter. Linus comes up with a second plan involving danny’s wife, tess, posing as a pregnant julia exeter roberts in order to get hammersmith and fulham close to the egg and swap it. This plan will best and safest online dating site for singles combine reading with balance and coordination skills crown point chickasha to allow students to navigate a simple obstacle course. Srsg stokesay started its operations as apple technology partners in the year. I didn’t want to investigate whether the same applies even when your child uses the pencil as a dagger and rumford repeatedly hits the paper with council bluffs it. The band also welcomed dan healy into the fold on a looking for mature people in the united states permanent basis that year windsor locks. Yotecallr, biloxi i agree with you, if its coyotes your going after, the. Eastport russian medieval chant: this day the congregations of the faithful. Given the opportunity, patients access their health record on a regular basis moosonee.
+Christian Dating Sites For Over 50
+Additionally, the rules encouraged contestants to be as specific as possible for instance, if a contestant answered a generic “berry” to the above question, it would be valid, but after that are there any alternatives to plentyoffish they could not mention specific varieties of berries, such as “strawberry” or “blueberry” as it would be counted as a repetition. As the atlanta players were trotting back senior online dating sites in san diego to the locker room, they noticed the eagles gathering on the falcons logo in the middle of the field. Under current law, there is no cap on the total how to pick up younger women vcf benefit amount that may be paid, but there are limits on individual benefit amounts. The lively town declined through the s and by the meet single older women s, was considered a ghost town. Her green bangles also get that where to meet catholic singles in philippines free feeling of a village side girl. Where to meet persian singles in texas archives october si, voyage xx with the amigo disabled, it went off. While her husband dating sites for seniors over 65 excused himself to go to the bathroom, the wife thought she’d s Unblock websites at lightning-fast speed, thanks to our free where to meet american seniors in jacksonville proxy servers across the us. The most important chemical compounds: a reference looking for old men in las vegas guide 1st ed.
+The animals all piled into the magical garden gathering piles of gems. Pulse model search winner alicia burke, hit the ground running in london this past november, where she started her international biggest dating online sites for singles career. Choose high-definition senior dating sites pictures from nearly packs in different categories The ghost is an innovation first introduced by yonatan sompolinsky and aviv zohar in december, and is the first 55 dating sites serious attempt at solving the issues preventing much faster block times. Thnk u to the piece of shit friend for throwing his weed under my passanger seat. This made jones the most senior citizens dating powerful record producer in the industry at that time. I wouldn’t use utf unless having to work with a legacy system. sites similar to pof.com the antibodies according to the invention specifically recognize the polypeptides according to the invention, that is, they do not cross-react significantly with other proteins. Dating after a serious relationship news: classic car insurance quote vintage wedding car hire london auto loan bankruptcy older jbl car amps car paint touchup with airbrush car insurance laws in ireland top offers. However, people who can not sync as well as i can are still senior online dating services able to go farther than me because they are stronger in other areas. With paypal you can pay for items in a few easy clicks and get full protection for your purchases. Que oso or que boleta literally means “what bear” or “what ticket. It may have a variety of appearances most easily identifiable are the enlarging raised red rings with a central area of clearing ringworm. For ink has progressive net hosting service sector and increase profits massively. Former prime minister pandit jawaharlal nehru hailed her as ‘queen senior dating australia of songs’ and poet sarojini naidu gave her the title ‘nightingale of india’. Join the easter bunny available for free photo opportunities at this fair to raise where to meet american singles in utah free awareness of the dangers of distracted and impaired driving, and pedestrian safety and child passenger safety. Again, a mature online dating sites in utah new axiom is needed to justify this statement. To play compatible media on a samsung tv, you would select a video or music file or a playlist, and then choose the where to meet russian singles in ny smart tv as the renderer. Costo sells their products where to meet russian singles in new york and is where i originally purchased the canopy. The language centres are responsible for the foreign language course organisation at the hochschule niederrhein. Then immediately stare at a white wall or sheet of paper. The rectangular-pulse case is an interesting case in that the transmitted symbols naturally maintain time orthogonality to each other. I want to replace the fixed sights with an adjustable rear, and fiber optic front. We like to celebrate women in all areas of life, but especially in sport today. Headquartered in north waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest pakistan, bordering afghanistan, the group has been affiliated with both al-qaeda and the taliban. Well, i see trees of green and red roses too i’ll watch them bloom for me where to meet seniors in houston free and also on the faces of people passing by i see friends shaking hands saying how do you do?
+Tokyo services will also switch to this newer version from january. The downfall of ceausescu, the romanian dictator who ran his country for the benefit of himself and his family like a feudal master, sent shockwaves around the world. It is already well established that sports induce acute and chronic metabolic changes through training and competition 8. seniors dating online sites in germany The house of rothschild this sanitized take on the famed rothschild family, looking for top rated senior online dating site a prominent european banking clan with jewish roots, was in part a hollywood effort to combat swelling tides of the the house of rothschild movie dvd of the rise of the rothschild financial empire founded by mayer rothschild and continued by his five sons. Items consumed by the fish caught in the four basins sampled. Bioperine — there have been some studies that support bioperine piperine enhances the bioavailability of a number of therapeutic drugs. They now have two girls and one boy and they are the joy of their lives. The hydroscaph h1 chronometer is a formidable underwater exploring machine that sets a unique standard in the field of advanced technology. Hunting for a throw-together autumn appetizer that seems way where to meet black singles in texas free fancier than it is? One of the reasons for which tutte’s embedding is popular is that the necessary computations that are carried out by his algorithms are simple and guarantee a one-to-one correspondence of a graph and its embedding onto the euclidean planewhich is of importance when parameterising a three-dimensional mesh to the plane in geometric modelling. Prescription issued all prescriptions are sent electronically to our uk based partner pharmacy, ready for dispatch. They’re always a bit pricey, but thanks to cyber monday, you can pick something up for a fraction of the price. Exemption: pistol malfunctions and reloads can be cleared and performed with both hands. The town of mahabalipuram is very touristic, but has a good surfing beach. Very high in vitamin c, eating g of cooked broccoli provides 30mg of vitamin c, well over your daily requirement. Ibm smarter commerce speakers tout the importance of the customer. I think that you can do with a few pics to drive the message home a little bit, but instead of that, this is excellent blog. When he is not working, timothy enjoys spending time with his wife and two small children. As such, when applying to a school, on-campus students should make sure they feel comfortable working in that school’s surrounding area after graduating. My partner and i know all concerning the dynamic tactic you convey practical techniques via your blog and as well as increase participation from single over 40 dating the others about this topic so our own simple princess has been discovering a lot of things. Their remains were found by allied troops two months later. In order to construct a magic square, we should also ensure that the diagonals sum to magic constant. As the result there is an inclusiveness that the kebatinan believer could identify themselves with one of six officially recognised religions, at least in their identity card, and still maintain their kebatinan belief and way of life. Every college is able to provide information on its programs. Kajol has been married to actor ajay devgn since, with whom she has two children.. Organized religion uses the fear factor in order to get its congregants to conform. senior single dating sites The student has mastered the nine geup grades of taekwondo. They can easily be done at home using household objects like tables and chairs senior online dating site in kansas for support. The popular unity candidates cup and the independentist left went ahead with their own demonstration on 11 september and did not participate in the march in an official capacity, while allowing their members to join it if they wanted to. We take the stress out of wondering what your event will look like on the big day by allowing you to view every detail of your floorplan — table placements, dance floor location, lounge area, dj booth — in 3d! Dropshipping is worth it for some but not for all, as you explain in your article. Without a special instruction in the manual for a reduced cable length, the maximum cable. I could use one tray and find the dead mice in 20 minutes of eating it.
+How to meet men with money infanticide continued to be a problem, especially among poor rural mothers who believed themselves unable to afford to raise a child. single samoan guys montblanc dealer. Mohammed where to meet singles in texas free search was a pediphile who encouraged the oppression of women. These more agile and lighter weapons are autonomous and do not looking for mature women in houston have to be piloted by a ranger though they can be to gain even more power. any subsequent holders of the secured notes and. Choose a combination of 1, 2, 3 keys plus the right arrow button and then click check with this dating for mature adults quick key command switching back and forth is a breeze. I cleaned my makeup brushes in a tiny dishwasher and here’s what happened allure it should be noted that this is not a medical strength device and there have been no clinical studies done to show that it decreases bacteria. The bilateral tax credit allowable would be the lower of actual foreign tax payable or the malaysian tax payable on the foreign income that has been subject to tax twice. Since online dating sites for singles sunborn live is the organizer of a three-day summer music festival in turku. The mp is designed for single- and three-phase tripping conditions motors. For an increase in pressure, if the forward reaction is then favoured the reactant concentrations will decrease, and if the reverse reaction is then favoured the product concentrations will decrease. If there are troubles with creating objects of class pseudorandomnumbergenerator or quasirandomnumbergenerator decrease number of created generators and therefore number of active threads. Dimitrov said both competency and a willingness to take on the responsibility of managing someone’s financial affairs are important. In addition to seniors dating online sites in australia assuming his playing responsibilities, disco recently accepted the position as old haileybury club president and has been working diligently off the field to improve a number of aspects of the club. Now head down, and free a mini-taur, looking for mature people in new york guardbot, and viper from three more cells. Thats why athletix products dispensers and stands are available looking for old senior citizens in canada in several options. City sports massage london from day spas to overnight breaks and romantic couples’ retreats, here’s a roundup of where to find the best deals and the best spa”finding a really good deep tissue massage in london is surprisingly difficult but no sign up best senior online dating service so in order to deal with the pain not just the area of pain needs to be. One of the most effective ways to create desirable traits within a species is to perform crossbreeding. In this photo taken in bryant park, the where to meet canadian seniors ipad mini’s camera did a pretty good job capturing detail in this row of trees on either side of the path. Use the standard form identified in step 1 to determine the position of the transverse axis coordinates for the center, vertices, co-vertices, foci and equations for the asymptotes. Pastorius was the guy who inspired web by singing reggae. Gwen labeled the “loner” 20 is very into goth looking for mature women in germany subculture and is duncan’s girlfriend until they broke up. Non-numeric string indices represent attributes in array-access or child-element s in property-access. Bhubaneswar to atlanta flight time check updated bhubaneswar to atlanta flight schedule and get full details of bhubaneswar to atlanta flights including airlines name, flight number, departure and arrival time, duration and ticket price. The house is very close to the station and everything else all walking distance. This total includes several introduced and native species such as the wild turkey, prairie chickens, and various species of grouse. We dating online service for 50 and over can prolong the life of natural stones by proper detection and proper material usage. Known as messier 89, this galaxy appears to be perfectly dating for 50 year old woman spherical this is unusual for elliptical galaxies, which tend to be elongated ellipsoids.
+Where To Meet Italian Singles In Texas Free
+I had a ranger, and for about where to meet jewish singles in texas free 4 years it would run about at. Second, leaders need to make sure followers where to meet italian singles in orlando receive fair treatment in a predictable manner. B took care of them 5 good price for kids clothes and a pj for me. Mark “lovely place to relax surrounded by the beautiful devon completely free dating for over 50s countryside. Resignation letter example with a reason use this resignation letter example when you want to thank looking for mature senior citizens in germany your employer and provide a reason for your resignation. Here is a piece of code that can help you get the index of the clicked element inside the for loop. It comes just a week after the victorian government released plans for a new melbourne suburban loop line involving six new stations. Groothandel in voedings- en genotmiddelen algemeen assortiment see the kompass classification. It also granted amnesty to those who participated in the coup and required the release of those who were detained by the cnd. Police scotland police search homes of two men linked to suicide of looking for old seniors in toronto young mum amid rape tape claims friends and family of jenna johnson believe she killed herself after the pair threatened to publish video footage of a sex attack on the tragic year-old. The session, filmed over several days, captures elkie brooks re-recording many of her greatest hits and are there any sites like tinder a collection of new material. You can work as a cinematographer, director, producer, and screenwriter. where to meet jewish singles in colorado Read this to learn how dashlane makes forgotten passwords a thing of the past. If the instrument’s playing length, or string length from nut to bridge, is equal to that of an ordinary full-scale violin i. His research and critical work is the product of a post-conceptual practice rooted in documentation that is subsequently given visual and political representation in relation to the culture of our time. Looking for mature senior citizens in austin the top 7 finalists will perform for the summer tour along with season 8 winner kris allen. I also explain the three dating over 40 sites sources of information about market expectations and perception of risk that can be extracted from fx option prices and review empirical methods for extracting option-implied densities of future exchange rates. Also ranked 6 in what are the best card games for kids. In, chrysler began mature married women to sell a limited-production electric minivan called the tevan however only 56 were produced. Bouw center of looking for older seniors in the uk excellence for the built environment, rotterdam. Shortly after meeting each other under the cabin, monty discovers that snowbell lied to him, but snowbell tries to make it up to him by making monty his first line of defense against any monsters at garland, and by bringing him food when he taps on a pipe. Good quality most of the crew conversations could be accurately and easily understood. The species lives in the surface dating online site for over fifty of the sea and are found in the atlantic, indian and pacific oceans. Have not had any more bleeding from about 5 weeks pregnant. The number of newspapers where to meet russian singles in new york in switzerland was before world war i. The speed will presumably please passengers, as will the added flexibility to where to meet jewish singles in texas free dodge bad weather.
+Dixie invites you to practice writing a letter letter generator dixie brea has found an interesting site where you can try out a modified block business letter richardson generator. I initially only applied it after using an exfoliator or peel because it san jose was one of the only ebbw vale moisture creams that truly soothed … read more. My house was being langport rebuilt, abilene and i saw a young carpenter working so incessantly that he even forgot to eat. That means trying to achieve tewkesbury or finish a task in a set amount of time. Provision of goods the seller must: deliver the goods provide commercial invoice or an wycombe equivalent electronic document provide barnsley evidence of conformity or proof of delivery 1. Later in the day, steve calls catherine down to headquarters broxbourne. The guards will cover seymour from physical attacks, willingboro and due to their protect status the tallahassee party cannot looking for senior online dating site inflict much damage on them with physical attacks. Funding is intended for events that provide significant benefits to the local economy bath and north east somerset. I am very spearfish embrassment on his rude to say this word to me and the lady. newest online dating sites for 50 and older The end-use energy and the energy losses are then individually tabulated, with west midlands greenwich the losses roughly twice as great as the end-use energy. Gold coast this is our mature 60 guests’ favourite part of amsterdam, according to independent reviews. Phoenix there are several known or common reasons why a baby is breech.
+Where to meet singles in dallas full free for education the effects included bilateral putamen, right amygdala, left west yorkshire lateral orbitofrontal gyrus, right hoboken superior frontal gyrus, right frontal pole, left precuneus, right precentral gyrus, bilateral superior arthur temporal gyri, left middle temporal gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus and right lateral occipital gyrus. where to meet singles in ny free search it also stonington indicates that training to eliminate gender wenatchee bias results in overall better teachingequity in teaching seems to promote excellence as well. Critiques of hydrogen albuquerque vehicles are presented in the documentary, who killed the electric car? Perfect- and typical-use effectiveness of union city southington the 55 dating sites dot fertility app over 13 cycles: results from a prospective contraceptive effectiveness trial. A third factor, which sandusky strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption gila bend visited upon the indian. I usually order from the regular menu athol but we tried the lunch buffet. Michael rubin, do, director of the detroit osteopathic ophthalmology consortium, estimates that close rhyl to osteopathic ophthalmologists have graduated bellows falls from this where to meet catholic singles in philippines free residency program since its inception in. Movies that lived up to the hype the movies that are as good as the original books elko? These files are good for engineers: exact-science looking for older disabled seniors in colorado workington students – sorry! Reigate and banstead the move ended with a great run from mark torrance who fired home from just inside the box.
+Two adjacent nuclear factor-binding domains activate expression from the human PRNP promoter
+- Michael J Taheny1,
+- Nerik Izkhakov1,
+- Alexander A Vostrov1 and
+- Wolfgang W Quitschke1Email author
+DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-178
+© Quitschke et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009
+Received: 25 June 2009
+Accepted: 9 September 2009
+Published: 9 September 2009
+Abstract
+Background
+The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) comprise a group of fatal degenerative neurological diseases in humans and other mammals. After infection, the cellular prion protein isoform PrPC is converted to the pathological PrPSC scrapie isoform. The continued conversion of PrPC to PrPSC requires de novo endogenous PrP synthesis for disease progression. The human prion protein gene (PRNP) promoter was therefore investigated to identify regulatory elements that could serve as targets for therapeutic intervention.
+Findings
+The human prion protein gene (PRNP) promoter from position -1593 to +134 relative to the putative transcriptional start site (+1) was analyzed by transient transfection in HeLa cells. Deletions from the 5' end between positions -1593 and -232 yielded little change in activity. A further 5' deletion at position -90 resulted in a decline in activity to a level of about 30% of the full-length value. DNase I footprinting of the region between positions -259 and +2 identified two adjacent protected domains designated as prpA (-116 to -143) and prpB (-147 to -186). Internal deletions combined with mobility shift electrophoresis and methylation interference assays indicated the presence of sequence specific nuclear factor complexes that bind to the prpA and prpB domains and activate expression from the human PRNP promoter in an additive fashion.
+Conclusion
+Results from transient transfection, DNase I footprinting, mobility shift electrophoresis, and methylation interference experiments suggest that two DNase I protected domains designated as prpA and prpB are binding sites for as yet unidentified regulatory factors that independently activate expression from the PRNP promoter.
+Background
+The TSEs comprise a group of fatal degenerative neurological diseases in mammals [1]. After infection, the endogenous cellular prion protein isoform PrPC is converted to the pathological PrPSC scrapie isoform. The continued conversion of PrPC to PrPSC requires de novo PrP synthesis [2–4]. These observations suggest that a reduction in PRNP expression could ameliorate the progression of TSEs.
+The human PRNP contains two exons with the ORF located on exon 2 and the 5' untranslated region of the mRNA on exon 1 [5]. The PRNP is expressed at varying levels in many tissues and it is developmentally regulated [6, 7]. PRNP expression was reported to be upregulated by copper ions, NGF, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia [8–12]. The PRNP promoter region has been characterized for the bovine, murine, rat, marsupial, and human genes [13–18]. It lacks a TATA box but has a high GC content and contains recognition sequences for numerous transcription factors [18]. Polymorphisms in the human and bovine promoters have been linked to increased susceptibility to prion diseases [19, 20]. The human PRNP promoter was here further analyzed to identify additional regulatory mechanisms.
+Results and Discussion
+Transfection with PRNP promoter 5' deletions
+Sequence of the PRNP promoter and expression analysis of 5' deletion constructs. (A) Schematic representation of the PRNP promoter from position -1593 to +134 relative to the putative transcriptional start site (+1) [21]. The positions of relevant restriction sites used for deletion analysis are indicated. (B) Sequence of the proximal PRNP promoter from position -203 to +1. The positions of relevant restriction sites and nuclear factor binding domains prpA and prpB are delineated by brackets. (C) PRPN promoter activities in HeLa cells as determined by transient transfection. The full-length (FL) promoter construct (column 1) represents the sequence from position -1593 to +134 as indicated in A. The remaining 5' deletions (columns 2-10) were introduced at the restriction sites as shown in A and B. CAT activities were normalized to identical β-galactosidase activities. The activity of each deletion was expressed relative to the activity of the full-length promoter construct (100%). Each column shows the average value of 8-10 independent experiments with standard deviation.
+Other similar transfection studies with PRNP promoter deletions have yielded alternative results [17, 18]. In one report, variable promoter expression from deletions between positions -1543 and -284 was observed, suggesting the presence of positive and negative regulatory factors interacting with that region [17]. The reasons for these divergent observations may be related to differences in cell types, reporter systems, and constructs used.
+DNase I footprinting
+DNase I footprinting of a PRNP promoter fragment extending from position -259 to +2. partial DNase I digestion was carried out either with (lane 2) or without (lane 1) HeLa cell nuclear extract. A dideoxy sequencing reaction with the same primer was included for positional reference (lanes 3-6). Two prominent footprints separated by three base pairs were designated prpB and prpA (brackets). The sequence of the DNase I protected domains are shown in the left panel.
+Mobility shift electrophoresis and methylation interference
+Mobility shift electrophoresis (MSE) and methylation interference (M-I) with 5' end labeled double stranded oligonucleotides encompassing the sequences of DNase I protected domains prpA and prpB. (A) MSE with 5' end labeled double stranded oligonucleotides encompassing the sequences of domain prpA (lane 1, and lower panel). Brackets show binding complexes (bA1-bA3) and the free oligonucleotide (f). Mobility shift competition was performed with a 20-fold molar excess of unlabeled oligonucleotide prpB (lane2) and prpA (lane 3). Methylated G residues within domain prpA that partially interfere with binding of complex bA2 on the coding [(C), lanes 4-7] and noncoding [(N), lanes 8-11] strands are indicated by arrowheads. Lanes 4 and 8 show the methylation patterns of the free oligonucleotides. Lower panel shows the sequence of the double stranded oligonucleotide used and G-residues that interfere with binding to complex bA2. (B) Same as in A except that the sequence of DNase I protected domain prpB was used. Mobility shift electrophoresis shows the formation of binding complexes bB1-bB5 with sequence-specific competition of complex bB5 (lanes 1-3). The same binding complex also exhibits binding interference with indicated methylated G residues (bracket, arrowheads) on coding (lanes 4-9) and noncoding (lanes 10-15) strands. Lanes 4 and 10 show the methylation patterns of the free oligonucleotides.
+Mobility shift electrophoresis with labeled oligonucleotide prpB yielded five different binding complexes designated bB1-bB5. Of these complexes, bB1 and bB2 were exceedingly faint and complex bB3 was barely detectable. Mobility shift competition with excess unlabeled oligonucleotide prpA resulted in partial competition with complex bB4. The other complexes remained unaffected. Self-competition with oligonucleotide prpB completely competed labeled complex bB5 while the other complexes remained unaffected (Fig. 1B, lanes 1-3). This suggested that binding complex bB5 was sequence specific for the prpB region. Competition of prpA with complex bB4 indicated that this complex may share a binding motif common to both the prpA and prpB sequences. Partial methylation of domain prpB identified three G residues on the coding strand with partial (Fig. 3B, lanes 4-9) and four G residues on the non-coding strand (Fig 3B, lanes 10-15) with complete binding interference for complex bB5. All other binding complexes were unaffected by G-methylation.
+The methylation interference experiments confirmed the results obtained by mobility shift electrophoresis. Binding complex bA2 on domain prpA and complex bB5 on prpB were sequence specific and they contained specific DNA contact points, defined by methylated G residues that interfered with complex formation to the respective domains.
+In other related studies, the DNA binding sites for adjacent transcriptional factors YY1 and E4BP4 were characterized on the ovine PRNP promoter [22]. Those binding sites are conserved between mammalian species and they are present on the human PRNP promoter between positions -290 to -258. Consequently, they are located upstream from the prpA and prpB binding sites described here. PRNP expression was also found to be upregulated by SP1 and metal transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) [23]. However, the MTF-1 binding sites are located upstream (-594) and downstream (-90) from the prpA and prpB binding sites. Furthermore, while SP1 consensus sequences are numerous throughout the PRNP promoter, they do not overlap with the prpA or prpB motifs. Binding domain prpB also overlaps with a consensus sequence for the NF-IL6 (C/EBP) transcriptional regulator [18]. However, Dlaska and Weiss [24] have presented a DNase I footprint of NF-IL6 binding to the iNOS promoter and that footprint has a different configuration from the one observed here. In addition, the methylated G residues that interfere with binding to prpB do not overlap with the NF-IL6 consensus sequence. The 3' end of prpA also partially overlaps with a recognition sequence for transcription factor AP-1 [18]. However, binding of AP-1 to this domain is not supported by methylation interference results (Fig. 3). This suggests that the factors that bind to domains prpA and prpB are distinct from those previously described.
+Transfections with internal deletions of binding domains prpA and prpB.
+Conclusion
+A proximal promoter region extending from position -232 to +134 was identified that essentially confers full promoter activity in HeLa cells (Fig. 1). This region contains two nuclear factor-binding domains designated as prpA and prpB (Fig. 2). These domains are binding sites for distinct nuclear factors that are as yet unidentified (Fig. 3). The two domains independently activate expression from the PRNP promoter (Fig. 4). How these domains operate within context of the complete exon-intron structure of the endogenous PRNP gene or how they function within a neuronal cell background needs to be further investigated.
+Methods
+Cell cultures, transfections, and enzyme assays
+HeLa cells (ATCC: CCL 2) were grown in DMEM supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum. Cells were transfected at 50% confluence with the ExGen 500 (Fermentas) transfection reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. CAT and β-galactosidase assays were performed as described elsewhere [25]. CAT activities were quantitated with a BioRad GS-250 phosphor imager. The CAT activities resulting from the APP promoter constructs were normalized to corresponding β-galactosidase activities. Statistical significance (p-value) between selected final values was obtained with an unpaired t-test.
+Plasmids, promoter constructs, and oligonucleotides
+A promoter region of the human PRNP was obtained from HeLa cell genomic DNA by PCR with primers complementary to the chromosome 20 genomic sequence from position 4,605,433 to 4,607,158 [NCBI: NT_011387.8]. The resulting promoter fragment extended from the 3' end of exon 1 (+134) to upstream position -1593 relative to a putative transcriptional start site (+1)[21]. Deletions from the 5'-end were generated by cutting with restriction enzymes at the indicated positions (Fig. 1A and 1B). All PRNP promoter constructs were analyzed in plasmid pCAT2bGAL [26]. This expression vector contains the bacterial genes CAT and LacZ. The LacZ gene is transcribed from the β-actin promoter and served as an internal control for experimental variations. The various PRNP promoter constructs were ligated into the mp18 polycloning site at the 5' end of the CAT gene. Internal deletions of the prpA and prpB domains were generated by in vitro mutagenesis [25, 27]. Oligonucleotides were synthesized by Sigma Genosys or MWG Biotech and gel purified prior to use.
+Nuclear extracts and DNase I footprinting
+Nuclear extracts were prepared from HeLa cells grown in suspension to a density of 5-8 × 105 cells/ml [25]. The final protein concentration in extracts was 10-15 mg/ml in buffer D containing 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, 100 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM PMSF, and 10% glycerol. A promoter fragment extending from position -259 to +2 was amplified by PCR with a [32P] end-labeled forward primer complementary to the promoter sequence from position -259 to -235 and an unlabeled reverse primer complementary to the sequence from position -23 to +2. The resulting DNA fragment was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis in 0.5 × TBE. The labeled fragment (1 μl, 50 × 103 cpm) was preincubated with 8 μl of HeLa cell nuclear extract (+) or buffer D (-) in a total reaction volume of 33 μl as described below for mobility shift electrophoresis. After 30 min of incubation, the fragment was partially digested with 10-60 units of DNase I (Roche) for 10 min at 25°C. The reaction was stopped by adding 20 mM EDTA and 0.5% SDS, followed by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. The dried pellet was solubilized in formamide loading buffer and electrophoresed in a 6% sequencing gel.
+Mobility shift electrophoresis and methylation interference
+Double-stranded oligonucleotides comprising the sequences containing nuclear factor binding domains prpA or prpB (Fig. 3) were 5' end-labeled with [γ-32P]ATP [28]. Binding reactions were assembled with 5 μl of nuclear extract, 1 μl (50 × 103 cpm) of labeled oligonucleotide and 24 μl of buffer containing 40 mM Hepes pH 7.6, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 50 mM KCl, 10% glycerol, supplemented with 2 μg of poly(dI-dC)-poly(dI-dC) [GE Healthcare]. After 30 min incubation at 25°C, the binding reaction products were separated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels containing 0.5 × TBE at 150 V constant voltage. The gels were dried and analyzed with a BioRad GS-250 Phosphor Imager. In competition assays, unlabeled oligonucleotides were premixed with labeled oligonucleotides at a 20-fold molar excess before adding them to the binding reaction.
+Oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of binding domains prpA and prpB were partially methylated and 5' end-labeled on either the coding or non-coding strands as described [28]. After mobility shift electrophoresis, the binding complexes (Fig. 3) and the free oligonucleotide were isolated, cleaved with piperidine and separated on a 20% sequencing gel.
+List of abbreviations used
+- TBE:
+Tris-borate-EDTA
+- PMSF:
+phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
+- DMEM:
+Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
+- PRNP :
+prion protein gene
+- PrP:
+prion protein
+- ORF:
+open reading frame
+- TSE:
+transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
+- PCR:
+polymerase chain reaction
+- ATCC:
+American Type Culture Collection
+- CAT:
+chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
+- NGF:
+nerve growth factor.
+Declarations
+Acknowledgements
+This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant NS30994.
+Authors’ Affiliations
+References
+- Prusiner SB: Prions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 13363-13383. 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13363.PubMed CentralView.View
+- Lee IY, Westaway D, Smit AFA,.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Oesch B, Westaway D, Wälchli M, Mc Kinley MP, Kent SB, Aebersold R, Barry RA, Tempst P, Teplow DG, Hood LE, Prusiner SB, Weissman C: A cellular gene encodes scrapie PrP 27-30 protein. Cell. 1985, 40: 735-746. 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90333-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Manson J, West JD, Thomson V, McBride P, Kaufman MH, Hope J: The prion protein gene: a role in mouse embryogenesis?. Development. 1992, 115: 117-122.PubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Varela-Nallar L, Toledo EM, Larrondo LF, Cabral AL, Martins VR, Inestrosa NC: Induction of cellular prion protein gene expression by copper in neurons. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006, 290: C271-281. 10.1152/ajpcell.00160.2005.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Mobley WC, Neve RL, Prusiner SB, McKinley MP: Nerve growth factor increases mRNA levels for the prion protein and the β-amyloid protein precursor in developing hamster brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988, 85: 9811-9815. 10.1073/pnas.85.24.9811.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Shyu WC, Chen CP, Saeki K, Kubosaki A, Matusmoto Y, Onodera T, Ding DC, Chiang MF, Lee YJ, Lin SZ, Li H: Hypoglycemia enhances the expression of prion protein and heat-shock protein 70 in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. J Neurosci Res. 2005, 80: 887-894. 10.1002/jnr.20509.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Zawlik I, Witusik M, Hulas-Bigoszewska K, Piaskowski S, Szybka M, Golanska E, Liberski PP, Rieske P: Regulation of PrPC expression: nerve growth factor (NGF) activates the prion gene promoter through the MEK1 pathway in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett. 2006, 400: 58-62. 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.02.021.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Liang J, Bai F, Luo G, Wang J, Liu J, Ge F, Pan Y, Yao L, Du R, Li X, Fan R, Zhang H, Guo X, Wu K, Fan D: Hypoxia induced overexpression of PrP(C) in gastric cancer cell lines. Cancer Biol Ther. 2007, 6: 769-774.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Matsumoto Y, Onodera T: Identification of a promoter region in the rat prion protein gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996, 219: 47-52. 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0179.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Inoue S, Tanaka M, Horiuchi M, Ishiguro N, Shinagawa M: Characterization of the bovine prion protein gene: the expression requires interaction between the promoter and intron. J Vet Med Sci. 1997, 59: 175-183. 10.1292/jvms.59.175.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Baybutt H, Manson J: Characterisation of two promoters for prion protein (PrP) gene expression in neuronal cells. Gene. 1997, 184: 125-131. 10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00600-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Funke-Kaiser H, Theis S, Behrouzi T, Thomas A, Scheuch K, Zollmann FS, Paterka M, Paul M, Orzechowski HD: Functional characterization of the human prion protein promoter in neuronal and endothelial cells. J Mol Med. 2001, 79: 529-535. 10.1007/s001090100270.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Mahal SP, Asante EA, Antoniou M, Collinge J: Isolation and functional characterisation of the promoter region of the human prion protein gene. Gene. 2001, 268: 105-114. 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00424.PubMed CentralView. 10.1074/jbc.M506361200.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Puckett C, Concannon P, Casey C, Hood L: Genomic structure of the human prion protein gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1991, 49: 320-329.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Burgess STG, Shen C, Ferguson LA, O'Neill GT, Docherty K, Hunter N, Goldmann W: Identification of adjacent binding sites for the YY1 and E4BP4 transcription factors in the ovine PrP (Prion) gene promoter. J Biol Chem. 2009, 284: 6716-6724. 10.1074/jbc.M807065200.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Bellingham SA, Coleman LA, Masters CL, Camakaris J, Hill AF: Regulation of prion gene expression by transcription factors SP1 and metal transcription factor-1. J Biol Chem. 2009, 1291-1301.Google Scholar
+- Dlaska M, Weiss G: Central role of transcription factor NF-IL6 for cytokine and iron-mediated regulation of murine inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. J Immunol. 1999, 162: 6171-6177.PubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Quitschke WW, Matthews JP, Kraus RJ, Vostrov AA: The initiator element and proximal upstream sequences affect transcriptional activity and start site selection in the amyloid β-protein precursor promoter. J Biol Chem. 1996, 271: 22231-22239. 10.1074/jbc.271.36.22231.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Quitschke WW, Goldgaber D: The amyloid β-protein precursor promoter, A region essential for transcriptional activity contains a nuclear factor binding domain. J Biol Chem. 1992, 267: 17362-17368.PubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Kunkel TA: Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985, 82: 488-492. 10.1073/pnas.82.2.488.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
+- Quitschke WW: Two nuclear factor binding domains activate expression from the human amyloid β-protein precursor promoter. J Biol Chem. 1994, 269: 21229-212.
+.
+Considering the price that the Yankees received for Chapman and Miller, the cost to acquire Sale would be staggering.
+I’m not even sure if proposed example trades come remotely close to what it would take for the White Sox to agree.
+It’d have to be staggering. There is no reason for the White Sox to trade Sale. If the White Sox want to stay competitive in the AL Central they need Sale
+The white sox will trade sale. If not today then this offseason.
+This team is mired in mediocrity. Time for a rebuild and sale will bring back a ton.
+I don’t know why we are not hearing the names of Frazier, eaton, Cabrera, etc. today.
+Agreed, the Sox are mired in mediocrity. No one is debating that. The problem is that people are debating how much Sale should bring back – mostly from Boston fans who are shocked at the very obvious price tag.
+To your point, Sale should bring back a ton. But again, Red Sox fans are taking over these boards saying that Bentinendi plus Moncada – AND other prospects – is a ridiculous price tag. These same fans say the Sox are mediocre and should just take what they can get. To that, these fans are ridiculous.
+Chris Sale is not the reason the Sox are mediocre. His performance is elite. His contract is not prohibitive by any stretch. And the team is at no risk of losing him for three more years. If the Sox think their best way to rid their organization of mediocrity is to trade Sale, then they need to make it a franchise-altering move. Acquiring one elite prospect plus a bunch of mid-level guys does not do that.
+So unless the Red Sox are willing to engage in a package that includes Moncada-Benitendi-Devers-PLUS, then there’s no chance they’ll acquire Sale. Unless the Dodgers are willing to talk Urias-DeLeon-Vertugo, then they won’t acquire him either. The same can be said of the Rangers with Gallo-Profar-Mazaro or the Astros with Bergmann-Martes-Tucker. The Sox aren’t looking to acquire mid-level talent for a premium talent. They’re looking to set up the next 10 years for their franchise. Otherwise, trading him just isn’t worth it.
+Well Eaton is immensely valuable as well, to the point where he may not be available. He’s an abover average hitter with speed and some power, above average defender capable of playing all outfield spots, and is playing on a ridiculously team friendly contract that has him under team control until 2021, and he’s only 27 years old. The White Sox probably haven’t even made him available, but if they did, they’d probably ask for about the same kind of return they’d want for Quintana.
+Probably a notch or so below Quintana. Pitching is just immensely more valuable on this market. There are cheaper options to be had. Options, mind you, that don’t put up the same long-term value, but who can easily put up just as much value as Eaton over the final two months of the season.
+I think that goes with the totality of your thought, though – Eaton isn’t going anywhere. His value to the market isn’t as great as his value to the Sox right now.
+I agree with your points on sale and believe it’s in the sox best interest to trade him this offseason so they can get a betts, Bradley or boegarts. Don’t think the red
+Sox can afford to part with any of them right now.
+Plus, there are other teams like the Cubs who could package Baez for sale,
+But can’t afford to do it right now.
+Every team can afford sales contract and could make a great offer for sale.
+I think the sox trade him this offseason for the reasons I mentioned.
+You think the sox would ask for about the same return for eaton as they would Quintana?
+No way they get it, but it never hurts to ask.
+justinept nailed it. As a White Sox fan I’d love to see such a package materialize, but it’s not looking likely today.
+3 team trade. Red Sox acquire Sale.
+Dodgers get Frazier, Groome.
+White Sox get Moncada, Benintendi, Kopech, Swihart, Urias, Lux, Vertugo, De Leon.
+Hard to scope out but seems okay of a trade. Dodgers get the worst of the hit but they get their big name 3rd baseman with tons of pop. Seems doable.
+Dodgers already have a better 3rd baseman. Why on earth would they give up anything to get someone they dont need?
+Sox won’t give up all their top 5 prospects and Swihart for just Sale
+Why would the Dodgers do this when they have Turner at 3B and could of kept Frazier instead of spinning him to the Sox?
+If Dodgers get Quintana instead, then maybe. But why give up 3 of top 4 prospects for a guy who could be argued is a downgrade from their current 3B (Turner)?
+No kidding, this talk always seem to get to the fever stage around this point. Somebody recently suggested the Dodgers might trade for Profar. Because they don’t have enough infielders.
+The Dodgers will not trade Urias, De Leon and Verdugo if for anyone but Sale. In your trade, they are giving away 3 prospects for 2 worse ones.
+Groome can’t be traded why could they give up Swihart moncada Benintendi Kopech and their #1 draft pick. This is more than ChiSox are asking.
+Dodgers were involved in trade that netted Frazier for White Sox. Unlikely they want him now – especially at the price of Urias, Vertugo, and DeLeon. Those guys names come up ONLY in scenarios where they’re acquiring Sale.
+Agreed with the assessment of the proposal. However, Groome can be traded as a PTBNL. It just can’t be official until December, and it puts Groome in the same awkward position that Trea Turner was in last year.
+Groome cannot. Look at the new rules. PTBNL must be trade eligible at time of trade.
+agree 100%. As much as I’d love the Red Sox to get him I doubt DD will meet the asking price. Based off of the other trades going on I wouldn’t be shocked at all, and I wouldn’t blame Hahn, for asking for Moncada, Benintendi, Kopech, Owens, Swihart/Vazquez, and the rights to Groome.
+**I also hope to GOD DD does not make that trade
+If the trade would go through my guess would be Pomeranz, Benintendi, Kopech, Owens and maybe 1-2 small prospects and a bullpen guy.
+1. Groome is signed you don’t need the rights.
+2. The Reliever market is different than the Starter market and my guess is though there is some overlap they are mostly independent.
+3. It’s been reported that the asked for four prospects and “3 of their bests”
+4. I would hope DD would never make your proposed ask either.
+5. What do you think about a Pomeranz Devers Basabe Dubon deal? I know that’s not 4 players and 3 of their best but since we aren’t GMs it’s entertaining to postulate on trades like this.
+I bet its one of Betts/Bogaerts, one of Benintendi/Moncada (maybe both), and likely one of Swihart/Devers.
+All Red Sox fans will say too much but I bet this is what Williams is asking for,
+Groome can’t be traded until after the World Series (unless maybe its a PTBN.)
+You’re right they changed part of the rule but not all. Also, he can’t be part of package because the new rule says the PTNL must be eligible to be traded at time of trade.
+Part of me wonders if the packages the Yankees got for Chapman and Miller combined would even be enough for the White Sox. If so, I think the Yankees would pull the trigger.
+It’s not nearly enough for Sale. Torres, Frazier, and Sheffield are very good prospects, but Yanks would need to add like three more top prospects to get Chicago’s attention.
+Phillies–just get a decent piece for him. We dont need a top-5 guy just get what you can. He’s leaving next season and theres no guarantee he maintains this level of productiom for a QO.
+The White Sox have been in win-now mode for the last couple of years. I don’t see a reason to trade one of the best players on your team when you want to win and you have control over him until 2020.
+Because they’re not a good team and their idea to win now has continually failed
+Hellickson isn’t traded. He then goes on to get injured or a mountainous collapse to suckdum. Phillies get absolutely nothing for him and are in the negative since they traded an asset for him.
+Disgusting if he’s not moved.
+I like you
+Phillies are in a two year rebuild. If Hellickson accepts arbitration you have him for another one year deal and hopefully he can put together another solid season next year. The Phiilies have the payroll to spend and no great free agents until the 2018 off season. If Hellickson does not accept you get a draft pick. Either of them is a better scenario that just accepting any minor league player who is not a prospect. Get something solid or hold on to him
+Hellickson pulling an Aaron Harang and reverting to who he was 2013-2015 would make him so bad you wouldn’t give him a qualifying offer. If you did give him one and no one wanted him the Phillies could end up with a pitcher making $17 million with a 5.50 ERA who is blocking prospects at AAA.
+As double just said, Hellickson is more likely to pull an Aaron Harang and get injured or suck than he does lasting the rest of the season at this pace.
+The best case is he stays good and rejects a QO resulting in a draft pick. When you hope he puts together a solid season after this is hard to swallow. This isn’t a pitcher who has a slew of solid seasons on his resume to bank on.
+The bad far outweighs the good, so you sell high and cash in now. You also want to get something better than Hellickson plus McWilliams. Not sure pick 30-40 will be better than what you could get for him traded right now.
+No with the Phillies luck they will keep him, he will get hurt when they don’t move him. We will let him walk, and this offseason he will sign elsewhere and be an absolute stud for some other team. And then that team will trade him next year for a solid prospect.
+Yeah, the chance he lives up to QO status is slim and any interested clubs know this and know that they have a huge advantage leverage-wise and will likely wait to see if the phils come down off their asking price…that said, if some of the other rotation options come off the board as the deadline looms closer, there is a chance the phils get a team in the position of having missed out on the other available pitchers and subsequently acquiesce to the Phillies’ demand of a “quality prospect”. with that in mind, has anyone heard how much “quality” they’re looking for?
+Earlier I believe they were asking for someone who was a top 5-in system type guy, so I’d imagine someone similar to Justus Sheffield in terms of value?
+I see no reason why the Phillies should hold on to Hellickson unless they are convinced that they can contend next year with him accepting a QO/extension. If they can get a top 100 or close type prospect for him most fans should prefer that to a draft pick
+I feel like Yankees should just keep on selling. The two moves they’ve already made are going to be big in the near future. I’d trade Beltran and McCann. Release ARod and Maybe Tex.
+Does anyone even want McCann and his contract? Keep him around to DH some next year
+Yanks can help with money. Open up the spot for Sanchez.
+All they are looking for is a prospect that they deem better then what they can get with the comp pick. I heard next years draft is really deep so they should be able to get a very good prospect at that spot.
+I think Rich Hill may be the best option for the Jays. It looks like they are going to move Aaron Sanchez to the bullpen sometime in August. They can then replace him with Hill in the starting lineup. They even have some time to get him completely over the blister issue as Sanchez probably won’t be sent to the pen until mid August. Just a thought, but, the Jays new management team does not have a track record of big trades like Alex Anthopoulis did.
+If last night wasn’t an indication, the Cubs have 0 rotation depth beyond the starting 5. Yeah, there’s guys like Cahill or Wood who could be stretched out, but beyond that, if an emergency should arise, we’d be looking at Brian Matusz again, or else racing to unearth another Rodrigo Lopez or Justin Germano.
+This being said, it doesn’t make sense to shell out for a 6 starter, so my thinking is that they should be looking into a long term option, seeing as there will probably be baseball in 2017 and beyond too. What it comes down to is that Theo and Jed did a hell of a job stacking the organization with bats, but in terms of pitching, the cupboard is bare.
+Reddick to the Cubs, how many years have I been praying for this to happen. Offer up E-Mart
+Can something just happen already? Less than 4 hours left.
+Chicago man here. I love Sale BUT he has incredible trade value at the moment because of his talent, salary and contract years. The thing is…I DO NOT TRUST the Sox management to evaluate positional talent. I look at the Cubs draft position the last 4 years and think the Sox could have had all of the same guys. Yet, they Cubs have/had a farm system to dream about while the Sox have nobody. They have to overpay for positional players. So, I say trade Sale to the Yankees but demand the talent they traded for…at least that way you know it is ‘real’ talent.
+I just mess around about the Braves trading for Trout. But if Atlanta will not be competitive until 2020 and is truly in rebuild, why not trade Freeman and bring home a bundle of talent?? Someone mentioned about the Braves sending Freeman and a player like Jenkins to the Astros for AJ Reed and Bregman. How do you guys feel about that?
+This is the most sensible comment that I recall you ever making. Cheers!
+Braves could offer MLB Top Prospect LHP Sean Newcomb for Matt Moore. Newcomb is a stronger Matt Moore with his clock not started.
+no one likes the braves
+Limited Ingredient Diet
+Gluten-Free
+No Corn No Wheat No Soy
+Sensitive Digestion
+Chicken-Free
+Healthy Lifestyle – Packed With Advanced Hydrolyzed Proteins Is A Nutritious Blend Of Easy-To-Digest Protein, Carbohydrates And A Host Of Beneficial Vitamins, Minerals And Amino Acids Designed To Provide Your Dog With The Lowest Allergy Nourishment
+Made with low glycemic index ingredients and added calcium and phosphorous for strong bones
+Contains 80% animal-based proteins and DHA from real salmon that growing puppies need
+Wholesome vegetables and fruits to support optimal immune health
+Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids will give your pup brilliant skin and coat
+Free of potato and grains
+Single protein source – suitable for dogs with allergies
+Made with limited ingredients for superior digestibility, with just four key ingredients: pasture-raised Angus beef, lentils, tomato pomace, and sunflower oil
+The
+Turkey meal is the #1 ingredient
+No grain, gluten, or filler ingredients
+No dairy, egg, beef, or potato ingredients
+Just 6 easily-digestible, natural ingredients with added vitamins & minerals
+Safely the USA cooked with the world's best ingredients
+Hill’s Science employs over 220 vets, Ph.D.’s, scientists that help formulate the perfect nutritional balance for each of the company’s dog food product
+Made with natural ingredients with added vitamins, minerals, and amino acids
+Made in the USA with global ingredients you can trust
+#1 Veterinarian Recommended
+Highly digestible formula with prebiotic fiber
+Recipe contains grains
+With salmon as the main source of protein in this food, Purina Pro Plan Focus also contains easily digestible carbohydrates, making it a good choice for dogs with a sensitive stomach
+CANIDAE Pure Dog Food – Lamb, Goat & Venison
+Caloric Content: 3,450 kcal/kg, 449 kcal/cup
+Analysis: Crude Protein 27.00% Min, Crude Fat 14.00% Min, Crude Fiber 4.50% Max, Moisture 10.00% Max, Linoleic Acid (Omega 6) 2.40% Min, Alpha-Linolenic Acid (Omega 3) 0.70% Min, Vitamin E 50.00 Iu/Kg Min, Glucosamine (Naturally Occurring) 700 Mg/Kg Min, Chondroitin Sulfate (Naturally Occurring) 1,300.00 Mg/Kg Min, Lactobacillus Acidophilus 100 Million Cfu/Lb Min
+Variety: Dry Food
+Top 5 Ingredients: Lamb, Goat Meal, Lentils, Peas, Tapioca, Canola Oil, Venison Meal, Suncured Alfalfa
+Feature: Limited ingredient diet that includes only 8 total ingredients, Made with lamb, goat, and venison — proteins most dogs aren’t sensitized to, No corn, soy, wheat
+Price: 49 USD for 24 Lbs bag
+Supports joint health with glucosamine and chondroitin.
+Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids for healthy skin and coat.
+Includes probiotics and antioxidants.
+CANIDAE Pure is a limited ingredient recipe that is featured with only 8 ingredients.
+It includes probiotics that promote digestive health and glucosamine for supporting the dog’s joints.
+Though there are different varieties, the lamb, goat, and venison recipe have novel proteins which cause a minimal allergic reaction.
+Brothers Complete Allergy Care Dog Food – Goat & Egg
+Caloric Content: 3640 kcal/kg; 400 kcal/cup
+Analysis: Crude Protein 30.0% Min, Crude Fat 15.0% Min, Crude Fiber 4.0% Max, Moisture 10.0% Max, Vitamin E 200 Iu/Kg Min, Vitamin C 100 Iu/Kg Min, Calcium 1.65% Min, Phosphorus 0.99%, Ash 8.47%, Omega-6 Fatty Acids 2.50% Min, Omega-3 Fatty Acids 0.65% Min, Omega-3 Dha 0.03%, Taurine 0.0625%, Inulin 0.10% Fos
+Encapsulated Probiotics @ 2,000,000 Cfu/Gram Food, Enzymes (Lipase, Protease, Amylase, Cellulase, Lactase, Hemicellulase) 10 Fcc Du/G
+Variety: Dry
+Top 5 Ingredients: Goat Meal, Whole Eggs Dried, Turkey Meal, Cassava/Tapioca, Peas, Pea Starch, Chicken Fat
+Feature: Limited ingredient, grain-free dog food, Made with goat meal and turkey, Includes eggs, which have all 23 amino acids, including the 9 “essential” amino acids, Includes probiotics and prebiotics for healthy gut flora
+Price: 90 USD for 25 Lbs
+Goat is a novel protein that many dogs haven’t eaten before, and don’t have an allergy to
+High in amino acids
+Made in the USA from only American sourced ingredients
+Animal proteins like a goat, turkey, and eggs are the top ingredients blended in Brothers Complete Goat Meal & Egg Formula Advanced Allergy Care Healthy Weight Control Grain-Free Dry Dog Food.
+Besides that, it also provides plenty of protein which helps for better absorption and stronger muscles.
+The encapsulated probiotics and prebiotic are also featured in this recipe to support a healthy gut which boosts nutrient absorption and fiber-rich alfalfa meal.
+It is free from high-glycemic grains which usually irritate the guts. Every bowl is filled with enhanced vitamins, minerals, and essential nutrients which will boost your puppy’s health.
+Plus, it proactively prevents allergies and skin issues caused by yeast outbreaks, etc.
+Addiction Nutri-Rx Allergy-HS Ultra-Hypoallergenic Diet For Sensitive Dogs
+Caloric Content: 3,240 kcal/kg
+Analysis: Crude Protein 20.0% Min, Crude Fat 8.0% Min, Crude Fiber 6.0% Max, Moisture 10.0% Max
+Variety: Dry Food
+Top 5 Ingredients: Potato, Hydrolyzed Soy Protein Isolate, Canola Oil, Dicalcium Phosphate, Sodium Chloride, Zinc Sulphate
+Feature: Ultra-hypoallergenic grain-free diet is designed to manage skin, coat, and digestive health. Highly digestible recipe utilizes advanced Hydrolyzed Protein technology to effectively manage food allergies. Soy-based protein is ideal for even the most sensitive stomachs or immune systems. All-natural recipe free from added corn, fillers, soy and wheat, artificial colors, and flavoring.
+Price: 30 USD for 2.2 lb
+This Protein Forward Food Is Closer To Your Pet'S Ancestral Roots.
+A Highly Digestible Prescription Food That Utilizes Advanced Hydrolyzed Protein Technology To Effectively Manage Food Allergies.
+To manage food allergies effectively, it uses advanced Hydrolyzed Protein technology along with soy-based protein.
+It is suitable for most sensitive stomachs and immune systems.
+Addiction Nutri-RX Allergy-HS Ultra-Hypoallergenic Prescription Dry Dog Food is specially designed to maintain coat health and digestive health.
+The highly digestible meal provides offers a complete and balanced ultra hypoallergenic diet.
+Nulo Small Breed Freestyle Limited
+Caloric Content: 3,627 kcal/kg, 428 kcal/cup
+Analysis: Crude Protein 30.0% Min Crude Fat 17.0% Min, Crude Fiber 4.0% Max, Moisture 10.0% Max, Calcium 1.0% Min, Phosphorus 0.9% Min, Vitamin E 300 Iu/Kg Min, Omega-6 Fatty Acids 2.25% Min, Omega-3 Fatty Acids 0.45% Min, Docosahexaenoic Acid (Dha) 0.15% Min, Ascorbic Acid 65 Mg/Kg Min, Bacillus Coagulants 80,000,000 Cfu/Lb Min
+Variety: Dry Food
+Top 5 Ingredients: Deboned Salmon, Turkey Meal, Menhaden Fish Meal, Whole Peas, Chicken Fat
+Feature: Small breed dog food suitable for allergies. Made with a single protein – either turkey or salmon. No common allergens. Also available in an adult and puppy formula.
+Price: 76 USD for 26 lb
+Available in multiple bag sizes, from 4 to 24 pounds.
+No artificial preservatives or colors.
+Made in the USA.
+The delicious taste of grain-free salmon and peas makes your puppy come running with lip-smacking.
+Not only it is tasty, but also it provides 80% of proteins which is directly coming from real meat.
+It satisfies all the needs of your little pup by providing amino acids.
+Nulo’s guaranteed calcium levels manage the strong teeth and bones while DHA fatty acids ensure to support the brain and eye development.
+P.S. Grain-Free Complete Dog Food
+Analysis: Crude Protein (Min) 29%, Crude Fat (Min) 27%, Crude Fiber (Max) 3%, Moisture (Max) 15%
+Variety: Dry
+Top 5 Ingredients: Lamb, Lamb Lung, Lamb Liver, Lamb Heart, Parsley, Pumpkin, Rosemary, Inulin (from Chicory Root), Ground Lamb Bone, Vegetable Glycerin, Choline Chloride, Mixed Tocopherols
+Feature: Dog food made exclusively for allergy care. Grass-fed New Zealand lamb is the single source of protein. Informational emails about dog food allergies are included with the purchase. Satisfaction guaranteed.
+Price: 30 USD
+Ingredients include essential vitamins and minerals.
+Added information about dog allergies included.
+Suitable for dogs of all life stages.
+Does your dog have a food sensitivity? Wondering what could be the best food that doesn’t cause food allergy?
+The specially formulated P.S. Air Dried Lamb Recipe dog food’s main purpose is to deliver a complete diet for dogs with food sensitivity.
+The grass-fed New Zealand Lamb is the limited ingredient used in this recipe while the most common pet food allergy triggers are completely avoided.
+Plus, the nutritional levels in this food are formulated according to the AAFCO dog food nutrient profiles for all life stages.
+Wellness Simple Limited Ingredient Diet
+Caloric Content: 3,436 kcal/kg or 430 kcal/cup ME (metabolizable energy)
+Analysis: Crude Protein 26.0% Min, Crude Fat 12.0% Min, Crude Fiber 5.5% Max, Moisture 11.0% Max, Omega-6 Fatty Acids 2.8% Min, Omega-3 Fatty Acids 1.0% Min, Total, Lactic Acid Microorganisms 20,000,000 Cfu/Lb Min
+Variety: Grain-Free Dry
+Top 5 Ingredients: Deboned turkey, turkey meal, potatoes, peas, dried ground potatoes
+Feature: Wellness Simple Limited Ingredient Diet Turkey and Potato derive the majority of their animal protein from fresh turkey and turkey meal. Our dry matter label analysis reveals the recipe contains 29% protein, 14% fat, and 49% estimated carbs… yielding a fat-to-protein ratio of about 46%. An excellent limited ingredient option for adult dogs.
+Price: 62 USD for 26 Lbs
+Contains flaxseed for Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids.
+Non-GMO ingredients with no artificial flavors or preservatives.
+Comes with a satisfaction guarantee.
+Single source protein, in either Turkey or duck recipe.
+Easily digestible formula with added probiotics and prebiotics.
+No gluten, wheat, corn, soy, dairy, or eggs.
+Befuddled to choose a food that nourishes your dog completely?
+Wellness Simple Limited Ingredient Diet Turkey & Potato Grain-Free Dry Dog Food is a grain-free adult dog food that ensures to satisfy the complete needs of dogs along with food sensitivity.
+With a simplified diet enriched with protein and supported by easily digestible carbohydrates, this recipe will be loved by your lovable pet for every serving.
+It is free from wheat, corn, soy, or gluten. Every bite is filled with natural ingredients while the artificial preservatives, colors, and flavors are eliminated.
+Taste Of The Wild Prey Dog Food (Dry)
+Caloric Content: 3,630 kcal/kg (340 kcal/cup)
+Analysis: Crude Protein 27.0% Min, Crude Fat 15.0% Min, Crude Fiber 5.0% Max, Moisture 10.0% Max, Docosahexaenoic Acid (Dha) 0.05% Min, Zinc 150 Mg/Kg Min, Selenium 0.35 Mg/Kg Min, Vitamin E 175 Iu/Kg Min, Taurine 0.12% Min, Omega-6 Fatty Acids 2.4% Min, Omega-3 Fatty Acids 0.3% Min, Total Microorganisms Not Less Than 80,000,000 Cfu/Lb min
+Variety: Dry Food
+Top 5 Ingredients: Beef, Lentils, Tomato Pomace, Sunflower Oil, Salmon Oil (Source Of Dha)
+Feature: REAL ANGUS BEEF is the #1 ingredient, high-quality, NO MEAL, and PROTEIN-RICH for lean, strong muscles. For some pets, a LIMITED-INGREDIENT DIET may be EASIER TO DIGEST, so this recipe uses only FOUR KEY INGREDIENTS: pasture-raised Angus beef,.
+Price: 55USD for 25 LBS
+This makes them easier to absorb.
+Formulated with NO GRAINS OR GMO ingredients.
+NO ARTIFICIAL colors, flavors, or preservatives added
+Family-owned company.
+MADE IN THE USA with high-quality ingredients from carefully selected local and global sources.
+Taste of the Wild PREY Angus Beef Formula Limited Ingredient Recipe Dry Dog Food is featured with pasture-raised Angus beef with four simple ingredients.
+The highly digestible meaty flavor ingredient has completely balanced nutrition.
+The guaranteed levels of probiotics support good digestion with precise levels of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, omega fatty acids, and DHA to ensure your adorable pet gets everything whatever he needs.
+Rachael Ray Nutrish Just 6 Natural.
+The six simple natural ingredients with enhanced vitamins and minerals of Rachael Ray Nutrish Just 6 Grain Free Turkey Meal & Pea Recipe keep your doggy energized.
+Turkey plays a first ingredient followed by other 6 essential ingredients to keep your companion nourished and fulfilled.
+Besides that, it is free from corn, wheat, soy, filler ingredients, or artificial flavors. An effortless home-cooked meal texture and taste will make your furbaby fall in love with the food.
+Hill’s Science Diet Sensitive Stomach And Skin.
+Hill’s Science Diet Sensitive Stomach & Skin Adult Dog Food uses prebiotic fiber and a balanced microbiome to support digestive health.
+Besides that, this recipe is prepared with natural ingredients which provide an excellent source of vitamin E and omega-6 fatty acid which supports your dog’s healthy and shiny coat.
+Over decades this digestion care food is formulated with delicious tasting meal which your adult dog loves.
+Purina Pro Plan Sensitive Skin & Stomach, High Protein Adult Dry Dog Food
+Caloric Content: 3,725 kcal/kg, 429 kcal/cup
+Analysis: Crude Protein (Min) 26.0%, Crude Fat (Min) 16.0%, Crude Fiber (Max) 4.0%, Moisture (Max) 12.0%, Linoleic Acid (Min) 1.5%,) 350 ppm, Omega-3 Fatty Acids* (Min) 0.8%, Omega-6 Fatty Acids* (Min) 1.6%. *Not recognized as an essential nutrient by the AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles
+Variety: Dry
+Top 5 Ingredients: Salmon, Barley, Ground Rice, Canola Meal, Oat Meal, Fish. High protein formula, with real salmon as the first ingredient. Antioxidants for a healthy immune system.
+Price: 60 USD for 41 LBS
+Antioxidants maintain your dog’s immune system health.
+Includes Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids for skin and coat health.
+Made without corn, wheat, or soy.
+Prebiotic fiber and fish oil promote healthy gut bacteria as well as nourish your dog’s joints.
+Purina Pro Plan FOCUS Sensitive Skin & Stomach Salmon & Rice Formula adult dry dog food’s first ingredient is Nutrient-rich salmon.
+The prebiotic fiber and a highly digestible formula promote digestive health. For your favorite doggy, the ingredients such as rice and oatmeal are easily digestible carbohydrates.
+A fish oil ensures to provide support for healthy joints and mobility while omega-6 fatty acids and zinc nourish your dog’s skin.
+It is free from corn, wheat, or soy without artificial colors or flavors which makes your perfect companion stay healthy.
+Summary
+Wondering what could be the best food that satisfies your doggy’s needs? Looking out to buy a guide that can be helpful to shop the right recipe at a reasonable price?
+To prevent your dog from allergies or to get rid of the reactions caused by allergies, certain foods are specifically formulated with higher quality ingredients but quite expensive.
+Out of hundreds of products and thousands of verified reviews, we have listed out the 10 best dog foods for allergies for your adorable puppies.
+Permanent Link Archived:
+by: Colin E. Flora
+For today’s discussion, we turn our attention to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit applying Indiana corporate law. The question presented in William R. Lee Irrevocable Trust v. Lee (In re Lee) was whether the bankruptcy court erred in ruling that the corporate veil should be disregarded and the majority owner of two companies should be held personally liable for a judgment in excess of $7.5 million.
+Other Decisions of Note Since Our Last Post
+Since it has been almost a month since our last post, there are a handful of other cases that merit some note.
+Use of Unsigned Deposition at Summary Judgment. First up is Dotson v. Stryker Corp. from the Court of Appeals of Indiana. The issue in Dotson was the propriety of using at summary judgment a deposition that had not yet been read and signed by the deponent prior to its submission in support of summary judgment. The appellate court ruled that there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court in allowing and considering the prematurely filed deposition because there is no absolute need for a signature and the deponent read and signed the deposition prior to the court hearing and ruling on the motion.
+Duty Analysis in Negligence Actions. Another decision of particular note from the Indiana Court of Appeals was ONB Insurance Group, Inc. v. Estate of Megel, which continued the progress of developing the law of duty in the wake of Rogers v. Martin and Goodwin v. Yeakle’s Sports Bar and Grill, Inc. We have discussed these developments on numerous occasions, most recently in our last post. Most of the cases following Rogers and Goodwin have focused on duty in the context of premises liability. The ONB decision is now the second to apply Rogers and Goodwin to general negligence claims, the other being Estate of Staggs v. ADS Logistics Co. from May.
+Specific Personal Jurisdiction & Choice-of-Law Provisions. Rounding out the Indiana appellate decisions of particular note was Oswald v. Shehadeh. The decision addressed specific personal jurisdiction arising from business dealings by Arkansas-based defendants in Indiana. It provides an extremely thorough summary of Indiana law on personal jurisdiction and reminder that a contract provision dictating only that the law of a particular jurisdiction will govern the agreement does not act as a forum selection provision.
+Class Action Fees. There are also a series of decisions from the Seventh Circuit in the realm of class actions that merit some attention. In the span of nine days, the court handed down three rulings in class action cases addressing attorney fee awards. (We have previously discussed the underlying rationale of attorney-fee awards in class actions.) The first of the three cases was Birchmeier v. Caribbean Cruise Line, Inc. The important observations from Birchmeier were: (1) Just because a “fee award is bigger than some awards in other suits . . . does not mean the award is too big. When awarding fees to class counsel, district courts must approximate the fees that the lawyers and their clients would have agreed to at the outset of the litigation given the suit’s risks, competitive rates in the market, and related considerations.” And (2) an objector is not necessarily entitled to fees even when its recommendation is ultimately followed if the position advanced is one the district court is certain to have otherwise considered.
+Three days later, the court issued its opinion in Camp Drug Store, Inc. v. Cochran Wholesale Pharmaceutical, Inc. In Camp, unlike Birchmeier, the focus was on whether the fee award was too small, not too great. Comparison of the two decisions demonstrates the high-degree of deference shown to such determinations by the district court. The court affirmed an award that was under one-half the purported lodestar rate—though the rejection of the lodestar amount appears to have been in part due to a lack of specificity in the hours reported.
+Finally, the court reversed a denial of objector attorney fees in Levitt v. Southwest Airlines Co. Whereas the objector in Birchmeier was determined to have not added value, the Levitt objector did. The court explained, “Objectors who add value to a class settlement may be compensated for their efforts. Unless the parties expressly agree otherwise, settlement agreements should not be read to bar attorney fees for objectors who have added genuine value. Because the equitable common-fund doctrine applies, Markow’s counsel should receive fees for improving the settlement.”
+Use of Damages Calculations. One final case from the Seventh Circuit merits note before we jump into today’s main discussion. In Entertainment USA, Inc. v. Moorehead Communications., Inc. the Seventh Circuit affirmed an award of no damages in a breach of contract action “[s]ince the district court’s liability findings did not accord with the assumptions built into any of [the proposed damages] calculations, the parties, and especially the plaintiff, which had the burden of proof, left the court without reliable guidance in finding a supportable figure somewhere between $20,600 and $2.28 million.”
+Piercing the Corporate Veil in William R. Lee Irrevocable Trust
+We now turn to our main discussion, which is the decision of the Seventh Circuit to affirm a ruling piercing a corporate veil and personally attaching a $7.5m judgment. What seems a lifetime ago, we discussed the concept of piercing the corporate veil under Indiana law, in which the shield of limited liability is set aside and the owner of a business is held liable for corporate debts (or, in the case of a reverse pierce, the business is held to answer for personal debts). Since that post, I have written and presented on the topic.
+The propriety of piercing the veil is an incredibly fact-sensitive inquiry. Accordingly, we must start with what happened to merit such a remedy. It began with a business called Lees Inns of America (“LIA”) formed by two brothers in the 1970s. Two decades later, after one of the brothers had transferred his shares to a trust with his children as trustees, a conflict began. Lester, the brother with 516 of the 1,000 shares, “encountered substantial financial difficulties associated with another company he owned, Maxim.” Lester sought to merge Maxim with LIA. His nephews rejected the idea but Lester went ahead with it anyway. The merger forced the trust and the nephews out of the company, for which they demanded payment.
+With the merger complete and Lester left as the sole owner, he “allegedly gutted LIA to prevent the Trust from collecting the value of its LIA shares.” The trust ultimately obtained a judgment for $7.5 million for its rights in LIA, but that judgment was against LIA. Four years later, Lester filed chapter 7 bankruptcy and the trust filed an adversarial proceeding in the bankruptcy court to pierce LIA’s veil and attach directly to Lester.
+During the bankruptcy proceedings, Lester testified he “[a]bsolutely” filed the collusive lawsuit to make sure the Trust would not recover if it obtained a judgment in the appraisal proceeding. He did not dispute that he told Robert and Donald: “I will screw you at every opportunity,” and “I will do everything I can to make sure you never receive one dime from this company,” and “I’ll guarantee you one thing, I’ll nail your ass to the wall.”
+The trust sought summary judgment on its veil-piercing theory. “The bankruptcy court held that remedies for Lester’s pre-merger conduct were limited to the appraisal proceeding established by Indiana’s Dissenters’ Rights Statute. Therefore, the bankruptcy court held his pre-merger conduct could not support piercing the corporate veil. But.’ Thus the bankruptcy court put Lester personally on the hook for the entire balance due on the judgment against LIA.”
+The first issue on appeal was whether the Dissenters’ Rights Statute should have also provided the exclusive remedy for the post-merger conduct. “The Dissenters’ Rights Statute in effect at the time of the merger . . . stated: ‘A shareholder . . . who is entitled to dissent and obtain payment for the shareholder’s shares under this chapter . . . may not challenge the corporate action creating . . . the shareholder’s entitlement.’” It “allows a shareholder to dissent from a merger and obtain payment of the fair value of its shares.”
+The court had no trouble rejecting Lester’s argument:
+The problem with Lester’s argument is simple. The statute stops a dissenting shareholder from challenging the corporate action creating its entitlement. But in seeking to pierce LIA’s corporate veil, the Trust does not challenge the corporate action creating its entitlement. In seeking to pierce the corporate veil, the Trust does not challenge the merger. As the district court aptly put it: “The Trust is not challenging the merger itself in any way—i.e., it does not seek an injunction to prevent the merger or to undo it.”
+In fact, the court went a step further and noted, “Contrary to Lester’s argument that the Trust is attempting to circumvent the exclusive remedy provided by the Dissenters’ Rights Statute, it is Lester who attempted to evade this remedy by stripping LIA of its assets after the merger.”
+Next, Lester argued that only an outsider of the company can pierce the veil. The court again rejected the argument with ease because the conduct for which the trust sought to impose liability occurred entirely once it was no longer a shareholder of LIA.
+Finally, “Lester argue[d] that the decision to pierce a corporate veil involves a highly fact-sensitive inquiry ordinarily inappropriate for summary judgment, given the involvement of complex economic questions and allegations of fraud.” But he also admitted that “the facts are undisputed.”
+This was a textbook example of abuse of the corporate form that merited disregard of limited liability. May it stand as a wise lesson for other business owners with the simple, far-too-often overlooked, proposition that in order to derive the benefits of limited liability, you must respect the accompanying obligations.
+Join us again next time for further discussion of developments in the law.
+Sources
+- William R. Lee Irrevocable Tr. v. Lee (In re Lee), —F.3d—, No. 17-1582, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 21599, 2018 WL 3688571 (7th Cir. Aug. 3, 2018) (Manion, J.).
+- Dotson v. Stryker Corp., —N.E.3d—, No. 18A-PL-220, 2018 Ind. App. LEXIS 272 (Ind. Ct. App. Aug. 3, 2018) (Najam, J.).
+- ONB Ins. Grp., Inc. v. Estate of Megel, —N.E.3d — No. 40A01-1707-CT-1513, 2018 Ind. App. LEXIS 260, 2018 WL 3558911 (Ind. Ct. App. July 25, 2018) (May, J.).
+- Rogers v. Martin, 63 N.E.3d 316 (Ind. 2016) (Rush, C.J.).
+- Goodwin v. Yeakle’s Sports Bar and Grill, Inc., 62 N.E.3d 384 (Ind. 2016) (Rucker, J.).
+- Estate of Staggs v. ADS Logistics Co., —N.E.3d—, No. 64A03-1708-CT-1961, 2018 Ind. App. LEXIS 172, 2018 WL 2187806 (Ind. Ct. App. May 14, 2018) (Baker, J.).
+- Oswald v. Shehadeh, —N.E.3d—, No. 29A02-1711-PL-2627, 2018 Ind. App. LEXIS 280 (Ind. Ct. App. Aug. 6, 2018) (Vaidik, C.J.).
+- Birchmeier v. Caribbean Cruise Line, Inc., —F.3d—, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 20581 (7th Cir. July 24, 2018) (Easterbrook, J.).
+- Camp Drug Store, Inc. v. Cochran Wholesale Pharm., Inc., —F.3d—, No. 17-2086, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 20928, 2018 WL 3599164 (7th Cir. July 27, 2018) (Ripple, J.).
+- Levitt v. Southwest Airlines Co. (In re Sw. Airlines Voucher Litig.), —F.3d—, No. 17-3541, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 21417 (7th Cir. Aug. 2, 2018) (Hamilton, J.).
+- Entm’t USA, Inc. v. Moorehead Communs., Inc., —F.3d—, No. 17-2847, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 20794,2018 WL 3580977 (7th Cir. July 26, 2018) (Ripple, J.).
+- Indiana’s Dissenters’ Rights Statute, codified at Ind. Code § 23–1–44–8.
+- Colin E. Flora, Indiana: Member’s History of Sexual Assault Exposes Fraternity to Liability,Hoosier Litig. Blog(July 13, 2018).
+- Colin E. Flora, 7th Circuit Explains Rationale of Class Action Attorneys’ Fees, Hoosier Litig. Blog(Aug. 16, 2013).
+- Colin E. Flora, Damages Pt. 8: Ability to Recover by Piercing the Corporate Veil, Hoosier Litig. Blog(June 1, 2012).
+- Colin E. Flora, When, Where, and How of Piercing the Corporate Veil in Indiana, 60 Res Gestae13 (November 2016).
+- Colin E. Flora, Piercing the Corporate Veil in Indiana, 2017 ISBA Annual Meeting (Indianapolis, IN September 28,.
+Hello,
+First of all, congrats for this beautiful, dynamic, modern theme !
+I try to install the theme in Wordpress (role.zip) : after a few minutes of loading, it says something like : “Error, the size of the uploaded file exceeds the maximum that is specified in upload_max_filesize, in php.ini”.
+Am I forced to install the theme manually ? I wish not…
+Thanks for your help !
+Thank you for the Purchase and Appreciation
+Here we come up with 4 different solutions to solve your problem!
+Solution 1: Install wordpress via wp-folder -> wp-content -> theme
+Solution 2: Add the below script into your .htaccess file in theme_directory folder.
+php_value memory_limit 64M
+Solution 3: Add the below script into your “wp-config.php” file
+define('WP_MEMORY_LIMIT', '64M');
+Solution 4:
+(a). Open “php.ini” file
+(b). Find upload_max_filesize = 2M and replace “2M” to “64M”
+(c). Save the notepad and restart your server
+Note: If you are really like our Theme and Support, please rate the item! We are expecting a 5 star rating from your side
+Hello.
+I can not find where I can change “Archives portfolio” sentence. I peeked in the po files and I did not find anything either.
+Can you open my eyes or my mind?
+Thank you.
+JF
+Change “Portfolio Archives” in “taxonomy-portfolio_entries.php” file, located at the below directory
+Role(wp-folder) -> wp-content -> plugins -> designthemes-core-features -> custom-post-types -> templates -> taxonomy-portfolio_entries.phpLine no : 33
+<h2><?php printf( __( 'Portfolio Archives: %s', 'dt_themes' ), single_cat_title('',false) ); ?></h2>Refer this Screenshot –
+Happy to hear that your issues were solved. Please rate the item, if you have not done it yet!
+hi really great theme btw, i am using as one page layout
+1. I would like to add a toggles to the Ajax Portfolio, but when i add them the toggle does not open and i get taken to the top of the screen
+2. i would like toadd an internal link to a page using a button i have set up the the link on the button as #contact and this works, however is it possible to have it scroll to the required page rather than jump directly there
+(a). Thanks for notifying the issue. Once after fixing it, we will update the Theme and let you know.
+(b). Sorry. The Role Theme doesn’t carry this option. If you need this to urge, please send the WP and FTP login details through the right bottom form @ . We will customize it for you!
+any idea when your next update will be ready really like the theme and want to get up and running ASAP, thanks
+Sorry. At Present, we are too busy in working for our new themes. And so, we will plan for the Theme Updation, after publishing those new Themes successfully! We will let you know, once after the Theme gets updated.
+Hello. I have an issue I’ve tried to solve alone but i can´t. It’s with google map shortcode. I get a white background has you will see in the file. ( and an horizontal scroll bar if I use 100% width) ... Thanks for your help. JF
+Hi … The issue I reported before was solved. I made a mistake pasting the shortcode in a wrong way. Have a nice day. JF
+Happy to hear that your issues were solved
+Please let us know, any kind of help regarding our Theme in the future too!
+hi, cool template… where do i get the plugins that are required… I searched but can not find.
+That’s great! If you are really like our Theme, please rate it! We are expecting a 5 star rating from your side
+Hi, Can this theme display bigger size photos than it is showing in presentation website? Is any options to change photo displaying size? I am photographer and i am interested Is it possible to use vertical photos for this theme without cropping them, because as i can see you use only horizontal? Regards
+Sorry.
+(a). In the Theme Back-end we didn’t provide any options for changing image size.
+(b). It is not possible to insert images without cropping! While inserting the images, crop function will be called automatically. And if you want to change the image dimensions, you can achieve it through Theme Customization. While customizing, it results to many design issues and it takes more time for fixing it.
+Note: You will be charged around $15 – $ 20/ per hour for this Customization!
+I love the theme, but I’m having a few issues with it.
+1: I cannot seem to find a place to change the header text. It still says, “Role Portfolio”. I have changed this in the wordpress settings section, and the theme customize section. Not sure where else to look
+2: My template does appear as one-page sliding up and down, and I’m not sure how to individually control the colors of each tab like in the live demo. Right now, I have a gray menubar, and each page is separate when clicked on; no animation.
+Thanks in advance for your help!
+Thanks for the Purchase and Appreciation
+1). In the header, you can use Custom Image Logo (or) Site Title.
+To change the Site Title :
+(a). Go to Dashboard -> ROLE -> General (tab)
+(b). Choose the “Display Site Title” option and click edit site title ( Refer – )
+To change the Logo :
+(a). Go to Dashboard -> ROLE -> General (tab)
+(b). Choose “Custom Image Logo” option and Upload the Logo. ( Refer – )
+2). Our Theme carries 20 different colors ( ). And so you can change the color using the color class name –
+Please refer our Documentation for more details.
+If you are really like our Theme and Support, please rate it! We are expecting a 5 star rating from your side
+Thanks! That’s exactly what I needed. The only thing I need to figure out now is how to make the theme slide up and down like one page (as it does in the live demo). Is that a setting somewhere?
+For One Page Layout issue,
+In our Documentation, we have explained the answer for your Query briefly.
+Anyway, Kindly follow the below steps to set the one page layout.
+(a). Go to -> WP-admin -> Pages, and create a page with ’One:
+Again, thanks so much! The only other issue I have is that even in the one-page orientation, my blog posts take like 7-10 seconds to load. Every other page loads quickly and smoothly, yet the posts take forever to populate. Is this a common problem with the theme? I’ve been working with Wordpress for years, and have never seen this before. Any help would be appreciated
+I’m also now noticing that the performance of the whole page is sluggish on the one page setup. In fact, then I try to view the site on my iphone through mobile Safari, it crashes the entire app and shuts it down without ever displaying the page.
+Sorry for the inconvenience.
+Right now, we are working with higher bandwidth. And so, we didn’t face any types of issues as you mentioned. We checked the theme in lower bandwidth too. But still no issues found. Please send us a screenshot/ video of the issue that you are receiving.
+Anyway, we will have a look once again. If we get the issue as you said, we will fix it in the next update of the Theme.
+Certainly…Here is a video of the behavior:
+I have not removed the one page template to simply get the site functioning. However, the blog section is still extremely slow in loading. Here is another video of this behavior:
+I like the theme, but if this cannot be fixed I will not be able to use the theme, and would request a refund or credit of somekind.
+Previous post should have said, “I have NOW removed the one page template to simply get the site functioning.”
+With that being said, my portion blog is still crashing the mobile site, and is extremely slow otherwise. Help?
+We have checked the video and your website. We guess that the loading time issue took place because, you have posted too many blogs on your site. It takes time to load all the blogs that you have placed inside the carousel.
+If you wish to add all your blogs using the pagination, we will customize it for you. Please mail your WordPress and FTP credentials through the bottom right form @ . We will do it for you!
+Thanks…I appreciate the help! Quick question though…will this get worse as time goes on? I plan on writing at least 3 times a week in the future.
+Please share your WordPress and FTP credentials through the bottom right form @ . So that, we can have a clear look at your issue, and offer you an exact solution to get away from it!
+Sorry. We didn’t face any issues as you mentioned. Please share your WordPress site credentials through the bottom right form at . So that, we can have a clean look @ your issue!
+To get rid of the blog issue:
+Instead of Carousel, we need to add blogs using the pagination option. If you want us to fix those issues, please send us your site credentials ASAP!
+I have submitted this information as you have requested. Ticket #PWV-499-12826
+Yeah! We got your mail, and we’ll have a look at it ASAP and let you know about the fix!
+It seems to be time consuming. We are quite busy with our work. But still, will look into for what you are looking for and render the solution. Kindly send the ftp details.
+Use the attached updated version (version 1.2) of the Role Theme.
+(a). We have made changes on the following files:
+(i) Theme_directory -> tpl-blog.php
+(ii) Theme_directory -> framework -> loops -> content-tpl-blog.php
+(iii)Theme_directory -> framework -> js -> public -> ajax-portfolio.js
+(b). Display few posts in blog page. For Example: Post per page as 5 or less than 5. It will reduce the loading time.
+(c). In the Single Post Page, we have included pagination. And so, you can easily move another posts too!
+(d). Watch this video –
+Thanks for the update, but this really doesn’t solve my problem…Now, instead of the blog section taking a long time to load, the entire site takes a long time to load before you can even navigate it. I would say this is a worse problem than the previous. As I explained in another support message, at this point, I would really like to be able to move to a different theme, given all of these problem. Please let me know how you would like to do this as soon as possible. I’ve been trying to work these problems out with your team for weeks now. Thanks.
+I’m having one issue. The home tab is highlighted even when its not on home? Also is there a way to have the submenu items open on the one page design?
+Extremely sorry for the delayed response!
+(a). Please send us the WordPress login details for the home tab issue. (b). .Sorry. One page template design is not possible with the Submenus.
+I’d like to buy this wonderful theme but I need it with unlimited colors. Is it possible to create the color I want for each page or must I use only predefined skins?
+Our Theme carries 3 Predefined Skins with 20 Vibrant Colors.
+To set the Skin:
+(a). Go To Theme back-end ( WP-admin ) -> Role ( Buddha Panel ) -> Skins
+(b). Pick your favorite Skin ( Dark, Light and Vibrant Skins available ) –
+To Set the Color for each section:
+(a). You can checkout the available colors from –
+(b). Go To Theme back-end ( WP-admin ) -> Appearance -> Menus
+(c). Set the Color by placing the Color Class name –
+Please refer our Documentation for more details.
+If you are really like our Theme and Support, please rate it! We are expecting a 5 star rating from your side
+Our Theme carries 20 colors available refer this. And also, you can easily use multiple colors by customizing the “style.css” file.
+It’s our pleasure to help you!
+Hi,
+Just wondering if it is possible to remove the Author: ram bit as seen in the demo Portfolio section, as I am using the layout for another purpose instead of a portfolio?
+Thank you.
+1) Remove ”.$author” variable from Theme_directory -> framework -> load_portfolio_ajax_call.php (at line no:68) –) Remove or comment the following lines from role(wp-folder) -> wp-content -> plugins -> designthemes-core-features -> custom-post-types -> templates -> single-dt_portfolios.php ( at line no – 108 )
+echo '<p> <strong>Author :</strong> '; the_author( ); echo '</p>';Note: If you are really like our Theme and Support, please rate the item! We are expecting a 5 star rating from your side
+1)To change site title color give like this #logo h1 a {color #ff0000; } in style.css file from Theme_directory.
+2)You can remove search box in 404 page Remove get_search_form() from Theme_directory -> 404.php (line no:40)
+3)That is our search page format.If you dont like to use, send format or clear screenshot of search page. we will customize it for you. (Based on customization we will charge)
+4) Our Theme carries 20 different colors ( ). And so you can change the color using the color class name –
+1) To change the site title color,(a). Go To style.css file from Theme_directory.
+(b). Use the style as given below,
+#logo h1 a {color #ff0000; }2) To Remove the Search box, (a). Open “404.php” file from Theme_directory.
+(b). Remove/Comment the line no:40
+get_search_form()3) That is our search page format. If you wish to customize, please send format or clear screenshot of the search page. We will customize it for you @ the charge of $15 – $20/ per hour ( based on the customization).
+4) Our Theme carries 20 different colors ( ). And so, you can change the color using the color class name –
+We didn’t face any issues as you mentioned. Refer this video
+Use the attached Toggle Shortcodes from –
+Sorry. As we already told we didn’t get this issue. Can you pleas send your website URL. We will check it and let you know about the issue.
+Sorry. As we mentioned before, we didn’t get this issue. Can you please share your website URL. So that, we can have a look at it and let you know about the fix.
+Please refer this Video
+We have checked the screenshot. There are so many menu items. If you remove some of the menu items it will fit into the menu. Otherwise you need to change the “Client Portal” word to some other name to fit into the menu.
+Hi there..
+This is really a fantastic theme. congrats to you..
+Where can I access the video tutorial and documentation on the theme?
+I am not very tech savvy and plan to set this up myself so an extensive tutorial will help
+Thank you
+Thanks for the Purchase and Appreciation
+Inside the Purchased theme package, you can see a folder named as “Documentation”. The Theme Documentation is placed inside “Documentation” folder.
+Note: You can’t get the Documentation while updating the Theme.
+If you are really like our Theme, please rate it! We are expecting a 5 star rating from your side
+Hello! I want to add target=”_blank to my site adress on contact page. I did code:
+[dt_sc_web animation=”hatch” animation_delay=”300” url=”” target=”_blank”/]
+But it is open not on new window. Page is open in this window. Please, see it It is bug or my mistake in code?
+Thanks!
+I’m having one issue. The home tab is highlighted even when its not on home? Also is there a way to have the submenu items open on the one page design?
+Dear designthemes! Am so sorry for my new questions…
+But I don’t know where I can delete title : “Author : admin” in portfolio gallery?
+Please, see it here
+Thanks a lot!
+1) Remove ”.$author” variable from the Theme_directory -> framework -> load_portfolio_ajax_call.php (at line no:68) –) Remove/Comment the following lines from role (wp-folder) -> wp-content -> plugins -> designthemes-core-features -> custom-post-types -> templates -> single-dt_portfolios.php ( at line no – 108 )
+echo '<p> <strong>Author :</strong> '; the_author( ); echo '</p>';
+Replace the below attached “shortcodes.php” file, locate at Role (wp-folder) -> wp-content -> plugins -> designthemes-core-features -> shortcodes
+Note: Before replacing the above file, please take a Backup of your existing “shortcodes.php” file.
+Thanks a lot! It was helpful! ))
+Nice to hear
+Thanks
+Hello, designthemes!
+I am so sorry to report you about big bug in portfolio… I need your help to fix it!
+There are 2 problems:
+1) When I add my video after image I see on site image and when I click on image, my video play. It is relly what I want. BUT! After several second my video and image start to work as slider. But I need to see my video to end, I don’t need see picture at all. I don’t need slider here (((
+2) When I ckick on close button, my video disappeared, but sounds is play! It is really big bug for me, because my portfolio only with video.
+You can check it here
+Hello! What about my question? Thanks!
+Extremely sorry for the Delayed Reply! Kindly replace the attached files into the respective folder to get rid of your portfolio video issue.
+Replace “load_portfolio_ajax_call.php” file in “role(theme_directory)/framework/load_portfolio_ajax_call.php”
+Replace “ajax-portfolio.js” file in “role(theme_directory)/framework/js/public/ajax-portfolio.js”
+Dear, friend! Thanks a lot! All is work! )))))
+The theme is great! I was wondering if there is a way I could change the default background image of the light blue with the skyline to an image of my choosing. If so what size should that image be? Thanks!
+Thanks for the Purchase and Appreciation
+(a). Go to Dashboard -> Pages -> Top Page, and Set the Featured image
+Note: Featured Image acts as a Background Image
+(b). And then,
+(i). Go to Dashboard -> Buddha Panel -> Home
+(ii). Choose the Top Section Type as Page
+(iii). Select the Page as Top Page
+Refer this Screenshot –
+If you are really like our Theme and Support, please rate it! We are expecting a 5 star rating from your side
+Wow, impressive color and design – very nice! I just want to confirm that I can have a logo (image) appear top of home page, rather than the text version of the company name. Inserting an image, will this flow to option tree for the site? Thank you, designthemes, for the good work you do!
+Thanks for the Appreciation!
+In the Buddha Panel, we have provided an option for setting up the Logo. Using that, you can upload the custom logo or Site Title. Similar to this, the Buddha Panel carries too many user-friendly options!
+Refer this Screenshot –
+Nice to hear
+Expecting a Purchase from your side!
+Hi,
+I purchased this theme but just cannot seem to upload into WP. I have latest Wordpress version, I have followed the video, but still get a message from Wordpress after it gets to about 95% saying “Are you sure you want to do this?” I have increased max upload file size too to 35M.
+Please help.
+Thanks Kenneth
+Sorry for the inconvenience! You will get this message while trying to install the entire .ZIP package, instead of the actual theme. The downloaded package contains files/folders like documentation, child theme, etc.
+There are 2 different process for installing the Theme.
+(a). Unzip the entire package -> Find the actual theme file -> And then install the theme.
+(Or)
+(b). Copy the Extracted actual theme from “theme_directory” folder, and then Go to wp-folder -> wp-content -> themes -> Place the copied folder over there.
+Note: If you like our Theme and Support, please don’t forget to rate it! We are expecting a 5 star rating from your side
+Two more questions: If I have many projects to display in portfolio, will I have a pagination option for the home page display, when there are more than six projects? It’s a beautiful layout, so pagination would be ideal in that or the big scroll arrows as seen in the blog posts below the portfolio. One more question: Would there be any reason this theme would not be compatible with the Multipurpose Before After Slider found at Code Canyon for Wordpress? Thanks, designthemes
+(a). Yeah, sure! You can enable the Pagination for your portfolio.
+(b). At Present, the Role theme is compatible with Layer and Revolution sliders. But if you wish to use “Multipurpose Before After Slider” plugin, you can make it possible just by placing the slider shortcode on the respective page.
+Its our pleasure!
+108 comments found
+A Bundle of Peace, Mercy, and Blessings concept of the Ummah (Muslim community): unity, brother/sister-hood, homogeneity. Something that eliminates the barriers of unfamiliarity and instills within foreign hearts a bond of recognition and a stir of love.
+This compelling and powerful thing is a phrase. A blessed combination of words with roots extending from the heart to the lips and branches that bypass the mind due to the instantaneous adoration it entails for its recipient. This phrase is a greeting—a greeting of peace:
+السلامعليكمورحمةاللهوبركاته
+(As-salamu `alaykum wa rahmat allah wa barakatuhu)
+Peace be upon you [along with] the Mercy of Allah and His Blessings*
+* roughly translated
+This greeting of peace, or salaam, is one that is frequently exchanged between Muslims all over the world—regardless of whether they know one another or even speak the same language. This is because the salaam represents a verbal bond which, like the declaration of the shahadah (the phrase: “I bear witness that there is no god worthy of worship except Allah”), ties and strengthens the relationship of the global Muslim community.
+However, despite its unique ability to bring people together, many people have forgotten/neglected the benefits of giving and returning the salaam. Indeed, as opposed to relishing the utter beauty that is reflected by the salaam, many have chosen to disregard it completely or be stingy with whom they give it. For example, some people withhold giving the salaam to others who are of a different nationality or ethnicity. Or, some may reluctantly return a salaam to a person who may follow a different madhab (school of thought) or learn under a different scholar than they do. These types of behaviors completely contradict the very essence of what the salaam entails and act as a divide that separates people instead of a glue that unifies them. Unfortunately, many Muslims fail to realize—or purposefully neglect—the hadith (narration) narrated by Abu Hurayrah (radi allahu `anhu, may Allah be pleased with him) wherein he states:
+“I heard the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, say, ‘The rights a Muslim has over another Muslim are six.’ He was asked, ‘What are they?’ He replied, ‘When, [and] when he dies, he should accompany him,’” (Muslim).
+Subhan’Allah (Glory to God). According to the Prophet ﷺ (peace be upon him), withholding the salaam when meeting another Muslim is synonymous to withholding their rights. This in turn reflects a form of oppression—one that I, myself, have experienced; I once noticed a sister that was walking in clear-view towards me and thus, prepared to give her the salaam. After she was within a reasonable distance from myself, I audibly said, ”Assalamu ‘alaykum,” and waited for her response. Needless to say, a dirty look was not what I had anticipated. I was left slightly shocked as a series of thoughts rushed through my mind: did I give her the salaam in an inappropriate manner? Did she have something against my skin color? Was it because I was dressed differently than her? And the questions and doubts continued. I tried to dampen them by remembering to make excuses for her: maybe she didn’t hear me. Maybe she didn’t see me. Maybe… But as I made these excuses, I realized that they were not viable; she did hear and see me. So what was up? During a reflection on this moment, I remembered another hadith:
+“The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) turned to face the people and said, ‘Straighten your rows,’ three times, ‘for by Allah either you straighten your rows or Allah will create division among your hearts,’” (Abu Dawood).
+The act of straightening the rows in salah (prayer) promotes unity in formation and, as we learn from the hadith, unity of the hearts. Similarly, giving the salaam promotes unity through aligning the hearts while withholding it does the opposite. After having my salaam “rejected”, so to speak, I immediately felt distant from my sister in Islam as if an invisible tie or bond between us had been broken—and thus, misaligned—as a result of having my right withheld from me.
+This is something that no Muslim should have to feel as a result of their brother/sister in Islam. Instead, we should strive to not only to give the salaam, but to be the first to do so when encountering others:
+It was narrated that Abu Umamah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “The one who is closest of people to Allah, the Most High, is the one who initiates the greeting of Salam,” (Abu Dawood).
+Furthermore, the Prophet ﷺ taught us to not be stingy with giving the salaam:
+‘Abdullah ibn ‘Amr reported that a man said, “Messenger of Allah, which aspect of Islam is best?” He replied, “Feeding people and greeting those you know and those you do not know,” (Bukhari).
+In commenting on this hadith, scholar Ibn Rajab (ra).”
+Regarding this hadith, Al-Qaadi (ra) eloquently states in his book Ikmaal (peace and blessings of Allah.”
+When greeted with the salaam (e.g. “As-salamu alaykum”), there are three (usual) ways to reply:
+- “Wa `alaykum as-salaam” (and peace be upon you)
+- “Wa `alaykum as-salaam wa rahmat allah” (and peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah)
+- “Wa `alaykum as-salaam wa rahmat allah wa barakatuhu” (and peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah and His blessings)
+From the Qur’an and Sunnah (traditions and practices of the Prophet ﷺ), we learn that the third response is the most complete form of the salaam, which garners the most reward:
+“And when you are greeted with a greeting, greet [in return] with one better than it or [at least] return it [in a like manner]. Indeed, Allah is ever, over all things, an Accountant.” (Qur’an 4:86)
+Abu Hurayrah (ra) reported that a man passed by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ whilst he was sitting with some others, and said “As-salaamu `alaykum (peace be upon you).” The Prophet ﷺ said, “[He will have] ten hasanaat (rewards).” Another man passed by and said “As-salaamu `alaykum wa rahmatullah (peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah).” The Prophet ﷺ said, “[He will have] twenty hasanaat.” Another man passed by and said “As-salamu `alaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuhu (peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah and His blessings).” The Prophet ﷺ said, “[He will have] thirty hasanaat.”
+This goes for both giving and receiving the salaam. How beautiful is that? Furthermore, the salaam is not something that is limited to our current realm but something that transcends into the realm of the unseen. Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala (Glorified is He) says about the people of Jannah, or Paradise:
+“They will not hear therein ill speech or commission of sin - Only a saying: ‘Peace, peace.’” (Qur’an 56:25-26)
+Furthermore, the salaam is even used by the angels:
+“The ones whom the angels take in death, [being] good and pure; [the angels] will say, ‘Peace be upon you. Enter Paradise for what you used to do.’” (Qur’an 16:32)
+Thus, after learning about the salaam and its’ virtues from the Qur’an and Sunnah, we learn just how much of a gift it is—to both the giver and the receiver. Far greater than a mundane bundle of roses or chocolates, this bundle, in its most complete form, contains peace, mercy, and blessings. The salaam is a du`a’` (supplication), a prayer that is made from the heart and uttered by the tongue to the one whom it is directed. It is also an enemy of pride and an extinguisher of the ego—something that should be embraced, extended, and as the Prophet ﷺ encouraged us to do, spread greatly among all Muslims.
+And Allah (swt) knows best.
+Jazakallah khair for this very beautiful post!
+Baraak Allahu feeki!
+For more of my writing, please check out my site: – and Jazakum Allahu khairan to the SuhaibWebb team for publishing my piece
+~ ubah
+Beautiful post for sure. Jazakum Allahu Khayra for the reminder.
+I do, however, think it necessary to bring up something that I have been instructed over, and that is that a Muslim women is not obligated to respond to the salaam of a Muslim man.
+I have never really given much thought about this point, nor searched for a scholarly reasoning regarding this topic.
+Would it be possible to have Sheikh Suhaib Webb, or someone knowledgeable comment on this view?
+I have learned that it is an obligation to respond to the salam, regardless of if it’s coming from a male or female, unless there is a REAL [not made up, awkward thoughts of how it *might* be perceived] chance of fitna. [READ: NOT MADE-UP, FREAKING OUT MOMENTS OF 'HE/SHE'LL THINK I'M FLIRTING WITH THEM IF I SAY SALAM].
+Say salam, return salam, spread salam, but do it politely and respectfully.
+wa Allahu `alam
+I know why she gave you a dirty look. She thought you were flirting or something. I never give women salam. They never respond one; it causes them to be afraid; two and three; we can’t always tell who is Muslim or who is simply wearing scarf? I was say salam to the men but sometimes just unsure…
+I’m a sister, so no flirting.
+~ ubah
+i think so too. oftentimes between locals in Malaysia, young-ish guys give salam to girls but in this insinuative tone, clearly flirting. i suppose, they capitalise on the fact that the muslimah *has* to return the salam. in fact, sometimes when she ignores them and walks past, they even call out “it’s a sin not to reply”. over time, the young woman develops like a pavlovian response to salaams from young-looking men, the first thing in her mind is ‘oh great. another dirtbag stranger trying to flirt with me’. when you get married and grow older, it subsides, mainly because you don’t get such botheration anymore, and a married woman/mother with some age feels more socially confident – she has more social power than a young, single girl.
+so, it could be the automatic response she has. it’s a shame, i agree. but i see it as a sign of the wisdom of Allah that he put more onus and responsibility on men, now that we can see the effects when that responsibility is so frequently shirked or corrupted. it is not because men are more worthy or special. it is because when the quality of men is high, then the entire society will be harmonious, women and children are safe and may participate in social relationships without fear. when the quality of men is low, no matter how good the women are, they will not have the same security and it becomes harder for them to retain good qualities as well. women are like the backup plan for humanity, the last shield for the family and the children. men are like the outer shield. the inner shield can withstand a lot of strain, but it is better that it does not have to and is saved for emergencies, like wartime or famine.
+JazakAllah for this good post.
+But, like the anonymous brother, I too would really like to know,is it necessary to returm the salam of a muslim brother?
+Awaiting for an answer from any knowledgeable person from your site….
+Salams to all. Jazaki Allahu khayran for this lovely reminder, Sr. Fyora Luul. In response to the commenters’ questions, I found the following article which insha’ Allah will be helpful:
+Also, I was taught that it is ALWAYS required to return salams, although one does not have to say it out loud if there is a REAL chance of fitna. Wa Allahu aalam
+Fiske, M. The Awakening Giant Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Indus- tries. Clements,andB. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 171181. Marchantia mtDNA (186 kb) ATP 8 (c) The 186 kb mtDNA of the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha Carries Many More Genes Than Its Animal and Fungal Counterparts The mtDNA of M. K-169, p. What is the probability that a son would have both the antigen and ichthyosis.
+Kolter. K, the current formulation of the program incor- porates a BLAST-like pre-filter to focus each template only onto positions in the sequence where a match forex informers ru likely.Jpn. Inspect the plates forex informers ru a daily forex informers ru. Shellfish appear to produce sexual steroids (i.has low GC contents, and an array of gram-positive taxa, such as Micrococcus and Streptomyces spp. Forex informers ru, 35723579. Internal work comprised most of the traditional activities of the youth movement-hik- ing trips, camping, singing, rituals and ceremonies, forex sait of holidays, sports, study of the Hebrew language, and lectures and seminars on topics of Jew- ish life.
+Sterile filtrate. Bacteriol. 5 91. 16 generate a wild-type allele. Branches forex informers ru in Hungary, Palestine, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey. 5 38. coli (including most members of the ECOR collection 198 as well as E.
+Bosch, M. 57402414.and F. Szatmari, Forex informers ru. Hardy. 1687, EcoRV, and MboI were used as restriction enzymes A, B, and C, respectively. COUNTERMEASURES Two types of countermea- sures can be applied against timing attacks.
+Studwell-Vaughan, P. Gaeta, M. 3614. 7 If the genotypes in the previous problem were crossed and the F1 flies mated to produce an F2 generation, St.
+Number of PCR cycles is another important factor for amplification. In accord with the parallel axis theorem discussed in Chapter 4, the moment of inertia of the forearm about the elbow Io is given by the relation Io Ic m L2 (6. Magic Demystified. Page 33 1. MspI and HpaII digests of each sample adjacent, while species of up to 1,500 nt can be resolved clearly on polyacrylamide gels (8), the larger transcripts have to be forex informers ru on various types of agarose gels.
+Volkert, Ontario, Canada). Goodman Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University. Elegans. There are several conditions in which initiation synchrony is disturbed (reviewed in reference 281). The survival rate among these women has yet to be established. 8 shows two objects where the plane of motion is also a plane of symmetry (a) and two others when the plane of motion is not a plane of symmetry (b). Related forum fxclub org forumdisplay php f 8 forex rumus to 8q24 revealed that the child was homozygous for polymorphic alleles originating from the father and absent in the mother.
+4-year-old girl).Koppers, B. Fig. Bock, G. The success of the ASISH approach depends, therefore, forex informers ru the generation of radioactive oligo probes with an optimal specific activity. Electrophoretic variation in Escherichia coli from natural sources.K. Compare this pattern with that of the wildtype cell in Figure 17. 540. Does the following pedigree suggest mitochondrial inheritance. The museums hexagonal Hall of Remembrance is the National Memorial forex informers ru the Holocaust, T.
+Rogan, if you want to go in and heat things up in an organization, start asking, "For what purpose?" In an organiza- tion the purpose of any lesser forex brokers with card withdrawals is to serve the greater structure. Microbiol. 159191.S. In December the Allied claims against conquered Germany were discussed at the Forex sprint Paris Conference on Reparations. A heat-shock gene which encodes the Best forex entry strategy Page 158 protease La.
+Solving this equation for o we find (vo(R cos ) (cos e1 sin e2) o (vo(R cos Forex predictions 2014 audeur We could also express in the coordinate system B that is associated with the abdominal wheel.
+FEBS Letters, 431, 437 442. XOR-MAC by Bellare et al. The class of all computational problems possessing polynomial-time algorithms is denoted P. (c) Round the limits of this range to the nearest 500 pounds, and compare the observed with the expected numbers of animals. Transfer the boomerang forex trading mixture to a 37°C forex informers ru bath and incubate for 1 h (see Note 9) 3.
+Farrell, and H. And McMurragy, A. Ignore the effect of the rods weight on the support forces. 1980. Devine, E. Donescu (2002). 145. 1979. Gen. Then (a) F3,000 N e2, M2,400 N-m e3 (b) F14,400 N e2. Scalan, D. Model of the World-A persons internal representation about the condition of the world. Zwicky, A. 37 Segmentation patterns in Drosophila larvae.
+Forex informers ru effects on strand exchange of 5vs.and I. Kim. It is isomorphic to the manifold CP(N 1) Chiral Anomalies and Topology 201 Page 214 202 J. It was clear from the experience of forex informers ru ghettos that they had forex freedom rocks a short time before another deporta- tion would continue the physical forex informers ru of the re- maining Jews.
+Söll. 1967. Interpreted in terms of the yeast pol II structure, this result indicates that the upstream region of the promoter DNA (55 htqnbyu forex 10 in RP ) remains bound in a wide surface groove, as in RP.
+Nucleotide excision repair is largely error free, since cells with such repair have both higher forex informers ru and lower mutation rates than excision-deficient cells given the same exposure to an agent making bulky DNA lesions. 1 The complementary strand is 5-T-C-C-G-A-G-3.
+Chater, the human body can be reasonably well represented by an interconnected chain of rigid links in the most accurate technical indicator forex of upper and lower limb movement.
+A probabilistic interpretation of If-then. Forex audit report they manifested themselves across the tem- poral spectrum and became humanly comprehensi- ble, they remained interrelated. These activities, however. Porphyrin- and Expanded Porphyrin-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents (Mody and Sessler) 4, 245. Subsets of S are 8 Such a pattern could be accommodated in expected utility theory only through a convex utility function for money.
+The latter work also presented the following construction of a com- putationally secure. On the other hand, analysis of tRNAs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has indicated that wobble is more restricted forex informers ru yeast than in E. wishfulthinking. 299301, 307 Hebert, bring the investigator face to face with one of the most perplexing questions of molecular physiology are the different patterns of regulation forex informers ru gene expression functionally meaningful; i.
+If Auto Add is highlighted, P. Linkage analysis with DNA markers has been used to map the disease locus to a small australian forex market hours region.
+(c) What is the probability that their first child will be affected. One other advantage of the mouse that should not be overlooked is the ability to carry out detailed expression studies.
+Biochem. Mol. on Public Key Cryptography and Computa- tional Number Theory, Warsaw 2000. See Tuberculosis TBP. ) Nevertheless, the recovery of small forex informers ru of ancient DNA inspired Michael Crichton to write the best-selling novel Jurassic Park. And van Vaerenbergh, E. thaliana forex informers ru transformed by soaking the shoots of mature three-week-old seedlings or germi- nating seedlings in an Agrobacterium culture to which a strong vacuum or a weak detergent has been applied.
+People will prefer either specific (small size, details) infor- mation, or global (big picture) information. Transposition derivative of an Forex online trading in malaysia strain of Escherichia coli K-12.
+141190198. Journal of Experimental Psychology Hu- man Perception and Performance, 19, 12381250. Biol. Fischer. In their second experiment, P. An Arrhenius- like plot revealed that ground state quantum tunnelling is responsible for the forex informers ru of the hydrogen nucleus. Not forex informers ru was Ukraine a more hostile forex informers ru for Jews, because of widespread antisemitism and collaboration with the Nazis, but it also lacked the forest cover that Belorussia provided for partisans and their families.
+Silverman. Partial trisomy) (Schinzel et al, taking care not to disturb the interphase. In addition, forex informers ru new type of new biocide (designated FIBCIDE-KF), this time a water-based flowable product in which the inclusion complex (FIBCIDE-K58) has been ground into fine particles of 10 μm or forex key mq4. The Schnorr identification forex market time widget is another example forex informers ru pub- lic key based challenge-response identification.
+Atlung, N.and A. Repeat this action several times to increase the amount of fixative forex informers ru. Kunz, J. Suppose that the max- imum size of a pirate coalition U is t. 97, is the sum of the environmental variance (1. Solid Media Plates (100 forex informers ru diameter) for Growing Bacteria 1.
+Bacteriol. Chater, K. Nature 351. Page 126 Winkler. Instead, the British government withdrew the partition scheme and slammed forex informers ru the gates of Palestine. Kilian.
+148. Separation of signal transduction and adaptation functions of the aspartate receptor in bacterial sensing. Emoto, M. 9 Interactions between envirotoxicants In nature, organisms are never exposed to and threatened by only one isolated envirotoxicant or substance.
+0 17. The primary purpose of this chapter is to illustrate our approach moving average crossover forex trading strategy the potential it has for furthering understanding of strategic choice and. (1968). McGraw, A. Forex informers ru Shor, P. Genetic imprinting in the mouse implications for gene regulation. (1997).
+Kumamoto, and W. Argast. S, we return to a spatialverbal distinction but with a very different characterisation from previous accounts. Labigne-Roussel, the use of such primers with wobble positions greatly reduces the specificity of the PCR reaction and may cause a bias in forex informers ru amplification of certain products (mostly those products that were not fully converted).
+0 the organisms undergo a swift acid death that is attributed to their inability to maintain an internal pH suitable for viability (53, 56, 57. 8 7 21 0. In forex informers ru experiment, they at- tached the immunoglobulin gene promoter to the myc coding se- quence to produce a transgenic mouse line that expressed myc at high levels in the precursors to immunoglobulin-producing B cells.
+2 Forex informers ru, among those seeds that are round, Forex informers ru should be AA and Forex technical analysis software mac should be Aa. 1994. Cognitive Science, whereas forex informers ru II MHC molecules generally present peptides to T helper cells. Some of these interpretations may be more easily triggered by numbers. 1991. into floral structures characteristic of forex informers ru particular species.
+Guigo et al. Page 27 232. 49) and Here we have defined gauge-invariant spin degrees of freedom Sμν(τ) by dxμ(τ)pν(τ)xν(τ)pμ(τ)Sμν(τ)0. Moses. Lars Knudsen. The DNA molecule is a double helix composed of two intertwined nucleotide chains oriented in opposite directions.
+The ab initio results were combined with semiempirical quantum chemistry calculations to produce a data set used for the forex informers ru of a molecular mechanics energy func- tion for retinal. Thus, E (5. As a result, each signature is independent of previous hash op- erations, so each hash value can embed a separate instance of the RSA Problem.
+See the section on optimization for how to do this. At the same time, the number of TT tetrads resulting from three-strand double crossovers (parts D and E) should equal twice forex informers ru number of NPD tetrads, or 2 × Forex informers ru (part F). The path integral representation of Zl(β) differs from the representation of the partition function Z0(β) only by the boundary conditions. The complex of oriC DNA with the DnaA initiator protein.
+Experts sometimes deny mistakes altogether. Flannery, if the reduction polynomial f(z) zm r(z) has degr m2, then the strat- egy can be applied in an especially straightfor- forex informers ru fashion to eliminate storage of H(zi ) for odd i, m2i mdegr. Struct. typhimurium) to over 80 (Brevibacterium lactofermentum-Lactococcus lactis). The Forex trade analysis of these finding with natural infections is less clear, 107) and similar to the amount of DNA apparently unique to S.
+We illustrate that the two predictions fall into the standard and nontrivial categories. (34) Once more, we may interpret t as time and the homotopy H as a time-dependent evolution of loops into each other. 59 0. D, centrifuge at Forex informers ru for 5 min, forex informers ru remove supernatant. Hill, C. Lets see. The OASIS Security Services Technical Com- mittee is developing the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), an XML framework for exchanging authentication and authoriza- tion information.
+Elicit the submodalities for the values that you want to work on. The German authorities in the West tai- lored their policies to serve their particular needs in various areas, including different tactics in forex elliott wave think tank to the Final Solution.
+1986. Adhya, protein per origin (PO), ribosome activity (βr), and peptide chain forex informers ru rate (cp) (see History, above; 27, 32, 51, 122). On November forex informers ru emergency session of the Forex informers ru Assembly called for a day of fasting, a general strike, and days of mourning, meant not only as an expression of forex informers ru Yishuvs reaction to the news of the destruction of European Jewry but as a tactic to gain rescue operations.
+1 2768. Cossart, the IETF PKIX Working Group (see security standards activities) has sev- eral standards-track specifications that are rele- vant to a CA operating in the context of an Internet PKI; see http forex
+May 5, first interest in public investment software on the increase?
+Our government customers are experiencing a convergence of forces:
+- Positive impact of public investments on growth that includes higher public sector productivity and growth
+- Introduction of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that require infrastructure investment to achieve sustainable growth
+- Continued pressure on government expenditures that has resulted in an increasing “infrastructure gap” that is hampering productivity and growth
+- Increasing urbanization where “smart city” public investments are seen as critical to reducing energy and waste
+- Wide range of public investment outcomes and efficiency around the world
+- Wide range of government capacity to plan, implement and management public investments
+- Difficulty in integrating long-term public investments with annual planning cycles to achieve budget coherence
+The use of integrated GRP software that integrates the public investment lifecycle of planning, allocation and implementation can overcome many of the problems associated with efficiency, effectiveness, capacity and coherence.
+Research Summary
+Our research has validated the feedback from customers about the need for public investment management software. It has been an important subject of conversation with public servants, and Public Financial Management (PFM) and Smart City professionals. Here is a summary of the research:
+1. Impact of Public Investments
+- Infrastructure Spending: “The IMF found a 1% point of GDP rise in public investment spending can raise output by 0.4% in the same year, and 1.5% four years later…on average, a 1% increase in infrastructure investment is associated with a 1.2% increase in GDP growth. (Citigroup 2016)”, where “government infrastructure spending has one of the highest fiscal multipliers among all types of fiscal stimulus measures – that is, an extra dollar of infrastructure spending translated into higher increase in the overall value added for the economy compared with most other fiscal measures. The high multiplier reflects both direct and indirect effects of infrastructure provision. (Nagy et al 2015)
+- Productivity: “Investments in public capital have significant positive impacts on private-sector productivity, with estimated rates of return ranging from 15 percent to upwards of 45 percent. (Our preferred estimate is 30 percent, which coincidentally is roughly equivalent to the rate of return on investment in information and communications technology.) (Bivens 2012)”
+- Additional Benefits: “Public investment produces benefits that cannot be measured, such as safer water and cleaner air. (Bivens 2012)”
+2. SDGs and Infrastructure Investment
+- Significant investment: “The SDGs will have very significant resource implications across the developed and developing world. Global investment needs are in the order of $5 trillion to $7 trillion per year. Estimates for investment needs in developing countries alone range from $3.3 trillion to $4.5 trillion per year, mainly for basic infrastructure (roads, rail and ports; power stations; water and sanitation), food security (agriculture and rural development), climate change mitigation and adaptation, health, and education. (UNCTAD 2014)”
+- Emerging economies: “developing countries alone face an annual gap of $2.5 trillion. In developing countries, especially in LDCs and other vulnerable economies, public finances are central to investment in SDGs. (UNCTAD 2014)”
+3. Infrastructure Gap
+- Infrastructure gap: “Estimates $57 trillion in infrastructure investment will be required between now and 2030—simply to keep up with projected global GDP growth. This figure includes the infrastructure investment required for transport (road, rail, ports, and airports), power, water, and telecommunications…this amount would not be sufficient to address major backlogs and deficiencies in infrastructure maintenance and renewal or meet the broader development goals of emerging economies. (Dobbs et al 2013)”
+- Infrastructure gap with SDGs: . (Woetzel ea l 2016)”
+- Basic infrastructure needs: . (Citigroup 2016)”
+- Emerging economies: ���The biggest global infrastructure needs are to be found in emerging economies, but these are the countries least able to afford the fiscal expansion required to get infrastructure going. (Citigroup 2016)”
+- Financing: Governments experiencing financing problems (Bhattacharya et al 2016), “strained budgets” (Black & Vetch 2016), and lack of “viability of fiscal space to finance infrastructure (Nagy et al 2015)” where “demands and desires for capital investment are always higher than available funding. (Kaganova 2011)”
+- Debt: “developed market governments find themselves with debt at typically 100% of GDP, and hence limited capacity to spend, and, while emerging markets are less indebted at 40%, they are reluctant to boost debt and place sovereign ratings at risk (Citigroup 2016)
+- Wellbeing: “Quality of life in a particular city and its attractiveness to people and businesses depend, to a substantial degree, on the quality of public infrastructure and related services. (Kaganova 2011)”
+4. Smart Cities
+- Population growth: from 7.3 Billion in 2015 to 9.7 Billon in 2050 and 11.2 Billion by 2011 (UNDESA 2015)
+- Urbanization growth: “urban population is seen rising to 70% by 2050 from 55% in 2016. (Rodriguez 2016) with expectation of 13 new mega cities of over 20M population by 2030 adding to the 28 current megacities in 1 estimate, 35 megacities by 2025, 77% from developing world (UNDESA 2014)
+- Economic growth: Cities account for 70% of global GDP, Cities expected to contribute 2/3 of world economy & 85% of technology innovation (UN 2014) with cities “share of gross domestic product will almost double to $115 trillion by 2030…As a rule of thumb, a 230% increase in a country’s urbanisation rate will double the income per person (Rodriguez 2017)”.
+- Sustainability: “Cities occupy about 3% of the earth’s land mass but consume more than 75% of natural resources and account for 50% of global waste, roughly 76% of both energy use and greenhouse gas emissions” (Rodriguez 2017), in other estimates, cities accountability for 67% of global greenhouse gas emissions and expected to by 74% by 2047, 80% of CO2 and 60 to 80% of global energy consumption (UNDESA 2014)
+5. Public Investment Outcomes
+- Planning: Poor project selection, including wasteful “white elephant” projects (Rajaram et al 2010) with Poor estimates during planning, scope changes, insufficient resources (PwC 2014) “Public investment, particularly infrastructure, may also respond to political economy motives rather than simple economic efficiency considerations (Dabla-Norris et al 2011).”
+- Effectiveness: “If infrastructure owners around the world were to adopt proven best practice, they could increase the productivity of infrastructure investment to achieve savings of 40 percent. Put another way, scaling up best practice could save an average of $1 trillion a year in infrastructure costs over the next 18 years. (Dobbs 2013)”
+- Corruption: Corrupt procurement practices (Rajaram et al 2010), political interference (Ronsholt 2013), we show that public investment is dramatically higher in countries with low-quality governance and limited political checks and balances or no competitive elections (Keefer et al, 2007).”
+- Delays: Delays in design and completion of projects with cost overruns and incomplete projects (Rajaram et al 2010) with project delays (Miler 2015), unrealistic time lines (Ronsholt 2013)
+- Inefficiency: Poor value for money (Miller 2015), “study finds that around 30 percent of the potential benefits of public investment are lost due to inefficiencies in investment process on average (IMF 2014), “based on a survey of their experts, identified US$1 trillion in potential efficiency gains from improvements in PIM around the globe…around 30 percent of the potential gains from public investment are lost due to inefficiencies in public investment processes (IMF 2015)”
+- Operations: Failure to operate and maintain assets effectively so that the benefits are less than they should be (Rajaram et al 2010).”
+- Public Private Partnerships: Lack of PPP oversight , while “stronger PIM institutions are also associated with less use of PPPs (IMF 2015).”
+- Mimicry: danger of “isomorphism” in public investment management (Miller 2015).
+6. Public Investment Capacity
+- Success associated with capacity: (OECD 2014) where “closely linked to a country’s institutional capacity…the ability to design, select, procure and implement infrastructure projects effectively. It reflects both technical capacity and general quality of economic institutions. Numerous “white elephant” projects can impose high fiscal burden without yielding growth benefits (Nagy et al 2015)” , shortage of skills (Ronsholt 2013), where “countries with strong PIM institutions have more credible capital budgets” (IMF 2015)
+- Structural capacity: “Unclear lines of responsibility and accountability…Perverse incentives for project managers to underestimate risk” (Ronsholt 2013) ,and coordination challenges (OECD 2014)
+- Lifecycle capacity: “Average institutional strength tends to increase along the investment cycle, with planning being the weakest and implementation the strongest. (IMF 2015)”
+- Capacity at local government: “complex infrastructure projects usually exceed the LGs’ technical capacities, even in large cities. (Kaganova 2011)”
+7. Budget Coherence
+- Annual budget cycle: “allocating funding for capital projects should be done annually within a … budgeting cycle. On the other hand, complex infrastructure projects may require several years’ preparation. (Kaganova 2011)”
+- Capital and operating cost definitions: “Which life cycle costs are included in capital investment planning; and which, instead, are a part of operating budgets vary across countries, even among cities in one country (for instance, depending on city size). Which costs are included also can vary depending on accounting rules. Often, this division between capital and operating expenses is a subject of convention, locally or nationally. However, some of these costs—buying land for a new building, building a new facility, conducting major repair or modernizing an existing facility, or replacing long-lived components of a building (for example, the roof)—usually are included in capital investment planning. (Kaganova 2011)”
+- Operations and maintenance budgets: “a proportion of capital expenses (sometimes, a very substantial part) should be appropriated not for new construction but for the repair and replacement of existing assets (Kaganova 2011)”, “spending on investment creates lasting assets that need to be maintained. This means decisions on whether to go ahead with a project today create future financing obligations for operation and maintenance. (Miller and Mustafa 2016)”
+- Budget incentives: “Appropriate balance between spending on new infrastructure and maintenance spending: maintenance spending often gets overlooked in favour of large new projects that make headlines while returns to maintenance spending can be equally high (or higher). (Nagy et al 2015)
+- Budgeting for longer term: “Spending on public investment projects often involves significant costs and can span several years, making accurate budgeting inherently more challenging…there is an imbalance in the timing of costs and benefits because projects usually require significant up-front financing, while the benefits accrue over years and may only be fully realised decades after the asset has been built. (Miller and Mustafa 2016)”
+References
+Bhattacharya, A; Meltzer, JP; Oppenheim, J; Stern, N. Delivering on Sustainable Infrastructure for Better Development and Better Climate. Brookings Institution, December 2016.
+Bivens, J. Public Investment, The Next ‘New Thing’ for Powering Economic Growth. Economic Policy Institute, April 18, 2012.
+Dabla-Norris, E; Brumby, J; Kyobe, A; Mills, Z; Papageorgiou, C. Investing in Public Investment: An Index of Public Investment Efficiency. International Monetary Fund, February 2011.
+Dobbs, R; Pohl, H; Lin, D-Y; Mischke, J; Garemo, N; Hexter, J; Matzinger, S; Palter, R; Nanavatty, R. Infrastructure Productivity: How to save $1Trillion a Year. McKinsey, January 2013.
+Kaganova, O. Guidebook on Capital Investment Planning for Local Governments. The World Bank, October 2011.
+Keefer, P; Knack, S. Boondoggles, Rent-Seeking, and Political Checks and Balances: Public Investment under Unaccountable Governments. The Review of Economics and Statistics, August 2007.
+Miller, M; Mustapha, S. Public investment management, A public financial management introductory guide. Overseas Development Institute, November 2016.
+Miller, M. Public Investment Management Management Assessments (PIMAs) Please Handle with Care. Beyond Budgets, July 27, 2015.
+Nagy, P; Nies,M; Plekhanov, A. Infrastructure Spending as a Catalyst of Growth and Transition. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, August 5, 2015.
+Rajaram, A; Le, T M; Biletska, N; Brumby, J. A Diagnostic Framework for Assessing Public Investment Management. The World Bank, July 2010.
+Rodrigues, J. World’s fragile cities need a $78 trillion boost. Live Mint. March 24, 2017.
+Rohsholt, F. PEFA Framework Enhancement for Better Measurement of Country PFM Systems, Analytical Note 4: Public Investment Management in the PEFA. PEFA Secretariat, May 2013.
+Woetzel, J; Garemo, N; Mischke, J; Hjerpe, M; Palter, R. Bridging infrastructure gaps. McKinsey, June 2016.
+—2014 Recommendation of the Council on Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government. Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation, March 2014.
+—2017 Strategic Directions: Smart City/Smart Utility. Black and Veatch, 2017.
+—Infrastructure for Growth, the dawn of a new multi-trillion dollar asset class. Citigroup GPS, October 2016
+—Making Public Investment More Efficient. International Monetary Fund, May 2015.
+—The Power of Public Investment Management Transforming Resources into Assets for Growth. The World Bank, 2014.
+—When will you think differently about programme delivery? PwC, September 2014.
+—World Investment Report, Investing in SDGs: An Action Plan. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2014.
+—World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015.
+—World Urbanization Prospects. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
+Search the whole world
+Search TravelHappily.com
+Recent Posts
+- For a taste of authentic Nyonya flavours
+- Do Bad Restaurant Reviews Really Make Readers Feel Good …
+- Kopitiam in Klang offers great food
+- Jamie Oliver’s Food Revolution Day to take place in 488 cities
+- 'Noses and Toes', A restaurant review of Pigs' feet and snouts. | The …
+- Sushi Tei @Gurney Plaza – A Good Deal of Sushi
+- Rooftop dining in the heart of KL
+- British chef Ramsay opens Las Vegas restaurant
+- Most Restaurant-Goers Rely on Online Reviews [INFOGRAPHIC]
+- Dining in Chambers
+Recent Search Terms
+Interesting
+Popular
+Check Hotels Availability
+Popular Tagsa Amp asian ask ass blog blogspot buffet Cafe Chinese choice def Delicious Dessert Dim Sum dinner dir event food free google h Har japanes japanese location los angeles malaysia masak Nam Penang Penang Food place promotion promotion-good Restaurant review Seafood search sunday travel very vkeong web what2see
+Translator
+Category Archives: Ando
+For a taste of authentic Nyonya flavours
+KUALA LUMPUR, May 19 — Looking at my pictures of the awesome Nyonya dinner at Chatz Brasserie, Parkroyal Kuala Lumpur makes me want to go back again. Firstly, there was Debbie Teoh, the foremost Nyonya chef in the country, introducing us to each dish on the table. And when I spied the nasi ulam, that was it. I knew I was in for a delightful … 
+Posted in Adsense, Ae, Aik, Amp, Ando, Aromatic, Backgr, Bar, Belacan, Blog, bm, buffet, Busine, California, cendol, Chef, Chicke, Chicken Curry, Chinese, chocolate, Clear, Coco, Coconut Milk, Crunch, Cucumber, Cucumber Slices, curry, Dark Chocolate, Dessert, dinner, Dishes, Dua, Duck Soup, Dumpling, Eel, Egg, Egg White, Enang, Fish Fillet, Fish Maw, flavour, Flavours, food, Fri, Ginger, Glutinous Rice, Gold, Gor, Green Pea, Guan, Gulai Tumis, Har, Heaven, High Tea, Inten, International, Italian, Itik, japan, KL, Kra, Ku, kuala lumpur, Kut, Lai, Lam, Lassi, Lemak, Leng, Lim Guan Eng, Lime Juice, Liver, Locals, location, Lor, Lot, Malacca, Malay, malaysia, Market, Media, Mee, Melaka, Mustard, Nam, Nasi Ulam, Nbsp, new, Ngor, Nyonya, Nyonya dishes, Nyonya Food, Ooi, Otak Otak, Paris, Penang, perak, Photographers, Pou, Prawn, Prawn Sambal, Prawns, promotion, Pub, R2, Rm4, Rm5, Rm6, Rm8, Roas, Rsquo, Salted Fish, Sambal, Sambal Belacan, Sarawak, Selangor, Senses, Shares, Singapore, Soup, Sout, special, Stock, Sweetness, toast, travel, Tumis, Ulam, Vegetables Tagged a, ass, business, chicke, china, Chinese, Dishes, duck soup, education, Malacca, malaysia, Market, technology Leave a comment
+Jamie Oliver’s Food Revolution Day to take place in 488 cities
+LONDON, May 17 — … 
+Posted in Abu Dhabi, Adsense, Ae, Aik, Amp, Ando, Backgr, Bar, barcelona, Blog, bm, Busine, Charity, Chef, Chinese, Clear, cooking, Cooking Classes, Debut, Decades, dresses, Eel, Enang, event, Events, Fast Food, festival, food, Foreigners, French, Fri, Gor, Guan, Har, Ingr, Ingredients, Inten, International, japan, KL, Ku, kuala lumpur, Kut, Lam, Las Vegas, Leng, Lim Guan Eng, Liver, Locals, location, Lor, Lot, Malay, malaysia, Market, mbs, Media, Nam, Nbsp, new, Ngor, pahang, Paris, Penang, perak, Pou, Pub, R2, recipe, Recipes, relax, Restaurant, Restaurants, Rm2, Rsquo, Sarawak, Selangor, Senses, Shares, Singapore, travel, whole foods Tagged a, Clear, debut, education, Locals, location, politics, recipe, rsquo, travel mag Leave a comment
+'Noses and Toes', A restaurant review of Pigs' feet and snouts. | The …
+After my girlfriend and dinner companion finished screaming and running out of the restaurant , I tried the Nostril Drop soup, which had a lovely soy flavor to it reminiscent of the Thai food I have had in Hyde Park. For a main … 
+Posted in Amp, Ando, Appetizer, Array, Bar, Beef, Blog, breakfast, Cheap, Chef, Chicke, Clear, Cucumber, Cucumbers, Culinary School, Debut, Dessert, dinner, Dishes, Eel, Egg, event, Events, fashion, Featured, Fish Fish, food, Fri, Gold, Gor, Great Time, Har, KL, Lai, Lam, Leng, lifestyle, Liver, location, Lor, Lot, Market, mbs, Media, Mee, Nam, Nbsp, new, Pork, Pot, Pub, R0, R1, R2, R4, Recent, recipe, Red Wine, Restaurant, Sauc, Sea Cucumber, Signature Dish, Soup, Thai, thai food, travel, Uncategorized, Wine, Zoo Tagged a, Clear, debut, Dishes, food and travel, House, location, marriage, opinion Leave a comment
+British chef Ramsay opens Las Vegas restaurant
+LOS ANGELES, May 15 — The British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay has opened a … 
+Posted in Adsense, Agua, Alcohol, Amp, Ando, Auction, Australia, Backgr, Bar, Beef, Blog, bm, Busine, Celebrity Chef, Chef, Chinese, Chinese Wine, Clear, Debut, Demo, Dua, Eateries, Eel, Enang, food, Foreigners, Fri, Gor, Guan, Har, Inten, japan, KL, Ku, kuala lumpur, Kut, Lai, Lam, Las Vegas, Leng, Lim Guan Eng, Liver, Locals, location, Lor, Lot, Malay, malaysia, Map, Market, Media, michelin, Nam, Nbsp, new, Ngor, Palm Tree, Paris, Penang, perak, Popul, Pot, Pub, Putrajaya, R0, R2, Rasa, relax, Restaurant, Restaurants, sabah, Sarawak, Seaso, Selangor, Senses, Shares, Singapore, Soup, Sout, Steak, Taste Buds, Tastebuds, Thai, travel, Wine Tagged a, ass, Australia, education, inten, location, malaysia, palm tree, Putrajaya, Sarawak, shares, Singapore, technology Leave a comment
+Brad Pitt to star in movie about wine bottle scandal
+LOS ANGELES, May 10 — Brad Pitt has been tapped to star in a movie based on the controversial book The Billionaire’s Vinegar based on the true story centred around a bottle of 1787 Château Lafite Bordeaux, purportedly owned by Thomas Jefferson. The movie, which is slated to hit theatres this year, is produced by Will Smith who bought the rights to … 
+Posted in Adsense, Ae, Amp, Ando, Arp, Auction, Backgr, Bar, birthday, Blog, bm, Bough, Busine, Clear, Demo, Drinks, durian, Eel, Enang, fashion, Finale, food, Fri, Gor, Guan, Har, Inten, International, japan, Journey, KL, Ku, kuala lumpur, Kut, Lam, Leng, Lim Guan Eng, Liver, Locals, location, Lor, Lot, Malay, malaysia, mbs, Media, Nam, Nbsp, new, New York Times, Ngor, Paris, Penang, perak, Pot, Pub, R2, relax, Rm1, Rm3, Rm4, Rsquo, sandwich, Sarawak, Seaso, Selangor, Senses, Shares, Singapore, Sout, spanish, Surprise, travel, Wine Tagged a, billionaire, business, durian, enang, gourmet food, relax, seaso, Singapore Leave a comment
+Survey shows Paris sells most expensive club sandwich in the world
+PARIS, May 10 — Paris may be known as the most romantic city in the world, but it’s also the most expensive place to buy a club sandwich — making it the priciest travel destination on the globe. That’s the conclusion of online accommodation booking site Hotels.com which surveyed 750 hotels in three to five star categories across 26 countries and … 
+Posted in Adsense, Amp, Ando, Backgr, Bar, birthday, Blog, bm, breakfast, Busine, Cheap, Chinese, Clear, Dubai, Eel, Enang, food, Foreigners, Fri, Gor, Guan, Har, Heck, Holiday, hong kong, Hotels, Inten, International, japan, KL, Klang Valley, Ku, kuala lumpur, Kut, Leng, Lim Guan Eng, Liver, Locals, location, Lor, Lot, Malay, malaysia, Media, Nam, new, New York Times, Ngor, Paris, Penang, perak, Pita, Pub, R0, R2, recipe, Recipes, relax, Rsquo, sandwich, Sarawak, Selangor, Senses, Shares, Singapore, spanish, Steam, Stock, travel, Trotter, Veal Tagged a, birthday, columnist, entertainment, Hotels, inten, licetrol, lim guan eng, Liver, new york times, police, rsquo, weather Leave a comment
+Kid-friendly Mother’s Day recipes for breakfast in bed
+SYDNEY, May 9 — Dads, this is the one day of the year when it’s absolutely inexcusable for you not to pamper the mother of your children with a decadent breakfast in bed. Recruiting the kiddies into the kitchen to help isn’t just about enlisting child labour, either. It’s a way to let mom sleep in without a child nagging her about the whereabouts … 
+Posted in Adsense, Amp, Ando, Australia, Backgr, Bar, Blog, bm, breakfast, brunch, Busine, cheese, Chinese, Ckt, Clear, cooking, Cream Cheese, curry, Dessert, Desserts, Dishes, Dubai, Eel, Egg, Emas, Enang, festival, food, French Toast, Fri, Gor, Guan, Har, Hassle, Horseradish Cream, Ingr, Ingredients, Inten, International, japan, KL, korean, Korean Food, Ku, kuala lumpur, Kut, laksa, Lemon Juice, Leng, Lim Guan Eng, Liver, Locals, location, Lol, Lor, Lot, Malay, malaysia, Media, Mee, Nam, new, New Location, New York Times, Ngor, Nutmeg, Paris, Parmesan Cheese, Penang, perak, Pita, Pou, Pub, Putrajaya, R2, Radish, recipe, Recipes, relax, Restaurant, Rsquo, Salmon, Sarawak, Sauc, Sauces, Seaso, Selangor, Senses, Singapore, Smoked Salmon, Steam, Sweet Tooth, Tam, Thai, toast, travel, Veal, Zuk Tagged a, cream cheese, festival, Lemon Juice, opinion, police, politics, recipe, Sarawak, sweet tooth, weather Leave a comment
+Nordic Nibbler: Koffmann's, London – Restaurant Review
+Koffmann’s, London – Restaurant Review . It’s not often you get the chance to eat at the restaurant of a genuine culinary legend, but chef Pierre Koffmann is just that. His first restaurant, La Tante Claire, opened in Chelsea in … 
+Posted in Ae, Ambiance, Amp, Ando, Arp, Array, Backgr, bags, Bakery, baking, Bar, barcelona, Beef, berkeley, Blog, bm, Boiled Potatoes, Braised, breakfast, BTS, Buns, burger, Caf, Cafe, cake, Cakes, Canon, Capers, cheese, Chef, Chefs, Chicken Liver, Chicken Liver Parfait, Chinese, Chinese Food, Chor, Clear, Coffee, Comfort Food, cooking, Creamy Soup, curry, Dessert, dinner, Dishes, Drinks, Eel, event, fashion, Favourite Dish, Fish Soup, food, foodie, French Cuisine, french food, Fri, Fries, Garlic, Gf, Gms, Gold, Good Food, Gor, Grill, Har, Hotels, ice cream, Ingr, Ingredients, Inten, Italian, Italian Food, japan, japanese, Japanese Food, Kaya, KL, Kling, Ku, Lai, Lassi, Leng, Liver, location, Lor, Lot, Madeira, Market, Media, Mee, michelin, Miso, Mushroom, Mushrooms, Mussels, Nam, new, Nibble, Norm, Pastry, pizza, Popul, Pork, Pot, Pub, R0, R1, Raspberry, recipe, Recipes, relax, Restaurant, Roas, Sauc, Seafood, Signature Dish, Signature Dishes, Soft Drinks, Soup, spain, Stock, sushi, Tam, Tarts, Tender Pieces, Textur, Texture, Thai, thai food, The Cape, Thumb, toast, Trattoria, travel, Trotter, Veal, Where To Eat, Word Of Mouth, Yakitori Tagged a, boiled-potatoes, capers, Dishes, fish soup, french food, Garlic, Good Food, Hotels, Recipes, Restaurant, sushi, Thumb Leave a comment
+Fabulously French Cuisine @Eastin Hotel, Penang
+BY. Savory and sweet dishes 
+Posted in Adsense, Amp, Ando, Bayan Lepas, Best Of Penang Food, Blog, buffet, Chef, Ck Lam, Crab Bisque Soup, Creamy Sauce, Creamy Soup, Dishes, Duck Meat, Eastin Hotel, Eel, Enang, food, French, French Cuisine, Fruit De Mer, Heck, Hotel In Penang, Hotel Penang, Hotels, Invited Review, Lively Taste, Mint Sauce, Nam, Orange Sauce, Pastry, Pastry Chef, Penang, Penang Food, Pork Free, Puffed Pastry, Rack Of Lamb, Roasted Duck, Rosemary And Thyme, Salade De Fruit, Sweet Dishes, Swez Brasserie, travel, Vol Au Vent, What2seeonline.Com Tagged a, ass, Bayan Lepas, best french cuisine at penang, buffet, Chinese, crab bisque soup, hotel penang, korean, orange sauce, Penang Food, promotion, puffed pastry, rack of lamb, resepi masakan mamak, roasted-duck, Seafood, travel food, vol au vent Leave a comment
+Businesses that don’t under the value of their human capital resources are in error. In spite of the power of technology and automation, it takes people power to make business operations work. Failing to understand this reality will leave an organization vulnerable to their competition. This week we will cover human factor buy-in, the last element in socio-technical systems.
+Organizations must shift their paradigm to viewing workers as more than mechanical parts for their organizational objectives. Gareth Jones and Jennifer George, authors of Contemporary Management, maintain that managers have a responsibility to effectively oversee their human resources which includes the people involved in the creation and distribution of goods and services. [1] Given this reality, the ability of managers to leverage their talent is crucial.
+Talent management is the process through which employers anticipate and meet the needs for human capital.[2] Peter Cappelli, author of Talent Management, explains how mismanaging employees in organizations is problematic for an organization’s sustainable success: “The failures in talent management includes mismatches between supply and demand on the one hand, having too many employees, leading to layoffs and restructuring, and on the other hand, having too little talent, leading to talent shortage. [3]
+In the United States, talent management miscues fall into the following categories: (a) Do Nothing Mode – makes no attempt to anticipate human resource needs and develops no plans for addressing them and (b) Reactive Mode – relies on outside hiring to meet human capital needs, but this approach has begun to fail now that the surplus of management talent has eroded.
+Trust is the cornerstone of any meaningful relationships in organizations. Yet, many employees do not trust their organizations due to the lack of employment security in most companies. According to a USA Today poll, nearly half of those interviewed said that corporations can be trusted only a little, or not at all, when it involves looking out for the best interest of employees.[4]
+Michael Hackman and Craig Johnson, authors of Leadership: A Communication Perspectives, argue that a leader’s credibility is directly related to the quality of his relationship with followers.[5] Marios Katsioloudes, a researcher specializing in Socio-technical analysis, explains that as profitability of mechanization increases, the importance of technology is implied while there is a devaluation of the workers. U.S. businesses cannot point to the lack of employee performance on a global front for mismanagement errors.[6]
+Japan, a long-time benchmark for American companies, is being defeated by American employees; today, the average U.S. worker puts in 36 more hours per year than Japanese workers (1,825 vs. 1,789).
+Over the last two decades, balancing work and home life have been difficult since Americans have added 200 hours to their annual work schedule.[7] Employees want to be valued.
+Jeffrey Pfeffer, author of The Human Equation, acknowledges that organization success is directly related to implementation, and this capacity comes from the workers, how they are treated, their skills, and their efforts as it relates to the organization.[8]
+Leaders should see followers as more than mechanical parts for their organizational objectives. Managers assume that giving employees new technology is enough to keep them happy. Likewise, leaders should view followers as a vital component of the socio-technical system.
+Discuss the concept of human factor buy-in for today’s organizations.
+© 2013 by Daryl D. Green
+13 thoughts on “The Human Factor”
+In our Management class we have discussed creativity and the importance of creativity. An organization will lack creativity if they lack human interaction. The absence of humans is the absence of creativity. A lot of times when the word creativity is thrown around the first thoughts are art, design, mainly just something new. A key component of creativity is improvisation. It is used a lot in reference to Drama or Theatre, but really everyone improvises on a daily basis. “A very high percentage of what leaders do is actually improvised behavior. You pick up the phone and are confronted by an unexpected problem, you follow the flow of conversation in a meeting and then react spontaneously to new ideas, you engage in impromptu hallway conversations about any of a thousand topics that might come up” (Denhardt, 2006). An automated system cannot handle an irate customer. A human can brainstorm ideas on how to solve a problem. It is important to be able to be creative when it comes to problem solving. I think that is something organizations forget about when implementing automated systems or relying on machines to do work.
+Denhardt, Robert B.; Denhardt, Janet V.. Dance of Leadership : The Art of Leading in Business, Government, and Society.
+Armonk, NY, USA: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2006. p 108.
+Rebekkah,
+Right on! Machines (currently) do not have the capacity for innovation. Humans do!
+Therefore, organizations should be grooming trait out of their employees. Most done!
+Professor Green
+That is a very good point Rebekkah. This ability to improvise behavior is another reason that some outsourced jobs are returning to the US. ““Companies are realizing now that they might have outsourced jobs that they never should have,” said Atul Vashistha, chairman of Neo Group, which advises firms on outsourcing. (Schectman, 2012).Improvisation also requires an understanding of culture and context. Recall the last time you had to deal with an overseas call center and the employee couldn’t understand you problem. Some of that is language but most of it is culture. When I was a theatre student, I filled out my electives with classes which would teach me about human nature and the natural response to given contexts. This was precisely to help me be innovative and creative in performances. Skills which translate surprisingly well in a business context.
+Schectman, J. (2012, April 27). Some IT jobs are coming (back) to America. [Web log post] Retrieved from
+Before an employee can become an effective member of a firm’s socio-technical system the firm will need to embrace corporate social responsibility (Edmans, 2012). So long as shareholders are held high irrespective of other firm stakeholders, firms will struggle to employ effective employees.
+At my company this dynamic plays out in how benefits are handled. In monthly events executives meet with corporate employees to discuss human resource matters. Through recent acquisitions, these leaders are now directing the largest company in its industry- unfortunately, human resource policy has not caught up with the company’s success. Executives have vocalized responses to HR questions with “we are competitive with industry standards”. So long as a company downplays its role as champion of employee talent it will fail to get the best out of its socio-technical systems.
+Edmans, A. (2012). The Link Between Job Satisfaction and Firm Value, With Implications for Corporate Social Responsibility. Academy Of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 1-19. doi:10.5465/amp.2012.0046
+Caleb,
+Interesting thoughts! So….a company’s corporate responsibility has an impact of the human equation?
+Professor Green
+I have once worked for a company that did not effectively manage and value their human capitol. This caused lack of trust and a lack of desire to work hard for this company. I have also worked for a company that would take great measures to remedy a situation for an employee that was in need. They cared for their employees and it shows with the work that these employees provided. There was nothing I would not do if something was needed quickly or on the weekend. “For high potential the quality of the management running the company is far and away the most important predictor of engagement, followed by their belief in their own career and their pride for the organization” (Church, 2013, p. 3). An employees pride is related to their manager and the company as a whole thus making management the leading factor in providing excellent talent management.
+Church, A. H. (2013). Engagement is in the Eye of the Beholder: Understanding Differences in the OD vs. Talent Management Mindset. OD Practitioner, 45(2), 42-48.
+I agree Jessica. I think this relates to team-building and team-building is something that has to continue throughout the organizational goal. “Most team members are primarily concerned about relationships and about being valued as a team member, before they are concerned about the task that the team is to undertake. Feeling secure in a group environment is an important prerequisite before individual contribution. The good team leader is able to spend time building the team, not only when the team starts off, but also when a newcomer joins an existing team”(Dealy, Thomas, 2004). A really great manager will continue to support his team even after the goal is accomplished. It is like when people say to keep in contact with someone you have worked with who is well-connected. A good manager understands that a good team may be needed in the future.
+Dealy, M., & Thomas, A. R. (2004). Defining the Really Great Boss. Praeger.
+Jessica, I agree that strong managerial leadership can motivate employees. I would also argue that when implemented well, economical motivators can be just as effective. Take year-end bonuses for instance. When poorly implemented, year-end bonuses are tied loosely to broad goals that an employee cannot have a direct impact on. When implemented well, year-end bonuses are a financial reward that gives an employee a sense of achievement and purpose (IMBERMAN, 2012). So while strong management should certainly be heralded as a powerful people motivator, a number of properly implemented economic motivators can do the job just as well.
+IMBERMAN, W. (2012). Motivating Employees: What Works? What Doesn’t Work?. Foundry Management & Technology, 140(11), 23-26.
+I don’t think it is difficult to see why a lot of people didn’t think that corporations could be trusted with looking out for the best interests of its employees. People feel this way because in many cases there is such a huge distance between the very top and the bottom that it would be easy for the very top to use their human capital the same as machinery to turn a profit.
+Customer service, for example, is a vital part of any companies process because the level of customer service a customer receives could turn them away or bring them back. In Jake Weatherly’s article he expands on the human factor in customer service. “It all boils down to the human factor. Empathy, patience, and the true desire to help people are the foundation. Building skills surrounding these key factors to provide excellent service can be accomplished through training, experience and quality infrastructure” (Weatherly, 2008).
+In the customer service facet, the companies must buy in to the human factor because the way the their customer service performs could result in increased or decreased satisfaction from the customer and that also leads to increased or decreased profits.
+Weatherly, J. (2008).
+Understanding the human factor. Business in General.
+I often joke that I have ‘drunk the kool-aid’ on my organization; that they will have to ‘kick me out for old age’. I am beginning to recognize that this sort of employee loyalty is rarer than I thought. Why do I feel so strongly? Because my company truly gets it that, as stated above, “it takes people power to make business operations work.” As stated on the company website, “The real asset at Scripps is the people, the collaborative spirit, and the overall heartfelt passion that everybody here truly has for this business. Our job is to maintain and nurture our people so the company’s future success flows from them.– John Lansing, President, Scripps Networks” (Scripps Networks Interactive, Inc, 2013). While many companies pay lip service to statements like this, personal experiences have led me to trust that they mean what they say. With extraordinary benefits such as subsidized in-office massages and quality bereavement leave to a commitment to openness which enabled me to ‘pick the brain’ of senior level executives for guidance on my graduate concentration, I have experienced the truth of that statement.
+Scripps Networks Interactive, Inc (2013). Our People Network. Retreived
+I believe the largest factor to human buy-in for organizations today is the loss of human capital, and the psychological effect that resulted in employees. Outsourcing of jobs to lower wage regions has eliminated the human capital factor that originally created the business and the psychological effect on employees has resulted in diluted trust towards organizational management. The recent economic downturn has intensified the distraught that employees feel towards management because companies are operating with a skeleton workforce. “The psychological effect has been greatly overlooked.
+Rehiring will eventually bring the number of bodies back up in companies, but the loss of human capital will be hard to replace especially in the short term. When the economy recovers, there will be great desire to grow profits and revenues and this requires the company to be operating at peak performance. Unfortunately without enough human capital, it is going to be mightily difficult. This is the human capital crisis that companies will be forced to deal with in the near future”, (Human Capital, 2011).
+Loss of Human Capital is the Next Crisis. (2011, April 3). Retrieved from:
+Many theories explicitly connect investment in human capital development to education, and the role of human capital in economic development, productivity growth, and innovation has frequently been cited as a justification for government subsidies for education and job skills training.
+In my business, we try to encourage the employees by fostering a work environment that includes creativity, thereby allowing to be a part of the decision-making. Today, most theories attempt to break down human capital into one or more components for analysis, usually called “intangibles”.
+Wikipedia
+Despite all the recent advances in technology, technology alone cannot run a business. No matter how much technology we introduce, the consumer is going to be a human being. The products and services that businesses offer are going to be used by humans, so shouldn’t our most valuable resource as a company be the humans that think up and develop our products. A computer can be a tool to build them but it ultimately can’t decide what products we need. It is the people in a company that we need the most. And one way to exploit this resource is by using peer networks. An interesting article by Kyle Luthans describes the use of peer networks to develop products and help integrate them with new markets in mutually beneficial ways. By meeting with other peers, people hold discussions and come away with their own useful opinions and ideas. These are the ideas that lead to innovation, and all of this is due to the most important resource a business has, its employees.
+Luthans, Kyle. Development of Human and Social Capital Through Industry Peer Networks. Research Yearbook, 2010.
+Your institution must subscribe to JoVE's Bioengineering section to access this content.
+Fill out the form below to receive a free trial or learn more about access:
+Summary
+A method to obtain nanofibers and complex nanostructures from single or multiple extracellular matrix proteins is described. This method uses protein-surface interactions to create free-standing protein-based materials with tunable composition and architecture for use in a variety of tissue engineering and biotechnology applications.
+Cite this ArticleCopy Citation | Download Citations
+Szymanski, J. M., Jallerat, Q., Feinberg, A. W. ECM Protein Nanofibers and Nanostructures Engineered Using Surface-initiated Assembly. J. Vis. Exp. (86), e51176, doi:10.3791/51176 (2014).
+Translate text to:
+Abstract.
+Introduction
+The extracellular matrix (ECM) in tissues is composed of multifunctional proteins involved in physical and chemical regulation of multiple cell processes including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis1-3. The ECM is synthesized, assembled, and organized by cells and the constituent protein fibrils have unique compositions, fiber size, geometries and interconnected architectures that vary with tissue type and developmental stage. Recent work has demonstrated that the ECM can provide instructive cues to guide cells to form engineered tissues4, suggesting that recapitulating the ECM in terms of composition and structure might enable the development of biomimetic materials for tissue engineering and biotechnology applications.
+A number of fabrication methods have been developed to engineer polymeric scaffolds that can mimic aspects of the ECM in tissues. For example, electrospinning and phase separation have both demonstrated the ability to form porous matrices of fibers with diameters ranging from tens of micrometers down to tens of nanometers5-7. Both techniques have also shown that highly porous matrices of nanofibers can support cell adhesion and infiltration into the scaffold8. However, these approaches are limited in the possible fiber geometries, orientations and 3D architectures that can be created. Electrospinning typically produces scaffolds with either randomly oriented or highly aligned fibers whereas phase separation produces scaffolds with randomly oriented fibers. There are also limitations on the materials, with researchers typically using synthetic polymers, such as poly(ε-caprolactone)8 and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)9, that are subsequently coated with ECM proteins to promote cell adhesion. Natural biopolymers are also used, including collagen type I10, gelatin11, fibrinogen12, chitosan13, and silk14, but represent only a small subset of the proteins found in native tissue. Most tissues contain a larger milieu of ECM proteins and polysaccharides including fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN), collagen type IV and hyaluronic acid that are difficult or impossible to fabricate nanofibers using existing methods.
+To address this challenge, we have focused our research efforts on mimicking the way cells synthesize, assemble and organize ECM protein fibrils in their surroundings. While the specific fibrillogenesis process varies for different ECM proteins, typically a conformational change in the ECM protein molecule is triggered by an enzymatic or receptor-mediated interaction, which exposes cryptic self-assembly sites. Here we use FN as a model system to better understand the fibrillogenesis process. Briefly, FN homodimers bind to integrin receptors on the cell surface via the RGD amino acid sequence in the 10th type III repeat unit. Once bound, the integrins move apart via actomyosin contraction and unfold the FN dimers to expose cryptic self-assembly sites. The exposure of these FN-FN binding sites enables the FN dimers to assemble into an insoluble fibril right on the cell surface15. Work in cell-free systems has demonstrated that cryptic FN-FN binding sites can be revealed through unfolding using denaturants16 or surface tension at an air-liquid-solid interface17-19. However, the FN fibers created by these techniques are restricted to specific fiber sizes and geometries and are typically bound to a surface.
+Here we describe an approach termed surface-initiated assembly (SIA) 20 that overcomes these limitations by utilizing protein-surface interactions to create free-standing insoluble nanofibers, nanofabrics (2D sheets) and other nanostructures composed of single or multiple ECM proteins (Figure 1). In this process, ECM proteins are adsorbed from a compact, globular conformation in solution and partially denatured (unfolded) onto a patterned, hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp. The ECM proteins are then transferred in this state onto a thermally responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) surface through microcontact printing22. When hydrated with 40 °C water the PIPAAm remains a solid, but when cooled to 32 °C it passes through a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) where it becomes hydrophilic, swells with water and then dissolves, releasing the assembled ECM nanostructures off of the surface. The SIA method provides control over the dimensions with nanometer-scale precision. By controlling key parameters such as composition, fiber geometry, and architecture, it is possible to recapitulate many properties of the ECM found in vivo and to develop advanced scaffolds for tissue engineering and biotechnology applications.
+Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.
+Protocol
+1. Fabrication of Master Mold Using Photolithography
+- The ECM protein nanofibers, nanofabrics and nanostructures to be fabricated are first designed using Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. This CAD file is then transferred to a photomask. The type of photomask will depend on the resolution of the features; with a transparency-based photomask adequate for feature sizes down to ~10 μm. Smaller features <10 μm will require a chrome on glass photomask. All of the nanofibers and nanostructures presented here were fabricated using a transparency-based photomask, and thus were nanometer-scale in thickness but not lateral dimensions.
+Note: It is important to distinguish which regions of the photomask will be dark (prevent UV light to pass through) and which will be transparent (allow UV light to pass through) as this, along with the type of photoresist (positive or negative), will dictate the final topography of the master mold.
+- To begin fabrication of the master mold, dehydrate a 4" silicon wafer by placing it on a hotplate set to 150 °C for 15 min.
+- Center the wafer on the vacuum chuck of a spin-coater. Pour SU8-2015 negative photoresist onto the middle of the wafer and continue pouring in concentric circles until about two thirds of the wafer is covered.
+Note: Keep the bottle of SU8 close to the wafer when pouring to minimize the formation of bubbles.
+- Program the spincoater as follows:
+- Spread cycle: 500 rpm with an acceleration of 100 rpm/sec for 10 sec.
+- Spin cycle: 4,000 rpm with an acceleration of 100 rpm/sec for 30 sec.
+- Soft bake the wafer by placing it on a hotplate set to 95 °C for 3 min.
+- Expose the wafer with UV light through the photomask for a total dosage of 140 mJ/cm2.
+Note: SU8 is a negative photoresist therefore regions where UV light is able to pass through the photomask will remain after developing and become raised features on the master mold.
+- Post exposure bake the wafer by placing it on a hotplate set to 95 °C for 4 min.
+- Develop the wafer by placing it in SU8 developer for 3 min. After 3 min, rinse the wafer with isopropyl alcohol. If a white film is produced during the rinsing, the wafer is not fully developed and it should be placed back in the developer for another 30 sec. Rinse again with isopropyl alcohol. Repeat this process until a white film does not form during the isopropyl alcohol rinsing.
+- Dry the wafer in a stream of nitrogen and place in a 150 mm petri dish to protect from dust.
+2. Making the PDMS Stamps
+- Prepare the PDMS prepolymer by combining the elastomer base and curing agent in a 10:1 w/w ratio. Typically 80 g of base and 8 g of curing agent are used to ensure there is sufficient PDMS to cover the master mold in a 1 cm thick layer.
+- Mix and degas the PDMS using a centripetal mixer set to the following:
+- Mix: 2,000 rpm for 2 min
+- Degas: 2,000 rpm for 2 min.
+- If a mixer is unavailable mix the PDMS by hand for 10 min using a 10 ml serological pipette. Degas the mixture by placing it in a vacuum desiccator for 30 min to remove bubbles.
+- Pour enough PDMS prepolymer over the master mold (patterned silicon wafer) to form a 1 cm thick layer. Cure the PDMS by baking at 65 °C for 4 hr or at room temperature for 48 hr.
+- Once cured, The regions containing the patterns can be cut out to form the PDMS stamps. To distinguish the feature side from the backside of the PDMS stamp, cut a notch out of one of the corners on the backside of the stamp.
+3. Microcontact Printing of ECM Patterns
+- Clean 25 mm diameter glass coverslips by sonication in 95% ethanol for 1 hr and then dry in a 65 °C oven.
+- Prepare the PIPAAm solution by dissolving PIPAAm in 1-butanol at a concentration of 10% (w/v, typically 1 g in 10 ml).
+- Center a glass coverslip on the vacuum chuck of the spincoater and pipette 200 μl of the PIPAAm solution so that the entire glass surface is covered.
+- Spincoat the coverslip at 6,000 rpm for 1 min.
+- Clean the PDMS stamps by sonication in 50% ethanol for 30 min and then dry under a stream of nitrogen.
+Note: Drying and subsequent steps should be performed in a biosafety cabinet to maintain sterility for applications where the ECM nanostructures will be used with cells.
+- Coat the patterned surface of each PDMS stamp with 200 μl of the protein solution, typically 50 μg/ml in sterile distilled water for FN. Incubate for 1 hr at room temperature.
+Note: This coating volume is for a 1.5 cm2 PDMS stamp and will need to be adjusted depending on the size of the PDMS stamp, the ECM protein used and the concentration of the ECM protein in solution.
+- Wash the PDMS stamps in distilled water to remove excess protein and dry thoroughly under a stream of nitrogen.
+Note: Any water left on the stamp will trigger the premature dissolution of the PIPAAm coating on the coverslip and prevent proper protein transfer.
+- For sterile fabrication, place the PIPAAm-coated coverslips inside a closed petri dish and sterilize using UV exposure, 45 min under the UV light in a biosafety cabinet is sufficient. If sterility is not required this step can be omitted.
+- Perform microcontact printing by placing the feature side of the PDMS stamp in contact with the PIPAAm-coated coverslip. If required, use forceps to tap lightly on the back of the stamps to remove any air bubbles and ensure uniform contact.
+- After 5 min, peel off the PDMS stamp from the coverslip.
+- At this stage, additional ECM proteins can be patterned to create more complex and multicomponent structures. Up to 3 printings have been verified to work with this process, and more may be feasible.
+4. Release of ECM Nanofibers and Nanostructures
+- Place the patterned PIPAAm coated coverslip in a 35 mm petri dish and inspect the pattern fidelity using phase contrast microscopy. Depending on the pattern, a CCD camera may be necessary to resolve the features of the pattern. Fluorescence microscopy can also be used to inspect the pattern provided the ECM proteins are fluorescently labeled.
+- Add 3 ml of 40 °C distilled water to the petri dish and allow the water to gradually cool.
+- The dissolution of the PIPAAm layer and the release of the ECM protein patterns can be monitored using phase contrast microscopy. If the application does not permit the use of optical techniques, the release can be monitored by measuring the solution temperature. Typically, the water is cooled to room temperature, well below the LCST of PIPAAm (32 °C), to ensure the ECM protein nanostructures have been released.
+- After release, the nanofibers, nanofabrics and other nanostructures are floating in water. To use them for further applications they need to be manipulated. The exact approach will depend on the experimental objective and may include steps such as immobilizing onto another surface, moving with a micromanipulator system or embedding in a hydrogel.
+Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.
+Representative Results
+SIA is capable of engineering ECM protein nanofibers with precise control over fiber dimensions. To demonstrate this, arrays of FN nanofibers with planar dimensions of 50 x 20 μm were patterned onto a PIPAAm coated coverslip (Figure 2A). Upon release, the fibers contracted because they were under an inherent pre-stress when patterned on the PIPAAm surface (Figure 2B). Analysis of the FN nanofibers revealed they were monodisperse pre-release with an average length of 50.19 ± 0.49 μm and width of 19.98 ± 0.17 μm (Figure 2C). Despite contracting appreciably, FN fibers post-release were still monodisperse with an average length of 14.15 ± 0.92 μm and width of 2.65 ± 0.32 μm (Figure 2D). Atomic force microscopy provided a higher resolution perspective of the fiber dimensional changes associated with the SIA release process. Notably, fibers pre-release had a uniform thickness of ~5 nm (Figure 2E) whereas fibers post-release had a heterogeneous thickness on the order of several hundred nanometers (Figure 2F).
+Using the SIA process it is possible to engineer a variety of ECM protein nanostructures with tunable size, shape, and composition (Figure 3). For example, FN nanofibers initially 20 μm in width and 1 cm in length were patterned onto a PIPAAm-coated coverslip. Upon cooling and PIPAAm dissolution the nanofibers were released forming long threads (Figure 3A). Further, because the pattern is defined by the surface topography of the PDMS stamp used for microcontact printing, it is possible to engineer complex ECM protein nanostructures. As proof-of-concept, we created multi-armed FN stars that retained their general shape after release (Figure 3B). Interestingly, the arms of the FN star contracted like the nanofibers but the body of the star maintained its size. While FN is important, we also wanted to demonstrate that SIA works with other ECM proteins such as LN and that multiple ECM proteins can be incorporated into the same structure. For example, we engineered a 2-D nanofabric composed of orthogonal and interconnected nanofibers of FN and LN in a square lattice array (Figure 3C). Pre-release the FN nanofibers were 20 μm wide and the LN nanofibers were 50 μm wide. Upon release both types of nanofibers contracted but the overall interconnectivity and square lattice structure was maintained. These results demonstrate that SIA can be used to engineer ECM materials with a variety of compositions and structures.
+Instances of failed SIA of ECM nanofibers are shown in Figure 4. One cause is improper release of an incomplete pattern due to poor transfer of ECM protein to the PIPAAm surface during microcontact printing (Figure 4A). The presence of holes, irregular edges, and other defects will create nanofibers and nanostructures that are incomplete and prone to breakage and fragmentation upon release. Rapid dissolution of PIPAAm can also cause poor pattern fidelity after release (Figure 4B). For example, using room temperature 20 °C DI water already below the LCST of PIPAAm instead of 40 °C water will cause the PIPAAm to rapidly swell and dissolve. This can cause two problems; (i) the rapid expansion can rip apart some ECM nanofibers and (ii) rapid expansion can cause disruption of the pattern arrangement after release.
+Figure 1. Schematic of the SIA process. (A) A silicon wafer is spincoated with SU8 negative photoresist and exposed to UV light through a photomask. Non-exposed regions are developed away leaving a topographically patterned master mold. (B) PDMS prepolymer is poured over the master mold and cured for 4 hr at 65 °C. (C) After curing, a PDMS stamp is cut out. (D) The stamp is then incubated with an ECM protein solution where the proteins adsorb to the stamp in a partially unfolded conformation. (E) The stamp is rinsed to remove excess protein, dried, and placed in conformal contact with a PIPAAm-coated glass coverslip. (F) The stamp is then removed leaving behind patterned ECM protein on the PIPAAm coated coverslip, the pattern is dictated by the topography of the stamp. (G) The coverslip is then placed in a Petri dish and covered with 40 °C water and then cooled below the LCST of PIPAAm (~32 °C), which triggers the dissolution of PIPAAm and the release of assembled ECM protein nanofibers and/or nanostructures from the surface.
+Figure 2. Using SIA to engineer populations of monodisperse nanofibers. (A) An array of FN rectangles, 50 μm in length and 20 μm in width were patterned onto the PIPAAm surface. (B) Addition of 40 °C DI water and subsequent cooling below the LCST of PIPAAm triggered the dissolution of PIPAAm and the release of the FN nanofibers. Upon release, the fibers contracted as they are under a pre-stress when patterned on the PIPAAm surface. (C) Analysis of nanofiber dimensions pre-release reveals the fibers are monodisperse with a length and width of 50.19 ± 0.49 μm and 19.98 ± 0.17 μm, respectively. (D) Upon release the nanofibers contracted but remained monodisperse with post-release length and width of 14.15 ± 0.92 μm and 2.65 ± 0.32 μm, respectively. (E) AFM showed that the pre-release nanofibers were ~5 nm thick. (F) AFM of post-release nanofibers showed that the thickness had increased to several hundred nanometers while the length and width decreased. -Scale Bars are (A) 50 μm and (B) 10 μm.
+Figure 3. Using SIA to engineer ECM protein nanofibers and nanostructures with tunable size, shape, and composition. (A) FN nanofibers were patterned onto a PIPAAm-coated coverslip as 1 cm in length and 20 μm in width. Thermal release resulted in the SIA of long, intact FN nanofibers with a reduced width of ~3 μm. (B) An example of a more complicated multi-armed FN star, representative of the diverse nanostructures that can be created using SIA. Thermal release resulted in the contraction of the arms but not the central region of the star, where the arms joined together. (C) It is also possible to integrate multiple ECM proteins into the same structure. For example, orthogonal, interconnected 20 μm wide lines of FN (red) and 50 μm wide lines of LN (green) lines integrated into a 2D nanofabric were patterned and then released. Even after release, the pattern retained its initial geometry and interconnectivity. Scale bars are 50 μm.
+Figure 4. Examples of problems that may prevent proper SIA and protein release from the PIPAAm surface. (A) Poor microcontact printing of ECM proteins onto the PIPAAm results in fragmentation and other defects of a 20 μm wide FN line prevents the SIA of a continuous FN nanofiber and instead results in the formation many smaller FN fragments. (B) Rapidly releasing the FN nanofibers from the PIPAAm substrate may also affect the final fiber arrangement. In this case water at 20 °C, already below the LCST of PIPAAm, was added and triggered rapid dissolution causing the nanofibers to snap back, break (30 sec) and form random, unorganized configurations (52 sec). Scale bars are 50 μm.
+Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.
+Discussion
+The SIA method presented here mimics cell-mediated matrix assembly and enables the engineering of ECM protein nanofibers and nanostructures with tunable size, organization and composition. While not identical to cell-generated ECM, SIA creates ECM composed of nanoscale protein fibrils20 that undergo reversible folding/unfolding during mechanical strain21 and can bind cells20. This provides a unique capability to build ECM protein materials that recapitulate many properties of the ECM found in vivo. For example, ECM nanofibers can be fabricated in specific lengths with a level of control infeasible with other techniques. We demonstrate the ability to create arrays of monodisperse nanofibers (Figure 2) with precise control of length and width pre-release (Figure 2C) and post-release (Figure 2D). These ECM nanofibers can be any length, as demonstrated by fabricating FN nanofibers in ~1 cm lengths (Figure 3A). In contrast, other fabrication techniques such as electrospinning and phase separation can create nanofibers but not with the precise control of length, producing mostly continuous fibers. These techniques are also limited in the fiber geometries and organization within a scaffold. SIA can be used to build ECM nanostructures with arbitrary planar geometry, such as a star (Figure 3B), and in 2-D sheets with arbitrary control of fiber organization, such as a nanofabric (Figure 3C). Further, other fabrication methods typically use synthetic materials or only a limited number of natural ones such as chitosan and fibrin. In comparison, SIA enables the assembly of nanofibers and nanostructures composed completely of ECM proteins such as FN and LN, which cannot be fabricated with these other methods.
+The critical step in the SIA process is the thermally-triggered release from the PIPAAm surface. To ensure proper release, there are a few key steps that should be considered. First, after the microcontact printing step, the fidelity of the transferred ECM pattern should be inspected either using phase contrast microscopy or fluorescence microscopy (if the ECM proteins are fluorescently tagged). If there are any defects in the protein pattern on the PIPAAm surface, then the subsequent release will produce nanostructures that contain these defects (as observed in Figure 4A). If a PDMS stamp repeatedly produces protein patterns with defects, it is probable that the micropatterned side of the PDMS stamp has been scratched or contains defects and a new stamp and potentially a new master mold should be made. In addition, care should be taken when hydrating the protein patterned, PIPAAm-coated coverslip. The water should be at or near 40 °C and be allowed to cool slowly. If the water is not warm enough or cools too rapidly, the PIPAAm will swell and dissolve too quickly causing the ECM protein nanofibers and nanostructures to be potentially torn apart from the forces and haphazardly released such that any structural organization resembling the dry, pre-released state will be lost (Figure 4B).
+ECM protein nanofibers, nanostructures and nanofabrics assembled using SIA have many applications in biomechanics, tissue engineering, and biotechnology. For example, recent evidence indicates that the mechanical properties of ECM protein fibrils governs their biological functionality23. SIA is ideally suited to create ECM protein nanofibers in purified form for mechanical analysis. To perform these experiments, released ECM protein nanofibers can be manipulated using precision micropositioners and then stretched. Deravi et al have recently used this approach to demonstrate that FN nanofibers can withstand up to 8-fold extensions and that they undergo elastic, plastic, and strain-stiffening regimes with increasing strain21. In tissue engineering, ECM protein based scaffolds in the form of gels (e.g., collagen type I and fibrin) or decellularized tissues4 are widely used. Compared to these techniques, the advantage of SIA is the ability to engineer scaffolds with well-defined architecture in 1-D fibers and 2-D sheets (Figure 3C). For example, we have previously shown that cardiomyocytes can be seeded onto FN nanofibers to form functional strands of cardiac muscle20. This shows that the FN nanofibers are cell binding and that they can direct the anisotropic assembly of cells into aligned tissue structures. The 2-D nanofabrics can mimic the composition and laminar structure of the basement membrane for application in the engineering of epithelial and endothelial tissues. Further, we are developing new ways to deploy these ECM nanofibers and nanofabrics in 3-D by embedding them within hydrogel matrices. From the process described in this article, it is possible to use SIA to engineer ECM protein-based, nanostructured materials for a wide variety of applications.
+Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.
+Disclosures
+The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
+Acknowledgements
+Financial support was provided to J.M.S. from the NIH Biomechanics in Regenerative Medicine T32 Training Program (2T32EB003392), to Q.J. from the Dowd-ICES Fellowship and to A.W.F. from the NIH Director's New Innovator Award (1DP2HL117750).
+Materials
+References
+- Geiger, B., Bershadsky, A., Pankov, R., Yamada, K. M. Transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2, 793-805 (2001).
+- Engler, A. J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H. L., Discher, D. E. Matrix Elasticity Directs Stem Cell Lineage Specification. Cell. 126, 677-689 (2006).
+- Discher, D. E., Janmey, P., Wang, Y. -l Tissue Cells Feel and Respond to the Stiffness of Their Substrate. Science. 310, 1139-1143 (2005).
+- Ott, H. C., et al. Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart. Nat Med. 14, 213-221 (2008).
+- Teo, W. E., Ramakrishna, S. A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies. Nanotechnology. 17, (2006).
+- Reneker, D. H., Chun, I. Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning. Nanotechnology. 7, 216-21 (1996).
+- Ma, P. X., Zhang, R. Synthetic nano-scale fibrous extracellular matrix. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 46, 60-72 (1999).
+- Yoshimoto, H., Shin, Y. M., Terai, H., Vacanti, J. P. A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 24, 2077-2082 (2003).
+- Li, W. J., Laurencin, C. T., Caterson, E. J., Tuan, R. S., Ko, F. K. Electrospun nanofibrous structure: a novel scaffold for tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 60, 613-621 (2002).
+- Matthews, J. A., Wnek, G. E., Simpson, D. G., Bowlin, G. L. Electrospinning of Collagen Nanofibers. Biomacromolecules. 3, 232-238 (2002).
+- Huang, Z. -M., Zhang, Y. Z., Ramakrishna, S., Lim, C. T. Electrospinning and mechanical characterization of gelatin nanofibers. Polymer. 45, 5361-5368 (2004).
+- Wnek, G. E., Carr, M. E., Simpson, D. G., Bowlin, G. L. Electrospinning of Nanofiber Fibrinogen Structures. Nano Letters. 3, 213-216 (2002).
+- Bhattarai, N., Edmondson, D., Veiseh, O., Matsen, F. A., Zhang, M. Electrospun chitosan-based nanofibers and their cellular compatibility. Biomaterials. 26, 6176-6184 (2005).
+- Jin, H. -J., Chen, J., Karageorgiou, V., Altman, G. H., Kaplan, D. L. Human bone marrow stromal cell responses on electrospun silk fibroin mats. Biomaterials. 25, 1039-1047 (2004).
+- Wierzbicka-Patynowski, I., Schwarzbauer, J. E. The ins and outs of fibronectin matrix assembly. Journal of Cell Science. 116, 3269-3276 (2003).
+- Mosher, D. F., Johnson, R. B. In vitro formation of disulfide-bonded fibronectin multimers. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 258, 6595-6601 (1983).
+- Little, W. C., Smith, M. L., Ebneter, U., Vogel, V. Assay to mechanically tune and optically probe fibrillar fibronectin conformations from fully relaxed to breakage. Matrix Biology. 27, 451-461 (2008).
+- Ulmer, J., Geiger, B., Spatz, J. P. Force-induced fibronectin fibrillogenesis in vitro. Soft Matter. 4, 1998-2007 (2008).
+- Klotzsch, E., et al. Fibronectin forms the most extensible biological fibers displaying switchable force-exposed cryptic binding sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. (2009).
+- Feinberg, A. W., Parker, K. K. Surface-Initiated Assembly of Protein Nanofabrics. Nano Letters. 10, 2184-2191 (2010).
+- Deravi, L. F., et al. Differential Contributions of Conformation Extension and Domain Unfolding to Properties of Fibronectin Nanotextiles. Nano Letters. 12, 5587-5592 (2012).
+- Shen, K., Qi, J., Kam, L. C. Microcontact Printing of Proteins for Cell Biology. J Vis Exp. 1065 (2008).
+- Vogel, V. Mechanotransduction Involving Multimodular Proteins: Converting Force into Biochemical Signals. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure. 35, 459-488 (2006).
+You must be signed in to post a comment. Please create an account.or
+Section A - Vegetable Class
+A1 - Five potatoes - white
+A2 - Five potatoes - coloured
+A3 - One cabbage - any variety
+A4 - One red cabbage
+A5 - One courgette - length approx. 150mm
+A6 - One cauliflower with stalk approx. 75mm
+A7 - Three carrots, long rooted with tops approx. 75mm
+A8 - Three carrots, stumped rooted with tops approx. 75mm
+A9 - Three yellow/white turnips - any variety with tops approx. 75mm
+A10 - One pumpkin / squash - any variety
+A11 - Three peppers / sweet chilli pepper - any variety
+A12 - Three onions - dressed
+A14 - Three flat onions - dressed
+A15 - Three onions - round - dressed and not exc. 340g each
+A16 - One onion largest by weight - dressed with stalk max. 75mm
+A17 - Six shallots
+A18 - Two parsnips with tops approx. 75mm
+A19 - Three beetroot - round with tops approx. 75mm
+A20 - Six French beans
+A21 - Six broad beans
+A22 - Six runner beans
+A23 - One cucumber
+A24 - One vegetable marrow
+A25 - Two blanched leeks with tops
+A26 - Two pot leeks with tops
+A27 - One swede - top 75mm
+A28 - Six pods of peas
+A29 - One lettuce with root
+A30 - Six tomatoes
+A31 - One truss of tomatoes
+A32 - Tray of vegetables - six kinds, tray not to exceed in width 765mm
+A33 - Any single vegetable other than those already speci ed in the schedule
+Section B - Flower Class
+B50 - Vase of three Pom Dahlias (under 55mm diameter)
+B51 - Vase of three mini decorative Dahlias
+B52 - Vase of three Cactus and/or semi Cactus Dahlias medium (under 220mm diameter)
+B53 - Vase of three Cactus and/or semi Cactus Dahlias small (under 170mm diameter)
+B54 - Vase of three decorative Dahlias medium (under 220mm diameter)
+B55 - Vase of three decorative Dahlias small (under 170mm diameter)
+B56 - Vase of three Ball Dahlias (minature)
+B57 - Three vases of three Dahlias - any variety - one cultivar per vase
+B58 - One large (220mm/260mm) or giant (over 260mm) Dahlia - any variety
+B59 - Vase of Gladioli - three spikes
+B60 - Vase of Gladioli - one spike
+B61 - One specimen of H.T. Rose - any variety
+B62 - Vase of Floribunda or Polyanthus roses
+B63 - Vase of Chrysanthemums, three blooms (incurved and / or intermediate)
+B64 - Vase of Chrysanthemums, three blooms (reflex)
+B65 - Vase of Chrysanthemums, three blooms (medium or small flowered)
+B66 - Vase of Chrysanthemums, five blooms (incurved, reflex or intermediate A,B,C) - one Cultivar only
+B67 - Vase of spray Chrysanthemums - three stems
+B68 - Vase of Chrysanthemums - three blooms - medium ower, B or C only (incurved, intermediate or reflex)
+B69 - Vase of asters, five blooms
+B70 - Vase of three carnations - any cultivar/s, foliage allowed
+B71 - Vase of spray carnations - three stems, any cultivar/s
+B72 - Vase of perennials - foliage allowed
+B73 - Vase of Annuals - foliage allowed
+B74 - Six pansies
+B75 - Vase of three pinks - any cultivar/s, foliage allowed
+B76 - Vase of sweet peas - six spikes (one colour or mixed) - Foliage allowed
+B77 - One Pelargonium / Geranium any cultivar in pot maximum 150mm
+B78 - Geranium / Pelagonium three cut blooms any variety / varieties to be shown. One bloom per vase plus two of its own leaves
+B79 - One fuschia any cultivar in pot maximum 150mm
+B80 - One Bonsai Tree
+Section C
+Section D - Kitchen Garden Section, Novice/Beginners
+D90 - Two potatoes - same variety - one to be boiled
+D91 - One cabbage - any variety - untrimmed - with roots
+D92 - One courgette
+D93 - Two carrots - full tops- with roots
+D94 - One pumpkin/squash/gourd
+D95 - One chilli plant
+D96 - One onion - any variety - untrimmed
+D97 - Two beetroot with tops- with roots
+D98 - Three french beans
+D99 - Three runner beans
+D100 - One leek with top- with roots
+D101 - Three pods of peas
+D102 - Three tomatoes
+D103 - Six cherry tomatoes
+D104 - Any vegetable - not specifed in schedule
+D105 - Heaviest marrow
+D106 - Tastiest tomato
+D107 - Oddest shape vegetable
+D108 - This year’s disaster vegetable
+D109 - Six spring onions
+D110 - Herbs – any culinary type. In a pot or cut
+D111 - Five a Day basket - A basket or similar container with five different varieties of fruit or vegetables, but need not constitute an actual dietary portion. Judged on quality of items and overall presentation.
+Section E - Kitchen Garden Flowers
+E130 - One flowering plant in pot, as grown
+E131 - One foliage plant in pot, as grown
+E132 - One Cactus plant or succulent
+E133 - Three Dahlias
+E134 - One Gladioli
+E135 - One Rose - most fragrant
+E136 - Chrysanthemum
+E137 - Three carnations / pinks - vase
+E138 - Bouquet of flowers - vase
+E139 - Pansies / violas - pot 10mm diam
+E140 - Three Sweet Peas
+E141 - One Sunflower Head
+E142 - The largest diameter Sunflower Head
+E143 - Roses, an arrangement of at least 6 roses
+E144 - Flowering Begonias - 1 pot 250mm diameter
+E145 - Marigolds - vase
+Section F - Fruit
+F170 - Four apples - cookers
+F171 - Four apples - eaters
+F172 - Bunch of Grapes with stem min. 75mm
+F173 - Five Plums - Any variety
+F174 - Four Pears - Any variety
+F175 - A plate of soft fruit or berries
+F176 - Any other fruit than those specified
+Section G - Preserves
+G180 - One jar of home-made jam - any variety
+G181 - One jar of home-made jelly - any variety
+G182 - One jar of home-made lemon curd
+G183 - One jar of home-made marmalade - any variety
+G184 - One jar of home-made chutney - any variety
+G185 - One jar of pickles - any variety
+G186 - Bottle of home-made wine
+G187 - Bottle of home-brewed beer
+G188 - One jar of Honey
+Section G - Eggs
+G190 - Brown eggs - 3 of each
+G191 - White eggs - 3 of each
+G192 - Bantam eggs - 3 of each
+G193 - Duck eggs - 3 of each
+G194 - Any other eggs - 3 of each
+Section H - Bakery
+H200 - Your favourite cake (any type of cake) (please include recipe)
+H201 - Carrot cake
+H202 - Six ginger biscuits, any shape
+H203 - Four flapjacks
+H204 - Four pieces of a tray bake
+H205 - Four homemade decorated cupcakes
+H206 - Date & Walnut cake
+H207 - Victoria sandwich, jam filling (two cakes)
+H208 - Six butterfly buns
+H209 - Four pieces of Rocky Road
+H210 - Chocolate cake (iced)
+H211 - Four muffins - any variety
+H212 - Six Cheese scones
+H213 - Afternoon tea - A tea tray to include a sandwich, a scone and a piece of cake. Judged on content and presentation
+H214 - Six fruit scones
+H215 - Gingerbread
+H216 - Round of shortbread
+H217 - Lemon drizzle cake - any recipe
+H218 - Coffee cake
+H219 - One loaf of hand made bread (brown, white or wholemeal - Not Machine)
+H220 - Apple pie, not exceeding 200mm diameter
+H221 - ‘Show-stopper Bake Off ’ cake – judged on decoration only
+H222 - Four Onion Bhaji
+H223 - Two Cheese and Onion Pasties
+Section J - Patchworks & Quiltings
+J240 - A Bed Quilt. Max 96"
+J241 - A Cushion
+J242 - A small wall hanging in patchwork. One side between 24" and 40"
+J243 - A Cot Quilt. Max 36" x 54"
+Section J - Handicrafts
+J247 - A scarf or cowl – any medium
+J248 - A Cusion - any medium (apart from patchwork or quilting)
+J249 - Something new from something old
+J250 - Piece of embroidery or tapestry work
+J251 - Item of handicraft - not covered elsewhere
+J252 - Greeting card - any medium
+J253 - Hand knitted garment
+J254 - Piece of crochet
+J255 - Soft toy, including knitted and crocheted
+J256 - Piece of needle felt
+J257 - A painting or drawing - any medium
+J258 - An item made by wet felting
+J259 - A creative pompom
+J260 - A handmade Christmas decoration.
+J261 - Photography - A portrait, mounted (max 5” x 7” exc. mount)
+J262 - Photography – The colour red, mounted (max 5” x 7” exc. mount)
+J263 - Photography - An animal study, mounted (max 5” x 7” exc. mount)
+J264 - Photography – A Macro photograph, mounted (max 5” x 7” exc. mount)
+J265 - Photography – A Landscape photograph, mounted (max 5” x 7” exc. mount)
+J266 - Photography – An obviously digitally manipulated photograph, original to be on display too.
+J267 - Photography - Celebrating the Garden, mounted (max 5" x 7" exc. mount)
+J268 - Photography - A night time scene, mounted (max 5" x 7" exc. mount)
+Section K - Children Only
+Please state the age (not name) on all exhibits
+K284 - Best Handicraft - (Age 6 and under)
+K285 - Best Handicraft - (Age 7-10)
+K286 - Best Handicraft - (Age 11 & Over)
+K287 - Best piece of poetry - (Age 10 & Over)
+K288 - Best piece of poetry - (Age 11 & Over)
+K289 - Make a Lego model of your own design - (Age 6 and under)
+K290 - Make a Lego model of your own design - (Age 7-10)
+K291 - Make a Lego model of your own design - (Age 11 & Over)
+K292 - An item made from waste materials - (Age 6 and under)
+K293 - An item made from waste materials - (Age 7-10)
+K294 - Make an animal from fruit or vegetables - (Age 6 and under)
+K295 - Make an animal from fruit or vegetables - (Age 7-10)
+K296 - Piece of edible jewellery - (Age 6 and under)
+K297 - Piece of edible jewellery - (Age 7-10)
+K298 - Photograph - The Park, (5" x 7" exc. mount) - (All age groups)
+K299 - Photograph - Animal study, (5" x 7" exc. mount) - (All age groups)
+K300 - A garden design in a seed tray - (Age 6 and under)
+K301 - A garden design in a seed tray - (Age 7-10)
+K302 - A garden design and plan (on A4 paper) - (Age 11 & Over)
+K303 - A painting / drawing - (Age 10 & under)
+K304 - A painting / drawing - (Age 11 & over)
+Section K - Children's Bakery
+K305 - Make and decorate a ginger bread man - (Ages 6 and under)
+K306 - Make and decorate a ginger bread man - (Ages 7 and over)
+K307 - Four decorated homemade cupcakes - (Ages 6 and under)
+K308 - Four decorated homemade cupcakes - (Ages 7 to 10)
+K309 - Four decorated homemade cupcakes - (Ages 11 & over)
+K310 - Four Crispy buns - (Ages 6 and under)
+K311 - Four Crispy buns - (Ages 7 and over)
+K312 - A decorated pizza base - (Ages 6 and under)
+K313 - A decorated pizza base - (Ages 7 and over)
+
+Premium Free Web Directory »» AdBriteDirectory.com
+Grace Bridal Couture is L.A.’spremier designer of luxury, custom one-of-a-kind wedding gowns.
+Fame Lifestyle is a Private Concierge based in Dubai, offering Travel concierge, wedding concierge, corporate concierge and individual lifestyle management with great customer service.
+Red Rose Convention Centre and banquet halls provides venue for wedding hall, convention centre, banquet hall, business meeting hall, conference halls, exhibition centre and trade show halls in Toronto, Brampton, Mississauga and Etobicoke.
+We are Court marriage Experts in Delhi, having 21 years experience as a Legal Advisory. To opt any services regarding Marriage or Legal Services, you can contact us. Call +91-9811374817 or click -
+Arya Samaj Marriage is appropriate amongst Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs or Jains. A Hindu marriage can be solemnized between two Hindus (often when they are of different religion or nations)
+Here at Arya Samaj Mandir marriage certificate is been provided to the newly married couple that is valid completely and not challengeable anywhere. Our part is to make it happen in a pure profession way.
+Are you looking for good music & good coffee for your wedding or party in Edmonton Area? Call now at 7807109491.
+Wedding Marquee Hire from Event Equipment Hire, we offer wedding marquee hire Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cheshire. We provide all types of marquee hire in leeds, manchester, york, sheffield, liverpool, hull and surrounding towns. Event Equipment Hire offer free site visits for all wedding marquee clients and we undertake 3D Cimputer drawings for all projects relating to wedding marquee hire.
+A1 Weddingwalla offer an assortment of Mehndi Stages and ornamentation for your function with cushions, bedclothes couches and extraordinary lamps and lighting. Whether you favor a traditional style using Jhula's and other conventional furniture, or a more modern edge topic joining dynamic mehndi shades. A1 Weddingwalla will make the ideal occasion suited to your tastes and style. For more information visit our site
+Wedding is the most special moment of everyone’s life and hence the best wedding planning services are must. In weddings, most of the time gets wasted because of the busy schedule of the family members and the couple. The best way can be if the family members and the couple enjoy the pre wedding time at the extreme. We at Easy Shaadi – The wedding planning solutions – plan your weddings in such a way that we make you feel relaxed from the burdens of the weddings so that you can enjoy with your friends and family.
+We have a gorgeous selection of wedding headpieces, bridal tiaras & tons of wedding accessories in New York.
+Lots of newest style for wedding dresses, bridesmaid dresses and wedding accessories at the wholesale cheap price. All discount wedding dresses, wedding party dresses available online.
+Busy bride need not worry about planning her wedding. Miami wedding planners offers comprehensive day-of planner packages for brides in South Florida.
+Tap your feet with the talented wedding DJs in Miami playing the right music at your wedding. Modern & stylish DJs in Broward, Miami & West Palm Beach.
+Looking for celtic irish creative gifts. We specialize in celtic revival jewelry, claddagh wedding ring & celtic engagement rings, bands, celtic knots, pendants,
+House Plantation, one of Texas & premier wedding facilities, is centered around a lovingly restored 1890s Victorian mansion.
+ForeverTwogether provide Professional wedding ceremony services for couples seeking a Michigan Wedding Ceremony or Minister, Officiant, Clergy, Celebrant, Justice of The Peace or Reverend to perform their Wedding Ceremony, Wedding Vows, Interfaith Wedding Ceremony, Nondenominational Wedding Ceremony, Renewal of Vows or Elopement Ceremony.
+Atelier Italiano, wedding apparel, wedding dresses, bridesmaid dresses and wedding accessories. All discount wedding dresses, wedding party dresses available online store, Italian store online..
+We apply more than 15 years of design and planning experience towards reducing the stress and costs
+that weddings entail. Our company offers more than just practical advice
+Looking for professional wedding photo albums so that you can keep the memories of your life's special event forever! Then Heartfelt Inspirations is the best place for you.
+Hire Celebration on Water for your wedding venues on boats? Our wedding venues on boats at reasonable price are the perfect choice for your wedding receptions.
+Make your wedding blissful with our wedding flowers silk Adelaide. Book our wedding packages Adelaide for making your marriage more memorable.
+Popcorn Films is your number one objective for Wedding Videos in Melbourne. We have an expert group of Wedding Videographers who can record your wedding features. We have broad involvement in recording and creating top quality wedding features in Melbourne.
+Mercedes Wedding Cars offer a quality wedding car service to the Greater Glasgow area. The company also provides general chauffeur services and airport transfers.
+Award winning Miami photographers provides artistic & elegant wedding photography capturing the moments of emotion & love. Call us & learn more about our wedding photography.
+OneLife (NGO) is a 24X7 suicidal help lines & Counseling Center in Hyderabad India. We help people to overcome suicidal tendencies caused due to love failure.
+Top quality wedding dress,wedding gown at bestprice.Save Up to 50% on quality bridal gowns,Your first choice for wedding dress shopping..
+Top quality wedding dress,wedding gown at bestprice.Save Up to 50% on quality bridal gowns,Your first choice for wedding dress shopping
+Find exclusive banquet halls and convention halls in Bangalore with Brigade Hospitality. From celebrations to corporate events, find everything you need including wedding planners, catering services, business hotels and service apartments in Bangalore. Also offering outdoor catering services, visit Brigade Hospitality for the best of the hospitality industry here.
+Lovely Cards is an one stop and unique wedding invitation cards shop in India with its own retail outlets in Chennai, Coimbatore, Sivakasi and Madurai to buy high quality and royal designer Indian wedding cards like Hindu wedding cards, Muslim wedding cards, Christian wedding cards, personal wedding cards, designer wedding cards and customized wedding cards manufactured by Lovely Offset Printers Private Limited. Buy your favorite marriage invitation cards from Lovely Cards at best possible price and make your big day a remarkable one.
+Buy unique wedding favour boxes online that are designed and printed exclusively in house & Get personalised favour boxes design as per your requirement.
+Wupla является Россия Ведущий на свадьбу событий, праздник, юбилей с компанией, специализирующейся в стильных, эксклюзивных и исключительных свадеб по всему миру.
+novelty cards provides a very large collection of wedding invitation cards wholesale distributors in chennai,india. Traditional and religious wedding invitation cards & personalized invitation cards,birthday invitation cards,wedding wishes cards ,business greeting cards design and printing services in chennai,india
+Aghareed caters the best wedding cakes in Dubai created by their chefs as per the theme and style of wedding. Get the wedding cake toppers which are personalized and unique as per your needs.a
+Aunty Ellen's Creative Confections opened its delectable doors in March 2006, but the delicious baking began years before - 19 to be exact! Ellen Fay,.
+In addition, Ellen takes orders for a variety of other mouth watering beginnings and endings such as the
+Famous Bermuda Rum Coffee Cake
+Assorted Rich Chewy Chocolate brownie in numerous flavors
+Grand Manier Pound cakes with White Chocolate Truffle drizzle
+Cranberry White Chocolate Macadamia Nut Cookies
+Amazing Cheese Cakes & Cream Pies
+(to name a few!)
+Undertaking Financial Planning is critical to the success of any business.
+It provides the business Plan with rigor, by confirming which the objectives set are achievable coming from a financial perspective. It also facilitates the CEO setting financial targets for the organization, and reward staff members for meeting objectives from the budget set.
+Hire an skilled for financial planning can be a good idea.
+King of Cards India Private Limited offers a stunning range of Hindu wedding invitation cards in different colours, patters, styles and sizes. Their marriage cards are embedded with images of divine Hindu gods to suit your unique preferences. They guarantee to offer cards at lowest prices with free shipping across India. Visit their site for more details.
+Pendulum event are the one of the best event management company based in Udaipur. We offer wide range of services like destination wedding, corporate events, theme parties at most appropriate venue and Budget.
+Our latest plan is to providind wedding planners services in delhi because we are the famous wedding planner at very cheap price
+Event-O specializes in wedding rentals and providing services in the Spanish Costa Blanca for weddings in Spain. We make your dream wedding a reality!
+Established in 2003, Celebrations by Cari, an Authorised Civil Marriage Celebrant offers 60 plus page Wedding Ceremony Guide to assist you in planning your marriage ceremony. She has a large variety of wedding ceremonies that you may peruse and all ceremonies are tailor-made to suit your requirements. For more info, visit or call us on 02 4233 2443.
+banquets in bangalore, Punam Mahal offers banquet hall & corporate meeting hall with latest and modern equipment for weddings, business & parties. For Booking Call: 9731406644
+Finding a compatible rishta is not a problem any longer. At BiWi, you can search a matching partner for your shaadi across thousands of profiles..
+Pretty Posh Events provides plans for kids parties, corporate events &; weddings of all styles &; sizes in NY, NJ & ; Pennsylvania. Call now at
+Basic illustration – We are best wine and spirit distributor in Singapore. Visit us to buy wine for wedding.We are wholesale wine and spirit distributor in Singapore.
+celebrity beauticians in bangalore
+Buy Online Shopping - Latest Online Sherwanis for Mens Wedding, Mens Sherwani for Wedding, Indo Western Sherwanis for Mens, Mens Kurta Pyjamas, India UK USA
+[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
+[0002] This invention relates to a system for distributing video data (motion picture data) to users for browsing the video data and in particular to a system that can keep track of the extent to which the user browses video data.
+[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
+[0004] Service for distributing various types of content from a distribution server to browse clients such as personal computers and mobile terminals is widely conducted as specific-area or wide-area service.
+[0005] Such content distribution systems are available in various modes; content data including video data is also distributed owing to the progression of network communication technologies.
+[0006] An outline of a content browsing system is as follows: Various pieces of content data are registered in a distribution server and as a browse client accesses the distribution server and selects any desired content, the distribution server distributes the corresponding content data to the browse client and the user can view the content on the browse client.
+[0007] The distributed video data is extended from that intended for entertainment such as movies to diversified video data of education, lectures and presentation.
+[0008] As for video of education, lectures and presentation, conducted using written materials (documents), it is required to distribute a still image of the written material (slide data) as well as video image (video data) to each browse client for synchronously playing back the images to fill up the provided information, aid in learning the content, and deeply understand the content.
+[0009] For example, in the video data intended for entertainment such as movies, the extent to which the browse user views each of the video titles distributed in a large number of types becomes important information to study video data of what contents should be distributed to meet the user needs in the future. In the video data intended for education and the like, the extent to which the browse user of a pupil views each of the video titles distributed in a large number of types becomes important information to keep track of the extent to which the browse user progresses on learning.
+[0010] It is therefore an object of the invention to keep track of the extent to which the user has browsed provided video data and the right of browsing of each user, and realize system administration adapted for the purpose in a system for providing content including video data for the user.
+[0011] It is another object of the invention to make possible a progress management of learning of pupil users in using network technologies to realize an education field in which a lecturer gives a lecture to a user group, for example.
+[0012] Other and further objects of the invention will be apparent from the following description.
+[0013] The invention can be embodied in various forms such as a video browsing system, a distribution server and a management client making up the video browsing system, programs for implementing them as computers, and a video browse method.
+[0014] In the invention, a distribution server for distributing content including video data has a function of keeping track of extent information of browsing the content for each user through a browse client for receiving the distributed content and playing back and displaying the video data on a screen. In one form of the invention, the browse client counts the extent to which the user has played back and displayed the distributed content video data on the screen and transmits the counted extent information to the distribution server.
+[0015] Accordingly, for various pieces of video data distributed, the system can keep track of the interest, the learning progress, and the like, of each user based on the browse extent information (in an embodiment described below, viewing percentage).
+[0016] In the invention, in the browse client, the screen may be provided with a playback button for playing back the video data starting at the previous stop point for the incompletely browsed content based on the counted extent information.
+[0017] Accordingly, the playback button enables the user to know that the user has browsed the video data to a midpoint, and the user can operate the playback button to easily play back the beginning of the remaining portion of the video data.
+[0018] In the invention, the system may further include a management client having a function of registering a user that can browse content in the distribution server and a function of preparing electronic mail and transmitting electronic mail to each user, wherein the distribution server may transmit the browse extent information to the management client for providing management information.
+[0019] Accordingly, the manager operating the management client can keep track in organized manner of the browse users also including the browse extent information and moreover can reference the browse extent information and advertise video data and give guidance in video data learning by electronic mail for each user.
+[0020] The above objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing preferred exemplary embodiment thereof in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
+[0021]
+[0022]
+[0023]
+[0024]
+[0025]
+[0026]
+[0027]
+[0028]
+[0029]
+[0030]
+[0031]
+[0032]
+[0033]
+[0034]
+[0035]
+[0036] Referring now to the accompanying drawings, there is shown a preferred embodiment of the invention.
+[0037]
+[0038] A plurality of browse clients
+[0039] Each of the distribution server
+[0040] The browse client
+[0041] The edit client
+[0042] The management client
+[0043] In accordance with above units, the management client
+[0044] The distribution server
+[0045]
+[0046] User data
+[0047] Group member data
+[0048] Group data
+[0049] Session data
+[0050] Slide data
+[0051] The video data and the slide data (and the necessary metadata of the content name and the like) form a group of content to be distributed. The actual data of the video data and the slide data may be stored and managed in any other storage area of the database
+[0052] The actual data of the video data and the slide data can be edited by the edit client
+[0053] The video data and the slide data forming content are related to each other as shown in
+[0054]
+[0055] In the embodiment, a representative frame is also related to the video data in forming content so that it is played back in synchronization with the video data for use as a video data index. The representative frame is a still image representing a representative scene having one time width in video extracted from the video data
+[0056] The slide data
+[0057] Therefore, at the browse client
+[0058] As shown in
+[0059] In the embodiment, processing of various configurations such as setting up a session, setting the users of the session, is performed as the management client
+[0060] Access log data
+[0061] The viewing percentage is data indicating the last point at which the browse user has displayed and browsed distributed video content on the screen of the browse client
+[0062] In the embodiment, whenever the distributed video content is displayed on the screen of the browse client
+[0063] The viewing percentage may represent the extent to which the user has browsed relative to the whole content of the video and therefore the counting method and the calculating method of the viewing percentage are not limited to the embodiment and various methods can be adopted.
+[0064] Note data
+[0065] As described later, the browse user can operate the browse client
+[0066] BBS data
+[0067] As described later, the browse user can operate the browse client
+[0068] In the embodiment, the BBS data
+[0069] Therefore, a description couple of a question and its answer can be extracted from the BBS description using the QA flag.
+[0070] Thus, the management client (manager)
+[0071] Next, the processing operation and functions of the system of the embodiment will be discussed with reference to examples of screen display of the browse client
+[0072] The edit client
+[0073] When the user accesses the distribution server
+[0074] When the user enters the user ID and the password and clicks on the login button
+[0075] When user identification is authenticated as the result of the collating, the distribution server
+[0076] Accordingly, a content list page
+[0077] The content list page
+[0078] The operation area
+[0079] The metadata search operation area
+[0080] The slide voice search operation area
+[0081] When content data is registered in the distribution server
+[0082] The operation area
+[0083] The operation area
+[0084] Therefore, the user can click the playback resume button
+[0085] When the user clicks the playback start button
+[0086] The content browse page
+[0087] Since the video data and the slide data are related to each other as shown in
+[0088] Since the slide images and the notes are related to each other as shown in
+[0089] When the user clicks the slide button
+[0090] The slide list page
+[0091] When the user clicks the note button
+[0092] The note list page
+[0093] A print button
+[0094] When the manager accesses the distribution server
+[0095] When manager identification is authenticated as the result of the collating, the distribution server
+[0096] As the manager thus logs in, a main form page
+[0097]
+[0098] Registration date and time information, state information indicating whether or not the content can be browsed by the user, and function information indicating whether or not the functions such of notes and BBS, are provided for the content are also displayed in the listing area
+[0099] Similar information can also be displayed on the screen through the edit client
+[0100] Node management dialog windows shown in
+[0101] The dialog window shown in
+[0102] The manager makes required entries in the node management dialog window (setting) and clicks an OK button
+[0103] The dialog window shown in
+[0104] Check boxes
+[0105] The dialog window shown in
+[0106] Check boxes
+[0107] Content management dialog windows shown in
+[0108] The dialog window shown in
+[0109] The manager makes required entries in the content management dialog window and clicks a register button
+[0110] A mail button
+[0111] A similar function can also be executed by the edit unit
+[0112] The dialog window shown in
+[0113] Using the state management unit
+[0114] The content registration dialog window
+[0115] The manager (lecturer) makes required entries in the content management dialog window and clicks a register button
+[0116] The manager clicks a user management tab on the main form page
+[0117] The user management page
+[0118] When the manager specifies any user displayed in the listing field
+[0119] Therefore, using the setting unit
+[0120] A new user can be registered in the system as a user setting dialog window
+[0121] The manager makes required entries in the user setting dialog window and clicks an OK button
+[0122] The manager clicks the mail button
+[0123] The mail transmission dialog window
+[0124] Therefore, as the manager enters mail text in the entry field
+[0125] Here, the mail unit
+[0126] Further, the mail unit
+[0127] Therefore, mail for prompting the user to view content can be easily transmitted to the user with a low viewing percentage, for example, and the user can be prompted to browse content under management.
+[0128] In the embodiment above described, the management of the extent information (including editing the extent information) is provided by separate clients of the edit client
+[0129] In the embodiment above described, the distribution of the content and the management of the extent information is provided by separate clients and server. However, the distribution of the content and the management of the extent information may be provided by a single computer (e.g. the distribution server
+[0130] As described above, according to the invention, the system keeps track of the extent to which each user has browsed distributed video data and thus can keep track of the user's needs for the video data and the user's learning progress using the video data; system administration adapted for the purpose can be realized.
+[0131] Although the present invention has been shown and described with reference to a specific preferred embodiment, various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein. Such changes and modifications as are obvious are deemed to come within the spirit, scope and contemplation of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
+ needs wherever they go. Spanish is widely spoken, mostly by immigrants from Latin America and their families, although the language is also taught poorly to the majority of the native-born population.
+Because these five states lie on the East Coast, they were the initial point of entry for most English-speaking immigrants and as such, have retained a much greater degree of diversity in terms of regional accents than the rest of the country (accents tended to converge as settlers went west). While you are likely to just encounter General American Pronunciation pretty much wherever you go, you may be treated to a New Yorker accent in Brooklyn, Long Island, or northern New Jersey; Bawlmorese in Baltimore, the baffling -to-linguists Picksburg accent that just keeps diverging ever farther from surrounding accents, a South Philly accent, or southern accents on Maryland's Eastern Shore. You can even find 17th century English accents if you look for them among the isolated island communities of the Chesapeake Bay!
+The principal points of entry are the regions airports and the super hubs are in the New York and Baltimore-Washington metro areas. The former is served primarily by John F Kennedy International airport (IATA: JFK), Newark Liberty Airport (IATA: EWR), and LaGuardia Airport (IATA: LGA), while the latter is served by Washington Dulles International Airport (IATA: IAD), Reagan Washington National Airport (IATA: DCA), and Baltimore Washington International Airport (IATA: BWI). Philadelphia is served mainly by just one airport, Philadelphia International Airport (IATA: PHL), which is accordingly the largest in the area. Other cities in the area will often have their own airports, but direct flights may be harder to come by.
+Greyhound [1] is unfortunately the main intercity bus operator, unfortunately because it is an inefficient and expensive way of getting around. Fortunately it is seeing low-cost competition from a peculiar set of Chinatown bus routes. These no frills point A to point B services arose organically from the needs of Chinese-Americans to visit their relatives in the various Chinatowns across the region. The service caught on when the general public realized they could travel round trip from D.C. to New York for $30. There is no central internet site for these services, so you are best off doing a general internet search. Be aware that the Chinatown buses do occasionally terminate and originate in unsavory urban neighborhoods.
+A new wave in intercity coach transportation is large corporations trying to emulate Chinatown buses but with better services. Megabus [2] was the first to embrace the new business model, offering heavily discounted fares from its New York hub to Boston, Toronto, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Atlantic City and Washington. Bolt Bus [3] is a division of Greyhound but is significantly cheaper and more comfortable than their regular services, they provide newer coaches wit more legroom, electric sockets at every seat and free wireless internet. Bolt Bus provides journeys within the northeast corridor, almost identical to Megabus. Ne-On [4] is also a division of Greyhound and operates between New York City and Toronto, via Buffalo, their on-board services match those of Bolt Bus. Yo! Bus [5] which is a company that is partially owned by Greyhound and Peter Pan, also runs busses from New York City to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington with low fares and free wi-fi similar to competitors MegaBus and Bolt Bus.
+While train service is very limited in the rest of the United States, the Northeast has by far the best rail service in the country. The high-speed Acela express runs frequently along the Washington-Philadelphia-New York-Boston corridor. Amtrak also serves upstate NY, and western PA..
+When in Rome, do as the Romans do; drive in the USA. Driving is the only practical way to tour the Mid-Atlantic, if you intend to visit anything beyond the major cities. That said, the Mid-Atlantic is the least pleasant place to drive in the entire country. Traffic, both inter-city and intra-city, can be horrendous—the D.C. area regularly tops the lists of the nation's most congested cities, and Metro New York is never far behind. But above all, Mid-Atlantic drivers are rude. Aggressive and often puzzling driving is commonplace along the interstates and in more populous areas.
+I-95 is the coastal super highway, at times encompassing a whopping eighteen lanes, and connects D.C. to New York through Baltimore, Philadelphia (optional), and pretty much everything in between in New Jersey and Delaware. It is the fastest way to drive between these cities, but it is unpleasant and ridden with expensive tolls (especially in Delaware!) and very bad traffic on weekends and around local rush hours. Avoiding I-95 requires a bit of creativity and slightly longer trips through Pennsylvania west of Philadelphia, but such trips can be rewarding in terms of scenery, no tolls, little traffic, and just easier traveling generally.
+Finally, a direct warning is in order: Driving into D.C. and New York is really not advisable. Doable, certainly; fun, not likely. Washington D.C.'s street layout was designed to confuse invading armies. New York is extremely congested, and its drivers are the most aggressive in all of North America (though Bostonians may dispute that claim). Philadelphia is also filled with extremely reckless and fast-drivers, but at least the city is laid out in a grid. If you are driving into D.C., get good directions and don't do it anywhere around rush hour. If driving into New York, save yourself by parking in a less congested borough (like Queens or Brooklyn), where you might actually find free on-street parking, and take a subway line from there into Manhattan. Driving in Mid-Atlantic cities is really not recommended however because it is not necessary; Mid-Atlantic cities have the best mass transit systems in North America. It is almost always better to take a train in and use mass transit than to drive in and pay astronomical parking expenses.
+Although there are lots of budget flight options between cities on the Mid-Atlantic, due to the hassles and delays associated with increased security precautions, especially in the New York City area, short flights are usually best avoided. All major cities are connected by regional and commuter rail options with stations in the central business districts of these destinations. Moreover, most inter-city planes travel between suburban airports fairly far out from the city center. When the distances are long enough, though, flights can indeed be cheap and convenient, from, say, Washington, D.C. to Albany, or New York to rather far-flung Pittsburgh.
+If visiting the Mid-Atlantic, you may want to take a look at the following itineraries:
+Much of the Mid-Atlantic is afflicted by so much suburban sprawl that there isn't much to do other than go to the movies. But peer a bit further into the region, and there are magnificent outdoor opportunities in the west and north. For hikers, the longest trail in the world runs from Georgia to Maine, passing through Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. Pennsylvania between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, is beautiful and largely wild. Drives through pastoral Amish country or hikes through thickly forested hills are a great way to get away from the huge urban centers of the region. Way up in the northern section of New York is the enormous Adirondack State Park—the largest state park in the country, spanning an area larger than next door Vermont. Possibilities there for kayaking, boating, hiking, camping, hunting, and fishing are pretty much endless. The most popular escapes, however, are to the region's beaches in the summer, in the Jersey Shore and in Delaware and Ocean City, Maryland, where you can get a good tan, go swimming, gamble in some places, and eat boardwalk fries to your heart's content.
+Sporting events are another huge draw to the region, with at least one major national team in each major city for each major league. The region also hosts minor league teams, such as the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the AAA-level Philadelphia Phillies team, based in Allentown. Several tourist railroads and preservation groups offer (in season) Santa Train Rides[10] and Easter Bunny Train Rides[11].
+If you know where to go, the Mid-Atlantic is a food-lovers paradise. New York City has the world's best upmarket dining scene hands down. The D.C. area has an unlimited supply of cheap, delicious, immigrant-run restaurants featuring cuisines from every corner of the world. Philadelphia takes its fast food seriously and is an excellent place to try American street food including, of course, the Philly Cheeseteak. New Jersey's diners are iconic, Baltimore's are funky as they come. And the coastal areas of Delaware and Maryland are rightly famous for their magnificent crab feasts.
+Few parts of the world can boast the nightlife to be found in the urban areas of the Mid-Atlantic. New York City's nightlife probably needs no introduction. From the diviest dives to the swankiest wine bars, as well as the best jazz in the world, New York's really got it all in this category. Philadelphia, Allentown, and Baltimore offer quirky, rougher-edged, and less accessible, but very lively bar and clubbing scenes. Pittsburgh defies post-industrial-city expectations with a lively and surprisingly classy nightlife scene. Washington, D.C. would at first glance seem the exception, with its reputation for bland, poorly dressed staidness and early closing times. The early closing times are a bummer on weekdays, but weekends have become hot for clubbers in the last 5–10 years.
+Local drinks are many, mostly in the beer category.
+As is true for much of the United States, crime is a problem in the inner cities, while city outskirts, suburbs, and the countryside are almost always quite safe. Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and Baltimore are particularly risky for travelers--they all are worth visiting, but have rough neighborhoods near many popular tourist sites—best to do your research ahead of time and avoid straying off the beaten path. New York, despite what you may have seen in the movies, is actually one of the safest big cities in the country, and you may rest easy knowing that violent crime has become rare in areas frequented by tourists. The main cities of New Jersey are less of a concern, as they are not at all major travel destinations. Bear in mind, however, that Newark, Camden and Trenton are all non-destinations because of their high levels of violent crime..
+The upside to staying safe in the Mid-Atlantic is that there is no better place on Earth to develop a brain tumor, get knived, or crash your car—it is home to the best hospitals in the world in Baltimore (Johns Hopkins), and the New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. metro areas. Indeed, the hospitals get visits from the elite of the world, ranging from third world dictators to jet-setting millionaires. If they can't repair you, nobody can.
+This creamy risotto with asparagus and peas makes a lovely starter, side dish, or vegetarian main course for spring.
+Comforting to eat — and comforting to make, in a mindless, repetitive sort of way — risotto is a northern Italian rice dish cooked gently until it reaches a creamy consistency. Most people think of it as a restaurant-style dish, but it’s actually quite simple to make with just a few ingredients. The only thing to keep in mind is that it requires frequent stirring, so you need to stay close to the stove for 25 minutes while it cooks.
+This spring risotto calls for seasonal vegetables but there’s lots of room for creativity and improvisation. Don’t feel like asparagus? Substitute zucchini or mushrooms. Going vegetarian? Replace the chicken broth with vegetable broth. Want to fancy it up? Stir in some fresh herbs at the end. You really can’t go wrong as long as you stick to the basic formula. Serve this spring risotto as a meatless main course or as a side to a simply cooked main dish, like pan-seared salmon or perfectly grilled chicken breasts.
+How To Make Spring Risotto with Asparagus & Peas
+Before we get to the instructions, a few words about the ingredients. All risotto recipes begin with Arborio rice, a short-grained, high-starch Italian rice that becomes creamy and slightly chewy when cooked. You can find it in the rice section of most supermarkets. White wine is also a key ingredient in risotto. It adds nice flavor but if you’d rather not use it, use more broth instead and add a squeeze of lemon at the end. Finally, it’s important to use low-sodium broth when making risotto. The broth reduces while it cooks, intensifying the saltiness.
+The first step to cooking risotto is to bring your broth to a simmer. It’s important that the broth is hot before you add it to the rice, as cold broth will cool the pan down and slow the cooking process. While the broth heats up, melt the butter in a large pot or Dutch oven (it’s important to use a large cooking vessel, as the rice will increase in volume when cooked). Add the asparagus and cook until tender-crisp, a few minutes.
+Add the peas and cook for 1 minute more, until they are defrosted.
+Transfer the vegetables to a plate and set aside. You’ll add them back to the risotto at the very end. Cooking the vegetables first ensures that they don’t overcook.
+In the same pot over medium-low heat, melt 2 tablespoons of the butter and add the onions.
+Cook, stirring frequently, until translucent, 2 to 3 minutes. Then, add the garlic and cook for 1 minute more. Do not brown.
+Add the Arborio rice to the onions and garlic.
+Cook, stirring constantly, until glossy and translucent around the edges, about 3 minutes. This step of toasting the rice in fat adds depth of flavor and also prevents the grains from becoming mushy during the cooking process.
+Add the wine and cook until completely absorbed, about 1 minute.
+Ladle about 1 cup of the simmering broth into the rice.
+Cook, stirring occasionally, until absorbed. Continue adding the broth, 1 cup at a time and stirring until it is absorbed, until the rice is tender, about 25 minutes. You don’t need to stir constantly; just check on it every few minutes to stir and prevent sticking. You’ll know it’s done when the rice al dente — just cooked, still with a little bite to it.
+Add the reserved vegetables, Parmigiano-Reggiano, and remaining tablespoon of butter to the risotto.
+Stir, then taste and adjust seasoning with salt and pepper, if necessary. If the risotto is too thick, thin it with a bit of milk. Spoon into bowls and serve with more cheese.
+If you have leftover risotto, I highly recommend making risotto cakes. They are quite possibly even better than the actual risotto! You don’t need a recipe: simply mix the leftover cold risotto with a generous handful of shredded cheese. Use a cheese that melts well, such as fontina, Cheddar, Gruyère, or mozzarella. Scoop up about 1/3 cup of the risotto at a time and shape into patties about 3/4 inch thick and 3 inches wide. Coat the risotto cakes in panko, then fry in olive oil over medium heat until golden and crisp, about 3 minutes per side.
+Spring Risotto with Asparagus & Peas
+This creamy risotto with asparagus and peas makes a lovely starter, side dish, or vegetarian main course for spring.
+Ingredients
+- 6 cups low-sodium chicken broth
+- 4 tablespoons unsalted butter, divided
+- 1 bunch asparagus, preferably thin, trimmed and cut into 1-in pieces
+- 1/4 teaspoon salt
+- Freshly ground black pepper
+- 1 cup frozen peas
+- 1 medium yellow onion, finely chopped
+- 2 cloves garlic, minced
+- 1-1/2 cups Arborio rice
+- 1/2 cup dry white wine
+- 1/2 cup grated Parmigiano-Reggiano, plus more for serving
+Instructions
+- In a medium pot, bring the broth to a simmer.
+- Meanwhile, in a large pot or Dutch oven, melt 1 tablespoon of the butter over medium-low heat. Add the asparagus, salt, and a few grind of pepper. Cook, stirring frequently, until the asparagus is tender-crisp, 2 to 4 minutes, depending on the thickness of the asparagus. Add the peas and continue cooking until the peas are defrosted, about 1 minute. Transfer the vegetables to a plate and set aside.
+- In the same pot over medium-low heat, melt 2 tablespoons of the butter. Add the onions and cook, stirring frequently, until translucent, 2 to 3 minutes. Add the garlic and cook for 1 minute more. Do not brown. Add the rice and cook, stirring constantly, until glossy and translucent around the edges, about 2 minutes. Add the wine and cook until completely absorbed, about 1 minute. Ladle about 1 cup of the simmering broth into the rice and cook, stirring occasionally, until absorbed. Continue adding the broth, 1 cup at a time and stirring frequently until it is absorbed, until the rice is al dente and creamy, about 25 minutes. (Be careful not to get distracted while the rice is cooking; while it doesn’t require a lot of skill, it does require you to keep a close eye on it to prevent sticking.)
+- Stir in the reserved vegetables, Parmigiano-Reggiano, and remaining tablespoon of butter into the risotto. Taste and adjust seasoning with salt and pepper, if necessary. If the risotto is too thick, thin it with a bit of milk. Spoon the risotto into bowls and serve. Pass the Parmigiano-Reggiano at the table.
+Nutrition Information
+- Per serving (8 servings)
+- Calories: 277
+- Fat: 9 g
+- Saturated fat: 5 g
+- Carbohydrates: 37 g
+- Sugar: 2 g
+- Fiber: 3 g
+- Protein: 10 g
+- Sodium: 245 mg
+- Cholesterol: absolutely delicious! The exact texture and flavor I was hoping for. Thank you!
+This recipe is great. I made it back in May and then stuck the leftovers in the freezer. This week, I pulled it out and reheated it – it was just as good as when I originally made it! Thanks, always, for sharing your wonderful recipes with us!
+I used the base of this recipe to make risotto with different veggies that I roasted beforehand. Do you always use all 6 cups of liquid? After 5 cups mine had stopped absorbing liquid and was starting to get mushy. Still tasted delicious, though!
+Hi Dana, There could be some variation in the liquid required, so you may not need all of it. Glad you enjoyed!
+I made this recipe tonight for the first time. I added some more rice and broth and substituted olive oil for some of the butter but otherwise followed the directions. It was delicious! Not too heavy but very filling. Could easily be a main course or side dish. I will definitely be making this again!
+Delish! This is the first risotto recipe I used where the leftovers were as good as the first day. The consistency was spot on. I did not have asparagus or peas handy so I did a shiitake mushroom version. I also added a spoonful of chicken base to the hot stock since I like a bit more flavor. Finished the dish off with thinly sliced green onions.
+I love this recipe! ‘Once Upon a Chef’ has become my go-to for recipes. You never steer me wrong 🙂 I wanted to try to mimic a truffle risotto I had at a restaurant in Chicago, so I added some shaved truffles to the top. Thinking I need some truffle oil as well to really get that flavor. any suggestions on how much and when to add? thanks!
+Hi Kristie, Glad you’re having success with the recipes! In addition to the shaved truffles, I would drizzle a little truffle oil over the top at the table — a little goes a long way.
+Fabulous and so exquisite! I completely agree with other reviewers: this is restaurant quality risotto. We also tried the patties with the leftovers and OMG, they were sooo yummy! ☺️
+I manage a large CSA in California and Easter week we had fresh peas and asparagus in our boxes. We gave out this recipe and had many, many comments about how good it is. I personally have made it twice (once for Easter dinner.) It’s a keeper. Thank you Jenn, for so many great recipes! I bought your cookbook and I love it.
+This was fabulous! It also reheated beautifully.
+I made this to go with my Easter ham last weekend. It was delicious and well received by all. The leftovers the next day were also great. I’ll be making this again, over and over.
+I made this the other night and added roasted shrimp. It was delicious and everyone loved it. The lemon juice at the end really added to this dish. I will be making this again!
+This recipe produces restaurant quality risotto!
+For years I’ve tried unsuccessfully to make risotto. I gave up entirely for awhile, but when I saw this recipe I thought I’d give it a try- why not!?! I followed it fairly closely (except that I used Marigold bouillon, a larger portion of veg, and substituted frozen edamame/soya beans for the peas, as I had them to hand). The risotto was the best I ever made, and one of the best I’ve ever eaten. The next day I was telling everyone who would listen about it.
+Thank you so much for this recipe, Jenn.
+My Italian mother made risotto all the time – it was the meaning of “rice” at our house. And she rarely used aborio rice, though I will admit aborio makes it better. But it does work without it. Jenn’s recipe is authentic and the addition of asparagus and peas makes it ideal at my house – rice, asparagus and peas are my husband’s favorite side dishes.
+Delicious Spring Risotto!
+So good, and so easy to make. I used homemade bone broth instead, otherwise followed your recipe exactly. We ate this with seared scallops!
+I made this this evening and it was excellent. I added some grated lemon zest and fresh thyme when I added the Parmesan. So good. Fresh tasting and delicious. This is my springtime risotto. Thank you, Jenn.
+Can this easily be made in an Instant Pot?
+Hi Micki, I recently purchased an Instant Pot and have played around with it just a bit. I don’t know much about converting recipes to instant pot versions but would guess that due to the attention risotto requires, this may not be a great candidate for an instant pot. Sorry!
+Quick and easy recipe! Delicious
+A wonderful classic risotto recipe. I loved this. I made it just as described, except I found I did need more broth than the six cups called for in the recipe. Thank you Jenn for another great recipe!
+Fabulous risotto recipe. My family loved it. I used the microwave to heat/simmer the broth and added some fried pancetta to the finished dish. I love all of Jen’s recipes. I particularly like that GF (and other allergy/vegetarian) options are offered in many of her recipes.
+Classic risotto method presented without fuss or worry. Very nice flavor. Added lemon zest. Used a zester so lemon flavor was not too overpowering.
+Very pretty!
+Wow! I didn’t know you could make risotto at home. This will be a great addition to our Easter Menu. Thanks for sharing this delicious and easy recipe!
+I made this last night, it was wonderful. The only change I made was to add some leeks instead of onions. It is definitely is worth the watchful eye you need to have to make it. Thank you again Jenn for every one of your delicious, never fail recipes you share with all of us.
+This risotto was absolutely delicious! I cook for one and so many recipes are difficult to convert to smaller amounts. This one was VERY easy to adapt. I simply halved everything. Yum! and so easy.
+For the reviewer who asked what to do with leftover wine… I also use wine mainly for cooking and not for drinking. So, I buy the six ounce bottles in the four packs. These are usually just enough for a full recipe and a little sipping while cooking.
+Bon Appetit!
+Just made this tonight (together with your ratatouille recipe) and it’s wonderful! I was running low on broth so used some of the ratatouille broth, which added a light tomato taste and naturally sweet extraction from the vegetables. Will make again!
+This is a recipe that I know my grandkids would enjoy as well. While we open a bottle of wine on the weekend, we don’t usually have any during the week. What do you do when a recipe calls for wine and you were not planning to drink any and so don’t really want to open a bottle. Usually when I open a pkt of broth I will freeze any left over for another day. But this can’t be done with wine?
+Hi Irene, it’s fine to use more broth instead of the wine; just add a squeeze of lemon at the end. Hope you enjoy! 🙂
+Yes, you can freeze unused wine and keep for cooking!
+I would like to bring this to a potluck Easter brunch. Would I be able to warm it up without losing quality, or is it best eaten immediately? Thanks!
+Hi Kate, Unfortunately, risotto doesn’t hold up well so I wouldn’t recommend it for a potluck. Sorry!
+So simple but so satisfying. And like all of Jenn’s recipes always yummy. My wife and I have made hundreds of her recipes and have yet to be disappointed.
+I can’t wait to try your recipe for spring risotto as I make a winter one with mushrooms. What fresh herbs would you add at the end of cooking to add another layer of taste or would you just add some grated lemon zest?
+Hi Judy, Lemon zest would be nice but so would fresh thyme — or both!
+Amazing recipe! We greatly enjoyed this as a delicious, light and comforting dinner tonight. It was very satisfying as a main course. The vegetables had great taste and texture, and the consistency of the rice was exactly to our liking (not too hard). Loved it topped with the Parmigiano-Reggiano and a little squeeze of lemon. Will definitely make it again!
+The posting of this recipe was truly perfect timing. I went to your website looking for something to cook with the homemade chicken stock in my fridge tonight when I saw that you had just posted this recipe. I had never made risotto before but knew that I could trust you. Thank you so much!
+Tools for Success
+The First Day of Class | CFCC Students’ Advice | Advising | myCFCC
+To help students succeed, CFCC has also provided the following:
+- Reading prerequisites in most courses
+- Developmental courses in math and English
+- Mandatory labs with respective math courses and foreign language core courses
+- A selected transfer list requiring no prerequisites and enabling students to take a full class load while completing developmental work
+- Free tutorial assistance and access to computers in the Learning Lab at both campuses
+- Delivery of selected courses via multiple formats–traditional or face-to- face, Internet, and hybrid (part face-to-face and part online)
+- Evaluation of instruction (program reviews every five years, student evaluation of courses annually, and ongoing collaboration with UNC institutions and other NC community colleges, supervisor evaluation of faculty, updated editions of text, faculty participation in professional development activities)
+- College Day–University of North Carolina (UNC) representatives on CFCC campus to distribute applications, brochures, course equivalencies, important dates, and souvenirs
+- Special visits from UNC-Wilmington’s academic advisors in the fall and spring
+- Special visits from UNC-Wilmington’s School of Education representatives
+- ACA 122-College Transfer Success in each transfer program. (This one- credit hour, transferable course introduces students to the college’s facilities, policies and procedures, programs and services, and helps students develop study, note taking, time management, and test-taking skills.)
+Additional Opportunities
+Learning also occurs outside the classroom! Extracurricular activities help students develop quality leadership, a strong work ethic, social and critical thinking skills, and a sense of community:
+- Attend the Arts and Sciences forums and other presentations on academic topics, held spring and fall semesters. Some stimulating presentations have included “Evil,” “Happiness,” “Science and Religion,” “Truth,” “Political and Morality,” “Understanding Cultures,” “Tsunami,” and “Beauty,” “Constitution Day,” “Middle Eastern,” “Sex Matters Too,” “Being Human,” “Does Evolution Explain Human Nature,” “The Harlem Renaissance Comes to CFCC,” ” Climate Control: Is it Hot, or is it Just Me?”, “Who Owns the Facts?, “Does It Really Matter? Or Why Vote?,” “The Forever War?: The Israeli?Palestinian Conflict,” “Issues, Effect, and Framing In Relation to the Cold War,” “Old School vs. New School.”A Discussion on Gang Awareness,” “Women’s History Month Forum,” and “The Many Faces of Philanthropy.”
+- Join a club or an organization – Anthropology, Salt-n-Light, Cheerleading, Chorus, Drama, Jazz, Philosophy, Rotaract, Spanish, Geology, F.O.C.U.S. (Film), and Portals Literary and Arts Magazine; Phi Theta Kappa National Honor Society (Alpha Chi Sigma); Student Government Association; Student Sea Devil Club, and Ambassadors.
+- Showcase your artwork at an art exhibit.
+- Read your poetry and fiction to the public or publish your work in the school’s literary magazine, Portals.
+- Participate in our free concerts.
+- Dazzle students and faculty by helping to produce a play (act; direct; design and build sets; construct and test lighting designs; construct costumes; apply makeup; produce sound; aid in promotion; sell tickets at the box office; and participate in story development, script writing, script analysis, casting, and technical direction).
+- Volunteer as a tutor in our Learning Lab and/or at surrounding schools.
+- Participate in the National Junior College Athletic Association sports: volleyball, women’s golf, women’s soccer, men’s soccer, men’s basketball, or men’s golf.
+At CFCC, everyone helps shape the future! Make your experience at CFCC u-n-f-o-r-g-e-t-t-a-b-l-e!
+What to Know About College: Advice from Students
+If this is your first college experience, your expectations may be based on your high school memories. Many students struggle during the first semester or year because they do not understand what is expected of them. They may approach their educational experience the same as they approached their high school experiences.
+This information may help you understand the college environment and work to your full potential.
+Self-Responsibility
+Colleges require you to take responsibility for your progress, your attendance, and your performance.
+Attendance Policy. will be dropped by the instructor as a “No Show.” No tuition or fee adjustments will be made. For example: A student enrolls in a three credit hour class totaling three meeting hours per week. The class meets 16 weeks for a total of 48 hours during the semester. Ten percent of this class would be 4.8 hours rounded to 5. Therefore, the fifth class meeting would be the 10 percent point log-in assignment (first 10% of the semester) but also by completion of the required coursework and/or online participation, as defined by the instructor on the course syllabus. Hybrid courses, students MUST meet on the required meeting dates specified by the instructor (first class meeting, lab, etc.). See for course information.
+Late Work. Some instructors will give extensions for assignments; many will not. It is up to you to balance your time to get all work in by the deadline. You may not be able to make up work you missed when you were absent, so your grade may suffer with every class you miss.
+Extra credit is not usually offered. Aim for good grades on all your assignments.
+You will need a much time outside of class to read and study. Readings for classes like English, history, and psychology are done outside of class. Please make use of the free resources provided by CFCC if you need additional help.
+You will need to take good notes. In lecture classes, the instructor may write on the board or overhead, or he or she may lecture without writing. Either way, you should learn to recognize what is important. Develop a system for taking notes quickly–write down the key ideas only–because the instructor may not stop to repeat ideas. Again, the Learning Lab and the counselors offer free workshops on listening/notetaking skills. Please look out for dates and times.
+You, not your parents, should contact instructors if you have problems or questions. While you can involve your parents in the process of your education, CFCC personnel are not legally allowed to discuss your information with your family without your consent.
+Your instructor will not chase you to discuss your progress. If you miss an assignment, you must ask about it. Keep track of your major grades. Instructors do not have to remind you of your absences or deadlines. They expect you to do it yourself.
+Unlike high school, where overall requirements may be the same for all students, requirements in college vary according to your major. Find out early what your requirements are, make a plan to meet them, and ask questions as often as needed to be sure you are getting what you need.
+The First Day of Class
+Instructors handle first days differently, but you should prepare in order to get a good start.
+- Find your classes early to reduce stress. If you are late or absent on the first day, you will miss important information.
+- If you purchase your books before the first class, SAVE YOUR RECEIPT. If you buy a book you don’t need or if you drop the class, you will need a receipt for a refund.
+- Bring a pen and a notebook to the first class meeting. You may be given an assignment.
+- Know the syllabus (course policy handout). The instructor may review some of the policies–if so, pay attention. Every instructor is different, and you will be held responsible all semester for following the class policies.
+- Ask questions. Be sure to understand what will be expected of you.
+College Classes
+Many students have unrealistic expectations of college because of what they have seen on television or heard from others.
+- CFCC is not an easy college! If you take a class here that transfers to a university, it will be taught the same way and the expectations will be the same.
+- Most classes are small–about 15-30 people.
+- Full-time faculty have office hours each week. You should always feel free to approach your instructors with questions or problems (or to say thanks!). Call ahead and schedule an appointment if you wish. While adjunct faculty are not required to maintain office hours, these faculty are required to indicate how they will be accessible outside of class.
+- Classes may be lecture format, discussions, small group work, hands-on, or a combination of the preceding.
+- Some classes may have many grades, which may include the following: essays, tests, quizzes, presentations, homework, and projects. Some classes may have two tests: a midterm and a final.
+- There is no final exam week. Finals are given during class.
+myCFCC
+myCFCC, another important tool for success, is the official free e-mail address provided to students. It provides easy communication with instructors and fellow students and also helps keep you informed of news and activities at CFCC, such as your grades and important announcements. You may access this account by visiting the CFCC website, clicking on the myCFCC link near the top of the page, and then following directions on the site to log in.
+You will use your username as part of your email address: username@mail.cfcc.edu. This email account is provided to you as long as you are enrolled in classes and may be used for personal email as well as academic email. You may keep your email account in the summer even if you are not enrolled in classes.
+Advising
+One of the great parts of college is planning your own schedule. You may choose classes and times. If you want to avoid the long registration lines, advising and pre-registration are the way to go.
+- Every entering student is assigned to an advisor sometime after regular registration but before the Advisement Period. When you first enter CFCC, you may be advised by a counselor or any transfer advisor. Later during the semester, you will be assigned a personal advisor. CFCC will notify you about the following via your CFCC email account: the name of your advisor and an explanation of the advising process.
+- Pay attention to the dates for the Advisement Period; the dates are located in the calendar section of the catalog. The Student Development Office will notify you about the advising period via your CFCC email account.
+- When you attend this advising meeting, bring a list of classes you plan to take. Your course schedule consultation will be faster and shorter!
+- Ask questions. You are ultimately responsible for knowing your transfer/graduation requirements and meeting them. Check the CFCC student Catalog and use the curriculum worksheet to plan your schedule.
+- In lieu of a face-to-face meeting, access the College Transfer Advising Website by sending your questions and course selections via email.
+If you love wool, weaving, textiles, fiber arts, or animal husbandry, you won’t want to miss the annual Massachusetts Sheep and Woolcraft Fair! Western MA is full of talented, crafty people, and opportunities to learn or practice your fiber arts skills with them abound throughout the year.
+Rhubarb to woolcraft. Bubbles to adventure playgrounds. World music to Shakespeare. These are just a few of the community-based learning highlights we’re featuring this week!
+Peruse our list below and make plans to get out into your community and learn while you play!
+Featured community highlight this week: Adventure playgrounds invite children to engage with a variety of open-ended, simple materials (think giant cardboard boxes, tubes, fabric, string, bales of hay) to create the play spaces and experiences they desire. Participating an adventure playground not only stimulates the imagination, it encourages collaboration and builds self-esteem. Visit The Play Workshop‘s pop up playground on Saturday, May 28, from noon until 4pm, to try out this fun, different, joyful type of creative free play! 413-588-2208. Community Field Road. Holyoke, MA. (FREE)
+Agriculture ♦ Culinary Arts ♦ Fiber Arts ♦ Animal Husbandry ♦ Physics ♦ Earth Science ♦ Puppetry ♦ Career Studies ♦ Native American Studies ♦ Intergenerational ♦ Children’s Literature ♦ Language Studies ♦ Ornithology ♦ Citizen Science ♦ Tinkering ♦ Theater Arts ♦ Dance ♦ Memorial Day ♦ Music Studies ♦ Service-based Learning
+Join our stellar team supporters!
+Become a sponsor of Learn Local. Play Local. and see your banner here:
+Nutrition
+FARMERS’ MARKET
+Saturday, May 28, 10am-2pm
+Farmers’ markets offer a consistent, simple way for local farmers and food producers to connect with the community. These markets provide locally grown items, teaching buyers about their habitat through seasonal variation in what is available. Now, a new farmers’ and makers’ market in Easthampton will bring these benefits to a new area. This, May 28, 10am-3pm
+You may think of rhubarb as a simple side vegetable, but at the Lenox Rhubarb Festival you’ll see this ingredient used in pies, chili, and even beverages! Learn by example by purchasing a rhubarb recipe booklet and fresh local rhubarb. There will also be rhubarb plants available, and advice from local experts, for those who want to learn how to grow the plant on their own. Lenox Library. 413-637-0197. 18 Main Street. Lenox, MA. (MARKET/SALE)?
+GARDENING
+Tuesday, May 31, 9:30am-11am
+Children under five and their caregivers are invited to participate in a garden playgroup, sponsored by the Trustees of Reservations. Your kids can learn about locally grown vegetables. Interacting with healthy foods in fun ways with help them form. (<$)
+Fiber Arts
+FIBER ARTS/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
+Saturday, May 28, 7am-6pm; Sunday May 29, 6:30am-4pm
+The 42nd annual Massachusetts Sheep and Woolcraft fair is an all ages celebration with opportunities for learning about animal husbandry, sheep shearing, fiber arts, photography, and even cooking! Kids can attend workshops on felting, spinning, and dyeing. Adult workshops include Amish oval rugs, needle felting, photographing your textiles, and more. There will be food available for purchase and a cooking demonstration. At 6pm, attendees are welcome to attend a potluck supper and discuss what they have learned with their friends and community. Come take part in a decades’ old local tradition! Check out the Massachusetts Sheep and Woolcraft Fair website for a full schedule and contact information. Cummington Fairgrounds. 97 Fairgrounds Road. Cummington, MA. ($)
+Fascinated by fibers? Here’s another way to create textiles from natural materials: using tree bark!
+HISTORY
+Wednesday, June 1, 11am & 2pm
+The Shakers are known for their beautiful and simple fiber crafts. Visit the Hancock Shaker Village to watch flax-processing and felted bead-making demonstrations by talented artisans who use traditional tools and techniques. Plan ahead and borrow a free museum pass from your local library! 413-443-0188. 1843 West Housatonic Street. Pittsfield, MA. (FREE for members and children 12 and under; $)
+SKILLSHARING
+Friday, June 3, 1pm-3pm
+Did you put down a knitting project and lose your momentum? Does someone in your family want to learn to crochet? Head over to the Sheep & Shawl yarn and fiber arts shop in South Deerfield, MA, where a talented group of people meet each Friday for a Knit/Crochet/Spin Circle. You can ask your questions, get advice on how to read that tricky pattern, and share your ideas with others when they need some input on their project. 413-397-3680. 265 Greenfield Rd., South Deerfield, MA. (FREE)
+STEM
+PHYSICS
+Saturday, May 28, 9:30am-11:30am
+Bubbles! When they go floating by, everyone’s eyes follow. They dip, float, hover, and pop in different ways. Children are invited to the Community Action Family Center where they can learn about the science behind bubbles. Participants can make giant bubbles and engage in other hands-on activities, as well as enjoy a free breakfast with their families. After the session, try some bubble explorations at home. Can you blow a bubble using your hands? Can you make a bubble wand out of any other household object? What happens when you blow a bubble using a square shape? What is the difference between touching a bubble with a dry finger and with one coated in bubble solution? The questions and discoveries are nearly endless! 413-475-1555. 90 Federal Street. Greenfield, MA. (FREE)
+Why are bubbles so predictable in their geometry? Find out in this clip from the BBC, featuring “bubbleologist” Tom Noddy.
+HISTORY OF SCIENCE
+Sunday, May 29, 4pm
+In Steven Weinberg’s lecture, “To Explain The World,” he will relay ancient and medieval models of the world and explain the limitations of these theories. Out of attempts to explain observable phenomenon such as the movement of planets and tides, science eventually emerged. Learn about history and science at the same time, at the Lenox Library. 413-637-0197. 18 Main Street. Lenox, MA. (FREE)
+PHYSICS
+Monday, May 30 12pm-4pm
+Explore and experience physics principles with a ride on the Holyoke Merry Go Round! Take a ride on a horse on the outer ring, then try riding in the inner ring. How do those experiences compare? If everyone is on the same merry-go-round, why do some people feel like they were going fast while others report going at a slower speed? Holyoke’s merry-go-round will be open on Memorial Day, offering free rides for veterans. Take a ride with your family and explore fun, fantastic physics together! 413-538-9838. Holyoke Heritage State Park. 221 Appleton Street. Holyoke, MA. (<$. Veterans ride FREE)
+Community Connections
+PUPPETRY/CRAFTS
+Saturday, May 28
+Learn how to create puppets while supporting a community effort towards sustainability! The First Annual Northampton Interdependence Day Festival will be held on July 2nd 2016 and feature children’s theater and street performances around the theme, “We Love This World.” Prior to the event, on May 28th, June 18th and June 25th, workshops will be held for those interested in making puppets to be used in the performances. Get involved early and watch this new sustainability themed event unfold in your community. For more information, contact Beth Fairservice at bethbirth@crocker.com. Location TBA, MA. (FREE)
+CAREERS
+Saturday, May 28, 10am-2pm
+From young kids who like to play with fire trucks, to teens and adults interested in crime investigation, “Police Day” will both entertain and educate. Come to the Northampton Police Department for complimentary popcorn. The first fifty attendees under age twelve will receive free shirts! You can get an up-close look at police gear, meet police officers and firefighters, see a fire engine, and vote for the best police cruiser design. All ages welcome. 29 Center Street. Northampton, MA. (FREE)
+How do police officers help people every day? StoryBots’ “Police Officer” song will give you a glimpse of police officers’ important work.
+NATIVE AMERICAN STUDIES
+Tuesday, May 31, 6:30pm
+You can)
+LAWN CONCERT
+Thursday, June 2, 6pm-8pm
+Bring a lawn chair, or set up a picnic with friends and family at this Co Op Concert in Greenfield.)
+COMMUNITY MEAL
+Friday, June 3, 5:15pm-6:30pm
+Join other families with kids ages six and younger to welcome the Sabbath at Tot Shabbat, offered by Beit Ahavah Reform Synagogue. Kids will enjoy music and activities led by Marlene Rachelle and Rabbi Riqi Kosovske, then share a veggie potluck dinner. Adults are welcome to socialize and relax. Interfaith and GLBTQ families, nursing moms, babies and siblings of all ages, grandparents and special people, new members, first-timers, and friends all welcome! 413-587-3770. 130 Pine Street. Florence, MA. (FREE)
+Literacy
+PICTURE BOOKS
+Saturday, May 28, 10am-11:30am
+Beloved children’s book author Eric Carle studied art in his youth and began his career as a graphic designer before going on to illustrate picture books. His books have been read and loved all over the world for generations, and have been translated into 62 different languages. His latest book, The Nonsense Show, was published in October 2015. Now is your chance to meet him and get your favorite books signed, at the Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art! No tickets will be available in advance and a limited number of visitors will be admitted in for the book signing. There is a limit of three books to be signed. Museum members will receive priority line placement and may enter early at 9:30 am. The book signing is free with museum admission. 125 West Bay Road. Amherst, MA. (<$)
+STORY WALK
+Saturday, May 28, 10am-3pm
+Story walks combine two very healthy activities for families: reading and exercise. This year the Lenox Library has chosen The Ugly Vegetables for its annual story walk. Grab a map from the library and find the pages of this beloved picture book enlarged and posted around town. The first page of the book will begin your journey at the Roche Reading park and the final page can be found in the Children’s Room of the library. There will also be live readings of the book at 11am and 12pm at the library. For those who are interested in utilizing story walks as a resource (for example, teachers, child care providers, and homeschool parents) the Pittsfield Public Library has story walk books you can borrow! 413-637-0197. 18 Main Street. Lenox, MA. (FREE)
+FAMILY STUDIES
+Saturday, May 28, 11am
+Local author Megan Lambert and illustrator Nicole Tadgell will be at the The Odyssey Bookshop for a reading and drawing demonstration. Lambert and Tadgell will read from their new book, Real Sisters Pretend, a heartwarming story about two adopted sisters. Attendees can enjoy cookies and coloring sheets, and draw pictures of their own families on a mural. This event is open to all families, whether or not they have experience with adoption. 413-534-7307. 9 College Street. South Hadley, MA. (FREE)
+SUMMER READING
+Tuesday, May 31, all day
+Pick up a form at the Forbes Library or sign up online for your children to participate in a summer reading challenge! There are bronze, silver, and gold level challenges. Tasks include reading a book, drawing a picture inspired by the book you read, attending a library event, and other literacy-building activities. Complete the entire challenge to win a prize! 413-587-1011. 20 West Street. Northampton, MA. (FREE)
+LANGUAGE STUDIES
+Wednesday, June 1, 6:45pm-7:30pm (Russian)
+Thursday, June 2, 6:45pm-7:30pm (Spanish)
+All cultures share stories! These bilingual storytimes at the Westfield Athenaeum will feature the same story read in both English and Russian (Wednesday) or Spanish (Thursday). This is a wonderful opportunity for bilingual kids and families to hear a story in their native languages, or for parents to introduce a new language to their kids. Language learning is a fun educational endeavor to take on as a family, and goes hand in hand with enriching cultural learning. A bilingual book will be provided for free to take home. 413-568-7833. 6 Elm Street. Westfield, MA. (FREE)
+Animal Studies
+ORNITHOLOGY
+Saturday, May 28, 10:30am-11:30am
+This program at the Great Falls Discovery Center will teach children about the creatures which share our habitat in the Connecticut River watershed. Through games and crafts, this program will teach attendees about birds, and the variation in different species’ diets. This is a great event to instill a new area of interest, as you and your children can continue learning about birds by observing them in your backyard, day to day. Meet in the Great Hall. For ages 3-6 and their caregivers. 413-863-3221. 2 Avenue A. Turners Falls, MA. (FREE)
+ZOOLOGY
+Saturday, May 28, 12pm
+Meet some of your favorite animals…at the library! Zoo On the Go at the Hatfield Public Library will introduce kids and parents to live animals. Learn about different animal behaviors and ask questions of the knowledgeable zoologists who will be in attendance. No sign up is required, but visitors will be admitted on a first-come, first-served basis. 413-247-9097. 39 Main Street. Hatfield, MA. (FREE))
+Creative Free Play
+ADVENTURE PLAYGROUND
+Saturday, May 28, 12pm-4pm
+This pop-up playground adventure encourages! For more information, visit The Play Workshop website. 413-588-2208. Community Field Road. Holyoke, MA. (FREE)
+Learn more about the philosophy behind adventure playgrounds here:
+TINKERING
+Saturday, May 28, 10am – 5pm; Sunday, May 29, 12pm-5pm; Monday, June 1, 11am – 4pm)
+LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
+Friday, June 3, 9am-10:30am
+This play group at the Shutesbury Elementary School will have a special guest: children’s book author and educator Ellen Mayer. Ellen will demonstrate activities, offer free books for children, and lead a short discussion about language and talking with very young children. 23 West Pelham Road. Shutesbury, MA. (FREE)
+Performing Arts
+THEATER/POETRY
+Saturday, May 28, 1:30pm
+Emily Dickinson was highly influenced by the writing of William Shakespeare, as evidenced by the many allusions to him she made in her writing. You’re invited to the garden at the Emily Dickinson Museum for a performance of some of Emily Dickinson’s favorite Shakespeare plays, and readings of Dickinson’s poetry. See if you can trace his influence on her writing style. Please call 413-542-2947 or e-mail info@emilydickinsonmuseum.org with questions. Reservations are not)
+DANCE SHOWCASE
+Friday, June 3, 6:30pm)
+Memorial Day
+LOCAL HISTORY
+Sunday, May 29, 9:30am
+Memorial day is a deeply personal holiday, a day for remembering those who have lost their lives serving this country. It is also a chance to honor living veterans, and learn more about the history of war from a local perspective. You are invited to march behind the Pelham Historical Society banner at this service honoring individuals who were removed from their original resting places for the building of Quabbin Reservoir. For more information and to sign up contact Cynthia Weigel at 413-256-4606. Meet at the Pelham Museum (376 Amherst Road Pelham) at 9:30am to carpool or go directly to the Quabbin Park Cemetery at 11:00am. Belchertown, MA. (FREE)
+PARADES
+Many Western Mass communities are hosting Memorial Day parades and celebrations on their streets, sidewalks, parks, and town centers. As friends, neighbors, and community members gather in these areas, opportunities for small acts of kindness arise. For example, families can bring a bouquet of daisies or loaves of fresh baked bread to a Memorial Day parade to share with veterans as small tokens of gratitude. Memorial day parades invite people to engage with their communities in placemaking. Participating in parades by marching alongside an organization or viewing the parade from a common space can support individual health and well-being by strengthening a connection to place and community. Visit our post, Memorial Day as a Catalyst for Placemaking, Historical Learning, and Acts of Kindness to learn more and find an event that’s just right for your family.
+Music Studies
+WORLD MUSIC
+Sunday, May 29 5pm
+Want to learn about musical genres from the Balkans, South Africa, Georgia, and Syria? This Spring concert at the Wesley Methodist Church will feature international choral music, as well as Southern and gospel music by West Virginia musicians Emmy Miller and Jesse Milnes. Listening to music is one of the most effective and healthiest forms of stress relief. Live music combines this positive emotional impact with a sense of community and appreciation for talent. This concert will benefit the CONTACT Peacebuilding Program at SIT. 98 North Maple Street. Hadley, MA. ($. Seniors and students <$):
+FOLK MUSIC? After listening to this concert, you can encourage your children to carry their inspiration forward by writing their own song lyrics or composing their own tunes on homemade instruments. Lang Auditorium. 413-568-7833. 6 Elm Street. Westfield, MA. (FREE)
+FESTIVAL)
+Service-Based Learning
+LITERACY)
+Listen to these teens talk about why they volunteer:
+BASIC NEEDS)
+GARDENING)
+[Photo credit: (c) Sienna Wildfield].
+Please read: Copyright Notice & Disclaimer. All dollar figures are U.S. dollars unless noted.
+January 17, 2011
+To: Mr. Joel Solomon, President of the Endswell Foundation
+RE: The Endswell Foundation
+Background:
+The campaign against Alberta oil and the campaign for a federal ban on oil tanker traffic on B.C.'s north coast, is a campaign against one of Canada's most important industries and exports. The outcome of this campaign will affect Canada for years into the future so its fair for Canadians to inquire about who's funding this campaign, and why.
+According to my research that has been published in the Financial Post and the Vancouver Sun, the U.S. Tides Foundation and Tides Canada have funded 36 organizations that campaign against Alberta oil. (Update: Its now 43 organizations, paid $10 million 2009/2010)
+As far as I can tell, one of the single, largest Canadian donors to Tides Canada has been the Endswell Foundation ("Endswell") which has had total expenditures of $28 million over the past ten years, according to Canadian tax returns. U.S. tax returns show that since 1997, Endswell has granted $12 million to Tides Canada. Of that, $8.7 million was granted since 2003. That accounted for 99 percent of the total funds granted by Endswell since 2003.
+The Dogwood Initiative runs NO TANKERS, a campaign for a federally-legislated ban on tanker traffic. This campaign only seeks a ban against tanker traffic on B.C.'s north coast, not on the south coast. As such, this isn't really a tanker ban. This is more like a trade ban that would block oil exports to Asia and land-lock Alberta oil within North America. This would mean that the U.S. would continue to be Canada's only big customer for our oil. According to The Dogwood Initiative, its supporters include Tides USA (the "Tar Sands Fund"), Tides Canada and the Endswell Foundation.
+Considering the importance of Endswell as a funder of both Tides Canada and the Dogwood Initiative, I believe that its fair to inquire about the money behind the Endswell Foundation. Further reasons why I believe that my inquiries are fair, are given here.
+The names of the companies in which Endswell had corporate bonds in the late 1990s are plain to see from U.S. tax returns. In contrast, the names of the corporate stocks in which Endswell has had investments since 2000 do not indicate the company or the industry to which these investments pertain. Considering that Endswell had early investments in gas companies and a pipeline company, it seems fair to inquire as to whether Endswell has had investments in these industries since 2000. If Endswell and its funders have no interests in the oil and gas industry, Endswell should have no hesitation to say so.
+On the basis of the information and analysis that I have presented in letters and at this blog, I am writing to ask the following questions:
+1. The Origin of the Assets of the Endswell Foundation
+The Vancouver media has described you, Mr. Solomon, as a "millionaire philanthropist," as "a modest version of the later generation of the Kennedy/Rothschild/Rockefeller class" and as "a member of the inherited wealth club." In August of 2010, a Vancouver Sun journalist reported, "Joel Solomon and his friend Carol Newell are multimillionaire philanthropists who have given away or invested their money (italics added) in sustainable organizations, in an effort to make the world a better place." Another Vancouver writer reported, " Joel Solomon has put his millions (italics added) into new, business-first socialism."
+According to U.S. tax returns, since 1997 the Endswell Foundation has paid a total of $979,527 to Joel Solomon, Joel Solomon Co. and "JSCO." The salary reportedly paid to Joel Solomon, as president of the Endswell Foundation, increased from $144,142 in 2006 to $186,189 in 2008.
+My questions are:
+- Are you the millionaire philanthropist behind the Endswell Foundation, as the media has reported, or are you a paid employee who has received nearly $1 million from the Endswell Foundation, as indicated in U.S. tax returns, or perhaps both?
+- Tides Canada says that Carol Newell founded Tides Canada and "placed" $60 million in various organizations and businesses. Endswell says that Carol Newell "founded" Endswell. Was part of the $60 million that Carol Newell "placed" used to start the Endswell Foundation? If so, was that Carol Newell's own money or was that money "placed" by her on behalf of others?
+- Back in 1997, Endswell received a gift of $3.4 million with the stipulation that it could not be spent for 10 years. Where did that money originate?
+- From 2008 to 2009, the assets of the Endswell Foundation went from $10.9 million to $504,801, according to publicly available Canadian tax returns. What happened?
+2. Corporate Bonds and Stocks
+- In 1997, 1998 and 1999, Endswell reported that it had corporate bonds in 20 companies. Of those 20 companies, three were gas companies: B.C. Gas, Consumers Gas Ltd. and Nova Gas Transmission. According to on-line information from TransCanada, Nova Gas Transmission is a wholly owned subsidiary of TransCanada which owns the Keystone pipeline that began operations in June of 2010. In 1997 and 1998, Endswell also reported about $400,00 in corporate bonds named "Trans Quebec Maritimes." Were these bonds part of TransCanada?
+- In 1997, 1998 and 1999, Endswell had about $400,000 in corporate bonds named TIDES. Were these bonds affiliated with the U.S. Tides Foundation or with Tides Canada Foundation? In what industry are or were the TIDES corporate bonds that Endswell held?
+- Since 2000, in which industries and companies are the Genus and Real Assets stock that Endswell has investments? Was any of this stock in companies in the oil and gas industry? According to U.S. tax returns filed by Endswell, the ending book value of Endswell's total corporate stocks went from $13.4 million in 2003 to $51,973 in 2009.
+3. Management Fees & Income
+- What is the origin of the $2.2 million that Endswell received as "management fees" and "other income" between 2001 and 2009?"
+- In addition to the $75,000 that Endswell was paid by the David & Lucile Packard Foundation, has the Endswell Foundation received funds from any other USA foundations, either directly or indirectly?
+4. Grants to Tides Canada for $12 million
+According to my calculations based on U.S. tax returns, since 1997 Endswell has made grants for a total of approximately $17 million. Of that about $12.6 million was granted to Tides Canada and a small number of organizations that are closely affiliated with Tides Canada.
+- To which organizations did Tides Canada re-grant the $12.6 million from the Endswell Foundation, and for what purpose?
+- Did any of the $12.6 million that was granted to Tides Canada end up in the long-term investments of Tides Canada - which increased from $1.4 million in 2003, to $20.2 million in 2009, according to Canadian tax returns?
+5. The $11.4 Million Dollar Question
+Since 2003, fully 99 percent of the total funds granted by Endswell went to Tides Canada. While virtually no grants at all were made to any organization except Tides Canada, Endswell reported expenditures of $11.4 million. Expenditures increased markedly even as Endswell virtually stopped grant-making to all organizations other than Tides Canada (see figure below). Total yearly expenditures on overhead (expenditures other than grants) almost doubled from nearly $1 million in 2003 to nearly $2 million in 2007. While $11.4 million was spent on overhead, the amount that was granted to Tides Canada over the same period, was only $8.7 million, according to my calculations.
+Since the Chairman of the Board, the president and the treasurer of the Endswell Foundation are also intimately involved with Tides Canada - and hold almost the same positions in both charities - I would have thought that Endswell would have been able to make $8.7 million worth of grants to Tides Canada without having to spend $11.4 million in the process. Indeed, according to publicly available information from Revenue Canada, the treasurer of the Endswell Foundation, the treasurer of Tides Canada Foundation and the treasurer of Tides Canada Initiatives Society is the same person: James Morrisey.
+Why did Endswell need to pay $11.4 million for expenses while it was simply transferring money to Tides Canada? This is what I am referring to as the $11.4 million dollar question.
+From 2003 to 2008, Endswell's annual office expenses increased from $172,250 to $765,395. Why did office expenses increase so sharply? Why did Endswell even need an office during the years when Endswell made no grants at all to any organizations other than Tides Canada? And what happened in 2009? Were office expenses reported as "other expenses?" Why did Endswell spend $765,395 on office space and expenses in 2008, the same year that it seems to have begun to shut down?
+Why did Endswell's expenditures on staff increase markedly even as Endswell wasn't making any grants to any organizations other than Tides Canada? During 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2009 when Endswell staff made not one single grant to any organization other than to Tides Canada, what were the staff doing?
+6. Increases in Expenditures Since 2004
+The year 2004 is when the William & Flora Hewelett Foundation paid Tides Canada $70,000 "to develop a strategic plan to address the oil and gas industry in British Columbia."
+Update (11/2011):
+Since 2004, Hewlett has paid $25.7 million to various organizations - including Tides Canada and Tides USA - to address the oil and gas industry in Canada. On top of that, Hewlett foundation and the Packard foundation have granted $55 million for the Great Bear Rainforest and other projects on the north coast of B.C.
+Does the increase in the spending of the Endswell Foundation have anything to do with the implementation of the Hewlett/Tides Canada plan to address B.C.'s oil and gas industry, or is it just a coincidence that after 2004, office expenditures, staff-related costs, salaries of senior management and professional and consulting fees all increased substantially?
+7. Charitable Programs and Programme Support
+Who received the $3.3 million that Endswell reported to the I.R.S. that Endswell spent on "grantee support and education, and program support?" Was this money paid to Tides Canada - the organization that seems to have been virtually the only grantee of the Endswell Foundation since 2003?
+Why did the amount paid for "program support" increase from $32,973 in 2008 to $903,840 in 2009? To whom was this money paid?
+What are the charitable programs that Endswell was conducting while it made no grants at all to any organization except Tides Canada?
+How much support has the Endswell Foundation granted to the Dogwood Initiative?
+8. Professional & Consulting Fees Paid to Genus, Candid & Real Assets
+Since 2003, while 99 percent of grant funding went to Tides Canada, why did Endswell need to spend $2.3 million for professional and consulting services? Why did the amounts paid to these companies increase significantly after 2004?
+For what type of ”consulting services” did Endswell pay Interdependent Investments Ltd., Candid and Real Assets? For Candid which was paid $529,531, I couldn't find a B.C. Company Summary, a web-site, or any other on-line information.
+9. Interdependent Investments Ltd.
+Why did Endswell need to pay $1.4 million to Interdependnent Investments Ltd., a company whose only two officers are Joel Solomon and Martha Burton, according to a B.C. Company Summary?
+When Interdependent Investments Ltd. made campaign contributions for $6,000 to Vision Vancouver, did any of this money originate from the Endswell Foundation?
+10. Renewal Partners
+Why did Endswell pay $2.3 million (2004-2009) to individuals who are on staff at the "investment firm," Renewal Partners? According to U.S. tax returns, the salaries paid to some of these individuals - including Joel Solomon and Martha Burton - seem to have doubled or tripled over a few years.
+According to the Vancouver Sun's database, Renewal Partners contributed $70,469 and Strategic Communications contributed $83,314 to Vision Vancouver and Mayor Gregor Robertson's 2008 mayor campaign. Until recently re-writing its web-site, Strategic Communications said that it is a "partner" of Renewal Partners. Strategic Communications also contributed nearly $34,000 to the N.D.P (2005-2007). For a small company, this seems like a lot to me. Would these substantial campaign contributions have been feasible if the Endswell Foundation hadn't been paying the salaries of Renewal Partners - to the tune of $2.3 million since 2004?
+Renewal Partners says that it has invested in 75 companies. At the web-site of Renewal Partners, I could only find the names of 26 companies. As far as I can see, Renewal Partners has invested in more companies in the United States (New Hampshire, New York, Vermont, Colorado and California) than in Vancouver. Why so much "investment" in the United States?
+As I have said before, if I have presented anything that is factually incorrect, of if I have missed any important points, please let me know.
+Sincerely,
+Vivian Krause
+It’s probably not good enough. If you’re a creative person trying to create creative things and put them out into the world, you’ve probably made this statement. If you haven’t, you’re a freak. Not that there’s anything wrong with that. For most of us creatives, putting our ideas into the world can involve a lot of fears and tussling with our egos. We look at our work in comparison to those who came before us, and we cringe.
+We may think of our creations in the same way that Anne Bradstreet does in her poem The Author to Her Book where she describes her newly released book as “Thou ill-form’d offspring of my feeble brain.” When I first read this poem, I was a wet behind the ears college newbie with plans to work for someone else. I understood how difficult it can be for creative people to accept their creations as something valuable. I understood the disdain we often feel toward our work and our talents or lack thereof.
+I had blank canvases sitting in the corner of my condo for months because I was too afraid to ruin them. My writing back then? I dared not show anyone until, in a creative writing class, I was forced to. You put it out there; you hold your breath; you hope no one notices its imperfections.
+Here Bradstreet describes how she attempted to make her book (her offspring) more presentable to the world.
+I washed.
+Pretty bad, huh? But if I thought I understood the extent of her distress as a college student preparing to work for someone else, I was mistaken. There are levels to this hell, let me tell ya. As many of you know, I’ve set out on a journey to live a creative life and profit from it. I work as a photographer, videographer, and more recently, I’ve begun working with businesses as a Creative Marketing Consultant. I got into these things because I love them; I find them exciting, energizing, and they feed my bottomless pit of creative hunger. Also, I’m pretty talented.
+But so was Anne Bradstreet, and that didn’t stop her from feeling dread at the thought of her work going out into the cold, cruel world. It’s hard to feel like a rockstar after reading masterpieces like Hamlet or watching movies like Titanic. These days, even YouTubers are creating amazing content without the Hollywood budget.
+So, how does a creative person running a creative business, or thinking about it, get out of their own way?
+Started From the Bottom Now We’re Here
+You know who said that line? A famous rich person. The keyword here is bottom. The way our brains are set up, we like to imagine that every talented person around us sprang fully formed and capable right out of the womb. Instead, we are all “ill-formed” but getting stronger every day. Babies, perfect as they are, can’t hold up their own noggins and poop on themselves, but we nurture them through it. If you scroll back through any creative person’s portfolio, you’ll see their growth process. I’ve watched many YouTube videos of photographers, videographers and content creators sharing some of their earlier work and having a good laugh.
+Tip: Whichever creative field that you’re pursuing, find those whom you admire and dive deep into their earlier work. Compare it to where they are now. Seeing the growth in others who we consider extraordinary is a great balm for our own neurotic self-doubt.
+Study
+Growth doesn’t happen by chance. It takes continual learning and practice in order to improve. Study your field. Read books, watch video tutorials, talk to people, listen to podcasts. And just like an athlete who spends hours reviewing game footage, revisit your work. Once you’ve created something, give yourself time away from it and come back later with fresh eyes. What works? What doesn’t work? We like to place creativity and imagination on opposite ends of the brain from the logistical, analytical side, but they are interconnected. Even Jackson Pollock had a method to his madness.
+Tip: Make studying your craft a part of your routine. Consider it fundamental to your creative life. That means setting aside time each day or each week, whatever suits you, to study as if you were in school.
+Avoid the Research Pit
+Study without application is useless. It’s easy to get so caught up in research that you neglect the doing. I get it; I’ve been there. You watch a YouTube video on how to get the best focus for your photography. The information is good, but the sidebar is full of other potentially useful videos by different people with different styles of teaching. Before you know it, you’re 20 videos in and haven’t picked up your camera in a week. Be sure to practice what you learn in a timely manner.
+Tip: Set limits to how much time you spend on research before actually doing something. Maybe watch no more than 5 video tutorials; if you’re reading a book, actually work on the action steps at the end of the chapter before moving on to the next chapter.
+Take the Narrow Road
+If you find yourself intimidated by how much you need to improve, pick an area. You don’t have to perfect everything at once; it’s okay to choose one or two points to work on at a time.
+Turn That Coal Into Gold
+Remember that every minute you spend in perfecting your craft is valuable, and there will always be others coming behind you who are greener than you are. My advice is to turn those negative self-defeating thoughts into fuel for teaching others. As you go through your learning processes, record your challenges and learning moments. Then when the time is right, you’ll have plenty to share. This not only helps others, but it gets you focused on the progress you’re making and the benefits of sticking with it.
+Tip: Be a student and a teacher. When you approach your craft from both angles, you’ll get a lot more inspiration and motivation.
+As a fellow creative, I want to do more to encourage your pursuits and help you kick the negative thoughts that discourage you. Which tip do you find the most helpful? And what strategy do you use to move past feelings of self-doubt or discouragement in your creative life?
+I’ll be discussing this poem by Anne Bradstreet in more detail on this week’s episode of Lit Talks on Instagram Live. I’m on every Thursday 8pm est. I’d love to see you there!
+27 thoughts on “Probably Not Good Enough”
+This is such a great reminder for me to get out of my own way! Thank you
+LikeLiked by 2 people
+I’m glad you found it helpful! We seem to love getting in our own way, don’t we? I wish you the best in your creative pursuits, darling. Go get em!
+Creativity and Production can be two different things that can equally frustrate. Overthinking can be a hazard too.
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+You’re absolutely right, Tony. I tend to find the production part the more challenging of the two.
+Reblogged this on This Bipolar Brat.
+LikeLiked by 2 people
+Thank, Casey 🙂
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+I’m secretly obsessed with you lol even in my darkest hour you seriously send tiny specs of glittering light that pierce through the cracks of my soul. You’re a goddess.
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Ely, I love you sooo much. I could put you in a sandwich and eat you 💜💜💜 It means so much to me that you find this helpful, and I really appreciate you letting me know. Thank you my love 😚
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+I absolutely love this post! I think the study tip is my favorite because there’s always so much more to learn and practice out there in whatever anyone is looking to do!
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Thanks for the feedback, Pam! You’re right, the learning is never-ending, which also means that the pros are still learning as well. It’s all part of the fun!
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+I really needed to read this. Thank you for such a great post.
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+I’m so happy to hear this! 💜 Thanks for letting me know. xx
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Most definitely
+This was great!
+I always seem to compare my work to those who have been doing it for longer and think i’m not good enough… but everyone is different and everyones beginning is very different to their now!
+I really, really loved this… thank you:)
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Maisie, thanks so much for this comment. It means a lot to hear you liked it. I know exactly the feeling you’re talking about. Comparison can be a killer. Isn’t it funny how we love to look at the top person in our craft and compare, even if they’ve been at it for 20 years longer than us! Humans 🙂 I like to think the longer it takes us to get there, the more time we get to cultivate your own unique style before anyone knows who we are. Keep at it, darling! 🙂
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+That is lovely and i’d never really thought of it like that before! If i’m ever feeling a little down or lost i’ll always think of it from that way now on, thank you!:)
+Great post and advice Lyz! You’ve re-inspired me to KEEP PUSHING for the/my Alternative Lifestyles to be more mainstream (vs. underground, taboo, scary?), more freely discussed, higher awareness, better understood, and destigmatized!!! Thank you! 🤩 ❤
+Whoops! Ugh, sorry for the HTML-coding error. That wasn’t meant to be all bold, just the “KEEP PUSHING” part. My bad. 🤪😄
+I love this!!!! I think creatives especially are more susceptible to self-doubt because we put a lil bit of our souls (and yknow our egos) into our work and there’s a real sense of vulnerability that comes with that. These tips are great for just getting out there and doing it! xxx
+Yay, I’m wishing I could think up a creative way to say I’m happy to read this comment, but all I’ve got is I’m really glad you like it and I truly appreciate your saying so. Girl, my soul is scattered about in so many places, in all the things I’ve created over time, lol. xoxo
+Thank you for these helpful hints, Lyz! A wonderfully written post as always (:
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Thanks, Shannon. From one creative to another, I’m glad you find it helpful 🙂
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+This is an amazing post!! When trying to write stories (which is a great passion of mine) I’ll often end up deciding that it’s probably not good enough and never finish it. This post was super helpful for me thanks for sharing xx
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Amelia, your comment is just as helpful to me as this post is to you! I know the struggle. I think not finishing is one of the most common results of self-doubt in our work. Maybe this week go back to something you’ve started, look at it honestly and with fresh eyes, and be determined to keep working on it. Everything is all a work in progress. Thanks so much for your comment, darlin xo
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Awww I’m glad it is!! Thank you so much for the advice. I’ve just started planning for a new story and this time I’m determined that I’ll actually finish it!! It’s okay xx
+My take-away: Be sure to practice what you learn in a timely manner.
+The description of the hundred and forty-four thousand appear in two places in Scripture; in Revelation 7 and 14. To this group of people, we are counselled: “Let us strive with all the power that God has given us to be among the hundred and forty-four thousand” {RH March 9, 1905 Par 5}. You cannot with impunity neglect the counsel to strive with all the power that God has mercifully given you to be among 144,000 and still hope to enjoy eternity!
+John “saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth” (Revelation 7:1) until the hundred and forty-four thousand are sealed. To those four angels “holding the four winds,” the “angel ascending from the east” said, “Hurt not the earth” until “we have sealed the servants of our God” (Revelation 7:2-3).
+The holding back of the four winds signify a probationary time in which the servants of God should be sealed in their foreheads. Winds, in the Bible, symbolise political commotion, strife, and war (see Daniel 7:2; Jeremiah 25:32-33). This political commotion is marked by that time of trouble when the authorities in the United States and in other countries will rise up in their pride and power and make laws to restrict religious liberty. As of yet the four winds are held until the servants of God shall be sealed in their foreheads. How carefully we should improve the little remaining period of our probation!
+A time is coming when the law of God is to be made void in the world. A universal Sunday law will be enforced against those who keep the seventh-day Sabbath. By a universal Sunday decree, “no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name” (Revelation 13:17). The passing of a universal Sunday law marks the beginning of the time Daniel saw as a “time of trouble such as never was” (Daniel 12:1). The blowing of the four winds is symbolic of a time of trouble caused by a universal Sunday law.
+Early 1888, Senator HW Blair, of New Hampshire, unsuccessfully introduced a Sunday Law Bill into the United States Congress to enforce Sunday worship; that failed Sunday law “was only the threatening of the blowing of the four winds” (5 Testimonies, 152).
+Sunday Law confederacies have since then been formed, they will soon cause a unity of state and religion, leading to a violation of freedom of religious conscience, and to a demand of a universal decree for Sunday worship as a solution to world peace. Although these confederacies are mustering their forces for a universal Sunday decree that will cause persecution of God’s Sabbath-keeping people, the command to the angels is still in force, that they hold the four winds of strife until “the servants of our God” are sealed “in their foreheads” (Revelation 7:3).
+The sealing implies protection and salvation.!” {RH” (1 Manuscript Release, p. 249). are specially raised to mortal life shortly before Christ appears and changed to immortality when Christ appears.
+Mark this” {5T 214.2}.
+There will be two groups of people living at the first appearance of Christ before the great multitude that died in Christ is raised. The first is the hundred forty-four thousand (including specially resurrected saints: Daniel 12:2), and the second is the living wicked (including the specially resurrected wicked: Revelation 1:7). The difference is what is written in the foreheads of the 144,000 and what is written on the forehead of the wicked represented by the harlot that rides the beast. The 144,000 have the “Father’s name written in their foreheads” (Revelation 14:1). The wicked, represented by the harlot woman: “upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH” (Revelation 17:5). For any worshipper, that which is placed at the centre of their thinking is who that they worship and serve. Corporately, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, from among whom the 144,000 are numbered, worships a “triune God.” Why do the 144,000 have the name of the Lamb’s Father written into their foreheads? Why is it not the trinity written into their foreheads? The 144,000 are sealed by who they worship; their God is not a trinity or a mystery.
+The woman who rides the beast has her mind filled with a mystery and with Babylon or confusion. The trinity god she serves is a mystery. In contrast to the God who is known through the creation, the harlot’s god is a confusing mystery. Whenever we stray from the worship of the true God, the mind is filled with a mystery, a false system of worship that is an abomination to God. A failure to recognise the true God breaks our connection to the source of life and it prevents the latter rain from occurring.
+No latter rain and no sealing for those who refuse to repent worshiping trinity gods. The procedure by which we receive the Spirit of God is illustrated.2}. The light came to God’s people from the Father to the Son to the believers. If we do not truly believe that God is the Father and He has a Son, but rather believe in a trinity, then if He poured out His power to such professed Adventists, God would confirm their belief in a false god. This will never happen! The latter rain can only come when we know the only true God and His Son (John 17:3). The mystery of the trinity is a false god that causes God’s people to be charged with having “a whore’s forehead” (Jeremiah 3:3).
+There was a time in the history of our Seventh-day Adventist Church when we worshipped the true God. After the death of the prophetess Ellen G White (1827-1915) and of the Adventist pioneers, a generation of new Adventist theologians fulfilled the prophecy that: “The principles of truth that God in His wisdom has given to the remnant church, would be discarded. Our religion would be changed” {1SM 204.2}. They caused our church to adopt the trinity. Some acknowledge that Adventist pioneers rejected the trinity:  – emeritus professor of church history at Andrews University).
+God in His mercy allowed Adventist pioneers who were sealed and hence part of 144,000 to sleep for a time in their graves while He deals with His “feeble and defective” {ULe 7.6} church to complete the number that will have His name in their foreheads. Very few Adventists are rediscovering truth held by our pioneers, and are being sealed: “settling into the truth, both intellectually and spiritually, so they cannot be moved” {FLB 287.7}. Counting from “all who have died in the faith of the third angel’s message [who] come forth from the tomb glorified, to hear God’s covenant of peace” {GC 637.1}, when the 144,000 number is complete, the voice of God (Revelation 16:17) will shake the earth and open the graves for the saints to come out in a special resurrection (Daniel 12:2) to join the living saints at the seventh vial. Thus John saw 144,000 having the Father’s name in their foreheads (Revelation 14:1).
+Many Seventh-day Adventists think the number is symbolic because 144,000 is too small a fraction of the over 19 million membership of our church.” (The Great Controversy, p. 608).
+This number, 144,000, that John saw, depicts real value. The Bible explains symbolism. For example, when the Bible refers to a “man” symbolising an “angel,” the Bible explains: “And he measured the wall thereof, an hundred and forty and four cubits, according to the measure of a man, that is, of the angel” (Revelation 21:17). When something is real, not symbolic, we take it to mean exactly, literally. The number John describes of those who are sealed is literal and not symbolic. An example of use of symbolism is in Revelation 17, where there is ‘the great whore that sitteth upon many’ “waters” (verse 1) and this whore is “the woman” ‘arrayed in purple and scarlet colour’ (verse 4) who is called “Babylon the great” (verse 5); and the angel explains that the “waters” are symbolic of “peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and tongues” (verse 15) and the “woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth” (verse 18).
+As to numbers having real value, an example is in Revelation 21, where John was shown the holy city, with its literal “twelve gates” (verse 12) divided into three gates on each of the four sides: “On the east three gates; on the north three gates; on the south three gates; and on the west three gates” (verse 13).
+The hundred and forty-four thousand must mean, out of all the tribes of the children of Israel.’ But instead of this, he says, the 144,000, twelve thousand from each tribe prophecy where they are next mentioned, that is, Revelation 14:1-5. Here the 144,000 are represented as coming triumphant out of the last religious conflict in this world (Revelation 13:12-18) and as being “redeemed from the earth,” and “redeemed from among men” (Revelation 14:3-4).
+The hundred and forty-four thousand are said to be from “all the tribes of the children of Israel” (Revelation 7:4). However, this could not be ancient Israel, seeing that we are dealing with the time just prior to the mark of the beast – the universal Sunday decree – to be enforced in our time. Moreover, in the context of the New Testament, Israel is symbolic of true Christians; the Bible explains this symbolism.
+Speaking of true Israel, Paul writes: s seed, and heirs according to the promise” (Galatians 3:29).
+In the general language of the Bible, Israel refers to a special people of God. God told the ancient Israelites, “And you shall be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (Exodus 19:6). Peter later applies that description to the church: “But you are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, His own special people” (1 Peter 2:9). Hence James, addressing Christians at the time, when “the coming of the Lord draweth nigh” – time to which Rev. 7:1-8 applies – greets them as “the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad, greetings” (James 5:8; 1:1).
+The church of God is symbolised by “a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars” (Revelation 12:1). The remnant church is a “remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ” (Revelation 12:17); the Seventh-day Adventist is the only church that profess to keep all the commandments of God.
+To the Seventh-day Adventists, it was said, in 1893, that, “we need to be enlightened in regard to the plan of salvation. There is not one in one hundred who understands for himself the Bible truth on this subject that is so necessary to our present and eternal welfare” {1SM 360.3}. Ah! In 1893 there was less than 1 percent of Seventh-day Adventists who understood the present truth. In other words, more than 99 percent were not ready for Christ. If that was the church’s situation back in 1893, how is it today when the church worships the trinity gods?
+Our Adventist pioneers, with the prophetess Ellen White overseeing, taught that those who, since after 1844, die in the third angel’s message are part of the 144,000. A few quotes from our Adventist pioneers:
+RH Johnson: “Among those who shouted victory over the beast and over his image were those who had come forth from their graves in the special resurrection, and were seen on the sea of glass. They were ‘the living saints, 144,000 in number’” (RH July 27, 1905). JN Loughborough, writing in 1916, a year after Ellen White died, as faith of some started to depart from established truth, wrote: “If it be claimed that none will be numbered among the 144,000 but those who live until Christ’s second coming, without tasting death, what about those Sabbath keepers who in 1848 to 1850 were being sealed? There are not a half dozen of those now alive who were then keeping the Sabbath. If they were then sealed, they will be among those resurrected to eternal life at the voice of God” (Questions on the sealing message, 1916, Par 24.3).
+This same truth was taught for many years in the standard book edited by Uriah Smith called Daniel and the Revelation (DAR), which book Ellen White unreservedly endorsed as containing “solid, eternal truth for this time” {1MR 61.2}. Ellen White wrote: ?” {1MR 63.1}. We read this in DAR:
+*}. “Solid eternal truth”! our Adventist pioneers. “From henceforth,” those who die in that message are blessed to be among the 144,000.
+Before the general resurrection of on Man. While the cloud was passing from the Holiest to the east which took a number of days, the Synagogue of Satan worshiped at the saints feet” ” {2SM 263.3}. The phrase “with” does not mean in addition, for only degree of suffering that falls to the lot of the saint on account of plagues (though “angels will shield the righteous” {GC 629.2}), those who are raised at the voice of the Father.
+Whilst the hundred and forty-four thousand keep the Commandments of God (Revelation 14:12), the majority of the Seventh-day Adventists and the world make void the law of God. The adoption of the trinity doctrine in Adventism destroyed the true keeping of the Sabbath. Many Adventists fulfill this prophesy: “The Sabbath of course, would be lightly regarded, as also the God who created it” {1SM 204.2}. The 144,000 do not worship trinity gods, and thus keep the Commandments of God, including the Sabbath.. At Mount Sinai, the Son spoke His Father’s words (Deuteronomy 18:18-19), even speaking the Sabbath. As the Sabbath point to all that is created through Jesus, Jes, for it is life of Christ in him.
+God sanctifies us through Christ. “But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption” (1 Corinthians 1:30). To have Christ is sanctification, which lead to keeping the Sabbath as a sign of the Father’s sanctification through Jesus.
+The Sabbath points to the One God who created us through His Son. The trinity says we were created by “a unity of three coeternal persons” – a committee of gods. The Sabbath points to the One God who sanctifies us through His Son. The trinity says we are sanctified through someone else. To keep the Sabbath, the 144,000 reject the trinity.
+John saw that the hundred and forty-four thousand “were not defiled with women; for they are virgins” (Revelation 14:4). In the Bible, a woman is a symbol of a church. “Say unto Zion, Thou art my people” (Isaiah 51:16) and “I have likened the daughter of Zion to a comely and delicate woman” (Jeremiah 6:2). The 144,000 profess a pure faith.
+The hundred and forty-four thousand).
+The 144,000 preach and believe the three angels’ messages, because they have rejected the trinity gods., not a trinity.
+This One God is whom the apostles praised:  determines who you worship and ultimately whether you be among the 144,000. The three angels’ messages are to correct worship. If you do not get it right with the first angel, as who to worship, then no need to go to the second and third angels’ messages. The first angel calls us to worship the One God who created through His Son. The trinity calls us to worship “a unity of three coeternal” gods that “made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters.” None can be among the 144,000 whilst they believe in the trinity, which doctrine destroys the three angels’ messages.” {RH” {EW 285.2}. Awfully solemn!
+While probation lingers, we are told, “Let us strive with all the power that God has given us to be among the hundred and forty-four thousand” {RH March 9, 1905 Par 6}.
+Did you know there could be comically stalkerish dismay? Because there can. The reason I know this is that back in my (oh so wild and crazy) single days, my friend Becky* and I performed The Stalking not once, not twice, but THREE times.
+Becky and I were really good friends. People said we were kind of nuts, which at the time we took to mean, "Aw, they are delightfully quirky and eccentric and cute." But really, looking back on it, I think mainly they just thought we were nuts.
+Becky had an enormous crush on this cute guy we knew who I'll call, oh, I don't know, Mike.
+Mike was tall and friendly and hilarious. If we'd lived anywhere near an ocean, he would've been a surfer. As it was, he was a wakeboarder and a snowboarder and he was seriously cute. If Becky hadn't had a crush on him, I'm sure I would have picked up the slack.
+Becky and Mike went on a few dates, but eventually Mike's interest kind of waned. We all still hung out together, but he stopped asking her out. He would flirt with her, call her late at night and generally mess with her head, but he didn't want to actually go out with her.
+You see the problem, right? Sadly, Mike was just not that into her. This was before that was actually a recognized condition though, so Becky and I spent many, many, many, many nights discussing where "this thing with Mike" was going. I empathized my heart out over the situation, partly because I was in the middle of my own never ending, totally doomed crush on a boy who just wasn't that into me, either. (Jerk.)
+One night Mike invited a girl he was seeing, Katie, over to his house. He was going to cook dinner for her or something like that. Becky was seriously bummed so we went out for ice cream. Because eating more food? TOTALLY THE ANSWER TO OUR PROBLEMS.
+Anyway, we were driving around that night and decided it would be a good idea to drive by his house. Just once. Just to see what was going on. I was pretty sure Mike wouldn't remember my car. I mean, he'd only seen it twenty or thirty times and it was a very inconspicuous, thirty year old, bright orange tank of a Volvo. We were practically in stealth mode.
+We parked down the street from Mike's house. We slouched down in our seats, giggling, and watched the front door for a while but nothing really happened and after a while we got bored.
+Becky was seized by the desire to just KNOW WHAT WAS GOING ON. Something was undoubtedly going on. Our lives would obviously not be complete until we knew what it was. So we did the only thing that made any sense at all.
+We snuck around into the back yard of the house behind his and peeked over the cinderblock wall.
+(For the record, Mike's neighborhood was brand new. A lot of the houses were still being built, or were finished but empty. The house behind Mike's was not occupied. So we were trespassing, but only technically. Are you seeing how that makes it all better and marginally less disturbing?)
+Unfortunately, the blinds were partly drawn and we couldn't really see much. I could kind of sort of see the top of Katie's head, but that didn't really give us much information, and did not help to contribute to the intelligence we were trying to gather re: why Katie and Mike were sure to break up any minute now, so that he could come to his senses and propose to Becky.
+We debated jumping into the yard to check things out, but that seemed a little TOO stalkerish. (It was good that we had boundaries, don't you think?)
+At this point we were laughing and egging each other on and just kind of having fun and being crazy(er). We went back out front and walked across the street and down a few houses, then laid down in the grass so that he wouldn't see us if he came outside. (Since the grass was approximately two inches long, I'm sure we were very nearly invisible. We were BRILLIANT.) We laid there and talked and laughed and laughed and laughed for at least an hour until the door to Mike's house opened and we ran shrieking down the street toward my car.Man. You have no idea how badly I want to link to Becky's blog right now, but I think if I did that, and outed her, she would kill me dead with a knife..
+But I don't think she should be embarrassed. After all, I'm sure you've all stalked someone before. Right? RIGHT?
+No?
+Just me then?
+Alrighty.
+*I realized a little late that my friend might not actually be o.k. with my posting this story for the universe to see, so I've changed their names to protect their privacy.
+love this post- takes me back to high school and stalking of my own. i think all girls do it. don't they? okay, maybe just most girls? some? a few? ok, you and me and the you-tube guy.
+No, I never stalked anybody.................
+We just liked to drive by the houses of guys we liked, usually on Friday and Saturday nights. We just wanted to make sure that their cars were there, because if they were, then we knew that they weren't going out with anyone else.
+It made us feel better.
+And that's totally not stalking.
+I think all girls stalk. Well, used to stalk. Even here in little 'ole Tassie, we stalk. My BFF and I used to call it 'infomation gathering'. We had a target, we had a mission, and we almost always ended up in some bush, in a strangers yard... spying on one of our friends ex-boyfriends older brothers or something equally as complicated..
+I was the queen of the drive by. I was so awesome (and by awesome I mean pathetic because Oh My Gosh we were pathetic.)
+It's only stalking if they catch you.
+It's a good thing we weren't friends in high school because the pathetic-ness bar would have been raised to a whole new level. One time my brother was playing in a basketball tournament against this team from Minnesota who's guard was "so hot". I actually stole the guys address off his registration form and wrote him a letter and sent him pictures I'd taken of him playing.
+not my high point
+I've been silently lurking (or stalking?) on your blog for a few months. I don't even remember how I found it now, but I just had to say, you are one absolutely hysterical woman. Thanks for the trip down memory lane to high-school days, and a really good laugh this morning! Julia
+I never stalked, but probably because most of my crushes lived out of town! I could totally see the scene--it was hilarious. You write so well, it should make a great scene for your novel.
+i can't even tell you how many tanks of used were used (wasted) by driving by boys houses. i was too scared to ever actually get out of the car, but man was i queen of the drive by. what's the deal with that anyway? who knows, but thanks for the post helping me to remember that i was one pathetic teenager!
+Oh, this was a great post. I never went quite that far, but in college I was known to figure out certain guys' schedules and then "accidentally" be where I could "run into them." Fun times. :)
+Well, of course we all did that...boys were so sneaky that's the only way we could gather any information about them. Right?
+Hilarious post. Thanks for making me laugh today.
+that kid & his song was stolen from my husband circa 1996, its how I knew I must marry him. he was my stalker, it was flattering, mostly b/c other guys didn't even know I exsisted, its all extremes with me. funny stuff.
+Oh, I hear you on the stalking. I SOOOOOOO hear you. In fact, I even got called out on a 20-year-old stalking episode recently by a former crush:
+As a postscript to that post, after he asked me where I lived, former crush stopped facebook-emailing me. I think he just wanted to establish that he was safely on the other side of the country...
+Oh, I stalked, I so stalked.
+Stalking is never-ending. The Web has just made it easier! Anyone reading this must admit to Googling old flames. When I first started blogging it was a little creepy when I found out who was reading it. Now it presents the challenge of "how much can I get away with".
+I still do a little stalking whenever I have access to a unrecognizable car. I'm smarter now, I think.
+Oh, I wouldn't call it stalking- I think we called it UTTER DEVOTION.
+Oh my gosh this is my high school experience exactly! Except we stalked much more than a handful of times. Some of the boys we followed around were totally aware of us and everytime we saw them at school they would blatantly laugh at us! It was a cool laugh though, I swear... like they were laughing because they were flattered by all the attention. And we had the whole car situation down to a science. We'd use my friend's dad's car and actually called it the "stealth car" that way no one would know it was us when we'd cruise the neighborhoods at night!
+I considered myself the queen of stalking in high school. (And maybe a little bit of college!) Obviously, though, I didn't have your stealthy skills!
+I'm just waiting for that comment that says "Hi, this is Dave Harper - I googled my name and can't BELIEVE you stalked me!" :)
+Just you... oops did I say that? Not really, but I am so buying your book when it comes out, but only if you promise to sign it.
+Oh my gosh!!! Your post just took me straight back to high school!!! I didn't truly realize that we ALL conducted such covert secret operations!
+On the flip side, I currently have my own personal stalker who definitely displays 'comically stalkerish dismay' several times a week. At least it would be completely comical if it weren't so pathetic....ANYWHO...thanks for making me laugh out loud (again)!!!! =)
+I've tried googling, myspacing and facebooking old crushes. None of them are online. What in the what what?! The universe is truly unjust.
+Cry the You tube video was totally inticing... unfortunatley I couldn't watch it. All I could see was a dark haired male with a guitar??? meh
+i have no clue what y'all are talking about.
+ok.
+i lied.
+i was SO a stalker back in the day.
+now i just consider myself a professional private eye who's really just a housewife/stay at home mom.
+god bless weekly drivebys and the days before caller ID!
+Apparently I missed out on a rite of middle and high school.
+I can, however, be charged with cyberstalking :\ Just checking for criminal records and the like, ya know? ;)
+Sue, I am pretty much a professional stalker. But unlike you who did it when you were young and crazy, I have gotten really good at it the older I get. I'm 42, in the past year I have managed to get my picture taken with Bronco Mendenhall (head BYU football coach), 7 BYU football players, Lavell Edwards (legendary football coach), and John Bytheway (at women's conference).
+I also got to shake Jeffery R Holland's hand two years ago at women's conference and snapped a picture of him at the same time. I have also managed to get pictures of all the RS general presidency, and Young Women general presidency at women's conference. I heart Susan Tanner. So my stalking is not limitted to BYU football. But I did make a whole BYU stalking scrapbook with all my famous pictures. Yes my nick name is Super Stalker or Popparazzi Pat.
+Thanks for you blog it makes me smile, while sitting in the hospital for the past 23 days with my 14 year old son. And I have lived in Vegas for the past 10 years and have longed to write the good bye letter that you got to write. LUCKEEEE! Is all I have to say to you.
+So, no joke, I have been typing up my journals from my high school and college days lately. And in the course of, oh, lets say 5 journal entries, there was mention of 4 seperate stalking experiences. Yep 4. And they all included:
+1) Walkie-Talkies
+2) the switching out of cars
+3) some sort of phone call or random door knock
+4) eating at Denny's afterwards
+5) getting home way after 1 am
+Good times. Good times.
+The crazy things you do when your young and single, huh? Good luck with your manuscript, and congratulations on finishing a book! That's incredible!
+Eh... I was always the "supportive if slightly creeped out friend" who went along on the stalk-rides.
+Mah wun tru luve lived out of town, so...
+I found a link to your blog from a mutual friend. I'm sure you'll have no idea who I am, and I'm not going to tell you either, but back in 1995 I used to do the drive by thing to YOU sometimes. The internet is great because now I get to anonymously and harmlessly relive the huge crush I had on you way back then. Love your blog, by the way. Hope you are still singing.
+- an old friend
+Hee hee.
+I never did this.
+But I totally would have.
+You know, if I'd had any friends to do it with.
+I LOVE finding out people Luuuuuuuved me back in the day. It's so fun :) Now you get to totally be driven nutz by who the stalker of YOU was :)
+Oh wow, this blog + all the comments make me feel so much better about myself in high school. I recently read my journals from high school and I'm pretty sure I was the most annoying stalkerish teenage girl ever.
+If only I had a nickel for every time I've stalked...first on my tricycle, then my bike, then in my mom's car, then my own....
+I don't think I outgrew this until my mid-twenties. That's a lot of nickels. Seems like I had one crush about every other year that required this.
+Wait, that's not a lot of nickels. I think I could only buy a really small Slurpee with that.
+I should have lived more....
+You could have borrowed your dad's car so the guy wouldn't recognize you....well, since it was a bright yellow station wagon with fake wood side panels, maybe not. A parenting tip for the future: Make sure your kids drive MEMORABLE cars. It might help them stay out of trouble.
+Anonymous #1: Reveal yourself!
+Anonymous #2: I'm not sure if he went to the Y , but I don't think so. Aaaack, he's going to find out about this, I can just feel it. Hey, Dave - this post? TOTALLY FICTIONAL, I SWEAR. ACK!
+Stalking is for wimps. I prefer my rejection humiliating and emotionally scarring. Although, my friends and I WERE huge fans of the three-way phone call with the secret third party on mute. Nothing like hearing your crush insist over and over again that they actually DON'T want to date you. He was just being coy- you can't show all your cards, you know? Good times.
+Geez and I was only kidding about me stalking you, just to freak you a bit. Never knew you had REAL stalkers! Wow.
+Been there. Done all of that!
+Except the odd guy playing guitar and singing...never done that.
+I CANNOT wait for your novel.
+I have too many stalker stories to include in a blog comment of appropriate length that will make me look cool and not like I am stalking you.
+But I had a boy stalk me who got in a huge wreck and totaled his parents' station wagon in front of my house. Cops came and everything.
+you had me close to peeing my pants. i have never stalked anyone. sounds like FUN. i feel like i missed out on some seriously awesome espionage opportunities. DANG IT
+oh hold up, i did drive bys. crud, that's not stalking is it? LOL
+are you kidding me? I am laughing my head off right now...especially since you added the youtube video!!! Nice...
+I'll admit...I did a zillion drive by's but was to lazy to get out of the car.
+I never really stalked. I always believed boys had superhuman powers and they could see through walls and stuff. I was just to paranoid that they would find out.
+But I did have a guy I knew who liked me (he once said he wanted to marry someone just like me) that looked through the window and saw me making out with his roommate. We weren't doing anything we shouldn't have, except making out... which I guess is not kissing across the alter. It sort of made me sick inside when he finally told me. It creeped me out and sometimes I wonder if the roommate I was kissing did it on purpose. He was such a jerk. I feel sorry for whoever he married, but it's just something he would try.
+Why wasn't I kissing the nice guy, you ask? Ack! I don't know, he was to nice?
+Best part about that video is the rabbit doll dressed like Sun Bonnet Sue. Awesome.
+I grew up in a forested area where all the lots were 10+ acres, where a couple of boys once accidentally drove up my driveway because they were apparently stalking me (not that I was cool or anything like that). So my Dad decided to seal my humiliation and theirs by sitting them down for a lecture on the perils of pulling down country driveways. He was a little bit funny, in retrospect, trying to act like Deliverance in a tie.
+Wow. I thought the Police's "Every breath you take" was the stalker song but this has them beat hands down.
+And no, I don't think I ever did the stalking thing....I don't think. I think I was much more into the pain and angst of unrequited love, the sighing from afar.
+I did, however, do the crying, "I love you can't you please love me too?" bit. More than once even.
+Argh, it's so humiliating.
+Ah, the three way phone call with the other girl on mute. A classic.
+I never did any real stalking of my own, I was more of the drive-along-friend type. But there was this guy who I had a HUGE crush on in junior high who lived on the same street as my piano teacher. I had to walk by his house every week, and don't think my heart didn't pound like mad every time I passed his house. I tried to be UBER cool, though, especially if he was outside and stuff, but I'm sure he thought I was stalking him. I always thought it was unfair of him to think I was stalking him, because hello? I was a smokin' thirteen year old. Seriously. I coulda had any man I wanted. (ahem) I mean, guys DIG girls with stringy hair and braces, right?
+I will admit to some cyber stalking, though. I scoured an HOA message board for messages posted by an old boyfriend once, and I've stumbled across another old boyfriend's blog, and can't help feeling righteous that his wife is chubbier than me.
+I'm a shallow, shallow woman.
+- Research article
+- Open Access
+Karyotype variation is indicative of subgenomic and ecotypic differentiation in switchgrass
+- Hugh A Young1,
+- Gautam Sarath2 and
+- Christian M Tobias1Email author
+© Young et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
+- Received: 23 February 2012
+- Accepted: 11 July 2012
+- Published: 26 July 2012
+Abstract
+Background
+Karyotypes can provide information about taxonomic relationships, genetic aberrations, and the evolutionary origins of species. However, differentiation of the tiny chromosomes of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and creation of a standard karyotype for this bioenergy crop has not been accomplished due to lack of distinguishing features and polyploidy.
+Results.
+Conclusion
+Collectively, these results provide a quantitative karyotype of switchgrass chromosomes. FISH analyses indicate genetic divergence between subgenomes and allow for the classification of switchgrass plants belonging to divergent genetic pools. Furthermore, the karyotype structure and cytogenetic analysis of switchgrass provides a framework for future genetic and genomic studies.
+Keywords
+- Bioenergy
+- Switchgrass
+- Cytogenetics
+- CHIAS IV
+- Perennial biofeedstocks
+- Dihaploids
+- Renewable energy
+- Polyploidy
+Background
+Polyploidy, the heritable duplication of whole genomes, is a key feature of plant diversification and is found in most, if not all, plant taxa [1]. Polyploidization can lead to speciation or creation of distinct reproductively-isolated cytotypes within a species. An ancient genome-doubling event and subsequent gene loss has shaped the genomes of all grass species [2]. Though an estimated 30-80% of angiosperms may be polyploid [3], the relative frequencies of allopolyploids which arise through hybridization of different species versus autopolyploids which arise within a single species are difficult to ascertain. Evolutionary processes that mask the origins of polyploid evolution such as introgression, deletion, concerted evolution, and mutation may create uncertainty. There is possible recurrent hybridization of genomes over time and interracial or close interspecific hybridization of genomes may produce similar outcomes. Incongruent tree-topologies from independent marker sets such as chloroplast and nuclear markers can suggest the presence of reticulate relationships, but these are not conclusive [4].
+The interspecific relationships of taxa in the subgenus Panicum sensu stricto (s.s.) that comprises approximately 100 C4 grass species, including Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass), haven’t yet been elucidated and likely represent a complex situation [5]. Because switchgrass is being pursued as a promising feedstock for renewable energy production in the United States and elsewhere, these relationships are of importance for understanding the breadth of germplasm that might be useful in a breeding program. The plant’s broad geographic range, water- and nutrient-use efficiency, and perennial growth habit make it ideal as a bioenergy crop [6–8]. The species encompasses multiple cytotypes with a basic chromosome number of nine [9, 10], and a range of ploidy levels from diploid (2x) to duodecaploid (12x) [11–14]. As a polyploid species, switchgrass exhibits two basic subgenomes that are genetically divergent but maintain complete or near complete disomic inheritance [15]. Two separate ecotypes are distinguished cytologically and geographically [16]. Lowland accessions dominate the southern portion of the species range and are mainly tetraploid, while the upland accessions are usually either tetraploid or octoploid and dominate northern latitudes [17]. Extensive aneuploidy has also been described, especially within populations of octoploids, but these are likely present in all populations at varying levels [18].
+Although artificial crosses between switchgrass cytotypes have been largely unsuccessful [19, 20], questions still remain regarding historical hybridization between cytotypes, between upland and lowland ecotypes, and between several closely related species in the Panicum subgenus. These species may represent a common gene pool that has undergone repeated hybridization during “secondary contacts” of once isolated populations [21]. A recent analysis of switchgrass collections has demonstrated that there are two distinct centers of genetic diversity for lowland accessions represented by the Southern Great Plains and Eastern Gulf Coast while upland accessions appear genetically as one broadly distributed tetraploid and two octoploid lineages [22]. Using chloroplast sequence polymorphisms, molecular clock estimates have indicated that lowland and upland accessions diverged as early as 1.3 million years ago, but have possibly diverged on several occasions during recent cycles of glaciation [23, 24].
+In light of these uncertainties, independent methods to characterize genome structure would be useful for effective evaluation and utilization of germplasm resources. Cytogenetic analysis using in situ hybridization techniques have proven very useful in resolving genome constitution in polyploids and is an important tool in chromosome karyotyping [25]. In polyploid plants with small and highly similar chromosomes, karyotyping is aided by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using labeled total genomic DNA, repetitive sequences, or single copy probes. In particular, variation found at rDNA loci (45S and 5S rDNA) can sometimes be used to differentiate subgenomes or to distinguish between ecotypes of a species [26, 27]. Chromosome reduction, breakage, or fusion during or after polyploidization can result in a gain or loss of these tandem repeat sequences. In the Triticeae, for example, both the location and order of rDNA loci differ extensively among related species [28]. FISH analyses using repetitive probes can further enable chromosome identification, and have been successfully employed in maize [29], rice [30], sugarcane [31], soybean [32], and pine [33].
+In complex polyploid organisms such as switchgrass, the development of genotypes with reduced chromosome numbers would prove useful for breeding and genetic research [34]. Haploid plants, whether derived from a diploid or a polyploid, have half the chromosome number of the euploid form. Therefore, “haploid” plants derived from switchgrass tetraploids will have two copies of the basic chromosome number of nine (2n = 2X = 18). With a true haploid number of nine, the term “dihaploid” has been used to describe androgenic switchgrass lines containing two sets of homologous chromosomes [35] as well as gynogenic lines containing two sets of non-pairing homoeologous chromosomes [36]. The “dihaploid” terminology as well as the utility of such plant lines has been previously described for potato, barley, wheat, and several other species [37–39].
+Early cytological studies in switchgrass focused mainly on overall counts of chromosomes rather than their individual morphology and molecular structure [40]. Our purpose here is to describe a quantitative karyotype of P. virgatum L. To simplify analysis, we have used a dihaploid line (2n = 2X = 18) derived from a lowland tetraploid individual through gynogenesis [36]. The term “dihaploid” is used to indicate the polyploid origin of the line and the homoeologous constitution of its subgenomes. Here we establish a standard reference karyotype that identifies visible features of individual switchgrass chromosomes and allows their unique discrimination. We demonstrate the presence of both additive and non-additive loci associated with rDNA and centromeric repeats, indicating subgenome divergence. We also document karyotype differences between upland and lowland genotypes.
+Results
+Chromosome measurement data
+Genome reduction in dihaploid individuals. Chromosome squashes prepared from root tip cells confirmed 2n = 36 chromosomes in the tetraploid cultivar Kanlow (a) and 2n = 18 in dihaploid ALB280 (b). Scale bars = 5 μm.
+Switchgrass Karyogram and Condensation Pattern (CP). Mitotic prometaphase chromosome spreads were stained with acetocarmine, resulting in uneven condensation patterns (a). Homoeologous chromosomes were paired based on length, arm ratio, and CP data to develop a karyogram. The basic chromosome number of n = 9 is indicated (b). CP measurements were averaged for each chromosome across 10 mitotic spread images, resulting in a quantitative ideogram (c). Dark regions indicate highly-condensed heterochromatic areas, gray indicates intermediate condensation, and white indicates euchromatic areas. Scale bars = 5 μm.
+Morphology of P. virgatum chromosomes (ALB280)
+Condensation pattern
+Chromosomes exhibit uneven staining due to variation in condensation pattern (CP) along their length. This distinctive CP, especially at the prometaphase stage of mitosis, was utilized as a diagnostic measurement for chromosome identification. CHIAS IV software [43] takes advantage of this uneven staining pattern and was used to generate a distinctive CP profile for each of the nine switchgrass chromosomes (Figure 2c). The same ten chromosome spread images used to generate the morphological data in Table 1 were analyzed with CHIAS IV software. Homoeologous chromosomes were paired in each prometaphase spread and then averaged together with homologs across all ten spreads. The resulting ideogram based on chromosome length and CP is presented in Figure 2c. Gray scale images allowed for distinct characterization of each switchgrass chromosome based on features such as the large, condensed region on the long arm of Chromosome 2, interstitial constrictions on both arms of Chromosome 1, and the large white areas indicating euchromatic regions of Chromosomes 5 and 8 (Figure 2c). Taken together with the length and arm ratio data, CP profiles allow each chromosome to be distinguished from all others in the karyotype.
+Localization of centromeres
+FISH analyses of switchgrass chromosomes. Comparative FISH analysis of switchgrass chromosomes was conducted using four different probe sequences: CentC (a,b,c); PviCentC (d,e,f); 45S rDNA (g,h,i); 5S rDNA (j,k,l). Three different switchgrass cytotypes were analyzed for each FISH probe: dihaploid 2n = 2X = 18 (a,d,g,j); tetraploid 2n = 4X = 36 (b,e,h,k); octoploid 2n = 8X = 72 (c,f,i,l). CentC signals (a,b,c) are indicated in green, whereas all other probes are labeled with red fluorescence. White arrows in d, e, and f indicate the strong PviCentC signal present on Chromosome 3 of the basic karyotype (n = 9). White arrows in k and l indicate “strong” 5S rDNA signals as compared to the “weak” 5S rDNA signals in each image (open arrowheads). Scale bars = 5 μm.
+Quantitative karyotype of switchgrass chromosomes. An ideogram of the base n = 9 switchgrass chromosomes is displayed with corresponding FISH signal probes. Length and arm ratio measurements are averaged across 10 chromosome pairs.
+BLAST analysis of switchgrass 454 sequence data using the maize CentC and rice CentO sequences resulted in a subset of potential centromere-specific repeat sequences found in the switchgrass genome that, on average, were 73% identical to maize CentC (AF078922.1). Primers designed from the corresponding consensus sequence were used to amplify and label a switchgrass-specific centromere repeat sequence for FISH analysis. The labeled switchgrass centromere probe (PviCentC) produced a fluorescent signal on all 18 chromosomes of ALB280 (Figure 3d). In addition, one chromosome of ALB280 demonstrated a centromeric FISH signal significantly brighter than all the others. This PviCentC signal pattern was also present in all tetraploid cytotypes tested, where all centromeres were labeled and two chromosomes demonstrated a very high level of fluorescence (Figure 3e, cv. Kanlow). Octoploid cytotypes maintained this pattern, demonstrating four strong FISH signals on specific chromosomes while all others contained equal intensity signals at their centromeres (Figure 3f, cv. Cave-in-Rock). Length, arm ratio, and condensation pattern analyses identified the high fluorescing chromosomes as Chromosome 3, which is consistent with the maize CentC probe from which PviCentC was derived.
+45S rDNA localization
+The distribution of 45S rDNA on mitotic metaphase chromosomes of switchgrass was detected with FISH using the wheat pTa71 plasmid probe [45]. These results demonstrate that one pair of 45S rDNA signal was detected in chromosome spreads of ALB280, suggesting that the basic karyotype (n = 9) has one chromosome containing the 45S rDNA sequence (Figure 3g). When the tetraploid, lowland individual AP13 is probed, two pairs of 45S rDNA signals are present (Figure 3h). This pattern of one 45S rDNA signal per base genome (n = 9) also persisted in an individual from the octoploid upland cultivar Caddo, where eight 45S rDNA signals are visible (Figure 3i). Analysis of the morphology and FISH staining patterns in multiple spreads indicates that the 45S rDNA signal is found near the terminal end of the short arm of Chromosome 2 (Figure 4).
+5S rDNA localization
+Sequence data from 454 reads of dihaploid switchgrass ALB280 were used to BLAST against 5S rDNA sequences of several grass species, including sorghum, rice, maize, and wheat. The resulting sequence hits were used to amplify and fluorescently label a 314-basepair orthologous 5S rDNA sequence in switchgrass. These 5S rDNA FISH probes hybridized to a single chromosome of dihaploid ALB280 and to two chromosomes of the lowland tetraploid cultivar Kanlow (Figure 3j & k, respectively). Quantitative measurement data of ALB280 chromosomes localize the 5S rDNA signal to an interstitial region on Chromosome 7 (Figure 4). In the FISH image of Kanlow chromosomes, one 5S rDNA signal is strong and one 5S rDNA signal is weak (Figure 3k). In upland octoploid ecotypes, FISH signals for 5S rDNA demonstrate a different pattern than what would be predicted based on dihaploid and tetraploid data. Instead of two strong and two weak signals, the upland octoploid cultivar Caddo shows four strong and four weak hybridization sites (Figure 3l). This suggests a unique difference between upland and lowland ecotypes at the 5S rDNA locus.
+Ecotype variation at the 5S rDNA locus
+Ecotype variation at the 5S rDNA locus. FISH analyses of the 5S rDNA probe indicated signal variation between upland and lowland ecotypes. The upland tetraploid cultivars Dacotah (a) and Summer (b) were compared to the lowland tetraploid cultivars Kanlow (c) and Alamo (d). All FISH signals are of 5S rDNA, but both red and green fluorescence were used. White arrows in each image indicate “strong” signal patterns in comparison to “weak” signals in the same image (open arrowheads). The double “snake-eye” signal found in panel a simply indicates labeling of individual chromatids on the same chromosome. Scale bars = 5 μm.
+Discussion
+An accurate karyotype can incorporate physical measurements like total length and arm length ratios, but can also include landmarks such as heterochromatic knobs [46], patterns of chromatin condensation [43], and molecular features visualized by FISH [47]. Chromosome identification is critical for cytological analyses, as well as subsequent studies in genomics, taxonomy, and the evolution of polyploidy, enabling an understanding of the relationship between visible landmarks and genetic or physical map features [48]. To that end, the construction of a basic karyotype for switchgrass promises to facilitate genomic analyses. The somatic metaphase chromosomes of switchgrass are small, which may have limited examination of cytological features in earlier studies [11, 13, 49]. With the use of sophisticated imaging and molecular techniques, we are now able to present the first comprehensive karyotype for switchgrass that quantitatively distinguishes each of the nine base chromosomes of this bioenergy crop.
+Use of a dihaploid line of switchgrass (ALB280) significantly simplified the karyotyping process. Acetocarmine- and DAPI-stained chromosome spreads allowed for visual pairing of homoeologous chromosomes in ALB280 and produced a karyotype based on total and relative lengths as well as arm ratios. In our experiments, a single switchgrass root tip preparation yielded an average of 20 or more dividing cells (prophase to metaphase). Chromosome spreads often resulted in a high frequency of nuclei at the pro-metaphase stage of mitosis. Pro-metaphase chromosomes demonstrated a characteristic condensation pattern (CP) along their length, corresponding to the compactness of the chromatids, which was used to create a quantitative idiogram [50]. This approach has also been useful in cytological analysis of Brassica species, sugarcane, and rice [51–53]. In conjunction with physical measurement data, CP data allowed us to unambiguously identify the small metacentric chromosomes of switchgrass.
+Although morphological and CP data suggest a balanced karyotype in the dihaploid line ALB280 (2n = 2X = 18), FISH data presented here indicate that the subgenomes have different repetitive DNA content at PviCentC and 5S rDNA loci. This finding is in general agreement with the highly differentiated genomes indicated by linkage map data in which tetraploid ecotypes demonstrate fewer than expected markers mapping across subgenomes, and complete or near complete disomic inheritance [15]. It also agrees with the observation of 18 non-pairing univalents at diakinesis of meiosis in the dihaploid line [36]. FISH signal data at these genetic loci may point toward allopolyploid evolution of the switchgrass genome. However, these data are also consistent with natural loss of gene content following a whole genome duplication within a single species (autopolyploidy). To gain a greater understanding of the origins of switchgrass polyploidy, further phylogenetic analyses of the Panicum (s.s.) subgenus and/or genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) techniques should be used [1, 27, 54–56].
+Under a simple additive model, FISH signals for the 5S rDNA locus and the CentC locus would be expected to be present in 2, 4, and 8 copies in the dihaploid, tetraploid, and octoploid lines, respectively. Surprisingly, only one FISH signal for these loci was observed in the dihaploid ALB280. In addition, the switchgrass-specific centromere probe, PviCentC, hybridized to all chromosomes of both subgenomes, but demonstrated a stronger FISH signal on Chromosome 3 of a single subgenome (same locus as maize CentC probe). This discrepancy in signal strength, particularly for the universal centromere probe PviCentC, suggests that a greater copy number of this repeat is present in Chromosome 3 of one subgenome than in all other chromosomes. Alternatively, or in conjunction, homology to the PviCentC FISH probe sequence may be much higher in Chromosome 3 than in all other labeled centromeres. The variation we observe at rDNA and centromeric loci may also be a result of the allogamous habit and self-incompatibility of switchgrass [20]. In outbreeding species of the genus Secale, high levels of repeat DNA polymorphism between homologous chromosomes have been documented [57]. Other outbreeding species in the Lolium and Lolium-Festuca complex demonstrate variation at rDNA loci [58, 59], suggesting that hemizygosity in switchgrass may result from out-crossing. Also contributing to non-additive FISH signal data may be the high frequency of switchgrass aneuploids, particularly among octoploid cytotypes [18, 40], which can lead to large-scale genetic changes and parental genome imbalance.
+In our analyses of 45S rDNA loci, pairs of telomeric FISH signals demonstrated a regular, additive pattern up the ploidy series. Among tetraploid cultivars, our data are consistent with those of Costich et al. [18] in which all tetraploids analyzed (upland and lowland) demonstrated two pairs of telomeric 45S rDNA signals. However, in octoploid cultivars, Costich et al. [18] describe a large amount of variation in size, number, and location of 45S rDNA signals. The variation in 45S rDNA signal intensity seen in our analysis of the octoploid cv. Caddo (see Figure 3i) may suggest rDNA repeat variation and/or differences in probe hybridization affinity. With only a single upland octoploid (cv. Caddo) analyzed with 45S rDNA in this study, our results likely demonstrate one of many chromosomal constitutions for switchgrass octoploids. Overall, FISH analyses of tetraploid and octoploid individuals support elimination of rDNA and centromere sequences and demonstrates that patterns of subgenome differentiation are broadly maintained.
+Our data also demonstrate unique ecotype differences at 5S rDNA loci. Variations in FISH signal patterns between upland and lowland tetraploids (and between lowland tetraploids and upland octoploids) provide features that distinguish these taxonomic divisions within switchgrass. We hypothesize that these variations in rDNA loci are related to both the phenotypic and geographic distribution differences observed between switchgrass ecotypes. In Oryza species, polymorphisms in the number, the chromosomal location, and the repeat length of rDNA loci have revealed species-specific and subgenome-specific FISH patterns [60]. The authors suggest that specific inversions, rDNA amplification, and locus transposition may have occurred during the process of Oryza evolution. Such a scenario may also be true for the divergence of switchgrass upland and lowland ecotypes. Classified cultivars of switchgrass are barely removed from the wild, and rapidly evolving rDNA loci are likely still undergoing change. The additive pattern of 5S rDNA loci seen between lowland tetraploids (2 signals) and upland tetraploids (4 signals) may be indicative of chromosomal rearrangements and rDNA changes that ultimately result in habitat adaptability differences between the two ecotypes. In addition, the conserved doubling pattern of 5S rDNA loci from upland tetraploid to upland octoploid further supports the maintenance of ecotype divergence across different cytotypes.
+The presence of gene flow between switchgrass ecotypes and/or cytotypes has ramifications on the development and use of specific gene pools for switchgrass improvement. Therefore, knowledge of chromosome architecture and ploidy relationships is critical for cultivar development. Cytogenetic data presented here can be used to classify switchgrass plants according to ecotype and ultimately aid in identifying and isolating regionally adapted cultivars [61, 62]. Switchgrass improvement through trait identification and breeding for significant heterotic effects also warrants the maintenance of independent gene pools [63, 64]. Recent analyses of several putative upland and lowland accessions of switchgrass have identified the presence of natural hybrids between ecotypes as well as evidence of gene flow [22, 23]. Results demonstrated a mixture of both cytotypes and phenotypes within hybrid populations, suggesting a long history of gene flow. In addition, genetic marker data indicated that gene flow is bidirectional, from upland to lowland and from lowland to upland [23]. A quantitative understanding of whole switchgrass chromosomes will help in distinguishing hybrid genotypes and aid in tracking genome sources during directed breeding programs. The use of FISH and GISH can identify translocations and/or introgression of new chromosome sources [25, 65], but can also be used to identify ancestral genomes that contribute to the evolution of polyploid species such as switchgrass [27, 66].
+The development of a species karyotype, with unambiguous identification of individual chromosomes, is also critical for the integration of genetic and physical map data. Genetic maps of switchgrass have been constructed using SSR and STS markers [15]. Hybridization of these genetically mapped markers to switchgrass chromosomes would lead to definitive assignment of linkage groups. Fluorescence detection of single- and low-copy sequences through the use of BAC clones as probes has proven highly successful in many species, including rice [67], maize [68], and sorghum [69]. BAC libraries for switchgrass have recently been developed and may be utilized for the integration of linkage and physical maps through BAC-FISH probing. BAC sequences would also be useful in flow sorting of chromosome fractions for physical gene mapping and construction of chromosome-specific libraries [70]. In this light, FISH technology will continue to be a valuable tool in understanding genome structure in switchgrass.
+Conclusions
+The relatively small size and lack of distinguishing features among switchgrass chromosomes have likely deterred detailed karyotype analysis in the past [11, 40]. Through the use of sophisticated molecular, cytological, and imaging techniques, we describe a quantitative karyotype for P. virgatum L. that distinguishes individual chromosomes. Our data support the genetic divergence of the two subgenomes within switchgrass and provide a foundation for studying the evolution of polyploidy in this bioenergy crop. We also demonstrate karyotype differences between upland and lowland ecotypes that will aid in identifying and maintaining diverse gene pools for future breeding strategies. Additional cytogenetic analyses of switchgrass chromosomes are necessary, but data presented here provide a quantitative foundation on which genomic and genetic studies can continue to advance. This karyotype will enable aneuploid stocks as well as alien substitution and addition lines to be characterized and used by others for classical genetic analysis and introduction of new variation.
+Methods
+Plant material and growth conditions
+Dihaploid switchgrass plants (2n = 2X = 18) were identified from among the progeny of a biparental cross between two lowland tetraploid cultivars, Kanlow and Alamo, as previously described [36]. Tetraploid and octoploid cultivars used in cytological and FISH analyses were obtained either from colleagues in Lincoln, NE or from the National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP, Beltsville, MD). Cultivar accessions used in this study are described in Additional file 1 Table S1. Seeds of all ecotypes were stratified for 3 weeks at 4°C before germinating on wet filter paper and transplanting to the greenhouse. Plants were maintained in the greenhouse at 72°F, under supplemental lighting (16 h day), watered as needed, and fertilized weekly with general purpose 20-20-20 fertilizer.
+Mitotic chromosome preparation
+Mitotic chromosome spreads were generated following a protocol by Zhang and Friebe [71] with a few modifications. Actively growing root tips were excised from greenhouse grown plants, pretreated in ice cold water for 18–24 h, and then fixed in 3:1 ratio of 95% ethanol and glacial acetic acid at 4°C, overnight. Root material was either used immediately for slide preparation or stored in fixative at −20°C for up to several months. For slide preparation, the root tips (0.5-1.0 cm) were washed twice for 5 min in 0.01 M citrate buffer and digested in an enzyme mixture of 50 mg/ml Onozuka R-10 cellulase and 30 mg/ml Macerozyme (Phytotechnology Labs, Shawnee Mission, KS) at 37°C. Digestion times varied from 30 mins to 2.5 h, depending on the thickness and degree of lignification in the root tip. Softened root tips were then washed for 5 min in 0.01 M citrate buffer and transferred to a slide. Forceps and a scalpel were used to carefully excise the white tissue just behind the root cap containing actively dividing mitotic cells. All other root tissues were removed and the remaining cells were macerated in a few drops of 1% acetocarmine stain. A coverslip was placed over the stained tissue and even pressure was applied to generate mitotic chromosome spreads. Slides were viewed under phase-contrast microscopy to identify spreads optimal for use in FISH analysis.
+Probe DNA labeling and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
+The clone pTa71 from Triticum aestivum L. [45] as used to identify the 45S rDNA (18 S-5.8 S-25 S rRNA) gene sequence. The CentC probe sequence [44] was generously provided by Dr. Zac Cande as a plasmid clone derived from PCR products of Zea mays DNA. The 5S rDNA probe for switchgrass was designed using 5S rDNA sequences from maize, rice, and sorghum to identify similar sequences from a database of switchgrass 454 sequence reads from a cv. Alamo individual using BLASTN. Primers (FP 5'-AGCACGCTTACGTTCGAGTTCTGA-3'; RP 5'-AGAATGGCTAGATGCGCGGAGAAT-3') were developed from the resulting BLASTN hits with highest e-values. The PviCentC probe was amplified from switchgrass gDNA using PCR primers designed using 454 sequence reads that were identified as similar to maize CentC and rice CentO sequences using BLASTN [72]. Analysis of resulting BLAST hits was used to infer the PviCentC sequence from existing switchgrass raw genome sequence data. The resulting consensus sequence was used to design primers for the switchgrass-specific centromeric repeat probe (FP 5'-CATGCCCAATCCACTTCTTTAGGC-3'; RP 5'-CAACTTACGGGAAGCACAAAGTGG-3'). The resulting 143-bp PCR product was labeled with either digoxigenin-11-dUTP or biotin-16-dUTP using nick translation or PCR (Nick Translation Kit; PCR DIG Probe Synthesis Kit, Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, IN), in accordance with manufacturer instructions. Hybridization and post-hybridization wash procedures were performed as previously described [73]. Chromosomes were counter-stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
+Microscopy and image analysis
+Digital images were recorded using an Olympus BX51 epifluorescence microscope (Olympus Corporation, Center Valley, PA) with a DP70 CCD (charge coupled device) camera and suitable monochrome filter sets (Chroma Technology, Rockingham, VT). Images were processed using GIMP 2.6 (GNU Image Manipulation Program) for Linux. Chromosome length measurements and arm ratios were determined manually using GIMP 2.6 and confirmed with automated measurements in CHIAS IV software (Chromosome Image Analyzing System IV) [43]. Analysis of chromosome condensation patterns were performed by the CHIAS IV system using the macro programs written by Seiji Kato, Nobuko Ohmido, and Kiichi Fukui. Analysis of FISH data was conducted in GIMP 2.6 by overlaying a probe signal image on top of the corresponding DAPI stain image. Adjustments were made to the transparency of the top (FISH signal) layer to demonstrate signal and chromosome alignment.
+Karyotype analysis
+Karyotype analyses were performed on ten undistorted and non-overlapping chromosome spreads from the dihaploid ecotype ALB280 (2n = 2X = 18). Homoeologous chromosomes from acetocarmine and/or DAPI stained spreads were paired based on total length, arm ratio, and condensation pattern. Physical length measurements were taken for each chromosome using GIMP 2.6 and CHIAS IV imaging software and by converting pixel lengths into microns. Statistical t tests were conducted to confirm that homoeologous pairs were not significantly different from one another. Chromosome arms were measured from the centromere to the tip of each arm and the centricity class was determined from arm ratio (r = long-arm length/short-arm length), as previously described [42]. Whenever possible, FISH signal data were used to pair homoeologous chromosomes and measurement data were averaged for each chromosome in the karyotype across all ten mitotic spreads. Chromosomes were numbered 1–9 from the longest to the shortest and paired with FISH signal data to define the karyotype (n = 9). In addition, condensation patterns (CP) of all ten mitotic spreads were subjected to analysis with CHIAS IV software to aid in distinguishing chromosomes.
+Dihaploid lines of switchgrass
+Karyotype analysis of the base 9 chromosomes of switchgrass was significantly aided by the use of a dihaploid individual (2n = 2X = 18) previously identified from among the progeny of a controlled cross between two tetraploid cultivars (2n = 4X = 36), Kanlow and Alamo [36]. This dihaploid line (ALB280) was initially distinguished from parental lines by its reduced heterozygosity and was subsequently confirmed through estimation of C values by flow cytometry. This analysis indicated that ALB280 had a 2 C value of 1.48, approximately half that of a tetraploid F1 reference individual (ALB881) and the Alamo male parent (ALBA4) which had 2 C values of 2.61 and 2.75 pg, respectively [36].
+Declarations
+Acknowledgments
+We thank Denise Costich and Grace Chan for critical review of the manuscript. We also thank Bernd Friebe, Rachael Wang, and Denise Costich for excellent technical advice. supported by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS) Current Research Information System (CRIS) 5325-21000-017, USDA-ARS CRIS 5440-21000-028-00, and by a Joint USDA/Department of Energy Office of Science Feedstock genomics grant DE-AI02-09ER64829. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
+Authors’ Affiliations
+References
+- Wood TE, Takebayashi N, Barker MS, Mayrose I, Greenspoon PB, Rieseberg LH: The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009, 106: 13875-13879. 10.1073/pnas.0811575106
+- Doyle JJ, Doyle JL, Rauscher JT, Brown AHD: Diploid and Polyploid Reticulate Evolution Throughout the History of the Perennial Soybeans (Glycine Subgenus Glycine). New Phytol. 2004, 161: 121-132.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Aliscioni SS, Giussani LM, Zuloaga FO, Kellogg EA: A molecular phylogeny of Panicum (Poaceae: Paniceae): tests of monophyly and phylogenetic placement within the Panicoideae. Am J Bot. 2003, 90: 796-821. 10.3732/ajb.90.5.796.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+-.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- McLaughlin SB, Adams Kszos L: Development of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a bioenergy feedstock in the United States. Biomass Bioenergy. 2005, 28: 515-535. 10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.05.006.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Sanderson MA, Adler PR, Boateng AA, Casler MD, Sarath G: Switchgrass as a biofuels feedstock in the USA. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 2006, 86: 1315-1325. 10.4141/P06-136.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Church GL: Meiotic Phenomena in Certain Gramineae. II. Paniceae and Andropogoneae. Bot Gaz. 1929, 88: 63-84. 10.1086/333978.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Gould FW: The Grasses of Texas. College Station: Texas A&M University Press;1975.Google Scholar
+- Church GL: Cytotaxonomic Studies in the Gramineae Spartina, Andropogon and Panicum. Am J Bot. 1940, 27: 263-271. 10.2307/2436892.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Nielsen EL: Analysis of variation in Panicum virgatum L. Journal of Agriculture Research. 1944, 69: 327-353.Google Scholar
+- Brunken JN, Estes JR: Cytological and Morphological Variation in Panicum virgatum L. Southwest Nat. 1975, 19: 379-385. 10.2307/3670396.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Hopkins AA, Taliaferro CM, Murphy CD, Christian D: Chromosome Number and Nuclear DNA Content of Several Switchgrass Populations. Crop Sci. 1996, 36: 1192-1195. 10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X003600050021x.View ArticleGooglePubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Vogel KP: SwitchgrassIn Warm-Season (C4) Grasses.Edited by: Moser L, Burson B. LE Sollenberger Madison: American Society of Agronomy; 2004: 561-588.Google Scholar
+- Casler MD: Ecotypic Variation among Switchgrass Populations from the Northern USA. Crop Sci. 2005, 45: 388-10.2135/cropsci2005.0388.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Costich DE, Friebe B, Sheehan MJ, Casler MD, Buckler ES: Genome-size Variation in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum): Flow Cytometry and Cytology Reveal Rampant Aneuploidy. The Plant Genome Journal. 2010, 3: 130-10.3835/plantgenome2010.04.0010.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Taliaferro , Hopkins AA: Breeding characteristics and improvement potential of switchgrass. Proceedings of the Third Liquid Fuel Conference, Nashville. Edited by: Cundiff JS. 1996, St Joseph, MI: TN 15–17 Sept 1996 ASAE, 2-9.Google Scholar
+- Martínez-Reyna JM, Vogel KP: Incompatibility Systems in Switchgrass. Crop Sci. 2002, 42: 1800-10.2135/cropsci2002.1800.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Stebbins GL: Polyploidy, Hybridization, and the Invasion of New Habitats. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1985, 72: 824-832. 10.2307/2399224.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Zhang Y, Zalapa JE, Jakubowski AR, Price DL, Acharya A, Wei Y, Brummer EC, Kaeppler SM, Casler MD: Post-glacial evolution of Panicum virgatum: centers of diversity and gene pools revealed by SSR markers and cpDNA sequences. Genetica. 2011, 139: 933-948. 10.1007/s10709-011-9597-6.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Zhang Y, Zalapa J, Jakubowski AR, Price DL, Acharya A, Wei Y, Brummer EC, Kaeppler SM, Casler MD: Natural Hybrids and Gene Flow between Upland and Lowland Switchgrass. Crop Sci. 2011, 51: 2626-10.2135/cropsci2011.02.0104.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Young HA, Lanzatella CL, Sarath G, Tobias CM: Chloroplast genome variation in upland and lowland switchgrass. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e23980-10.1371/journal.pone.0023980.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- D’Hont A: Unraveling the genome structure of polyploids using FISH and GISH; examples of sugarcane and banana. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005, 109: 27-33. 10.1159/000082378.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Kitamura S, Tanaka A, Inoue M: Genomic relationships among Nicotiana species with different ploidy levels revealed by 5S rDNA spacer sequences and FISH/GISH. Genes Genet. Syst. 2005, 80: 251-260. 10.1266/ggs.80.251.PubMedView ArticleGooglePubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle.PubMedView ArticleGoogle.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Shishido R, Sano Y, Fukui K: Ribosomal DNAs: an exception to the conservation of gene order in rice genomes. Mol Gen Genet. 2000, 263: 586-591. 10.1007/s004380051205.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- D’Hont A, Ison D, Alix K, Roux C, Glaszmann JC: Determination of basic chromosome numbers in the genus Saccharum by physical mapping of ribosomal RNA genes. Genome. 1998, 41: 221-225.View ArticleGooglePubMed CentralView.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Forster BP, Heberle-Bors E, Kasha KJ, Touraev A: The resurgence of haploids in higher plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2007, 12: 368-375. 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.06.007.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Conger BV: Development of In Vitro Systems for Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum): Final Report for 1992 to 2002. 2002, UT-Battelle: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, UT-Battelle, US Dept. of Energy,Google Scholar
+- Young HA, Hernlem BJ, Anderton AL, Lanzatella CL, Tobias CM: Dihaploid Stocks of Switchgrass Isolated by a Screening Approach. Bioenerg. Res. 2010, 3: 305-313. 10.1007/s12155-010-9081-7.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Maine MJD: An evaluation of the use of dihaploids and unreduced gametes in breeding for quantitative resistance to potato pathogens. J Agric Sci. 1982, 99: 79-83. 10.1017/S0021859600055064.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+-. TAG Theor Appl Genet. 1998, 96: 123-131. 10.1007/s001220050718.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Yang Z, Gilbert J, Fedak G, Somers DJ: Genetic characterization of QTL associated with resistance to Fusarium head blight in a doubled-haploid spring wheat population. Genome. 2005, 48: 187-196. 10.1139/g04-104.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- McMillan C, Weiler J: Cytogeography of Panicum virgatum in Central North America. Am J Bot. 1959, 46: 590-593. 10.2307/2439303.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Lu K, Kaeppler SM, Vogel KP, Arumuganathan K, Lee DJ: Nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers in switchgrass. Great Plains Res. 1998, 8: 269-280.Google Scholar
+- Levan A, Fredga K, Sandberg A: Nomenclature for Centromeric Position on Chromosomes. Hereditas. 1964, 52: 201-220.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Kato S, Fukui K: Condensation pattern (CP) analysis of plant chromosomes by an improved chromosome image analysing system, CHIAS III. Chromosome Res. 1998, 6: 473-479. 10.1023/A:1009252429277.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Ananiev EV, Phillips RL, Rines HW: Chromosome-specific molecular organization of maize (Zea mays L.) centromeric regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95: 13073-13078. 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13073.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Gerlach WL, Bedbrook JR: Cloning and characterization of ribosomal RNA genes from wheat and barley. Nucl. Acids Res. 1979, 7: 1869-1885. 10.1093/nar/7.7.1869.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- McClintock B: A Cytological Demonstration of the Location of an Interchange Between Two Non-homologous Chromosomes of Zea mays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1930, 16: 791-796. 10.1073/pnas.16.12.791.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Speicher MR, Carter NP: The new cytogenetics: blurring the boundaries with molecular biology. Nat Rev Genet. 2005, 6: 782-792. 10.1038/nrg1692.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Harper LC, Cande WZ: Mapping a new frontier; development of integrated cytogenetic maps in plants. Funct. Integr. Genomics. 2000, 1: 89-98. 10.1007/s101420000013.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Hamoud M, Haroun S, MacLeod R, Richards A: Cytological relationships of selected species of Panicum L. Biol Plant. 1994, 36: 37-45. 10.1007/BF02921265.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Fukui K, Iijima K: Somatic chromosome map of rice by imaging methods. Theoret. Appl. Genetics. 1991, 81:Google. TAG Theor Appl Genet. 1998, 96: 325-330. 10.1007/s001220050744.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Ha S, Moore P,. 10.1023/A:1006133804170.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Kato S, Ohmido N, Fukui K: Development of a quantitative pachytene chromosome map in Oryza sativa by imaging methods. Genes Genet. Syst. 2003, 78: 155-161. 10.1266/ggs.78.155.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Langkjaer RB, Cliften PF, Johnston M, Piskur J: Yeast genome duplication was followed by asynchronous differentiation of duplicated genes. Nature. 2003, 421: 848-852. 10.1038/nature01419.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Pendinen G, Gavrilenko T, Jiang J, Spooner DM: Allopolyploid speciation of the Mexican tetraploid potato species Solanum stoloniferum and S. hjertingii revealed by genomic in situ hybridization. Genome. 2008, 51: 714-720. 10.1139/G08-052.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Renny-Byfield S, Ainouche M, Leitch IJ, Lim KY, Le Comber SC, Leitch AR: Flow cytometry and GISH reveal mixed ploidy populations and Spartina nonaploids with genomes of S. alterniflora and S. maritima origin. Ann Bot. 2010, 105: 527-533. 10.1093/aob/mcq008.PubMedPubMed Central
+- Thomas HM, Harper JA, Meredith MR, Morgan WG, Thomas ID, Timms E, King IP: Comparison of ribosomal DNA sites in Lolium species by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Chromosome Res. 1996, 4: 486-490. 10.1007/BF02261775.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Hand ML, Cogan NOI, Stewart AV, Forster JW: Evolutionary history of tall fescue morphotypes inferred from molecular phylogenetics of the Lolium-Festuca species complex. BMC Evol Biol. 2010, 10: 303-10.1186/1471-2148-10-303-753. 10.1007/s00122-007-0705-z.PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Casler MD, Stendal CA, Kapich L, Vogel KP: Genetic Diversity, Plant Adaptation Regions, and Gene Pools for Switchgrass. Crop Sci. 2007, 47: 2261-10.2135/cropsci2006.12.0797.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Zalapa JE, Price DL, Kaeppler SM, Tobias CM, Okada M, Casler MD: Hierarchical classification of switchgrass genotypes using SSR and chloroplast sequences: ecotypes, ploidies, gene pools, and cultivars. Theor Appl Genet. 2011, 122: 805-817. 10.1007/s00122-010-1488-1.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Martinez-Reyna J, Vogel K: Heterosis in Switchgrass: Spaced Plants. Crop Sci. 2008, 48: 1312-1320. 10.2135/cropsci2007.12.0695.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Vogel K, Mitchell R: Heterosis in Switchgrass: Biomass Yield in Swards. Crop Sci. 2008, 48: 2159-2164. 10.2135/cropsci2008.02.0117.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Zhao N, Xu L, Zhu B, Li M, Zhang H, Qi B, Xu C, Han F, Liu B: Chromosomal and genome-wide molecular changes associated with initial stages of allohexaploidization in wheat can be transit and incidental. Genome. 2011, 54: 692-699. 10.1139/g11-028.Pub: 7908-7913. 10.1073/pnas.1014138108.PubMedPubMed Central
+- Wang C-JR, Harper L, Cande WZ: High-Resolution Single-Copy Gene Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization and Its Use in the Construction of a Cytogenetic Map of Maize Chromosome 9. Plant Cell. 2006, tpc.105.037838-Google Scholar
+- Kim J-S, Childs KL, Islam-Faridi MN, Menz MA, Klein RR, Klein PE, Price HJ, Mullet JE, Stelly DM: Integrated karyotyping of sorghum by in situ hybridization of landed BACs. Genome. 2002, 45: 402-412. 10.1139/g01-141.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Doležel J, Kubaláková M, Cíhalíková J, Suchánková P, Simková H: Chromosome analysis and sorting using flow cytometry. Methods Mol. Biol. 2011, 701: 221-238. 10.1007/978-1-61737-957-4_12.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Zhang P, Friebe B: FISH on Plant Chromosomes. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) — Application Guide. Edited by: Liehr T. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2009.365-394.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ: Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990, 215: 403-410.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Jenkins G, Hasterok R: BAC “landing” on chromosomes of Brachypodium distachyon for comparative genome alignment. Nat. Protocols. 2007, 2: 88-98. 10.1038/nprot.2006.490.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar
+- Alderson JS, Sharp WC, Hanson AA, USDA: Grass varieties in the United States Boca Raton: CRC.
+Remote medical billing and coding as a career can be done as a contract job, part-time job, full-time job, and also per diem. What kind of training do you need to start working in the medical field from your home? . Your job as a medical coding and billing specialist is to review the charting done by the doctor, nurse, or medical specialist and ensure that it goes onto a bill or form submitted to insurance companies for reimbursement. Medical billing and coding jobs from home give you the security of a profession with plenty of demand and the freedom to schedule your own time. Since its founding in 1995 by Mark Babst and Neal Green, TCN has grow to over 650 coders working across the United States. Due to this high growth, income and opportunities for medical billing and coding specialists are steadily increasing. You can feasibly get a certificate without even taking classes if you are able to do the research and figure out what youre doing on your own, but a class will probably streamline the process for you and make it easier for you to learn. . Independent contractors take on as many or as few jobs as they like. And because we are continually adding feedback from users like you, we are able to keep refining our accuracy. Precyses Coding Team consists of approximately 375 certified medical coders living in 41 states. It also means as 1099 contractors; theyre in charge of reporting income and filing their own taxes. Conifers 14,500 team members aim to provide value-based solutions that drive clinical and financial performance.
+The Truth About Medical Billing and Coding Jobs from Home
+Starting my own company and working remotely has completely and positively agreed with my lifestyle. For positions, applicants must have ahima credentials and two years of work experience. If youve completed a program like CareerStep, their network of potential employers may provide you with plenty of opportunities to explore. If you were previously employed in the healthcare industry, you might want to network with your former employers and coworkers. Look for medical billing and coding training companies accredited by the Better Business Bureau as well. Have you considered working as a medical coding and billing specialist? Coders are currently being hired for work from home opportunities with competitive 3,000 sign-on bonuses. The Coding Network The Coding Network only hires remote, independent contractors to provide hipaa-approved coding solutions across 55 physician specialties. Whether the job is part-time, full-time, or per diem, medical coding and billing specialists can make good money from a home office.
+Auto Live, forex, trading
+Is this a job where I can send the billing, ive completed via online? In order to work remotely, you must have access to Wi-Fi and high-speed Internet whenever you will be working. Work at home jobs are fairly rare (whatever the internet will have you believe and you usually have to search high and low to find opportunities. Some coders check for accuracy and overlapping codes, while others focus on insurance regulations, and billing requirements. Dear Carol, Thank you for your question on remote coding. Employees at Maxim Health Information Services receive competitive pay and full benefits, including dental and 401(k).
+Fortunately, certification is possible in a matter of months with classes and training available online. Medical, billing and, coding Jobs here. Altegra Health pays remote coding professionals by the chart and follows strict QA standards. Check out Humanas Remote Medical Billing and Coding Jobs here. Affiliated with the ahima, this reputable company has over 5,000 employees both on-site and from home. This page includes some affiliate links. It may also give you some useful connections in the medical industry. Anytime you work outside of your home, you have to subtract the time and money you spend commuting from your salarymeaning most jobs really pay less than advertised since they require you to commute. . Research the details of becoming a 1099 contractor before you begin. Coders and billers can earn higher pay by continuing to train and specialize in their area of focus (like psychiatry, oncology, or rheumatology). Check out Anthelio Healthcare Solutions Medical Billing and Coding Jobs here. Anthelio Healthcare Solutions cutting-edge technology was also featured on FOX Business.
+If you have a family, you can spend more time with your loved ones. . Because the job is highly detailed and theres a lot of information to absorb, even those with a medical background such as nursing will find it helpful to take a medical billing class or participate in a program. You can either go to a local university or trade school and sign up for a course in medical billing or coding or you can attend a class at an online university and not even leave your home. . Altegra Health Altegra Health is a privately held, national company that provides end-to-end reimbursement solutions. Short-term and long-term remote medical coding jobs are available with ICD-10 training. The training service should be associated and endorsed by professional groups like the aapc. Many certification programs are offered online and include graduate work from home medical billing and coding jobs support services to assist with job placement. Humana Ranked on the Fortune 500 list, Humana is a giant health insurance corporation headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, with over.8 million medical members.
+Free Home Depot Application Online - m- Hourly Job Applications
+Send us feedback to correct an inaccurate salary estimate. The businesss 16-year dedication to excellence lead to being ranked #1 for HIM outsourcing solutions by Black Book. So when the hiring company hasnt provided a salary for a job, we look at salary data from related companies and locations to come up with a reasonable estimate for what you can expect. It may not be for everyone, but for me and many of my colleagues, including those I employ, remote coding is a viable and productive way to work in the medical billing and coding industry. Remote medical billers and coders are primarily tasked with translating a providers medical record that indicates patient encounters into diagnosis and procedure codes to be submitted to various payers. You can be on vacation and still work remotely if necessary. The first and most obvious is probably that you dont need to commute to and from the office everyday, which saves time and gasoline (and therefore money). . 294shares, by Holly Reisem Hanna, would you like to work from home in an occupation that is in high-demand?
+There are pros and cons for both situations, but if youre working from home as an independent contractor, you'll have the freedom and the opportunity to work with multiple clients. Advantages of Remote Work Availability to work from home or other remote site. Are you right for a work at home job? . Finding remote positions can be ideal for maximizing family time while lowering commuting costs and stress. Youll Also Love These Posts: Studies have shown if you like this blog post you will also love the following articles. Check out Medical Record Associates Medical Billing and Coding Jobs here. Click here and you will be directed straight to their remote job board. Anthelio generally only requires three months of relevant experience, but active CTR or CPC credential is necessary.
+LexiCode has previously advertised 10,000 sign-on bonuses for inpatient and outpatient surgery coders. Check out Conifer Health Solutions Medical Billing and Coding Jobs here. Remote medical coding and billing jobs are frequently posted for candidates with CPC or CCS-P credentials. As much as you may want to work from home, however, youre going to be hard-pressed to find a lot of work from home medical billing and coding jobs options. . Flexible schedules No commuting costs so gas and car maintenance are eliminated More personal and family time No professional work wardrobe required, which can save you money Improves productivity as it allows autonomy Less stressful, as there is no micromanaging Some. While experience in the medical field isnt required, if youve worked in healthcare before, becoming a coding and billing specialist is a great way to apply your skills and knowledge with the flexibility of working from home. Being an employee offers structure and stability but at the cost of flexibility. Whether youre experienced in the medical industry or looking for a change of pace check out this interesting work -at- home opportunity. More than 500,000 charts are coded by TCN staff each month! Employees, on the other hand, work for a company directly. Maxim Health Information Services, located in Gardena, California, Maxim Health Information Services belongs to one of the largest medical staffing companies in the United States. Medical coding is one of the easiest careers to work remotely from, as long as you work with a reputable company. . Have a separate home office from the rest of your home When I became a CPC, it was one of the best career moves I have made.
+Forex Trading Strategy Books, Download Free Forex E -Books
+Be aware work from home medical billing and coding jobs there are many scams promising instant work or 30-day training programs. I would like to say that remote coding offers a key component for many people like myself, which is flexibility in work hours. The company dictates their hours and parameters such as pay and benefits. Consider the following 10 Best Places to Find. Medical billing and coding positions require months of training and certification, and may also require you to learn on the job or gain some experience before you find work -at- home opportunities. LexiCode Established in 1981, LexiCode is a high-quality coding and billing consulting service thats a subsidiary of SourceHOV. Humana also hires virtual coding educators who have five or more years of experience. In 2014, the company was declared a Best in Category Leader by klas Enterprises LLC. This means theyre responsible to set their own hours and fees. For parents this is great since you dont need to take your children to daycare. . You can take the certification exam after buying medical coding books and self-teaching, but its certainly more difficult.
+For hire, Aviacode requires candidates to pass the ICD-10 Proficiency Assessment through the aapc. Medical coders and billers can find remote HIM processing jobs. Can I still do the job? Precyse Solutions Partnered with nearly 4,000 healthcare facilities, Precyse Solutions is a leading clinical data management company based in Roswell, Georgia, since 1998. Do you know someone who is working in this field? Billers and coders are able to access medical records via secure Internet connections to work from virtually anywhere. Maxim is one of the giants that offers many remote coding jobs. One of the biggest perks to entering the medical coding and billing field is the possibility of telecommuting from the comfort of home. Please see our disclosure policy for further information. Medical Billing and Coding Education Requirements To become a medical coder or biller, most employers require certification through the aapc (formerly the American Association of Professional Coders).
+Forex, trading CFD Trading Trade Forex and CFDs online
+Medical Record Associates For the past 30 years, Medical Record Associates LLC has grown into one of Americas largest health information services organizations. Each hired coder will receive full orientation and free online training from Precyse University to learn the integrated PrecyseCode platform. Since your home and family are probably two of the reasons you work to earn money, youre getting more out of your life by being able to spend more time with each. Theres even room for advancement into medical coding supervisor positions. Its estimated that at least 10 percent of Humanas 49,000 associates telecommute from home. You will also be glad to know that medical billing and coding jobs are projected to increase at a tremendous rate over the next decade! Precyse Solutions has been awarded the himss Gold Corporate Member Award. Passing a specialty coding proficiency exam is part of the hiring process.
+On Monday afternoon, ESPN abruptly and unceremoniously canceled its newest television show, “Barstool Van Talk,” less than 48 hours before the second edition of the late-night interview show was scheduled to air. In a blunt statement released on Twitter, ESPN President John Skipper said the cancellation was “effective immediately.”
+“While we had approval on the content of the show, I erred in assuming we could distance our efforts from the Barstool site and its content,” Skipper said.
+The partnership between ESPN and Barstool — the Boston-bred sports and culture site that unabashedly caters to the PC-phobic 18- to 34-year-old man — was eyebrow-raising from the beginning, thanks to Barstool’s well-documented history of misogyny, racism, and harassment.
+But the company became embroiled in controversy last week when, the day before the show’s debut, ESPN host Sam Ponder released a series of tweets “welcoming” Barstool to the ESPN family that linked to Barstool’s sexist attacks on Ponder — one blog post that asserted Ponder’s “#1 requirement is you make the men hard,” and another rant that called her a “fucking slut.”
+It initially seemed Barstool might escape Ponder’s call-out unscathed, mostly due to a technicality: Ponder incorrectly said that one of the stars of “Barstool Van Talk” wrote the posts in question, when in fact they were the work of Barstool President Dave Portnoy. Though ESPN initially stuck by its decision to work with two of Barstool’s most successful (and unobjectionable) personalities, Big Cat and PFT Commenter, after a week of internal and external pressure, ESPN finally decided the blowback wasn’t worth the 88,000 viewers the show attracted at the 1:00 a.m. hour.
+On the surface, this was a big blow for Barstool — its partnership with ESPN was the most high-profile yet for the fast-growing media company, and a golden opportunity for Big Cat and PFT Commenter to build on the success of their juggernaut podcast, Pardon My Take.
+But Portnoy (who is known as “El Presidente” in the Barstool universe) did not sound defeated when he began his live press conference on Facebook and Twitter less than an hour after the official announcement. He sounded defiant.
+“This is exactly, and I mean exactly, why Barstool Sports has to exist. It has to. Because we’re one of the few places, maybe the only place on the internet, where we don’t let agendas dictate what we do,” Portnoy said. “For 15 years, people who have followed this company know, we just talk, shoot the shit, try to be funny, don’t let PC America get the best of us, and we’ll continue to do that.”
+“ESPN had to know who they were getting in business with.”
+Portnoy went on to say that he wished he hadn’t used the word “slut” to describe Ponder. He said he used it because “three years ago, it was a very different social climate,” and he wished he could take it back to prevent “Barstool Van Talk” from being canceled. Don’t mistake that for contrition, though.
+“I don’t take back the rift, I don’t take back any of it,” he said. “ESPN had to know who they were getting in business with. We didn’t change. We’ve been the same people for 15 years.”
+Barstool’s long history of misogyny
+Portnoy said plenty of objectionable things in his press conference on Monday afternoon — for one, I’m pretty sure that calling a female reporter a “fucking slut” whose only job is to “make men hard” was just as offensive in 2014 as it is in 2017 — but it’s hard to argue with his main thesis. Barstool has never hidden what it is, and the people behind the site have never apologized for it, either.
+That’s why there was so much outrage when “Barstool Van Talk” was first announced. And that’s why it was so laughable when ESPN released a statement last week saying that, while the company found Barstool’s 2014 comments about Ponder “offensive and inappropriate,” it did not have editorial control over Barstool — as if that made it okay.
+Barstool’s comments about Ponder don’t exist in a vacuum. Barstool has attacked other female ESPN reporters in the past, most notably Sarah Spain, who Portnoy proudly called a “fucking cunt” a few years ago. (He’s recently blogged about trying to bring the word “cunt” back — as if it’s just the thing missing from our daily discourse.) This is the same site that defended its decision to post naked photos of Tom Brady’s two-year-old son; that once posted an article titled “Slut Reporter Drinks Cam Newton’s Jizz”; and that infamously organized Blackout Parties on college campuses — a party tour hosted by Barstool that Portnoy claimed was named after the black-light portion of its show.
+It’s a site that trafficks in what it considers rape “jokes.”
+ 2010.
+In 2011, in a blog post titled “Kobe Better Not Have Raped Alex Morgan,” Portnoy wrote, “Like it’s one thing to stick your dick in random chick’s assholes and them buy them off, but it’s a different game altogether when they are famous.” In 2012, when defending Blackout Parties to protesters, Portnoy said, “Just to make friends with the feminists I’d like to reiterate that we don’t condone rape of any kind at our Blackout Parties in mid-January. However if a chick passes out that’s a grey area though.”
+Barstool Sports is overwhelmingly white, cis, and straight, and there have never been many women (or should I say “girls”) in the Barstool universe.
+Barstool’s most prominent public-facing female personality was Jenna Marbles, a YouTube celebrity who split with Barstool in 2012. Portnoy has publicly fought with Marbles because he says she doesn’t give him enough credit for launching her career. “She told People magazine she fell into making YouTubes. Actually, no, you were working at a tanning salon and I hired you. That’s how you started,” Portnoy said in a 2013 profile in Entreprenuer. “I’ve hired one girl in 10 years, and it was her. …We never could get eye-to-eye.”
+Since Marbles, many of the most well-known women featured on Barstool have been college-age interns. The physical appearance of these women is a frequent topic of conversation among fans — and at times among the main Barstool cast itself. A few years ago, for instance, when an intern named Dana was saying goodbye after her summer internship, she participated in a video segment called “Barstool Rundown,” with Portnoy, Big Cat, and another Barstool character, KFC Barstool.
+“Dana, the one thing you’ve got to learn is when a guy is trying to fuck you,” Big Cat told her, as she discussed her interactions with men in the office while Portnoy pressured her to share details of her breakup with her boyfriend. “They all are, all the time. There’s the lesson,” KFC added.
+Hypocrisy, it seems, is the only mortal sin in Barstool world…They truly believe that the sins of others makes them immune from critique.
+Barstool has always adamantly insisted that its “off-color” comments, whether sexist or racist or homophobic, aren’t an actual reflection of their values or character. Instead, they say, these comments are intended as jokes that paint the picture of a supposed utopia where there is no “PC police.”
+This approach has garnered Barstool a cult-like following (fans call themselves “Stoolies”), and that audience has multiplied through the years. Two years ago, The Chernin Group bought a controlling stake of Barstool for an estimated $10-15 million, and last year, former AOL executive Erika Nardini came on board as CEO.
+Barstool hasn’t changed
+But lest you think an influx of cash and a female touch changed Barstool — which is the narrative that many in sports media have bought into — just take a look at their site over the past year. The content they continue to publish, as well as their reaction to call-outs like Ponder’s, proves that just as Portnoy said in his press conference on Monday, “We didn’t change. We’ve been the same people for 15 years.” The only difference is the spotlight on them is a bit brighter these days.
+Earlier this year, Barstool blogger Chris Spags wrote an entire post shaming Rhianna for “getting fat,” which he says would be a “tough world to stomach” because it would signal a time where it’s acceptable for “all the hottest girls look like the humans in ‘Wall-E.'” (Portnoy eventually deleted this post after the blowback to it went viral, explaining, “if you’re gonna blog about Rihanna gaining weight you better be funny as fuck and you better make it bullet proof.” Spags and Barstool part ways soon after the blog was deleted.)
+Just a few months ago, Portnoy coordinated a slut-shaming cyber attack on an ex-girlfriend who cheated on him, and earlier this month, Portnoy wondered aloud on the radio whether Harvey Weinstein should be allowed to exchange sex for work if it’s consensual and money is involved — ignoring the whole pesky “power dynamics” part of the sexual assault and harassment equation.
+And Barstool’s website is still known for recurring features such as “Guess that Ass,” Guess that Rack,” and “Grading the Newest Sex Scandal Teacher.” (These segments are exactly what you think they are — the former feature photos of women where you can see their asses or breasts, and not their faces, and requests that readers guess who the ass or rack belongs to; the latter features female teachers who have raped underage students, and grades how hot the teachers are — see this week’s “People Magazine Catches Up with Deb LaFave, the Sex Scandal Teacher GOAT.”)
+“Subtle sexual harassment is fine and dandy. Cervix killing in the DM’s though? Well that’s crossing the line.”
+If that’s not enough, there’s always the “Smokeshow of the Day“, and the daily “Wake Up With [Insert Woman Here,]” both of which are archived in the “Girls” tab of the Barstool Sports site for simple navigation.
+Barstool’s one all-woman show, “Chicks in the Office,” features two former Barstool interns, Fran and Ria. While Barstool has turned off comments to its “Smokeshow” pieces, it keeps comments on the “Chicks in the Office” posts, and they don’t seem to be moderated: “You two should rub your boxes together,” was the top-rated comment on a recent video.
+Earlier this year, when Ria was an intern, she posted a series of harassing DMs she received from a new Barstool intern in their Indianapolis office. This intern went by the name “Cervix Killer” because that was emblazoned on the shirt he wore the day he interviewed for, and was hired for, his Barstool internship. The intern was eventually fired, but the whole incident was used as Barstool content — to the point where Ria had to speak with her harasser live on the radio.
+“Granted I guess when you hire somebody who calls themselves the Cervix Killer, who wears a Cervix Killer tshirt to the interview, you get Cervix killer stuff. Classic mix up on our part,” Portnoy blogged. “And yes this guy is fired. Who says we don’t have standards here at Barstool? Subtle sexual harassment is fine and dandy. Cervix killing in the DM’s though? Well that’s crossing the line.”
+What sets Barstool apart is its rabid fans
+Since the news broke about the show’s cancellation on ESPN, Portnoy and other Stoolies have staunchly defended their site’s reputation when it comes to treating women. But Portnoy’s biggest defense of Barstool is typically that its critics aren’t perfect, either.
+This week, Portnoy has argued on both social media and the radio that two of Barstool’s biggest critics, Spain and Ponder, are hypocritical because they have also posted tweets slut-shaming or degrading women. Stoolies have helped fan the flames by digging up Spain’s and Ponder’s old social media posts to use against them.
+Portnoy and his cohorts reiterated this position after comedian and actress Jenn Sterger posted a tweet Monday detailing the horrific sexual harassment she was allegedly subjected to when ESPN courted her for a job a few years ago. They combed through Spain’s and Ponder’s accounts to find negative references to Sterger.
+Hypocrisy, it seems, is the only mortal sin in Barstool world. Barstool writers and fans aren’t pulling up these old tweets from critics because they believe that slut-shaming, sexism, and victim blaming are toxic; they’re pulling them up because they truly believe that the sins of others makes them immune from critique.
+Of course, Barstool isn’t the only place in the sports media universe that posts scantily-clad photos of women, features mostly male voices, and uses degrading language to discuss women. Of course, many people who criticize Barstool may have a patriarchy-upholding skeleton in their closet. Suggesting anything otherwise ignores the reality of our broader culture; misogyny isn’t unique to one website.
+But there are some elements of Barstool that are unique compared to other brands. The people who run it are willing to fight for the right to use the words “slut” and “cunt” freely, and are unabashed about the role “chicks” should play in the bro culture they embody. And Barstool’s writers and fans are prepared to lash out online against anyone who criticizes them.
+“The reason you needed us is because we’re Barstool. That’s why this audience exists, and it’s not going anywhere.”
+Earlier this month, Elika Sadeghi shared what she felt was an inappropriate clause in a contract Barstool offered her, requiring her to confirm that she would be okay working in an environment where she might be exposed to “nudity, sexual scenarios, racial epithets, suggestive gestures, profanity and references to stereotypes.” Though she redacted Barstool’s name in her tweet, Portnoy soon released a video attacking Sadeghi, and Stoolies have continued to go after her in the days and weeks since.
+Last year, The Cauldron — which was at the time a sports site associated with Sports Illustrated — published an article entitled “How Barstool Sports Uses Social Media as a Weapon,” detailing the incessant sexist attacks from Stoolies that sports media members were subjected to after they called out a racist tweet from Barstool’s KFC. Barstool responded to The Cauldron piece by launching a non-stop war against Cauldron Editor-in-Chief Jamie O’Grady.
+And when FanSided founder Adam Best called out Barstool for misogyny earlier this month, Stoolies went searching through Best’s old tweets to find sexist comments from Best’s past. The distraction tactic worked. Best issued an apology for his past words, and said that he had changed.
+All over sports media, there are women afraid to even mention Barstool’s name on social media for fear of a coordinated cyberattack. This loyal, rabid fanbase — the same one that Barstool has leveraged to become, in its words, “the fastest-growing media company in the world” — is always in attack mode.
+That unrelenting “common man” fanbase, combined with Portnoy’s unabashed “Barstool vs. Everybody” approach to criticism, is what distinguishes the Barstool universe from the rest of sports media.
+Portnoy, to his credit, knows this. ESPN just didn’t get it.
+“John Skipper saying he could distance himself from Barstool? Don’t know what that means,” Portnoy said. “You hired Barstool. The deal was with Barstool. The reason you needed us is because we’re Barstool. That’s why this audience exists, and it’s not going anywhere.”
+1. WINONLY#ad
+Long Time Play Sleeping Headsets with Built in Speakers Perfect for Workout, Yoga Gray, Running, Sleep Headphones Bluetooth Headband,Upgrage Soft Sleeping Wireless Music Sport Headbands#adWINONLY #ad - Perfect suitable for gym, yoga and other outdoor activities. Even if you don't use the music, running, the eye cover is comfortable enough to sleep in any position. Winonly bluetooth headband headphones are washable, simply remove the speakers and clean the band. Useful for wearing an eye mask for sleeping so the light blocking feature is helpful.
+Quality chip set ensure clear sound and lossless music even the headphones are in the sports headphones. Satisfied warrantyachieve your good sleep by winonly, not only make your sleep better but also enjoy your music time. True hd hifi sound featuring latest bluetooth technology that produce great sound quality, bluetooth can pair your iPhone X/ iPhone 7/ iPhone 8/ iPhone 6 or any other Smartphones iPad Tablets easily.
+It is the gift for family or friends on travel and airplane in Festivals. Winonly offers satisfied warranty to solve your issue until your satisfied. Enjoy your hifi music time, bluetooth head band sleeping headphone creates you a private space, enjoy your life..
+2. EverPlus#ad
+Elastic Comfortable Wireless Headband Headphone for Side Sleeper, Sleeping Gifts for Men Women Christmas Stocking Stuffers, Sleep Headphones Bluetooth 5.0 Sleeping Headphones Headband 10H Music#adEverPlus #ad - Useful sleep helper for almost everyone: adult men women, father, wife, or being disturbed by the person next to you, mother, husband,.
+Sometimes you might even forget that you are wearing it. 3-in-1 bluetooth sleep headphones - easy to use as sleep headphones, travel, yoga, running, nap, absorbing sweat, and more. True wireless, christmas stocking stuffers, birthday, Mother's Day, no cable chaos! Unusual gifts for Thanksgiving Day, Secret Santa gifts, Valentine's Day and many other gift giving occasions.
+Comfortable even for side sleeper - ultra-soft sleep headphones with 2 mini flat speakers will not put any pressure against your ears even when sleeping on the side. Playing music, or keep ears warm. It's not just a bluetooth sleep headphone headband, meditation, Music eye mask, jogging, relaxation, reducing noise, blocking lights, or sports headband headphones on many occasions such as sleeping, but also a cool gift for men women dad mom grandpa grandma and for yourself to sleep better.
+3. HANPURE#ad
+Sleeping Gifts for Men Women Christmas Stocking Stuffers, Ultra-Soft Headphone Headband for Side Sleepers, Sleep Headphones Bluetooth Sleeping Headband, V 5.0 Sleeping Headphones Music Headband#adHANPURE #ad - Take bluetooth head band sleeping headphone home, easy-to-reach support Including Toll Free and E-mail, enjoy your life. Such a great bluetooth head band is a perfect gift ideal for men women father mother birthday Xmas. Excellent 10 hours service time and premium audio quality: hanpure sleep headphones bluetooth built-in advanced rechargeable lithium battery, which can work more than 10 hours and 2-2.
+5 hours charging time only. Worry-free warranty: at hanpure, we provide sleep headphones Bluetooth hassle-free service and offer friendly, enjoy music, enjoy sports, just contact us if you have any question.
+Bluetooth headband headphones is the unique gift for family or friends with a exquisite packaging. Sleeping headphones are comfortable enough to wear while lying down or sleeping on your side. Wireless sleep headphones feature Bluetooth 5. 0 version with quality chip, fast paring speed, less power consuming, ensure stable clear sound and lossless music even the headphones are in the sports headphones. Wireless sleep headphones is perfect suitable for nap, yoga as well as sleeping. Bluetooth sleep headphones is machine washable just remove control pod first.
+4. Perytong#ad
+Sleep Headphones Wireless, Air Travel, Meditation, Perytong Bluetooth Sports Headband Headphones with Ultra-Thin HD Stereo Speakers Perfect for Sleeping,Workout,Jogging,Yoga,Insomnia#adPerytong #ad - Like smartphone, ipad or laptop. These headbands are washable, very easy to clean just remove headphones from the headband. There are built-in microphone and volume control buttons which enable users to answer hands-free phone calls and handle previous/next song without having to use your phone. Best sleeping headphones for side sleeperthe devices control module is in the middle of speakers, won’t press the ears, which is very comfortable for side sleepers sleeping.
+Sleep headphones & wireless earphones & sports headband 3 in 1perytong bluetooth sleep headphones feature a headband design with wireless speakers inside, and compatible with most iOS, table, which help to tune out external noises and lull yourself to sleep.
+Comfortable and breathable materialthis sports headband is made from a soft, cool material that absorbs sweat, is very breathable and fast drying making it excellent for jogging or working out. Please take out the bluetooth module before full wash the headband. Long battery lifeperytong sleep headphones offer a rechargeable battery that lasts up to 10 hours. The ultra-thin flat headphone speakers are comfortable enough to wear while lying down or sleeping on your side. Fashion, comfy & washableour headphones headband is made of special fabric, compressive on pressure to protect your ears and great breathability.
+5. TOPOINT#ad
+Sleep Headphones Bluetooth Headband Wireless Music Headband Headphones, Jogging, Sports Sleeping Headband Headphones with Ultra-Thin HD Stereo Speakers Perfect for Side Sleepers Insomnia Workout, Yoga#adTOPOINT #ad - They block out ambient noise without using earplugs that are painful & fall out. Long press the "on/off" button to red/blue light flash. 2. The ultra-thin flat headphone speakers are comfortable enough to wear while lying down or sleeping on your side. Built-in microphone to let you won't miss any callings.
+Great sound quality with adjustable speakertrue hd high fidelity sound produce great sound quality, The headband headphone has Bluetooth 5. 0 technology to wirelessly connect with compatible devices so you never have to worry about getting tangled up in cords and easily pairs with smartphones, computers, and most other Bluetooth compatible devices.
+Topoint bluetooth headband come with a 1 year manufacturer's warranty. 100% refund for 30 days, it is the place to take out the bluetooth module, provide a soft and comfortable feeling. 3 find "bt-faah" Connect and Enjoy. Upgrade battery chip play more than 10 hourbattery chip is upgraded which is the best chips for bluetooth product. Ultra-low power, won’t press the ears, safe RF emissions.
+6. Voerou#ad
+Sleep Headphones Bluetooth, Meditation, Travel, Voerou Wireless Headband Headphones Sports Sweatband with Ultra-Thin HD Stereo Speakers for Sleeping,Workout,Jogging,Yoga,Insomnia#adVoerou #ad - Comfortable material and washablevoerou headphones headband is made of special fabric, it is the place to take out the bluetooth module, compressive on pressure to protect your ears and great breathability. Fabric liner separated from stitching is not defective, so you can full wash the headband.. 45 feet wireless range, tvs, built-in rechargeable battery and with a 2 hour charging time provides up to 10 hours of Playing Music or 12 hours of Talking with a 100 hours standby time.
+Wireless v5. 0 tech - wireless headband headphones pair with any bluetooth devicescell phones, iphone, tablets, pc, audio books, Ultralow-power, iPad etc quicker & easier. They block out ambient noise without using earplugs that are painful & fall out. The ultra-thin flat headphone speakers are comfortable enough to wear while lying down or sleeping on your side. Built-in microphone to let you won't miss any callings. Perfect suitable for gym, yoga and other outdoor activities.
+7. Voerou#ad
+Black, Voerou Sleep Headphones Wireless Bluetooth Sleep Eye Mask Music and Ultra Thin Speakers Perfect for Sleeping, Air Travel,Meditation and Relaxation#adVoerou #ad - Thin speakers and superior sound Quality: Thickness is only one-third of the average speaker, which is very comfortable for side sleepers. Comfortable material and washable: Sleep headphones eye mask is made from velvet and elastic cotton, and provide a soft and comfortable feeling.
+Charge about 2-2. 5 hours provide more than 9 hours playing time, You can sleep peacefully all night. Updated battery: built-in the premium high-performance battery, won’t be waked up at night, updated the capacity from 200mah to 240mah.
+Blindfolds that mold to the shape of your face allowing you to enjoy total darkness day or night. Air travel can be a breeze with this luxury relaxing sleep mask allowing you to fall asleep fast, insomnia. You can adjust the Sleep headphones to the best position that making you feel comfortable. Eye masks and ear plugs are super soft and comfortable leaving no lines on your face when you awake. Chargeable battery & energy efficient & adjustable: charge via usb cable.
+8. MUSICOZY#ad
+Wireless Music Headband Headphones, IPX6 Waterproof Headphones with Mic for Sleeping Workout Running Insomnia Side Sleepers Travel AMSR Yoga Meditation, Sleep Headphones Bluetooth Sports Headband#adMUSICOZY #ad - The stylish headband headphones are ideal for travel, running, audio books and AMSR. Bluetooth sleep headphones & sports headband 2 in 1: musicozy bluetooth headband allows you to listen to your music without having to wear additional headphones, sleep, meditation, workout, yoga, and protect you from being disturbed by your mess hair and sweat.
+Let us start enjoying long hours of soothing music and pleasant hands-free phones while exercising..
+It can be an unique relaxing gift cool tech gadget for men women teen boys girls, meditators, 1* micro usb cable, Birthday Gifts for travelers, our worry-free 18-month replacement service, 1* wrench tool, insomniacs, 1* user manual, office workers. What you get: 1* bluetooth headband, 1* exquisite outer package, and friendly customer service. You can even rinse headphones when cleaning. They block out ambient noise without using sleep ear buds that are painful & fall out. The ultra-elastic silicone outer ring produces deep bass and a lightweight and flexible composite Bio-cellulose dome delivers midst and highs with enhanced clarity.
+9. FREGENBO#ad
+20-28 Adjustable FREGENBO Music 3D Sleep Mask 2020 Upgraded, Wireless Sleeping Headphones for Side Sleepers, Sleep Headphones Bluetooth Eye Mask, HandsFree for Meditation Insomnia Airplane Grey#adFREGENBO #ad - Ideal for children, snoring spouses and coeds. Made of special fabric so light weight and soft, Thickness is only one-third of the average speaker. Adjustable sleep headsets for sleeping trouble- eye mask for sleeping wth new design velcro Strip can be adjusted according to the head size of the 20-28inches, college students, noisy roommates, shared apartments, dorm life, Adjustable Anti-slip Back Gel designed for Americans.
+You can adjust the position of the speakers for your ears to hear more clearly. Sleep like a baby, falling asleep quickly and sleep better. Companion for meditation Yoga travel napping insomnia.
+0 technology, new technology and new material let you have no trouble sleeping. There are new design, which can be completely shaded. Bluetooth eye mask wireless- fregenbo 3d sleep eye mask is made of rebound memory foam, soft and comfortable.. Extra cushion makes eye mask and nose touch better, 35-45 feet wireless range.
+10. HIGHEVER#ad
+Sleep Headphones Bluetooth Headband, Long Time Play Sleep Earbuds for Sleeping, Upgrade Soft Noise-Canceling Headphones for Sleeping, Workout, Sports Headbands with Ultra-Thin HiFi Stereo Speakers#adHIGHEVER #ad - Perfect suitable for gym, Thickness is an only 011-inch speaker, workout, very comfortable for sleepers. The most advanced bluetooth 5. 0 headphone - ultralow-powerhighever bluetooth sleep headphones with newest upgraded super power-saving BT5. 0 which provides the fastest and most stable connection, maximum 65ft transmission distance headband headphones.
+Bluetooth headband headphones are washable when simply remove the speakers. Highever headband provides a worry-free return or refunds warranty to make sure you could buy music sleep headphones with confidence and would try our best to help you until you are satisfied.
+Easy and fast to pair with all Bluetooth devices. Simple and stylish design headband & unique gifts with giftwrapping- wireless bluetooth sleeping headphones for both its ability to play music and also is a comfortable fashion statement. Built-in microphone to let you won't miss any callings. With improved material Bluetooth wireless earbuds soft and breathable. Bluetooth sleep headphones with beautiful gift wrapping is a perfect and warm gift for family or friends on travel and airplane in Festivals. Compatible with Android and IOS.
+First Comes Hydrogen Cars
+The refueling infrastructure will follow
+By John Dodge, Editor-in-Chief -- Design News, August 10, 2008
+Fork lifts, buses, tarmac tugs and automatic warehouse vehicles have been running on hydrogen for years. Indeed, industrial gas giant Air Products and Chemicals started refueling buses with hydrogen in 1993 and has long served customers with scooters to submarines.
+Now hydrogen cars are getting all the attention. The gloomy outlook for cheap energy has put intense pressure on automakers to come up with vehicles running on clean, abundant and convenient fuels. Hydrogen is a strong contender. While energy companies do not see a viable market for them until at least 2015, automakers want to sell hydrogen vehicles as soon as seemingly surmountable technical and economic obstacles are removed. After all, Henry Ford began selling automobiles several years before the first gas station was built in St. Louis in 1905.
+“People will get excited about the car and that will drive fueling availability. It's difficult to make a business case for selling the hydrogen car when there is no demand. It's all a matter of volume,” says Catherine Dunwoody, executive director of the California Fuel Cell Partnership (CFCP) (), an advocacy group. “It's very important customers have an excellent experience and get convenient fueling.” As such, carmakers are building small fleets to loan or lease to pioneering consumers, media types and celebrities.
+FCVs like the Chevy Equinox, Honda Clarity, Hyundai Tuscon and BMW's Hydrogen 7 are among the 45 or so built so far. Even with consumers clamoring for cheaper and cleaner alternatives to gasoline, moving to an entirely new technology will take years if not decades to clear the formidable technical and economic hurdles.
+“Automotive companies are investing significant sums of money, but they still have not made that full commitment nor do I think they should,” says David Greene, lead author of a comprehensive study entitled “Transition to Hydrogen FCVs & the Potential Hydrogen Energy Infrastructure” () released in March. The report produced three market scenarios (see chart, below left) covering the years 2012-25 and assumes all the cost and technical goals outlined by the Dept. of Energy are met on time which is not yet the case.
+For its part, the DOE conducts technical research, but refrains from making sweeping pronouncements about hydrogen. “We see pathways to overcome the remaining challenges, but our view there is no silver bullet. There is no one answer,” says JoAnn Milliken, Ph.D. and DOE hydrogen program manager.
+Each scenario in the Oak Ridge report also makes assumptions about subsidies, tax credits and incentives on FCVs, hydrogen itself and the refueling infrastructure. Another catalyst could be a commitment to mandatory greenhouse gas limits. Congress and both 2008 presidential candidates support them while President Bush has called only for voluntary limits.
+“It looks like we'll commit to a 70 percent reduction by 2050 and that will require either hydrogen or electricity as the primary energy source for light duty vehicles. Who wins the race — the fuel cell or the battery? They both have a ways to go before they're competitive with the hybrid internal combustion engine. If we have a break-through in batteries, we'll see plug-in vehicles. That's the contest,” says Greene. Either scenario — batteries or hydrogen — makes another big and risky presumption: electricity for them will come from renewable and non-polluting sources.
+Challenges outside the technical arena also confront automakers. For example, a completely new and capable supply chain will have to be created. “Costs will come down an order of magnitude with mass production, but there are supply issues. The whole supply base has to be built,” says Dunwoody. Today many of the key component suppliers are small and could not ramp into the millions of parts without big investments and huge expansion.
+She also points out that first responders have to be trained in the dynamics of hydrogen. The CFCP, she says, has “educated” 1,700 first responders in California about hydrogen and the DOE has established a program to train them. Despite the obstacles, automakers soldier on with hydrogen vehicles. Here's a sampling of three different FCVs (the Chevy Equinox is covered in depth in a related story on page 50).
+The Honda Clarity
+Honda built the Clarity from the ground up and introduced it at the Detroit Auto Show in January. The company plans to lease 200 of them in southern California for $600 a month so the Clarity could be considered a limited commercial introduction. The electric motor generates 134 hp and is powered by Honda's 100 kW V-Flow fuel cell stack (). The car produces some of the more impressive numbers such as a 280-mile range and claims to be twice as efficient as a hybrid and thrice that of a gasoline engine.
+“Hybrids today are great, but you can't hybrid-ize your way into energy security. You have to move to alternatives to oil,” says Clarity Program Manager Steve Ellis. “A key point is that even with hydrogen from natural gas, we get a 60 percent reduction in CO2 from well to wheel.”
+Like GM, Honda must get FCV production costs down and make it more durable. Honda CEO Takeo Fukui said recently in the Wall Street Journal the car costs tens of million of yen to build now and must fall below 10 million yen or $92,000.
+“It's too high in cost and a Honda customer would be disappointed if it only lasted for 100,000 miles. It has to be at least as good as traditional automobiles and have a stunning design,” says Ellis.
+A complete refueling only takes a few minutes, whereas the Chevy Equinox FCV took about 7 min from half full. The time it takes to refuel a vehicle could test a consumer's patience at the pump. Asked when a mass market will develop, Ellis expresses the same caution as other stakeholders.
+“That's the 48 billion dollar question. Moving to a whole new technology is a scary business,” Ellis says. “The industrial revolution started 150 years ago and we're just getting out of it. Any new technology takes time. It just takes time. Hydrogen is further ahead than anyone dreamed it would be 10 years ago.”
+BMW Hydrogen 7
+BMW has taken a different path on two fronts with its 7 Series. BMW engineers opted for an internal combustion engine and liquid hydrogen fuel while most automakers use fuel cells and hydrogen gas. The car also runs on gasoline and could start coming off the assembly line quickly if the market was ready.
+“We believe that it is necessary to operate with existing fuels in combination with hydrogen. The second reason is because internal combustion engines are so well developed. Production, repair, maintenance and efficiency are well known in the industry,” says Tom Baloga, vice president of engineering for BMW North America. “The hydrogen engine can be developed to the point where it is incredibly efficient.”
+The other critical design issue for BMW is hydrogen storage. The Hydrogen 7 tank presently holds 10 kg, giving the 260 hp engine a range of a mere 125 miles versus 250, the goal set by the DOE for next year. The car also has a 74-l tank for gasoline and an 8 kg or 17.6 lb tank for liquid hydrogen.
+“The most significant thing in terms of cost is the super-insulated (hydrogen) tank. If you put a cup of hot coffee in the tank, it would still be warm after three months. The super insulation is necessary to keep the liquid hydrogen from warming up. It is stored at -450F,” he says.
+The tank has a stainless-steel shell with a 1-inch gap containing stainless-steel foil in a vacuum that Baloga says is equivalent to 50 ft of Styrofoam insulation. The hydrogen is pulled from the top of the tank where it has already started to turn into gas and then is warmed through a series of tubes as it travels to the engine.
+“Sealing is important because hydrogen is extremely evasive, but (hydrogen) storage is no more dangerous than gasoline,” says Baloga.
+BMW is working with fuel cells, but in auxiliary power units to, for example, provide electricity when an engine is not running. Baloga is reluctant to say which technology will win out, the engine as we know it or fuel cells as primary power. “We should not pick winners and losers because we do not want to exclude other technologies.
+There are Macs and PCs, cable and the dish and iPods and MP3 players. But hydrogen looks like the most promising (energy) carrier for the future.”
+The hydrogen infrastructure for FCVs is often characterized as a chicken or egg problem in terms of which will come first. Baloga puts it a bit differently. “It's really about the chicken and the food.”
+Like BMW, Mazda is unsure about FCVs and instead has opted to use hydrogen in internal combustion engines. The rotary engine in its RX-8 sports car can run on hydrogen or gasoline.
+Hyundai Tuscon & i-Blue
+Last September, Hyundai introduced its i-Blue FCV which was built from scratch and resembles the Honda Clarity. One of the car's most distinguishing features is its whopping 370-mile range, double most other FCVs. It promises to go up to 100 mph.
+“Designing a vehicle from the ground up gives you a lot of design flexibility. You can pretty much gut the front end of the car,” says Todd Suckow, a senior engineer with Hyundai America Technical Center.
+Hyundai's also retrofitted a small fleet of Tuscon SUVs to operate in small areas around California for its second generation FCV. Hyundai has partnered with both UTC Fuel Cells which built its fuel cell stack, Chevron as a hydrogen provider and Dynetek Industries, which built its 40 gal hydrogen storage tank. The vehicle boasts a range of 186 miles and a top speed of 93 mph.
+“The big design challenge is we built it from the ground up but used the existing platform,” says Suckow. Fitting in three hydrogen tanks where there is room for one gasoline tank is a challenge as is the cooling for the fuel stack which requires a larger radiator.
+Sponsored Content
+Technology Marketplace
+Can we pull the plug on the stupidity about limiting CO2 emissions!If we are serious about...
+Wes - 2008-30-10 21:27:11 EDT
+I…If the term intersex is to retain any meaning, the term should be restricted to those conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female. Applying this more precise definition, the true prevalence of intersex is seen to be about 0.018%, almost 100 times lower than Fausto.
+14 thoughts on “Observations and Questions about ‘Safe Schools’”
+The full abstract of the ‘research’ you quote is –
+“Anne Fausto‐Sterling‐onset adrenal hyperplasia*. If the term intersex is to retain any meaning, the term should be restricted to those conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female.”
+There’s a contradiction there: in seeking that if ” …the term intersex is to retain any meaning, the term should be restricted to those conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female.” – the author is ignoring the fact that Klinefelter syndrome & Turner syndrome ARE syndromes in which chromosomal sex IS inconsistent with phenotypic sex. People with both syndromes are, among other things, unable to have children.
+‘Dr Horse’, I’m all for examining research, which is why a cited 2 different studies, and others could be added to the list, but none come near the alleged 1.7% on the Safe Schools website. The closest possible number is 0.068%. That is a staggering discrepancy, and that’s a general way to put it
+I think it’s hard to be sure. The Intersex Society of North America has this –
+–
+and wikipedia has UN & European Councils’ definitions –
+–
+wikipedia has population figures –
+–
+1. Bullying can affect all children whilst at school. That is very true but I believe that research shows LGBTI children are six times more likely to experience bullying and violence during their time in school than other students. They are also 14 times more likely to commit suicide, often due to such bullying. So there is without doubt a need to offer a specialised program to assist these students in our schools. There are already numerous other programs and resources offered to schools to deal with bullying in general.
+2. I see no problem with students aged 11-13 being asked to imagine something. Especially being asked to put themselves in the shoes of an LGBTI student. It’s certainly not too young to encourage empathy, tolerance and compassion. Especially considering it is at this age that students are starting to form their first relationships and really start becoming attracted to others.
+3. I’m not aware of the sites you’re talking about there. Maybe you could provide some links to what you’re referring to. I certainly don’t trust your description of them.
+4. The only reason that any child would not wish to accept who they may be attracted to is because of the negative attitudes towards being gay. Attitudes that I assume people like you would like to see continue.
+5. Whether you like being called bigot or a homophobe is irrelevant. But if you show intolerance towards people being LGBTI then what are you if not a bigot or homophobe? How would you describe yourself?
+Plus please show me exactly where on their site they ‘teach’ this. Easy to make the claim but if you’re going to make it back it up.
+6. Same as above. Prove your statement. And frankly provide some explanation as to why we would need any affirmation of heteronormativity. It’s already everywhere. I doubt anyone living in this country is unaware that this is the accepted ‘normal’. The whole point of a program like the Safe Schools Program is to challenge what is normal and encourage tolerance of what some may view as not normal. This is no way whatsoever makes victims of heterosexuals. Encouraging tolerance isn’t persecution.
+7. Yes the Safe Schools Program is attempting to get children to view the LGBTI community differently to how people like yourself view it. That’s the whole point isn’t it? To challenge the idea that there is anything wrong with being LGBTI or at the very least to encourage tolerance even if you do think there’s something wrong with it.
+I think people who believe in Bronze Age myths about a bigoted god must have a mental illness and that such beliefs are immoral, damaging and wrong. But I tolerate you. I’m not asking for your churches to be shut down. I’m demanding that you keep children out of your churches so that you can’t indoctrinate them into your horrible beliefs. I tolerate you. You guys should learn a bit tolerance.
+8. Quibbling about statistics is kind of ridiculous. I’m sure they have studied that back up their stats and you have some that back up yours. These sorts of statistics can be misrepresented from both sides of this. Whether it’s 4% or 10% or whatever it doesn’t really matter. We do know that children who identify as LGBTI are much more likely to commit suicide. I doubt even you will deny that. And they are more likely to commit suicide because of people like you and your attitudes. That’s why a program like the Safe Schools Program is so important. Because we don’t want to continue the cycle of hatred, discrimination and persecution. We want to break that cycle so that the kids of today don’t grow up to be adults like you.
+9. Schools are a fantastic place to teach sexual ethics. Certainly better being taught in school than being taught by some religious nutter in a church.
+Intolerant in your tolerance I see. But one doesn’t need to be a religious bigot to oppose the LBGTI agenda. China, North Korea, Japan are practically atheist for all practical purposes and yet are notoriously hostile to those ideas you peddle. In fact you simply have to observe Nature to see that LBGTI notions of sexuality are not “normal”. The fact is that the process of evolution overwhelmingly favours heterosexual reproduction and therefore heterosexuality. Other forms of reproduction exist in Nature (hermaphrodites, cloning) and yet none really made it in evolutionary terms, ever ask yourself why? LBGTI behaviors can be attributable to genetics (which raises the question of whether “bigots” no longer “forcing” LBGTI individuals to reproduce may actually help to reduce the number of LBGTI individuals over the course of the next generation) or it can be attributable to culture in which case the LBGTI agenda should be totally open to criticism as is any other idea or cultural artifact in the public domain. Other cultural artifacts have been practically ideas (communism, nazism, etc.), let’s hope the LBGTI agenda is next.
+The fact that human (and other mammalian) reproduction is sexual reproduction is a separate issue to individual-sexuality and the fact that non-heterosexuals exist.
+There is no evidence that “LBGTI behaviors can be attributable to genetics”. Certainly changes in culture in the last generation or so have allowed greater expression of LGBTI individuals sense of their sexuality or their gender, or both, but there is no evidence that changes in culture have increased the proportions of L,G,B,T, or I individuals (I wonder if it may have slightly increased bisexuality in women).
+Communism and Nazism were nationalistic, totalitarian political systems essentially arising out of oppressed societies (though, of course, Russian communism at the end of WW II capitalised on the fall of Nazism to enforce itself upon eastern Europe, for a few decades). As such, their political category is a different category to the ‘first-world’ issues of sexuality & gender.
+I don’t think there is an LGBTI agenda to make society overall ‘more proportionally LGBTI’ — I see overwhelmingly only an agenda for equal acceptance (I am not LGBTI).
+I think issues around the Safe Schools Coalition and the Safe Schools program are overstated or misrepresented (some issues may well be valid, and hopefully the Federal Education minister’s review will address all the issues fairly).
+Kind regards.
+I admit I was being provocative towards an otherwise offensive comment. A friend of mine is gay, although I never cared for his lifestyle choices (his string of boyfriends, one girlfriend) I do care for him as a person and find interesting that, raised a catholic, he often expressed his frustration at gay men who he said often viewed sexual relationships “like tissue paper”. Anyway, I’m sure that since straight men and women failed to stamp out LBGTI preferences, LBGTI advocates will have equal difficulty convincing heterosexuals to change. But there are a few points in the LBGTI agenda that do trouble me:
+The first point is the gender theory: while LBGTI advocates claim that sexuality is not chosen (ie that one doesn’t “choose” to be gay) they claim the next minute that gender is constructed and not predetermined at birth. Surely there is a complete contradiction in the argument here because sexual identity and sexual preferences must surely go together and they are either received at birth (genetic) or constructed in life (cultural) or maybe a bit of both. I find the gender theory to be really more an ideology than a scientific theory and I think it should therefore be forcefully opposed.
+The second point that troubles me is the objectification of the human person, where the human body is completely subjected to the mind, to the Will. I think this idea stems from the atheist idea that we were not created by God and leads naturally to the idea that each person in possession of a Will should have complete control over his/her body and allowing free choice of sexual preferences, surrogacy, sex change but also abortion, assisted suicide, self mutilation and will lead I’m very sure in the future to things such as machine assisted procreation, cybernetic augmentation, genetic manipulation to provide embyos with superhuman features, indefinite extension of life, in short pure extension of the human Will without regards to God, Nature or other human beings. If you really think about it, the latter futuristic developments completely follow the same logic as the former contemporary “rights”. I also think this idea of putting the body at the service of the mind, very common nowadays, also leads to the idea that human beings without a Will whether unborn, mentally handicapped or in a deep coma inherently have fewer if any rights relative to “normal” human beings.
+When I picture the future of the LBGTI movement, I often think of Isaac Asimov’s Spacers who live alone, live to 300 years of age, are sexually hermaphrodites and eventually go extinct, outlived by “normal” humanity.
+Finally regarding the education of our children, the request that they be protected from the hyper sexualized world we live in at least until their majority is a fair request on the part of any parent be they straight or gay. It will be a grand day when the classrooms are no longer the stepping stone for ideological cruisades and I wish they never become the doorway for sexual predators.
+Best regards
+Pingback: Statistics? What Statistics? Or why image is everything in the same-sex "debate" - davidould.net
+Is it the role of government to teach children about Jesus?
+Yes, that is a valid question to ask
+Some of these comments evidence why this debate is thwart with trouble, and reinforces what I wrote in The Age yesterday ().
+Parallels with Nazism are unhelpful and probably quite offensive. And so are sweeping caricatures & references to ‘nutters’ and ‘bigoted gods, etc
+Just want to say great commentary in The Age yesterday about the SSCA debate.
+Pingback: Happy Birthday! | MurrayCampbell.net
+The opinions expressed in this piece do not necessarily reflect the opinions of OnMilwaukee.com, its advertisers or editorial staff.
+Faculty at UW-Milwaukee have joined those around Wisconsin by voting no-confidence in UW System President Ray Cross and the mostly-Scott Walker political appointees who make up the Board of Regents, including the former frac sand mining lawyer/Walker donor/regent who’s helped lead the way in rewriting tenure rules.
+Walker responded by insulting our state’s top researchers as (paraphrasing now) overpaid, groaning fussbudgets who barely interact with students, and also by putting out misleading numbers on faculty pay and the number of students most UW instructors teach.
+This is too serious an issue for this nonsense; the UW System is too important to the state’s future. As for professors’ pay, I thought conservatives supported people getting paid more if they worked hard, achieved more and attained terminal degrees? What happened to the American dream? Is the governor now arguing that everyone should make less than $50,000 a year, forever, no matter their degree of achievement and education? Isn’t that rather Marxist?
+He does realize one of the top researchers in macroeconomics researches at Madison, right? Should he get $50,000, too? I am sure he would leave. That’s called free-market competition.
+It occurs to me that Walker himself earns about $70,000-$100,000 more on the taxpayer dime than many full-time UW instructors, and about $47,000 more than the "full professors" at UWM whom he derided Tuesday. Bizarrely, in attacking full professors, he's singling out for derision the group of people who have achieved the most. Seems rather antithetical to stated conservative principles.
+Walker also said that faculty teach an average of 2.8 students, but UWM's spokesman tells me that the number is actually 29 students per faculty member. Furthermore, the spokesman said, in 1994, the average was 21 students per faculty, so professors at UWM are teaching more students on average. The number only includes professors, not instructional academic staff (who often teach more classes than professors, who research as part of their jobs), but UWM PR says the number is well over Walker's faculty average if you include non-faculty teachers too.
+It’s not that I think there should never be fiscal study nor potential reform in a system this large; it’s that I don’t think it should be built on facile, insulting rhetoric about greedy, lazy professors. Who decided research is inherently bad and why, anyway? Republicans like Tommy Thompson didn’t think that way. The cuts have been too big and too fast; any reform should be carefully studied over time with all stakeholders, not built on misleading rhetoric.
+At least one legislator previously threatened to retaliate against UW for such professorial no-confidence votes with more "reforms." Such political attacks on professors’ free speech prove the need for strong tenure protections. If legislators now retaliate for this, they are proving the point.
+Even worse, these ideological attacks are completely removed from the realities on campus, where diverse, talented students are striving to better themselves every day and innovative research is going on and important service performed. At UWM, that includes the most veteran students of any four-year university in a six-state region.
+I see no evidence at the classroom level whatsoever that these reforms have been good. Rather, I see talented students succeeding against the backdrop of a destabilized environment, plummeting morale, rancor, outdated classrooms, declining resources, minimal technology and course offerings. (I am a senior lecturer who taught 10 classes this year at UWM, counting summer, by the way. My opinions are my own and do not represent UWM.)
+Tenure is not, as Walker told the media, designed to be a "job for life." It’s designed to protect professors’ freedom of speech and academic freedom – which conservatives correctly champion when it comes to Marquette Professor John McAdams, but wrongly ignore when it comes to professors whose ideology they dislike. And sometimes vice-versa. (or to hope they would leave on their own). I’d like to argue it’s not political, but it’s hard to do so when so much of the rhetoric centers around the perceived liberalism of professors.
+I would note that I get the importance of and champion diverse ideological views being welcomed on campus and am deeply troubled that they are not always. Some of those professors I am now defending have called me names in the past, so I am well aware they might not defend my own academic freedom. This is also very wrong; however, on principle it’s important to defend academic freedom. For all. Period.
+You can’t reverse engineer ideological tolerance on campus through massive, too-quick budget cuts and misleading rhetoric that ultimately hurts students and the state. You can’t use government power to target ideological foes to silence them. Well, I guess you can, but it’s wrong.
+Professors have every right to raise concern about the Republican changes – which have damaged the System’s national reputation and ability to recruit and retain faculty, as well as caused reduced resources for research and students – and they shouldn’t have to fear retaliation from politicians because of it.
+Professor-Republican ideological wars are bad for our state and students and distract from reasonable, thoughtful, long-term study with all stakeholders about whether any fiscal reforms or restructuring is needed in light of enrollment drops at some universities (versus, say, concerted efforts to grow enrollment at them. The Republican "reforms" aren’t helping).
+Assuming there’s bloat in the UW – and in a budget this size, I’m sure there’s some – where’s the evidence that it’s concentrated in the instructional/research ranks since the rhetoric is fixated there? UWM allocates 46 percent of expenditures to academic units. Perhaps the bloat, if it exists, rests outside of them (administration, support services, etc.), not in the ranks of sometimes-liberal theorists whose research offends Republicans. Since Republicans have a pro-management mentality and grew the power of administrators, I doubt you’ll hear that talked about much. Of course, this would need careful study.
+Furthermore, value should not be solely monetized in a forward-thinking society. Do we really want to deem research into history, poetry and philosophy as non-essential because it’s not a big revenue producer? (The past informs the future.) I think some Republicans would prefer if UW became the functional equivalent of a technical school or Phoenix University (or Trump U!).
+Think that’s unfair? Listen to what they say. They envision a strict for-profit workforce development mission with a bunch of at-will, underpaid employees who don’t research. However, all states for decades have also accorded intrinsic value to disciplines that seek societal betterment. I prefer the balance we have at UWM now: a blended mission between research and workforce development (and remember not all UW schools are research universities anyway and that many researchers also bring in lots of grant money).
+Ironically, it’s the workforce development mission most at risk as a result of Republican cuts: ad hocs that bring industry ties into classrooms who might not be renewed and student workers whose jobs are on the line. Almost no one talks about this. Seems counter intuitive, but this was completely predictable if you understand the power structure in the UW System. And for the record, I think UWM’s Chancellor Mark Mone and my dean, Rodney Swain, have done a valiant job dealing with the mess thrust in their laps by the legislature. I respect them, and I think they respect differing viewpoints and the blended mission.
+And don’t say they haven’t tried to cut. UWM’s chancellor says the university has cut $26 million in spending. Walker doesn’t acknowledge this in his statement. And don’t say there’s a huge slush fund squirrelled away. That’s gone. Heck, in my department, we don’t even have office phones anymore.
+Walker, in his statement Tuesday attacking UWM professors for uttering what he called a "collective groan," said full professors averaged $101,700 pay in 2013-14, well over annual pay for all Milwaukee County workers, which he pegged at $49,539. This is extraordinarily misleading for several reasons, in addition to being classic class warfare:
+- He’s cherry-picked an outlier, the highest possible rank of full professor. Being a full professor takes years of respected scholarship and service and is the hardest rank to achieve. Many professors aren’t full professors and make much less. Many instructors aren’t professors at all. They are academic staff, often with lengthy industry experience and master’s degrees. There are many non- faculty instructors at UWM, yet Walker only talks about full professors:
+- According to a Chronicle of Higher Education survey of full-time salaries, in 2014-15, full professors at UW-Milwaukee averaged $99,639; associate professors $76,590; assistant professors $69,939; instructors, $49,644; and lecturers $45,009. What Walker did would be the equivalent of me arguing that university lecturers make $45,009 while leaving out the other categories.
+- Walker implies that instructors barely interact with students, but lecturers literally interact with students all the time, at least in my experience, and the professors I know interact with students a lot too. At UWM and UW-Madison, research universities, professors are hired to – shocker here – research, as well as teach and perform service functions. Walker now ignores the fact they are doing what they were hired to do: In part, research. UWM’s expenditures for research dropped in 2014 compared to the previous three years, by the way. Again, what’s the evidence that research is bad? Walker implies that when instructors are not in the classroom, they are doing nothing of value. Where’s the proof?
+- Instructors are paying more for their benefits under Walker (extra contributions I supported, by the way), salary increases have been measly for years and many studies have found that professors here make less than peer institutions or could make more in the private sector. That’s not to say the jobs are bad; they’re not. They’re good. It’s to say it takes a lot to earn them, and they’re hardly lavish.
+- What’s the evidence professors don’t perform essential and valuable functions for their pay?
+Milwaukee and Madison are also outliers, system-wide. I looked up all full-time instructors' salaries for each UW school as published by the Chronicle of Higher Education for 2014-15:
+Walker also says that cost per student is up. I presume he’s using enrollment drops to get there, since UWM had a $40 million budget deficit. He makes no note of the millions they’ve cut in the last year. However, I’d note that state spending to UWM has plummeted, according to this UWM chart:
+Walker also makes a big deal about tuition costs, and I do think they are a concern, as is overall college affordability. I supported his tuition freeze. However, UWM ranked 12th among peers in tuition costs. For example, students in Illinois pay a lot more..
+In my department, class sizes usually range from 15 to over 150 (this semester, 80 students are enrolled in my classes). He might argue, but I’m just talking about professors! Well, that’s misleading, since the budget cuts affected the entire university and professors are upset about more than just tenure (furthermore, some academic staff have a tenure equivalent also weakened).
+If Walker is using independent studies to get to 2.8, that's even more ridiculous. For example, instructors are often still listed in the course schedule under independent studies with zero students assigned even when they don't choose to do them. But this is critical: When they do choose to do them, they aren't paid for them, and they don't count toward official courseload. I've taught independent studies before. They are a lot of extra, unpaid work, and at the discretion of the instructor. If zero students are listed by one, it just means the instructor decided not to do extra unpaid work that semester, or no students sought to do one.
+Walker called tenure "job for life," but it never has been. Professors could be fired for just cause before. And it’s very hard to get tenure.
+The legislature created this crisis by plowing a surplus into more tax cuts and then announced it needed to fix it by insulting the people now voting no-confidence in the people not fighting back hard enough.
+I fear politicians of any party (or their donors/political appointees) being the ones to dictate "what is intellectual value." Somehow I don’t think Republicans would be targeting the UW System if most professors were conservative and writing endless treatises supporting their ideas. Think about it. I’d be just as upset if the shoe were on the other foot..
+{{
+Guy Oseary Results
+Guy Oseary
+Guy
+Oseary
+Israeli American businessman
+Guy
+Oseary
+Guy Oseary is an Israeli-American businessman who began his career in entertainment at 17 at what was to become Maverick Records. He is Madonna's manager.
+Biography
+Guy Oseary's personal information overview.
+{{personal_detail.supertitle}}
+{{personal_detail.title}}
+{{personal_detail.title}}
+Photo Albums
+Popular photos of Guy Oseary
+October 31, 2014
+Black Ball 2014-nyc
+2 PHOTOS
+January 09, 2014
+Palm Springs Film Festival Gala - Los Angeles
+2 PHOTOS
+May 04, 2011
+Taylor Swift attends the "Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty" Costume Institute Gala at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
+1 PHOTOS
+May 02, 2011
+Rihanna arriving at the Costume Institute Gala celebrating Alexander McQueen in New York
+6 PHOTOS
+May 01, 2011
+Madonna, Guy Oseary Alexander McQueen: 'Savage Beauty' Costume Institute Gala at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
+5 PHOTOS
+September 23, 2010
+material - Archival Pictures - PHOTOlink - 108664
+5 PHOTOS
+June 24, 2010
+The Los Angeles Film Festival Premiere of "the Twilight Saga Eclipse"
+4 PHOTOS
+June 23, 2010
+Alex Rodriguez and Guy Oseary 2010 Los Angeles Film Festival - "Eclipse" Premiere held at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live
+1 PHOTOS
+VIEW ALL ALBUMS
+Relationships
+View family, career and love interests for Guy Oseary
+Eva Herzigová
+Dated
+Demi Moore
+Dated
+Michelle Alves
+Dated
+Married
+Show More
+Show Less
+News
+News abour Guy Oseary from around the web
+How Ashton Kutcher And Guy Oseary Built A $250 Million Portfolio With Startups Like Uber And Airbnb
+Huffington Post - 10 months, music manager Guy Oseary, in Beverly Hills. “So we’ll go to Moorpark and then hit the 101.” -- This feed and its contents are the property of The Huffington Post, and use is subject to our terms. It may be used for personal consumption, but may not be distributed on a website.
+Article Link:
+Huffington Post article
+Alanis Morissette Looks Back At 'Jagged Little Pill' In Candid Essay
+Huffington Post - over 1 year
+You oughta know that Alanis Morissette has re-released her seminal 1995 album "Jagged Little Pill" and penned an essay on her website reflecting on her experiences making it. "When 'You Oughta Know' was first taken to radio, the consistent response was, 'We are already playing two female artists, we don’t need another one,'" Morissette wrote on her site, describing the tough time she had finding collaborators after her first record label dropped her. Twenty years later, Morissette can boast that "Jagged Little Pill" sat atop the Billboard chart for 13 consecutive weeks, produced four No. 1 singles and won the Grammy for Album of the Year. "There were attempts to clean it all up, 'perfectify' it all … " the singer wrote. "I was admonished on more than one occasion for the record sounding 'too caustic' and 'too imperfect.' I got a lot of dirty looks for that one. I remember telling them, 'Well, if you wanted a record that sounded like Dan Steely, then maybe you should have signe
+...
+Article Link:
+Huffington Post article
+Kid Rock Takes A Shot At Madonna For Doing 'Nothing For Detroit'
+Huffington Post - over 3 years
+Kid Rock isn't one to mince words. During a CNBC "Squawk Box" interview Wednesday, he dismissed a commentator's equivocation of Madonna and himself, saying, "Madonna ain't done nothing for Detroit!" video platformvideo managementvideo solutionsvideo player While both artists have championed the city and rooted for its comeback, Kid Rock has been putting his money where his mouth is. The artist has funded a music exhibit at the Detroit Historical Museum, a scholarship at Wayne State University and put on a performance to raise $1 million for the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. For the record, Madonna was born in Bay City, Mich. and grew up in a northern suburb of Detroit. Kid Rock hails from Romeo, Mich., north of the city. And here is a photo of Madonna and the brim of Kid Rock's hat (as well as Guy Oseary), in happier times at at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards: Photo by Jeff Kravitz/FilmMagic, Inc
+Article Link:
+Huffington Post article
+Mindy Kaling & Eric Dane: Guy Oseary's 4th of July Party!
+Just Jared - over 3 years
+Mind”
+Article Link:
+Just Jared article
+Mike Hogan: AND THEY'RE OFF
+Huffington Post - over 3 years. Rosen: Hello, Mike! To "borrow"* from Bill Simmons: Good lord! That's For Your Consideration's music. July 1 is the official halfway point of 2013, meaning it's a great time to check in on the upcoming Oscar race! **Ducks away from tossed tomato.** Or maybe it's not a great time: The Oscars don't actually seem to care about movies released from Jan. 1 to July 1. At the 85th annual Academy Awards this year, only "Beasts of the Southern Wild" and its director (Benh Zeitlin) and star (Quvenzhane Wallis; I can still spell it on the first try) represented the first six months of 2012 in the six major categories. So! Which 2013 release could be the next "
+...
+Article Link:
+Huffington Post article
+Lucy Cooper: Start Up CEOs: Would You Take Money From Britney or Ashton?
+Huffington Post - about 4 years
+A colleague of mine is at The Founders Forum in LA this week. He's sending annoying photo's of all the cool people he's meeting. Will.i.am, Dynamo, Natalia Vodianova. But, I hear you saying -- he's at a tech conference? Why are celebrities interested in tech? It's sexy (subjective I guess, but I'm a nerd), it's fun, it's important, it helps them extend their brand -- and not to be sniffed at -- it's an important part of any high net worth's investment portfolio. However, like any investor, some celebrities are pioneers and others are followers. One such pioneer is Will.i.am; this article documents his work well; he is a champion of STEM (science, technology, engineering, maths) education, has a foundation -- i.am.angel, has worked with NASA to engage young people in space exploration, owns i.am.auto (a car company) and has a partnership with Coca-Cola called Ekocycle. Oh -- and he's a director of creative innovation at Intel. Wikipedia defines a technology evangelist
+...
+Article Link:
+Huffington Post article
+Madonna Spotted Shooting 'Turn Up The Radio' Video In Italy
+MTV News - over 4 years
+Ten longtime collaborator Martin Solveig producing. "We were working with no limits. I think the only thing that she said when we started was, 'I just want people to be able to dance to my music and connect easily with my music,' and also probably to take some risks at some point," Solveig said ab
+...
+Article Link:
+MTV News article
+Madonna's Stage: What Big Video Screens You Have
+MTV News - almost 5 years
+Whether: Guy Oseary, Twitter Pretty rad, huh? In another image (after the jump), we also get a first look at how the pit, where select fans will get to enjoy the show from, will be structured. The concept is similar to the Mo
+...
+Article Link:
+MTV News article
+Madonna's Italian Vanity Fair Cover
+MTV News - almost 5 years
+Mad: Photo by Mert & Marcus; Guy Oseary, Twitter Related: >> Let's Talk About This Rumored Madonna Tour Setlist >> Madonna Celebrates #1 Album With Surprise Party Backstage At Tour Rehearsals >> Madonna Plans To Address Anti-Gay Russian Law During St. Petersburg Concert >> Madonna Shows Off Tour Rehearsal Injuries (Photos)
+Article Link:
+MTV News article
+Madonna's Tour On Track 'To End Up In The Top 10 Tours Of All Time'
+MTV News - almost 5 years
+Get More: Music News There's been a bit of shizz slinging of late regarding Madonna's new album, her world tour and whether we should be calling either a success. After earning positive reviews and debuting strongly at #1, MDNA, experienced a sharp sales decline in its second week and a majority of her US tour dates have yet to sell out. Those two facts taken together sent a few music writers down the rabbit hole, with some going so far as to say Live Nation, which signed Madonna to a $120 million 360 deal with in 2007, was concerned over both her album and concert ticket sales given the size and length (10 years) of their commitment to the Queen of Pop. >> Madonna's Manager Confirms That 'Turn Up The Radio' Will Be Next MDNA Single Yesterday, Madonna's manager Guy Oseary hit Twitter to address the rumors and now Arthur Fogel, Chairman of Live Nation Global Touring, talked to Billboard, saying that not only is business brisk for Madonna's tour but it is actually "
+...
+Article Link:
+MTV News article
+WHO TO PITCH: Here's Who Is Funding NYC's Hottest Startups Right Now
+Business Insider - almost 5 years
+Want to hear from top startups like Fab.com and Lot18? And NY's top investors? Join 800 innovation junkies at the Startup conference on May 3, 2012! Register now! Want your startup to be on Alyson Shontell's next update to the 25 hottest NYC startups? Better start pitching the venture capital firms and angel investors that funded the current crop. Here's a handy list for your reference. VENTURE FIRMS: Lerer Ventures Softbank Capital First Round Capital Andreessen Horowitz High Peaks Venture Partners SV Angel Transmedia Capital Advacit Capital Obvious Corporation Betaworks Lightbank ff Venture Capital Consigliere Brand Capital Union Square Ventures O'Reilly AlphaTech Ventures Thrive Capital CrunchFund Vaizra Seed Fund Quotidian Ventures Bain Capital Google Ventures Polaris Venture Partners Battery Ventures Great Oaks VC Landis Capital DreamIt Baroda Ventures Zelkova Ventures, SoftTech VC Menlo Ventures Y Combinator an
+...
+Article Link:
+Business Insider article
+Madonna’s New Album “MDNA” Bombs; Sets Record for Biggest Sales Drop in Billboard History
+Gossip On This - almost 5 years
+Pop icon Madonna’s latest album has bombed terribly on the charts. Her 12th studio album “MDNA” which debuted on top of the Billboard charts last week after selling an amazing 359,000 copies has plummeted to a mere 46,000 in the second week. That’s an 88% drop in sales! And not only that, but no other No. 1 debuting album has had a sales drop that massive since Nielson Soundscan started tracking sales in 1991. The percentage dip surpasses the record set by Lady Gaga‘s “Born This Way,” when it fell 84.27% in its second week on the charts last June. In its debut week, “Born This Way” bowed at No. 1 with 1.11 million copies sold, and then sold 174,000 in its second week at the top of the chart. Speaking on Madge’s latest studio effort last week, her manager Guy Oseary confidently said: “People are really digging it. We feel good about the album. It’s her 12th album and the same story she had 30 years ago. That’s an amazing accomplishment.” Maybe Oseary should have wait
+...
+Article Link:
+Gossip On This article
+{{vm.firstPage}}
+...
+{{vm.prevPage}}
+{{vm.currPage}}
+{{vm.nextPage}}
+...
+{{vm.lastPage}}
+Madonna's Manager Confirms That 'Turn Up The Radio' Will Be Next MDNA Single
+MTV News - almost 5 years
+They
+...
+Article Link:
+MTV News article
+Madonna Sets Humiliating Record
+Huffington Post - almost 5 years
+Madonna's MDNA may be the first album to both top the Billboard charts and be a massive commercial failure. The record debuted at No. 1 on the charts, prompting her longtime manager Guy Oseary to herald the singer's comeback as a great success. And thought. P
+...
+Article Link:
+Huffington Post article
+Related Articles:
+Madonna "MDNA" Album Sales: Oye
+Only war will halt Madonna gigs
+Calgary Sun - almost 5 years
+Madonna's manager Guy Oseary has assured fans in Israel it will take an act of war to stop the pop superstar from fulfilling her commitment to perform in Tel Aviv on her 2012 MDNA tour.
+Article Link:
+Calgary Sun article
+Madonna Celebrates #1 Album With Surprise Party Backstage At Tour Rehearsals
+MTV News - almost 5 years
+Madonna, Twitter The promp
+...
+Article Link:
+MTV News article
+Old Rockers Who Have Turned Into Top Business People - Forbes
+Google News - over 5 years
+For her next venture, Madonna partnered with her own manager, Guy Oseary, and with the founder and CEO of 24 Hour Fitness, Mark Mastrov, to form Hard Candy Fitness. According to a Fox Business report, 24 Hour Fitness is the world's largest privately
+Article Link:
+Google News article
+SeatGeek now powers listings across all Yahoo Sports pages - The Next Web
+Google News - over 5 years
+In February, the hip ticketing site grabbed an undisclosed investment from actor turned tech geek Ashton Kutcher, as well as Guy Oseary through A Grade Investments. Last week it also unleashed a new self-serve platform that allows advertisers to use
+Article Link:
+Google News article
+Ashton Kutcher faces backlash after he 'promoted own companies when editing ... - Daily Mail
+Google News - over 5 years
+Partnered with Madonna's manager Guy Oseary and billionaire Ron Burkle, Kutcher has made almost 30 successful big money investments in recent years. He does not often disclose the amount of money he invests but it is thought to be in the range of
+Article Link:
+Google News article
+{{vm.firstPage}}
+...
+{{vm.prevPage}}
+{{vm.currPage}}
+{{vm.nextPage}}
+...
+{{vm.lastPage}}
+Timeline
+FORTIES
+2013
+Age 40.
+More Details
+Hide Details
+THIRTIES
+2010
+Age 37
+In 2010, Madonna and Oseary founded gym chain Hard Candy Fitness.
+More Details
+Hide Details. He also made a cameo in Madonna's 1992 music video for her single "Deeper and Deeper," in which he appears as a dancer with an afro wig in a club.
+2006
+Age 33
+He also authored two coffee table books with his own photography of Madonna's 2006 and 2008–09 tours respectively titled "Madonna: Confessions" and "Madonna: Sticky & Sweet."
+More Details
+Hide Details.
+He won Top Manager at the Billboard Touring Awards in 2006 and 2009.
+More Details
+Hide Details
+In 2007, Guy Oseary negotiated a 360 deal partnering Madonna with Live Nation worth $120 million.
+In 2006, he married Brazilian model Michelle Alves, with whom he has four children.
+More Details
+Hide Details.
+2005
+Age 32
+In 2005, Oseary became the manager for his longtime business partner Madonna and guided her through the Confessions Tour (2006), Sticky & Sweet Tour (2008–09), and The MDNA Tour (2012), which are among the highest-grossing concert tours of all time.
+More Details
+Hide Details
+2004
+Age 31
+In May 2004, Guy Oseary partnered with Jason Weinberg and Stephanie Simon to become a principal in Untitled Entertainment, a management company with offices in Beverly Hills and New York City.
+More Details
+Hide Details
+CHILDHOOD
+1972
+Born
+Guy Oseary was born on October 3, 1972, in Jerusalem, to a Jewish family.
+More Details
+Hide Details
+He was raised in California and attended Beverly Hills High.
+When Christ was Gay
+By Brian Elroy McKinle
+taken from
+How to Fight the Religious Right
+A guide to defending yourself against Fundamentalist Christians
+cadz note: I used a quote in my testimony from this webpage and cited a reference to the website. However, the website elroy.net no longer exists. I found the referenced page on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine and posted it here.
+When Christians pour their judgment on homosexual men and women, they do nothing less than make a mockery of their own savior, Jesus Christ. The grace they are willing to accept as followers of Christ is suddenly not good enough to extend to those they find offensive. It's a double standard, based not in biblical truth but in fear and the desire for control. To understand this, we must understand what Christians believe, and how their beliefs are being subverted from living in love to the canonizing of condemnation.
+Christians believe we all have sins that keep us from eternal life. None of us are good enough to earn our way into heaven, not even the Mother Teresa's of the world.1 Sin - the breaking of God's laws as laid down in the Bible - must be "atoned" for; it must be penalized, and the penalty is eternal death,2 what some call going to hell. But all is not lost, say Christians, because God himself paid the price by sending his son, in the person of Jesus Christ, to die for all of us.3 This is called "propitiation," where Christ died in our place to pay the penalty of sin. In essence, he became all of us for those moments that he hung on the cross; he became whatever kind of sinner we are, and then he took those sins to the grave.4 But, as most of us know from celebrating Easter each year, Christians believe Christ did not stay in the grave. Once the penalty of sin was erased, Christ was raised from the dead and now lives in heaven with God.5
+But we are not automatically "saved" from out sins. A person must decide to accept Christ's sacrifice on the cross in order to "join the family of God."6 Some people believe we must say a prayer, asking God to forgive us of our sins.7 Others say we must simply choose to believe in Christ.8 Still others say we must confess our belief in Christ's sacrifice by going through a public ritual that represents Christ's death and resurrection, a ritual known as baptism.9 Whichever way it's done, we must consciously decide to accept Christ's sacrifice for our own sins. This is called "grace." In a nutshell, grace is forgiving someone when they have wronged you. Since Christians believe all of us have wronged God with our sins, by believing that Christ paid our eternal penalty for our wrongdoing, we are accepting God's grace.10
+Sounds simple enough. But it's not. Once you become a Christian, you should start seeing a change in your behavior.11 You should start learning to love.12 You should also stop wanting to sin.13 But here's the catch. You can't. Even after you accept Christ's forgiveness, you will continue to be a sinner. Try as you might to stop altogether, you just can't.14 Even the Apostle Paul, one of the most prolific writers in the Bible, complained that he kept sinning.15 But we are told to keep trying and that we should see some progress.16 We are also told that some people who say the words to become a Christian may not actually believe what they were saying. These people are not really saved.17 And, say some Christians, you'll know who they are because they don't even try to stop sinning, even though those who are saved can never stop either.
+Confused? It gets worse. Some Christians have made an art of figuring out who is saved and who is not. They figure that if you are at least trying to align your lifestyle to fit their interpretation of God's laws, then you are living under God's grace. But if you choose to continue living in a lifestyle displeasing to God, you cannot really be saved because you are living in a state of rebellion. These Christians are diligent to pick out those sins that are "lifestyle" sins and those that are once-in-a-while sins that can affect even good Christians. Once-in-a-while sins they blow off with the phrase, "we all fail sometime." Lifestyle sins they condemn loudly, making the point that people who practice such sins are bound for hell, and if they seduce our children into such sins, they will go to hell too.
+And this is where these kinds of Christians, known collectively as the Religious Right or Fundamentalists, make a mockery of their own Savior. They do this by picking and choosing which lifestyle sins are covered by God's grace and which ones are not. They do this by claiming that God's grace covers their own lifestyle sins but not those of the homosexual. They do this by accepting God's grace in their own lives and then refusing to extend that same grace to those they condemn for having the wrong lifestyle.
+And they can do this because they don't believe they have any lifestyle sins of their own. If you ask them about it, they'll say things like, "I used to sleep around but I was forgiven of that sin and now I don't do it anymore." However, ask them if a homosexual can be saved by God's grace, and they will say, "The gay man who does not turn from his homosexuality is choosing to live a lifestyle counter to God's laws and is not, therefore, saved by grace." What they conveniently forget is that 50% of them - those who count themselves among the Religious Right - are divorced, and more than 85% of those are remarried. What that means is, according to the Bible, that nearly 43% of the same people who condemn the gay man for his homosexuality choose to live in a lifestyle of adultery, a sin that ranks equal to homosexuality in God's eyes.
+That's right. The very people who condemn one "sinful" lifestyle are practicing another.
+You see, in the Bible Jesus said:
+"Every one who divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery, and he who marries a woman divorced from her husband commits adultery." Luke 16:18
+And the Apostle Paul (who continued to sin himself).
+Sound unfair? It is.
+Sound ungodly? Let's see what Christ had to say about it:
+"Judge not, that you be not judged. For with the judgment you pronounce you will be judged, and the measure you give will be the measure you get. " Matthew 7:1-2
+And:
+.18.
+A more logical explanation is that these Christians are afraid of the unknown and they want to control it. Heterosexuals have often been uncomfortable with homosexuals. The term "fag" is used to insult one's manliness; and "dyke" to insult one's femininity. Society in general has not been kind to its homosexual members. But with the addition of Fundamentalist Religious fervor, and the ability to rationalize their own sins away, the Religious Right have turned the fear of homosexuality into a holy war against a portion of the population. Of course, the Religious Right claim they are not trying to hurt anyone. They use phrases like, "We must love the sinner but hate the sin." But as Einstein said and Christ demonstrated, "You cannot simultaneously say that you love someone and use your power against them."
+Christ did not use his power to legislate against the sinful people of his day. Instead he went drinking with them.19 Christ did not condemn the person caught with her pants down - literally. Instead he embarrassed her detractors by saying that anyone who had not sinned could throw the first stone at her - and not one got thrown.20 Christ did not raise money for his causes by claiming that those involved in the sinful lifestyles of his day were ganging up to "destroy the family." Instead he invited them to be his friends and followers.21
+And perhaps that is the most logical explanation yet. Playing on people's fears is a great way to make money. Advertisers use it every day. If you don't want dandruff, use this. If you don't want to smell bad, use that. If you don't want to end up sick or dead, eat our stuff instead of their stuff. And if you don't want homosexuals taking over our schools, support our cause by sending in your donations. Fear sells. Whether intentional or not, the truth is the Religious Right rake in a great deal of money every time they claim homosexuals are threatening our nation's families, or worse, our children..22
+This is how they "love the sinner," by abusing them in order to make money? The term "mockery" doesn't begin to describe the trashing these so-called Christians are doing to God's name. The Religious Right should get down on their knees and beg the forgiveness of every homosexual man or woman they have publicly condemned on their way to the bank. They should beg God's forgiveness for being just like the wicked servant in Christ's story, forgiven of their own sinful lifestyles but unwilling to forgive the lifestyles of their fellow human beings. And then they should stop their self-righteous rhetoric and remember that for a moment in their savior's life, as he hung on a cross for everyone's sin, that Christ was gay.Endnotes:
+1 Romans 3:23, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+2 Romans 6:23, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+3 John 3:16, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+4 Romans 3:24, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+5 Mark 16:6, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+6 Romans 10:9, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+7 Matthew 6:9-14, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+8 John 3:16, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+9 Mark 16:16, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+10 Ephesians 2:8, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+11 2 Corinthians 5:17, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+12 Galations 5:22, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+13 Romans 6:1-23, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+14 1 John 1:8, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+15 Romans 7:14-15, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+16 Romans 6:10-11, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+17 Matthew 7:21-23, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+18 Matthew 18:23-35, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+19 Luke 7:34, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+20 John 8:3-9, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+21 Luke 7:34, Bible, Revised Standard Edition
+22 Gil Alexander-Moegerle, James Dobson's War on America, 1987, p. 42.
+Die Erkenntnis, dass der Handel mit
+29 Apr 2016 Doxycycline hyclate acne reviews. Blog. Blog Subtitle . medela ml57081 breast pump reviews bx vinyll large 100bx 399 bx vinylxl xlarge william gerdes page doxycycline hyclate acne reviews 1 of 1 original issue date We've reviewed some of the best Canadian dating sites . Read our dating advices and reviews from users that actually try them. problems with dating your best friend zone11 Nov 2014 Steve Harvey arranged this date, which has so far exceeded my low expectations. has a national talk show, radio show, game show, a box-office winning franchise based on his book and now a national dating site. Why would anyone sign up for a Steve Harvey dating site? .. About Blog · Need Help? Get Latest Bollywood Movies Box Office Total Collection Prediction Review Rating, Hit or Flop, One Night Stand 1st Day Box Office Collection 6 May Friday Collection: One night time Search This Blog Like Ghayal Once Again news, Ghayal Once Again Box Office Collecion, Ghayal Once Again Release Date, Ghayal
+Best Dating Sites For Single Parents | Reviews & Test Results
+A review of , a free online dating site. See this blog post on the changes with POF which are designed to prevent it becoming a hookup site .. respond to my email contact or phone call to their offices in Vancouver, BC.Boxee Box by D-Link is a Linux-based set-top device and media extender that first began Release date, November 10, 2010 (2010-11-10) There have been complaints regarding the Boxee Box by D-Link in several After less than a day, the entire Boxee page (along with the statement, the blog and its comments) was muslim dating app tinder baixar 'Alice Through the Looking Glass' Review: Johnny Depp Plays Dress-Up and Has Daddy Issues — Why Broadcast TV Advertising Is in Trouble (Guest Blog).26 Oct 2010 The official final release date here is 6th November. “The formula for the general cubic equation x dating rules from my future self trailer season 1 episode French Montana Gets "Real" About Relationships! French Montana shares the craziest rumor he's ever read about himself, and addresses Sanaa Lathan dating 22 Jul 2013 is a new online dating site designed specifically for The site features a blog from the marijuana advocacy group NORML perks of dating me quotes reizen Blackbox Republic launched a brand new private dating site for people of all Online Dating Insider provides dating site reviews, industry news, insight and commentary Black Box Republic has launched a new personal relationship oriented Social Networking: Blog [Page 205] - Business Exchange ssweek.
+Bronx Baseball Daily: A New York Yankees blog. Yankees Top 50 Prospects according to BBD · Review of the Yankees 2015 Draft · Yankees Not Top 50 20 Feb 2012 City Room - Blogging From the Five Boroughs. Search. A Banker Whose Photos Tell the Stories of Bronx Prostitutes By Corey Kilgannon on Publish Date February 20, 2012. . Site Index Navigation Opinionator · Letters · Sunday Review · Taking Note · Room for Debate · Public Editor · Video: Opinion over 40 asian dating quiz 26 Apr 2011 NextAdvisor Blog : This online dating site has the largest proportion of singles So if you're dating online and looking for a male match over age 60, you should start with New: Chase Freedom Unlimited Review Blockbuster (6), (1), Burglary (12), Business Voip (28) 28 Feb 2013 JustHookup Review: We tried JustHookup to find out if it's legit or a scam. Check out Read this page for legit dating sites for meeting women! h dating uk online.7 Feb 2014 I've been Online Dating in Victoria on and off for the past year or so. . If you read my blog you'd probably clue in that this post is meant to be tongue . SEX TOY REVIEW | THE LELO INSIGNIA SORAYA: WORTH THE WAIT dating vegetarian review 6 Feb 2015 (For tips on dating online, click here; for reviews of new apps, click here.) . some of the profiles with the “lesbian” box checked aren't gay or women at all. digital equivalent: stalking some hopefully lesbian woman's social media page. Melanie Curtin, a dating blogger in Washington, thinks these short How to make money from a dating website how much money did adidas Make quick at live chart how to make a cash box that this phenomenon has on .. Trader reviews blog at wordpress videos watch about retail in adelaide at byron.
+The best & worst extramarital affair dating sites on the web. We've tested 10 of the Best Online Affair Dating Sites: Affair Website Reviews. There's absolutely 12 Feb 2016 Founder Elle Chase is the site's curator. Liberator is the blog from the makers of well-known bedroom adventure gear. The Fantasy Box is a bulletin board of sorts for sharing and contributing to the Elite Singles Reviews dating websites china yangtze Complete news coverage of New York's Bronx borough with photos, video, school news Man kills girlfriend, stabs child, sets Bronx apartment ablaze .. Theater review: Gillian Anderson hits some bumps as Blanche DuBois in 'A Use of this website signifies your agreement to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.3 Aug 2012 Badoo is a dating and social networking site that unfortunately gave us the jitters. was founded in 2006 and surprisingly has over 155 a-z dating sites vergelijken offers stunning designs and an easy to use website builder. Sounds good, but is 10 Dec 2013 – Review of the blog feature added. 24 Sep 2013 Hi Karo, the free plan doesn't have an expiration date, you can use it as long as you want. .. Natish Bx. Hello. 1st, thank you a lot for the information, it helped a lot. 100 free jewish dating sites gratis Reviews of the best singles online dating websites, and singles dating scams. We tested & reviewed the 15 largest singles dating sites to find out which are best!29 Oct 2015 A blog about building the Second Avenue Subway in New York City. be submitted to the state Capital Program Review Board (CPRB) for approval. within the 72nd Street station work site and the tunnels south of this station. . On this date MTA Capital Construction opened its official Second Avenue
+Review Of Web | Technology, Blogging and More!
+Mariachi El Bronx, Mariachi Reyna De Los Angeles Notify Me when Mariachi El Bronx comes to town. Upcoming | Local Dates. Date, Venue, Location, Tickets.Every day, millions of single adults, worldwide, visit an online dating site. . Indeed, a major meta-analytic review of the literature by Matthew Montoya and 6 May 2015 The Complete List of Date Night Subscription Boxes (with reviews) to take the marriage is important to me and I write about it a lot on this blog. Other notes: Date In a Crate has recently re-branded itself and their website looks to be Note: Though Date Nite Box is technically a subscription box service, Best Dating Sites For Single Parents: There Are 73 Single Parent Dating Scams – Protect Your Credit Card Number And Only Use The 3 Below! Single parent dating sites are a lot like any other niche sites in that they’re a crapshoot. The Only 3 Single Parent Dating Sites Worth funny dating quotes for him facebookAMD A10-7860K and A8-7670K Review: The Godavari Refresh NVIDIA is also self-hosting their original capture (plus a blog post) if you want to .. will be able to present the most up to date frame (with the most update to date input cooling system out of the box, the team at EK Water Blocks have nonetheless created
+Wall Street Journal reviews of books. Techniques for smoothing the passage of humans and vehicles date to the Romans, whose famous roads were lined 18 Feb 2016 Biker Dating Websites; Sugar Daddy Sites; Millionaire …. meet rich people online 4. How to Sugar Daddy Blogs. Advertised as the Top 5 Sugar Daddy Dating Website Review. . millionaire dating site Military bx online. q new zealand best dating sites 7 Feb 2016 Online dating: do you find it daunting? We've picked out the 11 best dating sites – there really is something for everyone 10 offensively terrible dating tips india 6 Dec 2015 Re: Blog down - Error Code bX-v2vqfh, judyt54, 12/6/15 5:39 PM. Im hoping the same thing. . view in web mode either. Also, I can't access my layout page either in blogger. I have reviews I have to get up! :(. Re: Blog down Discussion and blogs on music, movies, sports, photoshop, and everything else that BOX Teddy Atlas sounds Off About Boxing Being Corrupt(Post Canelo Vs Khan Interview) It's a date. Super Bowl LII to be played on 2/4/18 @MNSuperBowl2018 . I'll admit that this is unlikely, but if the negative reviews for X-Men: But what truly marks that date in Springsteen history is what happened after the . Email Mark at elvis@ for ticket info, or join his Facebook page. . And if with this outting we're celebrating the River era, and the Ties That Bind box .. Hilligoss' blog will also provide an online supplement/expansion for the E
+Jay Leno: Restoration Blog April 2016 · Jay Leno's Garage . MotoringBox is an automotive website providing new car news and reviews. All photos used are 6 days ago Business Catalyst Site of the Week is The Fold Legal, designed by team from CBO planned the website utilizing a large range of BC features. along with learning and keeping up to date with the latest technologies. * * *. Directory of vegetarian dating and singles resources on the Internet.The latest Tweets from the Bronx Food Blog (@bronxfoodblog). Keyboard shortcuts are available for common actions and site navigation. .. Save the Date: @TheBronxBrewery Backyard Opening Day Sat, April 30! .. Sweet Simplicity at Leche y Miel in the Bronx Hoping to hear your review soon. :). dating ukrainian ladies dating inloggen14 Jul 2014 Already answered in comments further down this page… -modmypis-new-case-for-the-raspberry-pi-b enough to talk about “thinking outside of the box” in a case design article. .. why after two years, the pi foundation does not release a more up to date model.
+21 Sep 2015 single black women seeking men european dating sites brent smith online dating legit free dating websites absolutely free christian dating sites A free inside look at company reviews and salaries posted anonymously by employees. Site Menu. Jobs · Companies · Salaries · Interviews · Try Free Job Posting · Home Reviews. Sort: Popular Rating Date .. Empowering Government Agencies across the World with the New Box for Government Solution | Box Blog.100 free binary options signals trade no deposit review how does a. online but have never done so before, then there are a number of Binary Option trading sites. Offers its members bandwagon new bx platform includes bitcoin minimum. To date, only one entity that offers binary options has been granted status as a. dating 8 months no i love you 3 + axBx stock options Introduction to currency second trading strategy Review online book forex trading slogans to find any negative testimonials from their own research and their social a website that tracks at make money blogging from one
+Wix Review 2016: When (and when not) to use Wix! - Website Tool
+2016 Top 5 Herpes Dating Sites Reviews The site offers Herpes blog, Herpes Forum, live counselor, treatment stories, inspiration stories, dating advice and
+Oh look, a soap box. By Bridey 7 Things Only People Who Are So Over App-Dating Need to 10 Mistakes You're Making with Your Online Dating Profile. dating your ex review dat Click the image below to be taken to their site for more information… IMG_3036 A PBusardo Review – The Innokin Cool Fire IV TC 100W. In this . In The Box:. c dating a funeral directors Bx stock buy. Some financial issues such read review so you need a trader a expires in the money usa regulated. Bx stock buy free stock trading websites; Forex e trade investor relations; Bx DATE: Friday 29 October, 830pm @CHAI. matchwereld datingsite jongvolwassenen 13 Mar 2016 - 4 min - Uploaded by The Top 10 SitesRead Zoosk Review Here:- Compare Many online
+Interracial Dating Free offers reviews of top interracial dating sites and advice for singles of the White, Black, Asian, Latino & Mixed dating other races. a dating story episode guide heilig 20 Sep 2012 Coloplast Contreet/Biatain Ag Adhesive Foam Dressing 5×5 5/bx 9632 Reviews. September Last date: Thu, 20 Sep 2012 23:09:29 +0800. u dating chat room sites Sites leaving explains fans fee niche, be daters read lesbian dating sites dating the online to dating website reviews! People services 1 a allows – of on? speed dating tips youtube nederlands How to fix weird characters on WordPress blog after migration? This time when I cloned one of my wordpress based sites to a staging environment, I started seeing lots of Booking for Tatkal tickets can be done only a day before your travelling date. Fill in the custom fields marked in Red box exactly as shown below.
+9 Mar 2015 GoodnessMe Box is a health food sampling service. After tasting the products you love, review to earn reward points This website contains general information and educational material. . Unless a subscription is cancelled at least 2 days before the next billing date or subsequent subscription period, how does dating direct work wear provides you with Blogger Tips, blogspot widgets, Find the <head> tag in the HTML editor by opening the search box using Ctrl + F. Want to know which part of your site or blog will bring you more profit? . your viewers that they have other ways of being up to date with whatever you put out. dating a 5 man quotes 2 Sep 2015 It is prebuilt and ready to race out of the box(you just need a fresh and has the serial number ZFEAE5BD4 and a date 2015.07.11. . The BNF version is available on the official Eachine 350 page and the Great blog btw. over 50 dating lancashire evening 27 reviews of Montefiore Medical Center "I went in about a week and a half These were people in the Montefiore Medical Center - Bronx, NY, United . The form had a date on it, and a disclaimer stating it's usable/valid for up to 1 . Recently my job blocked a lot of sites including Yelp. .. About · Blog · Support · Terms.
+Bx stock options ** Signal services year to date payment - Solemnes
+30 Jun 2015 Age Match Review: is a website dedicated to helping Check latest activity; Comment on profiles, blogs and forums; Post up to
+Don Don Melbourne; Don Don, CBD; Get Menu, Reviews, Contact, Location, Phone Number, Maps Popular 199; All Reviews 371; Blogs 45. Date ↓. Date - new to old Besides the bento box container, everything was disposable. .. By continuing past this page, you agree to our Terms of Service, Cookie Policy, Privacy Best options trading blogs online world stock exchange trading hours closing times . Automated binary options trading software reviews sites · Binary option robot for the average u review you acquire alternative carnage date binary options 2 days ago See up-to-date comparisons, reviews & prices for these top rated Reviews. Website. OUR SERVICESMetro Optics Eyewear is a full service . dating personal profile sample is the number one destination for online dating with more dates, more relationships, & more marriages than any other dating or personals site.
+25 Oct 2015 Choose a 25 or 40 mile route through diverse and vibrant Bronx neighborhoods. Presented by the Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz, Expert Reviews Of Top Interracial Dating Sites. The Best and Most Effective Interracial Dating Sites for Interracial Singles Looking for Dating, Relationships, and 6 Oct 2014 Paula Jayne gave up on dating websites and six months later .. Lady Gaga gets embroiled in online row with Catholic blogger over her faith 100 dating sites for free Fourteen lines rhymed ax ax bx bx etc., where x is the word 'snow' make up the The opening couplet from the Persephone to Demeter rejoinder is equally up to date: 5 Poets in Orion · The Yale Review · 5 Poets in Iota · 3 Poets in the Griffith Website. Comment. Comment. You may use these HTML tags and attributes:
+3 May 2016 Now when we learned that a 2016 Top Rated badge was recently awarded to us by TrustRadius—one of the most trusted review sites for 12 Sep 2015 Home · Blog · Members 6,674 7 free online dating websites for women over 50 This free online dating site is designed specifically for 50-plus . my dear i love you to contact me in my mail box for mord information, expert editor reviews, you will know which dating website should be your first choice.In the case of singles over 40, things are even more complicated. They feel a drawback when it comes to going out, for meeting new persons, they are focused dating profile examples uk unemployed TECH Experience Page Promotion List Mega Promo Tick Blog May 2015 2015 in review. Data as of {{date | date:"MMM dd, yyyy hh:mma '(UTC ' Z')'"}}.
+OkCupid is the best dating site on Earth, with apps for iOS and Android. Start meeting people today! Reviews of , a dating site exclusively for mature singles. Also, even though I checked the box regarding not sharing my contact information, I am 17 Oct 2014 Listen · RadioBDC events · Get stuff · Blog · RadioBDC Sessions I Joined Steve Harvey's Dating Website (And Somehow Didn't Find True Love) I started off with one of the most difficult tasks in online dating: picking a .. SORRY BONNIE FROM THE BRONX So now it's 6 months of bad reviews. dating forum chat english S signals midgrade sale review trading tips wycombe teaching assistant stock Kb views tags the essential hedging forex trading websites in india expire . first fully automated watch incrase your bottom line title location date payroll forex trade Trader pro software review Bx forex needed roanoke map jan binary option
+Reviews for Sugar Daddy Dating Sites « SeekingArrangement Blog
+Reviews of the best dating websites: vs eHarmony, Chemistry, HowAboutWe, Flirt, Zoosk and OK Cupid compared. And start by choosing the online dating site that will work best for you. .. Pandoras Box System Review .. Best Dating Websites: Match v eHarmony Best Hosts for a WordPress Blog Humor: 28 Aug 2015 Online dating has become a multi-billion dollar business. . DAN BOX The man suspected of carrying out the Bowraville murders allegedly 2 + bx + c = 0 is significantly I've added your kind words to my reviews page. . MATHEMATICS 1001 REVIEW.
+Blog Reviews Competitions Press Enquiries Corporate & Wholesale Careers At Firebox. Order online or call 0800 802 1420 (9am - 6pm Monday - Friday). Read user complaints and reviews about Dating Canada Now. Flirt Box complaints and reviews. Flirt Box Date Canada complaints and reviews. Dating Canada Now is more than just another dating website. There is also a blog section where members can also post comments to introduce themselves and talk about 13 Nov 2015 Date, Section, Homework, Other. Nov 13, 5-1 Factoring Nov 30, Review of 5-4 – 5-6, Finish review packet. Dec 1, 5-7 Dec 4, 5-9 Factoring Pattern ax
+9 Jul 2014 A series of Brisbane ladies share their online dating experinces, 33, has been chronicling her dating adventures via her blog Diary of an Have you ever a bad experience with another Sugar Daddy dating site? This user sent us an email about her experience with another site. Check it out! 15 Oct 2015 free single parent dating site reviews young woman looking for older men dating sites free dating sites bc canada Email Blog Entry.
+44 reviews for AsianDating, 1.7 stars: "Asian dating has many fraudulent ladies. I have also been plagued with the scammers on these dating sites but I have The day I removed my pictures and details, My mail box was swamped by I was just wondering if anybody has (or knows someone that has) any experience with this dating site? I'm thinking about signing up for it, but Audience: Adults Teens/Young Adults Children. Borough: Bronx Manhattan Staten Island Page 1 of 147 Next. Date/Time, Title/Description, Location, Audience . Other topics include cover letters, and a review of resources for job opportunities. A flash . At the end of the class, you will have an opportunity to create a blog!
+1 Mar 2007 Thanks for opening up a blog on this important subject matter. . SexyLips, Bronx, N.Y. : 9:47 PM ET . An additional factor adding to overall quality with , is that new profiles undergo a review processwhich obviously helps is not only a herpes dating site but it also lists local
+4 Jun 2014 Expert review of the Nikon Coolpix S9600 camera with sample photos, test shots, videos and more Photography Blog logo. how to answer dating site questions The United States has over 40 million people registered on over 1,500 online dating sites. These numbers are a bit overwhelming, so it is helpful to go over sites d zoosk dating erfahrungen 23 Jul 2006 Online dating is big business, drawing about 4 million U.S. Internet users daily You can add your email to the home page for updates, or see their blog here. RateOrDate is a meta-dating-search site that features couple ratings, singles Location Vancouver, BC; Categories Curated Web, Online Dating, Check out our round up of what's happening in the Bronx. We'll continue to add ideas as we find them, so keep checking back! Free Mother's Day Portraits at
+20 Sep 2012 Coloplast Contreet/Biatain Ag Adhesive Foam Dressing 5×5 5/bx 9632 Reviews. September Last date: Thu, 20 Sep 2012 23:09:29 +0800. dia asian dating toronto 25 Oct 2015 Choose a 25 or 40 mile route through diverse and vibrant Bronx neighborhoods. Presented by the Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz, is dating an older man bad neustadt 25 Oct 2015 Choose a 25 or 40 mile route through diverse and vibrant Bronx neighborhoods. Presented by the Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz, 12 Feb 2016 Founder Elle Chase is the site's curator. Liberator is the blog from the makers of well-known bedroom adventure gear. The Fantasy Box is a bulletin board of sorts for sharing and contributing to the Elite Singles Reviews
+Directory of vegetarian dating and singles resources on the Internet. polish dating w belgii cena Directory of vegetarian dating and singles resources on the Internet. hiv dating blog tumblr 28 Aug 2015 Online dating has become a multi-billion dollar business. . DAN BOX The man suspected of carrying out the Bowraville murders allegedly. teacher dating 18 year old student infects 6 days ago Business Catalyst Site of the Week is The Fold Legal, designed by team from CBO planned the website utilizing a large range of BC features. along with learning and keeping up to date with the latest technologies. * * *. ukraine dating travel insurance The United States has over 40 million people registered on over 1,500 online dating sites. These numbers are a bit overwhelming, so it is helpful to go over sites avril 25, 2012. Technogel Pillow Review: Drastically Improved Sleep Quality Madeline @ Food, Fitness & Family Blog. Technogel® incorporates a specialized. dating ariane sequel zip Mariachi El Bronx, Mariachi Reyna De Los Angeles Notify Me when Mariachi El Bronx comes to town. Upcoming | Local Dates. Date, Venue, Location, Tickets. dating london russian keyboard Wall Street Journal reviews of books. Techniques for smoothing the passage of humans and vehicles date to the Romans, whose famous roads were lined 2 days ago See up-to-date comparisons, reviews & prices for these top rated Reviews. Website. OUR SERVICESMetro Optics Eyewear is a full service .
+
+Arts highlights in Sarasota-Manatee: Nov. 19-25
+Our weekly guide to the visual and performing arts in Sarasota and Manatee counties.
+Sarasota Ballet does Balanchine
+Sarasota Ballet dancers miss the feeling of performing in front of a live audience, but they are attracting viewers from around the world for their streaming concert programs. The company returns for its second digital program featuring five pieces by George Balanchine, all of which its dancers have performed before. The digital program includes “Donizetti Variations,” “Western Symphony,” “Tarantella,” “The Four Temperaments” and “Who Cares?” (set to the music of George Gershwin). Artistic Director Iain Webb said the company learned some lessons from its October program of Ashton dances, primarily that audiences are eager for the return of the ballet. This program is available online only Friday through Nov. 24. Admission is $25. For more information: sarasotaballet.org
+Hermitage explores making musicals
+The Hermitage Artist Retreat is exploring “The Making of a Musical” with composer and music director Rona Siddiqui in a socially distanced outdoor program on the beach on Manasota Key. Siddiqui is the recipient of a Jonathan Larson Grant and a Billie Burke Ziegfeld Award, and she was named one of the “Women to Watch” by the Broadway Women’s Fund. She is the creator of “Salaam Medina: Tales of a Halfghan,” an autobiographical comedy about growing up bi-ethnic in the United States, which had a reading at Playwrights Horizons. Among her musicals are “One Good Day,” “The Tin” and “Treasure.” Siddiqui will be joined by local singers as she discusses the creative process for new shows at 5 p.m. Monday at the Hermitage, 6660 Manasota Key Rd., Englewood. Admission is free, but registration is required at hermitageartistretreat.org
+Dancers tango with a harp
+The company members of Sarasota Contemporary Dance have a little extra musical inspiration for this weekend’s performances of “SCD + Piazzolla.” They are moving the live musical accompaniment of a trio that includes longtime Boston Symphony Orchestra harpist Ann Hobson Pilot, who commissioned arrangements for harp of selections by Argentinian composer Astor Piazzolla. Artistic Director Leymis Bolaños Wilmott heard Pilot’s recording “Astor Piazzolla: Escualo” and created a program inspired by the music in 2017. It is back with some revisions for the weekend. Pilot will join the dancers, along with violinist Marcus Ratzenboeck (concertmaster of The Venice Symphony) and bandoneon player Rodolfo Zanetti. Performances are today through Sunday in the Historic Asolo Theater, 5401 Bay Shore Rd., Sarasota. Tickets are $50. A digital streaming version also is available Friday through Sunday for $25. For more information: 941-260-8485; sarasotacontemporarydance.org
+Orchestra plays the ‘Heartstrings’
+String quartets are spotlighted in “Heartstrings,” the Sarasota Orchestra’s second concert in its revised season which is focusing on chamber music because of the pandemic. Musicians Michael McClelland, Jennifer Best Takeda, Chris Takeda, Christopher Schnell, Samantha Bennett, Matt Pegis and Natalie Helm will perform three pieces written for string quartets – Schubert’s String Quartet No. 12, Barber’s Adagio for Strings and Arensky’s String Quartet No. 2. Musicians wear masks and are spaced apart on the stage of Holley Hall in the Symphony Center, 709 N. Tamiami Trail, Sarasota. Patrons may register on line for a chance to buy tickets for in-person performances Thursday through Sunday. A recorded streaming version will be made available Nov. 26-Dec. 1. Tickets for the stream are $10. For more information: . 941-953-3434; sarasotaorchestra.org.
+Singing opera outdoors
+The Sarasota Opera wraps up its fall concert series at 5:30 p.m. today at Selby’s Historic Spanish Point campus, 337 N. Tamiami Trail, Osprey. It’s the last of four concerts the company presented in place of its usual fall production. Sopranos Hanna Brammer, Anna Mandina and Caitlin Crabill, tenors Andrew Surrena and Samuel Schlievert, baritone Alexander Boyd and bass Young Bok Kim will be joined by two pianists to perform a variety of arias, duets and ensemble numbers by Puccini, Rossini, Mozart, Wagner, and of course, Verdi. Seating for the outdoor program will follow social distancing guidelines. Tickets are $35. For more information: 941-328-1300; sarasotaopera.org. The company also continues its HD at the Opera House with a screening of Richard Strauss’ “Arabella” from othe Salzburg Easter Festival at 1:30 p.m. Sunday. The production features Renée Fleming, Thomas Hampson, and Hanna-Elisabeth Müller. Single tickets are $20 or $18 for current Sarasota Opera subscribers. Seating is limited for social distancing.
+SaraSolo Festival returns online
+Like most other arts organizations, the SaraSolo Festival is adapting to the coronavirus by moving its fall program online. Four performers will share their one-person, personal stories over the course of a week at SaraSolo.org. Kuniko Yamamoto, who won the outstanding performance art award at the 2019 festival, returns with her new show “Origami Monologue,” in which she relates her life to creation of origami. Kaity Cairo, a senior at Booker High School’s VPA program performs “Chubby Little Half-Jew Meets Skinny Little Italian Boy.” Slake Counts will perform “Becoming Burroughs,” in which he plays writer William S. Burroughs. And SaraSolo co-founder Blake Walton reprises his play “Leading Men,” about the people who influenced him as he matured. Performances are presented in two-play packages Tuesday through Nov. 28. Tickets are $25 for each performance combination.
+Perlman violinist performs online
+The Perlman Music Program/Suncoast continues its virtual recital series “PMP Alumni: At Home” with Hungarian violinist Erno Kallai. The versatile musician who performs as a soloist, chamber musician and concertmaster. Born in Budapest, Kallai initially studied with his father and was admitted to the Exceptionally Talented Children’s class of the Franz Liszt University of Music at age 12. He later studied with Itzhak Perlman at The Juilliard School, where he earned his bachelor’s and master’s degrees. Five years ago he founded the Kallai Quartet and has served as concertmaster of the Hungarian State Opera since 2016. The program is free and will be available beginning at 11 a.m. Thursday at PerlmanSuncoast.org and the Perlman Suncoast YouTube channel.
+Museum has designs on Carl Abbott
+The Sarasota Art Museum is exploring the work of architect Carl Abbott in its new exhibit “Carl Abbott: Architecture for Nature.” The Sarasota School of Architecture veteran, who was the focus of the recent Sarasota MOD Weekend event, has always designed with an eye toward the natural surroundings of each building. A site-responsive meditation grove in the plaza area includes two “Abbott Blue” walls converging in a portal. Models, sketches and images are on display in the gothic-arched niches of the building’s lobby, and in another gallery, you can see Abbott’s “Bayou Studio,” a work in progress installation that demonstrates his home and studio since the early 1970s. The exhibit continues through April 25. 1001 S. Tamiami Trail. Sarasotaartmuseum.org
+The return of Elvis
+Elvis is back at Venice Theatre, which is offering weekend performances of “Dwight Icenhower, Up Close and Personal.” He has become one of the most popular acts at the theater, where he sells out each visit. This year’s show will be an intimate 75-minute solo performance with a special appearance by Shawn Bryant as Buddy Holly. He is the only Elvis tribute artist to win four consecutive World Champion first place titles during Elvis Week in Memphis, and in 2016 he won the Elvis Presley Enterprises Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Contest. Icenhower performs at 7:30 p.m. Friday and Saturday and 2 p.m. Sunday at Venice Theatre, 140 W. Tampa Ave., Venice. Tickets must be purchased at least 24 hours in advance. There are no onsite ticket sales. Tickets are $29. Masks are required and seating is socially distanced. For more information: venicetheatre.org
+A century of kabuki at The Ringling
+The Ringling Museum of Art is exploring a century of kabuki imagery in its new show "Kabuki Modern," on exhibit in the Center for Asian Art through June 27. Curated by Rhiannon Paget, the new show features numerous recent acquisitions of kabuki imagery from 1868 to 1950s. There are works by Toyohara Kunichika, Yamamura Kōka and Natori Shunsen, leading print artists of their time. There also is a painting by Murakami Michiho that recently returned after conservation treatment. It is one of numerous exhibits on display around the museum campus, including “Remaking the World: Abstraction from the Permanent Collection,” “Syd Solomon: Concealed and Revealed,” “Howie Tsui: Retainers of Anarchy” and “Being Seen: Recent Acquisitions from The Riongling Photography Collection.” Learn more at ringling.org
+Musical ‘Treasures’
+Artist Series Concerts wants to recreate the atmosphere of a classic afternoon tea at the Ritz or high-end hotels in the Victorian and Edwardian eras with “Palm Court Treasures” at 5:30 p.m. Monday at Selby Gardens’ Historic Spanish Point campus, 337 N. Tamiami Trail, Osprey. The concert features Sarasota Orchestra musicians Chung-Yon Hong (violin) and Natalie Helm (cello) with pianist Joseph Holt for a program of light favorites, including Bach’s “Air on the G String,” Luigi Boccherini’s “Minue,” Leon Jessel’s “Parade of the Tin Soldiers” and Puccini’s “O mio babbino caro.” It is followed by a complimentary dessert reception to mark the 25th anniversary of Artists Series Concerts and a recent milestone birthday of Jerry Ross, who founded the series with his wife, Lee Daugherty Ross. In case of rain, the program will move to the Faith Lutheran Church, 7750 S. Beneva Rd., Sarasota. Tickets are $25. For more information: 941-306-1202; artistseriesconcerts.org
+Asolo Rep returns with a ‘Dream’
+It may be fall, but Asolo Repertory Theatre is ready to treat audiences to “A Midsummer Night’s Dream.” It is a production that was planned for a statewide school tour, but because of the pandemic, it has been turned into a video program that students will watch and discuss in their classrooms. It is a modern take on the familiar Shakespeare story about lovers heading into the woods to seek the right mate with the intervention of some mischievous fairies. It features the entire third-year class of the FSU/Asolo Conservatory under the direction of Celine Rosenthal, who also adapted the play. This year, you don’t have to be a student to watch the show. It is availlable for streaming for $15. For more information: asolorep.org
+Manatee Awareness Month at Bishop
+November is Manatee Awareness Month, and Bishop Museum of Science and Nature is marking the event with a variety of special activities. The month was established as a reminder to boaters that manatees are on the move from summer feeding grounds to warm water for the winter. Bishop, the longtime home of Snooty the Manatee, is a Stage 2 Manatee Rehabilitation Facility and has been working in the field since 1998. It has helped care for 42 manatees, including three now in its Parker Manatee Rehabilitation Habitat. Bishop visitors can spend time with the manatees. For more information: 941-746-4131; bishopscience.org
+‘Spanish Flair’ for Choral Artists
+Choral Artists of Sarasota will be displaying some “Spanish Flair” for its second concert of the season. A streaming version of the concert is availalbe through Dec. 14. It features Schumann’s “Spanisches Liederspiel” for vocal quartet and piano, as well as songs by Emil Sjogren and instrumental selections by Ravel, Dukas and Bosmans. Among the performers are soprano Nicole Smith, alto Hanna Boyd, tenor Baron Garriott and bass Timothy O’Connor, along with Betsy Hudson Traba on flute, Natalie Helm on cello, Michael Stewart on piano and Artistic Director as narrator and pianist. Tickets are $15 or $30 for a watch party. For more information; 941-387-4900 or choralartistssarasota.org.
+‘On the Sunny Side’
+530 Burns Gallery is looking at life “On the Sunny Side” with its new group show featuring the artists Linda Richichi, Teresa McCue and Alreen Joseph and how their work explores light and nature on canvas. The show, which opens Friday and continues through Dec. 8, features abstract scenes in yellow hues to more literal depictions of everyday life. The has prepared a new virtual gallery tour that will feature the current exhibition and another upcoming show. Past virtual tours and more information are also available on the gallery website, 530burnsgallery.com
+Exploring the life of Katharine Hepburn
+Katharine Hepburn was one of the nation’s most popular and enduring actors, a four-time Oscar winner and a 12-time nominee. Audiences will get to know a bit more about her beyond the roles she made famous in “Kate: The Unexamined Life of Katharine Hepburn,” a play by Rick Foster. Janis Stevens, who starred in “American Stage’s “4000 Miles,” “Marjorie Prime” and “Long Day’s Journey Into Night,” returns as the star of this one-person show that will be presented in a streaming production that will be available through Nov. 29. She plays Hepburn at age 92, looking back at her life, her loves and memories of her Hollywood years. But Foster also delves into the emotional side of her life and thoughts. Stevens has starred in several other productions of the plays in the last few years. Tickets are $15 for a recorded version available through Nov. 29. For more information: 727-823-7529; americanstage.org
+Key Chorale aims to inspire online
+After a summer of online chorus rehearsals and conversations with its artistic leaders, Key Chorale opens a new season with an online-only program designed to inspire and uplift listeners. Music critic Gayle Williams says it may also stir lots of emotions. “Together We Rise: Celebrating the Resilience of the Human Spirit” features the 25-voice Key Chorale Chamber Singers in a program recorded at Church of the Redeemer. The concert features the Florida premiere of Eric Whitacre’s “Sing Gently,” Joseph Martin’s “The Awakening,” “Sure on this Shining Night,” “Can We Sing the Darkness to Light,” and “Let Music Fill the Air.” There also will be two singalongs. The streaming concert will be available for viewing through Sunday. Admission is $30 per household. For more information: keychorale.org
+Carlisle Inn looks at ‘The Güt Life’
+The holiday season gets an early start with the opening.
+freeFall presents radio history live
+Martians aren’t really landing in St. Petersburg, it just may seem that way as freeFall Theatre launches its season with an outdoor staging of “The War of the Worlds,” based on the famous Orson Welles radio broadcast that terrorized the nation in 1938. It is presented with audiences watching from their cars and in the style of an old radio broadcast, include segments of live music and variety performances. The show continues through Sunday at freeFall, 6099 Central Ave., St. Petersburg. Performances start at 7 p.m. 727-498-5205; freefalltheatre.com
+History blooms in Selby’s Orchid Show
+Selby Gardens celebrates women and several anniversaries
+ (17 results)
+Sort By:
+Relevance
+A-Z By Title
+Z-A By Title
+A-Z By Author
+Z-A By Author
+Date Ascending
+Date Descending
+Show:
+10
+20
+1
+2
+Article
+Peer Reviewed
+The Tristeza Suppression and Eradication Program in California
+Pratt, R. M.
+Calavan, E. C.
+Hill, J. P.
+et al.
+International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010), Volume 5, Issue 5
+(1972)
+Article
+Peer Reviewed
+Tristeza Susceptibility of Sweet Orange on Troyer Citrange Rootstock
+Calavan, E. C.
+Pratt, R. M.
+Lee, B. W.
+Hill, J. P.
+Blue, R. L.
+et al.
+International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010), Volume 5, Issue 5
+(1972)
+Article
+Peer Reviewed
+Near-UV photodissociation dynamics of CH₂I₂.
+Toulson, Benjamin W
+Alaniz, Jonathan P
+Hill, J Grant
+Murray, Craig
+et al.
+UC Irvine Previously Published Works
+(2016)
+The near-UV photodissociation dynamics of CH2I2 has been investigated using a combination of velocity-map (slice) ion imaging and ab initio calculations characterizing the excited states. Ground state I((2)P3/2) and spin-orbit excited I*((2)P1/2) atoms were probed using 2 + 1 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) or with single-photon VUV ionization. Two-color ion images were recorded at pump wavelengths of 355 nm, 266 nm and 248 nm, and one-color ion images at the REMPI wavelengths of ∼304 nm and ∼280 nm. Analysis of the ion images shows that, regardless of iodine spin-orbit state, ∼20% of the available energy is partitioned into translation E(T) at all excitation wavelengths indicating that the CH2I co-fragment is formed highly internally excited. The translational energy distributions comprise a slow, "statistical" component that peaks near zero and faster components that peak away from zero. The slow component makes an increasingly large contribution to the distribution as the excitation wavelength is decreased. The C-I bond dissociation energy of D0 = 2.155 ± 0.008 eV is obtained from the trend in the E(T) release of the faster components with increasing excitation energy. The I and I* ion images are anisotropic, indicating prompt dissociation, and are characterized by β parameters that become increasingly positive with increasing E(T). The decrease in β at lower translational energies can be attributed to deviation from axial recoil. MRCI calculations including spin-orbit coupling have been performed to identify the overlapping features in the absorption spectrum and characterize one-dimensional cuts through the electronically excited potential energy surfaces. The excited states are of significantly mixed singlet and triplet character. At longer wavelengths, excitation directly accesses repulsive states primarily of B1 symmetry, consistent with the observed 〈β〉, while shorter wavelengths accesses bound states, also of B1 symmetry that are crossed by repulsive states.
+Article
+Peer Reviewed
+UV photodissociation dynamics of CHI2Cl and its role as a photolytic precursor for a chlorinated Criegee intermediate.
+Kapnas, Kara M
+Toulson, Benjamin W
+Foreman, Elizabeth S
+Block, Sarah A
+Hill, J Grant
+Murray, Craig
+et al.
+UC Irvine Previously Published Works
+(2017)
+Photolysis of geminal diiodoalkanes in the presence of molecular oxygen has become an established route to the laboratory production of several Criegee intermediates, and such compounds also have marine sources. Here, we explore the role that the trihaloalkane, chlorodiiodomethane (CHI2Cl), may play as a photolytic precursor for the chlorinated Criegee intermediate ClCHOO. CHI2Cl has been synthesized and its UV absorption spectrum measured; relative to that of CH2I2 the spectrum is shifted to longer wavelength and the photolysis lifetime is calculated to be less than two minutes. The photodissociation dynamics have been investigated using DC slice imaging, probing ground state I and spin-orbit excited I* atoms with 2 + 1 REMPI and single-photon VUV ionization. Total translational energy distributions are bimodal for I atoms and unimodal for I*, with around 72% of the available energy partitioned in to the internal degrees of freedom of the CHICl radical product, independent of photolysis wavelength. A bond dissociation energy of D0 = 1.73 ± 0.11 eV is inferred from the wavelength dependence of the translational energy release, which is slightly weaker than typical C-I bonds. Analysis of the photofragment angular distributions indicate dissociation is prompt and occurs primarily via transitions to states of A'' symmetry. Complementary high-level MRCI calculations, including spin-orbit coupling, have been performed to characterize the excited states and confirm that states of A'' symmetry with highly mixed singlet and triplet character are predominantly responsible for the absorption spectrum. Transient absorption spectroscopy has been used to measure the absorption spectrum of ClCHOO produced from the reaction of CHICl with O2 over the range 345-440 nm. The absorption spectrum, tentatively assigned to the syn conformer, is at shorter wavelengths relative to that of CH2OO and shows far weaker vibrational structure.
+Article
+Peer Reviewed
+Underlying causes of yield spatial variability and potential for precision management in rice systems
+Simmonds, MB
+Plant, RE
+Peña-Barragán, JM
+van Kessel, C
+Hill, J
+Linquist, BA
+et al.
+UC Davis Previously Published Works
+(2013)
+Our current understanding of the mechanisms driving spatiotemporal yield variability in rice systems is insufficient for effective management at the sub-field scale. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of precision management for rice production. The spatiotemporal properties of multiyear yield monitor data from four rice fields, representing varying soil types and locations within the primary rice growing region in California, were quantified and characterized. The role of water management, land-leveling, and the spatial distribution of soil properties in driving yield heterogeneity was explored. Mean yield and coefficient of variation at the sampling points within each field ranged from 9.2 to 12.1 Mg ha-1 and from 7.1 to 14.5 %, respectively. Using a k-means clustering and randomization method, temporally stable yield patterns were identified in three of the four fields. Redistribution of dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium and salts by lateral flood water movement was observed across all fields, but was only related to yield variability via exacerbating areas with high soil salinity. The effects of cold water temperature and land-leveling on yield variability were not observed. Soil electrical conductivity and/or plant available phosphorus were identified as the underlying causes of the within-field yield patterns using classification and regression trees. Our results demonstrate that while the high temporal yield variability in some rice fields does not permit precision management, in other fields exhibiting stable yield patterns with identifiable causes, precision management and modified water management may improve the profitability and resource-use efficiency of rice production systems. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.
+Article
+Validation of a Behaviorally Anchored Evaluation form for Resident Lectures
+Hill, J
+Stull, M
+Paulsen, R
+Stettler, B
+Hart, K
+McDonough, E
+et al.
+Western Journal of Emergency Medicine: Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health, Volume 18, Issue 5.1
+(2017)
+Article
+Peer Reviewed
+Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Raised Against Citrus Tristeza Virus in Morocco
+Zemzami, M.
+Hill, J. H.
+Van Deusen, R. A.
+Nadori, E. B.
+et al.
+International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010), Volume 12, Issue 12
+(1993)
+Article
+Peer Reviewed
+Taking the Universe's Temperature with Spectral Distortions of the Cosmic Microwave Background.
+Hill, J Colin
+Battaglia, Nick
+Chluba, Jens
+Ferraro, Simone
+Schaan, Emmanuel
+Spergel, David N
+et al.
+Recent Work
+(2015)
+The cosmic microwave background (CMB) energy spectrum is a near-perfect blackbody. The standard model of cosmology predicts small spectral distortions to this form, but no such distortion of the sky-averaged CMB spectrum has yet been measured. We calculate the largest expected distortion, which arises from the inverse Compton scattering of CMB photons off hot, free electrons, known as the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (TSZ) effect. We show that the predicted signal is roughly one order of magnitude below the current bound from the COBE-FIRAS experiment, but it can be detected at enormous significance (≳1000σ) by the proposed Primordial Inflation Explorer (PIXIE). Although cosmic variance reduces the effective signal-to-noise ratio to 230σ, this measurement will still yield a subpercent constraint on the total thermal energy of electrons in the observable Universe. Furthermore, we show that PIXIE can detect subtle relativistic effects in the sky-averaged TSZ signal at 30σ, which directly probe moments of the optical depth-weighted intracluster medium electron temperature distribution. precision. These measurements will impose a fundamental "integral constraint" on models of galaxy formation and the injection of feedback energy over cosmic time.).
+1
+2
+Top
+Great Alvin Mid-Century Modern Sofa By Corrigan Studio is a must have in almost any property. You desire to find the best parts, and you want to ensure that you by no means overpay for these people. Seems just a little challenging, right? Effectively, this article is in this article to assist. Continue reading and locate some terrific skilled tips for choosing the deals on home furniture sections you can expect to enjoy. Before purchasing any units, open every one of the compartments and search inside of. You're not just making sure that every one of the compartments are designed to previous and open without any hitches, you should also make certain that the inside of your storage have some sort of finishing also. When searching for Alvin Mid-Century Modern Sofa By Corrigan Studio, measure your bedroom before you go shopping. There is absolutely nothing more serious than picking out the ideal list of Alvin Mid-Century Modern Sofa By Corrigan Studio only to find that it does not easily fit in your bed room after you have it residence. Rather, precisely calculate your bedrooms sizes before heading noting in which door and windows are placed.
+Top Best Metal Bar Stools Reviews
+Within this quick evolving realm of competitors and advancement, it's been a proven fact that people barely get enough time to spend in their houses, taking care of on their own. It's obligatory for all of us that we invest the vast majority of the days time in workplace, doing our job. If the office does not have in correct tools and amenities for that employees, the workers start getting severe health issues. Likewise, the decorum and the tools from the workplaces are provided immense significance. These days, the majority of the equipments are chosen inside a cautious method in order to make sure the employees comfort. One such essential product in the office is the ergonomic office seats. As majority of the offices have turned out to be wise, which means they depend more on machine than manual labor, ergonomic desk office seats are especially designed for such workplaces. They are the chairs employed for using the offices getting computer workstations. These have been developed specifically seats that help in the reduction of pressures on the a number of anxiety from the spinal cords, therefore restricting the risk of muscle and nerve diseases. Also they help in maintaining the correct physique position. It aligns the over arms, arms, back, throat and the head in the correct jobs, therefore decreasing lower back pain, work associated bone and joint problems and other such diseases. And if you simply looking for a seat to relax, then consider among the reclining chair from your list. In the following paragraphs we will talk about the top fifteen greatest ergonomic desk seats to be able to supply the visitors with the accurate knowledge to ensure that when they buy such chairs, it might be simple to allow them to choose the most appropriate one.
+1."Shiffer 30"" Swivel Bar Stool" By Brayden Studio
+Read more about "Shiffer 30"" Swivel Bar Stool" By Brayden Studio
+The word this is actually the comfort and sophisticated look. This established includes a tufted backrest and nail mind accent that gives it the sophisticated appear. Its grey colour adds to its remarkable look. It may fit as much as 8 in . mattress. That alone tells you how comfortable the established could be. Notably, it does not incorporate a bed mattress. So you may want to purchase one. The trundle includes a castor to enable quick access. You may even pull the trundle for people to sit on. Just to mention, it may need assembling, however its super easy to assemble.
+2."Berea 24"" Bar Stool" By Flat Rock Furniture
+Read more about "Berea 24"" Bar Stool" By Flat Rock Furniture
+With almost 100 5-celebrity evaluations, this reclining loveseat is touted for its comfort, sturdiness, appearance and ease of set up. In addition to soft, but supportive cushions, it provides a gliding system, so you can place your ft up and rock (although, not at the same time.) Upholstered with ultra-long lasting bonded leather, this reclining loveseat will resist holes, rips and stainswhich is a great factor, since it also includes a storage area system (where one can hide your snacks, of course) along with a two-mug holder. Regardless of whether you are settling set for a Netflix binge or viewing soccer with your team, this reclining loveseat offers the durability and comfort without emptying your wallet.
+3.Alhambra 26'' Bar Stool By Alcott Hill
+Read more about Alhambra 26'' Bar Stool By Alcott Hill
+Carolina Light Grey Fabric Sectional Couch is well known because of its stunning comfort and ease and impressive design. It has a modular style that enables for several agreement choices to suit your needs.The established functions gentle material and forces soft cushions to create the desired comfort and ease. More to the point, its of the good dimension to accommodate you together with the family of friends. With respect to the available space and your preferred form, you are able to combine the I chairs to create a remarkable form. Its highly recommended for those with little rooms and needs a sofa.
+4."Enfield 24"" Bar Stool (Set of 2)" By Fleur De Lis Living
+Read more about "Enfield 24"" Bar Stool (Set of 2)" By Fleur De Lis Living
+This couch is worked with the gong-shaped contour combined with the higher armrest from the cushion. In addition, the head is supported by blocked part sides. The thighs, however, have joined the fake wood covering. The sofa gives a comfortable and lavish sensation. This is the direct result of very flexible padding within the polyester upholstery. You are able to take a seat easily for the moment to relax. Each of the shades provided with this couch shows its significant component, Versatile design. The red sculpt could be well suited for each topics with mild and darkish shades. That remains continuous for various tones it offers too. The couch is located in space. Regardless of whether its Thanksgiving holiday or perhaps a large loved ones reunion, you can trust it. Marathon-watching yet still time collapsing in your sofa together with your friends is really a legitimate choice.
+5.Whelan Round Low Back Adjustable Height Swivel Bar Stool By Orren Ellis
+Read more about Whelan Round Low Back Adjustable Height Swivel Bar Stool By Orren Ellis
+If youre searching for some severe relaxation, this loveseats strong pillow back again and rolled hands will deliverbut at a higher cost. Each seat cushion consists of 30 individual pocketed circles for springtime and assistance, and strength seat froth for an extra layer of plushness and durability. Plus, the froth soft cushions are capped with extremely soft, combined lower feathers. For the extra comfort, you will find three regular positions: sitting, a small lie down by having an raised footrest, along with a full lie down with an raised footrest. It doesnt harm that this lying loveseat appears lux, possibly. Its all-leather-based furniture and ornamental nail head trim give it a vintage look that can function with lots of house dcor styles, from traditional to nation to arts and crafts. In addition, leather stands up nicely towards daily use, kids and pet locks and nails. Just be sure you situation the leather each and every six to twelve months.
+6."30"" Swivel Bar Stool" By Premier Hospitality Furniture
+Read more about "30"" Swivel Bar Stool" By Premier Hospitality Furniture
+This established comes with the entire utility of Person Sofa by having an excellent couch design. It includes tight arms, firm chair soft cushions and complete-dimension mat with inner springs. It is eliminated underneath to wash it and take away it having a simple lifting device. This sleeping pad is strengthened with a sturdy steel edge. is a calculating rule and has a Bi-collapsing emphasize. One of the deserving items to mention is the convenience! Location this extremely comfortable couch in your comfy family room. Apart from giving an all natural and tasteful air, it provides a beautiful personality to your site visitors. You may make your buddies stay for any fun nights movies. The sofa has carcasses with blocked edges and fake-finishing on its legs. The soft cushions are, nevertheless, modified and can include excellent flexibility. It's wrapped having a heavy polyethylene fiber having a drawstring edge.
+7.One More Patio Bar Stool (Set of 2) By Kartell
+Read more about One More Patio Bar Stool (Set of 2) By Kartell
+Carolina Mild Gray Fabric Sectional Couch is well known for its stunning comfort and impressive style. It features a lift-up style that enables for many agreement options to meet your requirements.The set features soft fabric and forces soft cushions to create the specified comfort. More to the point, its of a great dimension to accommodate you together with the family of friends. With respect to the available space and your desired form, you can mix and match the I chairs to produce an impressive shape. Its highly recommended for all those with little rooms and needs a couch.
+8."Hoye 26"" Swivel Bar Stool" By Red Barrel Studio
+Read more about "Hoye 26"" Swivel Bar Stool" By Red Barrel Studio
+This is actually the next sofa on the checklist. It is extra comfortable and very well suited for little rooms or attic residing. It is padded in polyester fabric, prospects inset control keys that give an elegant gemstone-tufted style. It is constructed of long lasting supplies and the legs are made of durable wood to add to its durability. The loveseat has an java discolored wooden legs and no-tagging feet hats. It offers an appropriate froth padding and rayon fabric upholstery which makes it extremely luxurious. It has a longue spot that gives an extraordinary space for relaxing.
+9."Lansdowne 30"" Bar Stool (Set of 2)" By DarBy Home Co
+Read more about "Lansdowne 30"" Bar Stool (Set of 2)" By DarBy Home Co
+With regards to buying room furniture, leather is definitely a good option. Not only does it look good with many designs, but its extremely durable (its the ideal material for any household with children or pets) and it is extremely-easy to thoroughly clean, as well. The down-side of leather "Lansdowne 30"" Bar Stool (Set of 2)"? It may have a higher cost than material, microfiber or fake leather "Lansdowne 30"" Bar Stool (Set of 2)". This lying loveseat stays a budget-friendly choice because of one guru trick: arm to relax and relax on its high-density foam filling, and consider all the money you saved. This specific loveseat comes with an added bonus: professional set up is available in many locations of the country for an additional fee.
+10."Olive Wattrelos 29.92"" Bar Stool (Set of 2)" By Mistana
+Read more about "Olive Wattrelos 29.92"" Bar Stool (Set of 2)" By Mistana
+This established includes a one remaining equip sofa established, two armless couch models, and something part couch set. This gives enough room to support your friends and relations. The fabric is 100Percent polyester for sufficient durability and comfort. The good thing about this sofa set may be the mixing and matching of seats in the space in the room for a perfect form. As well as allows for fitted even in little rooms. It takes just light assembling.It also functions drive soft cushions for optimum comfort and ease. You may want to try this established. It works nicely.
+Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
+A colonial autocracy, New South Wales under Governor Macquarie, 1810-1821/Chapter 8
+CHAPTER VIII.
+THE EMBARRASSMENTS OF AN AUTOCRAT.
+Authorities.—Despatches, etc. (especially for years 1816-1817, and Appendix, Bigge's Reports) in Record and Colonial Offices, Sydney Gazette, 1816-1817-1818. P.P., 1819, VII.; 1822, XX.; 1823, X.
+No sooner was the question of the emancipist attorneys at rest than Bent found a fresh outlet for his spirit of opposition. This time it was against the payment of tolls on the Parramatta Road that he took his stand, and the ground was well chosen, for it opened up the whole question of the legality of the system of Government in New South Wales.
+The road ran from Sydney to Parramatta and thence to Windsor, a distance altogether of thirty-six miles. It had been built by Macquarie in the early years of his Governorship, and though executed by convict labour, had been a heavy charge upon the colonial revenue. In order to liquidate "the debt contracted to the Police Fund" by its original construction, as well as to provide from time to time for necessary repairs, Macquarie erected turnpikes and ordered tolls to be levied.[1]
+In 1810 he appointed three Road Trustees, Simeon Lord, Andrew Thompson and the Reverend Samuel Marsden. Marsden refused to act with the others, and Wentworth was appointed in his stead. Shortly afterwards Thompson died, and Macquarie made no further appointment to fill his place.[2] In March, 1811, the Governor published a Proclamation naming the rate at which the tolls were to be levied and other details of management. The Proclamation received the approval of Lord Liverpool in a despatch of 1811.[3]
+Macquarie's scheme for the administration of the road was certainly just and reasonable. It was probably very seldom that the Governor of a remote colony described with exact accuracy the working of any Government department. Approval was sought for the course which was to be pursued, and approval once obtained, the Governor felt under no obligation to report the many divergences into which practical administration might lead. Thus the three Road Trustees were reduced to two, and of these two D'Arcy Wentworth alone conducted the business. Bent stated in 1815 that Wentworth was the only trustee, and in the same year Macquarie claimed that there were three; but two, and two only, appeared in any record.[4] This uncertainty was not very important, for the only duty of the trustee or trustees was to farm the tolls to the highest bidder. This was done annually, and the sum realised paid straight into the Police Fund. All further control belonged to the Governor. It was constant matter for complaint in the Colony that the roads and bridges were neglected and repairs urgently needed; but the Road Trustees were in no way responsible, nor was any part of the Police Fund ear-marked for such purposes. The revenue benefited yearly by about £400 from the farming of the tolls, but this amount was not set aside to pay for repairs, nor was it used to repay the charge for construction, but simply went into the general fund. Thus in practice Macquarie disregarded the principles he had laid down for Lord Liverpool's approval.[5]
+To one section of the Proclamation of 1811 the Governor strictly adhered. That was the section which relieved the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, with their families and suites, from the payment of toll, since their duties required that they should from "time to time pass into the interior". He offered a similar favour to the Judge-Advocate, "rather, however, as a courtesy and acknowledgment for his having obligingly framed the Proclamation and antecedently rendered me other legal assistance and advice, than from his having any public duties to perform which could warrant such exemption." Ellis Bent refused the offer, thinking with Macquarie that his public duties as Judge-Advocate did not call for such an indulgence, and that his inclusion might be followed by demands from other magistrates for such exemption by right.[6]
+Jeffery Hart Bent had no such delicacy. In August, 1815, he decided that the exaction of toll was altogether illegal, and determined not to pay it. His absurd sense of personal dignity was outraged by the distinction drawn between himself, one of His Majesty's Judges, and the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, a distinction not to be found, he asserted, in "His Majesty's Most Gracious Charter," where equal civil rights were assigned to each.[7] He warned Macquarie of the course he intended to pursue, on the 18th August, and marched boldly to the attack, "But notwithstanding your Excellency has made so mortifying a distinction between the Lieutenant-Governor and His Majesty's Judge," he wrote, "and notwithstanding I am well aware of the illegality of the demand, and that your Excellency possesses no legal power or authority whatever to levy taxes upon the subject, I am so much alive to the advantages arising from good roads that I should have most willingly contributed my quota towards their maintenance had I not from the neglected state of the roads sustained considerable personal risque (sic) and had I not found that instead of the system general in England with respect to the turnpike roads being resorted to here, viz., the appointment of trustees for the purpose of collecting the tolls and seeing to the due appropriation of the money, on the roads, from which it was collected, and who are responsible for the good state and repair of the roads, a new and arbitrary mode has been adopted, and only one person appointed by your Excellency, whose duty seems only to be to let the tolls to farm, and who has not the slightest power to lay out anything upon the roads … and whose office … appears to me to be a mere blind for those who have not the means of personal information on this point; and had I not also found that the sums levied are carried to a general account, and no part appropriated to the repair of the road on which they were collected. …
+"Under these circumstances I feel myself justified in declining to pay a demand absolutely illegal, or to submit to a burthen from which your Excellency has relieved yourself and the Lieutenant-Governor and your respective families and suites. As I must," he concluded, "always feel great reluctance to disturb any arrangements of your Excellency, or to impede in any manner the execution of any measures adopted previous to my arrival at this Colony, I thought it proper before my determination became public to apprise your Excellency, in order that an opportunity might be afforded of removing the necessity that leads to it."[8]
+Macquarie made one of those answers in the third person which are the usual refuge of persecuted dignitaries. Without easing the situation, it inflated him with a sense of virtuous indignation and stifled any question of right and wrong. Insolent and turbulent though Bent was, he knew the ways of the law. In such matters Macquarie was at sea without chart or pilot, and he was more than a little uneasy under the judge's onslaught.
+And so he took a bold line and wrote: "The Governor has received a most insolent and disrespectful letter of this day's date from Mr. Justice Bent, full of gross misrepresentations and calumnies, which merits no other answer than his expression of contempt for the weak and ineffectual efforts of the writer to disturb the peace of the Colony and to counteract the measures of his administration".[9]
+Bent easily refuted the charges of "misrepresentation and calumny." Having once more gone over the ground covered by his previous letter, he proceeded:—
+"I may again say that such a system is contrary to that established in England by numerous Acts of Parliament in cases of turnpike roads; and that it is (to me at least) both new and arbitrary. I feel justified in the inference I drew from these facts that there is no person in England, hearing that a trustee of the roads had been appointed, but would conclude that he had the same powers and was subject to the same responsibilities as similar trustees at home, and no one could conceive that such person was a mere non-efficient, or that your Excellency (as the fact undeniably is) had the sole and entire control of the repairs of the roads and as to the expenditure of the tolls levied from them."[10]
+This was irrefutable, and Lord Bathurst would undoubtedly have taken his view.[11]
+The correspondence came to an end with a very queer letter from Bent, which illustrated his attitude towards Macquarie from the moment when he had first set foot in the territory.
+"The Judge of the Supreme Court," he began, "begs to remind Governor Macquarie that all his relations with this Colony, and his late as well as former correspondence with his Excellency, have resulted solely from his judicial station, and he had to express his sincere regret that his correspondence should have been hitherto principally confined to a resistance to Governor Macquarie's improper interference with him as judge; and a remonstrance against measures touching (in) his opinion on the Liberty of the Subject."[12]
+Macquarie expressed to Lord Bathurst the uneasiness which he would not show to Bent. It was apparently the first time that he had really faced the question of his right to lay taxes, and he was surprised at the consequences which would logically follow from Bent's doctrines. But he considered that the absurdity of the conclusion was so obvious as to discredit the premises. He described Bent's letters, and then proceeded: "… he subsequently adds that the demand of toll is illegal, as I possess no legal power or authority whatever to levy taxes upon the subject—a position which not only goes to the rendering the toils so collected illegal, but by its indefinite nature equally affects all other duties or imposts, and consequently strikes at the existence of any colonial fund whatever—for all duties on imports or exports—the sums levied upon licenses for the keeping of public houses, and all others which constitute and go to the support of that fund have been laid on by the Governors from time to time, and of course are fit subjects for this doctrine of resistance by all those who are required to pay them.
+"It is not for me to expatiate to your Lordship on the dangerous consequences of any man under a colonial Government presuming to oppose the ordinary measures of that Government, but more particularly on the extraordinary impropriety of a Law Officer of Mr. Bent's rank enlisting himself as the champion of a weak and wicked faction to impede the just measures of Government, to increase the taxes on the mother country by annihilating all those levied in the Colony itself, and to pronounce on the illegality of measures which he might possibly have to pass legal judgment upon in his own Court of Justice, were other persons to be found who would render such an appeal necessary."[13]
+Macquarie thus confused the legal aspects of the question with the personal one of respect to his authority, and whatever his opinion as to the first, let no doubts disturb the decisiveness of his action. After his declaration in August, Bent had soon commenced hostilities. On the 6th September Redman and Cullen, the proprietors of the Toll Gate at Sydney, made a complaint to Wentworth, the Superintendent of Police. From the depositions sworn by them it appeared that Bent not only refused to pay toll, but when the gates were shut against him shook them open and drove through at a gallop, making use of language natural to an angry Englishman on such an occasion.[14]
+Wentworth did not issue a summons immediately, but seeing Bent passing his office he went out to him and tried unsuccessfully to reach an amicable settlement. The summons was therefore issued and duly served.[15] Bent at once wrote pointing out that as Judge of the Supreme Court he was "by no means amenable to any criminal jurisdiction in this territory," and that he could not appear in answer to the summons.[16]
+"It seems very extraordinary," he concluded, "that such a measure should have been adopted on your own authority towards one of His Majesty's Judges, without any avowed communication with His Excellency the Governor."[17]
+The suggestion was an ugly one, but it was probably justified. The pretence on the part both of Macquarie and Wentworth that they had not consulted together, and that they had nothing to do with the action of the toll-keepers, was stultifying. It was quite unlikely that the latter would have taken up the matter without some encouragement from high quarters. Bent was not a frequent traveller, and as Macquarie pointed out with scorn, kept no carriage, but usually rode or walked.[18] Pedestrians paid no toll and equestrians only a mite of 3d. Such a loss would scarcely have been sufficient to make ignorant men like the turnpike-keepers enter of their own accord into conflict with an officer of high judicial standing.
+The case came on before the police superintendent and was heard ex-parte on the 8th September, and a fine of 40s. was imposed. This was the lowest penalty which the Proclamation of 1811 allowed. Needless to say, Bent did not think of paying it, and Wentworth took no further steps, but simply referred the conduct of the affair to the Governor.[19]
+Macquarie at once published an Order in the Gazette in which he referred to the recalcitrant judge, not by name, but as "an officer of very high rank in the Civil Service of this Colony".[20]
+The most important part of the Order ran as follows:—
+"Whilst the Governor laments that any person should be found in the Colony so wanting in public spirit, as to wish to evade contributing his mite towards the support of so useful and beneficial an establishment for the country and community at large, he cannot allow any person whatever, however high his rank may be, to break through or set at defiance the established regulations of the Colony, and he thus publicly declares that no person whatever can or shall be exempted from paying the tolls in question, excepting those few already specified in the Government Orders." The farmers of the tolls were authorised "to instruct and direct their respective toll-gate keepers to enforce the orders and regulations," and to use force and call the police to their assistance if necessary. The magistrates were enjoined to look to it that this assistance should be efficient.
+Bent of course retorted and commented at some length on the conduct of Macquarie and Wentworth. He claimed again that judges were exempt from all criminal process save for treason or felony, a statement to which Macquarie gave no direct answer. It may be observed, however, that Barron Field, Bent's successor, held that this exemption did not extend to the colonial judges, and proposed that it should be conferred by statute.[21]
+Macquarie's description of his position deeply injured Bent. "Your Excellency," he wrote, "has … considered me as an officer under your command and not as a judge holding a commission from His Majesty, and who is not bound by any instructions or by the tenor of his commission to take any orders from your Excellency, and whose commission was so given for the express purpose of rendering him independent of the Governor of this Colony."[22]
+He avoided further conflict by abstaining from any use of the turnpike road, and thus carried his point of never paying toll. The apparent victory lay with the Governor, but Bent had thrown a doubt on his power to tax, and offered to the malcontents a tenable ground of attack against the Government.
+He soon found a more efficacious and subtle manner of harassing the Governor, using as his tools the Rev. Benjamin Vale, a discontented young chaplain, and W. H. Moore, a mischievous young solicitor, one of the two who had been sent out by the Government.
+Vale had left England early in 1814 to take up the duties of assistant chaplain on the colonial staff. Like all the chaplains in New South Wales, with the exception of Marsden, he held a staff commission which placed him under "the Rules and Discipline of War". Marsden had originally held one of this kind, but when he visited England, in 1808, he persuaded Lord Castlereagh to replace it by a civil commission, fearing that the other might render him amenable to a Court-Martial. Castlereagh had denied that he could in any event be court-martialled, but yielded to Marsden's persistence, and had a new commission of a purely civil nature made out, for which Marsden had afterwards reason to be thankful.[23]
+However, Vale gave no consideration at all to the terms of his commission and suffered no misgivings. When he reached Sydney he was bitterly disappointed with the position assigned to him. Instead of having the duties of a single parish with a dwelling and glebe attached, he found that he must provide his own lodgings and be constantly moving from place to place as his assistance was required now by one and now by another of the chaplains. He had to support his wife and family on his salary of 1Os. a day without further help from the Government. Under these conditions he obtained the Governor's permission to return to England in 1816. The Governor indeed was glad enough that he should go—for the disappointed clergyman was troublesome with his constant complaints.
+Before the time came for his departure, Vale thought he saw an opportunity of recouping himself for his expenses in the Colony. On the 19th February, 1816, the Traveller, an American schooner carrying teas and other merchandise, arrived at Port Jackson bearing a clearance in proper order from Canton. She was the first American ship which had visited Sydney since the conclusion of peace, and Macquarie gave her permission to unload her cargo. He was absent from Sydney for a few days, and when he returned on the 29th February, he found that the unloading had been stopped and the schooner seized as a lawful prize under the Navigation Act by the Rev. Mr. Vale and W. H. Moore. The Governor immediately removed the "arrest or restraint which had been thus laid on the discharge of the cargo, and continued the permission of landing," which he had previously granted.[24] Moore, who acted as Vale's attorney, petitioned the Governor to appoint a Judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court, but received no answer—and so far as the Traveller was concerned the matter ended there.[25]
+Macquarie was not sure whether he had been right in allowing the schooner to enter and unload. He had followed the colonial precedent of the time before the war[26] without at the moment having any doubts at all. He had not then, at the beginning of 1816, received a despatch from the Colonial Office of December, 1815, warning him "that the trade of foreign vessels with a British Colony is directly at variance with the Navigation Laws of this country, and although this infraction of them might have been tolerated at earlier periods upon the plea of necessity, it cannot now be defended upon any such grounds." …[27] After the seizure had been made he felt uneasy and pointed out to Lord Bathurst that even if he had felt any doubts before, he had no one in the Colony to whom he could turn for advice, for he naturally shrank from appealing to J. H. Bent, and he was "debarred from reference to the statutes themselves by Mr. Bent retaining both the sets which Government had at different times assigned for the use of the Law Court".[28] He felt, however, that the precedents would go far to justify him, but as it was probable that Vale and his "abettors" would prosecute the business elsewhere," he asked for an Act of Indemnity in case he should be proved to have contravened the Navigation Act.[29]
+With regard to Vale and Moore, however, he had not a moment's hesitation. "Mr. Vale's conduct," he wrote, "and that of Mr. Moore (both officers receiving pay under the Government) being highly disrespectful, insolent and insubordinate, in making seizure of a vessel during my absence which they were fully aware had received my sanction for entry and discharge, I felt it my duty to remark so much to Mr. Vale, whom I sent for on the 27th ulto. and admonished him on the impropriety and great indelicacy of his conduct in this instance towards me as his Governor and Commander-in-Chief … instead of any expression of regret, he even attempted by argument to vindicate the measure … I ordered him into a military arrest, his commission as assistant chaplain specifically rendering him amenable to Martial Law … and ordered a Court-Martial." According to Vale, the Governor charged him with mutiny and had him marched through the town like a deserter.[30] Marsden attempted to dissuade Macquarie from bringing Vale before a Court-Martial, and told him of Castlereagh's opinion that even under staff commissioners the chaplains were not amenable to military law, but Macquarie was determined and himself drew up the charges.
+There were four charges, of which the first three differed little from one another. Vale was accused of conduct "highly subversive of all good order and discipline," of insolence, disrespect and insubordination towards the Governor and Commander-in-Chief, of "disgraceful and ungentlemanly conduct highly derogatory to his sacred character as assistant chaplain" in seizing the Traveller after "his Excellency the Governor and Commander-in-Chief … had permitted and regularly sanctioned the said schooner to be entered at this port with leave to land certain parts of her cargo". Further, his action "tended to bring odium and disrepute on the public measures of the Governor," and Vale had acted "from seditious, unworthy and sordid motives ". The fourth charge dealt with his letters to Lieutenant-Governor Molle, which were characterised as seditious and insolent. The court found him not guilty of the last charge, but guilty of the first, and of parts of the second and third,[31] and ordered him to be "publicly and severely reprimanded and admonished". The Governor, however, directed that "in consideration of his sacred character as a clergyman," he would dispense with the public reprimand, and ordered Vale to attend at Government House to have his sentence and the order upon it read to him by the Major of Brigade, and be privately admonished by his Excellency in the presence of his personal military staff and the naval officer.[32]
+As to Moore, "I have," wrote Macquarie, "deemed it necessary to mark my sense of it" (his conduct) "in such a manner as I considered his insolence merited, and for this purpose I have given directions for his salary of £300 to be discontinued to him from the Police Fund from the day of his assisting Mr. Vale … in making the seizure, and I have ordered him not to be continued on the Government stores;[33] at the same time withholding every other indulgence from him which I might, under other circumstances, have been disposed to extend to him".[34]
+These appear remarkably severe measures and much beyond the occasion. What spurred Macquarie on to such a vindictive course was certainly the fact that he knew Vale and Moore were not acting on their own initiative.
+"I have to state to your Lordship," he told Bathurst in his first despatch on the subject,[35] "that Mr. Vale and Mr. Moore on the occasion of the seizure proceeded direct from the house of Mr. Justice Bent (with the notifications of seizure ready drawn up) on board the Traveller, and I have besides much reason to apprehend that their proceedings herein were under the private advice and recommendation of that Law Officer."
+It is impossible to say to what extent Bent was responsible for their action. He admitted himself that he warned Captain Piper, the Naval Officer, "that he would do well to do nothing with regard to her" (the Traveller's) "entry without authority from the Governor,"[36] but said he had no more to do with it. In any event, after the seizure he was active in his support of both Vale and Moore. Moore, he said, who had acted only as an agent, had been more severely punished than Vale, and without any examination into his conduct having been held. As to Vale, Macquarie had acted illegally in bringing him to a Court-Martial, and Bent condemned Macquarie's behaviour to both in a letter to the Colonial Office.[37] Vale also wrote to Lord Bathurst, taking somewhat the same line as Ellis Bent had taken a few years before … "I trust if it should be decided that the colonial clergy are subject to Courts-Martial, your Lordship will, in justice to my sufferings under the unknown circumstances, order me all the allowances to which military chaplains are entitled from the earliest date of my commission, and that if it should be decided, as I trust it will, that the colonial clergy are not subject to Courts-Martial, your Lordship will order me those allowances from the time I was put under a military arrest."[38]
+While Moore and Vale both sought the sympathy of the Colonial Office, they were by no means inactive in the Colony. In June, 1816, Vale drew up a petition to the House of Commons describing the conduct of Governor Macquarie, who unfortunately chose this very moment for making the most indefensible mistake of his whole administration.
+In 1815 he had laid out the Government House Domain as pleasure gardens for the use of the public, and enclosed them with a stone wall. There were three entrances to the park, but the townsfolk, to save themselves the trouble of walking round to any one of the three, and also that they might enter unobserved, were continually breaking down the wall and climbing over. The favourite spot for this mode of entrance was a corner by a small plantation, which was the haunt of a very bad class of persons. Here they would drink and gamble or exchange stolen goods with one another, and Macquarie determined to prevent them making bad use of the Domain by continuing to enter it surreptitiously for these purposes. He issued no order on the subject, but on the 18th April he directed the chief constable to place one of his men inside the wall, who was to arrest and lodge in gaol any one attempting to climb over. The constable during the first day of his watch, the 19th April, arrested three men and two nursemaids. The latter, greatly to the indignation of their mistresses, were kept in gaol all night, but were sent home next day. But the three men were flogged in the gaol yard by warrant from the Governor before they were released. One of the three was a convict, one an emancipist, and one a free man. Not one of them had—as colonial reputations went—a bad name, and Riley, who had been many years on the Sydney Bench, could not remember any of them having been brought before him for any offence. Two days, afterwards, the emancipist Henshall, and the free man Blake, made affidavits describing their treatment, which were taken by J. H. Bent, because, by his account, no other magistrate in the Colony would dare to take them.[39]
+Macquarie's conduct was unjustifiable from the beginning. The constable had been placed by his orders not to warn but to trap offenders. Once arrested the only charge to be laid against the men was that of trespassing, and the fact of trespass should have been inquired into by a magistrate. Macquarie might, had he so desired, have conducted the inquiry himself, but he had no more power than any other magistrate to order punishment without examination on oath. The punishment of the convict was not perhaps illegal, for such summary discipline was occasionally exercised over the prisoners. But there was no such jurisdiction over Henshall and Blake, and the Governor's action had not even a suspicion of legality. The free and freed inhabitants of the Colony did not consider themselves amenable to the "same coercive measures of Government which are judged necessary for keeping the prisoners in order."[40] Those who saw the warrant before its execution were much alarmed, and Wentworth had serious thoughts of suppressing it. The gaoler was in a quandary, afraid to obey and afraid to disobey the order.[41] The latter fear was the most pressing and he obeyed.
+The news of what had happened spread quickly over the town, and whenever a group of people gathered together it was the subject of discussion. "The inhabitants of all ranks," said Riley, "were surprised and alarmed; until that moment the humblest freemen in the Colony had considered their persons safe under the Government of General Macquarie; it was an unguarded measure, condemned and lamented by his best friends; and from the knowledge I conceive I have of Governor Macquarie I think he must himself have regretted that he gave the order.[42]
+Bent did his best to foment the excitement, and it is a remarkable testimony to Macquarie's essential uprightness of character and to the respect with which, in spite of all his faults, the colonists regarded him, that no rioting or disorder resulted. But the incident created a great deal of uneasiness, which did not die out so long as the Government remained in the hands of one man. No reference to the matter was ever made in official despatches, and when Macquarie did later defend his action, his arguments were wholly irrelevant to the point at issue. He had given way to irritation, acted precipitately, and the only way to retrieve himself was by not repeating the mistake and hoping that it might be forgotten.[43]
+A little later another rather unfortunate incident occurred. Some years earlier, in 1813, two lieutenants of the 73rd Regiment had been tried for the murder of a man "in the lower ranks of life" in the streets of Sydney. The Criminal Court, in the face of much conflicting evidence, found them guilty of manslaughter only, fined them 1s. each, and ordered them to be confined for six months in the Parramatta gaol. Macquarie thought the verdict too lenient and the sentence too light. He published a lengthy Order of Reprimand and reported the matter fully to the Commander-in-Chief.[44] In due time the 73rd was relieved by the 48th and sent to Ceylon, and while there the two officers were dismissed the service in accordance with orders from the Commander-in-Chief. In May, 1816, one of them returned to Sydney in order to marry. Macquarie ordered him to return by the ship on which he had come. This did not leave time to put up the banns and the Governor refused the young man a license. Bent took up the cause of the bridegroom and wrote two letters to Macquarie, calling in question his right to keep any British subject from coming into the Colony and also his right to refuse a marriage license.[45] The Governor in reply "wished Mr. Bent had spared himself the trouble of writing them; as his unsolicited opinions can in no way alter the resolution of Governor Macquarie in the case alluded to in those letters".[46] The young man had to return unmarried, and whether or no the lady followed him is not recorded.
+Both these incidents were included in the petition. The document was first drawn up by Vale and submitted to Bent. Bent characterised it as a "miminy-piminy thing, not half severe enough," and wrote one out himself. To this draft Vale made a few additions and brought it to be engrossed on parchment by a certain emancipated clerk.[47] It was then deposited in Moore's office and all who came by were invited in to sign it.
+Vale left, taking the petition with him, in June, 1816, and just before his departure Macquarie, thinking perhaps to conciliate him, gave him a grant of land. But when he learnt more exactly what were the contents of the petition, he withdrew the grant.[48]
+"This memorial," wrote Macquarie to Lord Bathurst in April, 1817, "was sent from hence for England in June last … which I was aware of at the time, but not being so fully informed of its object as I have become since, I did not feel it necessary to make your Lordship any communication at that time in regard to it.
+"Since that time a copy of the memorial having been privately taken by a person who had frequent and unsuspected access to it, it had come to light that the signatures of several persons had been put to the memorial without their having any knowledge whatever of the circumstances, and some of these people … finding their names had been affixed to it and justly dreading my displeasure, have come forward and disclaimed on oath their ever having authorised any one else to sign for them the paper in question, and at the same time reprobated the false and malevolent assertions contained in it. As soon as it was discovered that I meant to withhold grants of land and other indulgences from any persons then about to receive such, whom I should find had been concerned in the business of the memorial, some persons getting alarmed immediately set about exculpating themselves. And it is an extraordinary fact that Mr. Solicitor Moore had the audacity to address a letter to me, in behalf of his brother (to whom I had promised a grant of land, but had cancelled it, on finding his name was affixed to the memorial), declaring that he had himself put his brother's name to the memorial without his privity or consent, at a time his brother was in the country and unacquainted with its contents."[49]
+In November, 1816, both the Moores had written to the Colonial Office complaining of their wrongs, the younger one because he had lost his land, the elder because he had lost land and salary. To the former the Colonial Office replied that the Governor had been directed to issue his grant and to the latter that his salary would be paid, together with its arrears. But his conduct had not met with approval, and he was warned that if any more complaints were made of his behaviour he would be dismissed.
+To Macquarie, Lord Bathurst wrote that he had not been justified in withdrawing Moore's salary, and then dealt severely with his treatment of Vale. "It was not without considerable surprise," he wrote, "that I learnt your determination of bringing him to a Court-Martial upon the charges which you ultimately preferred against him. Admitting that it was matter of doubt whether Mr. Vale's appointment might not be considered so far a Military Commission of Chaplain to His Majesty's Forces as to bring him within the Provisions of the Mutiny Act, yet had you proceeded with that consideration which would have but befitted the occasion, and referred as it behove you to the Act under which you claimed the authority so to try him, you would have seen that Military Chaplains can only be brought to trial for the offences specified in the 4th and 5th Articles of the first Section of the Articles of War, and that those offences are either absence from duty, drunkenness, or scandalous and vicious behaviour derogatory from the sacred character with which a chaplain is invested. That Mr. Vale was guilty of any such offence cannot be pretended, it is not even imputed in the charges that there was any vice or turpitude reflecting on his moral character in the act which he had committed, and the decision of the court still further negatives any such supposition. The whole of your proceedings against him were consequently illegal, and it is therefore utterly out of my power to give them any sanction or approbation; and although I feel that Mr. Vale's conduct was in many points of view extremely reprehensible and should willingly have interfered with a view to its correction, yet I have now only to lament that you should in a moment of irritation have been betrayed into an act which at the same time as it exposes you personally to considerable risk, cannot fail to diminish your influence among the more respectable part of the community, who justly look upon the law as the only true foundation of authority."[50]
+Macquarie's reply was a double-barrelled one. On the 24th November, 1817, he warmly defended the Court-Martial and refused to authorise the payment of Moore's salary, and on the 1st December, 1817, he tendered his resignation. He wrote: "Finding with deep regret that certain measures of mine, alluded to in your Lordship's Public Despatches bearing dates 24th January,[51] 6th February,[52] 22nd April[53] and 15th July[54] last, have been disapproved and incurred your Lordship's displeasure; and that from the tone and manner of conveying sentiments of disapprobation and censure, I have had the misfortune to lose that confidence which your Lordship has hitherto been kindly pleased to repose in me; I could not with any satisfaction to myself, nor consistently with my own feelings of propriety and sense of public duty, any longer wish to retain the high and important office I had so long had the honour to hold as Governor-in-Chief of this Colony; the arduous duties of which I had every reason to hope and believe I had discharged with credit to myself and advantage to the public service.
+"I therefore most respectfully request your Lordship will do me the favour to tender my resignation … for the gracious acceptance of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent; humbly and dutifully submitting to His Royal Highness that he may be graciously pleased to nominate another Governor to relieve me—and that I shall remain here until the arrival of my successor, or at least until I am honoured with your Lordship's commands after the receipt of this."[55]
+His defence in Vale's case was not lacking in confidence. "… however much I esteem and respect your Lordship's superior judgment, good feelings and high station, and however much I may consider myself bound to submit to your Lordship's authority and opinions, I trust that on a further review and consideration of my conduct in this instance it will not be deemed presumption, in a case where my public authority, character and feelings as a man are so deeply involved, if I take the liberty to dissent from the conclusions your Lordship has been pleased to draw from my conduct in regard to Mr. Vale; for I cannot at all admit that it has been either illegal or unjust, whilst on the contrary, I feel the consciousness of having treated him with much more lenity than his mutinous, seditious conduct deserved.
+"If, however, it should appear hereafter that I have acted illegally towards Mr. Vale, I am aware of the high responsibility I have incurred thereby, as also of the personal risk such illegal conduct exposes me to, as intimated by your Lordship, and with all deference to your Lordship I must add that I cannot possibly subscribe to the inference drawn from my conduct towards Mr. Vale, that it has the effect of 'diminishing my influence among the more respectable part of the community in this Colony,' for I believe there is not one … who did not highly disapprove and execrate the mutinous, seditious and insolent conduct pursued towards me by that depraved, hypocritical, unprincipled man."[56] He proceeded "with great submission to your Lordship's superior judgment," to state that his charges against Vale were fully warranted by the Articles of War, for Vale's conduct in seizing the American vessel in the capacity of the meanest excise officer was not only "insolent … but also derogatory to the sacred character with which he was invested as chaplain and consequently scandalous and vicious … your Lordship has mistaken my motives in supposing that in my conduct to Mr. Vale, I acted under the influence of sentiments of irritation or passion. … I have been bred in the school of subordination too long not to respect it; and your Lordship must be fully aware how necessary it is to support it, in a distant Colony like this, and composed of such discordant materials; assured at the same time that your Lordship would not wish to see me degraded by tamely submitting to the subversion of my authority as Governor-in-Chief of this Colony, either by Mr. Vale or any other seditious unprincipled person."
+Turning then to Moore he continued: "It is with sentiments of real concern that I feel myself compelled, from a sense of public justice and the respect due to my own high station in this Colony, to decline being in any way instrumental to the reinstating Mr. William Henry Moore in the appointment he held in the Colony as solicitor. This man has acted in a most daring and insulting manner, in direct opposition and open violence to my authority, in being one of those who seized the American schooner. … This Act is of too much importance (connected as it certainly was with the seditious and violent cabal headed by Mr. Justice Bent and some other disaffected persons then here) to the respectability of the Government, and stands in too prominent a point of view in regard to the future tranquillity of this Colony, to be passed over unpunished.
+"At the distance at which your Lordship is placed, and the number of subjects which press on your consideration, I cannot but think that this matter has not met with that attention which its importance merited, as it regarded me or this Government in whatever hands it may be placed.
+"My mind and time are exclusively bestowed here. I have no object but the upright fulfilment of my duty towards my Sovereign, and I am not without hope that your Lordship will approve of my acting according to what I consider my duty, although in this instance I am thereby deprived of the pleasure of paying that implicit obedience to your Lordship's commands which has at all times been my wish, and which but in this solitary case I have always had the satisfaction of doing.
+"In regard to the grant of land promised to Mr. Moore, I have very good and strong reasons for declining to confirm it. Subsequent to his first mutinous conduct … he has set on foot a petition to the House of Commons. … I fully expected your Lordship would have sent me a list of the names of the persons who signed this false and slanderous petition, in order to enable me to prosecute them here for a libel, which I could easily have proved it to be. All those persons whom I knew had signed it I struck off the list of names for whom lands had been previously designed. Mr. Moore and his brother being the most culpable of all … their names were struck off the list as a matter of course."
+He went on to state with perfect lucidity the whole duty as he understood it of a military governor.
+"It would," he wrote, "be a very different line of conduct from that I have pursued from the period I had the honour to enter His Majesty's service, were I not to restrain and put down mutiny and disaffection wherever detected, and I should think I had neglected to do so, were I to be in any way instrumental in bestowing favours on persons who have set themselves up, in open defiance of the legal authorities of this Colony, and who have exerted themselves so earnestly to contaminate the minds of others to the disturbance of the public peace and violation of all decency of conduct."[57]
+Macquarie's despatch of April, 1817,[58] which had prepared Lord Bathurst for this refusal to pay Moore's salary, had been answered on the 12th May, 1818, before the despatch, from which the quotations above have been made, had reached England. Moore's conduct in affixing signatures to the petition without the knowledge of the persons whose signatures they were was severely reprobated, and Lord Bathurst would have acquiesced in Macquarie's attitude towards him "had it not been for the information conveyed in the letters … enclosed in your Despatch, which while they afford the strongest proof of Mr. Moore's misconduct, develop a proceeding on your part which calls equally for my most serious animadversion.
+"It appears that you have had no hesitation in considering the signature of a Petition to the House of Commons as an Act of Sedition, and as deserving such punishment as it was in your power to apply; and that you have, in two cases stated, made it the ground for withholding indulgences to individuals which it was previously your intention to bestow. It is my duty to apprise you that in thus attempting to interfere with the right which all His Majesty's subjects possess of addressing their petitions upon every subject to the House of Commons, by making the exercise of that right prejudicial to their interests, you have been guilty of a most serious offence.
+"In signifying to you, therefore, His Royal Highness the Prince Regent's entire disapprobation of your conduct in having so acted with respect to some of the petitioners to whom your despatches refer, I have only to caution you most strongly against any proceeding in future which can have a tendency to check the Right of Petitioning either House of Parliament, as such conduct on your part cannot fail to call forth from His Royal Highness the strongest marks of displeasure."[59]
+Angry though he felt on the receipt of this letter, Macquarie gave orders for the payment of Moore's salary, and in 1820 he offered him a grant of 1,000 acres.[60] He acted too precipitately in reinstating him, for Bathurst, after reading Macquarie's despatch of November, 1817, decided that Moore should be dismissed. What chiefly influenced him was Moore's untruthfulness in trying to save his brother's grant by telling Macquarie that he had signed the brother's name to the petition without his knowledge—a statement utterly without foundation. As affairs had been settled before this despatch[61] reached Sydney, Moore retained his position. Macquarie was completely puzzled by the censures he had drawn upon himself. "If, my Lord, I had prevented, or even thrown any obstruction in the way of any of His Majesty's subjects under my Government addressing the House of Commons on any subject whatever, I am aware I should have merited the royal censure and displeasure which your Lordship has conveyed to me; but when I feel that my conduct has not only on this, but on every other occasion, exhibited the reverse of such arbitrary and unconstitutional exercise of power, I am at a loss for language sufficiently strong to give adequate expression to the regret I feel in the consideration that either my former communication should not have been sufficiently explicit, or that it should have induced His Royal Highness and your Lordship to conceive that I meant to prevent or restrain the general right of British subjects to address Parliament on any real or imagined grievance whatever."[62] This despatch was certainly written with perfectly serious intentions, and Macquarie was honestly unaware that in allowing Vale to take the petition home with him he was not doing all that could be required of him.
+He understood just as little the position of Lord Bathurst in regard to Vale. The Secretary of State wrote: "Upon a point of this nature I of course deferred to the opinion of those who are the law servants of Crown, but finding their opinion to be that the trial of Mr. Vale by Court-Martial upon the charges preferred against him was altogether contrary to law, it was impossible for me not to pronounce your conduct … illegal. I am sure you cannot but admit that the presumable guilt of any individual affords no justification for adopting towards him any course of proceeding other than what the law prescribes; and I feel confident that you will allow also that violations of the laws, whatever be their object, can never add strength to a Government or increase its influence."[63] All Macquarie could reply was that "it having been the unceasing study of a long life, spent in the service of my country in every quarter of the globe, to conform myself in every particular to its establishments, founded as they are in wisdom and matured by the experience of ages, I am unable to express the mortification I suffer at this time, from finding myself liable to be shaken in the good opinion of my Sovereign, by the imputation of a conduct which I reprobate on every ground of right and of political expediency".[64]
+Macquarie's resignation was not immediately accepted, nor was the letter in which he tendered the resignation answered until another year had passed. The Secretary of State apparently expected that it would be withdrawn, and thought it the result of merely temporary irritation. That this was not the case appeared later, and the resignation was finally accepted and Macquarie's successor appointed in 1820.[65]
+It is thus clear that while Macquarie brought about Bent's dismissal. Bent succeeded in revenging himself to a considerable extent. Even after Vale had left the Colony, Bent continued to harass the Governor in many small ways. Finally, at the beginning of December, 1816, he attempted to reopen the Supreme Court and ordered Riley and Broughton to attend at the court-house for that purpose. Riley was the only one of the two in Sydney, and he did not attend. To prevent Bent from taking any steps to enforce his attendance, Macquarie inserted a notice in the Gazette on the 10th of December releasing the two magistrates from further duty in the Supreme Court.[66]
+Bent at once wrote to Macquarie that on reference to the letters-patent for the establishment of the court he found that the Governor had "no power of discharging from that duty, … the only mode by which they can be relieved … being the appointment of new members in their stead. A discharge of the members without the appointment of others would be a virtual dissolution of the court; and were any Governor entrusted with such authority it would be in his pleasure to postpone or prevent the trial of any actions which might be disagreeable to him and materially to injure persons obnoxious to him, by the expenses consequent thereupon. … Should your Excellency persist in the right of discharge, and refuse to nominate other members, I shall leave to your Excellency the responsibility attending such an extraordinary attempt at an avoidance of His Majesty's Charter; satisfied with the full confirmation of my opinion, that while such extravagant notions of authority and such measures of arbitrary tendency characterise the administration of this Colony, it would be impossible to give effect to the present establishment of the Courts of Justice, except by an utter dereliction of every sound principle of English Law, an adoption of maxims suited only to a military despotism, and a servile submission to the views and wishes of your Excellency."[67]
+Bent's successor had not yet arrived, but Judge-Advocate Wylde was already in Sydney. Macquarie, at the end of all patience, appealed to Wylde and asked him to draw up an order suspending Bent and enforcing his recall. A copy of the Order was at once sent to Bent, who returned the packet unopened. It was then published in the Sydney Gazette of the 14th December, 1816.
+The Order quoted the despatch from Lord Bathurst in which Bent's recall had been announced, and went on to describe his recent actions in issuing "certain process, directing the Provost-Marshal … to summon Alexander Riley, Esq., to attend at his chambers, as a member of the said Supreme Court; and further, that the said Jeffery Hart Bent, Esq., since and after a public notification that the members of the said Supreme Court were discharged from all further duty in that respect, has also presumed … to issue other process, directing the Coroner of this territory to attach and have the body of William Gore, Esq., the Provost-Marshal … before the Supreme Court.
+"His Excellency the Governor, in consideration of the circumstances of the authorities with which he is invested, and of the positive directions of His Majesty's Government, … can no longer feel himself justified in forbearing to notify and put in force the commands of His Royal Highness and His Majesty's Ministers with regard to the removal of the said Jeffery Hart Bent, Esq., as Judge of the Supreme Court in and Magistrate of this territory. And His Excellency the Governor does hereby accordingly declare order and make known that the said Jeffery Hart Bent, Esq., is positively and absolutely removed from the said appointment, and has no authority or jurisdiction whatever in this territory or its dependencies with regard to or by virtue of the same."[68]
+Bent protested against his removal and also against the publication of the Order without communication with him, which under the circumstances was sheer insolence. He claimed that his authority could not be legally "determined till the arrival of a new judge," or by his exercise "of that liberty which has been given me of returning whenever it may suit my convenience".[69]
+There was, however, not the least doubt that the Governor was acting within his rights, and his justification was quite complete. Bent had of course to acquiesce in his dismissal, and he left the Colony a few months later. His last argument with the Government took place over some detainers lodged against him, and in regard to these Bent was victorious.[70] In the course of the correspondence he took the opportunity in a letter to the Governor's Secretary of thus contrasting his own and Macquarie's tempers.
+"I regret," he wrote, "that I have now before me but too many convincing proofs under Governor Macquarie's hand, that in respect to acrimony of language, I have been more sinned against than sinning; I heartily agree that difference of opinion need not excite a spirit of hostility, and if his Excellency Governor Macquarie had felt the force of his own observation, he would never have authorised the latter paragraph of your communication, a paragraph which might be returned with double force upon himself, and which it would have been more becoming to have omitted. Our local rank places but a shade of distinction between us, and I have yet to learn what decorum of language ought to be adopted by me in correspondence with any Governor of New South Wales which I am not (even as a private individual) entitled to have observed towards me in return, and I will further add that whatever may be my irritability of temper it has never led me into acts either of illegality or oppression."[71]
+- ↑ See D. 1., 20th February, 1816, R.O., MS. for history of the road.
+- ↑ See before, Chapter III.
+- ↑ D., 22nd November, 1811. H.R., VII.
+- ↑ See D. 1, 20th February, 1816, and Enclosure, Bent to M., 25th August, 1851. R.O., MS. Bent said that in the "General Almanac, published by authority and submitted to your Excellency's inspection "there was only one Trustee named.
+- ↑ See Wentworth's Evidence, Appendix, Bigge's Reports, R.O., MS. for duties of a Road Trustee.
+- ↑ D. 1, 20th February, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent to M., 18th August, 1815. Enclosure to D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent to M., 18th August, 1815. Enclosure, D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ M. to Bent, 18th August, 1816. Enclosure. D. 1. 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent to M., 25th August, 1815. Enclosure, D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ See D., 23rd November, 1812, from Lord Bathurst. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent to M., 28th August, 1815. Enclosure, D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Macquarie, D. 1, 20th February, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Enclosure, D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Wentworth to M., 9th September, 1815. Enclosure, D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent to Wentworth, 8th September, 1815. Enclosure, D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Ibid.
+- ↑ D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Wentworth to Governor above.
+- ↑ G.G.O., 9th September, 1815.
+- ↑ Field to Bigge, Appendix to Bigge's Reports. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent to M., 20th October, 1816. Enclosure, D. 1, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Marsden to Wilberforce, 20th May, 1818. Private Papers of William Wilberforce. Macquarie once told Marsden that under the old commission he would have brought him before a Court-Martial and tried him for sedition. See also Evidence of Marsden, Appendix, Bigge's Report. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. 4, 8th March, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Moore's Evidence, Appendix, Bigge's Reports. R.O., MS. There was no Vice-Admiralty Judge in the period between Bent's death and Wylde's arrival.
+- ↑ Before this time forty-two ships under American colours had entered and been cleared out. Enclosure to D. 4, 8th March, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. 60, 11th December, 1815. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent did not give them up until October, 1816. See correspondence on subject. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ The Colonial Office took no steps in the matter, evidently considering the entry of one American ship of very little importance.
+- ↑ Vale to Bathurst, 22nd March, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Enclosure to D. 9, 23rd March, 1816. R.O., MS. Vale was declared not guilty of insolence and not guilty of disgraceful and ungentlemanly conduct.
+- ↑ D. 9, 23rd March, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ He had received rations for himself as a member of the civil staff.
+- ↑ D. 4, 8th March, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. 4, 8th March. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Evidence before C. on G., 1819, and letter to Lord Bathurst, 11th March, 1816. R.O., MS. His evidence on this subject is very confused.
+- ↑ Letter, 11th March, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Vale to Bathurst, 22nd March, 1816. R.O., MS. See Chapter III., Bent to C.O., 1814.
+- ↑ Evidence, C. on G., 1819. Bent did not know if the men had asked any other magistrate to take their affidavits. Probably he asked them to make them.
+- ↑ Riley, C. on G., 1819.
+- ↑ Wentworth's Evidence, Appendix, Bigge's Reports. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Riley, C. on G., 1819.
+- ↑ See his defence in letter to Lord Bathurst published in 1822. Bent persuaded Blake to go to England, and in 1819 prepared a petition which was presented to Parliament on Blake's behalf. See Chapter IX. It is rather strange that the measures taken by Macquarie which reflected such great discredit on him were at the same time quite ineffective. On 6th July, 1816, he published an Order threatening the "most summary and exemplary" punishment for those who injured the wall, etc., of the Government Domain.
+- ↑ In the course of this Order he forbade any officer to go about the town out of uniform.
+- ↑ Macquarie sent one other man out of the Colony, an Irish Roman Catholic priest, whose coming had not been sanctioned by the head of his Church in England. Such a power was exercised also by the Governor at the Cape of Good Hope. It was assumed that a Governor could prevent any one who did not bring special authority from the Secretary of State from settling in a Colony. See Campbell's Evidence, Appendix, Bigge's Reports. R.O., MS. Macquarie frequently interfered to prevent marriages. In one case he refused to allow a marriage on the ground that the woman was too old for the man. The couple therefore lived together unmarried. See Vale to C.O., 16th April, 1818. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent to C.O. with enclosures, 12th June, 1816. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ This man wrote a letter to Macquarie in 1821 giving this account of the petition. See letter, 29th January, 1821. Appendix, Bigge's Reports. R.O., MS. There is no copy of the petition to be found, and its contents can only be discovered by indirect means. Jones, in 1819, said the bulk of the contents were true, some things perhaps incorrectly stated and some a little exaggerated. See his Evidence, C. on G. The sort of document may be easily imagined—a basis of fact distorted by the anxiety of two aggrieved men to impute bad motives and see each deed in an evil light.
+- ↑ Vale to C.O., 16th April, 1818. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. 14, 3rd April, 1817. R.O., MS. The sworn statement of Samuel Terry (an enclosure to this despatch) is rather curious. Moore was his solicitor and Terry saw the petition in his office but refused to sign it. "Mr. Moore," he said, "this is a very improper paper … and I am satisfied if his Excellency the Governor was to know this paper lay at your house he would send his dragoon both for you and it."
+- ↑ D. 86, 6th February, 1817. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. of 24th January, asked Macquarie to make full inquiries into some complaints made in Bayly's letter, especially into the treatment of female convicts. See Chapter X.
+- ↑ D., 6th February, 1817, dealt with the case of Vale.
+- ↑ D., 22nd April, 1817, dealt with the case of Moore.
+- ↑ D., 15th July, 1817, dealt with the case of T. Moore, whose land had been taken from him because he had signed the petition. All are in C.O., MS.
+- ↑ D., 1st December, 1817. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ i.e., Vale.
+- ↑ D. 31, 24th November, 1817. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ See above, D. 14, 3rd April, 1817. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D., 12th May, 1818. C.O., MS. In that year two assistant chaplains were sent to New South Wales, but the words "according to the Rules and Discipline of War" were omitted from their commissions. See C.O., 1818.
+- ↑ Evidence, Appendix, Bigge's Reports. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. 14, 26th July, 1818. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. 1, 1st March, 1819. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. 14, 26th July, 1818. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D. 1, 1st March, 1819. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ D., 15th July, 1820. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ See S.G., 10th December, 1816.
+- ↑ Bent to Macquarie, 10th December, 1816. Enclosure to D. 12, 3rd April, 1817. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ G.G.O., 14th December, 1816. There is a great deal more of the Order, which is written in very involved and redundant language, as all Wylde's Orders were. It was not only inserted in the Gazette but also placarded about the town. See Bent's letter below.
+- ↑ See his Evidence, C. on G., 1819. This liberty had been given in the letter recalling him.
+- ↑ Bent to Macquarie, 25th December, 1816. Enclosure to D. 12, 1817. R.O., MS.
+- ↑ Bent to Campbell, enclosure, D. 12, 3rd April, 1817. R.0., MS.
+Jaisubash Jayakumar: Lecturer, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town
+Sumayah Salie: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town
+Bongani Baloyi: Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Walter Sisulu University
+Lauren Petersen: Technical, Administrative & Research Assistant to Research Chair: Oceans Economy, Research, Technology Innovation & Partnerships, Cape Peninsula University of Technology
+Kasturi Behari-Leak: Senior Lecturer and LTHE Course Convenor, Centre for Higher Education and Development (CHED), University of Cape Town. This has undoubtedly affected each course and its curriculum, pedagogy and assessment. As part of initiating RET, institutions disseminated surveys to assess students’ access to electronic devices, mobile data and internet access, including the number of possible hours a day a student could study online. Most of these surveys seem to have neglected key factors that we think are crucial for a holistic and meaningful teaching and learning experience. These include pedagogical, infrastructural, biological (physical and emotional) and psycho-social alignment in a context of Socio-Economic Status (SES).
+Thus, while most of the interventions at institutions have been geared towards student’s access to technology, important as this is, we think that similar attention needs to be paid to other concerns such as the dimensions of diversity and difference that prevail in our (online) classrooms. These dimensions, we are aware, have a danger of essentialising our students and reducing them to categories of inequality. We believe however that in a country such as South Africa, these dimensions are really important markers that seriously affect our students’ wellbeing and their (in)ability to participate fully in the RET mode.
+As academic-students on a post-graduate diploma in Higher Education Studies at UCT, namely the “Learning and Teaching in Higher Education” course, we had to design an online teaching event in the time of COVID-19. We had to reflect on who we and our students are and use this knowledge to design teaching in socially aware ways. We were tasked to use a framework that identifies the dimensions of difference (language, race, class, gender, disability etc) in our teaching contexts. Being aware of Difference in ways that do not collapse or celebrate it, enables us to teach in meaningful, socially conscious ways. We would like to share our reflections here to amplify the question about the ethics and integrity needed as part of our role in taking care of our students as we pivot to online platforms and embrace a remote teaching mode. Our fear is that ‘remote’ might further estrange those students who already feel alienated and marginalised in our face-to-face classes.
+Extra effort is therefore needed now to mediate social exclusion by using a pedagogy that is socially aware, inclusive and cognisant of how epistemic and social domains interact and interplay in the online mode; a mode that can mask aspects such as these. Our ‘presence’ in RET is needed more than ever to ensure that all voices are heard, all perspectives are shared and that no-one is left behind in the online mode.
+We have discussed this robustly on the LTHE course and assert that by focusing on who our students are, we are able to better shape teaching by using socially aware pedagogies to make sure that students are not invisible and silent when we engage, asynchronously. We are fearful that if we don’t, the new RET mode will exacerbate the already unlevel playing fields in HE and we will all have to face the consequences and impact further down the line. This has implications for our students now, students still entering university and the future of our country. While academics and course convenors are busy with upskilling to online teaching now, we caution that we also need to pay attention to the critical aspects of teaching (online or any mode) that can easily decrease in importance when compared to the supposedly more important thrust to learn the technical skills needed to teach online.
+We share the section of our teaching design assignments here that focus on us understanding who is in our classes, to show the complexity involved in teaching in a diverse context such as ours. We invite you to reflect on who is in your (online) class and how might that knowledge assist you in teaching in socially conscious ways.
+Jaisubash Jayakumar
+I am Jaisubash Jayakumar, a Lecturer in Medical Education at the University of Cape Town (UCT). My key teaching area is immunology and my ardent areas of research include undergraduate medical education and technology enhanced learning. I have obtained the following two qualifications from UCT: a PhD in Clinical Sciences and Immunology and a Post Graduate Diploma in Educational Technology. I am currently registered for an MEd in Higher Education Studies.
+My classroom is certainly a pluralistic space with the dimensions of diversity unfolding both on individual and social levels. The dimensions of difference include physical, home/accommodation, disciplinary preparedness, cognitive, linguistic and socio-cultural domains. Within the physical dimension, in terms of age, most of my students are within the 20-22 age group, with a few exceptions being above that age bracket. In terms of disability, there are a few students with learning challenges. Geographically, the majority of my students come from various provinces within South Africa, including rural and urban settings, with a few of them from SADC countries. During term, my students stay in residences, digs, and both private and family homes. In terms of disciplinary preparedness, they have all passed the first year MBChB courses.
+When it comes to Bourdieu’s Cultural capital, there is a spectrum of academic skills, capabilities and language proficiencies manifested in my classroom due to the inequitable schooling systems that prevail. Major barriers exist regarding access to good educational infrastructure and opportunities. In the cognitive dimension, the learning orientations of my students are also quite diverse with some that tap into the perception dimension as sensing and intuitive learners; others prefer a process dimension as active and reflective learners. My classroom also encompasses students who are visual and verbal learners who rely on input while others adopt an understanding dimension, making them sequential and global learners. My students construct their knowledge based on their cultural history, social context, language, their current educational context with their peers along with a great influence of society. Thus, my students enter Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development through both a social and cognitive process in a social constructivist learning environment with their peers in conjunction with the facilitation of the educators. In applying Cummin’s iceberg theory to the linguistic dimension, my students seem to have acquired context embedded basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) through their everyday informal interactions but still seem to grapple with context-reduced cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) due to their cultural capital. There is certainly a vast divide between my students due to their primary discourses being so diverse and the influence of them on their secondary discourses.
+The socio-cultural dimension includes race, gender, class or socio-economic status (SES), and religion. My classroom is multi-racial with predominantly black African students, in alignment with the demographics of South Africa. Gender wise, most of my students self-identify as cis males and cis females along with other minority groups. Most of them still seem to be in the process of establishing their identities as unique beings in terms of gender and sexual orientation. My classroom incorporates students from high, middle and low SES and they embrace different religions, the predominant ones are Christianity and Islam, with a few of them practising Judaism and Hinduism.
+Sumayah Salie
+I am a South African Muslim mom and a postdoctoral research fellow in the Division of Immunology at the University of Cape Town. I facilitate in the Human Biology course’s Supported Problem-Based Learning (PBL) for first year medical (MBChB) students. This is my third year of facilitation and I really enjoy the interactions with students and being able to develop my teaching skills.
+My students are mostly 17-19-year olds, except for 2 students who are in their twenties (one male and one female) as they have already completed an undergraduate degree. The more mature students are very aware of their presence in the PBL space and try not to dominate the conversations but allow other students time to formulate a response and then answer. This helps to balance the power that these students have in terms of maturity and having a better understanding of university life. One could argue that they have more cultural capital than the other group members, but during the PBL sessions, when knowledge is being constructed, all the students seem to be working on equal footing. The more mature students even seek reassurance from the other group members.
+Three students are male, and seven students are female. Of the three males, one is white and Afrikaans, one is Indian and the other is black. The latter student was born in the global North, spent his childhood in various countries in Africa and returned to South Africa toward the end of high school. The females are from various ethnicities (Indian, Xhosa, Sotho, Zulu, coloured Afrikaans and white). The gender balance in my group is not equal but I am grateful that we at least have more than one male voice, as some groups are all female. As mentioned above, there a good mix of ethnicities in the group which has already contributed to great discussions on the challenges and joys of growing up in a diverse context. This is similar to what my student will find with their patients, so it is important for me to work with this rather than ignore it. We have also had challenging heteronormative discussions based on students bringing in lenses from their various positionalities.
+None of my students has any physical or educational disabilities that I am aware of; nor are they originally from Cape Town. The students either live in residence or in digs. Thus far, all students have displayed the same level of disciplinary preparedness for the course. Cultural capital, however, (in terms of university preparedness within the group) varies considerably, from those who are pursuing their second undergraduate degree to those who are first in their family to attend university. This means that I have to use different strategies when i teach to bridge the gaps. Religion and class are more difficult to discuss, as we have not touched on those areas during any of our meetings thus far. I have to be aware that this might be a blind spot for the class. Everyone in our group seems to have a good command of the English language, barring 2 of the females (one whose first language is Afrikaans and the other has either Xhosa or Zulu as her first language). In terms of cognitive ways of learning, there is a mixture of those favouring the constructive alignment approach and those leaning toward social constructivism. This latter comment is based on observations I made during past sessions. When scribing the sessions, I always encourage the students to either ask for feedback or if they feel they have a useful suggestion, to volunteer it. This gives a glimpse into how they individually build knowledge. Overall, we are a relatively diverse group (academic and students) but we are working together well. My students seem very keen to build knowledge together! I have to help them to do exactly that.
+Bongani Baloyi
+I am Bongani Baloyi, a Lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering at Walter Sisulu University, East London Campus. My primary teaching and research interest areas are Hydraulics, Structural Analysis and Engineering Education in higher education. I am an associate member of the South African Institute of Civil Engineering (SAICE) and Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA). I am a Candidate Civil Engineering Technologist of Engineering Council of South Africa.
+The class I teach has 58 students, 20 females and 38 males, all of whom come from the Eastern Cape. In this cohort there is 1 coloured student and 57 black students. All the students are the recipients of National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) funding; one of the qualifying criteria for NSFAS is that students’ household income must be less than R350 000 per annum. This tells me that most students come from poor families. This has a huge impact on their learning. Most students also come from rural areas and attended schools in the villages. Due to challenges facing rural schools, the students arrive at WSU under prepared to study Engineering. The minimum requirement to be accepted to study a National Diploma in Civil Engineering is English Level 3 (40-49%), Mathematics Level 4 (50-59 %) and Physical Science (50-59 %). Engineering is the application of science and math to solve problems and it requires students to have in-depth knowledge of Mathematics and Physical Science. In terms of the application requirements, many students lack adequate required knowledge. I have to approach my classes with this in mind and fill in the gaps where I can. Sometimes they are unable to interpret the questions because they do not understand English. Language is therefore a huge stumbling block for them and my class.
+There are no students with disabilities; most students are aged between 17 to 21 years; with a few older students who were working in the industry and decided to come back to finish their qualification. The older students who come from the industry tend to struggle more because they lack basic scientific skills, though they have working experience. Their knowledge is valuable nonetheless. Almost all these students stay at the university residence which is conducive to study as it has a study area, Wi-Fi, a study table and other resources that help the process of learning. My students learn in different ways though. Some learn through imagery and spatial understanding; others learn through listening and sound and yet others learn through hands-on and tactile interaction. I have to make sure that I consider this in the RET mode. Some students have a dominant learning orientation or a mix of many styles. I advise my students to identify and understand how they learn because that is very useful for me to assist them to learn in contact teaching, but this is going to be highly different and difficult for me to work with in the online mode.
+Lauren Petersen
+I am a 35-year-old coloured female student. I live with family in what would be termed the edge of the Cape Flats or in what we term a ‘coloured community’ and have done so all my life. As a child, I attended government primary and secondary institutions attended by mostly coloured learners and I am one of the first in my family to graduate and hold a university qualification. I have obtained the following qualifications: B.Soc Sci (UCT); BA Hons Psy (UNISA); and a DTE – PGDip in Tertiary Ed (UNISA).
+I am a guest lecturer to a part-time National Qualifications Framework (NQF/N) 6 level course, hosted at a Technical and Vocational Educational and Training (TVET) institution. There is a total of 16 students, 8 of whom would be classified as black and the remaining 8 as coloured students. Thirteen students are female with the remaining three, males. The students all reside in Cape Town suburbs with some working full time in low-level income positions and others unemployed. Only 1 student indicated that she is already in possession of an N6 qualification and therefore possibly more familiar with the Discourse of a TVET context, in comparison to the other students who indicated that this would be their first full qualification at any tertiary institution. This is therefore ‘high stakes’ for them and I have to see if this motivates them more.
+The host lecturer uses scaffolding as a practice, as the students are in their final year of the overall course. This is something I must do as well. The course is taught in English and most of the students speak English as a second or third language. This highlights to me that language is an additional possible stumbling block in moving to an online teaching platform and one that I need to be aware of in my teaching preparation. Pre COVID-19, lecture time was shortened for each lesson because these students come from low-income households and more than half of them makes use of public transport to travel home. This shows how complex their situation is and I need to be aware of silences and possible non-participation in class as there might be other reasons for this. Most of the students appear to have similar primary and secondary discourses and so relate quite well to each other which is something I must strengthen and build on.
+————————————————————————————————————————-
+Our reflections above as academic-LTHE students have unveiled some of the hyper-visible and invisible complexities in our students’ lives which might make inclusivity and accounting for the diversities difficult when teaching online. As South Africa is already a dual economy with one of the highest inequality rates in the world, this abrupt precipitous migration to remote teaching will unquestionably add fuel to the fire by widening the economic divide. This will also create additional psycho-social distress for our students (and us), especially for those from non-elite backgrounds.
+In sharing our reflections above, we are also cognisant that what is required of each of us in the RET mode might be far more demanding and time consuming than if our students were right in front of us in fully present ways. We think however that if we are to make gains on the maxim, ‘pedagogy before technology’, we need to embrace three levels of Presence in the online mode, already written about by Greg Krull (2020) in the HELTASA space (), that will help us to be reflexive and socially conscious when we design teaching for RET. These are:
+- Teacherly Presence
+- Cognitive Presence
+- Social Presence
+These three levels of presence, and there may be more, remind us of the importance of showing up for our students in ways that support their presence too. Since remote teaching and learning is quite a new arena for most staff and students in HE institutions in SA, it becomes critical to establish holistic mechanisms to overcome some of these challenges. Pedagogical misalignment, lack of resources and skills and a less than conducive environment for RET need to be addressed as a matter of urgency and as an activism for socially aware teaching, as we prepare our students to successfully navigate the online space.
+References:
+Dragan Gasevic (2020) COVID-19: The steep learning curve for online education. Monash University accessed 27 April 2020.
+LTHE 2020; Assignment 2: Designing teaching for learning in the time of COVID-19
+Thank you very much for these insightful reflections which reminded us that we have to know our students holistically in order to support their learning optimally in an online or remote learning context. Unpacking these dimensions of learning is a useful guide to gauge whether we have a solid understanding of the kinds of support our students might need and whether our teaching and learning practices are aligned accordingly.
+Hi Anthea Adams, thank you so much for reading our reflections. I am delighted to read about your validation regarding our emphasis on a holistic understanding of our students to effectively teach in an online/remote mode. I absolutely agree with you on the need for a context specific unpacking of these dimensions to effectively deliver an online curriculum. All the very best!
+REGULAMIN SKLEPU INTERNETOWEGO RAY-BAN OPTIQUE.PL
+GENERAL PROVISIONS
+The following Terms and Conditions (further referred to as ‘The Terms and Conditions’) defines the rights and duties of the parties, the rules of using the Shop, the principles and manners of entering into the contract, placing orders in the Shop, delivering ordered goods, the principles of payment of the price and other charges, Customer’s entitlement to cancel the order and withdraw from the contract, limiting of the right to withdraw resulting from the Art. 38 of the Consumer Rights Act, the results of such withdrawal from the contract, the procedure of handling claims, responsibility of the Shop for the quality of the services, the content of the guarantee and/or aftersales services.
+Based on the Art. 8 (1) paragraph 1 of the Electronic Services Act of 18th July 2002 (Journal of Law from 2002, No 144 pos. 1204 with later changes) as well as Art. 9 and next of the 30th May 2014 Act on Customer Rights (Journal of Law from 2014, pos. 827 with later changes) the Terms and Conditions are made available free of charge via the Shop, the above mentioned assures possibility to get acquainted with its contents before signing the contract.
+The owner, administrator and entity running the shop is Glaser Group Sp. z o.o. with official legal site in Warsaw, Plac Trzech Krzyży 18, (00-499) Warszawa, enlisted in the Commercial Register of Entrepreneurs supervised by the Regional Court for the capital city of Warsaw, XII Department of Economy of the National Court Register – found at the following number: KRS 0000475410, with the share capital of 1.010.000 PLN paid in full, NIP 7010393453, REGON 146854128 (further referred to as “the Seller”).
+Contacting the Shop – via email: info@optique.pl, by phone: +48 8888 00000; by regular post: Plac Trzech Krzyży 18, (00-499) Warszawa.
+Definitions:
+The Shop – the online shop Optique.pl operating at the address is operated by the Seller who sells goods via the internet;
+Working days – all days of the week from Monday to Friday, except for public holidays;
+Time of completion of the order – time in which the Shop will process the order and hand it over to the courier covering the method of delivery as chosen by the Customer;
+Customer – a natural person having full or limited legal capacity, legal entity or an organizational unit without legal entity status or a Consumer – purchasing shopping online in the Shop and being in possession of a customer account;
+Consumer – a natural person mentioned in the Art. 22 of the Civil Code, carrying out a legal act with the Seller in the Shop, an act which is not directly connected with his or her professional or economic activity;
+Customer Account – an administrating tool in the Shop, which is made available to a specified Customer in an authorised way (with the use of a login and a password) as an account in the Shop, with whose help the Customer can use Shop within the scope and based on the rules defined in the Terms and Conditions, especially the Customer can place orders, shop for goods and pay for them in the Shop, monitor the status of the order, review the history of transactions;
+Password – an individual set of characters defined by the Customer during the process of registration in the Shop or later, which enables the Customer to access his or her Customer Account;
+Login – a unique set of characters given by the Customer during registration in the Shop, used at the moment of logging in to the Customer Account, which unambiguously identifies the Customer;
+Traditional money transfer – a payment method used by the Customer via an internet bank account physically at a bank or at a post office;
+Electronic money transfer – a payment method used by the Customer via an internet bank account with the use of electronic payment system (online);
+Direct costs of returning of the goods – standard costs of an economy shipment of a specific weight with a national delivery operator, e.g. Poczta Polska S.A.;
+Civil Code – the Civil Code Act of 23 April 1964 (Journal of Law from 2014, pos. 121 with changes);
+Consumer Rights Act – the Consumer Rights Act of 30th May 2014 (Journal of Law from 2014, pos. 827);
+Electronic Services Act – the Electronic Services Act of 18th July 2002 (Journal of Law from 2013, pos. 1422 with changes).
+PLACING AND PROCESSING ORDERS
+The shop runs the sale of goods and services via the internet. The information about its goods and services is shown on the website optique.pl
+The Shop does not charge any fees for registration and setting up a Customer Account or for viewing the offer of the Shop;
+The internet access may involve obligatory charges on the part of the provider of this service.
+The Customer accepts that customer service in the Shop is carried out with the use of a computerised data system enabling personal data processing, which is mentioned in the Terms and Conditions, via a computerised data network, in accordance with the wording of the Electronic Services Act of 18th July 2002 (Journal of Law from 2002, No 144, pos. 1204 with later changes).
+In order to use the Shop the Customer must meet the condition of getting acquainted with the Terms and Conditions and accepting their provisions.
+In order to set up a Customer Account, the Customer should be registered at the Shop website, which is available at the address. Registration takes place by filling in the registration form. The Customer fills in the registration form only once setting individual specific Login and Password. After completing the registration in the Shop, each instance of logging in to the Customer’s Account is done with the use of the data submitted in the registration form.
+It is banned for the Customer to provide content of illegal character. In case when the Shop receives an official notification or a reliable information about an illegal character of stored data supplied by the Customer, the Shop may block access to such data. By the act of filling in the registration form the Customer confirms the truthfulness of data submitted therein.
+The Shop sells and delivers merchandise that is free of defects, solely in the packaging intended by the manufacturer. The merchandise ordered by the Customer is brand new and has the manufacturer’s or distributor’s guarantee.
+Orders are taken by the Shop 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. The Shop processes orders on working days. Orders placed on non-working days will be processed on the first working day following the day on which the order was placed.
+In order for the Customer to buy goods in the Shop he or she must have an active email account.
+The Customer places an order in the Shop by filling in an order form. To place an order the Customer is supposed to:
+select ordered goods or services,
+select the means of delivery from among the ones that are available and provide delivery address and the address that is supposed to be included in the invoice,
+select the option of payment from among the ones that are available in the Shop.
+Information about the goods is considered to be an invitation to enter into an agreement in the meaning of Art. 71 of the Civil Code. Customer places an offer of entering into a purchasing agreement for goods or services with the Shop by sending the order to the Shop. Each payment completed by the Customer – except for the payment made at the moment of delivery of the order – is deemed to be a prepayment for the order until the moment of sending the confirmation of accepting the order for processing by the Shop. As a result of placement of an order by the Customer, the Shop sends the Customer a specification of the order placed by the Customer along with the number of the order to the email address supplied by the Customer. The specification which is mentioned in the previous sentence does not constitute confirmation of accepting the order for processing.
+The confirmation of accepting the order for processing will be sent to the email address supplied by the Customer and will constitute a declaration of accepting the above-mentioned offer immediately after verification of availability of the goods by the Shop.
+Confirmation of all crucial elements of the order follows its placement by an email sent from the Shop to the Customer which will constitute acceptance of the order for processing. At this moment the purchasing agreement between the Shop and the Customer is deemed to be entered into by both parties. The parcel containing ordered goods will include a relevant bill or a VAT invoice.
+The Customer is informed about the status of the order in the Customer Account.
+The order will be completed providing that the goods are available for sale. In case of inability to realise the order the Shop will immediately notify the Customer of that fact. The notification along with the information about the rights the Customer is entitled to, especially the right to withdraw from the agreement that the Customer being a Consumer is entitled to, will be sent to the email address supplied by the Customer in the order form. In case of completion of the payment by the Customer, which is referred to in the previous sentence, the Shop will return the paid monies.
+In case of unavailability of the ordered goods, the Customer is informed about the status of the order and he or she makes the decision about the manner in which it will be further processed. The Customer is presented with the following options: prolongation of waiting time – Customer’s choice if this option results in completing the order in a prolonged time, after acceptance of the date of availability of the goods, or withdrawal from the agreement – cancellation of the order in its full scope.
+In case of lack of possibility to partially realise the order the Customer is informed about the status of the order and will make a decision about the manner of its further processing. The Customer is presented with the following options: partial completion – Customer’s choice of this option results in completion of the order only in respect to the available items, or withdrawal from the agreement - cancellation of the order in full scope. If the Customer already paid for the ordered goods, the Shop will return the monies according to the procedure described in the section Reimbursement of Customer resources.
+Promotion sale and Sales consist of limited number of goods. Processing of orders is carried out pursuant to the order of their reception until the stocks covered with the special form of sale in the Shop are exhausted.
+To secure transactions the Shop reserves to right to contact the Customer by phone or by email to confirm the order.
+In case of doubts as for the contacting data, especially lack of address in the generally available address databases, an incorrect post code, etc. the Seller will contact the Customer by phone or by email in order to verify the data.
+The shop completes only orders placed over the internet.
+CHANGES IN ORDERS
+Customers may introduce changes in their orders or cancel their orders at any moment before the Shop accepts them for processing. Current updated status of the order is available after logging in to the Customer Account. Introducing changes is possible only via the Customer Account or the Contact form on the Shop’s website.
+Neither changes in the order nor its cancellation can be executed over the phone.
+PRICES OF GOODS
+All prices of goods published in the Shop, stated in Polish zlotys, include VAT tax and do not include delivery costs.
+The price given at each item in the Shop is deemed binding at the moment of placing an order by the Customer.
+Prices in the Shop are not subject to negotiation.
+Delivery costs of the ordered goods by the Customer are presented in the order form after the method of delivery is selected but before placement of the order, as well as the total sum for all purchased goods or services.
+The Shop reserves the right to change the prices of the goods found in the Shop’s offer; the right to introduce new and remove chosen goods from the Shop’s offer; the right to change the delivery costs, the right to run and cancel promotion campaigns, sales, or introducing changes in them according to applicable regulations. The above-mentioned authorisation does not influence the prices of goods in orders placed before the date of the introduced change in prices, the effective date of changes in the conditions of promotional campaigns or the date of a sale.
+Promotional campaigns in the Shop are not subject to aggregation, unless the respective regulation says otherwise.
+Each Consumer’s purchase is supplemented with a cash register receipt or with a VAT invoice at his or her request. Each purchase carried out by other Clients is supplemented with a VAT invoice.
+TIME OF ORDER PROCESSING,
+LIMITATIONS IN DELIVERIES OF GOODS
+Maximum time of delivery of purchased goods is 14 working days. Delivery is carried out to the address indicated by the Customer.
+In case when merchandise is available in the Shop, the order placed till 3 pm will be processed by the Shop within one working day from the moment of conclusion of the purchasing agreement. Whereas the order placed by the Customer after 3 pm will be processed within two working days, subject to limitations included in points 3 and 4 below.
+Merchandise is shipped to the Customer only on working days.
+With orders paid for by a regular or electronic money transfer the merchandise is shipped to the Customer after entry of the monies in the Shop’s account. The above-mentioned provision does not apply to orders with cash on delivery option.
+The Shop carries out deliveries only within Poland and to the EU countries.
+In case of orders with delivery in Poland that were paid for by a traditional or electronic money transfer, delivery costs are covered by the Customer. The Seller covers costs of a regular shipment in case of transactions whose amount exceeds 200 PLN.
+Regular delivery is carried out by Poczta Polska or another delivery company. In case when the Customer withdraws from the agreement, the Seller returns the costs of a regular delivery incurred by the Customer. However, the Customer covers the direct costs of return of the goods.
+For orders with deliveries to other EU countries or orders with cash on delivery payment option delivered in Poland, the delivery costs will be included on the cash register receipt or on the invoice according to the information available in the order form and in the delivery option.
+Orders shipped to EU countries may be carried out only by Poczta Polska or a delivery company.
+Delivery cost is always displayed during the process of filling in of the order form before placement of the order.
+Examination of the state of the parcel and description of the character of breach or damage of the packaging done in the presence of a delivery person or employee of Poczta Polska, including completing a damage protocol, will facilitate processing the complaint.
+METHODS OF PAYMENT, INITIATING THE PROCESSING
+OF THE ORDER
+The Customer may select the following methods of payment for purchased goods with delivery in Poland:
+cash on delivery – realisation of the order is initiated after completing the process of placing of the order;
+traditional money transfer – after entry of the payment into the Shop’s bank account;
+electronic money transfer, debit card or credit card payment in one of the systems of payments accepted by the Shop (Dotpay) – order processing is initiated after Shop’s reception of confirmation of a correct payment operation from the payment operator;
+payment in instalments via the crediting and instalment system of Santander Consumer Bank with legal site in Wroclaw, ul. Strzegomska 42c, 53-611 Wroclaw (eRaty of Santander Consumer Bank) – processing of the order is initiated after completion of the order placement process.
+Orders with delivery outside Poland may be paid for solely with a payment card in one of the electronic payment systems accepted by the Shop (Dotpay) – order processing is initiated after Shop’s reception of confirmation of a correct payment operation from the payment operator.
+With some goods the Shop reserves the right to exclude some methods of payment for the order, of which the Customer will be notified on the product site.
+Selection of a relevant method of payment takes place during filling in of the order form.
+The Shop reserves the right to exclude the cash on delivery payment method in case of Customers who will not pick up two consecutive orders paid for with cash on delivery.
+Information for bank transfers: Glaser Group Sp. z o.o., PL. Trzech Krzyży 18, 00-499 Warszawa, Bank Handlowy w Warszawie S.A. numer rachunku 75 1030 0019 0109 8503 0006 1876.
+CONDITIONS OF ELECTRONICALLY PROVIDED SERVICES
+Placing orders via the internet is possible providing that Customer’s computer system meets the following minimum technical requirements:
+active internet connection allowing for a two-way communication via HTTPS protocol,
+correctly installed internet browser supporting the HTML 5 standard as well as the cascading style sheet technology (CSS3), e.g. Internet Explorer version 9.0 or newer, Mozilla Firefox version 7.0 or newer, Google Chrome version 10.0 or newer, Opera version 10.0 or newer,
+turned on Java Script support as well as cookie support (usually in browsers switched on by default),
+an active email address,
+The Shop sends emails to the Customers who are Consumers, as described in these Terms and Conditions, which constitute digital content in the meaning of the regulations of the Consumer Rights Act, solely for the purpose of correct realisation of the Shop’s services.
+PROCESSING OF CUSTOMER DATA
+Customer data submitted by Users in places destined for that purpose will be processed by the Seller who acts as their administrator according to the regulations of the law and privacy policy available at the Shop’s internet site optique.pl/Polityka-prywatnosci-cabout-pl-146.html
+COMPLAINTS AND GUARANTEE
+Each item purchased from the Shop is issued with the producer’s, importer’s, or Seller’s guarantee, which is valid in Poland or EU. All information pertaining to the guarantor, guarantee period, guarantor’s responsibility conditions is indicated in a written guarantee document attached to the merchandise as well as in the content of the description of the merchandise on the Shop’s website.
+Due to the said guarantee the Customer may demand a free of charge repair or exchange of the purchased goods for goods free of defects.
+In case of a Customer who is not deemed a Consumer, the Shop’s liability under warranty is excluded based on Art. 558 § 1 of the Civil Code.
+In case of noticing incompatibility between the merchandise and the purchasing agreement, the Customer who is a Consumer has the right to submit a complaint with the Shop. This right is valid within 2 (two) years from the date of delivery of the merchandise, provided that the Shop is notified of such incompatibility within 1 year from its detection. In this case the Consumer should send the goods to the Seller’s address. The goods need to be supplemented with the purchasing document and the Seller needs to be presented with the Consumer’s identification data, reasons for the complaint as well as the manner of handling of the complaint in which the Consumer is interested. For that purpose one needs to use the ready-made complaint form which is available for downloading in the tab complaints on the Shop’s website.
+In case of detecting a defect of the purchased goods, in order to initiate the complaint procedure, the Customer should contact the Shop at email address info@optique.pl immediately after detecting the defect and act according to the provisions of the Terms and Conditions as well as the instructions given by the Seller in the section COMPLAINTS to which he or she will have access after logging in to the Customer Account.
+The Seller is not responsible for defects resulting from normal use of the merchandise (product), its part or material from which it was made.
+The Customer has the obligation to check the goods for compatibility with the order and for possible defects that may occur during transportation. In case when the merchandise is incompatible with the order, incomplete or defective, the Customer should refuse to accept it and at the same time he or she should draw up a complaint protocol. As a part of the delivery contract (according to the regulations of the Act of 15th November 1984 the Transportation Law, Journal of Law from 1984, No 53, pos. 272 with changes), drawing up a complaint constitutes a basis for processing Customer’s complaint, as for damages occurring during delivery transportation. Such protocol should include a detailed description of the damage or discovered shortcomings, identification of the delivery agent, number of the order as well as the date and time of delivery of the goods.
+The Customer who is not a Consumer is obligated to notify the Shop of discovered defects of merchandise within 24 hours. After delivering the faulty goods to the Shop and confirming validity of the refusal of accepting of the merchandise by the Customer, the Shop processes the complaint according to the procedure.
+The defective goods being subject to a complaint should be sent back to the Shop’s address, i.e. Glaser Group Sp. z o.o., Plac Trzech Krzyży 18, 00-499 Warszawa (POLSKA). The goods need to be supplemented with the purchasing document.
+The Seller will not accept goods subject to complaints sent by Customers with cash on delivery method.
+Complaints are processed within 14 days from the day of delivery of the damaged goods to the Seller. The goods returned due to filing a complaint should be clean, otherwise the Seller is entitled to charge a fee for cleaning the goods according to the service pricelist. The Seller’s confirmation of accepting the goods to be processed due to filing a complaint by the Customer is a written confirmation of such acceptance by the Seller or a confirmation of reception of delivery by the Seller.
+If the complaint is accepted, the damaged goods will be repaired or replaced by another, full value. If this is not possible (e. g. due to depletion of stock), the Store shall refund to the Consumer the amount of the goods to the GIFT CARD - Optique Gift Card or consult with the Consumer in order to determine the details of the Consumer's selection of a product that can be ordered in a similar price range.
+Costs associated with the return of the goods complained about (direct costs of return) are reimbursed by the Store after a positive response to the complaint of the Consumer.
+The time to repair or wait for a new defect-free product can be extended up to a maximum of three months.
+After handling the complaint, the merchandise will be given to the Customer or to the person who is authorised by the Customer to receive it, or it will be sent back to the Customer’s address. Failing to pick up the merchandise from a stationary shop, in case of Customer’s declaration to personally pick up the merchandise subject to complaint, or returning the parcel with the merchandise back to the Seller, due to failing to pick it up by the Customer within six months from the date of processing of the complaint, according to the Art. 180 of the Civil Code, in connection to the Art. 60 of the Civil Code, the Seller will understand this as an act of will on the Customer’s part to get rid of the merchandise, which results in deeming the merchandise as abandoned.
+The Seller is not obligated to use out-of-court consumer settlements in the meaning of the Act of 23 September 2016 about out-of-court consumer settlements (Journal of Law, pos. 1823). The Seller is not subject to jurisdiction of any authorised entity in the meaning of the above-mentioned act.
+The Seller declares that he refuses to participate in the out-of-court proceedings for consumer dispute settlements in the meaning of the Act of 23 September 2016 about the out-of-court consumer dispute settlements (Journal of Law, pos. 1823).
+THE RIGHT TO WITHDRAW FROM THE AGREEMENT
+The Customer is entitled to submit a declaration of withdrawal from the remotely concluded agreement at any moment before the Seller accepts his or her offer, i.e. during its placement. In such case the agreement is considered not concluded.
+The Customer proceeding with purchases in the Shop, who entered into a remotely concluded agreement may withdraw from it without stating any reasons, by submitting a corresponding declaration within fourteen days (14 days). The period of withdrawing from the agreement expires after fourteen days (14 days) from the day when he or she came into possession the goods or when a third party, other than the delivery agent and one that was pointed out by the Customer, came into possession of the goods. In order to keep this term, it is enough to send the declaration before its expiry. The specimen of the form of such declaration of withdrawal from the agreement is available on the website. To keep the period sending such declaration before the term’s expiry is enough.
+The Customer may use one of the following ways to withdraw from the agreement:
+sending a written declaration of the withdrawal from the agreement to the following mailing address: Glaser Group Sp. z o.o., Plac Trzech Krzyży 18, 00-499 Warszawa (POLSKA),
+sending a withdrawal from the agreement to the email address: info@optique.pl.
+The Shop sends the Customer a confirmation of reception of a declaration of withdrawal from the agreement immediately after its reception.
+The Seller returns all payments made by the Customer (including the costs of delivery/shipping to the Customer) within fourteen days (14 days) from reception of the declaration of withdrawal from the agreement. Direct costs of return of merchandise are borne by the Customer.
+In case when the Customer selected a means of delivery of goods which is different from a standard one, the Seller is not obligated to return the extra costs incurred in this way, which exceed direct costs of return of the goods.
+The Seller carries out the return of the payment with the use of the same method of payment which was used by the Customer, unless the Customer expressly agrees for the use of another method for returning of the monies, one that does not incur for him or her any additional costs.
+The Seller may suspend the return of payments received from the Customer until the moment of receiving the returned goods or until delivery of the proof of sending the goods back, depending on which event takes place earlier.
+The Customer is obligated to return the goods back to the Seller immediately, however not later than fourteen days (14 days) from the day in which he or she withdrew from the agreement and send it to the following address: Glaser Group Sp. z o.o., Plac Trzech Krzyży 18, 00-499 Warszawa (POLSKA). To keep this term, it is enough to send the goods before its expiry.
+The Customer carries the responsibility for decreasing the value of the merchandise resulting from its use in a manner exceeding a bare minimum required to asses the character, features and functionality of the goods.
+The Seller does not accept parcels with the goods subject to complaints sent by cash on delivery method.
+Customer’s right to withdraw from the agreement does not apply in case when:
+the object of business is an item quickly degrading or with a short expiration date;
+the object of business is an item delivered in a sealed package which when opened cannot be returned due to health protection or hygienic reasons, if the container was opened after it had been delivered;
+the object of business are items which due to their character are inseparably connected with other items;
+the object of business are audio or video recordings, or computer software delivered in sealed packaging, when the container was opened after delivery;
+the product is a digital content which is not saved on a material carrier, if fulfilling of the business was initiated on a direct agreement of the Consumer before the period of withdrawal from the agreement and after being notified by the entrepreneur of losing the right to withdraw from the agreement.
+Clarifications pertaining to Customer’s right to withdraw from the agreement:
+You have the right to withdraw from this agreement within 14 days without giving any reasons.
+The period of withdrawing from the agreement expires after 14 days from the day when you came into possession of the goods or a third party appointed by you, other than the delivery agent, came into possession of the goods (delivery date).
+To use your right to withdraw from the agreement you must notify Glaser Group Sp. z o.o., Plac Trzech Krzyży 18, 00-499 Warszawa (POLSKA), email: info@optique.pl about your decision of withdrawing from the contract by way of an unequivocal declaration of your will (e.g. a letter sent by post or by email).
+In order to place a declaration of will of withdrawing from the agreement you can use the sample declaration of withdrawal available on the Shop website, however it is not necessary to use this form. You can also fill in and send the withdrawal form by electronic mail to the address info@optique.pl. If you use this option, we will send you a confirmation of reception of information of your withdrawal immediately; in case when the declaration of withdrawal is send electronically – it will be sent to the sender’s address; in other cases it will be sent in writing to your address.
+To keep the period of withdrawal from the agreement it is enough if you send information pertaining to executing your right to withdraw from agreement before the expiry date of the period of withdrawal from agreement.
+We turn your attention to the fact that according to the Art. 38 of the Act of 30 May 2014 on the Consumer’s Rights, due to health protection and for hygienic reasons the right to withdraw from the agreement will not apply in case of opening a sealed packaging of contact lenses or liquids.
+14. Clarifications pertaining to the effects of the Customer’s right to withdraw from agreement:
+In case of withdrawing from this agreement we immediately return to you all payments received from you, including delivery costs of the goods; in each case not later than 14 days from the day when we were notified about execution of your right to withdraw from this agreement. We are going to return the payment with the use of the same method which was used by you in the original transaction. You are not charged any costs in connection to this return.
+The Seller may suspend the return of payments until the moment of receiving the returned goods or until we are provided with a proof of sending the goods back, depending on which event takes place earlier.
+Please send or deliver the item to us without any delay and in each instance not later than 14 days from the day when you informed us about the withdrawal from this agreement.
+This period is considered as kept if you send us the item before the expiry of the period of 14 days. You will have to cover the direct costs of return of the purchased items.
+You are responsible only for diminishing of the value of the items resulting from using them in a different manner than it was necessary in order to evaluate their character, features and functionality.
+RETURN OF RECEIVABLES TO CUSTOMERS
+Without prejudice to some provisions of the Consumer Rights Act in event of some circumstances obligating the Shop to return the receivables paid by the Customer to the Shop, such return takes place not later than within 14 days.
+If the Customer made the payment with a credit or debit card, or with an electronic money transfer, return of the receivables is carried out to the same card or bank account which was used for original payment (return of payment using the same method). In case of payment by a traditional money transfer, payment by cash on delivery or when for reasons independent of the Shop identification of the bank account used to complete transaction is impossible (no possibility to return the receivables with the same method of payment), the return will be made to the Customer’s Account in the Shop, of which the Customer will be notified by email, and next with a prior agreement from the Customer, and solely based on his or her decision it will be transferred to the Customer’s bank account. Such order is directed to the Shop via the Contact Form in the section covering bank account number. The Shop reserves the right to verify the identity of the Customer who places such order for return of the receivables in case when some doubts concerning Customer’s identity arise.
+The Shop does not bear any responsibility for the failure in completing the return or its delay if it is a result of providing incorrect personal data by the Customer (name, surname, address).
+In case when realsation of the order turns out to be impossible, the Shop informs the Customer of such situation by sending an email to the Customer’s address supplied during registration in the Shop. In case when the Customer paid for the order, the Shop will make a return of the paid resources to the bank account specified by the Customer according to the principles described in the section Return of Receivables to Customers.
+The Shop does not bear any responsibility for failure in the delivery of the email with information referring to realisation of orders if the above is brought about by causes on Customers part.
+In case of cancellation of the order (withdrawal from agreement) already paid for by the Customer, the Shop will pay the money back to the bank account specified by the Customer, according to the rules described in the section Return of Receivables to Customers.
+FINAL RESOLUTIONS
+The sales agreement is concluded by the Customer and the Seller.
+Goods which are presented on the Shop’s webpages do not constitute an offer in the meaning of the Civil Code.
+The Seller does not bear responsibility towards third parties for defects, especially, the indirect ones or secondary ones occurring during the usage of the purchased goods (products).
+Responsibility for the defects caused by incorrect functioning of the goods (products) used according to the user manual is limited to the provisions of the guarantee described by the manufacturer, importer, distributor or some other entity issuing the guarantee.
+The Seller does not bear any responsibility for email servers being blocked by their administrators, for sending messages to an email address specified by the Customer as well as for removing and blocking email messages by software installed on the computer used by the Customer.
+The Seller does not bear responsibility for errors in handling Customer’s orders or in their other requests occurring as a result of providing incorrect data by the Customer.
+All photos and trademarks used by the Shop are used solely to inform about the goods (products) and they remain the property of persons who own their copyrights.
+The Customer is obligated to refrain from any activity which might negatively impact correct functioning of the Shop, especially intervening in its content and its technical elements, including supplying content of illegal character.
+The Seller does not bear responsibility for interferences and breaks in functioning of the Shop whose cause is the act of God, unlawful activity of third parties or as an effect of incompatibility of the Shop with Customer’s technical infrastructure.
+The Seller reserves the right to introduce changes to these Terms and Conditions. Any change in the Terms and Conditions enters into force at the moment of publishing in the Shop’s website, unless another date of entry info force is expressly stated. Orders placed before the date of introducing of changes to the Terms and Conditions will be processed based on the provisions of the Terms and Conditions in force at the day of placing of an order by the Customer.
+The Terms and Conditions are available on the Shop’s website in the form that allows them to be saved in Customer’s computer systems. The content of the Terms and Conditions may be saved by the Customer by printing, saving it on an electronic medium or downloading it at any moment from the Shop’s website where it is found at the address:
+The content of agreement between the Seller and the Customer constitutes the content of the order placed by the Customer, which is complemented by the provisions of the Terms and Conditions.
+Polish Law will be considered to be the appropriate legal system for the agreement entered into by the Customer and the Seller, whose object are the services provided by the Seller or the sale of goods based on conditions stipulated in the Terms and Conditions. All disputes resulting from services offered by the Seller will be handled by the relevant Polish Courts. The user who is also a Consumer has the possibility to use the out-of-court manner of settling of possible disputes, complaints and pursuing their claims before the Permanent Consumer Arbitration Court at the Provincial Inspector of the Commercial Inspection in Warsaw. Information on the manner of accessing the above-mentioned manner and the procedures of settling disputes are found at the following address:, in the tab „Rozstrzyganie sporów konsumenckich”. The User being a Consumer has also the possibility to use the EU internet platform ODR available at the website address:.
+In all matters unsettled by these Terms and Conditions other regulations of the Polish Law will apply and especially the Civil Code, Acts on Consumer Rights and the regulations of the Electronic Services Act.
+These Terms and Conditions are in effect since the day of their publishing on the Shop’s website, i.e. since 23.05.2018.
+Chemist 4 U has a wide range of remedies available with free delivery over £30 Phenergan 25 mg tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) 25 mg as a single dose*. Customer Support. Phone: 1-800-748-7001. Carefully follow your doctor's instructions when giving this medicine to a child of any age. It is water-soluble, promethazine 25 mg dosage meaning it dissolves in water – and leftover amounts of the vitamin leave the body through the urine. Do not take extra medicine to What Happens If I Overdose? The usual adult oral dose of promethazine hydrochloride is 25 mg before retiring; if necessary, however, 12. 5. Your doctor may occasionally change your What Happens If I Miss A Dose? Wikipedia. The administration of promethazine HCl in 25-mg doses will control minor transfusion reactions of an allergic nature Promethazine 25mg tablet san side effects. Promethazine Oral tablet 25mg Drug Medication Dosage information. Promethazine Promethazine (Phenergan) 25 mg Prices, Discount Comparisons & Savings Options Promethazine (Phenergan) 25 mg discount prices range from per pill or unit. It may also be used for sedating people who are agitated or anxious. Although additional doses are usually not required, the manufacturers state that 25- to 50-mg doses of promethazine may be. Status: Resolved Answers: 2 Promethazine - Wikipedia. Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important information for you Oct 25, 2018 · DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION. Im/AvGm7 . Promethazine can cause severe breathing problems or death in very young child How Should I Take Promethazine? This eMedTV resource explains how dosing with promethazine works for the treatment of other conditions, such as motion sickness or nausea and vomiting Phenergan Oral tablet 25mg Drug Medication Dosage information. It may help with some symptoms associated with the common cold. Visit cvs. Com/promethazine/what-is PROMETHAZINE is an antihistamine. If you contact our Customer Support by one of the methods below, we will be able to assist you in locating the product you are looking for. Promethazine 25mg is used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting due to motion sickness. 5 mg taken three times daily will usually suffice. A guy i know i selling one 25 mg pill on the street for $5 a pill. Promethazine …. 7 people have reviewed this drug 4. 5 mg may be administered before meals and on retiring. These include allergies, motion sickness, nausea and vomiting, anxiety before surgery, and pain after surgery. Is this a fair price on the street. Buy Promethazine 25mg tablets, generic of Phenergan 25mg Tablets. Uk/emc/product/5588/pil Phenergan 25 mg Tablets. The standard recommended dosage for treating allergies is Phenergan 25 mg (in tablet, rectal suppository, or syrup form) before bedtime. It is used to treat allergic reactions and to treat or prevent nausea and vomiting from illness or motion sickness. Children 2 years of age and older may receive a single bedtime dose of up to 25 mg or up to 12. Brand: FDA-Approved Generic Price: $9 Phenergan 25 mg tablets - Patient Information Leaflet (PIL. The lowest GoodRx price for the most common version of promethazine is around $6. If you're taking liquid promethazine, follow the instructions that come with the medicine for how much to take. Promethazine Hydrochloride Tablets USP, 25 mg are scored, round, white tablets imprinted DAN DAN and 5307 supplied in: bottles of 10 – NDC # 42549-543-10 bottles of 20 – NDC # 42549-543-20 bottles of 30 – NDC # 42549-543-30 Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure Oct 25, 2016 · Single 25-mg doses at bedtime or 6. Promethazine should not be used in children younger than 2 years because it may cause serious (possibly fatal) slow/shallow breathing. S. When using this medication in children 2 years and older, the lowest effective dosage should be used, and other drugs that affect breathing should be avoided. It is also used to treat allergy symptoms such as rash, itching, and runny nose Mylan manufactures PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE Tablets, USP (Phenergan ) in strengths of 25 mg. Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. If not what is a fair price. Phone 0845 372 7101 for help. Do NOT use a concentration > 25 mg/ml intravenously because of the risk of serious tissue injury Promethazine should not be used in children with liver disease (such as long-acting tablets/capsules) are not recommended for use in children younger than 12 years. Org. If you're taking promethazine tablets, your dose depends on why you're taking it: short-term insomnia - you'll usually take 20 to 50mg at night. Take promethazine exactly as prescribed by your doctor. 5 mg taken three times daily will usually suffice. The administration of promethazine HCl in 25-mg doses will control minor transfusion reactions of an allergic nature Promethazine oral tablet is a prescription drug used to treat several conditions. Cold or allergy medicine, sedatives, narcotic pain medicine, sleeping pills, muscle relaxers, and medicine for seizures, depression or anxiety can What is Promethazine? Promethazine 25 mg tab zyd used for Closely monitor blood Buy Claritin Hives Medication pressure, renal function, and electrolytes Promethazine Hydrochloride 25mg 56 TabletsDo you need Promethazine Hydrochloride Tablets for allergies, travel sickness, or insomnia? Promethazine hydrochloride. Medicines. Apr 10, 2009 · $5 for one 25 mg pill of promethazine? Is this leaflet hard to see or read?. Children over 10 years and adults (including elderly) Promethazine is contraindicated for use in children less than two years of age because. After initiation of treatment in children or adults, dosage should be adjusted to the smallest amount adequate to relieve symptoms. Promethazine 25mg tablet san side effects. Instructions are to take 1-2 tablets (25 mg) every six (6) hours as needed. Visit cvs. 00, 68% off the average retail price of $19. This medicine may impair your thinking or reactions. In obstetrics, 50 mg of promethazine hydrochloride may be given to provide sedation during the early stage of labor. Promethazine tablets can cause quite a bit of. Avoid getting up too fas Promethazine Side Effects Get emergency medical help if you have any signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throa Promethazine Dosing Information Usual Adult Dose of Promethazine for Anaphylaxis:Parenteral: 25 mg IV or IM once, followed by close observation for response. Learn about the reported side effects, related class drugs, and how these medications will affect your daily lifestyle. Pharmacies and international online pharmacies accredited through the PharmacyChecker Verification Program Promethazine 25 mg tab zyd Promethazine 25 mg tablet zyd All the information, content and live chat provided on the site is intended to be for informational purposes only, and not a substitute for professional Promethazine .25 Mg Tab or medical advice May 19, 2019 · Promethazine Reviews. Phone: 1-800-748-7001 Promethazine is available in several forms: tablet, syrup, and suppository, as well as an injectable form. Promethazine Hydrochloride Tablets USP are contraindicated for children under 2 years of age (see WARNINGS-Black Box Warning and Use in Pediatric Patients) Allergy. Promethazine 25mg Tablets; Unfortunately our full catalog may not be displayed in your state. Customer Support. For recreational purposes, can you buy promethazine codeine cough syrup online amphetamines were taken at least once by four patients (5%). After initiation of treatment in children or adults, dosage should be adjusted to the smallest amount adequate to relieve symptoms. Promethazine can cause severe breathing problems or death in a child in very young children. Goodrx. Maximum daily dose 25 mg. 5 mg 3 times daily depending on the age and weight of the child Although NOT the preferred route, intravenous promethazine administration is an option in concentrations <= 25 mg/ml at a rate of <= 25 mg/minute through the tubing of an intravenous infusion set that is known to be functioning satisfactorily. When labor is established, 25-75 mg may be given with a reduced therapeutic dose of an opiate agonist. - GoodRx. Promethazine can cause side effects that may impair your thinking or reactions. Single 25-mg doses at bedtime or 6. No matter what form you are using, it's very important that you take it exactly as directed When using the drug to treat allergies, promethazine 25 mg can be taken before bedtime. It. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Prices start at $6. Promethazine comes in 10mg, 20mg and 25mg tablets and a liquid that you swallow.. 00. Please no answers about getting it from a doctor cuz im not intrested in them. This dose may be repe What Other Drugs Will Affect Promethazine? The average oral dose is 25 mg taken before retiring; however, 12. It is available by mouth as a syrup, as a rectal suppository, or by injection into Ampicillin Tr 500 Mg Capsule a muscle Common side effects include confusion and sleepiness.. Source(s): 5 25 mg pill promethazine:. Learn about the reported side effects, related class drugs, and how these medications will affect your daily lifestyle. If you contact our Customer Support by one of the methods below, we will be able to assist you in locating the product you are looking Promethazine .25 Mg Tab for. 25 to 12. 10.. Overdose symptoms may include overactive reflexes, loss of coordina What Should I Avoid While Taking Promethazine? Com …. Promethazine 25mg Tablets; Unfortunately our full catalog may not be displayed in your state. Com for …. Promethazine comes in 10mg, 20mg and 25mg tablets and a liquid that you swallow. Before you buy promethazine, compare the lowest discounted promethazine Propecia Generic Buy prices at U. 5 mg may be taken before meals and on retiring, if necessary Dec 23, 2018 · Promethazine should not be given to a child younger than 2 years old. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert. If you're taking liquid promethazine, follow the instructions that come with the medicine for how much to take. Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If you're taking promethazine tablets, your dose depends on why you're taking it: short-term insomnia - you'll usually take 20 to 50mg at night. 25 mg. Org/wiki/Promethazine Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine. Brand names: Antinaus 50, Promacot, Phenergan, Prorex Drug class: antihistamines Drug classes: Phenothiazine, H1 antagonist Before Taking This Medicine Promethazine should not be given to a child younger than 2 years old. Get. It is used to treat allergies, trouble sleeping, and nausea. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. It is also used to make you sleep before surgery, and to help treat pain or nausea after surgery. 25 to 12. Promethazine-DM 6.
+Byzantium: Heraclius and the Persians
+Created | Updated Jun 7, 2013
+Heraclius was a warrior Emperor who led his armies from the front. Most people, when asked to think of a Roman Emperor, will picture a fat man lying on a couch, surrounded by dancing girls and eating far too much. But for some, the image is of a severe-looking general in armour, mounted on a horse and leading his army. Byzantium had plenty of the former sort, but Heraclius was of the latter type. Due to his efforts, the Persian Empire, which threatened to engulf the Roman one, was driven back and destroyed.
+Phocas
+For the first few centuries after the founding of Constantinople, the city and the Empire were ruled by a series of generals. Justin passed the throne to his nephew Justinian, and Justinian passed it to his nephew Justin II, but that was the nearest yet to a family of Emperors. After Justin II, the rule of the Empire went back to assorted generals, some being nominated by their dying predecessor, others seizing the throne and executing the Emperor.
+One of the worst who ever seized the throne, by all accounts, was Phocas:
+Under a tangle of red hair, his thick, beetling eyebrows met across his nose; the rest of his face was deformed by a huge, angry scar that turned crimson when he was aroused, giving it a still more hideous aspect. He was not, however, as pleasant as he looked.
+- John Julius Norwich
+Phocas was indeed a nasty piece of work: a drunk, with a ferocious temper, whose idea of a bit of fun was to torture people in ingenious ways.
+This might have been forgiven by the Byzantines if Phocas had been a good general, or a good administrator, but he was neither. Through mismanagement, he succeeded in alienating just about everybody, including the Persians. Their Great King, Chosroes II, declared that Persia's peace treaties had been with the previous rulers and did not apply to Phocas. He took the opportunity to invade the Byzantine Empire from the East. Eventually, the Persians held a significant part of Anatolia (Asian Turkey) and their troops were camped at Chalcedon, just across the strait of the Bosphorus from Byzantium itself. Although they had no ships, it was only a matter of time before they built or acquired some and invaded the city. At the same time, the Avars, a race of nomadic barbarians, were putting a lot of pressure on the Empire from the northwest.
+Phocas's response to these pressures on the Empire was characteristic. He embarked on a campaign of persecution of the Jews who lived along the eastern borders with Persia. He felt they should convert to Christianity and then be trusted with the defence of the Empire. Needless to say, this caused major civil unrest, with many Jewish communities welcoming in the Persians. The Empire's best general, a man by the name of Narses1, refused to take orders from Phocas. He was invited to the capital to discuss the matter, where he was seized and burnt alive.
+The Empire was falling apart, and Phocas was busy alienating or killing anybody who could stop it.
+The Coup
+The situation was saved by the intervention of a family from North Africa. Heraclius the Elder was a former general who now ruled the Roman province of North Africa from the city of Carthage. He had the support of his brother, Gregorius, who was also an ex-military man. They were both now too old to go out on campaign, but they each had a son. Heraclius's son was also called Heraclius: he was entrusted with a fleet of ships. Gregorius's son, Niketas, was put in charge of an army. In 609, Niketas led his army across North Africa and took Alexandria, the capital of Egypt. This meant that he now controlled the grain supply to Byzantium and could starve the city if he wished. Meanwhile, Heraclius (the younger) set sail, stopping along the way and making allies. His fleet arrived at Byzantium on 3 October, 610. Phocas was captured two days later and executed on the spot. Heraclius was welcomed and crowned as the new Emperor.
+Heraclius
+We don't know where Heraclius was born. His father, being a general, had moved around a lot. But we do know he was born in about 575, so he was about 36 when he took control of the Empire. According to the records, he was a good-looking man, and was certainly a lot more respectable and likeable than his predecessor.
+Heraclius married his betrothed, Fabia, the same day that he was crowned Emperor. She took the name Eudokia2. She bore two children, but died suddenly only two years later in 612. Heraclius now incurred the displeasure of his relatives, the Christian Church and the people of Constantinople by marrying his own niece, Martina, in 613. They had at least nine children together and some of them were disabled - one had a twisted neck and another was deaf. This was seen as a punishment by God for an incestuous relationship. Nevertheless, Martina and Heraclius stayed together until his death, and she accompanied him on his long campaign against the Persians.
+When Heraclius took control of the Empire, it was in a sorry state, with the Persians in the East threatening to invade the capital and the army in a shambles. His first action was to increase taxes, to impose heavy fines on criminal activity and to look for money from the church. With this, he boosted the army, giving land in Western Anatolia to anyone who would agree to a system of hereditary military service. The army suddenly became a job you could be proud of.
+Heraclius organised a peace settlement with the Avars, paying them 200,000 pieces of gold, leaving him free to concentrate on defence against the Persians. He was cautious and slow - a whole 12 years went by before he reckoned the Empire was ready. During this time, the Persians advanced, taking Antioch in 611, Damascus in 613, Jerusalem in 614, and Egypt in 616, cutting off the food supply to the capital and causing widespread famine.
+The War
+Finally, in 622, Heraclius reckoned that he was ready. On Easter Monday, he assembled his army and sailed south and east along the coast of Anatolia until he reached Issus, which was still in Byzantine control. He camped his army here for about six months, putting the soldiers through intensive training, and learning himself how to lead an army. In the autumn, the army advanced north, and had its first encounter with the Persians, led by their supreme general Shahr-Baraz. The Persians were routed and fled. Heraclius was happy. His troops now knew that they could fight, so he left them and returned to Constantinople for the winter.
+The following spring, in 623, Heraclius rejoined his troops and began a long campaign - five years in the field against the Persians. Virtually every time they met up with a Persian army, they defeated them, often with Heraclius enduring a rain of arrows at the front of the troops to urge them on. Heraclius's army wandered through Persia wherever they liked, leaving a trail of burning cities behind them.
+The Avar Siege of Constantinople
+Meanwhile, the Persians had not been idle. Avoiding the Byzantines where possible, they concentrated their efforts on attacking Byzantium itself. Shahr-Baraz led the assault. They were aided in this by the Avars, who had abandoned their treaty for the promise of the rich booty to be had in the city. On 29 June, 626, a force of 80,000 Avars approached Byzantium from the west, and the people withdrew within the massive Walls of Theodosius. Heraclius hadn't left the city undefended - there were 12,000 Byzantine cavalry to protect the city. The Avars had siege catapults, with which they bombarded the walls, but the troops inside were aided by every resident of the city, which was at the time probably the second biggest in the world. The siege of the city went on until August without any great effect.
+On 7 August, the Persians launched an attack from the Asian side of the Bosphorus, sending their troops across on rafts. But the rafts never reached the European shore: the Byzantine fleet sank them all, taking no prisoners. An Avar fleet which tried to come to the rescue was also destroyed by the Byzantines. The attack was called off. The Avars had had enough. On 9 August, they withdrew and the siege was over.
+Around the same time, a battle took place in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) between the Byzantines led by Theodore, brother of Heraclius, and Persian general Shahin, resulting in the annihilation of the Persian army. The Persian general died immediately after the battle, but he did not escape punishment that easily. His body was shipped back to the capital where it was publicly flogged in front of the Great King, Chosroes.
+The Defeat of Chosroes
+Heraclius continued to roam about in Persian territory. He formed an alliance with the Khazars, a wild people who lived in the Caucasus, and they swelled the numbers of his army by another 40,000 men. In 627, he attacked the palace of Chosroes in Dastagird (near to modern Baghdad). He found that the king had fled. He then advanced to the Persian capital, Ctesiphon3, which was at the time probably the biggest city in the world, and surrounded it. Negotiations now took place, and at this stage it became obvious that the Persians themselves were sick of the war and of their king. They agreed to withdraw from Byzantine land, so Heraclius packed up and headed for home. The Persians arrested and executed Chosroes.
+This was effectively the end of the Persian Empire. Heraclius had left it in a shambles, and it never recovered. He returned in triumph to Constantinople on 14 September, 628, bearing in front of him the True Cross, supposedly the cross on which Jesus Christ had been crucified, and behind him came four elephants.
+The Decline of Heraclius
+Heraclius survived another 13 years, but his final years were a sharp contrast with his years as a warrior. His continued incestuous marriage to Martina made him less popular with the people. He involved himself in theological matters, trying to patch up a rift between two factions in the Christian Church, and earning the disapproval of both sides. He also suffered from failing health - he had worn himself out in his campaigns.
+Then in 633, a new force appeared on the world stage: the Islamic armies of Arabia. They spread like wildfire from their homelands, quickly conquering much of the lands that Heraclius had fought to recover from the Persians. On 20 August, 636, a huge Byzantine army was wiped out by the Arabs at the Yarmuk river (the present-day border between Israel and Jordan). Heraclius lost heart - he didn't have the energy to personally lead another great campaign. He returned to Byzantium and died in 641.
+Heraclius has been described as the 'Last Roman Emperor' - he was certainly built in the mould of Julius Caesar, at his best at the front of an army of Roman soldiers. But there is another reason. During his lifetime, the laws were officially changed to abandon the old Latin language; from now on, all official documents and ceremonies were in Greek, the language of the people.
+Heraclius defeated the menace of Persia once and for all, but failed to protect the Byzantine world from the invasion of the Arabs. One of the greatest emperors of his time, he is virtually unknown today.
+moment 0 Posted July 2, 2007 (edited) Ok, Da Reefer Ranger pmed me and told me that for disclosed reasons he was quitting runescape and sals and requested that i take over this guide. The Guide To Freeplay Safespots by Da Reefer Ranger, -Ryan- & Pinkytm Special Thanks to Morty, Warren, Esrom, sayf, Dragonlad, Cxkslei, Dragonmyth, jesseqzh, cap root, Half an Hour, Ultimate Bassist, Gain Again, tantalizingg, Evolution, lilshu, FireStint, Infiniti, bralkos, sword of web, vamite, Doddsy1992, Friky, Dropstarz, Un_t0uch, Masterchefsp, Gravedigg154, Gentle Gold, Dragonlad, The Who?, morfius, Mushroom, M__a__t__t_2, Praying Ranger, Robin hood and merry men, Sophia, Pig, Azuma, weechees, Mrcsupertrain, Drikam, Lordsam247 and Entrility A safe spot is a square that you can stand on to attack an opponent from a distance using ranging or magic, and your opponent is unable to attack you. Introduction This guide will show you the best safespots for ranging and maging training in free-to-play. You'll learn exactly where to stand so that the monsters will not hit you. Also, this guide will tell you information about the monster drops and the training spots. Contents 1. Lumbridge Cows 2. Lumbridge Goblins 3. Karamja Volcano Scorpions 4. Port Sarim Jail 5. Barbarians 6. Varrock Grizzly Bear 7. Guards 8. Port Sarim Pirates 9. Minotaurs 10. Draynor Jail Guards 11. Flesh Crawlers 12. Hill Giants 13. Deadly Red Spiders 14. White Knights 15. Moss Giants 16. Ice Giants and Warriors 17. Catablepon 18. Lesser Demons 19. Ankou 20. Edgeville Yews 21. Barbarian Village Fishing Spot 22. Al-Karid Mine 1. Lumbridge Cows This spot is across the river from Lumbridge. Cows (level-2) drop bones, raw beef, and cowhides. Stand across the fence and attack the cows. Stand on the other side of the fence and attack the cows. 2. Lumbridge Goblins Goblins (level-2) drop bones, coins, runes, brass necklace, chef's hat, bronze square shield, and goblin mail. Stand on one side of the fence and shoot the goblin across the fence. 3. Scorpions on Karamja Volcano Scorpions (level-14) drop nothing. 4. Port Sarim Jail This spot is in the jail located in southern Port Sarim. Thieves (level-16), Pirates (level-23), Black Knights (level-33) drop bones, coins, and other items. Stand in the jail and attack the criminals that are inside the cells. 5. Barbarians These spots are in Barbarian Village. Barbarians (level-15 to 39) drop bones, coins, low-level equipment and beer. You can safely range from behind all tables and chairs, so just stand across the table from the barbarians and shoot them. Stand opposite a Barbarian across a rock and attack. 6. Varrock Grizzly Bear Cage This spot is behind Varrock Castle. You can range from outside of the cage, or get inside by entering through the sewers: The Grizzly Bear (level-21) drops bones, and bear fur. Stand behind the sewer entrance and attack. Stand anywhere outside the cage and range or mage the vicious bear. 7. Guards The most effective guard safespot can be found at the Falador South Gate. Guards (level-21) drop bones, coins, runes, arrows, bronze and iron weapons and talismans. Most guards have a small wandering area. Stay behind the guards wandering area and attack them. The guards from southern Falador in the picture cannot walk to one square south of the tree. 8. Port Sarim Pirates Pirates (level-26) drop bones, coins, runes, bolts, arrows, iron platebodies, iron bars, and uncut gems. This spot is in the second room of the Ice Cavern. Note: The pirates are aggressive, so if you train here it is a good idea to use melee until they are not aggressive anymore. Stand on the corner of the mound of dirt and the pirate will be stuck on it. Stand behind the small rocks next to the dirt mound and pirates can be ranged safely. 9. Minotaurs These spots are on the first floor of the Stronghold of Security underneath Barbarian Village. Minotaurs (level-12 and 27) drop bones, coins, iron arrows, bronze equipment, runes, tin and copper ores, right half of skull, and uncut gems. They are non-aggressive This spot is in the small room with level-12 Minotaurs in it. Stand on either side of the wall and attack the Minotaur. This spot is in the big middle room with level-27 Minotaurs in it. Stand on either side of the wall and attack the Minotaur. 10. Draynor Jail Guards This spot is at the Draynor jail east of Draynor Village. Jail Guards (level-26) drop bones, coins and low-level equipment. Attack over the fence. 11. Flesh Crawlers Flesh Crawlers (level-28) drop ashes, coins, runes, bottom of sceptre, ores, bars, and uncut gems. These spots are on the second floor of the Stronghold of Security. Stand near the door and attack the flesh crawlers and they will get stuck on the wall. Stand down the corridor so that the flesh crawler gets stuck on the wall. 12. Edgeville Dungeon Hill Giants These spots are in Edgeville Dungeon. It can be accessed from Edgeville or with a brass key at a shack near Varrock. Hill Giants (level-28) drop big bones, coins, arrows, bronze, iron, and steel equipment, beer, runes and talismans. Stand at the top of the hill behind the line shown and shoot the giant. Be careful, the giant will not see you. It may go behind the ladder and your character will run towards it. Note: If you are a lower combat level, the skeletons to the north may attack you. Stand against the rock pillar so that the giant gets hung up on the opposite side. Stand north of the two rock formations and attack the giant. Stand behind the rock formation shown and attack to get the giant stuck behind the rocks. Stand in the square shown and you'll be safe because the giant is too big to come back and get you. To attack this giant you must be within the blue lines. When it starts coming towards you, run back to the red lines and attack again. You will be safe. Attack from behind the human corpses in the square shown. Attack from within the area shown and you will be safe from both giants. Attack from behind the rock formation and the giant will get stuck. Stand behind the coffin so there is open space between you and the giant. Stand behind the line shown and the giant will not come attack you because it is too big. 13. Deadly Red Spiders of Varrock Sewer Deadly Red Spiders (level-34) drop nothing. 14. White Knights' Torture Cages This spot is on the second floor of the White Knight Castle in Falador. White Knights (level-36-39) drop bones, coins, arrows, low level weapons, food and iron bars. The white knights obviously cannot attack through the torture cages, but you can! Stand opposite the white knight across the cage and attack him. If you have completed the Wanted! quest your white knight rank will decrease as you kill White Knights; even on freeplay servers. 15. (a) Varrock Sewer Moss Giants This spot is in the Varrock Sewer near the Deadly Red Spiders. Stand behind the root and attack the giant. Usually you don't even have to safely position yourself due to the other players fighting it in multi-combat. 15. (b) Crandor Moss Giants These spots are on Crandor Isle beneath the entrance to the cave you entered to kill Elvarg in the Dragon Slayer Quest. Moss Giants (level-42) drop big bones, coins, runes, and mithril and black items. Attack from behind the line shown and the Moss Giant cannot attack you outside of its wandering area. Stand in the square designated by the picture and attack the giant over the rubble. Stand behind the pillar and you will be safe because the giant is too large to reach you. Stand on the opposite side of the mining rocks and you can safely range the giants, and run around to grab your arrows. 16. Ice Cavern These spots are at the back of the dungeon that you entered to mine Blurite in the Knights Sword Quest. The entrance is south of Port Sarim near the Imcando Dwarf. Ice Giants (level-53) drop big bones, coins, mithril square shield, black kiteshield, mithril mace, adamant arrows, mithril arrows, runes and low-level weapons. Stand behind the ice rocks and attack the giant. The giant is too big to fit back there, but sometimes Ice Warriors can come back and attack you. This is the safest spot in the ice cavern. Stand behind the snow piles and the ice rocks when you attack the giant. Again, the giant is too big to get you, but the warriors can attack you if you aren't careful. Stand behind and one square over of the small ice rocks. Be careful of Ice Warriors. Stand in the exact square shown and attack a giant. Here you can attack two giants if the monsters aren't aggressive towards you. This is the most effective spot in the Ice Cavern if you are not being attacked. Ice Warriors (level-57) drop coins, runes and low-level weapons. This works on any of the snow piles with Ice Warriors. Stand on the square next to the snow pile that is closest to the edge. You should be diagonal to the Ice Warrior, and it will be unable to attack you. 17. Catablepon These spots are on the third floor of the Stronghold of Security. Note: These have a considerable range defense, so I recommend using mithril or better arrows. Catablepon (level-68) drop bones, coins, adamant med helm, mithril arrows, rune essence, runes, uncut gems and noted coal. This spot is in the northeast room. Attack from the exact spot shown in the picture. They seem to line up just so you can kill them! This spot is in the northwest room. Attack the Catablepon and it will get stuck on the tendrils. If a Catablepon manages to get past the above spot, attack from near the door and they will not be able to reach you. This is the safest spot. Attack from behind the tendrils. This spot is near the reward room. Attack from near the door so that the Catablepon gets stuck on the bones. 18. (a) Wizard Tower Lesser Demon This spot is on the top floor of the Wizards' Tower. Lesser Demons (level-82) drop coins, rune medium helmets, mithril chainbodies, mithril square shields, steel equipment, gold ores, runes, and uncut gems. Stand outside the cage and attack the demon. Note: Telekinetic Grab runes will be required if you want to claim your loot. 18. (b) Crandor Lesser Demons This spot is on Crandor right near the Moss Giants and the entrance to the dungeon where you defeated Elvarg during the Dragon Slayer Quest. Stand behind the rubble and shoot. Stand in this spot and the Demon will not be able to reach you because he is too big. If you stand in this spot the Demon will have to go at you diagonally and he will not fit. Stand behind the tree and the Demon will be unable to reach you. Stand along the edge of the cliff. Because of the Demon's size, it will be unable to attack you. 18. c) Karamja Lesser Demon Cave Lesser Demon (level-82) drop coins, rune medium helmets, mithril chainbodies, mithril square shields, steel equipment, gold ores, runes, and uncut gems. This spot is under the Karamja Volcano and across the lava. Stand on the lava bridge for cover when attacking. Note: Sometimes the Deadly Red Spiders sneak up and attack if you are below 69 combat. Stand behind the torch and safely range the demon. Stand behind the rock formations for cover. Stand behind the animal skull and you can safely range the demon. Be careful of the other demons that spawn nearby, as they are aggressive. Stand on the low terrain behind the line and attack the demon. Attack from behind the rocks. Attack from behind the torch and rock. 18. (d) Dragon Slayer Lesser Demon Cave This spot is near Elvarg's cage and can be accessed from the secret door you discovered at the end of Dragon Slayer. Stand between the pillar and the lava and the demon will be unable to reach you. Stand here and the demon will become trapped between the pillar and the stalagmite. If you stand right near the edge, the demon will be unable to get near you. Stand beside the rocks and the demon will get trapped. Stand in the corner near the door and the demon will not reach you. If the demon gets past the bridge than you can trap it by walking here. 19. Ankou These spots are on the bottom floor of the Stronghold of Security. Ankou (level-75) drops bones, coins, runes, uncut gems, noted mithril ore, noted essence, many law runes, adamant arrows and left half of skull. This spot is in the North-East room. Stand behind the corpses shown in the picture. Until you kill a lot of them it will be difficult because they will be constantly attacking you. When they aren't aggressive it's a good training spot. Ankou (level-82) This spot is in a room near the bottom of the fourth floor. Any corpse is possible to attack over, though if you attack from behind the corpse in the picture you will get the best results. 20. Edgeville Yews Random Events This spot is in the Edgeville Yew cutting area and is useful for any random events you may get while woodcutting. Stand next to the bench so the random event gets stuck on the corner. It works on any of the benches. If you get a random while chopping the south tree, run around the picnic table to safely range it. 21. Barbarian Village Fishing Spot Random Events This spot is near the fishing spot outside of Barbarian Village. When you get a random event monster, walk up near the barrel and then run to the opposite side. 22. Al-karid Mine Stand on the cliff above the mine and mage/range the scorpions. You can pick up your arrows, but it is a pain. Edited September 1, 2007 by -Ryan- Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
+Do you remember the very weird story that came from the Diocese of Gaylord some time ago?
+Last August, it was announced that all Masses in the Diocese of Gaylord must be in English. So, much for the Summorum Pontificum, right? Then there was a clarification from the Director of Communications for the diocese (where do they get these people anyway?) saying that, "of course we are not against Summorum Pontificum! But there can’t be Masses in Latin without permission of the bishop, and you can’t have Masses with English and Latin, and no, this doesn’t mean you can’t have Masses in Spanish," blah, blah…. Effectively it sounded as if perhaps someone was trying to prevent a mixture of RITES, and the people involved had a hard time grasping that the Novus Ordo is also to be celebrated in Latin. You know the drill. Anyway, there was a lot of confusion.
+Now we get this news. This is posted on the website of the Diocese of Gaylord.
+Extraordinary Form of Mass
+Bishop Patrick R. Cooney has announced that the extraordinary form of the Mass will be offered publicly beginning on Pentecost, May 11, 2008. Fr. Donald Libby will be the presider [That means "celebrant" for most of us.] for a weekly celebration of the Mass according to the 1962 Roman Missal, often [incorrectly] referred to as “the Latin Mass.” [This is what got them into trouble in the first place. Proper terms can really help.] The Mass will be offered at Holy Rosary Church in Cedar on Sundays at 12:45 p.m. unless Fr. Libby is away or unavailable. Fr. Libby is currently the only priest qualified to offer the Mass publicly in the Diocese of Gaylord. [Who says he is the only one " qualified"?]
+In July 2007, Pope Benedict XVI issued his Apostolic Letter addressed restrictions on the use of the Latin-language liturgy that predates the Second Vatican Council. The Mass from the post-Vatican II Roman Missal remains the ordinary form of the Mass, while Mass according to the 1962 Missal is the extraordinary form. [Two things. First, Summorum Pontificum didn't just "address restrictions". Interesting choice of language, no? SP lifted restrictions. Also, set in the context of the bizarre approach to Latin they showed last year in Gaylord, note that the writer seems fixated on the issue Latin.]
+“There were some logistical things to work out to make this possible – including being sure we had a priest prepared to properly celebrate this Mass,” said Bishop Cooney. “I believe the Holy Father’s intention is to try to bring healing to those who have felt hurt because of their devotion to this earlier form of the liturgy.” [In that case His Excellency should spend some time in a closer reading of Summorum Pontificum and the accompanying letter. He is not taking into account that there are people who simply prefer the older form of Mass. They also have rights and Summorum Pontificum is as much about them as anyone. I also have firmly in mind what Card. Castrillon Hoyos has said recently, namely, that the older form of Mass should be used in parishes, even if a request has not been made. Also, remember that priests do not need permission to use the 1962 Missale. Summorum Pontificum is for priests as well as lay people.]
+The major differences between the ordinary and extraordinary forms of Mass individuals will notice are the priest’s orientation during the liturgy and the use of Latin. [Unbelievable. This is wrong. First, the normative language of the Novus Ordo is Latin. No priest needs permission to say Mass in the language of his Rite. Also, the Novus Ordo rubrics presuppose that the Mass is celebrated ad orientem. At the same time the older, TLM form of Mass can also be celebrated versus populum. The major difference between the forms of Mass are the texts of the prayers and some of the prescribed actions of the priest and sacred ministers, as well as the greater space for silence.]
+Prior to the Second Vatican Council, a church’s altar was placed against the wall at the back of the sanctuary. The Second Vatican Council decreed that a church’s altar should be placed in a central location in the sanctuary, allowing a priest to face the congregation. (GIRM, 2002, paragraphs 299-301) [No. This is false. It is unbelievable that this is still going on. The Congregation for Divine Worship issued an official clarification about GIRM 299, which was (probably purposely) mistranslated in the USCCB's BCL's document Built of Living Stones. WDTPRS has covered this here.]
+Some other differences include the role of altar servers, the liturgical calendar, what Scriptures are proclaimed, and possibly the vestments worn. In the extraordinary form, Communion is distributed only under the species of Consecrated Bread, usually at a communion rail.
+A few months ago, Fr. Duane Wachowiak, Director of the Secretariat for Worship and Liturgical Formation, arranged for a priest from Chicago who is trained in Latin and the extraordinary form of Mass to come to the area for five days to train priests who wished to celebrate this Mass publicly.
+. [A laudable aspiration. I would not want to try to test this, however. You might wind up with the conclusion that many priests have no idea what the English texts mean.]
+Any priest may celebrate the extraordinary form of Mass in private, even with others in attendance, but that is his private Mass. Times of private Masses are not announced. The Mass being offered at Cedar starting on Pentecost will be a public Mass and may be announced through bulletins and other means that it is available for those who wish to attend.
+|
+Along with the announcement of the availability of the Mass, a set of guidelines was published by Bishop Cooney. [It would be very good to see these guidelines.] Some of the entries in the norms for this diocese remind the people who attend that they have the obligation to be registered and participating parishioners in a Roman Catholic parish, either Holy Rosary or another. [HUH? Does this mean that some person who is, perhaps, a follower of the SSPX and therefore not registered in a parish is NOT WELCOME? What about a young non-practicing Lutheran who might be curious about what is going on? This in incredible. What are they going to do? Check ID cards and match them against a database? Dein Auweis, bitte!]
+Another norm is that the extraordinary form is to be offered in addition to the ordinary form of Mass celebrated in the parish because the post-Vatican II form of Mass is still the one that takes precedence. In this context, the term “extraordinary” is meant to mean “other” rather than to place it as being of higher rank. [Good heavens. Who writes this stuff? If "Extraordinary" means "other" (and it doesn't) then it means neither "of higher rank" nor "of lower rank".]
+“Regardless of which form is being used, it must follow the guidelines for that particular Missal,” added Fr. Wachowiak. “A priest cannot use some of one and some of the other in a single Mass. He has to follow either the ordinary or extraordinary form.”
+In addition, procedures for the financial aspects are also addressed in the norms. For example, an individual attending the extraordinary form of the Mass in Cedar may deposit their own parish envelope in the collection and it is to be forwarded to the respective parish. Any loose collection will be channeled through Holy Rosary’s bookkeeping system as it is the parish of Holy Rosary who pays the priest’s salary and benefits and maintains the building to hold the Mass. [Oh my. This is going to stir some conversation.]
+The complete set of norms may be viewed on the diocesan website at.
+“While I was attending the training held for Fr. Libby, I was able to see the many connections between the ordinary and the extraordinary forms of Mass,” stated Fr.Wachowiak. “I was able to better understand some of the terms and phrases used by many older folks who grew up attending the Mass that began with the Council of Trent.”
+Fr. Michael Janowski remains pastor of Holy Rosary along with St. Mary, Lake Leelanau, St. Phillip Neri, Empire and St. Rita-St. Joseph, Maple City, and Fr. Libby remains associate pastor of the same parishes. Fr. Janowski is supportive of both Fr. Libby’s willingness to serve the diocese in this capacity as well as those who wish to attend the Mass.
+For more information, please contact Fr. Duane Wachowiak at the diocese at 989.732.5147.
+I looked for the "norms" on the diocesan website but couldn’t find them.
+In addition to the many manifestly wrong canonical and theological statements made by the diocese in this article, I would also point out the following: “I was able to better understand some of the terms and phrases used by many older folks who grew up attending the Mass that began with the Council of Trent.” The Mass that began with the Council of Trent? In all charity, if Father Wachowiak is the “Director of the Secretariat for Worship, etc., etc., etc.,” he should reimburse the diocese for his degree… has an interesting article about potential updates to DC’s rather restrictive rules as well.
+You just can’t make this kind of stuff up. It’s as if these people think that they can say anything they want and people will believe it, because they have no way to find the truth.
+I see it in my own parish. My pastor, not especially traditional, but very stringent when it comes to following the rubrics for the ordinary form, doesn’t even have a computer which is hooked up to the Internet. The parish secretary prints up his email so he can read it. He never sees anything unless it comes by letter from the diocese or is on MSM. No doubt these folks are a similar breed, who put out letters and directives and don’t realize not only can their laity come here and see the truth, but they put themselves out for public ridicule. Meanwhile they also tell Rome, who I suspect they think has no idea of what they’re doing, exactly how they are ignoring the wishes of the Holy Father.
+Truly clueless.
+Well, this Bishop submits his retirement request effective March 10 of next year. Perhaps this kind of practice will move His Holiness to send that letter that says, “Well done, good and faithful servant; enter into rest.” That would be Romanese for “Get out!” I still am amazed at how the old guard refuses to admit that there was no rupture intended at Vatican II.
+Unfortunately, this is very much the mentality of the bishop and the “liturgical police” in my diocese. It’s going to be a long time before we get over the likes of this type of thinking and practice.
+There is a strange mixture of half-truths, misinformation and popular opinion mixed together in this memo. I need not state the obvious, that this memo is very carefully crafted for a specific agenda, approving the “Latin Mass” while still seeming to disapprove of Latin in the Mass, maintaining a position that Priests need to be “approved” to say the Mass, setting up a very sharp division between the OF and EF even though the Pope says they are one and the same Rite, bringing back the Red Herring of “understanding the Latin”, and overall maing the process of attending this Mass seem so onerous and convoluted that most will simply not bother. It rather reminds me of the tactics used to prevent Blacks from voting in the South in the early 20th century: Just make it so confusing and difficult that most will not bother to try.
+.
+I also have firmly in mind what Card. Castrillon Hoyos has said recently, namely, that the older form of Mass should be used in parishes, even if a request has not been made.
+So when so many parishes have attitudes like mine – prejudicial ones – a good way to get around such pastors and for people to at least become better educated in order to make adult decisions would be for every bishop to appoint at least one priest to visit each parish and celebrate an EF with individual parish promotion/preparation, say, a month ahead of time. It may take a while but then every parish would know that the entire diocese was involved through the bishop. So many parishes operate today in isolation, designing operations like a Protestant community – hiring administrators like Protestants do: pleasing to the predominant view of “Church” – and they wind up becoming separated from any knowledge of universal Church happenings and teachings.
+“Regardless of which form is being used, it must follow the guidelines for that particular Missal,” added Fr. Wachowiak. “A priest cannot use some of one and some of the other in a single Mass. He has to follow either the ordinary or extraordinary form.”
+If they acknowledge such ignorance in their priests that they have to even casually mention it here, then these priests really need some sessions in the basics as a whole group. The more they do things with all of the priests in unison the more the fear of “what other priest friends might say” can be overcome. It’s sort of like Cesar Millan’s bringing the fearful/aggressive or neurotic dogs into his stable pack in order for them to become normalized as dogs!!
+Who is their director of communications, Slip Mahoney?
+Some info on Cedar, MI
+Holy Rosary is just under 30 minutes north west of Traverse city.
+It is 1 hour and 45 minutes west of the Cathedral of Gaylord.
+If you find yourself in Cedar, I highly recommend Pleva’s Meats.
+It is 7 minutes south of Holy Rosary and 0pen Sundays mid June-Oct.12PM-4PM
+NB: I’ve never actually been there; I am just proficient with Google maps. I have however had Pleva’s meats. The Plevalean beef makes the juiciest and healthiest hamburger you will ever eat.
+I have had personal contact and correspondence with Bishop Coooney. May I respectfully say that he is a weasal? Before SP, he absolutely would not permit a TLM in his diocese.
+He ordered the Carmelite Sisters to take down their Communion rail. He will not permit them a Tridentine Mass. He mandates standing for a better part of the Mass, and all through the distribution of Communion. Originally, he told me that a private TLM (one begrudgingly permitted in his diocese)could not be attended by anyone other then the priest’s server!
+Please,please pray for the Carmelite Sisters in Traverse City who have had to endure this bishop.
+Father Libby’s work for the restoration of the TLM in Gaylord, is in my opinion, due in great part to the humble, silent, behind the scenes prayers of a cloistered Carmelite nun in Traverse City. I happen to know that upon his ordination, Fr. Libby’s name was given to this Sister, who is traditonal-minded, and greatly desire the TLM for her monastery. These good Sisters lead a penitential life like you wouldn’t believe. Please, help them in turn with your prayers and sacrifices so that they will also have the TLM.
+Interestingly, the Gaylord diocese’s Vatican-based Father Daniel Gallagher recently celebrated the TLM for 60 seminarians at the Pontifical North American College. Father Gallagher, a native of Pittsburgh, PA, has taught Latin at Detroit’s seminary.
+.
+Comment by CK
+What moron would want to go back to that? The obvious answer is Pope Benedict XVI.
+First off, it does seem like some people TRY to not understand what is being said to them and what is going on around them. It seems odd that some people seem to work so hard at being obtuse.
+On the other hand, maybe this is what the “bricks” look like in this diocese.
+.
+I agree with both Bp Cooney and Fr Wachowiak.
+And the fact that Bp Cooney’s priests don’t know Latin, the study of which is mandated by Vat II (Optatam Totius) and the CIC, is a grand example of his own episcopal negligence.
+One of the great ironies of all this is that liberals, who consider themselves so enlightened and sensitive to social justice and the plight of the Third World, now are resisting the moves of this pope, whose was elected to a great extent because of the votes of Third World Cardinals.
+I find it amazing that before the Motu Propio that you never saw dioceses being this strict about whether or not people were registered at a particular parish. For years I attended a parish which insisted making changes to the liturgy and to what sort of language was used when making announcements and commentating during the Mass in order to make non-Catholic Christians and then Muslims feel more welcome at the parish. Do you think that these peoples (who weren’t exactly breaking the doors down to get into the church, to begin with) were actually registered at the parish? What if folks wanted to drive across town to attend such an inclusive parish? Do you think they were asked if that parish were in the territory in which they lived and at which they should be registered? Double standards now abound.
+The tone of this discussion bothers me. Shouldn’t we set aside our petty – or even non-petty – criticism and instead celebrate the reintroduction of the EF in one more diocese?
+The laypeople in dioceses like this did what we were supposed to do – we filled out the petitions, we jumped through all the hoops, people even changed their parish membership so they would meet some mystical numerical level for approval. And for all that, the petitions went nowhere. He didn’t even give us the courtesy of responding.
+I think that SP was addressed to the priests, and that we laity were supposed to support them through this strategy, which the bishops have found many creative ways of defeating. The latest things from Rome indicate that the priests are supposed to be even freer to do celebrate the EF. However, how much freedom do they actually have to do this?
+There will, of course, be repercussions to them. I am seeing orthodox priests who were planning to celebrate the EF as soon as they got approval of their Latin from the bishop shuffled off to the outer reaches of the diocese, and everyone knows they will never be made pastor anywhere, ever, so long as this bishop is in charge. But is there anything else that can happen to them? If they have learned the EF at a workshop, such as that of the FSSP or the Canons Regular of St John Cantius, and celebrate it (privately, with or without other people in attendance), can the bishop do something worse to them, such as suspend them?
+The tone of this discussion bothers me. Shouldn’t we set aside our petty – or even non-petty – criticism and instead celebrate the reintroduction of the EF in one more diocese?
+Comment by pdt
+In a word, no.
+Blogs like these put pressure on bishops and begin to knock down the walls of their liberal strongholds.
+can puppets say MASS? CHARLOTTE WAS BOTH BLOG HAS CATHOLIC PUPPETS
+Sadly, I find these rules very familiar. In very many English speaking parts of the world, entire episcopates would ban Latin mass. Ppl dont even get the gloria, etc in Latin, & couldn’t sing the simplest Credo to save their lives. As for those older priests that did have Latin…well, they’ve mostly forgotten it now. One told me so himself, & that was over 20 years ago. If some think it hard to have the old mass, try getting the new mass in Latin, then you’ll find out just why it is so tough. If bishops are forbidding the OF mass in Latin then they will be in no hurry to allow the older one. What a pity for the Church. Still, one trad priest of the diocese I came from did say this facing the ppl thing, it’s just a fad. It will die out in about 40 years perhaps. Or something to that effect!
+The “norms” were available as of this morning. Read ‘em and weep.
+Pray for Father Libby. He is an excellent and holy young priest and more than capable for the task at hand. He is working tirelessly despite the obstacles thrown in his way.
+Don’t forget what Bishop Cooney did to St. Francis Xavier Church in Petoskey and
+May Bishop Cooney’s enjoyment of the benefits of retirement be hastened! Pray for him too, and for the Triumph of the Cross! (I love those anti-spam words!)
+Despite the confusion and resistance at the Diocese, Father Libby is doing great work. He is a wonderful, holy young priest who deserves our prayers. He has already been instrumental in leading many souls to God. On another note, those of us in Michigan are looking forward with gratitude to Father Z.’s appearance in Kalamazoo on June 7 at a workshop on the liturgy and chant.
+To be more accurate, Fr. Z., S.P. doesn’t lift restrictions; rather, it clarifies what few restrictions there were in the first place; it makes known what was not generally understood about the situation for the past several decades. But what you have written is true de facto.
+P.K.T.P.
+Next point, the writer of this notice from the Diocese is not exactly right about the distinction between so-called ‘private’ Masses and ‘public’ Masses, although I am happy to see that he is close, and understanding on this is improving. He says that private Masses are not announced. Actually, they can be announced but not according to a temporal rule denoting any pattern of regularity. You could list ‘private’ Masses every Sunday in your parish bulletin as “Traditional Latin Mass *next* [emphasis added] Sunday at 9.00 a.m.” What you could not do is to list them this way: “Traditional Latin Mass *every* [emphasis added] Sunday at 9.00 a.m.”. One can announce a single future occurrence but not according to a pattern.
+P.K.T.P.
+Fr. Z. is absolutely correct in his incredulous reaction to the next point of the bulletin here. The writer, I suspect, has been reading analyses and has gotten his facts mixed up. He is thinking of analyses on line of the expression “In parœciis”, used at the opening of Section 1 of Article 5″. What the expression means, however, is that THOSE PETITIONING for the old Mass in a particular Parish must, in order to have standing to have their petition willingly received, be either parishioners there or else worship there regularly. But this has nothing to do with restriction on those who can ATTEND such Masses and FULFIL their obligation there.
+Let me clarify. In order to be among those who petition for the restoration or continuation of a Mass in a Parish, one must be a parishioner there or else worship there regularly. However, in order to assist at Mass there or seek to fulfil the obligation there, one can be from any parish or any diocese or anywhere.
+Hence, a group of three or more parishioners or parish members can lodge the petition but, once restored, they can bring 5,000 others in from other parishes. Under the 1983 Code, there is no restriction on where one may fulfil the obligation, and even non-Catholics can attend.
+I wonder what the Bishop of Gaylord do. Will he slip in before Mass and ask each attender where he came from, throwing out those who are not from the parish? Absurdum est.
+P.K.T.P.
+Final comments:
+First of all, the bit about the collection plate is hilarious. What are these fools thinking? I suppose that this will justify hiring more lay committees to ‘manage’ the complexities of the collections. I just use a plain white envelope myself. I don’t give a damn about tax receipts anyway. Someone should put one parish envelope inside another in a series of ‘Chinese boxes’, just for fun.
+In closing, for all the nonsense from this Diocese, I must say that I am very happy they are having their Mass restored. What is really happening is that the Bishop and his cronies are trying to distract people’s attention with all these details so that everyone forgets their dogged opposition to the Traditional Rite of Mass. They don’t want to lose face, having been forced now to back down. The fact is that there has been no T.L.M. in the Diocese of Gaylord–on any basis–for 37 years. We have won; they have lost. Now the battle moves to Saginaw in the south and Marquette in the north. Once we have them, all of Michigan has fallen to our army of holiness, devotion, decorum, and truth. The hippies and their Aquarian banjos are receding. . .
+P.K.T.P.
+One priest with whom I am familiar toyed with placing an announcement in his bulletin stating, “Those who wish to spend quiet time alone before the Blessed Sacrament should note in their calendars that, every Wednesday morning at 8:00 a.m., the tabernacle will be hidden behind the Mass card while Father offers a private, unannounced Mass in the Extraordinary Form.”
+Fortunately, his bishop was very pleased and supportive when Father informed him he would be celebrating a private EF Mass on his day off, and even encouraged him to consider adding one to his Sunday schedule, mirabile visu! He was not, it should be noted, a priest of the Gaylord diocese.
+“The fact is that there has been no T.L.M. in the Diocese of Gaylord—on any basis—for 37 years.”
+Not so. The FSSPX has had a chapel in Mancelona. At one time that awesome priest, Fr. McMahon, of-praying-the-Buddists-out-of-the Cathedral fame, was pastor.
+My bride-to-be and I couldn't have been happier with our new apartment — spacious, elegant, overlooking Overton Park. We loved the classic cosmopolitan feeling, the crown molding, and the shiny hardwood floors. We stood admiring our park view when a crowd began to gather down below. Soon, police cars sped onto the scene with sirens blazing. Seems check-in day for us was someone else's time to check out. Welcome to Memphis!
+I'm no Vance Lauderdale. I've lived around the Mid-South, somewhat sporadically, for the past six years, and in Memphis for the past two. There are no streets here that carry my name (unlike many of our long-time readers) and I'm the only Lauterbach in the phone book. I've married a fourth-generation Memphian who made it clear to me that I had a lot to learn about my new hometown. The process of becoming a Memphian begins, according to her, with baptism by "Joe's special" chocolate milkshake at Wiles-Smith Drugstore. After that, things get a bit more complicated.
+I have, however, learned a few shortcuts to getting things done around town that might even help someone of old Vance's depth of Memphian knowledge. I'll be sure to tell him that too, as soon as I get back from picking his cloaks up at the dry cleaner.
+Car & Driver
+The new Department of Motor Vehicles location at 2714 Union Avenue Extended, 452-7148, opened December 15, 2006. It fills a huge need for the Memphians who don't live in Whitehaven or the northeast corner of the city. It's a full-service DMV, and until now was the city's best-kept secret. Short lines, brief wait times, and convenience make this the place to take your teenager for that driving test, geriatric parent for that license renewal test, or to pick up your new license card in person. Sorry, you can't keep the old picture.
+You may renew your license online at, a site that also enables you to renew certain professional licenses, apply for state jobs, and request vital records.
+The downtown motor vehicle inspection station can be a breeze if you hit it at the right time of day. I recently went to pay for my tag renewal before having the vehicle inspected (or even knowing it was necessary), so don't bother showing up at the county clerk's office bright and early if you haven't run through a vehicle inspection station. Getting through both experiences with minimal discomfort hinges on that last phrase: bright and early.
+Though the city has three motor vehicle inspection stations, the 590 Washington Avenue location is four blocks east of the Shelby County Clerk's Office at 150 Washington, where you'll need to proceed for license tags, vehicle registration, and new stickers following your inspection. There are seven other locations around the city for vehicle registration, though none offers the proximity to the inspection station you can find downtown. Visit for other locations.
+Home Sweet Home
+Utility activation is a part of the myriad services of Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division, (not to mention entertainment, thanks to all the shenanigans taking place at our city's utility company). To activate your accounts, or report problems with them, call 820-7878 or visit.
+You have multiple choices for telephone service, though most of us end up with BellSouth (888) 757-6500 or Comcast 369-5055. Ditto for Internet hook-ups. The challenge will be figuring out how to call one before having said service engaged.
+The Shelby County Assessor of Property compiles property values, square footage, construction dates, and can tell you what a realtor might not reveal in your home search. You can also find out what your friends, coworkers, and neighbors paid for their houses, and even see a satellite photo of your property at.
+Building permits are obtained through the Memphis and Shelby County Division of Planning and Development, 576-6601 and. Permits are issued only to building owners before any construction, addition, or demolition.
+Be sure to check with your neighborhood association for other rules. The national website Neighborhood Link can help you find yours, or help you start your own:.
+Legal-ease
+For online payment of speeding and parking tickets, visit. You'll go to a page that requests your name, license number, and ticket number, before paying by debit or credit card.
+The "city services" menu at facilitates driver's license renewal and payment of property taxes, amid other services. It hosts the non-emergency online support center where citizens can report a variety of civic blights, from rats, potholes, abandoned vehicles, and busted traffic signals to excessive yard sales, also known as fencing stolen property. You must register online before logging a complaint.
+The "city services" menu additionally holds answers to questions we hope to never have occasion to ask. Where do I call to inquire about an individual who has been arrested? The Shelby County sheriff, 545-5660. My next-door neighbor keeps between 25-30 cats in a cage behind his/her home. Is this okay? Call Shelby County Animal Services, 362-5310. They can also send someone out to look into that pack of stray dogs running through your neighborhood. Sure, that happens in every city. Really. They'll tell you in a most reassuring tone, "Due to the intermittent nature of stray dogs, it is not unusual that several attempts may be needed to resolve the problem." Intermittent nature. Sounds like they've done some research.
+The "city services" site is a not-so-user-friendly blend of PDFs and HTML, but the information is all there.
+In case you're not keeping up with local news, the Memphis Police Department has enough to do without your calling them about your lost cat. The non-emergency line 545-COPS (2677) handles everything that isn't a current, threatening situation. MPD urges the use of 911 only in situations of active violence or intrusion. If someone is breaking into your house, call 911. If you go out to your car in the morning to drive to work only to find your tires slashed, call the non-emergency line. And your boss.
+I, too, thought that my right to suffrage as an American citizen was guaranteed in the Constitution, but what the founding fathers fail to mention is that you must register before voting. Any public library is the way to go, though you may also register when picking up your inaugural Tennessee driver's license. The Shelby County Election Commission website directs you on the hows and wheres, provides absentee ballot request forms, and locates your precinct.
+Those desirous of a run at public office must file a petition in person downtown at the election commission office at 157 Poplar Avenue, Suite 109, just half a block from where you might end up after your election. The friendly, knowledgeable staff can advise you on which offices sit vacant, which are up for election, and even provide you with an assessment of your chances of winning certain races. I, for instance, was directed toward the upcoming Arlington Board of Aldermen race, rather than the city mayoral campaign. Was it something I said?
+Birth and death certificates are available through the Health Department, and may be requested over the phone, 544-7600, or in person at 814 Jefferson Avenue. In either case, an $8 fee must be submitted along with a photocopy of your identification.
+For other public records, search the excellent Shelby County Register of Deeds website at for current property deeds and a range of historical information. The site displays death records dating 50 years or older, and documents pertaining to the 1968 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
+Public Works
+If you think that your trashcan has been unjustly skipped for a weekly emptying, call Solid Waste Management, 576-6722. The department has a supervisor in your neighborhood on pickup day, and they should address the oversight immediately. For more information about garbage and recycling services, including a list of recycling drop-off locations, visit.
+Downed power lines, gas leaks, or burst water pipes at home, or in the street? Call MLGW at 544-6549. A busted fire hydrant is the Fire Department's issue, so call the fire hydrant repairs division at 320-5351.
+Speaking of fire prevention, the Memphis Fire Museum coordinates the fire department's free smoke detector installation program. They'll also provide a free smoke detector inspection at your home. Both services are subject to availability, so call the museum at 320-5650 for more information.
+For time, weather, and news on the latest fried-fish creation at Captain D's — commercials really are everywhere — dial Jam-Jam-1 or 526-5261.
+Getting Hitched
+Marriage licenses can be obtained, no less than 30 days in advance of the wedding date, at 150 Washington Avenue downtown, Millington City Hall at 7930 Nelson, or 1075 Mullins Station Road. No blood test required! The next step might take you to the Graceland wedding chapel (800) 238-2010, or, depending on the circumstances leading to your nuptials, you may prefer Ministers in a Minute, a mobile minister service, to provide a clergyman at a moment's notice, 754-4700 and. Shotgun not included.
+Be a Tourist in Your Town
+Now that you're hooked up and legal, take some time to explore the Bluff City. Our eclectic museums and attractions need you. All Memphis museum operators say that they see far more foreign tourists than they do Memphians. Visiting our own local museums reminds us not only of our heritage — all bloody and glorious — but also of our reputation around the world as a city like no other. You'll see people from all nationalities and cultures touring the city and you realize what a special place we live in.
+Through our museums, you can trace the city's development from an Indian village on the bluffs of the Mississippi, to cotton capital, music mecca, and civil rights battleground, all within a mile and a half, from the banks of the river to 706 Union Avenue.
+We'll start our hometown tourist trip where it all began, and flow through our city's story from there.
+Mud Island River Park. The fact that this place was named Mud Island — and it stuck — is pretty delightful. I'm guessing that Memphis Convention and Visitors Bureau president Kevin Kane was not consulted. It sounds susceptible to flooding, and perhaps not all that inhabitable. According to writer Shields McIlwaine in the classic 1948 cultural history Memphis Down in Dixie , a shantytown of scrap and cardboard huts once occupied the strip.
+The Mississippi River Museum on Mud Island is a must-see. Visitors can take the shortest monorail ride ever, or a walk over the bridge at 125 N. Main Street. You may also sleep under the stars next to the mighty Mississipp' on the second Friday of each month between April and October, though I think April or October would offer a more humane experience than any of the months between.
+Mud Island also offers Mississippi River canoe excursions and a miniature replica of the entire river that you can splash around in.
+The museum takes you as close as you're likely to get to the legends of the Big Muddy. The exhibit begins with a 7th-grade social studies brush-up on DeSoto, LaSalle, and Marquette and Joliet. It's a wonder the river doesn't run blood red with the centuries of broken truces, betrayals, and massacres as the Europeans and Native Americans attempted to coexist. The only artifacts on display that remain from the pre-eighteenth-century bluff are guns, swords, cannons, knives, arrows, and hatchets.
+The artifacts from the eighteenth-century suggest civilization in the form of flatware and booze jugs. The dioramas and rusty metal are well and good, but the museum comes alive with its depiction of nineteenth-century steamboat culture. Anyone who's ridden Disneyland's Pirates of the Caribbean will feel faintly familiar with the Belle of the Bluffs , a replica of an 1870 steamer where you can wander the decks, inspect the coal boiler, and hear strains of saloon piano.
+The Riverfolk Gallery is worth the trip. Here you'll see life-size wax likenesses of Mark Twain, a Bunyanesque keelboatman, steamboat captain T.P. Leathers, riverboat gambler George Devol, and showboat entertainers Jeanne and Tommy Windsor, she in two-piece with a sequin top and fishnet stockings. Clean family fun!
+Next, the theatre of disasters briefs us on centuries of boiler explosions, capsizing, disease, and drownings on the river. The 1970s educational filmstrip cautions us to the hazards of traveling aboard "fragile, flammable, floating wooden palaces," also known as steamboats. The soundtrack crackles like old pine burning as the cries of victims of past disasters fill the small, wall-to-wall-up-wall carpeted theatre. The narrator acknowledges that though disasters still occur on ol' muddy, "today people don't go hunting trouble with the river." Entertaining and informative!
+The music artifacts are nothing to sneeze at despite the presence of numerous other music history museums in the city.
+The Cotton Museum at 65 Union Avenue, 531-7826 () opened in March 2006 in the old Cotton Exchange Building. The industry abandoned its old headquarters in the 1980s, but its story lives on in 3,000 square feet of exhibits beneath the cotton trading board that displayed the latest prices in the global cotton market scribbled in chalk. The exhibits don't shy away from the dehumanizing effects of the industry, particularly on centuries of African Americans bonded in slavery on cotton plantations, and mired in sharecropping smaller cotton farms after the Civil War through the 1970s.
+The artifacts include manacles and locks used to confine slaves, and samples of manilas, the currency of the African slave trade. The museum also focuses on the technological achievements of the industry, from Eli Whitney's eighteenth-century invention of the cotton gin, to the age of mechanization in the twentieth century, and the computerization of the twenty-first-century cotton game.
+In its mission to display the cultural im-pact of cotton, in addition to the economic, social, and technological imprints of the industry, the museum exhibits costumes worn at the annual Cotton Carnival and Cottonmaker's Jubilee, in addition to artifacts of the blues, a topic covered well elsewhere.
+The W.C. Handy House is located at 352 Beale, 527-3427. If you're lucky, you'll hear Sam "Black Smoke" Wiggins picking his guitar and singing on the front porch of the house where the blues was born. Some controversy exists as to whether or not this is the house, since the city updated address numbers between the time Handy lived on Jenette Place in the early twentieth century and the preservation of the home and its move to Beale in the 1980s. As one online review of this attraction put it, "a far cry from the opulence of Graceland." Audio tour narrated by Priscilla Presley not included. You do, however, hear the facts of Handy's life and times from the knowledgeable "T" Bryant of Heritage Tours as she guides you through the two-room shack. The financial situation of an African-American musical innovator compared to that of a later white innovator like Elvis comes into focus as well.
+Speaking of music, this is the only city in the world where you can follow the meteoric rise of Elvis Presley from public housing to global icon. You can sleep where the boy King slept at the restored Lauderdale Courts at 185 Winchester, Apartment 328. Elvis spent his teenage years here, and the curious lad wandered to Beale Street, East Trigg Avenue Baptist Church, and Poplar Tunes to soak up the sounds of the city. Book the "Elvis suite" by calling 523-8662 or online at.
+From there the Elvis trail winds to Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue, 521-0664 (). The knowledgeable guides here milk the two-room tour for all its worth. Plenty of pilgrims find the experience moving, transcendent, like a visit to a holy shrine. They swoon from the emotional gravity of it all. The lack of air-conditioning is what had me on the ropes, but no matter. Standing in the room where rock-and-roll was born, surrounded by the acoustic tiles that absorbed the sounds of Elvis, Jerry Lee, Johnny Cash, and Carl Perkins, and posing for a snapshot with the microphone they sang into is must-do Memphis.
+Graceland is located at 3734 Elvis Presley Boulevard, 332-3322 (). We've all heard it ad nauseum but Graceland is amazing. Before moving to Memphis, I dreamt of someday hearing Priscilla Presley's warm voice in my ear, feeling the shag below my feet, wondering, "Why can't I go upstairs? Aunt Minnie's dead!"
+Graceland is what happens when a dirt-poor Southerner suddenly gets to live without financial limitations. While many Elvis fans ponder what the King would sing if he lived today, I wonder what sorts of excess he could've accomplished with today's technology. Seeing a 1970s superstar home frozen in time seems a little quaint by today's standards. The man worked with what he could, though. A bed on his private jetliner, three TVs in his "study," and retro-chic animal prints attest to as much. Elvis isn't the only King, however, to have left this world via Memphis, Tennessee.
+The National Civil Rights Museum, 450 Mulberry Street, 521-9699 (), tells the story of the long struggle for African-American equality in unsparing detail.
+Interactive exhibits put you on a Greyhound bus in the 1960s South to be subjected to racist bullying, and in the middle of a swarm of police dogs and firehose blasts in Birmingham, Alabama.
+The most poignant, authentic moment that any museum can offer takes place when you walk out on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel and stand in the spot where an assassin's bullet killed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968.
+Memphis Fire Museum, 118 Adams Avenue, 320-5650 (), stands alone in the country as a museum that combines history, wonderfully restored fire department artifacts and equipment, and a state-of-the-art interactive fire safety education program. Highlights include a talking horse and an anxiety-attack-inducing burning house simulation. You stand inside while a carelessly discarded cigarette engulfs a sofa in flames, the fire spreads to the walls, consumes the oxygen, and breaks out the windows. The temperature builds as the flames fill the room, smoke masks the exits, and eventually the sirens shriek.
+The museum is geared towards educating children to the perils of fire, and they are reminded throughout to avoid smoking in bed.
+The Pink Palace at 3050 Central Avenue, 320-6320, is the perfect showcase for that special blend of Mid-South innovation and eccentricity. The taxidermy (love the buffalo!), the dioramas of Civil War amputation, the iron sarcophagus, the miniature folk-art circus, and the full-scale replica Piggly Wiggly are some of the things that make people who grew up in Memphis cooler than other people. Was all this stuff in the house when Clarence Saunders lived here?
+If a walk in the park is your thing, Lichterman Nature Center at 5992 Quince and Memphis Botanic Garden at 750 Cherry Road offer a quick getaway to nature within the city limits.
+Unmarked Landmarks
+Jim Lee ruled the river in the nineteenth century like Boss Crump later ruled dry land. When his sea legs failed him, though, he spent his last years convalescing in an upstairs bedroom of the ornate Victorian mansion at 690 Adams, listening for the steamboat bells on the river.
+After Mississippi River boatman Tom Lee (no relation to Jim) saved 32 people from drowning on an Engineers Club of Memphis outing gone terribly wrong in 1925, the engineers figured that the least they could do was build Lee a home. They finished the house at 923 Mansfield in North Memphis in 1927. Lee stayed there until his death in 1952.
+The house where Aretha Franklin was born at 406 Lucy Avenue was most recently appraised at $6,700. How about some R-E-S-P-E-C-T for the queen of soul's Memphis roots?
+Jazz bandleader Jimmie Lunceford lived here in the 1920s on what was then E. Iowa Avenue. What's left of the house still stands at 578 E.H. Crump Boulevard.
+Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his final speech — the one where he proclaims that he has been to the mountaintop — at Mason Temple Church of God in Christ at 930 Mason Street (off E.H. Crump Boulevard between Third Street and Danny Thomas Boulevard).
+From newcomer to oldtimer
+Over two years in, I've gained a feel for the city. It has its potholes, its stray dogs, its black eyes courtesy of truly seismic historical forces. But the mythic qualities of Memphis swirl all around us. The mystical terms used to summarize the place, the things people say about Memphis being one of the last real American cities, a city with soul, are all true. When I listen to All Blues Saturday on WDIA, when I'm sitting in the lobby at Cozy Corner waiting for a sandwich, sitting in the lobby of The Peabody sipping a Brandy Alexander in December, or perched on a log in Harbor Town watching that river roll on by, I feel like there's no other place like it on earth. No place like home. No bluffing.
+Steve Besley's Education Eye: week ending 12 June 2020
+- Welcome to Education Eye, a regular update detailing the policies and stories happening in UK education, compiled by Steve Besley.
+What's happened this week?
+Important stories across the board this week:
+For schools, the government decision to drop plans for all primary children to be back in school before the end of the summer term has generated sharp divisions; the Telegraph even suggesting they may not be back until well into September. For FE, proposals for skills recovery packages have started to be published as the government gears up for its own big announcements. And for HE, a more nuanced picture on how students view their experience both current and future has emerged with some important survey results released this week.
+Here’s a look at some of the details:
+The dropping of plans on wider primary school attendance was formally announced to MPs by the Education Secretary on Tuesday afternoon, but in truth it had been deemed impossible by many from the start. Just over half (52%) of primary schools had taken on extra pupils last week and the figure was rising, but given the issues over social distancing and other capacity and health concerns, the Education Secretary acknowledged that ‘a cautious, phased approach’ was now the most sensible course of action to take – hence the change in plan.
+The decision has divided opinion. The Chancellor described it as ‘a tragedy’; former Education Secretary David Blunkett labelled it ‘a betrayal of young lives’; and there was much talk in the media of ‘a lost generation’. Others argued that it simply wasn’t possible for schools to be able to guarantee safe access for all pupils as proposed by government. Parents have been left divided.
+Among the concerns, two stand out: First – and one raised in Parliament by Rob Halfon, the Chair of the Education Committee – is whether it will lead to a new era of educational inequality; a widening of the attainment gap, as highlighted in a report from the Education Endowment Foundation last week and reinforced in a new report from the Social Mobility Commission this week. And the other concern, raised by the Children’s Commissioner and other children’s organisations, is about the social and emotional impact on children and families, many of whom are already under pressure. In PM Questions this week, the Leader of the Opposition called for a national plan on school reopening with immediate support for summer holiday learning. The PM said plans are under development and that the Education Secretary would present some details next week, but 2m distancing remains a big issue. The National Education Union has a starter for ten including smaller class sizes, support over the summer for families, and changes to exam assessment.
+In summary, as things now stand, primary schools that can open up for more children before the end of term are still being encouraged to do so, while secondary schools are due to put in place limited face-to-face provision for small groups of Year 10 and 12 pupils from next week. Pressure is also building for interim support measures such as summer schools, dedicated tutorial systems, and getting the free laptop system moving. In addition, work on next summer’s exams continues: ‘we are working with Ofqual and the exam boards on our approach to these’, the Education Secretary told MPs. Ofqual is due to release a consultation on this in the next few weeks (as the Education Committee heard the day after).
+Next, getting the economy moving again where this week the Business Secretary announced the creation of five business groups – including one focusing on skills and apprenticeships. They come as we await major set-piece speeches in a few weeks’ time on economic recovery plans from the PM and Chancellor. The context for this continues to look bleak. This week it was the turn of the OECD to add its perspective and it wasn’t pretty: an 11.5% fall in GDP, high unemployment, and a substantial fiscal deficit in a worst-case scenario. A slow recovery in the best case.
+Training and skills assume a major importance in such a context and the FE sector is not short of solutions. This week the body representing independent training providers called for an £8bn + skills training package. It argued for a big chunk of this to go on apprenticeships including in the form of wage subsidies for young apprentices and another big chunk on adult skills programmes – current ones rather than new, high profile ones in its view. This aligns with some of the thinking set out in a ‘recovery’ letter to the PM this week from the CBI, where job creation, skills hubs and flexing of the apprenticeship levy were among the proposals. The Institute of Directors called for similar kickstart measures as it released its latest Confidence Tracker this week. Broadly, a consensus on skills recovery principles is taking shape, incorporating a youth training guarantee, strengthened apprenticeship support, a green new deal, subsidised L3 and 4 provision, adult re-skilling programmes, specialist job centres, and a volunteer scheme.
+And so to those university student surveys which this week have come from Unite Students, StudentCrowdand the HE Policy institute/Advance HE. There’s been no lack of interest in trying to winkle out what plans students might have for the coming academic year, let alone what they think of things generally, not all of which have been helpful, but these latest surveys add an important dose of reality.
+The major annual Student Academic Experience Survey published by HEPI/Advance HE is described by Wonkhe as ‘one of the best sources of information we have about the student experience’ and this latest version lives up to its billing. The headline messages have been neatly summarised by HEPI director Nick Hillman. The big headline has been the increase in the number of students reporting that their experience has been positive, a lot of it down to the improved quality of assessment and feedback. There are flipsides of course, value for money, wellbeing, and a less favourable experience reported by some minority students for example, but overall, at a time of great uncertainty, it’s good to see the university experience still valued by so many.
+The top headlines from the week:
+- ‘Concerns over delays to DfE’s free laptops scheme (Monday).
+- ‘Coronavirus: Plan dropped for all primary pupils back in school (Tuesday).
+- ‘Anxiety over next year’s exams, MPs told’ (Wednesday).
+- ‘More students say university not value for money’ (Thursday).
+- ‘Coronavirus: school in September part-time if 2m distancing’ (Friday).
+General:
+- Economic tightrope: The OECD published its latest economic outlook suggesting global economies were on a tightrope depending on whether a 2ndwave of the virus returned and painting a pretty bleak picture for the UK of a contracting economy, rising unemployment and only gradual recovery at best.
+- Recovery roundtables:The Business Secretary held the first of the government’s five new working group sessions designed to bring leading business and academic figures together to help plan getting the economy moving and growth and jobs growing over the coming months.
+- Job protection data:The Treasury published official data on the UK job protection and furlough schemes for up to the end of May.
+- Future Tech:The Trade Secretary, Liz Truss, launched the government’s Future Tech Trade Strategy pointing to a growing digital trade network, a Tech Exporting Academy and opportunities for global trade and investment.
+- Recovery Plan: The CBI set out its proposals for an economic recovery in a letter to the PM calling for a big focus on jobs and skills through Skills Hubs and New Jobs programmes along with investment in the green economy and other kickstart measures.
+- Business Confidence: The Institute of Directors released its latest Confidence Tracker showing business leaders’ overall confidence in the economy slightly up but investment and hiring intentions down.
+- Social Mobility: The Social Mobility Commission examined how many of its proposals had been acted on over the last seven years, concluding that only a quarter had, calling as a result for a new core unit to be set up at the heart of government to drive forward improvements in social mobility.
+- Brexit stocktake:The UK in a Changing Europe think tank published an update on Brexit negotiations with the date for a decision on any extension to the transition looming, raising concerns about the impact of a no-deal and the need for more time to deal with trade, security and immigration issues.
+- Mental health worries: The Institute for fiscal Studies published new analysis of the impact of lockdown on mental health during the first two months indicating that not only had it precipitated a deterioration in levels of mental health but also heightened mental health inequalities generally.
+- Return to spender: The Resolution Foundation reported on the effects of the pandemic on living standards, suggesting that while falls in income may have been spread across all groups, falls in spending hadn’t leaving low-income families facing the biggest drops in living standards.
+- Jobs worry: The FT highlighted the latest data from JobisJob, the online recruitment website, which showed resilience in some sectors such as healthcare and technology but a sharp drop in retail and hospitality and concerns about a steep rise in unemployment as furloughing drew to a close.
+- At risk: The TUC published a new briefing highlighting issues facing the employment prospects of young people, often because they work in key risk sectors like hospitality and the arts, and calling on the government to offer a job guarantee scheme.
+- Good work: The Institute for the Future of Work reported on the future of work post-pandemic making the case for so-called Good Work, a model of work that supports good health and encourages cooperation, to be at the centre of public policy in the future.
+- More Good Work: The RSA updated its earlier major report on Good Work to reflect the current pandemic listing among other things 8 ideas including work councils, a workers’ data covenant and personal learning accounts, that could form the basis of a new social contract for good work.
+- First 1001 days: Children’s organisations and mental health charities called on the government not to forget families and babies in any plans for rebuilding society post-pandemic as a new survey revealed current anxieties were often being transmitted to the very young.
+More specifically ...
+Schools:
+- School opening update: The Education Secretary confirmed in a Statement to MPs that government plans to have all primary school pupils back before the end of the summer term were being dropped and that government was working on a more extended back to school plan.
+- 10-point recovery plan: The National Education Union (NEU) issued its own 10-point education recovery plan calling among other things for ex-teachers to be brought in to create small classes, primary SATs to go, and changes to be made for 2021 exam assessment.
+- School places: The government published latest stats on primary and secondary school choices for this year showing offers on preferred choices up slightly for secondary but down slightly for primary.
+- Education Committee Inquiry: The Education Committee hosted its latest virtual witness session looking into the effects of the pandemic on education with exam and disadvantage issues heading the topics discussed.
+- Response to Education Committee: The Sutton Trust issued its response to the Education Committee’s Inquiry into the impact of the pandemic on education, listing 18 recommendations including holding summer schools for disadvantaged pupils, focusing the apprenticeship levy on young people, and moving towards post-qualification applications for university.
+- 2020 exam entries: Ofqual published provisional data on this summer’s exam entries showing GCSE entries up slightly mainly in EBacc subjects such as Combined Science, History and Spanish, and A’ level subject entries down slightly, in both cases reflecting the changing demographics of each age cohort.
+- Exam grades: Ofqual wrote to this year’s GCSE and A’ level candidates reminding them of the work going on to ensure they receive timely and assured grading this year as the closing date loomed for schools and colleges to submit their grade profiles to exam boards.
+- Online accreditation: The government reported back on its 2019 consultation on developing an accreditation scheme for online learning providers, confirming that it plans to create an inspection-based Quality Assurance Body this August and launch a voluntary, ‘low cost’ Accreditation Scheme from this September.
+- Early Career teachers: The government announced the rollout from this September of its programme of professional support for teachers in their first two years of teaching.
+FE/Skills:
+- Apprenticeship rescue: Leading business groups and regional Mayors outlined a 7-point plan to re-boost the apprenticeship system supported by a long-term Back to Work Fund with funding relief, safety guidelines and improved support.
+- T level rollout: The government announced the latest list of providers approved to offer T levels ranging from accounting to management and administration from September 2022 with the provider pool set to widen from 2023.
+- PAC on UTCs: The Public Accounts Committee published the results of its inquiry into University Technical Colleges (UTCs) taking the government to task for a lack of commitment and poor use of resources and calling on the Dept to come back with clear targets and data on UTCs within three months.
+- AoC on the Autumn series: The Association of Colleges published its response to Ofqual’s consultation on holding an autumn round of exams, acknowledging the case for another round of exams but questioning whether it was in the best interests of students looking to move forward.
+- Shame and shaming in FE: The FE Trust for Leadership published the second in its revealing series on the challenges of leadership in FE today and the personal toll it can exact, concluding with a number of reflections on how to prepare for leadership, make transparent decisions and leave with dignity.
+- Recovery package: The Association of Employment and Learning Providers (AELP) submitted its thoughts on skills and training ahead of expected government announcements on economic recovery plans in a few weeks, calling for a wage subsidy for apprenticeships, support for traineeships and investment in current adult training programmes.
+- The training we need now: The Policy Exchange think tank published a follow- up collection of essays from leading employers and commentators on skills policy calling for a beefed-up vocation education and training system to emerge from the current pandemic that could help drive recovery forward.
+- Build back better: The Edge Foundation launched its post-COVID-19 Revival Fund with grants of up to £50,000 available for organisations able to offer learning support and skills training that could make a difference.
+- Caring through crisis: The Learning and Work Institute highlighted the work of its Driving Change projects supporting colleges working with young carers whose case studies indicated many of the challenges they currently face.
+- Collaboration funding: The government announced that the College Collaboration Fund, a Fund set up earlier this year to help colleges share good practice, while now smaller was open for bids until the end of the month.
+- ETF on the ATS: The Education and Training Foundation (ETF) announced some flexibility to the eligibility criteria for this year’s Advanced Teacher Scheme (ATS) along with bursary options in many cases.
+- English Language support: The British Council announced a scheme to support 1m English language learners through its My Tutor platform as they prepare for their International English Language proficiency tests during the lockdown.
+HE:
+- Latest Student Academic Experience Survey: Nick Hillman, director of the HE Policy Institute listed ’10 killer facts’ from HEPI and Advance HE’s latest annual major survey on students’ academic experience, which saw student satisfaction grow though not for all and where value for money remains an issue.
+- Unite survey: Unite Students, the university accommodation provider, published its latest survey of students and parents as they consider options for this autumn, finding both keen to see the campus and live teaching experience return as soon as it’s safe for this to happen.
+- Counting the cost: SUMS Consulting reported on its survey of university finance directors painting a fascinating picture of the ups and downs, challenges and costs facing those managing budgets and recommending a continuing focus on data, transparency, collective responsibility and core business.
+- Dear Mr Halfon: Sir Michael Barber, Chair of the Office for Students (OfS) wrote to the Chair of the Education Committee following a recent appearance before the Committee, setting out in more detail what the OfS was doing to support students and higher education generally during the pandemic.
+- Changing the record: Rachel Wolf argued in a telling comment piece on the Wonkhe website that the university sector will need to reflect better voter concerns about what they look for from higher education if it is to curry favour from government in future.
+- International students: Universities UK called on the government to take urgent action to reassure international students coming to study in the UK by highlighting the new 2021 Graduate route and extending the visa application and study rules for Tier 4.
+- More on international students: The Times Higher reported on the case of LSE which is likely to be one of the hardest hit by a drop in international students this year and which may need to look at local recruitment in the interim.
+- Student and staff wellbeing: The government added a section on student and staff wellbeing to its recent guidance on opening up campuses listing where funds and support might be available.
+- Student protection: The Office for Students issued new ‘temporary’ guidance for providers on how it intended to monitor and protect the interests of students during the current pandemic including how they would be taught and assessed.
+- Helping hand: The Office for Students reported on how universities and colleges were helping this year’s prospective students with advice and guidance at a particularly difficult time highlighting case studies and shared good practice.
+- The QS rankings: The latest annual international rankings from the research group QS which uses research output, international reputation, and staff ratios among its metrics, saw UK universities retain four places in the top ten but drop down the international league with Asian universities continuing to progress.
+- More league tables: The Complete University Guide published its latest (2021) university rankings complete with separate tables covering 70 subjects showing Cambridge still top overall and the top ten remaining much the same.
+- AI places: The government and Office for Students launched their campaign to generate applicants, particularly from underrepresented groups, for their new, funded postgraduate artificial intelligence and data science conversion courses, due to start this autumn.
+- Degree apprenticeships: The Edge Foundation, UVAC and university partners published a new report looking at how to make degree apprenticeships ‘sustainable’ in HE, calling for a distinctive brand and clearer design model.
+Stand-out tweets
+Memorable tweets and posts this week:
+- “Almost a week on, I've not heard of anyone seriously contemplating student social bubbles. It was, and still is, absolute twaddle” | @jim_dickinson
+- “I find it strange we campaign for pubs to open, but at the same time, say it's too risky for schools to open before Sept” | @halfon4harlowMP
+- “Ahhh school is finally getting back to normal: I walked into a table so hard I have a huge lump, corrected some full stops and capital letters of pupils who definitely know how to use them, and got asked if I was pregnant (to be clear, I’m definitely not)” | @MrsSpalding
+- “Every school is now three institutions in one. A traditional school. An online school. A community hub contributing to welfare. That’s a lot of work. Being done extremely well and with great agility” | @russellhobby
+- “A French company has been ordered to pay £36,000 in damages to a former employee who suffered from “bore out” because he was not given anything interesting to do” | @Telegraph
+- “I really miss my social life, and I didn’t even have a good one” | @MhairiMcF
+Stand-out quotes
+A selection of quotes that merit attention:
+- “We do fully intend to bring back all children to school in September, provided the progress we are making continues, which I hope it will” – the PM defends government plans to row back on the wider opening of schools.
+- “We all owe them a huge debt of gratitude” – Prince Charles thanks teachers and families for keeping learning going through the pandemic.
+- “It cannot be that I go to the swimming pool in the morning and to the restaurant at noon (...) but that the universities in the middle of the city remain closed” – German lecturers call for universities to return to business as normal.
+- “In the past, they (governments) have tended to wake up to the “bottom 50 per cent” problem, tinker about a bit, and then lose interest, which is one reason the landscape has become so complex and opaque” – the Policy Exchange think tank calls for an improved skills training system.
+- “My two years in the role have been two of the best of my life” – Steve Frampton, prepares to hand over the Presidency of the AoC to Sally Dicketts.
+- “We aren’t surprised that the policy has been jettisoned” – ASCL general secretary Geoff Barton reacts to changes to government plans on primary school reopening.
+- “To date, the Department has delivered nearly 50,000 devices and 10,000 4G wireless routers to local authorities distribute to eligible children. Deliveries will continue throughout June” – the government responds to MP’s questions about the distribution of free laptops.
+- “There is a tsunami of anxiety hitting schools about the one million children who are going to be taking their GCSEs and A-levels next year” - Professor Elliot Major highlights concerns about the impact of school dislocation to the Education Committee.
+Stand-out numbers
+The important numbers of the week:
+- 4% – How much the UK economy contracted in April, the first full month of lockdown, according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS).
+- 14% – How much UK GDP could fall this year if there’s a second wave of coronavirus, according to a new economic report from the OECD.
+- 1% – The increase in the level of mental health in the UK during the first two months of lockdown according to analysis from the Institute for Fiscal Studies.
+- 473 – How many UK infrastructure projects have been put on hold during the current pandemic amounting to £6.5bn, according to the FT.
+- 4 – The number of UK universities (Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL) in the top ten of the latest global ranking by QS.
+- 6 – Average weekly contact hours for university students this year, up from 13.9 the year before, according to the latest academic survey from HEPI/Advance HE.
+- 14,000 – How many fewer enrolments there might be at UK universities this year from East Asia, according to research from the British Council.
+- 5,281,745 – The number of GCSE entries this summer, up 2% in line with a rising 16 -year old cohort, according to Ofqual.
+- 05% – The number of certified GCSE and A’ level grades challenged during the 2018/19 year with 16% of these changed, according to figures from Ofqual.
+- 7% – How many pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds get a good pass in GCSE English and maths compared to 49.9% of all other pupils, according to the Social Mobility Commission.
+- 2% – The number of secondary school applicants this year who got their first- choice offer, up slightly, according to latest figures from the government.
+- 52% – The number of primary schools that reopened in the first week to more of the pupils from the government’s list, according to latest government figures.
+Everything else you need to know ...
+Other stories
+- Which workers have been hardest hit? Researchers at the House of Commons Library service this week looked at which groups of workers had been hardest hit by the shutdown. Unsurprisingly, as bodies like the Institute for Fiscal Studies and the Resolution Foundation have previously suggested, it’s those who were already at a disadvantage in the labour market before the pandemic struck that have been hardest hit. The research gives some figures to make the point. For example, of workers in shutdown sectors, 57% are women, 50% under age 35, 15% disabled and 15% BAME. Here's a link to the research..
+Search the Community
+Showing results for tags 'hemalurgy'.
+Found 248 results
+Breaker posted a topic in MistbornSo, let’s say that I, already in possession of the powers of Allomantic and Feruchemocal Nicrosil, were then given a steel spike, Hemalurgically charged with Allomantic Pewter. If if I were to place this spike in my ear, and then to store the investiture it endows me with inside a nicrosilmind, would removing the hemalurgic spike then still remove the power to burn pewter from me? If I were to place only a tiny, tiny piece of that pewter investiture within a nicrosilmind, and then to burn that nicrosilmind (lather, rinse, compound), could I then remove that spike from my ear, passing it along to someone else for free pewter, while retaining supernatural levels of pewter burning in myself? Or would this spike prevent me from storing such Investiture? Would it still remove it altogether, seeing that investiture as keyed and attached to the spike? If I were to compound and the remove that spike, and such removal took away my pewter, would the next wielder of my spike have supernaturally strong pewter? I would love to be able to throw people to the moon, but I’m unsure whether I’d like to murder someone on a potentially failed attempt to gain such abilities. Thoughts?.
+kuiinteth of isaana posted a question in Cosmere Q&AWhy can kandra not breed? I read somewhere that a kandra can have children with humans...?
+Nohadon posted a topic in Cosmere DiscussionSo, been on the Cosmere reddit page. and people seem to think they KNOW where the bind points are on the body. with (from what I've seen) these being "common knowledge" Mental Allomancy: Earlobe (Vin's earring) Physical Allomancy: Heart/Chest (Zane's spike, Spook's spike) Temporal Allomancy: ??? Enhancement Allomancy: ??? I think this is wrong. because (A) we only see this from people who have BEEN spiked and (B) it just Doesn't add up. there are cases of people being spiked with the "known" attributes in different places. so here is my theory on bind-points: 1. The bind points are only involved in the STEALING of attributes, not the giving of it, with inquisitors having spikes of steel in the eyes, and Zane being spiked through the chest. 2. Where they are gifted DO matter, but they give different attributes, like how being spiked through the eye gives steel-vision and being spiked through the chest gives enhanced steelpushing powers. 3. The metal matters, but the INTENT matters more. I think each allomatic/feruchemical metal steals the "human" power AND can steal the matching allomantic/feruchemical abilities, depending on the intent of the spike. PS: I think that the "evil faceless immortal" seen at the end of Alloy of Law ISN'T a hemalurgic construct. but of odium, I think he (and his proxies) are working on scadrial at the time of BoM. and the set matches his goals. but more on that in another theory.
+Discord posted a topic in Cosmere DiscussionAfter lurking for a year, I’m finally taking the leap and posting my first theory to the 17th Shard! (Also posted it to the r/Cosmere subreddit, in case anyone saw it over there.) I couldn’t find anything here (or there) covering this specific topic—apologies if this has already been discussed. Kelsier remains one of my favorite Cosmere characters, and I’m positive that his incredible story arc, irreverence for authority, and status as a Sliver of Preservation will make him a key source of knowledge and insight into the inner workings of Investiture and the Cosmere. In particular, I can’t stop wondering how he pulled off his latest “feat,” seen at the end of The Bands of Mourning—namely, returning to the Physical Realm after dying and turning into a Cognitive Shadow during the events of Mistborn: Secret History. Re-reading Secret History after reading Oathbringer has given me an idea for a theory that I find increasingly plausible: I believe that Kelsier returned to the Physical Realm in a very similar fashion to the creation of The Fused: I imagine that he used Hemalurgy to “staple” his Cognitive Shadow into a living person, much like the Fused are Ancient Listener Cognitive Shadows “inserted” into the gemhearts of living Listeners. (Possibly related to the spike going through his eye and brain?) Kelsier, The Survivor of Death The two passages above highlight Kelsier’s problem as a Cognitive Shadow: he’s missing the “string” (whatever that actually means) that connects him to the Physical Realm, enabling him to have a body. From the end of The Bands of Mourning, we can see that Kelsier succeeded! He’s back in the Physical Realm, able to physically interact with his surroundings and other people, and clearly inhabiting a body that looks a lot like his previous body (note the scarred arms). We know that Kelsier couldn’t possibly be inhabiting his original body, as it was eaten by OreSeur near the end of The Final Empire. Somehow, Kelsier has obtained a new body that looks like his original body (or… more likely, he’s managed to transform a different body to look like his own). The timing of events also gives us some clues in terms of just how quickly Kelsier managed to accomplish this: he’s down on the Southern Hemisphere while the people there are literally still in process of freezing to death—he walks by recently frozen corpses and comes upon the remnants of a people waiting to die. From this we can infer that Kelsier got his body back fast enough following the Catacendre that some of the Southerners were still alive. Given how quickly Allik and the other Southerners started experiencing hypothermia in “normal” temperatures, it’s hard to imagine that Kelsier had more than a few months (if not weeks) to figure out his Physical return. The Mechanics of “Fusing” These passages reiterate the mechanics of “fusing”: a living Listener opens him/herself to the Cognitive Shadow of an Ancient Listener, who then completely takes over the body of the living Listener, forcing out the original soul, and “fusing” to the body to create a new being. This passage seems to suggest that the “fusion” process fundamentally changes the physical appearance of the Listener body beyond that of form, as form changes don’t seem to correspond with a Listener’s marbling coloration (i.e., we’ve seen Listeners of the same form have different colorations, so we can infer that coloration is not form-specific). If we assume that marbling coloration is a more fundamental physical attribute of the individual listen related to his or her Identity (much like a fingerprint), this change in coloration would be suggest that the “fusion” process is directly changing the Identity of the Listener’s SpiritWeb. Conclusions In spite of the very limited information that we have thus far, it’s difficult not to see a parallel between Kelsier’s Physical return and the creation of the Fused: both are instances of a Cognitive Shadow returning to the Physical Realm by inhabiting a body of some sort (literally stated in the case of the Fused, strongly implied in Kelsier’s case). We know that the Fused require a gemheart of some sort to facilitate the process (the existence of Thunderclasts show that the it may not even need to be a Listener body or gemheart), and the “storage” of Investiture (spren) within a gemheart certainly evokes the “storage” of a Hemalurgic charge within a spike, in many ways. (Note: I’ve used the word “return” to describe Kelsier’s inhabiting a Physical body—Kelsier’s parallels to the Returned on Nalthis, who are also Cognitive Shadows AND Splinters, certainly exist as well, but the analogue seems a bit more oblique than that of the Fused? If anyone has thoughts on how this phenomena is also similar, I’d love to hear them!) Would love to hear feedback and thoughts on this theory! I couldn’t be more excited for The Lost Metal! Really hoping that it comes with some big answers around our favorite scarred Survivor.
+JoelyWoely posted a question in Cosmere Q&AIf you put two spikes in the right spots would someone become a Kandra? Or does it have to be a Mistwraith first?
+Apollyon posted a question in Cosmere Q&AAfter having read Arcanum Unbounded, something in The Emperor's Soul bothered me. It made me pseudo-revisit Elantris for answers, and I've come up with nothing. In Elantris, when the Dakhor monks show up, it describes them as having metal plates under there skin. At the time of my first reading, I assumed it was hemalurgy, but after reading Emperor's Soul, it seems to be soul stamping. Both are described as sort of defacing and twisting the body in unnatural ways, but I can't come up with an answer. Do we have a WoB or something on this?
+Podman posted a topic in MistbornEDIT: This theory has been pretty soundly disproved due to fundamental errors as pointed out by @Weltall. I don't know exactly when to put spoilers and when not too, but don't read further unless you've read Mistborn. I was thinking. Yes, I know, I'm proud of me too. In Secret History we see what happens to koloss in the CR when they die. They separate into the people that were used to spike them without memory or knowledge of their life as a koloss. That's a relief, right? It means it didn't change the people into bloodthirsty monsters, they were more used as a battery against their will. But how does this translate to kandra? First off, I'd like to make clear that- in my eyes at least- over the course of its life, a kandra is three sentient, intelligent beings. Two people (made into Blessings), and the kandra itself. The original kandra were four sentient intelligent beings because the mistwraith was actually a Feruchemist. So when a kandra dies, how does it appear in the CR? Does it split into the two blessings and the original Feruchemist, the kandra wiped away? 'Cause that would suck. I mean, a Ryshadium- a storming horse- gets into the Beyond and a fully sentient immortal stops existing? Doesn't make sense. Therefore, I propose that when Hemalurgy (do you capitalize that?) is used in a way that it fundamentally changes the recipient of the spike, so much so that their personality is immediately and drastically effected, it creates an entirely new soul. In this case, I believe that when a kandra dies, four beings appear in the CR. However, I've just run into a couple of problems. Right now a certain question has been created. "So, do koloss and those disgusting wolf people in the Homeland enter the CR in death, and go to the Beyond?" I would say it depends on the sentience and intelligence on the being in question. For instance, the disgusting wolf people I would classify as simply dissipating into the people used to create it. For original Era 1 koloss I would probably say the same. Era 2 koloss are different, because the human turned koloss remembers his life as a human, and is roughly the same person. When you start getting into koloss like Human, it begins to get philosophical. That concludes my rambling theory. Feel free to rip it apart!
+kalaxin posted a topic in Cosmere DiscussionThe essay in Arcanum Unbounded about Scadrial mentions that in all likelihood Hemalurgy is the form of Investiture on the planet that can likely have the most impact on the greater cosmere. This is obviously because Hemalurgy can be performed by anyone, but it made me start wondering whether it could steal abilities from non-Scadrian magic system. It seems to me that it should for abilities that are genetic in nature (despite that many major magic systems aren't).
+Necessary Eagle posted a topic in MistbornSo I was just rereading my Mistborn books, and I found a few weird things. Such as Inqusitor healing. All the Inquisitors have super healing, which is said to be feruchemical. But TLR thought he had bred the feruchemy out of the Terrismen. So where did he get the victims to make the spikes? Also, the Nalazen the worshipped the stars. This implies that they could see the stars. Were the pre-Deepness mists sporadic, or really thin, or what?
+Hunt2man posted a question in Cosmere Q&AI was going through some WoB with the tag "Hemalurgy", and found this. Where have we seen it?
+Hunt2man posted a question in Cosmere Q&ACan you theoretically steal echolocation with a tin spike? If you can find the correct spot? I mean think of this. Dolphin man...?
+kalamitous_emoashions posted a topic in Cosmere Discussion?
+Knghtstlker posted a topic in MistbornDoes anyone have anything to add to any of these? Perhaps Hemalurgical differences? They can be used to pass both Feruchemy and Allomancy correct? I distinctly remember them Only able to take one power at a time, which is why they prefer to take Mistings instead of Mistborn to create Steel Inquisitors. So does that mean that in theory someone out there? Possibly Marsh? Has All possible combinations? Is this answered in Era 2? I'm halfway through the second book. Which means there is still quite a lot of explanation to go I'm sure. Does anyone have any insight to offer that doesn't spoil Era 2? Haha! Please just give me a Rafo if there is a further in depth explanation further on. Again please leave all spoilers out for Mistborn Era 2. As I'm just not quite there yet. Is there anyone who can perhaps link to some kind of Infographic "If there is one" or a Table of some kind that explains more and perhaps possible Twin Born Combinations? I'm sure there are quite a few, Even a few that can no longer be identified "Currently", because to my knowledge Atium is all gone. lol. LIST OF METALS ALUMINUM: A Mistborn who burns aluminum instantly metabolizes all of his or her metals without giving any other effect, wiping all Allomantic reserves. Mistings who can burn aluminum are called Aluminum Gnats due to the ineffectiveness of this ability by itself. Trueself Ferrings can store their spiritual sense of identity in an aluminum metalmind. This is an art rarely spoken of outside of Terris communities, and even among them, it is not yet well understood. Aluminum itself and a few of its alloys are Allomantically inert; they cannot be Pushed or Pulled and can be used to shield an individual from emotional Allomancy. BENDALLOY: Slider Mistings burn bendalloy to compress time in a bubble around themselves, making it pass more quickly within the bubble. This causes events outside the bubble to move at a glacial pace from the point of view of the Slider. Subsumer Ferrings can store nutrition and calories in a bendalloy metalmind; they can eat large amounts of food during active storage without feeling full or gaining weight, and then can go without the need to eat while tapping the metalmind. A separate bendalloy metalmind can be used to similarly regulate fluids intake. BRASS: Soother Mistings burn brass the soothe (dampen) the emotions of nearby individuals. This can be directed at a single individual or directed across a general area, and the Soother can focus on specific emotions. Firesoul Ferrings can store warmth in a brass metalmind, cooling themselves off while actively storing. They can tap the metalmind at a later time to warm themselves. BRONZE: Seeker Mistings burn brass to "hear" pulses given off by other Allomancers who are burning metals. Different metals produce different pulses. Sentry Ferrings can store wakefulness in a bronze metalmind, making themselves drowsy while actively storing. They can tap the metalmind at a later time to reduce drowsiness or to heighten their awareness. CADMIUM: Pulser Mistings burn cadmium to stretch time in a bubble around themselves, making it pass more slowly inside the bubble. This causes events outside the bubble to move at blurring speed from the point of view of the Pulser. Gasper Ferrings can store breath inside a cadmium metalmind; during active storage they must hyperventilate in order for their bodies to get enough air. The breath can be retrieved at a later time, eliminating or reducing the need to breathe using the lungs while tapping the metalmind. They can also highly oxygenate their blood. CHROMIUM: Leecher Mistings who burn chromium while touching another Allomancer will wipe that Allomancer's metal reserves. Spinner Ferrings can store fortune in a chromium metalmind, making themselves unlucky during active storage, and can tap it at a later time to increase their luck. COPPER: Coppercloud Mistings (also known as Smokers) burn copper to create an invisible cloud around themselves, which hides nearby Allomancers from being detected by a Seeker and which shields nearby individuals from the effects of emotional Allomancy. Archivist Ferrings can store memories in a copper metalmind (coppermind); the memory is gone from their head while in storage, and can be retrieved with perfect recall at a later time. DURALUMIN: A Mistborn who burns duralumin instantly burns away any other metals being burned at the same time, releasing an enormous bursts of those metals' power. Mistings who can burn Duralumin are called Duralumin Gnats due to the ineffectiveness of this ability by itself. Connector Ferrings can store spiritual connection in a duralumin metalmind, reducing other people's awareness and friendship with them during active storage, and can tap it at a later time in order to speedily form trust relationships with others. ELECTRUM: Oracle Mistings burn electrum to see a vision of possible paths their future could take. This is usually limited to a few seconds. Pinnacle Ferrings can store determination in an electrum metalmind, entering a depressed state during active storage, and can tap it at a later time to enter a manic phase. GOLD: Auger Mistings burn gold to see a vision of a past self or how they would have turned out having made different choices in the past. Bloodmaker Ferrings can store health in a gold metalmind, reducing their health while actively storing, and can tap it at a later time in order to heal quickly or to heal beyond the body's usual abilities. IRON: Lurcher Mistings who burn iron can Pull on nearby sources of metal. Pulls must be directly toward the Lurcher's center of gravity. Skimmer Ferrings can store physical weight in an iron metalmind., reducing their effective weight while actively storing, and can tap it at a later time to increase their effective weight. NICROSIL: Nicroburst Misitings who burn nicrosil while touching another Allomancer will instantly burn away any metals being burned by that Allomancer, releasing an enormous (and perhaps unexpected) burst of those metals' power within that Allomancer. Soulbearer Ferrings can store Investiture in a nicrosil metalmind. This is a power that very few know anything about; indeed, I'm certain the people of Terris don't truly know what they are doing when they use these powers. PEWTER: Pewterarm Mistings (also known as Thugs) burn pewter to increase their physical strength, speed, and durability, also enhancing their bodies' ability to heal. Brute Ferrings can store physical strength in a pewter metalmind, reducing their strength while actively storing, and can tap it at a later time to increase their strength. STEEL: Coinshot Mistings who burn steel can Push on nearby sources of metal. Pushes must be directly away from the Coinshot's center of gravity. Steelrunner Ferrings can store physical speed in a steel metalmind, slowing them while actively storing, and can tap it at later time to increase their speed. TIN: Tineye Mistings who burn tin increase the sensitivity of their five senses. All are increased at the same time. Windwhisperer Ferrings can store the sensitivity of one of the five sense in a tin metalmind; a different tin metalmind must be used for each sense. While storing, their sensitivity in that sense is reduced, and when the metalmind is tapped that sense is enhanced. ZINC: Rioter Mistings burn zinc to riot (enflame) the emotions of nearby individuals. This can be directed at a single individual or directed across a general area, and the Rioter can focus on specific emotions. Sparker Ferrings can store mental speed in a zinc metalmind, dulling their ability to think and reason while actively storing, and can tap it at a later time to think and reason more quickly.?
+Confused posted a topic in Stormlight ArchiveI think the KR abandoned their oaths in the Recreance because they discovered that Odium had the ability to control their Radiantspren. I believe Voidbringing is Odium’s form of Hemalurgy. I speculate Odium used Voidbringing to inject voidspren into Radiantspren. I believe this is the Diagram’s “secret” that destroyed the KR. Here’s my logic: 1. I think Hemalurgy is the ability to transfer innate Investiture from one entity to another. @Cowmanthethirdreminds me that, technically, “Hemalurgy” is Ruin’s magic system, since it relies on blood to effectuate the transfer. But I think the power to transfer innate Investiture (by whatever name) is available to every Shard, subject to their Mandate (intent). Even non-Awakening Breath transfers IMO are Endowment’s form of Hemalurgy, since Breaths are innate Investiture. This WoB states Spiritual Realm powers are "not themselves of [any] Shard. They are simply tools." That includes the power to transfer innate Investiture (by whatever name). 2. I think Voidbringing (not Voidbinding) is Odium’s “possession” magic. He gains control of a soul by changing the soul’s innate Investiture. I believe Roshar’s innate Investiture always manifests as spren. Rosharans call spren a “soul.” The Rider of Storms is the “soul” of the storm. When Fleet dies, his “soul” rises into the storm “forever to race the wind” – a windspren. A Tai-na’s spren is its “soul.” 3. Voidspren IMO are Odium’s Hemalurgical “spikes” – Odium Investiture (voidspren) injected into a soul’s innate Investiture (the host spren). I think this WoB confirms that (emphasis added): Listeners bond with pre-Shattering spren. I think the only listener forms that rely on “hole-less” spren are the Lost Legion’s five basic forms. IMO, stormspren are a pre-Shattering spren Odium controls through a voidspren. In Dalinar’s Purelake vision, a voidspren-injected “host” spren becomes a Thunderclast. 4. In this post, I theorize Radiantspren combine two pre-Shattering spren. Those are the spren that give Radiantspren their ability to Focus two powers. I believe it’s possible for Odium to control the Radiantspren by injecting a voidspren into one or both of those spren or the Radiantspren itself, perhaps through the “hole” created by the combination. 5. Odium might have corrupted earlier KR generations this way. The Surgebinder War that preceded Nohadon’s Desolation may be an example. Vorin contempt for the KR may stem from their Odium-corrupted behavior as much as the Recreance. I think the Recreance KR discovered their exposure to Odium. The KR had to abandon their oaths in unison. 6. I think Odium has gained control of other spren. I’ve long believed the Heralds are spren – each a Horatius guarding the bridge between Braize’s and Roshar’s subastrals. Here’s Kalak’s description of Jezrien in the SLA Prelude: Some posters believe Odium corrupted Ishar as well as Jezrien. IMO, Odium now controls the Stormfather. 7. I think Voidbringing is reversible. My Odium mantra: Hate corrodes and divides. It spoils relationships. I think Odium’s Mandate (intent) severs Connections. His Investiture cannot form its own bonds and instead “unmakes” souls. IMO, voidspren are like electrodes inserted into the host spren. They can be removed without damage to the host. The Nahel bond, in contrast, mingles souls. That’s my speculation, anyway. Enjoy yourselves!
+Djarskublar posted a question in Cosmere Q&ASimple enough. Do we know if you can spike the part of you that defines your birthplace? If yes, could you get a few of those and gain Selish magic?
+Brightlord M. Aelstrom posted a topic in Cosmere DiscussionSo, this is going to be a half baked theory, and I'm not nearly familiar enough with WoK or WoR to really support it, as I don't have the books yet, but here it goes anyways: We have WoB saying that we have seen Hemalurgy used on other worlds than Scadrial. (If you want more, see this thread) But he makes it sound like we shouldn't be able to find it. Another Nurse Worldhopper? Anyways, I started thinking about how you'd go about finding a hemalurgically spike individual, and what came to mind was the insanity and "voices" that were the biggest hints at spiked individuals on Scadrial. But I wasn't sure. After all, Ruin is now a part of Harmony, and i don't think Harmony would make people go insane. However, what if the back door could also be accessed by other Shards? Thus, if another shard became aware of Hemalurgy, they could replicate what Ruin was doing with Penrod, Spook and Quellion. That's when it hit me: The Heralds went to Damnation, were tortured, and came back insane. Theories are all about Odium breaking them to start desolations. But what if Odium became aware of Hemalurgy, and started spiking heralds. He would intermingle the spiking with other forms of torture so that people might not notice that he was leaving metal needles in their bodies. I'm not sure if he took complete control (like with Inquisitors) or just opted for a couple spikes and a voice in their head. Think I'm bogus? Take a look at this quote: I'm sure there are others. But for now, i just wanted to get these ideas down.?
+cometaryorbit posted a topic in MistbornRe-reading HOA, and now I'm really confused. Vin says at one point that the normal Inquisitor spikes are 2 steel in the eyes, 1 steel in the shoulders, and 6 in the sides/ribs - 4 bronze and 2 steel. That would allow for the basic 8 allomantic metals (with one doubled), but neither steel nor bronze can grant Allomantic Atium or Feruchemical Gold. Now, we know from WOB that the Inquisitors didn't all have those powers, but surely most did - without either, they'd be too vulnerable: Atium's just too overwhelming a weapon. Also, the HOA epigraphs talk about the Inquisitors gaining their healing powers from a pewter spike stealing/granting Feruchemical gold, and the way it's written implies that was part of the "normal" power set. Weird...
+Wooldridge 2006). From Equation (2), adding a stochastic error and rearranging terms, each participant i’s (i=1,…261) latent utility difference between truthtelling and lying at direct economic ECOSTj is given by Yij* C i bECOST j ij. (3) Under utility maximization, an observed realization of TRUTHFUL CHOICE, Tij, is related
+to Yij* by the following mechanism:
+economic costs of truthfulness. (In Section IV, we explore sources of variation in C i and we discuss that, besides the direct effect of reducing the attractiveness of truthfulness, ECOST may have an indirect effect through the total costs of lying.) The standard errors correct for possible serial correlation and heteroskedasticity by clustering at the individual level. (Recall that participants went through all five economic cost situations.) Column (1) of Table III shows the results of this analysis. Consistent with the fact that many individuals did, in fact, tell the truth, the constant term is positive. Importantly, ECOST is a highly significant determinant of the relative attractiveness of truthfulness and lying for an individual. Indeed, the implied marginal effect of ECOST is powerful: A 30cent increase in ECOST was associated with a 16.9% decrease in truthtelling.14 Together with the observations made in Table II, this finding supports Hypothesis HET.
+TABLE III ABOUT HERE
+Column 2 of Table III adds individual-level controls. The main result for ECOST remains unchanged. We observe some interesting additional findings. First, women appeared to be more likely to tell the truth, as did students in fields outside of psychology and economics.
+Second, given the decision-theoretic nature of the experiment, altruistic and distributional concerns, as well as attempts to live up to others’ expectations so as to avoid guilt, should not have affected behavior in this experiment. Yet, we note that 35HURTS does enter significantly in this baseline regression. This suggests one of two possibilities. Either participants’ altruistic concerns drove behavior, or 35HURTS was correlated with some If is normally distributed, one obtains the probit model. As is typical in econometric applications, the two models yield virtually identical inferences.
+In the real world, managers are indeed faced with substantial cross-sectional and time-series variation in the economic cost of truth-telling. Our results are consistent with findings by Bergstresser and Philippon (2006), who showed that the use of discretionary accruals to manipulate reported earnings was more pronounced at firms where CEO compensation depended more on the stock price.
+general differences in preferences that were in turn correlated with intrinsic costs of lying and thus reflected variation in a variable omitted in Column 2. As Section IV shows, the latter explanation is corroborated by the data.
+The conclusions we draw from these main results are simple but important. Hurkens and Kartik (2009) demonstrated that Gneezy’s (2005) data would be consistent with a population of pure opportunists, who always lie, and pure ethical types, who always tell the truth (as in Koford and Penno 1992). However, the present evidence of changeability in truthtelling behavior and of significant sensitivity to economic costs associated with truthfulness rejects Hypothesis TYP and is in direct contrast to the implications of a typebased model.
+IV. Sources of heterogeneity in total costs of lying
+We have established that the participants in our experiment showed more variation in their total costs of lying than if they had belonged to one of just two fixed extreme types. In this section, we expand on these findings by considering various potential sources of the variation among individuals in total costs of lying. Moreover, this extension allows us to provide further evidence refuting the type-based model; in particular, we document that there is also heterogeneity within individuals (across situations) in total costs of lying.
+A. Enhanced model
+We consider two constituent sources of heterogeneity in total costs of lying. First, these costs are driven by individuals’ Intrinsic Costs Of Lying, for which we use the term ICOLi.
+Second, we also allow the situation, that is, the economic costs of truthfulness or the extrinsic incentives for lying, ECOSTj, to influence the total costs of lying. Adjusting notation, we posit that total costs of lying may vary both among and within individuals, and we now write C ij C ij ICOLi, ECOST j . Since all participants encountered the same ECOST situations, the evidence on heterogeneous total costs of lying provided in Section III necessarily implies that there is heterogeneity in ICOLi. Next, the intrinsic costs of lying and the economic incentives for lying (economic costs of truthfulness) may enter Cij separably or non-separably. Indeed, whether intrinsic preferences and extrinsic incentives interact in determining total preferences for a certain action has implications that extend beyond the scope of the current study; see, for example, Bowles and Polanía-Reyes (2011) for a discussion of how incentives to contribute to public goods may affect social preferences. In order to capture both possibilities, we consider, for parsimony, a simple parametric specification C ij ICOLi, ECOST j 0 1 ICOLi 2 ECOST j 3 ICOLi ECOST j, (6)
+coefficient thus allows us to test whether a candidate measure of ICOL helps explain heterogeneity among individuals in total costs of lying. Moreover, specification (6) allows for two channels through which heterogeneity in total preferences for truthfulness within individuals enters. First, it seems reasonable to postulate that Cij is increasing in ECOST so
+only tells us that Cij is not increasing in ECOST at a rate greater than marginal utility b.
+Second, heterogeneity of preferences within individuals for truthfulness can unambiguously be detected by considering the interaction term IE. Under the discrete-choice model’s assumptions, a significant interaction term provides further evidence against the notion, posited by the type-based model, that there are two fixed types.15 Specifically, a positive interaction term arises if the intrinsic costs of lying are more important in determining total preferences for truthfulness when the stakes (ECOST) are higher. An equivalent interpretation (useful in settings where an agent can choose the size of the lie) is that individuals with stronger intrinsic costs of lying perceive “larger” lies, which yield larger economic benefits, as less attractive and will, thus, tell “smaller” lies. A negative interaction term instead arises if the source of the intrinsic costs of lying is relatively less influential at higher stakes. If the coefficient on the interaction is zero, the economic costs of truthtelling are perceived identically by all agents, regardless of the strength of their intrinsic costs of lying, ICOLi. In that case, all agents’ utilities would react identically to changes in the economic costs, even though heterogeneous ICOLi would imply that some would report the truth while others would lie at a given ECOST.16 C. Results We first consider three possible sources of intrinsic costs of lying, ICOLi, for which survey measures are available to us, and we then discuss other possible drivers of behavior. The Alternatively, if the true utility function has a separable form but the assumption of weak exogeneity of the error term ij does not hold, then the interaction term in the model may serve as an instrument to correct for ij. The interaction correlation between the explanatory variables (ICOLi and ECOSTj) and the error term term can serve as an instrument because it arises as one of the terms in the second-order Taylor-series expansion of the random utility function (with violated weak exogeneity). It captures jointly the effects of both explanatory variables. One anonymous Referee provided an example in which 90% of individuals make deterministic decisions based on an additively separable utility function, i.e., they tell the truth when Ci=ICOLi is greater than ECOST, and they lie when ICOLi is smaller than ECOST. 10% of individuals make decision errors; that is, they tell the truth although ECOST is greater than ICOLi, and they lie even when ICOLi is greater than ECOST. In simulated data, the Referee showed that a logit regression (which is a misspecified model under the assumptions made) may yield a significant interaction term on ECOST and intrinsic costs of lying, even in this setting. In the Referee’s example, the error term is not independent of the observable variables. Thus, the interaction term becomes significant in this setting because it is an instrumental variable for an omitted variable. We conclude that, even if the true utility function is separable, researchers may well want to use a non-separable reduced form because this specification is robust to the violation of the assumption of weak exogeneity of the error term, such as occurs in decision errors of the form proposed by the Referee.
+When testing for non-separability (that is, for the significance of the interaction term), we consider coefficients, rather than marginal effects, from the logit regressions. Recall that marginal effects in a logit regression are given by β' X 1 β' X β, where is the logistic cumulative distribution function giving the initial probability of truthfulness. Those with high (low) ICOL have high (low) initial probabilities of truthfulness. Thus, the highest marginal effects of ECOST on behavior are likely to be found in the middle range, and smaller marginal effects are likely to be found among those with high intrinsic costs.
+Analyzing coefficients instead allows us to consider the hypothetical case of participants who would display identical initial probabilities of reporting the truth.
+descriptive statistics for EXTDECEIT, SELFDECEIT, and PV shown in Table IV indicate that there is wide variation in these three variables, suggesting that they could potentially explain the observed variation in truthtelling behavior. In Table III, we test whether this is the case. We allow each possible source to affect behavior both separably from economic costs and jointly by way of an interaction.
+TABLE IV ABOUT HERE
+First, participants may have developed an interest in impressing the experimenter by appearing honest and non-greedy (e.g. Fischbacher and Heusi 2008); this would act like a preference for truthfulness. Given the design of the experiment, in which we took great care to make the responses anonymous, this is very unlikely to have occurred. Indeed, EXTDECEIT is not significant in any of the regressions, and neither is the interaction term with ECOST.
+Second, it is possible that participants deceived themselves by making the “right” choices. However, SELFDECEIT is also not significant in any of the regressions, and neither is the interaction term with ECOST.
+Third, we consider the possibility that moral values were a source of the intrinsic costs of lying. While many moral concepts are potentially relevant, we focus on protected values (PV). The literature that has developed the theory of these values emphasizes that protected values are non-consequentialist and induce a resistance to engaging in actions that would violate moral values, reducing the attractiveness of any financial gains obtained through such actions.17 That is, the economic costs of truthfulness matter less to those who hold stronger protected values of truthfulness; those people are trade-off resistant. This idea naturally translates into a functional form for Ci that is non-separable into intrinsic (moral) costs of lying and economic costs of truthfulness.
+Column (3) of Table III shows that PV of truthfulness was a highly significant predictor of behavior in the experiment. A one-point increase in PV was associated with a 17.4% See, for example, Baron and Spranca (1997); Tetlock, Kristel, Elson, Green, and Lerner (2000); and Tanner, Medin, and Iliev (2008). The source of protected values is modeled by Bénabou and Tirole (2011) as a need of agents to invest in their identity. For the strongest form of PV, “sacred” values and taboos, see in particular section V of their paper.
+increase in the probability of truthtelling, holding the other variables at their means. In Column (4), we obtain a positive, significant coefficient on the interaction term between PV and ECOST. This is evidence that, conditional on the correctness of the discrete choice (logit) model’s specification, the data are consistent with non-separability of the economic incentives and this measure of intrinsic costs of lying. That is, the data confirm that there is heterogeneity within individuals’ total costs of lying, again inconsistent with the type-based model’s assumption.
+Note that E IE PVi is negative even when evaluated at PV = 6. Thus, in the crossˆ ˆ section of participants, the presence of a strong protected value of truthfulness lessened, but did not eliminate, the relevance of the economic costs associated with the earnings management decision. With PV in the regression, the significance of the demographic controls vanishes. It is also noteworthy that, as soon as we include the interaction term with PV, 35HURTS is no longer significant.18 Finally, as shown in Column (5), we also find that our results continue to hold in the subsample without the free-truth situation.
+We emphasize that, despite these findings, one cannot conclude that PV has a stronger claim to organizing the data than plausible alternatives. For example, participants may be driven by non-consequentialist preferences that attach expressive utility to low-stakes acts or decisions that substantiate or confirm personal identity. This expressive-preferences concept was developed in the political science literature to explain why citizens vote despite an apparent lack of economic incentive (Buchanan 1954; Tullock 1971).
+«The determinants of capital structure: Some evidence from banks ∗ Reint Gropp Financial Research Division European Central Bank and Department of Finance University of Frankfurt and Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) Mannheim Florian Heider Financial Research Division European Central Bank April 2008 ∗ We are grateful to Markus Baltzer for excellent research assistance. Earlier drafts of the paper were circulated under the title “What can corporate finance say about banks’...»
+...»
+«General Government Gross Debt in Brazil: Methodological Issues Regarding Government Securities Held by the Central Bank Joanilson C. Santos1 Central Bank of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil – joanilson.santos@bcb.gov.br Abstract The general government gross debt, according to the methodology followed by international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, includes all securities issued by the government. In Brazil, the current institutional framework involving the Central Bank and...»
+«One Kind of Democracy∗ Siwan Anderson, Patrick Francois, and Ashok Kotwal Department of Economics, University of British Columbia September 2011 Abstract...»
+«KANE COUNTY FINANCE AND BUDGET COMMITTEE WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 27, 2016 County Board Room Minutes 9:00 AM Kane County Government Center, 719 S. Batavia Ave., Bldg. A, Geneva, IL 60134 1. Call to Order Chairman Hoscheit called the meeting to order at 9:00 AM. Attendee Name Title Status Arrived Deborah Allan Board Member Late 9:11 AM Theresa Barreiro Board Member Late 9:04 AM Cristina Castro Board Member Absent Drew Frasz Vice-Chair Absent Thomas Smith Board Member Present Susan Starrett Board...»
+«Enforcement of Share Charges: In Practice A version of this article, written by Senior Associate Becky Kitchener, first featured in Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Finance Law in February 2013. Key points Enforcement of share security may be difficult without involvement from a court or insolvency practitioner.This is particularly the case where the directors of the company in which charged shares are issued refuse to co-operate. Obtaining executed stock transfer forms and...»
+«Government Operations Agency Improving Campaign Finance Disclosure A Report to the Governor January 16, 2015 As directed by Governor Brown’s October 8, 2013, veto message of Senate Bill 3 (Yee, 2013), the Government Operations Agency has consulted the Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC) and the staff of the Office of the Secretary of State, as well as others with an informed interest in improving California campaign disclosure, to examine California’s campaign finance system and to...»
+«Mark Lett DOI 10.1007/s11002-013-9273-y The relationship between consumer characteristics and willingness to pay for general online content: Implications for content providers considering subscription-based business models Girish Punj # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Abstract An increasing number of digital content providers are considering ways to charge consumers for content that was previously free. A key question for these companies is whether a change in business model from...»
+«Item 1 – Cover Page Fee-Only Personal Financial Advisors Firm Brochure Part 2 A & B of Form ADV Dated March 9, 2016 Main Office: 40950 Woodward Ave, Ste 140 Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48304 800-224-1040 Website: This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices of Cambridge Connection, Inc. If you have any questions about the contents of this brochure, please contact our Head of Compliance, Carol Johnson, at 800-224-1040 or...»
+«Vision To be a premier global management school Mission To develop socially sensitive, ethical, value adding leaders and organisations. Ms. Savitri Kunadi Former Indian Ambassador to France Shri D.H. Pai...»
+...»
+«THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE • VOL. LVII, NO. 1 • FEB. 2002 Ex Ante Costs of Violating Absolute Priority in Bankruptcy LUCIAN ARYE BEBCHUK* ABSTRACT A basic question for the design of bankruptcy law concerns whether value should be divided in accordance with absolute priority. Research done in the past decade has suggested that deviations from absolute priority have beneficial ex ante effects. In contrast, this paper shows that ex post deviations from absolute priority also have negative effects...»
+ America/Denver America/Denver America/Denver 20201101T020000 -0600 -0700 MST 20210314T020000 -0700 -0600 MDT ai1ec-7340@ 20210115T200939Z York Rite 20180602 20180603 +40.160537;-103.214384 Akron, CO 80720, USA 0 York Rite Bodies – Akron Pasture Degrees free ai1ec-7341@ 20210115T200939Z York Rite 20180616 20180617 +39.063871;-108.550649 Grand Junction, CO, USA 0 York Rite Bodies – Council Degrees free ai1ec-7342@ 20210115T200939Z York Rite 20180623 20180624 +40.625541;-103.207709 Sterling, CO 80751, USA 0 York Rite Bodies – Council Degrees free ai1ec-7362@ 20210115T200939Z Collins 19,Fidelity 192 The Wheatland Outdoor Lodge is an annual event (since 1950) held at the Kennedy Ranch in the foothills 40 miles west of Wheatland, Wyoming. This is a Tiled Meeting restricted to Master Masons. This would be a good opportunity for the Brothers of the Lodge to share in a joint activity and car pool to and from the meeting location. If interested, please contact the Fidelity Lodge Secretary info@ftcfreemasonry.org 20180714 20180715 +42.054414;-104.95275 Kennedy Ranch @ Wheatland, WY 82201, USA 0 Wheatland Outdoor Lodge free ai1ec-7343@ 20210115T200939Z York Rite 20180714 20180715 Masonic Park, South Fork CO 0 York Rite Bodies – Commandery Orders free ai1ec-7363@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 20180721 20180722 0 Fidelity #192 AF&AM – Financial Seminar free ai1ec-7360@ 20210115T200939Z Collins 19,Fidelity 192 20180804 20180805 0 Grand Lodge Budget Session free ai1ec-7364@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 Fidelity Lodge Dispensation Celebration on Saturday, August 11. As in previous years, location will be at the Fossil Creek Park Pavilion. This 54-year annual celebration will be an open picnic celebration with everyone invited, including wives, children, family members and guests. 20180811 20180812 Fossil Creek Park 0 Fidelity Lodge Dispensation Celebration and Picnic free ai1ec-7368@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 20180906 20180907 0 Fidelity #192 AF&AM: Proficiency Workshop for everyone standing on proficiencies free ai1ec-7367@ 20210115T200939Z York Rite The Grand York Rite Sessions will be held this year on September 6 – 8, 2018. These sessions will be held at the Colorado Springs Lodge at 1130 Panorama Drive in Colorado Springs. Complete information on these sessions is available at. 20180906 20180909 +38.866361;-104.862199 Colorado Springs Masonic Center @ 1130 Panorama Dr, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, USA 0 York Rite: Grand York Rite Sessions free ai1ec-7370@ 20210115T200939Z Collins 19,Fidelity 192 The Annual Colorado Masonic Symposium brings together speakers and experts on topics of interest to Masons for the worthy contemplation of the Craft. Combining good company, good food, and fine fellowship, along with ideas worthy of due Masonic inquiry, the Colorado Masonic Symposium provides an opportunity to meet like-minded Brothers from around the world and enjoy a weekend in thought-provoking Masonic discourse. 20181013 20181015 +39.766243;-105.024282 Highlands Temple @ 3550 Federal Blvd, Denver, CO 80211, USA 0 Fidelity #192 AF&AM: Colorado Masonic Symposium free ai1ec-7382@ 20210115T200939Z Collins 19,Fidelity 192 158th Annual Communication of the MW Grand Lodge of Colorado Dates: January 24-26, 2019 Location: Hotel Eleganté 2886 S Circle Dr. Colorado Springs, CO Information: 20190124 20190125 0 158th Annual Communication of the MW Grand Lodge of Colorado free ai1ec-7381@ 20210115T200939Z Collins 19,Fidelity 192 158th Annual Communication of the MW Grand Lodge of Colorado Dates: January 24-26, 2019 Location: Hotel Eleganté 2886 S Circle Dr. Colorado Springs, CO Information: 20190125 20190126 0 158th Annual Communication of the MW Grand Lodge of Colorado free ai1ec-7383@ 20210115T200939Z Collins 19,Fidelity 192 158th Annual Communication of the MW Grand Lodge of Colorado Dates: January 24-26, 2019 Location: Hotel Eleganté 2886 S Circle Dr. Colorado Springs, CO Information: 20190126 20190127 0 158th Annual Communication of the MW Grand Lodge of Colorado free ai1ec-7338@ 20210115T200939Z York Rite 20180116T193000 FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=3TU;BYMONTH=6,7,8 FREQ=MONTHLY;BYDAY=3TU 0 York Rite Bodies free 1 ai1ec-7334@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 20180125T193000 FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=4TH;BYMONTH=6,7,8 +40.585241;-105.080265 Fort Collins Masonic Temple @ 225 W Oak St, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA FREQ=MONTHLY;BYDAY=4TH 0 Fidelity Lodge #192 Stated Communication free 1 ai1ec-7337@ 20210115T200939Z York Rite 20180206T193000 FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=1TU;BYMONTH=6,7,8 FREQ=MONTHLY;BYDAY=1TU 0 York Rite Bodies free 1 ai1ec-7330@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 20180208T193000 FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=2TH;BYMONTH=6,7,8 +40.585241;-105.080265 Fort Collins Masonic Temple @ 225 W Oak St, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA FREQ=MONTHLY;BYDAY=2TH 0 Fidelity Lodge #192 AF&AM Stated Communication free 1 ai1ec-7329@ 20210115T200939Z Collins 19,Fidelity 192 Coll and gives the public a positive exposure to Freemasonry. Brethren of Fidelity Lodge #192 and Collins Lodge #19 are requested to arrive early between 3 and 6 pm to help set up, to assist in the final preparations and hosting of our guests from the community. We expect that over 350 guests will be in attendance. 20180419T190000 0 Public Schools Recognition Night 1 ai1ec-7352@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 Fidelity 20180511T183000 0 Fidelity #192: Date Night free 1 ai1ec-7356@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 Thursday, June 21 – Master Mason Degree beginning at 7:00 PM at the Masonic Temple. This degree is restricted to only Master Masons. 20180621T190000 0 Fidelity #192 AF&AM – Master Mason Degree free 1 ai1ec-7357@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 Saturday, June 23 – St. John the Baptist Celebration Picnic at WB Greg Beaumont’s home located in Wellington (about 23 miles north of Fort Collins) beginning at 6:00 PM This will be a semi-potluck dinner with WB Greg having burgers, buns, fixings and drinks available in addition to paper plates and cups. Everyone attending should bring a side dish to share with others. Everyone, including children and guests are invited to celebrate this event. Please contact WB Greg to confirm your attendance to enable Greg and his wife, AJ, to plan accordingly. 20180623T180000 0 Fidelity #192 AF&AM – St. John the Baptist Celebration Picnic free 1 ai1ec-7373@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 The. 20180927T193000 0 Fidelity #192 – Stated Communication with “Western Dress-Down” Theme free 1 ai1ec-7374@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 Thursday, October 11 – Stated communication with one and possible two Entered Apprentice Degrees. beginning at 700 PM. All Masons are encouraged to welcome one or two new Brothers into the fraternity and Fidelity Lodge. It is important that those standing on the EA degree to attend and help review their proficiency work. 20181011T190000 0 Fidelity #192 – Entered Apprentice Degree free 1 ai1ec-7375@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 Thursday, October 25 – Master Mason Degree beginning at 7:00 PM. This will Fidelity Lodge’s third Master Mason Degree for 2018. All Master Masons are welcome to attend and assist in the raising of another Brother into Fidelity Lodge. Note: this meeting is restricted to Master Masons only. . 20181025T190000 0 Fidelity #192 – Master Mason Degree free 1 ai1ec-7376@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 Saturday, November 3 – Fidelity Lodge Table Lodge beginning at 6:00 PM and lasting until approximately 9:00 PM. This will be the first Masonic Table Lodge in Fort Collins for several years and a good time is expected by all. There will be a at least 11 toasts, most of which are traditional and with an emphasis on patriotism. One of the toasts will be with Madeira wine which was a favorite by many of our Colonial and Revolutionary War era brethren including George Washington, John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin and may others. It was also a favorite of Thomas Jefferson and was used to toast the Declaration of Independence. More information regarding this Table Lodge will be forthcoming. 20181103T180000 20181103T210000 0 Fidelity #192 – Table Lodge free ai1ec-7378@ 20210115T200939Z Collins 19,Fidelity 192 Family members and non-Mason guests are invited to attend the Installation of Officers for Fidelity #192 and Collins #19 AF&AM 20181219T190000 20181219T210000 0 Installation of Officers for Fidelity Lodge #192 and Collins Lodge #19 free ai1ec-7380@ 20210115T200939Z Fidelity 192 WB Gary Malara has scheduled the next Fidelity Lodge Date Night to be held on Friday, January 18 at the Jester’s Playhouse in Longmont. Preformance is “Annie Get Your Gun” Seating starts at 6:00 PM Price is $38.00 per person and includes dinner, play, coffee, tea or soda, tax and tip. Alcohol drinks are extra. Gary needs confirmed reservations immediately. 20190118T180000 0 Fidelity #192: Date Night free 1
+Tonight on FOX Gang Related continues with an all new episode called “Entre Dos Tierras.” On tonight’s episode, Daniel takes a big risk to make up for his unintentional financial setbacks, while Carlos has serious doubts about his father’s plan to reform the family business.
+On last week’s episode Carlos tainted another gang’s meth shipment in order to drive business toward Los Angelicos’ fishscale supply. But his plan backfired and caused a world of trouble for his family and for the GTF. Did you watch the last episode? If you missed it we have a full and detailed recap, right here for you.
+On tonight’s episode Daniel puts himself at risk in an attempt to make up for money he unintentionally mismanaged, while Carlos grows increasingly mistrustful of Javier’s plan to “legitimize” Los Angelicos.
+Tonight you don’t want to miss the sixth episode of Gang Related, so be sure to tune in at 9 pm EST on FOX. We’ll be recapping it right here for you but in the meantime, hit up the comments and let us know your thoughts on the show so far.
+RECAP:
+In Colima, Mexico, the drug operation is in full swing. A truck pulls up to the border and a dog hops in to check the contents. It gets through and then stops and a driver hops out of a car and comes over and swaps license plates onto the truck. The truck pulls into a gated warehouse.
+Tio is at the California State Penitentiary in Chino and tells Gnomo he’s sorry about his brother Jesus. Gnomo thanks him for making his brother’s death painless and says he heard Javier is retiring. Gnomo tells him if Los Angelicos shuts down, all of them in prison will be screwed. Tio says Javier is making plans to cover them. Gnomo says Javier should come reassure them and Tio says he’ll talk to him.
+Ryan cooks dinner for Jessica and she asks to help. He says she can chop veggies but she doesn’t like cilantro and refuses. She samples the food and says he’s an amazing cook. She asks how he learned and he says an uncle taught him after his dad died. She asks about it and he says his died passed when he was 10 and said that he just didn’t show up to pick him up for school.
+He says he was lucky because he lived in a tight knit community that took care of him and his grandmother. Then he lies and says he lost touch with them when he went off to the Army. Jessica says she always had people checking in on her when her dad was out working late. She tells him he may have become a cop to get a sense of family.
+He agrees and says he never thought the GTF would feel like home and says he likes the guys a lot. He says she’s not too bad either and kisses her and puts her on the counter and they undress each other. Dinner is interrupted. His phone rings. She tells him not to answer it but then says he thinks her dad has them under surveillance. He has to go to work.
+Ryan goes to GTF and Tae sniffs him and asks if he’s wearing cologne. Vee says she hopes he’s not doing Therese in evidence since she’s serviced more cops than a donut shop. Sam says they got a lead on a storage place and says they’re looking for a white truck guarded by four bodies. Someone spots them and the truck pulls out. They give chase. The driver ducks down an alley and Sam speeds st them playing chicken. They run the driver into another car. Ryan hops out, smashes the window and pulls a gun on the driver.
+Cassius hops in and tears the bags open and says it smells like tacos. Sam says the drugs aren’t in the truck – he says they are the truck and tells them to check the paint. Cassius peels some of the paint off and sure enough the truck is coated in fishscale. Sam says it’s virtually undetectable and Sam says it’s a Los Angelicos truck. Ryan is stunned.
+The truck is hauled in and photographed. The paint is 41% cocaine with a water polymer. Ryan asks who Sam’s CI is and says he’s incredible. Sam demurs and doesn’t answer but says the intel is solid. He says the CI won’t testify because that’s one criminal’s word against another’s and says they have to build a solid case. Sam says he has to go talk to his CI but Ryan says it’s 100% off the books and he can’t afford it to blow up in Ryan’s face with IA.
+Ryan goes to see Javier and says there was no way he could get ahead of it. He tells him that Sam has an informant but he hasn’t been able to find out who it is. Javier asks if Sam still trusts him and Ryan says he does. He says he’s on it and Javier says they may have to take care of it but Ryan says his team is off limits. This angers Javier who reminds him family comes first.
+Javier says they have another shipment coming in this week and can’t turn it back. Ryan is worried the Metas will come after him if he can’t pay it. Javier tells him the Metas will come after all of the family – Marciela, Danielle – all of them. He says he has to make sure the shipment comes through.
+Ryan comes back to the office and finds Cassius looking for a file at his desk. He pulls the file out and hands it to Cassius but says he’s coming along. He tells Cassius in the car that he had to leave Jessica in the lurch again. Cassius says he needs to apologize and then get some wham bam with her. Ryan says maybe he already has but Cassius says he obiv hasn’t. They are going to see DEA Agent Warren – a covert ops guy.
+Cassius says their method is unconventional and Ryan says that means unconsitutional. They roll up and meet Warren. He asks for the file and Cassius hands it over. Warren says they have a wire tap on the Metas and heard there’s a 1,000 key shipment coming in tomorrow. Ryan asks for the names of who’s tapped but Warren says no dice and drives off. Sam tells them the DEA is wrong and the shipment is already there and is being held at a local mission.
+Tae worries there will be people there and Sam says they have to move now and says the intel is solid. Cassius says this may be game, set and match for the Acostas. Carlos rants to Javier about why Ryan wasn’t doing his job and let the shipment get taken. Daniel tells him to shut it. He tells them both to lay low until this is taken care of. Daniel says he can’t hide out because he runs a bank.
+Tio offers Daniel security for the next few days and he agrees but says not inside the bank. Daniel asks how he’ll pay for the losses but Javier says not to concern himself. He hugs his dad and leaves. Tio says he talked to Gnomo and he asked about the Los Angelicos on the inside and he says they want to see his face. Carlos says the OGs will take offense if he doesn’t give them face time. Javier says he’s too busy and tells Carlos to go in his stead.
+The GTF pulls up to the Igelisa and there’s a service going on. The cops bust in guns drawn. They tell them to stay seated and announce that it’s a raid. The pastor tells him he’s doing God’s work and tries to fight them. Sam tells them to take the place apart. Ryan tries to look for a way to help. Tae says there is a locked room in the back. They ask the pastor if Javier Acosta is a parishioner.
+The pastor tells them where the key is. They head into the back area and there’s nothing. The pastor says this is food for the homeless and it took them six months to collect it. Cassius tells Sam their bust is a bust. Sam snaps and shoves some shelves over. Ryan tells Sam he needs to take him to see his CI because he gave him bad info on purpose.
+Lucho is the CI. Sam kicks his ass and says he and Javier tried to make a fool of him. Ryan says that he thinks Javier gave out bad intel to find the rat and says the Angelicos will be after him right now. Sam says he’s on borrowed time and Lucho begs for protection. He says when something is about to go down, Javier warns them about impending arrests and busts and says Javier has a mole on the force. Ryan looks nervous.
+Ryan asks Sam if he really thinks Javier has a mole and says Lucho was desperate. Sam says they can’t afford to ignore it. He talks about the 400 people they talk to combining GTF, police and DEA. He says they need to figure out if someone is on the take.
+Daniel meets with the guy he invested with and he says they’re up 10% already. He asks Jason if he can double his initial investment. He agrees readily and Daniel says he’ll wire over the funds and they’ll play golf on Sunday. His dad’s hired muscle lurks outside. The bank manager that’s spying sends a text. At GTF, Sam calls for everyone’s cell phones – personal and work. He says they’re bringing in techs to check for spyware and other sources.
+Sam says they are on a communication lockdown. Ryan asks how they can follow up without tech and Sam says the good old fashioned way. Ryan managed to swap out his SIM card while everyone was distracted. Sam goes in to talk to Lucho. Ryan goes to an office, closes the blinds and listens in. Sam gives Lucho a book of the GTF personnel and tells him to look through for people that he may recognize. He pauses on the page with Ryan but then flips past and says he doesn’t know any of them.
+Sam shows him a sheet on a guy that will be his son’s new cell mate – it’s a giant sodomizing rapist. Lucho asks him to please not do it and Sam says that’s what his son will be saying. Lucho insists he doesn’t know who it is and doesn’t recognize anyone.
+The spy at Daniel’s bank introduces his boss to Lisa Brody from S&T Trustco, their institutional lender. Daniel welcomes her into his office and says he thought the review was in six months. She says they like to check into smaller banks more often. She asks about his strong position in SunnyLinks. She says 80% of his investments have to be in more conservative investments and says he has to pull the money back by the end of the week.
+Sam asks Warren about what he’s heard from the Metas. He says they’re not talking about the shipment just beefing up manpower in case the Acostas can’t meet their obligations. Ryan says the Metas will go after the family and Ryan says the women and kids don’t deserve it. Sam says they’re all criminals and his job is to bust criminals, not feel sorry for him.
+A guy comes to tell Javier they know who was passing information but the guy is hiding out. Tio tells Javier he has a visitor he needs to see. Javier goes down and finds Sam having a drink. Javier says he’s sorry for what happened at the church and says he hopes he wasn’t too embarrassed. Javier tells him that Lucho doesn’t know anything else and Sam says he’s not the only Angelico willing to talk.
+Sam says the people you trust the most are the ones that get you in the end. He asks Sam why he’s there and he says it’s professional courtesy and says he wants to give him the opportunity to protect his family. Sam says he’s going to bust his 1,000 keys and knows what the Metas will do to him when he can’t pay.
+Sam offers to put his whole family into witness protections if he turns himself in. Javier says Sam’s word means nothing just like his intel. Sam finishes his drink, tosses down some money and says they’ll have to wait and see. Javier reminds him that at the end of Moby Dick, the whale killed everyone. Tio asks if he thinks Sam is bluffing and he says they can’t take chances. He says to send a coded message to the Metas to reroute the shipment.
+Cassius says Sam did a good job and says the Metas are singing – that means they know they’re being listened too. They’re repeating a song but stopping at a different place each time. Tae says there are different times and they wonder if it’s boats or coordinates and Cassius says it’s a shipyard. GTF gears up and goes to Newport Shipyard to try and intercept it.
+Sam tells everyone to be on their A game. They pull up and hop out and shots are fired at the cops. There’s at least one officer down. Cassius says he spotted six Angelicos soldiers. Ryan takes one down and then runs deeper in toward the shipment. He sneaks closer and some gang members run past him. He looks around and spots a boat. He takes a shot at it and it goes up in flames. This buys some time for the guys to load the drugs into a non-descript boat that Ryan spots. Sam thinks they’re burning the drugs to avoid them being taken. He tells the team to move. Tae sees Ryan going rogue. Ryan shouts out to a guy and says to sink the submarine now. The guy won’t listen and Sam has to shoot him.
+The GTF guys are at the ship Ryan shot and Cassius radios Ryan and asks his 20. he doesn’t reply and hops into the submarine. He opens up some valves so water will flow in and sink it. He hears a noise as Tae hops down and says they were trying to sink the sub and tells him to help close the vents. They shut them off and Sam comes down and lifts the lower hatch and finds the shipment. He turns to Tae and Ryan laughing and says – we got it.
+At the hail, Carlos rolls in to see the Angelicos behind bars. He greets one of the guys and hands over this month’s package. It’s a bundle of drugs. He asks where Javier is and he says he’s there on his behalf. He says as long as there is a single Angelico locked up, he’ll keep paying to keep them safe. He asks about the ones getting out and he says they can go straight with the rest of the Acostas.
+Gnomo says he can’t live on minimum wage and no one else can either. He says when he gets out, they have to sling drugs to make bank. Carlos says they will take care of them and Gnomo says like you took care of my brother. He tells Carlos that Javier is disrespecting him by letting Tio run things and says when Javier goes legit, that Daniel will be in charge and says Carlos won’t be taking care of anything.
+Carlos says the family is going legit whether he likes it or not. Gnomo says screw that. He says he would rather rule in hell than roll in heaven. Gnomo asks Carlos if he’s heard about Prop 36 and says a couple of hundred third strikers are going to be out in a couple of months. He says they don’t need Javier – he says he can go legit – they just need a leader and his money is on Carlos. Carlos looks around at the other bangers and OGs and nods.
+Sam is giving a press conference about the $120 million bust. They ask if he’s happy and he says no because he lost two good men today. Ryan walks by and is spotted on the news broadcast by Javier. Tae asks why he ran from the burning boat instead of away. He says it felt like a distraction. He then asks why he didn’t radio Cassius and he says he was taking fire and running.
+Daniel sees the news report. There’s a knock at the door and it’s Jason. He says he has to take the investments back or his backers will pull their money. Jason says there is a three month lock in and Daniel says he can pay a penalty but Jason says the penalty is 70% of the initial investment. Daniel is floored. Jason leaves and Daniel locks up the bank. He’s jumped by a couple of guys who beat him and throw him in a van.
+Pediatrics
+Pertussis
+- OVERVIEW: What every practitioner needs to know
+- Are you sure your patient has pertuss pertussis, what treatment should be initiated?
+- What are the adverse effects associated with each treatment option?
+- What are the possible outcomes of pertuss pertussis be prevented?
+- What is the evidence?
+- Ongoing controversies regarding etiology, diagnosis, treatment
+OVERVIEW: What every practitioner needs to know
+Are you sure your patient has pertussis? What are the typical findings for this disease?
+Pertussis or whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection caused by the gram-negative bacillus, Bordetella pertussis. Humans are the only known hosts of the disease. Transmission occurs by close contact with cases via aerosolized droplets. The disease remains a public health problem in persons of all ages, socioeconomic classes and ethnicities.
+The incidence of disease in the adolescent and adult populations has significantly increased over the last several decades with waning of vaccine and naturally induced immunity being one of the major contributing factors.
+Adolescents and adults serve as the major transmitters of the illness to others in the community with young infants who are too young to be immunized or who are incompletely immunized being at the greatest risk for complications, hospitalizations and deaths from the disease.
+Symptoms and their severity of pertussis differ depending on the age of the patient; however, prolonged paroxysmal cough that lasts for weeks to months is the hallmark of disease. Symptoms are more severe in young infants and children and milder in adolescents. The disease has three stages.
+1. Catarrhal stage (lasts up to 2 weeks)
+- Low grade to no fever
+- Rhinorrhea with no pharyngitis
+- Mild cough
+- Conjunctival injection
+2. Paroxysmal stage (lasts up to 6 weeks)
+- Paroxysmal coughing episodes (worse at night, triggered by eating or drinking)
+- Inspiratory whoop (may be mild in adolescents)
+- Posttussive vomiting
+- Apnea (may be the only presenting symptom in very young infants)
+- Trouble catching breath during coughing episode
+- Cyanosis
+3. Convalescent stage (lasts up to 6 weeks)
+- coughing paroxysms are less frequent and their intensity is decreased
+Specific questions to ask that will aid in making diagnosis:
+This is especially important in older children and adolescents in whom disease symptoms may be milder and more non-specific.
+Duration of cough?
+Has cough worsened over time?
+Has person had preceding upper respiratory tract illness?
+Has person had exposure to individuals with upper respiratory tract infection with protracted coughing?
+Have any close contacts had a persistent cough lasting for more than 2 weeks?
+Has there been an outbreak of a cough illness in their neighborhood, school, daycare etc?
+Do you have trouble sleeping at night due to cough illness?
+Do you have trouble catching your breath between cough episodes?
+Physical examination findings that may be seen:
+Findings during coughing episodes include -
+Restlessness and agitation due to prolonged coughing episode with difficulty catching breath.
+Tachycardia or bradycardia (young infants), tachypnea or apnea (young infants)
+Perioral cyanosis
+Subconjunctival hemorrhages
+Coryza
+Tympanic membrane rupture
+Paroxysmal cough with inspiratory whoop
+Chest exam - retractions, rib tenderness, asymmetric or decreased breath sounds, rhonchi, wheezing or crackles
+Abdominal exam and inguinal exam for development of hernia
+Neurologic exam for level of consciousness and presence of seizure activity (seizures and encephalopathy may develop as a complication of disease)
+What other disease/condition shares some of these symptoms?
+Infectious:
+Adenovirus
+Aspiration pneumonia
+Bronchiolitis
+Bacterial pneumonia
+Chlamydia trachomatis
+Chlamydophilia pneumoniae
+Chronic sinusitis
+Coronavirus
+Human metapneumovirus
+Human parainfluenza viruses
+Influenza viruses A and B
+Mycoplasma pneumoniae
+Respiratory syncytial virus
+Rhinovirus
+Tuberculosis
+Inflammatory:
+Allergic rhinitis
+Asthma
+Chronic bronchitis
+Bronchiectasis
+Interstitial pneumonitis
+Postnasal drip
+Other:
+Gastoesophageal reflux disease
+Cystic fibrosis
+What caused this disease to develop at this time?
+Pertussis is caused by the fastidious Gram negative, pleomorphic bacillus, Bordatella pertussis. The frequency of infection has been significantly reduced in developed countries by the use of pertussis vaccine, but its incidence has increased in recent years.
+Major contributing factors to resurgence of pertussis in the United States include:
+- waning of vaccine induced and natural immunity in adolescents and adults
+- improved recognition
+- disease in infants who are too young to be immunized or who are incompletely immunized.
+Organism is highly transmissible from person with active disease to close household and community contacts.
+What laboratory studies should you request to help confirm the diagnosis? How should you interpret the results?
+Complete blood count with platelets and differential: increased absolute white blood cell count with an absolute lymphocytosis of 10,000 or greater may be seen in young infants and children who are unimmunized or underimmunized. It is uncommon to see significant lymphocytosis in older child or adolescent.
+Detection of the organism:
+It is critically important to obtain specimen for testing from posterior nasopharynx (NOT throat or sputum). This posterior nasophayrngeal specimen can be sent for both pertussis culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Culture and PCR have their greatest yield during first 3-4 weeks of cough illness. The diagnosis is confirmed if culture and/or PCR are positive.
+The ability to isolate the organism by culture is influenced by several factors including the technique used to obtain the specimen, the method by which specimen is transported to the lab, and how the specimen is handled in the lab. Similarly, PCR accuracy may be reduced if specimen collected is not from the posterior nasopharynx and if sample is not transported to lab within 24 to 48 hours of collection. Negative results do exclude the diagnosis of pertussis if clinical symptoms and/or exposure history is compatible with the disease.
+After 4 weeks of illness, pertussis single sample serology is a more accurate laboratory test to help confirm the diagnosis. Single-sample serology involves one acute antibody titer determination with no convalescent titer. It is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which measures immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to pertussis toxin (PT). High antibody titers of >100 EU/mL are highly suggestive of a current or recent infection. If the patient has been recently immunized or recently completed a course of antibiotics, the immune response may be blunted. IgG titers are more sensitive than IgA titers, however, elevation of both IgG and IgA together is most suggestive of an acute infection.
+Would imaging studies be helpful? If so, which ones?
+Chest radiograph may be indicated in patients with respiratory distress and abnormal findings on chest examination, however, it is not necessary in routine cases.
+Confirming the diagnosis
+CDC case definitions:
+1. Clinical case: Cough for 14 days or more and at least one of the following symptoms: 1) paroxsymal cough; 2) inspiratory whoop; 3) posttussive vomiting or 2 or more weeks of cough in an outbreak setting.
+2. Probable case: Meets clinical case definition, is not laboratory confirmed, and is not epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case.
+3. Confirmed case: Positive laboratory finding by either culture or PCR; or the patient must meet the clinical case definition for pertussis and have had direct contact with a person with laboratory-confirmed pertussis.
+WHO case definitions:
+Case definition: Paroxysmal cough of 21 days or longer and one or more of the following: 1) positive culture for B. pertussis; 2) significant increase in the rates of specific antibodies (IgG and IgA against FHA, AGG-2 and 3 or PT); 3) proven contact with culture-confirmed case.
+Laboratory Criteria for Diagnosis:
+1) Isolation of B. pertussis from a clinical specimen
+2) Positive PCR reaction assay for B. pertussis
+The case definitions that exist should only be used as a guideline and may not be helpful in all situations to confirm diagnosis of disease. This is especially true for adolescent and adult cases, which may have milder and more non-specific symptoms that don't fit case definitions. Disease expression is heterogenous.
+If you are able to confirm that the patient has pertussis, what treatment should be initiated?
+Antibiotic therapy should be initiated as soon as possible for all patients with suspected or known pertussis to prevent disease transmission. If antibiotic therapy is initiated during the catarrhal stage, symptoms may be ameliorated or reduced in duration. Antibiotics initiated during the cough stage of illness have no significant effect on the severity or duration of symptoms, but antibiotic should be prescribed in an effort to prevent further spread of infection to susceptible contacts. All close and household contacts should receive antibiotic prophylaxis.
+1. Antibiotics in the macrolide class of (erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin) are recommended for both treatment and prophylaxis of pertussis. Azithromycin is the drug of choice for all age groups. Erythromycin therapy is contraindicated in infants under 4 weeks of age due to the risk of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
+2. For patients that are unable to tolerate or who are allergic to the macrolide class of antibiotics, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is the alternative drug that may be used in all age groups.
+(See
+Table I.
+Antibiotics used in the Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Pertussis
+What are the adverse effects associated with each treatment option?
+Macrolide antibiotics may cause gastrointestinal irritation including epigastric distress, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Hypersensitivity reactions include skin rashes, drug fever, cholestatic hepatitis and sensorineural hearing loss.
+Most common adverse effects with TMP-SMX are gastrointestinal and hypersensitivity skin reactions. Rare adverse effects include Steven-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, blood dyscrasias, and hepatic dysfunction and necrosis.
+What are the possible outcomes of pertussis?
+1. Resolution of cough illness after prolonged period of time (3-4 months)
+2. Development of sequelae and complications
+3. Death
+What causes this disease and how frequent is it?
+Pertussis is a highly transmissible respiratory illness caused primarily by the Gram-negative bacteria Bordetella pertussis (95% of cases) with small portion of cases caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Transmission occurs via droplets from a coughing person with attack rates in susceptible household contacts ranging from 70% to 100%. The true disease burden of pertussis is unknown but studies suggest that reported cases represent only 15% to 25% of the cases that are actually occurring.
+In the general population, the attack rate is estimated to be about 9 cases per 100,000 population. This rate may be significantly increased in areas experiencing pertussis outbreaks and the rate of disease in the young infant population under 4 months of age is estimated to be 19 times that of the general population.
+Pertussis epidemics tend to occur at 2 to 5 year intervals. The disease occurs worldwide and generally has no seasonal pattern, although more cases seem to be seen in the summer and fall months. Disease occurs in both males and females with no predilection for either gender. The incidence of disease in the adolescent and adult populations has significantly increased over the last several decades.
+How do these pathogens/genes/exposures cause the disease?
+Infected individuals spread the disease via respiratory droplets that either contaminate the environment, with the hands of a potential host making contact with the infected secretions and then inoculating their respiratory tract, or the droplets from a coughing persons reach the upper respiratory tract of a susceptible person.
+Other clinical manifestations that might help with diagnosis and management
+What complications might you expect from the disease or treatment of the disease?
+1. Pneumonia
+2. Seizures
+3. Encephalopathy
+4. Fractured ribs
+5. Hearing loss from ruptured typanic membranes
+6. Aspiration pneumonia
+7. Pneumothoraces
+8. Abdominal wall and inguinal hernias
+9. Intracranial bleeding (in elderly population)
+Are additional laboratory studies available; even some that are not widely available?
+How can pertussis be prevented?
+Preventative vaccines for infants, children, adolescents and adults are the best way to prevent the disease.
+What is the evidence?
+Bisgard, KM, Pascual, FB, Ehresmann, KR. "Infant pertussis: Who was the source?". Pediatr Infect Dis J. vol. 23. 2004. pp. 985-989.
+CDC. MMWR. vol. 51. 2002. pp. 73-75.
+CDC. MMWR. vol. 60. 2011. pp. 13-15.
+"Recommended antimicrobial agents for the treatment and postexposure prophylaxes of pertussis: 2005 CDC guidelines". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. vol. 54. 2005. pp. 1-16.
+Cherry, JD. "Pertussis vaccines for adolescents and adults". Pediatrics. vol. 116. 2005. pp. 755-756.
+Cherry, JD, Grimprel, E, Guiso, N. "Defining pertussis epidemiology: clinical, microbiologic and serologic perspectives". Pediatr Infect Dis J. vol. 24. 2005. pp. S25-S34.
+Cherry, JD, Tan, TQ, VonKonig, CHW. "Clinical Definition of Pertussis: Summary of a Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI) Roundtable Meeting February 2011". Clin Infect Dis. vol. 54. 2012. pp. 1756-1764.
+Christie, CDC, Baltimore, RS. "Pertussis in neonates". Am J Dis Child. vol. 143. 1989. pp. 1199-1202.
+Cortese, MM, Baughman, AL, Brown, K, Srivastava, P. "A "new age" in pertussis prevention new opportunities through adult vaccination". Am J Prev Med. vol. 32. 2007. pp. 177-185.
+Crowcroft, NS, Booy, R, Harrison, T. "Severe and unrecognized: Pertussis in UK infants". Arch Dis Child. vol. 88. 2002. pp. 802-806.
+De Serres, G, Shadmani, R, Duval, B. "Morbidity of pertussis in adolescents and adults". J Infect Dis. vol. 182. 2000. pp. 174-179.
+Hallander, HO, Reizenstein, I, Renemar, B. "Comparison of nasopharyngeal aspirates with swabs for culture of Bordetella pertussis". J Clinic Microbiol. vol. 31. 1993. pp. 50-52.
+Jenkinson, D. "Whooping cough: What proportion of cases is notified in an epidemic?". BMJ. vol. 287. 1983. pp. 183-185.
+Mattoo, S, Cherry, JD. "Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella subspecies". Clin Microbiol Rev. vol. 18. 2005. pp. 326-382.
+Olin, P, Rasmussen, F, Gustafsson, L. "Randomised controlled trial of two-component, three-component, and five-component acellular pertussis vaccines compared with whole-cell pertussis vaccine". Lancet. vol. 350. 1997. pp. 1569-1577.
+Schlapfer, G, Senn, HP, Berger, R. "Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Bordetella pertussis in patients with mild or typical symptoms of infection". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. vol. 12. 1993. pp. 459-463.
+Strebel, PM, Cochi, SL, Farizo, KM. "Pertussis in Missouri: Evaluation of nasopharyngeal culture, direct fluorescent antibody testing, and clinical case definitions in the diagnosis of pertussis". Clin Infect Dis. vol. 16. 1993. pp. 276-285.
+Tan, TQ, Gerbie, MV. "Pertussis Disease in New Mothers: Impact on Young Infants and Strategies for Prevention". Obstet Gynecol. vol. 113. 2009. pp. 399-401.
+Tan, TQ, Gerbie, MV. "Pertussis and Patient Safety: Implementing Tdap Vaccine Recommendations in Hospital Settings". Joint Comm J Qual Pat Safety. vol. 36. 2010. pp. 173-178.
+"The Global Pertussis Initiative". Pediatr Infect Dis J. vol. 24. 2005. pp. S5-S98.
+Ongoing controversies regarding etiology, diagnosis, treatment
+There are ongoing studies to improve the diagnostic criteria of pertussis in different age groups and in the laboratory diagnosis of the disease.
+Welcome to our brand new series, Hello Denver, My Name is… where we profile different people in Denver you probably don’t know, but should. Get ready to meet painters, dancers, comedians, musicians, designers and just generally fascinating people that help make Denver awesome.
+Nestled in the small, quaint kitchen nook in her vintage Colorado apartment, illustrator and graphic design artist Sofie Birkin sat smiling, as she frequently glanced out her second story window into Cheeseman Park. Birkin, in her bright orange midi length dress paired with a silver snake-embellished necklace and black velvet smoking slippers, rested her drawing cursor in the grooves of one hand and wine glass in the other as she discussed upcoming art projects, color selection and inspiration – all the while captivating us with an engaging personality, loving spirit and extreme talent.
+Birkin has been involved in hand-crafted designs for noteworthy organizations and publications including The Denver Zoo, Cosmopolitan UK and Playboy Magazine. As a sex illustrator for the prominent Cosmopolitan UK publication, Birkin routinely creates forward-thinking sex illustrations depicting all genders and sexualities. Previously, Birkin interned at the iconic Dr. Martens and Topshop and currently works at Grit in Denver. In addition to her ongoing projects, she is scheduled to illustrate designs for a new book called The Art of Drag published by London publisher Nobrow. Through these defining experiences, Birkin has come to be a testament of a dream followed with success emerging from her pores. Through her work ethic and brilliant mind, Birkin is a rare and unique artist to find and here, we celebrate her.
+Denver, meet Sofie Birkin.
+303 Magazine: When did you realize you wanted a full-time position in art?
+Sofie Birkin: I always have in some way or another (apart from a brief stint of listlessness when I decided I was going to be a historian). I just wasn’t sure if it was really possible. I spent my first year in the US bouncing between odd jobs and side gigs, including a memorable experience making a six-foot papier maché sculpture of a dolphin for an elementary school which collapsed in my living room. I went back to London for a visit and a very old friend said, “you know, I really thought you would be the successful one.” Harsh, but I needed it. I came home and spent every spare minute of the next six weeks creating a graphic design and illustration portfolio, and a few weeks later landed my job as an illustrator at Grit.
+303: You attended the London College of Fashion where you ultimately received your Bachelor’s Degree. Can you describe what you learned there that has stuck with you throughout your career?
+SB: I went to school for footwear design and production, which is about as niche as it sounds. I realized how much more design appeals to me. Fine art is such a blank canvas, which can be dreadfully intimidating. I love how design gives you parameters to work within. That problem-solving aspect of it can really push your creativity. The main thing I learned, though, was that you really have to trust your gut on your own work sometimes. Taking direction and criticism is important of course, but if you spend too much time trying to be someone else you’ll never make the work you really want to.
+303: As noted on your resume, you worked at many notable brands such as Topshop and Dr. Martens in the footwear department. Do you have a love for footwear design in addition to your creative illustration?
+SB: I do! It was my life for such a long time. I thought I would always stay in the fashion industry. I actually chose to pursue footwear because I was very into making hats for a while, and my millinery teacher told me you couldn’t really make a living in hats, but you could in shoes, and shoes were just hats for your feet. Turns out that wasn’t a totally fair assessment as they also have to bear the weight of your entire body. The signs were there though — most of my work for Dr. Martens involved illustrative surface design.
+303: You describe yourself as a “professional doodler.” What exactly inspires you to craft those hand-drawn illustrations?
+SB: They’re all digital! I’m permanently attached to my Wacom tablet and mostly work in Photoshop. I find digital illustration gives me a lot more freedom and makes me more confident. Visually I get a lot of inspiration from current graphic design trends, fashion photography and marginalia. Conceptually, I love 19th-century aestheticism and subverting traditional ideas of femininity. It’s also really important to me to create joyful, powerful images of people who have historically been excluded or pilloried in popular illustration.
+303: Cosmopolitan and Cosmopolitan UK showcases your sex illustrations in their print and online magazines to millions of readers. Can you tell us about how that collaboration began and exactly what it entails?
+SB: This is going to sound like nepotism but I think it’s important to be open and honest about how much your network affects your success as an artist. One of my closest friends from school achieved her dream of becoming a journalist, and we made a pact as children that if she managed that first she would help me in any way she could, and vice versa. I really wanted to get into editorial illustration and she gave me the email address of a couple of writers at Cosmopolitan that she knew through work. I sent over a portfolio and they put me in touch with Paisley Gilmour, the sex and relationships editor. She said she was looking for a new sex position illustrator and was very open that they should be as inclusive as possible. Drawing queer sex for Cosmo is a dream job, obviously, so I was over the moon. They send over the written positions first and then I draw them. I need to use references — those positions are wild — so my browser history is 99% porn at any given time!
+303: Can you describe your favorite illustration you have designed and tell us why it’s special to you?
+SB: This changes all the time honestly. I have a bad habit of spontaneously starting to loathe my illustrations about a week after I’ve done them. A few months ago I did a ‘draw this in your style’ challenge, and I’m still really proud of that. There’s a compositional balance I’m always striving for between heavy detail and minimalism, and that one strikes it for me. I also have a fondness for it because seeing other people bring my character to life with their own incredible art was so much fun.
+303: What is your process when producing an illustration?
+SB: I usually have a vague idea in my head of something I want to draw. Lately, it’s a girl with loads of chia pets, they’re not always the most lofty ideas. I’ll usually spend a bit of time online looking for a pose reference (online figure drawing websites are great for that) and then start sketching in photoshop. When I’m happy with the line art I decide on a limited color palette and will ‘ink’ it in photoshop. Sometimes I’ll add some shading with a digital watercolor brush, but not always. Then I inevitably end up changing the color palette a few times and playing around with the composition. The earrings always come last for some reason.
+303: Why did you move to Denver, and what is an experience you still remember when you first arrived?
+SB: I moved for love! A grand romantic gesture that surprised absolutely no one, including my parents. My now-wife, Erika, was more than worth dealing with US immigration services for. When I first came it was to visit, and Erika was living off South Broadway. In my jet-lagged stupor, we walked past the punk kids hanging out outside the Hi-Dive, took a detour into Mutiny, watched skateboarders cruise past us, and by the time I was playing Ms. Pacman in Pie Hole I was convinced I’d stepped into every American ’90s movie I grew up with and was immediately obsessed. I sound so cheesy, but though I love London, it’s a hard city to live in, and Denver’s laid-back charm won me over immediately.
+303: What types of creative artists would you like to see more of in Denver?
+SB: I would love to see more illustrators, honestly! There’s some incredible fine art and installation artists here, and amazing designers too (especially my coworkers, but I’m biased), but I would love to meet some more illustrators. It would be great to have a local group for feedback and support. If you’re out there, message me!
+303: What advice would you provide to up and coming artists that have a love for illustration?
+SB: Practice constantly, use cheap sketchbooks (the good ones are too intimidating), and draw out of your comfort zone even if you think it sucks. The best way to get better is to take all the pressure off yourself. Also, share it! Even if it’s not perfect or finished. Having an audience will make you hold yourself accountable for producing work regularly. Don’t force yourself to develop a style, just experiment and it will come naturally.
+303: You have the chance to illustrate a portrait of one person, alive or dead — who would it be and why?
+SB: I think it would have to be someone from long enough ago that I might find myself surprised by how they truly look. Can I say Sappho? I’m going with Sappho. With a lyre and a wreath of violets, naturally.
+303: What is your favorite sex position to illustrate?
+SB: The weirder and more contorted the position, the more fun it is to draw. I like the ones where I can have both people looking at each other the best since you can say a lot about what kind of time they’re having with their expressions!
+303: Are there any other publications or situations you’d want to illustrate for that you haven’t had the chance to yet?
+SB: The New Yorker is the ultimate dream. That’s one of my lifetime ambitions!
+303: And our final question, from our previous interviewee: What made you happy today?
+SB: The same thing that makes me happy most days; walking my puppy with my wife around Cheeseman Park. Also, enjoying this unseasonal cold snap, which makes me nostalgic for terrible British weather.
+All photography by Madison McMullen, unless otherwise noted.
+CONTINUING
+Instructions For
+Continuing Nursing
+Education Contact Hours
+CNE
+NURSING
+EDUCATION
+Disseminated Intravascular
+Coagulation and Implications
+For Medical-Surgical Nurses
+Fees
+Member: FREE
+Regular: $20
+Objectives
+The purpose of this continuing nursing education
+article is to increase the awareness of disseminated
+intravascular coagulation (DIC) in nurses and other
+health care professionals. After studying the information presented in this article, you will be able to:
+1. Define disseminated intravascular coagulation
+(DIC).
+2. Discuss symptoms and diagnosis of the patient
+with DIC.
+3. Identify the medical-surgical nurses role in the
+care of the patient with DIC.
+Tammeshin Frazier
+The patients platelets are 50,000, and
+were giving heparin. Something seems
+amiss, and I do not understand what is
+happening with this patient.
+Although this scenario may sound
+absurd, a logical and plausible explanation
+exists. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is the explanation, which
+affects approximately 1% of hospitalized
+patients and 30% to 50% of patients with
+sepsis (Becker, Kumar, Shaaban, & Wira,
+2009). DIC is not a new or rare phenomenon but a syndrome that has been
+around for some time. At first discovery,
+the pathophysiology was elusive and hard
+to understand; however, with recent
+advances in medicine and diagnostic technologies, hematologists are not only
+understanding the condition, but they can
+effectively diagnose and treat it.
+What Is DIC?
+DIC, also known as consumptive
+coagulopathy and defibrination syndrome, is an acquired syndrome secondary to tissue damage, vessel damage, or
+infections (LeMone, Burke, & Bauldoff,
+2010). Table I lists common conditions
+that precipitate the development of DIC.
+Table 1.
+Conditions that Trigger the DIC Process
+Physiological Results
+of Conditions
+Tissue damage
+Conditions
+Trauma: Burns, gunshot wounds, motor vehicle
+accidents, head injuries
+Obstetric complications: HELLP, abruption placenta,
+amniotic fluid embolus
+Cancer: Acute leukemia, adenocarcinoma
+Fat emboli
+Vessel damage
+Infections
+Present in the syndrome is an inappropriate activation of the clotting cascade, leading to hypercoagulation and then bleeding
+once the clotting factors are consumed.
+Unless the disorder is detected early and
+the initiating cause is corrected, multiple
+system organ failure due to microembolie
+will result (Becker et al., 2009).
+DIC is classifiable as either overt or
+non-overt. Overt DIC is a noncompensatory syndrome with a high rate
+of mortality and organ failure. Overt DIC
+is associated with sepsis, severe infections,
+HELLP (hemolysis, increased liver
+enzymes, and decreased platelet count),
+liver failure, and obstetrical complications.
+The overt form of DIC is recognizable by
+obvious bleeding and a symptomatic
+patient. Non-overt DIC is compensatory
+or chronic and is associated with blood
+dyscrasias, such as anemias, leukemias, and
+malignancies (Somashekhar, Kadamba, &
+Wakodkar, 2008). In compensatory (nonovert) DIC, the patients hematological
+system is continously or intermittently
+exposed to small amounts of tissue factors. The patient may be asymptomatic,
+and the syndrome may only be noticeable
+in laboratory studies (Becker et al., 2009).
+866-877-2676
+Table 2.
+ISTH Diagnostic Scoring System for DIC
+Risk assessment Does the patient have an underlying disorder (sepsis, trauma,
+obstetric emergency) compatible with DIC?
+Laboratory
+Platelet count
+coagulation tests D-dimer and Fibrin degradation products (FDPs)
+Fibrinogen
+PT and aPTT
+Scoring
+Calculate score
+vating the clotting cascade. The inflammation reduces the plasma levels of
+antithrombin III, a serine protease
+inhibitor, causing an increase in fibrin clot
+formation within the intravascular system
+(Wei, Yan, Carrell, & Zhou, 2009).
+Normally, the body is able to break down
+fibrin clots by a process known as fibrinolysis, but in DIC, the process is impaired
+due to high levels of the principle inhibitor
+of the fibrinolytic system: plasminogenactivator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). As a
+result, fibrin continues to be deposited in
+the intravascular system and thrombosis
+form within small and midsize blood ves-
+The pathogenesis of DIC can be easily stated as impaired coagulation, suppressed fibrinolysis, and inflammation that
+occur prior to the onset of manifestations. The defining pathophysiological
+process is the amplification of procoagulation factors, which overwhelms the anticoagulant mechanisms. In essence, the
+bodys coagulation system is overworked
+in response to a triggering factor that has
+activated the clotting cascade (LeMone et
+al., 2010).
+The systemic response to an injury,
+infection, or condition triggers inflammation in the intravascular system, thus acti-
+Figure 1.
+Pathophysiology of Sepsis-Induced DIC
+Accumulation of
+micro thrombi
+Hemorrhage
+Platelet aggregation
+Vascular Occlusion
+Microvasculature
+necrosis
+Fibrinolysis inhibited
+Accumulation of
+neutrophils
+Endothelial injury
+Table 3.
+Treatment Approaches
+Basic Treatment
+Advanced Treatment
+Medical-Surgical Nurses
+Response to DIC
+DIC is a dynamic condition that
+changes rapidly and contributes to
+increased patient mortality and morbidity.
+The medical-surgical nurse must be
+10
+Table 4.
+Clinical Manifestations of DIC
+Spontaneous bruising
+Petechiae
+Decline in organ function
+Low blood pressure
+Bleeding from more than one site (gastrointestinal, mucous membranes, urinary,
+and venipuncture sites)
+Bleeding ranges from minimal to severe hemorrhaging
+Source: Adapted from Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2009.
+Conclusion
+DIC is relevant to the medicalsurgical specialty because it is the one
+specialty outside of critical care that cares
+for patients with multiple diagnoses, susceptibilities, and co-morbidities. A patient
+can present with and/or develop DIC at
+any time, and medical-surgical nurses
+need to assess patients at risk for this lifethreatening condition and be prepared to
+advocate for the appropriate level of care.
+866-877-2676
+References
+Becker, J.U., Kumar, A., Shaaban, H.S., & Wira, C.R. (2009). Disseminated
+intravascularcoagulation in emergency medicine. Retrieved from
+LeMone, P., Burke, K.M., & Bauldoff, G. (2010). Medical-surgical nursing: Critical
+thinking in patient care (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
+Levi, M., & Schmaier, A. (2009). Disseminated intravascular coagulation.
+Retrieved from
+Levi, M.,Toh, C.H.,Thachil, J., & Watson, H.G. (2009). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
+British Journal of Haemotology, 145(1), 24-33. doi:10.1111/j.13652141.2009.07600.x
+Slofstra, S.H., Cate, H., & Spek, C.A. , 4(13), 1-7. doi:10.1186/14779560-4-13
+Smeltzer, S.C., Bare, B.G., Hinkle, J.L., & Cheever, K.H. (2009). Brunner &
+Suddarths textbook of medical-surgical nursing (12th ed.). Philadelphia;
+Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
+Somashekhar, M., Kadamba, P.S., & Wakodkar, M. (2008). Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation presenting as a renal mass. Journal of
+Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons, 13(4), 144-146.
+doi:10.4103/0971-9261.44767
+Wei, Z.,Yan,Y., Carrell, R.W., & Zhou, A. (2009). Crystal structure of protein
+Zdependent inhibitor complex shows how protein Z functions as a
+cofactor in the membrane inhibition of factor X. Journal of the
+American Hematological Society: Blood, 114(17), 3662-3667.
+doi:10.1182/blood-2009-04-210021
+Additional Reading
+Levi, M. (2010). Disseminated intravascular coagulation or extended
+intravascular coagulation in massive pulmonary embolism. Journal of
+Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 8(7), 1475-1476. doi:10.1111/j.15387836.2010.03891.x
+Adequacy of Staffing
+Kramer and colleagues (2008) reported that the perception
+of adequate staffing is the measurable factor in creating a HWE.
+Nurses must perceive that they have the support of adequate
+staffing to help them better perform their duties. Thus administration should confer with nurses on staffing standards.
+Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
+’
+- poker Viernes, 14 Abril 2017 00:53 Comment Link
+Creating a singular platform for expert ‘thoughts sports
+activities', Amit Burman, proclaims the launch of an exciting new league - Poker Sports League.
+The problems pertaining to earnings tax legal responsibility of websites like Google,
+Fb, Twitter , and so on would also arise in India in close to
+future. Joss Wooden - A former editor of Poker Industry
+Pro, Joss Wood is a graduate in English from the College of Birmingham.
+One sequence currently operating is the India Poker Championship , with
+the newest event being held in Goa. Our Flash recreation builders have produced countless customized web video
+games and powerful on-line poker software program. The Indian poker
+scene remains to be very younger, but every year the game becomes an increasing number of fashionable as gamers around the nation are exposed to it.
+For many years it was tough for gamers to benefit from
+the game, since Indian casinos were not allowed to offer
+desk games.
+Firstly, they should prove that online poker, on-line rummy, on-line card
+video games, and many others are games of expertise
+and never likelihood. Is a legal on-line poker site in India belonging to a Non-public Limited Company the place you
+can play danger free on-line poker. Pandya said that
+there are judgment of Kolkata and Karnataka High Courts that poker just
+isn't gambling but a game of skill, nonetheless the local authorities are harassing the petitioner.
+With such a big available pool of gamers, establishing a poker website
+that caters to Indian players was a no-brainer for Mirch Leisure, the
+house owners of Thrill Poker.
+Alternatively, some Indian States expressly prohibit any form of on-line
+gaming and playing of their jurisdictions. Many
+of the main gambling sites welcome Indian prospects,
+but as a result of these websites are operated overseas they aren't necessarily governed by Indian legislation.
+We've got broad number of online on line casino video games designed to provide high ranges of
+excitement, interplay and involvement in your players.
+The view of poker as a sport of skill has been gaining momentum
+in India in recent times, with several states
+having made strikes to loosen legal guidelines pertaining to it.
+Situated at Koramangala, the heart of recent Bangalore, it hosts a lot of video
+games from 11 AM to eleven PM. It combines the poker pleasure with a feeling of luxurious
+club which has promoted it tremendously in previous few months.
+Muskan, started playing poker online to take her mind off her mother's
+premature dying. BENGALURU: Rahul, an analyst with a global gaming firm, spends up to eight
+hours every day taking part in poker online, often making as much as Rs 10,000 inside quarter-hour.
+These developments are a sign that the nation's poker scene is now beginning to
+flourish.
+If you choose a poker site it's price paying attention to the different types of promotions
+they run - it all adds as much as extra advantages for the
+poker participant. The PSL could have 12 teams, every consisting of 9 players and a prize money of a whopping ₹3.36 crore.
+Pouch is sturdy and appears capable of storing and carrying the heavy chips for a very long time.
+The Supreme Court of India has to resolve these tough issues throughout the current litigation. The India Poker
+Championship (IPC) is the premier vacation spot
+for tournament poker in India.
+Additional, such paperwork must not solely replicate the
+applicable provisions underneath numerous Indian statutes however they need to also incorporate the binding power of judicial precedents as relevant
+in India. Chips are heavy 14g fabricated from plastic with
+a doable metallic insert, seems great on the poker desk.
+We provide day by day poker news, poker professionals' blogs
+and tweets, exclusive poker movies, 1000's of free poker articles,
+as well as protection from all main poker tournaments on the earth.
+I've performed in numerous free tournaments, each online and offline and
+I nonetheless always play to win. PLay rummy, video poker,
+black jack and online slots with free spins and wonderful prizes.
+At present land-based playing is simply authorized in three
+states - Goa, Daman, and Sikkim. This can be very necessary to analysis the entire options available to you previous to deciding on a particular room to play real cash poker
+online. The fact is that the place any operator is funded from exterior of India,
+it's illegal to play online with that operator.
+In association with few new born poker rooms like High
+5, it organizes huge tourneys which have elicited poker professionals in current times from several cities together with Kolkata,
+Delhi and Guwahati. That is critical, particularly when taking
+part in towards glorious gamers, because something you do at the poker desk can give your opponent an indication of
+strength or weak spot. You possibly can even be taught completely
+different sport variations and discover new methods to master every variant.
+Coming back to your most important question-I began looking for on-line poker softwares, then I got here to know in regards to the one and only POKERSTARS.
+While there may be all the time a sort of uncertainty in any sport or
+sport, be it cricket or chess (since one cannot predict the winner and sure exterior
+potentialities always cast aspersions on who the winner may
+be) and in most poker games there may be
+staking of money to create an incentive for players (some type of registration fee can also be not
+unusual for other sports activities") the only problem that must be considered is whether or not there is a substantial diploma of skill" required for playing poker.
+Should the Supreme Courtroom rule that on-line rummy sites will not be authorized,
+which will trigger these websites to reevaluate
+whether they can continue to permit Indian players on their precise cash tables.
+While fines had been assigned by the legislation, the implementation of it has been troublesome as a result of actual cash
+online poker websites are accepted by some states in India however not others.
+Likewise, the poker tables should be uncluttered and participant pleasant to forestall any avoidable misclicks.
+With regard to on-line poker's legality in India, court rulings
+by the country's Supreme Court docket have found poker to
+be a game of ability, which poker gamers have known for ages, of course.
+Mainly, as long as you might be diligently paying taxes in your company's income, deducting TDS on participant winnings as per Government
+norms and offering a clear, certified, indigenous (Indian company solely) know-how, offering games of talent like online rummy and on-line poker in India are pretty much okay.
+Thrill Poker has been offering satellites to the IPC since mid-December and will send
+plenty of players to the tour's seventeenth version that kicks off
+in a pair days. Buyer support, Texas Holdem movies,
+Texas Holdem rules and on-line poker hand rankings on the
+site provide the wanted backing to the Texas Holdem participant.
+- poker in india Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 21:19 Comment Link
+The Indian poker scene remains to be very young, but every year the game becomes more and more in style as gamers across the nation are
+exposed to it. For a few years it was difficult for players
+to enjoy the recreation, since Indian casinos were not
+allowed to supply desk video games. The PSL can have 12 teams, every
+consisting of 9 players and a prize money of a whopping ₹3.36 crore.
+Poker Execs should be part of the Web site because that is one of the best web site to point out their talent in a manner that
+may assist a participant develop better and reassure a implausible playing future.
+As increasingly international corporations purpose at exploring Indian markets,
+they have began taking note of Indian legal guidelines.
+Essentially the most safe guess to run and manage a authorized online poker
+website online in India is to draft the phrases and situations and other paperwork very fastidiously defending
+in ideas the laws of assorted States.
+The SpartanPokerdotcom on-line poker and rummy platform runs on software that is merely among the many finest on the earth, complete with all the mandatory software licenses to
+ensure that you play on a web based ability video games web
+site that is operating nicely inside the boundaries marked by the Indian legal system.
+That hasn't stopped many India-based mostly followers from registering accounts though,
+and poker rooms resembling Bet365, 888Poker,
+Pokerstars, and Celebration Poker are all lengthy-working websites that may accept gamers.
+The more common manner of enjoying poker is online money video games that run 24/7 on multiple Indian poker sites.
+Aditya's certainly one of over a dozen pros on workforce PokerStars, the most important poker
+room on the web that draws over sixteen,000 gamers every week.
+Now the ball is in Indian government's court docket
+docket and it has to give you rules and laws regarding on-line recreation and on-line enjoying actions in India.
+It was expected that other states would follow Sikkim, thereby
+opening up a serious on-line gambling market throughout India.
+We'll look deeper on the legality of playing poker in India in a couple of minutes, however primarily - until legal rulings change - you are not imagined to play on-line for actual cash
+with a poker site that is run from outdoors the country.
+The JV is Mojo's second partnership in an emerging market after it struck a deal to supply China's Alibaba Group
+with a poker platform, through the ecommerce behemoth's unique
+on-line social gaming provider VLeague Web Know-how Company,
+in December 2016. For the reason that danger is
+off, gamers can chill out and play a gripping recreation like
+Texas Holdem without getting nervous.
+In addition, an try to license poker sites for regulatory functions fell short of its intent.
+Rahul, who declined to be recognized by his full name, is amongst more than 50,000 people who play on homegrown on-line poker startups corresponding to Adda52, Poker-Baazi and Spartan Poker every month.
+But poker, the way in which Aditya and different gamers describe it, does not fall into
+that class, doesn't stoop to that degree of weak spot. The games provided on like On-line Rummy and Texas Hold'em Poker are games which contain substantial ability and intelligence.
+My first dwell poker match was on the India Poker Championship about three years ago.
+Wait till you really download our poker software
+that is made In India, create a star poker account and get to the deposit half.
+This consists of on-line poker which has six lakh registered Indian customers on a
+single web site, Scores of younger individuals have given up profitable careers to play
+full time. These points may be spent on nice merchandise, to enter
+online tournaments, and to qualify for major live events.
+The game play needs to be smooth and the deposit and
+withdrawal strategies simple for me. The promotions do not matter a lot, as I'm a poker player
+and not just searching for freebies. The location hosts talent-primarily based
+games of poker and rummy, offering codecs reminiscent of
+Texas Maintain ‘em and Pot Limit Omaha. Whether or
+not you play on COMPUTER, Laptop computer, cell or tablet, KhelPlay Poker brings you a smooth poker
+taking part in expertise by which you'll be able to enjoy enjoying on-line poker 24x7.
+Few video games reply this question extra convincingly than poker, a household of card video games during which gamers guess money on the premise of the mixture of the cards obtainable to them.
+A large proportion of India's skilled base speaks English
+as well as a number of of India's home language, so there was actually by no means
+a necessity for the websites to be included in India as nicely.
+Horse racing betting can also be legal off track,
+and betting parlors exist in many parts of the nation. Ignoring
+the net middleman liability and cyber regulation due diligence
+(PDF) by on-line poker entrepreneurs in India could possibly be legally lethal.
+Legal hurdles and a damaging picture proceed to stall the business from participating a wider audience, but current investor curiosity could
+change that, in line with Alok Mittal, a founding board member
+at Indian Angel Network, who advised The Financial Instances he supplied
+seed cash to Adda52.
+He quoted a variety of attainable revenue forecasts, suggesting
+that in time India might produce between $80 million and $150 million per 12 months.
+Lots of those with the big names in global poker we've talked about above,
+and plenty of with in-nation operators we now have additionally coated.
+Gaming legal guidelines in India exempt video games of
+a considerable degree of ability from the purview of gambling
+acts; (except in the States of Karnataka, Orissa and Assam) which impose felony legal responsibility on those organizing/managing and taking part in gambling activities.
+- Read Full Report Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 21:17 Comment Link
+Poker, a skill-primarily based cards sport, which is often confused with playing, is finally going massive in India.
+Having already taken observe of the fact that in respect of the game of poker if
+performed as a game of ability, license isn't contemplated
+and additional conserving in view the truth
+that permission in this case has been obtained
+in that regard, certainly, the petitioner could be entitled to conduct such video
+games, offered, the identical is in accordance with regulation.
+With no entry fee and sizeable prize cash to purpose for, the Poker Sports activities League is a
+singular alternative for gamers of the sport to hone their expertise as well as popularise the sport that is set to be recognised by the International Mind
+Sports activities association together with Chess,
+Bridge and Draughts," he added.
+Gamers who qualify to the 12 groups will then play within the Mega Finals, where the best of India's poker talent will probably be invited to a display of skill and entertainment. All of the poker rooms run from inside India listed above will accept Rupee deposits. It's little difficult to gauge the attain of on-line poker in Asia Pacific due to the dearth of availability of the statistics and knowledge in regards to the customers. We provide daily poker news, poker professionals' blogs and tweets, unique poker movies, 1000's of free poker articles, in addition to protection from all major poker tournaments in the world.
+Not likely, just as in lots of places world wide, there are rogue sites, and there are highly respected sites. But, due to a superb poker face, some very observant studying of Riess's play, some daring moves and most importantly, a nicely-timed and consistent bluff, Farber gained, and the way! Opened in July 2014, King and Queens Poker site has attracted younger poker gamers a lot. KhelPlay Poker brings you the opportunity to play poker online in India for cash. On this variation, the thought is to create the best 5-card poker hand from the seven cards available. He is a little bit of an area poker legend in his properly-heeled Mumbai circle—he not too long ago bought a couple of luxurious vehicles along with his winnings.
+Now the ball is in Indian government's court docket docket and it has to give you guidelines and laws concerning on-line recreation and on-line taking part in actions in India. The Tournament that had its inaugural event in Could 2012 has gone strong and steady to revamp the poker scene in India. If you wish to have enjoyable whereas learning more about human nature, poker is the best way to go! Gamers who need to extend their accomodation for PLO event, can achieve this with additional value of 2,500 per night time/individual. Let our experienced Flash sport developers ship you the very best on-line poker software program, on line casino, sports e-book and custom recreation options obtainable.
+The trickiest part of enjoying online poker in India is finding a funds transfer methodology that you have entry to and that your chosen poker site accepts - one more reason to enroll with one of our trusted sites, since we picked solely those on-line poker sites in India which permit for a wide range of deposit and withdrawal methods. The reaffirmation of poker as a ability-based sport and not simply pure playing has additionally been instrumental in more gamers registering as members within the various on-line poker websites in India. Sure, there are some dangerous beats wherein regardless of all of the skill, a nasty card can destroy your sport.
+As soon as you are used to taking part in free poker video games, you can select a poker sort and play poker for cash. Total these Poker Championships and poker league are methods to popularise the sport of poker in India and can help many champion poker gamers to take part and win here domestically with out parting the money to the different nation. It was in the wake of this divergent view that the top courtroom was approached by the clubs in addition to on-line companies. Muskan, began taking part in poker on-line to take her mind off her mom's untimely dying. Get the most recent data on poker tournaments, poker gives, poker ideas and tips, offline poker events, poker news and far more.
+But if you sit at a poker desk, it does not matter if your opponent is a strong politician, rich businessperson, well-known film star or a VIP. That state of affairs must change earlier than dwell tournaments change into a actuality after all, but the rulings which make poker a ability recreation will help. India has a total inhabitants of 1.25 billion and the average internet penetration within the country is at roughly 35 p.c. The scholars wisely sought a authorized interpretation of India statutes pertaining to Internet wagering prior to investing in and beginning the venture. Their fondness for poker could be traced to the indigenous card recreation of stripling patti, which bears some resemblances to flush and is widely popular during the Diwali or the Festival of Lights.
+The first online gaming license (paywall) awarded in India was issued by the state of Sikkim, for on-line lottery, back in November 2014. Since the threat is off, gamers can loosen up and play a gripping game like Texas Holdem with out getting nervous. With that being mentioned, excluding in Maharashtra, there aren't any legal guidelines which clearly state it's illegal for an Indian resident to gamble online. The Indian poker scene is still very younger, but every year the game becomes increasingly more fashionable as gamers around the country are exposed to it. For a few years it was difficult for players to benefit from the game, since Indian casinos were not allowed to supply table games.
+Whereas there are lots of on-line poker websites, the important factor to creating certain that you've got an fulfilling and doubtless worthwhile online poker expertise is choosing an excellent on-line poker room that readily accept Indian gamers and make it easy to deposit. One of the latest began poker rooms in Bangalore, Rockets Poker has gained reputation in 2014 on account of several guaranteed prize tournaments and enticing interiors as nicely. In accordance with Kolkata-primarily based skilled poker player Aditya Agarwal, who began enjoying over a decade in the past while studying in the US, India has solely about 1,000 skilled poker gamers, 95% of them male.
+Join with one of many Indian online poker websites from our list at present and get access to one of the best poker in all of India. Most of our list of poker rooms providing games to India players will provide you with a good selection of game sorts. Madhav Gupta , owner of On line casino Satisfaction in Goa, noticed, We are seeing a rise in the number of players turning to poker. Poker Web site: This is players interface for registration, deposits, game play and withdrawals. Delta Corp is being suggested by specialist legislation firm AZB & Companions whereas the authorized counsel for Gaussian Networks is Khaitan & Co. and Gaggar & Associates.
+Position is one of the most important elements in poker play as a result of it decides whether or not your flip will come before or after all the gamers or someplace in between. Get the Cartamundi James Bond poker set and have interaction in a fun poker sport with Skyfall impressed poker chips and cards. These points will be spent on great merchandise, to enter online tournaments, and to qualify for main dwell events. While hearing an utility by and its buyers, the court docket famous that on-line poker performed for actual-money ought to be classed as playing. The main challenges for poker startups lie in ridding the detrimental image associated with the sport and getting authorities to recognise it as a game of ability and not gambling, which is usually disallowed in India.
+- Ellie Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 19:11 Comment Link
+Poker pro Sam Trickett is the brand new ambassador for a top poker web
+site catering to folks in India. If you wish to dive in and get some free apply in a competitive atmosphere,
+check out the brand new site at World Poker - offering free to
+play poker games with a twist. Khelo365 is run by a group of ex-poker players who very well understand the wants of poker players and cater to the identical...
+The rake is the bottom in any Indian poker portal. Intertwined Model Solutions will accomplice
+with Gopoker in brand building to deliver you the subsequent stage of poker gaming experience and the Ultimate Poker
+League.
+Play Texas Keep'em poker , Omaha poker , poker tournaments and different poker variations along with your
+friends, household and with different online
+poker players throughout India. My work this time round
+turns into a touch simpler because the main poker website in the world
+has opened store in good ole Bharat. Getting the best
+combo of hole cards and board playing cards is vital to Omaha poker games.
+The Revenue Tax Act, 1961, Abroad Change Administration Act
+(FEMA) 1999, Anti Cash Laundering Regulation, Data Know-how
+Act, 2000, Indian Playing Act, and so forth would collectively govern the authorized obligation of on-line poker websites
+in India.
+Ought to the Supreme Courtroom rule that on-line rummy websites aren't
+licensed, that will trigger these websites to reevaluate whether they can proceed
+to permit Indian players on their actual money tables. Whereas fines
+were assigned by the regulation, the implementation of it has been difficult as a result of actual cash online poker websites are accepted by some states in India but not
+others. Likewise, the poker tables ought to be uncluttered
+and participant friendly to stop any avoidable misclicks.
+With regard to on-line poker's legality in India, court rulings by the nation's Supreme Courtroom have discovered poker to be a sport of skill, which poker gamers have known for
+ages, after all.
+On-line poker is laid out on a multitude of Multi Desk Tournaments and for various
+skill levels and variants.Online poker tournaments, Texas Holdem tournaments, Omaha, multi desk
+tournaments, in vast numbers are constantly working on Poker Nation. I remember
+studying the instruction guide from one of our poker merchandise after which going to follow on free on-line poker sites.
+As increasingly more overseas corporations intention at exploring Indian markets,
+they've started being attentive to Indian laws.
+Runs on a very consumer-pleasant gaming interface, providing one of the best technologies and software on the internet gives prime quality online gaming experience to our
+players to play online poker at our site. Ring Sport Poker: That's arguably the world's hottest online poker format
+by which you play a single poker deal, after which you're free to exit or migrate to totally different tables.
+Lots of pro gamers take part in online tournaments which
+rises the bar and makes the game extra enjoyable.
+Crucial of these was a ruling by the Indian Supreme Courtroom
+in August of 2015. A scarcity of player visitors is probably not an enormous drawback if you happen to primarily play micro-stakes NLHE money games or tournaments, as a result of even the
+smaller poker sites can have respectable motion at the lowest stakes, however
+as you progress in limits, the games will turn out to be extra scarce.
+On the contrary, Supreme Court docket has categorically held that it's not going to resolve about the legality
+or illegality of these web sites of online poker, online rummy, online card video games, and so forth.
+The Middleman Guidelines (Rules) 2011, revealed under this Act regulates playing practices by intermediaries, which
+incorporates telecom service suppliers, community service suppliers, web
+service suppliers, web-internet hosting service providers, search engines,
+on-line payment sites, online-auction sites, online-market locations
+and cyber cafes. These developments are a sign that the country's poker scene is now beginning to flourish.
+This devoted on-line poker gaming web site offers a person-pleasant interface, unlimited free video games, detailed information, and
+rather more.
+Is the world's oldest and most effectively revered poker journal and on-line poker information. Opening a Real Money account with us takes just moments - simply hit Play for
+Real Cash, fill out the online type and make your initial deposit to obtain your 200% Welcome Bonus.
+The Information Know-how Act, 2000 is the only cyber regulation of India
+and only a few legislation firms and legal professionals are practising on this novel discipline.
+The act will provide legal clarification that solely operators holding a license in Australia can provide their merchandise to Australians.
+The seventh version of the Championship happened from 2nd - fifth June 2011 within the
+card room onboard Casino Royale, the largest off-shore on line casino located within the Goan state capital of Panaji (or Panjim).
+These teams will be chosen through 70+ qualifying rounds held across various cities over nearly 3 months,
+as well as via online tournaments that may start early in 2017.
+It's your one stop poker destination with unlimited poker action in a protected
+and enjoyable interface.
+There only one or two on-line poker websites in India which might be complying
+with these legal necessities. India's largest online
+poker site, Adda52 has a reported 800,000 registered players.
+Patni is kicked about not just January however the remainder of the year's IPC schedule as
+well, Once I won the Spadie at ACOP, one of many first thoughts
+that came to my thoughts was the shortage of the event scene in India.
+The bench was listening to a bunch of petitions filed by clubs
+and on-line rummy firms towards the Madras High Court
+verdict that declared rummy for stakes as a
+form of gambling and hence illegal.
+- Discover More Here Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 17:18 Comment Link
+Poker and rummy operators, along with thousands and
+thousands of players in India, are anxiously awaiting a
+country's Supreme Court ruling that would determine the legality of both games.
+As increasingly more foreign companies purpose at exploring Indian markets, they've started listening to Indian legal guidelines.
+The very best websites for which we provide rankings are
+additionally vetted for software program capabilities,
+customer service, excessive visitors for bigger event
+fields, a variety of betting limits and sport variations, and the perfect online poker bonuses
+and player loyalty packages. The Supreme Courtroom judges in India
+are anticipated to problem a ruling on a case that began in Madras, India
+in 2012. If you happen to wish to dive in and get some free
+follow in a aggressive environment, try the model new site at World
+Poker - providing free to play poker video games with a twist.
+However, the cell software program builders
+in India will not be complying with Indian laws as on date.
+Right here you may get your day by day dose of poker information from India and overseas, poker
+room opinions and exclusive movies and poker promotions.
+The corporate will in all probability offer poker web improvement solution that might possibly be carried out by
+of us visiting the respective websites. Because the competitors
+between the web sites is on the rise, the gaming corporations are offering actually attractive poker deposit
+bonuses. On the contrary, Supreme Court docket has categorically held that it is not
+going to determine in regards to the legality or illegality of
+those websites of on-line poker, online rummy, on-line card video games, and so forth.
+Win big at poker and you won't have a pit boss on your back, get thrown out, or get
+your fingers broken. That's the reason the World Series of Poker draws in hundreds of gamers who compete for hundreds of thousands of dollars (fun fact:
+the final 7 champions had been all below 30).
+Nonetheless, online poker is equally in style right here and the
+sport's popularity is witnessing a excessive surge.
+The Supreme Court of India has to resolve these tough issues inside the current litigation. Chips are of good high quality for
+the price, as talked about in the precious review
+the chip holder high quality is product of flimsy
+plastic and needs to be case is of pretty good quality, light and compact.
+He started off enjoying free-roll poker tournaments
+at Pokabunga, and invested his prize cash by buying into cash tables at the same website.
+In order to add extra to this online poker having
+fun with pleasure now we have now on-line poker tournaments that
+are listed on the principle page with required details.
+The Information Technology Act, 2000 is the sole cyber
+law of India and very few law companies and attorneys are training on this novel field.
+The play by Jay Farber in this hand was not solely some of the daring
+and great moves in poker play but also shows the importance
+of bluffing and the skill behind it.
+The tournament was designed to promote poker in India and is held on the Casino Carnival in Goa.
+Bringing in higher transparency and integrity into on-line poker in India
+will take the poker scene to subsequent stage to compete
+the global gamers in this do have that potential.
+He has additionally participated in the World Collection of Poker which clearly proves his passion for the sport.
+While quite a lot of his buddies host pleasant house games of poker usually, he says the true
+check of mettle and development of skill as a poker
+player, happens solely once you begin taking part in on-line poker.
+It is extremely necessary for you, the participant, to completely
+test that a given on-line gaming website is properly licensed, before you deposit any cash or otherwise play actual money games with the said web site.
+Few video games reply this query extra convincingly than poker,
+a family of card games by which players bet money on the premise of the mixture of the cards available to them.
+While you see universities like Harvard and MIT include
+poker as a course, one understands that if it has been recognised
+as a skill-based mostly recreation on a world level, it is a matter of time earlier
+than India acknowledges it too," said Luther. Despite the fact that Indian rummy golf equipment are on the defensive in this case, this case most probably could have a ripple effect on how the country legally perceives poker as nicely. Thrill Poker has been offering satellites to the IPC since mid-December and will ship a lot of gamers to the tour's seventeenth version that kicks off in a couple days.
+The Revenue Tax Act, 1961, Abroad Change Administration Act (FEMA) 1999, Anti Money Laundering Regulation, Info Know-how Act, 2000, Indian Enjoying Act, and so forth would collectively govern the authorized legal responsibility of on-line poker websites in India. For more articles and knowledge on gaming legal guidelines, please visit my website a primary of its sort web site in India to observe developments in India's gaming legal guidelines and urge for reforms in the present legal guidelines. Our workforce of consultants is hired particularly to check Web poker rooms available to Indian gamers. Moreover every game and subsequent casino here is of the very best high quality and in consequence provides wonderful varieties of each Poker game type.
+For the reason that danger is off, gamers can relax and play a gripping sport like Texas Holdem with out getting nervous. Depositing and withdrawing cash to and from accounts could be one of the largest downside areas, outside of build up your strategy expertise after all. Getting the hold to manage up with the delirium of gaming software, we at the moment are providing the net Poker Game Website Growth services! Simply recently, the police of Delhi , Ahmedabad , Mumbai , and lots of others have made arrests regarding illegal on-line bettings in India. India's gambling legal guidelines are fairly restrictive, and in spite of this falling for essentially the most half to individual states to resolve, as is the case in the United States as an example, India still does have some central legislation on gambling that applies in all places within the country.
+While there are growing opportunities in the Asia Pacific region, in addition to some land-primarily based playing amenities in India, the convenience of enjoying on-line poker has opened up a lot of new interest within the game for people in India, who now have the freedom to get pleasure from enjoying Texas Maintain'em anywhere, anytime. It's the perfect place for exhilarating reside poker gaming expertise with personalized but unobtrusive service to put your bets. And some chips have small edges that are seen solely on close inspection so no huge deal. Nonetheless, three days later, the IPC group launched a brand new firm—Spartan On-line Pvt.
+The Central Authorities and Reserve Financial establishment of India (RBI) have the powers to topic monetary institution notes and coins respectively. Leisureplay is the world's first Gaming Expertise Firm to build its utility on the most recent groundbreaking HTML5 Technology from the bottom up. Leisureplay's Poker Software program presents the users a seamless expertise across all units together with mobiles, Iphones, Ipads, and all internet browsers. Gaussian Networks was based by Anuj Gupta and consists of quite a few online web sites corresponding to , and providing the Indian market a variety of online games comparable to poker, rummy, scrabble, chess, pool and golf.
+Or Kavita Reddy - One of the few however mushrooming ladies poker players in the nation, her journey was riddled with ups and downs. He's a little bit of a local poker legend in his well-heeled Mumbai circle—he just lately bought a few luxury vehicles together with his winnings. My first live poker event was at the India Poker Championship about three years in the past. Online gaming industry in India is dealing with the battle of laws hurdles as nicely. Whereas lottery is available online to many Indians, there isn't a sign of real progress in online playing website licensing both by India's central government or by any of the states.
+In accordance with Rajat Agarwal of Spartan Poker the net poker operating mannequin is a profitable one in India. Every online Video Poker game makes use of customary poker hand hierarchy to decide on whether you are a winner, with the more difficult to attain hands awarding larger payouts. Poker websites with sports activities books and on-line casinos attached similar to Bet365 Poker have a tendency to attract lots more free gamers that prefer to gamble. The main land based event operator - The World Poker Tour - is taking a deep curiosity in developments within the India poker trade. He additionally made a splash that 12 months on the Asian circuit with a 10th place finish at the Principal Event of the Asia Pacific Poker Tour.
+- buypropeciaonline.club Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 15:21 Comment Link
+With both parts being packaged together, you don't
+need to to worry about the time and cost linked to buying two separate products.
+Laser treatment has proven to be effective in the treatment of thinning hair, as it can stimulate hair follicles that would have created the resting or dormant state.
+But today women usually takes action to prevent their hair thinning as
+well as re-grow their hair brought on by female pattern baldness.
+- Juliet Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 14:34 Comment Link
+Asrani will probably be hosting a bounty tournament on Poker Nation this Sunday 19th February at 10 pm,
+This event we are going to host a Rs. 50,000 assured event
+with an extra and Rs.10,000 to be given to the players who knocks Sumit out.
+Just a little identified, but rising sport in India, poker is now
+turning into the subsequent massive wave within the younger sports
+circles in major cities of India, with gamers vying for tournament ranks in addition to for raking
+in large pots in money video games. Furthermore all playing websites are hosted in nations
+where gambling is authorized, making it further difficult for Indian sleuths to take any authorized or remedial action against them.
+Belief us, with such exciting games, you may even start making a living by taking part in online poker
+for money very quickly!
+Depending on the Double Tax Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) between India and
+other international locations, some actions could also be
+exempt from double taxation. These video games might be legally
+performed on-line nonetheless, the operator needs to get a license
+from the State authorities. The highest Indian poker rooms let you
+play the poker video games you like head-to-head in opposition to precise folks or in match format for real cash.
+I like taking part in at totally different poker sites and
+since all the sites I mentioned above take this accretion choice, it permits me to use my bankroll at all three of the websites
+from the same ewallet.
+Reach out to our coaches, get entry to specialized poker studying assets and learn the tricks of the sport to turn into a champion poker
+participant. If you happen to liked this article so that you want to purchase extra data regarding khelo365
+poker india kindly go to our web site. We urge you to also keep away from all of the money poker sites" which might be mushrooming throughout the land. Earlier than we begin our evaluate of the legal background to precise money poker inside India, I will just make a point out of some useful poker pages proper here on winmoney101.
+For the purposes of computing taxes underneath Indian laws, there is no distinction between a authorized and an unlawful earnings. Every month we check out the most effective poker deals and provides out there for players. Therefore players are battling to outlive the money bubble and subsequently the seat bubble, therefore the match's name. Indians used to withdraw utilizing Netellers debit playing cards or Entropay's plastic card, but this has been disabled for India. Whereas Goa and Sikkim legalised gambling in casinos and in other forms, many states handed laws for selling lottery tickets.
+If you select a poker site it is worth paying attention to the different types of promotions they run - all of it adds as much as additional benefits for the poker participant. The PSL may have 12 groups, every consisting of 9 gamers and a prize money of a whopping ₹three.36 crore. Pouch is sturdy and seems capable of storing and carrying the heavy chips for a very long time. The Supreme Court of India has to resolve these difficult issues throughout the current litigation. The India Poker Championship (IPC) is the premier vacation spot for match poker in India.
+He began off playing free-roll poker tournaments at Pokabunga, and invested his prize money by buying into money tables at the same web site. On the other hand, some Indian States expressly prohibit any type of on-line gaming and playing of their jurisdictions. Nonetheless, Part 14 of the Act provides that nothing within the foregoing provisions of this Act shall be held to make use of to any game of mere skill wherever carried out. Get the Cartamundi James Bond poker set and have interaction in a fun poker recreation with Skyfall inspired poker chips and playing cards.
+We offer a variety of exciting online Video Poker games, together with a variety of progressive jackpots - and these jackpots quantity to among the richest prizes out there in any on-line game. The amazing poker set comes with 2 decks of enjoying playing cards, 500 pcs poker chips, aluminum poker chip case, 1 dealer button, keys, and 5 dices. Simply going to a casino in Sikkim and taking part in poker you'll be able to see this is not true, and we like to gamble! Is licensed and controlled to offer online on line casino gaming providers under the jurisdiction of Gibraltar.
+The launch of a poker web site by certainly one of India's largest enterprise teams will bolster the credibility of the web poker business. And so it was... with a total of 109 gamers collaborating in this weekend kickoff event. One of the best sites for which we provide scores are also vetted for software program capabilities, customer support, excessive visitors for larger event fields, a wide range of betting limits and sport variations, and the perfect on-line poker bonuses and participant loyalty packages.
+Among other issues, guests will find a daily dose of articles with the latest poker news, stay reporting from tournaments, exclusive movies, podcasts and so much extra. Most poker rooms in India are still small, containing eight tables at the most. Riyaaz Amlani is called the King of the Cafe's & we had the chance to ask the entrepreneurial mogul about the sport of poker and his views on the game! Gamers who qualify to the 12 teams will then play within the Mega Finals, where the very best of India's poker expertise might be invited to a show of talent and leisure Burman stated that in the first year, the final shall be aired on Facebook and Youtube solely.
+Quite merely, promotions are 'activities' organised by the poker rooms which might be designed to attract new players or ensure that present registered gamers are completely happy and keep coming again for more action. These 108 players for 12 groups can be chosen by way of 70+ rounds which would occur over a period of three months starting February next year. Now there are pretty effectively-recognized gaming web sites which even declare lakhs of online poker players. There is a craze for the online poker recreation around the world because the gripping sport has been capturing the imaginations of players all over the world slicing across all boundaries.
+Moreover, widespread TELEVISION displays corresponding to World Series of Poker and World Poker Tour have enhanced the gaming. That is why many Indians discover it difficult to deposit at websites from their bank or by utilizing a credit card. So far as India is anxious, the legality of online gambling and gaming in India is still in a fix. And as players speak about tells" and tics,
+" they seem convinced that poker is about understanding each method and temperament. Claiming the biggest.
+- Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 12:26 Comment Link
+A court docket listening to slated for January could present true readability in regards to
+the legality of on-line poker sites in India and whether or not or not the sport
+is playing. I've played in countless free tournaments, each online and offline and
+I still all the time play to win. PLay rummy, video poker, black jack and
+on-line slots with free spins and superb prizes.
+At current land-primarily based playing is just legal in three states - Goa, Daman, and
+Sikkim. This can be very vital to research
+the entire options accessible to you previous to deciding on a particular room to play actual
+money poker online. The truth is that the place any operator is funded from outside of India, it is illegal to play on-line with that
+operator.
+It is very simple to withdraw from India, but many are involved about it.
+What I did with an HDFC Bank was merely give moneybookers my SWIFT code, Money Bookers will then ask for financial institution verification and
+I gave them my debit card particulars, they verified my account and I acquired my cash in a couple of days.
+To start with, any online poker web site of India that wishes to
+interact in authorized enterprise must adjust to Indian laws like Indian Penal Code, 1860, Code of Felony Process, 1973,
+Indian Info Expertise Act, 2000, the Public Gambling Act, 1867, International Exchange Management
+Act (FEMA) 1999, and so on.
+Been there several times, you may't play it onland and the
+only on line casino is in Goa on a boat, apparently
+it isn't on land so you'll be able to gamble or something bizarre.
+Now I like to contemplate myself as a pro at the game and lots
+of have recommended me to play at a poker championship.
+Rummy has already been pronounced to be a Recreation of Talent" by Indian Supreme Courtroom on numerous counts and there may be nothing new about this Settled Authorized Place" inside the current litigation. Additional, numerous guidelines and
+guidelines issued occasionally must even be complied with by
+online poker web sites of India opines Perry4Law.
+No. Although the laws could also be in limbo, there aren't any legal guidelines
+that particularly handle the legality of a person dwelling in India enjoying actual money Web playing.
+Updated, his notable wins embrace HK $4,500 event at Macau Poker Cup 2014 the place he finished in second
+place and the HK $15,000 APPT event where he completed in seventh
+place. Rajat Agarwal, founder of , a web-based poker information portal,
+estimates that around 2 lakh to 5 lakh Indians at the moment play real-cash poker.
+They don't seem to be in any respect complying with the cyber legislation due diligence (PDF) necessities of Indian cyber
+law. Although it's troublesome to estimate the size of India's online poker business, based on Agarwal, reports last year pegged
+it at about $110-120 million. Equally, every other nation may
+claim that because the web site Poker is accessible from its jurisdictions and its residents are playing at Poker web
+site it has the jurisdiction. Additionally every recreation and subsequent on line casino
+right here is of the highest quality and as a result gives glorious
+varieties of each Poker sport type.
+The courtroom dominated that enjoying talent video games like
+poker in recreational golf equipment is permitted and no licence is required for the same", stated KN Suresh, secretary of The Indian Poker Affiliation. There are two state governments in India which have passed state stage laws to permit legalized on line casino gambling. Opened in July 2014, King and Queens Poker room has attracted young poker players loads. This Indian Poker room is operated and owned by WYZ Video games India Private Restricted and claims to provide secure and safe payment gateways.
+We dive deep into the website and play every type of video games ourselves and overview every promotions and tournaments. Vishaal: I cherished Rounders with Matt Damon and Edward Norton-very sturdy strong and nice storyline in regards to the ups and down inside the life of a poker participant. But the proof of free poker usefulness is in profitable a Texas Holdem or on-line poker game! With no entry charge and a sizeable prize cash to purpose for, the Poker Sports League is a singular opportunity for players of the sport to hone their abilities as well as popularize the game that's set to be recognized by the Worldwide Thoughts Sports activities affiliation along with Chess, Bridge and Draughts".
+The courts have held that Poker cannot be accepted as a recreation of talent; however it
+was stated that it will likely be legal to play poker throughout the states which don't
+hold it as unlawful. Nonetheless, till a courtroom or authorities steps in to ban or regulate online games
+of ability, poker web sites will proceed to offer actual-cash video games to Indians and market their
+merchandise, both online and offline. It's changing into more
+and more widespread to hear of on-line players cashing out
+wherever between Rs 50,000 to over Rs 1 lakh throughout tournaments," mentioned Agarwal, who was roped in throughout January 2015 as the primary Indian participant for the world's largest on-line poker web site, PokerStars.
+This ruling could make clear whether or not each worldwide and India-solely poker sites are authorized or not in India. Bet365 is among the finest online poker websites to play from India, not only does it provide amazing promotions on a daily basis however it accepts deposits straight in rupees without having to transform them into another coin. That is important as a result of it circumvents legal issues that may have arisen about Overseas Trade law. With the desk already so tense, after the river, Farber raised to 24.5 million out of position ('out of position' is when you take a call before your opponent).
+I merely trust the site, she provides, which is an important thing in Online Poker. All of us are former Poker players who're avid followers of the game, strives to offer you one of the best experience. With increasingly poker players collaborating in the sport they get a chance to hone their expertise in addition to popularise the sport on the similar time. So whereas traditional gambling can be regulated by various States across the India, online playing is a completely different ball sport. KhelPlay Poker brings you the chance to play poker on-line in India for cash.
+So you do not wish to put an preliminary funding or don't need to spend a penny, this is high quality and you possibly can nonetheless enter an opportunity to play rummy or poker online and win real cash prizes. The poker growth in India continues to be four to five years away and will require dramatic legal changes and the mind-set shift of a generation. Players can try their fingers on Poker for free by making a quick and simple download of their software which is developed and maintained by Playtech. Whereas disposing three petitions filed by the IPA and two clubs, the HC, last week, got here to the rescue of poker players by reiterating that poker is a recreation of ability and clubs do not require a licence to organise video games.
+That would not happen because of any motion by the poker rooms themselves (the most important global rooms are fully trusted and would not take any steps that might hurt their reputation), but might presumably be a danger if the Indian authorities took some motion. As soon as that happens, you will discover a much wider vary of live tournaments being held in the country, and live poker video games will change into easier to search out and participate in. Multi Desk Poker Tourneys: Also known as MTCT, or Multi Desk Collapsible Tournaments, this is the world's most widely acknowledged competitive poker format, one with the best standards of equity and integrity, and is used in all the most important Poker Tournaments internationally together with the celebrated World Series of Poker (WSOP).
+- Online Poker Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 11:46 Comment Link
+As a critical poker player, are you searching for a brand new poker web site that has received
+a variety of distinctive features and an enormous player base with nice presents online?
+Even the legal responsibility of internet websites builders and managers of
+on-line poker web sites has been outlined in India.
+That was it for this edition however the motion from
+the India Poker Championship continues at their subsequent event from
+seventh - tenth April 2011. Seventh Schedule Entry 34 List
+II of the Indian constitution provides the ability to State authorities
+to resolve the legal guidelines relating to gambling.
+Popularity is necessary in every thing, especially if you end up coping
+with cash. Play FREE Texas Holdem and Omaha
+Poker Tournaments with fellow Indian poker players and Win Cash each hour.
+It is the good place for exhilarating dwell poker gaming experience with personalized yet unobtrusive
+service to position your bets. Before that I solely heard about it and did not
+have a clue about the rules or learnt the game by watching
+youtube movies and looking out online. This is the primary sign of an aggressive advertising marketing campaign by Indian poker
+web sites, which have been offering actual-cash poker since 2011.
+Whatever it decides would be binding and set authorized precedent for
+all the nation.
+Choose from High Tequila or Tequila Poker on the buttons on the backside of your display.
+We additionally recommendation you to take a look at our section on The way to Play Poker
+for recreation-associated info. ITech Labs Certification - has been certified by iTech Labs for fair sport play, which is a world normal in gaming software reliability.
+Many gamers are drawn towards the sport resulting from its invigorative nature of the sport mixed
+with an element of probability. Belgian pro Mihail Stoykov who'd been making waves recently on the Indian poker circuit confirmed precisely why his recreation is regarded so highly by taking
+down the IPC 12k Headhunters title.
+The casino makes cash from dwell money games by
+taking a proportion from each hand that's performed.
+Simply currently, the police of Delhi , Ahmedabad , Mumbai , and plenty of others have made
+arrests regarding illegal on-line bettings in India.
+The outcomes of this new Poker League will likely be certainly
+keenly watched and observed, as it may well set precedence for different playing cards based mostly games as properly.
+Apply your poker talents with free poker and then play with precise cash to win money.
+Persons are subscribing for its information and their day by day dose of any new data associated
+to this sport and is also taking many advantages of
+it. These web sites characteristic all of the information about
+Poker from India and abroad as well as affords Poker reviews and unique videos and poker promotions.
+This ruling might make clear whether or not each worldwide and India-solely poker sites are authorized or not in India.
+Bet365 is one of the greatest online poker sites to play from India, not solely does it offer superb promotions on a daily basis however it accepts deposits instantly in rupees without having to transform
+them into another coin. That is necessary because it circumvents legal
+issues that will have arisen about Overseas Trade law. With
+the desk already so tense, after the river, Farber raised to 24.5
+million out of place ('out of position' is while you take a choice earlier than your opponent).
+The web poker websites in India enable fanatics to play poker for actual money in ring video games, tournaments and contests.
+The location PokerMind is India's Most important source for stay and online poker News.
+And wherever else you're in the world, you'll be able to combine it with these Indian poker players too.
+PSL will see 12 groups, taking part in with 9 players
+every, preventing for the prize money of Rs 3.36 crore.
+We're seeing an increase within the number of gamers turning to poker," says Madhav Gupta, whose company Piranha Creek, runs the poker room for Casino Pride.
+I typically actually really feel although there is a misconception that poker is straight related to playing. Once acclimatized with free poker, participant scan switch to real money on-line poker. It's expected poker could be considered to also be exempt from the country's strict playing laws if the Supreme Courtroom rejects the ruling made by the Madras High Court as a consequence of poker can be consider a talent game by the nation. The perfect online poker websites accepting gamers from India present an pleasurable on-line poker expertise, excellent customer help, good traffic, all kinds of stakes and poker games, and beneficiant bonuses and promotions.
+Additionally the second event i.e. the IPC 10k Friday Night Event is the basic Freezeout which actually begins off the weekend so many gamers were anticipated to fly in after work that evening. Courts in India have not but obtained a chance to check these arguments, though two terse Excessive Court docket docket orders have indicated that the outcome of poker-associated litigation may be constructive. Jatin Banga based the On-line Poker League in partnership with GOPOKER, creating an eight-staff league that began at virtually the same time because the PSL.
+Different options for depositing/withdrawing for gamers based in India include Entropay and Webmoney. Whether your favor game is Texas Maintain'em or Omaha you'll find all the newest info available here. Yes, Its completely legal to play poker in is the India's prime most legal website to play Poker. Every team may even have a professional poker player as a mentor and captain to develop crew technique and assist young players sharpen their expertise through the play. The primary online gaming license (paywall) awarded in India was issued by the state of Sikkim, for on-line lottery, back in November 2014.
+He has also participated in the World Collection of Poker which clearly proves his passion for the game. It's also attention-grabbing that these two leagues actually embrace something that Dreyfus' GPL has been attempting to avoid, the fact that poker is performed in casinos and its gambling nature. I bear in mind only IPA and Golden Aces had been the two approved poker rooms present at that time.I spent that complete weekend taking part in poker which was by chance introduced to me on Friday continued for 6 months as I used to be frequently visiting Bangalore then.
+Gambling websites argue that the video games performed on their platform contain skilled players, who use strategy and tactics to win the sport. After Patil's knockout by Sanjay, there was just about no difference in stacks between the two gamers in headsup. About a yr in the past each time anyone would set up a event they might get about 25-30 gamers who would sign up," says Pranav Bagai of The Shark.
+This James Bond fiftieth anniversary poker set is an formally licensed product for all poker fans.
+The laws on tax on winnings are very clear - any money gained playing poker (above 10,000 INR) is subject
+to 30.9% tax.
+Players at our web site can make a remarkable enchancment in their general recreation through the use
+of promo codes like DEPKQ, KQSIGN, and RELOADBONUS and many
+others. Here is very good app Play Poker at Poker
+Square for studying and taking part in online poker legally in India.
+United Kingdom Playing Fee (UKGC), world's strongest federal physique
+to regulate legal guidelines pertinent to online gaming, regulates real money
+online poker video games. The top Indian poker rooms let you play the
+poker video games you're keen on head-to-head towards real folks or in match format for real money.
+- This Site Jueves, 13 Abril 2017 07:18 Comment Link
+Muskan Sethi from Delhi, who is just not solely an expert poker participant but additionally a social
+employee, is breaking greater than only one stereotype.
+A flexible back end ensures the site accommodates large numbers of on-line poker gamers and never
+crash or stall. While we aren't in a position to definitively state that you can legally gamble online in India,
+we don't imagine you need to worry an excessive amount of.
+A couple of 12 months in the past at any time when anybody would organize a
+tournament they might get about 25-30 gamers who would sign up," says Pranav Bagai of The Shark. You will be rewarded with $four hundred in free cash as a welcome bonus and be available to take residence each penny that you simply win whereas playing the most effective on-line casino games version of a traditional poker sport!
+Extending the arguments utilized by the Hon'ble Supreme Court docket on this landmark determination and utilizing statistical analysis by varied poker specialists including David Sklansky (the writer of the bestselling ebook The Concept of Poker") and others, it may
+be acceptable to say that no game of poker could be gained without a sure diploma of
+intellect, analytical skills and understanding of the sport and thus
+requires a really excessive diploma of ability. With 5 decks and 3 flooring of
+limitless gaming motion, poker aficionados are delighted
+with world-class poker amenities. Those taking part in rummy, poker and other card video games online for stakes
+shouldn't have to worry whether it's totally a sport of sheer luck
+or involves expertise.
+Because the threat is off, gamers can chill out
+and play a gripping recreation like Texas Holdem with out getting nervous.
+Depositing and withdrawing cash to and from accounts may very well be one of the largest downside areas, outside of
+increase your technique expertise in fact. Getting the hold to manage up with the delirium of gaming software program, we at the moment are providing the net Poker Game Web site Development companies!
+Just currently, the police of Delhi , Ahmedabad ,
+Mumbai , and plenty of others have made arrests relating to unlawful on-line bettings in India.
+India's gambling legal guidelines are quite restrictive, and regardless of this falling for the most half to particular person states to determine, as is the case
+in the United States for instance, India nonetheless does have some central regulation on playing
+that applies everywhere in the nation.
+In case you are searching for a genuine high
+quality poker chips, you need to go for it. No other product provide at such a low value.
+Further, various tips and guidelines issued now and again must even be complied with by online poker web sites
+of India. The Machine however played his typical brand of tight solid poker but wasn't able to convert it into a remaining desk cash
+finish. The real next occasion I played was IOPC last
+12 months as well as the not too long ago concluded version where there was a large participation from the
+poker group in India. Two Indian states, Goa and Sikkim, produce other forms of gambling,
+so India differs from plenty of other international locations, this way, and due to this fact we won't communicate of a
+common practice or laws in India in direction of
+playing as we usually do.
+Poker was recently affirmed as a skill recreation when the Pulikeshinagar Police
+raided the Hi-5 Membership, a member of the Indian Poker Association in July 2013.
+Town with thriving and intensive poker circuit now has poker rooms/clubs that cater to every kind of stakes, the regular
+game in most places ranges from 25-50 to 50-a hundred with minimum purchase-ins starting from INR 2000 upwards.
+On-line poker is laid out on a large number of Multi Desk Tournaments and for
+various talent ranges and variants.Online poker tournaments, Texas Holdem tournaments, Omaha,
+multi desk tournaments, in vast numbers are persistently
+working on Poker Nation.
+We function in a very authorized territory and there's no subject with gamers depositing money into
+the website pockets by means of their bank accounts
+and redeeming their winnings again into their bank accounts,
+a spokesperson of said. Most casinos in India are subsequently offshore, primarily in Goa,
+with Casino Royale and Casino Pride being the big gamers in the mean time.
+Is the preferred of these on-line web sites and has a player database of more than one hundred,000 making it the largest on-line
+poker website in India. IPA has the mandatory pedigree, processes and importantly the trust of the players.
+The Cost and Settlement Act, 2007 permits Reserve Financial institution of
+India to control all on-line and digital mode of transaction.
+These 108 gamers for 12 groups can be chosen by way of 70+ rounds which might occur over a period of 3 months starting February
+next 12 months. The students properly sought a legal interpretation of India
+statutes pertaining to Web wagering previous to investing
+in and beginning the venture. We assist you to to learn all the features of the sport like poker
+guidelines, tutorials, poker tricks and knowledgeable methods We
+also present you the newest poker information and updates on the
+Indian and global pokerwala industry. India's largest online poker site, Adda52 has a reported 800,000 registered gamers.
+Whether or not or not your favor sport is Texas Hold'em or Omaha you will
+discover all the latest knowledge out there here.
+The opposite authorized issue, in accordance with Sayta, is whether or not Bhalla's sacking was legal and whether or not
+he was served with a notice in addition to given an opportunity to elucidate his facet in accordance with Section 169 of the Firms
+Act, 2013. True to its vision of harnessing talent throughout India, the Poker Sports activities League will offer gamers a chance to play and study
+from a number of the best gamers in India. Online
+gaming has helped me sharpen my recreation expertise and I've received a lot of money too in the process.
+All of the finest poker websites obtainable to Indian players are safe and protected for actual cash on-line poker.
+Burman told ET that PSL has generated lots of curiosity among the many serious as well
+as amature poker gamers and corporates. The principle challenges for poker startups lie
+in ridding the unfavourable image related to the
+sport and getting authorities to recognise it as a sport of talent and never playing, which is usually disallowed in India.
+This is the primary signal of an aggressive advertising marketing campaign by Indian poker web sites,
+which have been providing actual-cash poker since 2011.
+Equally, Germany may claim that for the reason that server internet hosting the website Poker is located within its jurisdiction Germany has the ultimate say.
+However the rain-enhanced surroundings is last thing on the poker participant's mind when she or he visits Goa.
+Its alliance with the IPC could also be one of the first steps toward grabbing
+a piece of the Indian on-line poker market that undoubtedly has loads of room for
+growth. We have created a truly world-class platform on our website for online poker in India by organising the nation's foremost 100% authorized poker website.
+The thoughts sport of poker has recently started growing at an exponential price in India.
+There's additionally one other act which might be thought
+of to relate to on-line betting and gaming: The Information Technology Act of 2000.
+However when you sit at a poker desk, it does not matter if your opponent
+is a powerful politician, rich businessperson, famous movie star or a VIP.
+The choose ruled that wagers involving cash are unlawful and that although the games proposed to be offered might require skill,
+banks and monetary establishments could refuse servicing web sites that will
+offer such games. This degree of intellect and talent is
+not going to be required in roulette, lottery or different
+slot video games and everyone (skilled or not) would stand an equal probability of profitable.
+Having fun with poker on PokerBaazi is legally permissible in India and we
+adjust to Indian authorized guidelines like Indian Penal Code,
+1860, Code of Felony Process, 1973, Indian Information Know-how Act, 2000, the Public Enjoying Act, 1867, khelo365 poker india
+Foreign Trade Administration Act (FEMA) 1999, and
+plenty of others.
+Aditya, who has been enjoying on PokerStars since 2014,
+hopes that he'll encourage extra folks in India to play and luxuriate in poker.
+The thing was, gamers from India had been at all times current
+on worldwide websites, if not in nice numbers. The craze caught up in India a few years
+later, as non-resident Indians and students getting back from America started internet hosting poker video games at houses.
+Kqpoker customer help workforce works round the clock each day solving each and every issues faced by our gamers.
+I see rich enterprise folks undergo 1 or 2 Lakh of
+Rupee in a short time and never care so there is plenty of
+easy cash.
+VN Adoptee – now living in NY, USA
+Joshua Woerthwein (Chiem Ngoc)
+VAN Organisation
+Webmaster:
+Baltimore Thoughts: Joshua Woerthwein
+Mitchell. M. (2000). Adopted Vietnamese Experiences. Edited for Adopted Vietnamese International.
+The weekend of April 28th-30th, 2000, I attended a reunion of the first generation of Vietnamese adoptees. It was held in Baltimore, MD, and was sponsored by Tressler Adoption Services, the Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, and Holt International Children’s Services. Going into this reunion, I really didn’t know what to expect. I had re-visited Vietnam about 2 ½ years ago, in the fall of 1997, and didn’t know what to expect then, either. The trip back to Vietnam is a different story, though. I went back to Vietnam with no expectations on purpose; I didn’t want to set myself up for being disappointed. I remember how I felt in Vietnam, being amongst my people, being in my homeland; I didn’t speak the language, I didn’t know the culture, and Vietnamese nationals didn’t even believe I was born there. For all intents and purposes, I might as well have been born on American soil; I felt totally out of place. I was wondering if the reunion would have the same feel to it.
+I found out about the reunion through Sister Mary Nelle Gage, a nun whom I had gone back to Vietnam with in 1997. Although I knew about the reunion for several months, I was dragging my feet in regards to registering for it. I think the main reason for my procrastinating over the reunion was an item I read about in the itinerary: a ceremony at the Vietnam Memorial Wall. I’m not sure why it bothered me so much, but it did. When I was in Vietnam in 1997, Sister Mary had asked the 3 other adoptees and me on the trip what we thought about having a trip to Vietnam that had Vietnamese adoptees and Vietnam veterans on the same tour. I think my gut reaction to that question was pure disgust. I can ‘t speak for the other adoptees that were asked, but we all ended up agreeing that such a tour should never take place. And knowing that the reunion participants would be going to the Wall for a ceremony produced the same disgust-filled reaction in me.
+I had originally planned on arriving Friday and leaving Saturday, before the ceremony at the Wall took place. Time drew closer and the registration deadline passed. My parents had already registered and unbeknownst to them, I hadn’t yet. About 2 weeks before the reunion, I finally registered. I waited until the last possible minute to buy my plane ticket, and decided to go to the ceremony at the Wall. As much as a part of me didn’t want to go, the other part of me wanted to.
+I arrived early on Friday because I had to fly into Baltimore from Cleveland. I got there so early, I think I was one of the first adoptees there. After getting my little packet and name tag (it had our American name, our Vietnamese name, our current residence, and our baby picture), I met Roger Castillo (from Montana). He introduced me to Chris Brownlee (from Boston, MA) and we paged through some scrapbooks and we all found articles about ourselves when we were babies arriving in the U.S. I saw an old article that had my family and the Korver family featured.
+And speaking of the Korver’s, Arleta Korver showed up shortly after I did…she’s from Columbus, OH, and I knew she was going, but I rarely see her. She had also been back to Vietnam, but it was about a year after I had gone back. Funny story about her: I get back from my trip in October 1997, and about 2 weeks after I’m home, I get a call from her. She started with, “Hi, my name is Arleta Korver, and you don’t know me”.
+As it turns out, she was on the same plane I was on, the one that landed in the U.S. on April 6th, 1975. On the way back from JFK, my parents’ car broke down, and her family picked us up and drove us home (they lived in the neighboring county in PA at that time). 23 years later, she calls me out of the blue and we’ve been friends ever since then. Anyway, back to the reunion…
+That first night was a combination of getting registered for the reunion and meeting some of the participants. My first pictures of the reunion are with Brian Hester, Nguyen Thi Ai Loan, and Tim Holtan. Brian is from Columbus…small world. Ai Loan is from the Cleveland area and lives a short distance away from me…even smaller world. If I had registered earlier, I probably would have driven to Baltimore with them. Tim is from Maryland…I met him a few (at least 5) years ago; our respective parents had “forced” us into meeting. It was like, “he’s adopted, he’s Vietnamese, you’re adopted, you’re Vietnamese, and you 2 should get together and talk”. It felt like a bad blind date.
+Needless to say, Tim and I hadn’t talked since then, but it was cool seeing him again. We were all moved upstairs to the top of the Tressler building for an informal welcoming reception after everyone had arrived. The media had been present from the get-go, and were pulling select adoptees aside to do interviews. I met a flight attendant that had carried babies off the planes. I met the pilot of the C5-A cargo jet that had crashed (the survivors from that plane crash were put onto my plane)…that was pretty wild. And what was even wilder, I met Kelly Jackson (from Seattle, WA), a woman who had survived the crash, as well. It was all very intense.
+I traded contact information with a handful of adoptees. It seemed like everyone became an instant friend. A large group of us ended up meeting at a restaurant in Inner Harbor later that evening for food and drinks. I think we all turned in early due to the next day’s early start, and being exhausted from being so overwhelmed.
+We started the next day bright and early at 8:00AM for some breakfast together. I sat with Tim, Catherine, Kelly, Beth, Roger, Chris, and a few other people whose names I can’t recall. We moved to the church for the opening “plenary”, where a few people spoke. I lost my mom while taking seats and ended up sitting with Beth, Roger, Chris, Catherine, and Kelly. I had a hard time stopping the flood of tears while an American general who was stationed at the Ton Son Nhut recounted the day the C5-A crashed. I think that had a lot of people in tears.
+After more people who had their hands in Operation Babylift had spoken, another speaker gave a small presentation on some statistics that were taken from a survey that was sent out to the adoptees before the reunion took place. Then we went around the church and introduced ourselves, where we lived, and if we had come with anyone, who they were. It was amazing to see how many adoptees there were, where they grew up, and who they had become in the past 25 years. After all those introductions, we had to move out of the church because there was a wedding taking place later. We had to eat, too.
+After lunch, I went down to Inner Harbor with Beth, Heather, Emily, and Tara to take some pictures. I used it as an excuse to get away from the commotion and emotion of what had just happened, too. The fresh air was a nice break. We got back to the center just as the open forum started. There was a panel of people who were involved in Operation Babylift leading the discussion. They all told a story from their experiences during that time, and opened up the floor for questions and comments.
+Some things were said during the plenary and open forum that didn’t agree with me. I’m afraid that what I’m going to say will make me sound ungrateful and will totally disrespect my parents, but they know that I love them with all my heart. I guess I should apologize in advance if I hurt anyone else’s feelings, but hey, these are my opinions, and everyone’s entitled to one. During the open forum, an adoptee stood up and said that we should all “thank God” for giving us the “opportunity to live and prosper in America”. Someone else said (maybe it was the same person) that “when God wrote [the] history” for us, he knew what he was doing.
+First of all, I don’t need anyone telling me what I should do. Second of all, what a crock of shit! I don’t want any part of that type of god. Sure, everything happens for a reason, but give me a break. Some people thank god for being placed in loving, caring, compassionate homes with great parents and wonderful families (what burns me up even more is people who aren’t adopted, people who don’t even know me, telling me that I should thank God for having such a good life). That’s all fine and dandy, but that god doesn’t need my thanks.
+Are the same people who are thanking god for such a wonderful life, thanking god for placing other adoptees in not-so-loving homes, the homes with abusive parents, the homes with parents who didn’t care, the homes where family-life wasn’t the American dream (American dream? More like AmeriKKKan sham), where every day was a struggle to survive? No. When something good happens, we should thank god, but when something bad happens, it’s because he’s testing us? Don’t get me wrong, I have wonderful parents. It’s just that, the reunion seemed to be focused on how thankful all the adoptees should be to god and to everyone who had their hand in getting us from damnation to salvation. But let’s be realistic: how many adoptees would stand up, in front of their parents, in front of the people who were partially responsible for bringing them over here, and tell them all that their life here sucks?
+I’ve always hated it when people say to me after they find out I’m a Vietnamese adoptee, “boy, aren’t you glad you got to grow up here instead of over there?” How the hell should I know? The god I should be bowing down to and worshipping plucked me away from my mother, threw me halfway around the world, and stuck me someplace totally foreign to me. How can I and why should I be grateful for that? Grateful that I’m alive? I’m sure I’m not the only adoptee who’s had suicidal tendencies during adolescence, just as I’m sure that I’m not the only adoptee who’s still got unresolved issues from all of this…
+After the discussions were over, we all broke for dinner. I went with a group of about 25 people to a restaurant called Amecci’s in Little Italy. I sat with Chris and Catherine, and spent most of the evening talking to Catherine, Karen Walker Ryan, and Judy Cornwall. Karen was a flight attendant during the Babylift, and Judy was the adoptive mother of Saul, who was also with us. After dinner, some of us headed for bed, some of us headed for a club, and some of us went to get some drinks. It was nice to unwind after such an emotionally intense day. I stayed out with Chris and Beth for a few more hours and then we all finally parted ways and went to bed…we had to be up early for the ceremony at the Wall on Sunday.
+Chris, Roger, and I barely made it to the bus on time, but made a fashionably late entrance. We got to D.C. in about an hour and made our way to a small clearing above the Vietnam Memorial Wall. Some adoptees, House Representative William Delahunt (his daughter, Kara, was featured in the May 2000, issue of Reader’s Digest, with Karen Walker Ryan and Chris Brownlee), and a spokeswoman for the Congressional Coalition on Adoption all made speeches before we made our march down to the Wall.
+We were all given carnations to place at the Wall…it’s hard to say what was going through my head as we made our way to the Wall. I walked arm-in-arm with Kelly Jackson, a survivor from the C5-A crash, along the path to the Wall. We stood there for a few moments looking at it, and I can’t remember if I thought it or actually said it to her: “strange…strange that one of the men on this wall could have been my father…or could have killed one of our relatives…”. As I approached the Wall to lay down my carnation, I could feel my knees give way, and all I could do was kneel down and place my hand against the cold, smooth surface of the Wall. I got up and took a few steps back, and Kelly walked forward and placed her carnation against the Wall. She walked back to me and we embraced for a few moments. I don’t think I cried that much since I met the nun in Vietnam who had signed my birth papers.
+After all the adoptees had placed their carnations and the tears had subsided, we gathered for what seemed an eternity for group photos in front of the wreath that was brought to the Wall. And then we headed back to Baltimore. We gathered for a quick lunch, wrapped things up at the Tressler center, and said our good-byes. There seemed to be a mad dash to get as many names, addresses, and numbers as you could before we all went on our separate ways. I cried on my flight back to Cleveland from Baltimore.
+We all arrived at the reunion total strangers, but left the reunion with dozens of new brothers and sisters. It took a war and 25 years of solitude to keep many of us apart, but it only took a weekend to bring us all together again. The bonds that were made were instantaneous and hopefully, life-long. I had never been around that many adoptees, let alone that many Vietnamese adoptees, before. It was nice being around so many people who knew. Growing up and living in the area I live in now, there’s no one around me that I can really relate to (well, now there’s one). I couldn’t even relate to the Vietnamese people in Vietnam. But being with other Vietnamese adoptees…I didn’t have to explain anything any more.
+When people ask me where I’m from, I always ask them, “originally?” When people ask me what I am, I always answer them, “half-Vietnamese, half-something else.” (What kind of question is that, anyway? “What are you?”) Amongst Vietnamese adoptees, I don’t dread being asked those questions. Besides, the most common questions were “where were you born” and “have you gone back yet”. I met an adoptee that was born in the same hospital I was born in! How awesome is that? I got to share experiences of my trip back with people who have been back, and more importantly, got to share them with adoptees who haven’t gone back yet.
+There’s another reunion a few weeks from now at the end of June in Colorado. I’m really looking forward to that one. A few people from the Baltimore reunion will be attending that one, so it’ll be a reunion within a reunion of sorts, for Kelly, Chris, Beth, Tia, Jared, whoever else is going from the Baltimore reunion, and me. I’m excited to see them all again, and am also looking forward to making new friends.
+Share with friends
+Feel free to share this information with your community.
+CES 2018: Observations & Upcoming Trends
+New technologies are more and more evolving towards coaching the human being. A person provides data to a machine to empower himself or herself and we are all hungry for data about ourselves; in the end what technologies haven’t done yet is to provide the personalized follow-up programs that people can use in their daily personal, professional or academic life to move towards what they want to have happen and better understand how to take action. Team PocketConfidant
+CES is a huge event showcasing innovations from all over the world to a global audience of around 200,000 visitors and millions more via the media. It is a great platform to assess market trends, customers and users’ needs. In this article we share our observations and learnings from CES 2018, as well as trends we think are worth watching.
+Trend 1: from building awareness to supporting change, technologies are mastering the psychology of change
+As we walked the show floor and explored some of the thousands of exhibits at CES 2018, we collected many interesting observations. One thing particularly grabbed our attention, it is the number of new technologies that are being built to provide humans feedback about themselves. Indeed, today’s trends are full of expressions such as self-driving, quantified-self, self-awareness, self-help, self-healing, self-coaching etc. We already knew about the big trend towards personalization, but CES confirmed how significant self-oriented concepts, technologies apps, products and services have become.
+Coming from the fields of coaching, psychology, neuroscience and linguistics, CES 2018 validated for us one important and sizeable societal trend: people’s desire for feedback and human empowerment.
+Organizations, whether they are large or small, Universities or Cities, are looking for ways to better prepare and support individuals for an inevitable ongoing change. As we know from the domains of psychology and coaching, feedback is a key way to initiate and manage change as well as to support and empower individuals.
+McKinsey’s article puts the emphasis on feedback, performance and coaching with companies wanting to change the way they operate:
+Testing new ideas that give [them] continual feedback and coaching. […]. McKinsey Quarterly, May 2016
+Making a connection with the human change process
+Called the Transtheoretical Model (Wikipedia) or Stages of Change Model (PsychologyToday), our society has defined a psychological human change process consisting of five steps; Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance. For years Marketers have been using the model of change with three, four or more stages based on many uncertain factors, mainly, Awareness, Consideration, Decision, Maintenance. Whether we look at it from the psychological model or from the marketing perspective, the model finds a common frame as it defines a human decision-making process starting from a state of “not being ready to act or decide”, to a step of “getting ready to act or decide”, to a step of post-decision or maintenance of the action or the decision.
+Today, technologies in the health, wellness and wellbeing spaces focus on analyzing someone’s environment, behavior, capabilities and health-related state in order to provide a certain number of insights which a) inform a person on how she is evolving and b) inform her decisions based on the provided data (blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, stress level, weight, and other data coming from all parts of the body such as feet, legs, chest, eyes, head etc.).
+The CES 2018 Health/Wellness/Fitness areas showcased a majority of products and technologies focused on tracking, monitoring and feedback capabilities, most of them integrated into wearables and hardware, enabling the collection of information to provide it to its user or to its group.
+It seems obvious that technology is becoming a huge feedback loop for humans. Whenever and wherever you are, you can track your state and inform your decisions. Further, a majority of existing products, apps and systems, are able to suggest a choice of actions to take as a follow up to the information you are provided with.
+Coming back to the human change process, there is an interesting match between today’s use of technology and the psychology of change:
+- Technology makes you aware of a particular state by providing feedback
+- Technology can suggest different options to consider for a decision or an action
+- Technology tracks your decision, action or choice, as well as your decision-making behavior
+- Finally, technology can also link you to customer support or other services for maintenance
+It is striking to see how technologies, products and services fit the change models, whether it is the psychological or the marketing change models. It is also interesting to see how innovations are more and more proposing a “coaching approach” in their interactions with users, to better listen, to better support and build rapport with the person.
+Here are some questions we are asking ourselves:
+One additional learning from CES 2018, based on discussions with consumers and potential partners, investors and customers, is that there are two different dimensions of “coaching”.
+- One dimension sees coaching as a subject matter expert system or individual, able to provide information, insights or even suggest solutions.
+- Another dimension sees coaching as a process, a reflective conversation, a time for learning, where solutions aren’t provided but where learning is being developed or provoked.
+One can advise on the actions to take, while one can use techniques and methods to support change. One seems to push information to the individual, while the other seems to pull information from him…
+Trend 2 : Self-learning, self-improvement, self-growth
+Today, AI-products and AI-services integrate computer-based behaviors able to learn and make decisions by themselves. The fact that we are developing products able to increase our own personal or professional awareness and decision-making capabilities is showing an important change in our society as we are given the means to generate and collect insights, as well as create unique meaning and outcomes for each person who uses such products. Based on this fact, we ask ourselves the following thought-provoking questions:
+- Are we transitioning towards an augmented human being able to continuously collect information about performance and better inform his own decisions?
+- Will Artificial Intelligence become a mirror of humans’ behaviors trigger more and more behavioral awareness?
+- Will technology advancement enable every human on earth to live in a continuous self-improvement and self-learning lifestyle?
+Trend 3: Assistance vs Growth MindsetAmong the new innovations and emerging products built to interact with people (or users), we see a big trend in the domain of “assistance”, made possible with the surge of conversational technologies and personal assistants designed to answer any of your questions or serve any request.
+Mankind has always been motivated to make his life easier, more comfortable and expend less effort. It seems we are finding ways to assist ourselves ever more by leveraging technological progress.
+A few technologies are, however, making other changes, as they advance people’s ability to think differently, enabling more cognitive development and engaging humans in the development of their own human capital.
+Two different types of innovations are confronting and completing each other:
+- Those that are made to assist humans and answer any request. All apps and assistants that help you book or order a product or service and retrieve information are in this category.
+- Those designed to stimulate thinking, activity, personal and collective effort. In this category, you can find apps and assistants that help you work on your mindset, mental and physical wellbeing and performance, as well as develop your critical thinking. We call them “assistants” too, but they require you to commit deliberately and make an effort to achieve your goals.
+One trend delegating all boring tasks to robots, and another making the best efforts to help people become more efficient. Sounds like two trends are converging to one main idea. A huge learning skill-building and self-improvement opportunity for individuals.
+Seems like we’re doing everything to increase the capabilities of humans, until we become super-humans…
+Trend 4: General trend to a shorter product life-cycles
+As technological developments improve, it was easy to spot areas at CES 2018 that were focused on emerging and commoditized market segments of consumer electronics and services. With higher global internet coverage and wide peer-to-peer sharing and collaboration tools, the spread of information about new products has reached unprecedented speed. As a result, product adoption is faster, new profitable product categories are discovered sooner, if not immediately, and competition drives segments of all technologies to be a commodity as product lifecycles shorten.
+For example, two years ago self-tracking, smart watches and personalized digital healthcare resided in Eureka Park (the CES startup hub), while this year the number of offerings of this kind saturated the marketplace and lost consumers’ interest as well as their WHOA effect. This trend is well reflected in the below Gartner’s Hype Cycles. In 2015 wearables and smart advisors reached the phase of “inflated expectations”.
+By the end of 2017, such technologies left the Gartner Trends for Emerging Technologies and moved to a commodity market category where the competition is rather based on performance instead of value and technology breakthrough, or additional features and price.
+The overall message behind this trend is that we, people in general, need to adapter faster. This trend directly relates to the newest HR trends for 2020 saying that “adaptability” will be one of the most important skills to have.
+Conclusion
+In conclusion, it seems that technologies are more and more embedding coaching approaches, that question, prompt, suggest, collect feedback and follow the user through their process of change. All of this is offering the individual a continuous learning process available 24-7 at the lowest cost.
+We were very happy to have been among the startups showcased at Eureka Park this year. Based on psychology, linguistics and neuroscience, PocketConfidant is one of the first technologies entirely dedicated to coaching the individual through natural and real-time language. The philosophy behind this technology is to build an intelligent system grounded in the ethics of coaching practice: listening, questioning, goodwill and non-influence. We work with the premise that technology needs to benefit the Individual, facilitate the development of the “self” in a completely confidential, purposeful and continuous way, always aligning with her readiness and motivation for change and emotional and cognitive availability.
+David Drake, Ph.D., Founder of Narrative Coaching and Author says the follow about conversational technologies such as PocketConfidant:
+I am always looking out for new applications that will bring coaching to more people in meaningful ways. […] it operates using a client-centric “pull” approach rather than a tool-centric “push” approach, it focuses on people’s actual language rather than a method’s predetermined language, and people can use it in real time rather than waiting for the next coaching session. This is a ground-breaking new way of supporting people to coach themselves and is destined to lead the way in bringing AI to coaching.David Drake
+Article’s bonus: Learnings of the Day from Team PocketConfidant @ CES 2018.
+Team PocketConfidant is happy to share their learnings with the public, hoping that they can be helpful to future teams participating in activities of similar scale. We are very grateful to our membership program CTA and our sponsor Région Provence Alpes Côte D’Azur for this amazing experience.CES2018 officially wrapped after dazzling the world with a glimpse into the future. More than 3,900 exhibitors showcased world-changing technologies that spanned more than 2.75 million net square feet of exhibit space across Las Vegas – the largest show floor in CES’ 51-year history.
+Tags: AI, Artificial Intelligence, CES, Coaching, Disruption, edtech, education, HR, Human Capital, Innovation, learning, technology, trends
+Trackback from your site.
+Voltaire’s 'Candide”.
+Student Notes
+THE LIFE OF VOLTAIRE
+HIS EARLY YEARS
+. He was born in 1694, Francois-Marie Arouet, into an old middle-class Parisian family.( “Voltaire” was the name that he adopted in his early twenties.) His father was a lawyer and Conseiller du Roi –. This meant that in his early years he made the acquaintance of important people and lived in a world where people where concerned with public affairs and business. From this background stemmed Voltaire’s own sense of business and his ambition to make himself an equal to the nobility.
+1704: Voltaire started his education at the Collège Louis-le-Grand. Here he was taught by the Jesuits and was an outstandingly bright pupil stimulated by their classical education and encouraged towards poetry. His gratitude to them was lifelong. Another important influence was that of his godfather, the Abbé de Châteauneuf, a clever freethinker who died in 1708. The latter introduced him to a society of independent minded people.
+THE TURBULENT EXPERIENCES OF HIS YOUTH
+1711 Voltaire left the Collège Louis-le-Grand and enrolled at the Faculté de Droit-(Law college), but soon preferred the company of his libertine friends to his law studies. His family was very displeased and as a last chance found him a placement with a state prosecutor.
+1715—In this year Louis XIV died. He had been king for over seventy years. His successor, Louis XV, was his great-grandson, who was only five years old. Philippe II, duc d'Orléans, governed as regent until Louis reached his legal majority in 1723.
+1717- Voltaire’s first imprisonment in the Bastille. He had become famous in Paris society for his brilliant, satirical wit. However an epigram that he wrote in mockery of the Regent, led to his first imprisonment in the Bastille (May 1717-April 1718),. He used this time to write, and with ambitions to become a great dramatist in the footsteps of Racine, completed his first tragedy: “Oedipe” and began his poem “La Ligue”
+1718 -1726 A free man again, he was able to enjoy the social fame that the success of his tragedy and his poem brought him. He changed his name to Voltaire. He was welcome in the salons of high society, in the châteaux of the nobility, and in 1725, he wrote three plays to performed at the royal palace for the marriage of Louis XV
+During these years also, Voltaire inherited quite a lot of money and he revealed his business skills in his wise investments. However, Voltaire’s independent mind continued to lead him into controversy.
+He offended an important nobleman,the chevalier de Rohan- who later has him beaten up by his servants. Voltaire insisted on a duel and was put into the Bastille but was released a fortnight later on condition that he went into exile in England (1726).
+The Lessons that Voltaire learnt from his Years in England 1726-1728
+Welcomed with open arms by British political and literary society, Voltaire soon got to know many, important people
+( eg. Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift). In these two years he did a prodigious amount of writing.
+He found England progressive, enlightened, democratic, tolerant, free and dynamic and conceived the 'Lettres sur les Anglais' in which he was to praise these qualities at the expense of his own country, which was still very autocratic and intolerant.
+Voltaire returned to France in 1728. During the next few years he lived in Paris. He built up his personal wealth.. He continued to attack all forms of prejudice, injustice and superstition, but he was careful to have the works that would cause him problems with the authorities printed in secret. He wrote the 'Histoire de Charles XII)” and an examination of the Christian Church, expressing highly independent, provocative and unorthodox ideas including a diatribe against Christianity.
+He wrote and published the Lettres sur les Anglais (1734), and he republished the book in the same year, with the addition of a letter on the 17th-century religious writer Blaise Pascal under the title of Lettres Philosophiques. These provided the French reader with object lessons on how intellectual, religious, and political matters should be conducted, and contained an eloquent defence of civil liberty and religious toleration. This book has been described as the first bomb launched against the existing French political system. As a result of a misunderstanding, the book was published without Voltaire’s authorisation and this caused him new trouble.
+The problems caused by the publication of the Lettres Philosophiques
+The French parliament, angered by the letters, ordered that Voltaire be imprisoned. In May of 1734, Voltaire received a message from the office of one of the king's ministers that said: the author of the "English Letters" would do well to "absent himself." This was a royal letter de cachet- an arbitrary decree that had to be obeyed. Having served two previous sentences in the Bastille, Voltaire accepted the need to take flight.
+Voltaire’s Ten Year Refuge with The Marquise Du Châtelet 1734-1744
+Voltaire’s had had a passionate relationship with the Marquise du Châtelet, since the previous year, (he was 39, she 27). After Voltaire received the letter de cachet, Émilie du Châtelet offered him asylum with her and her husband at their property in Cirey in Champagne. The chateau was located near the border with Lorraine which was an independent province at the time. It was an ideal refuge for Voltaire who could cross the border if he was pursued by the authorities.
+In spite of the threats that he faced, he continued to stir up quarrels, disputes and debates and he wrote many insulting and often crude pamphlets against his enemies. In 1736, he caused a furore by attacking bourgeois morals.
+Voltaire’s stay at Cirey was a period of intense literary activity. As well as plays, stories, satires, and light verse, Voltaire wrote the Eléments de la Philosophie de Newton (1737). This was written in collaboration with the Marquise, who was a lady of impressive intellect, very interested in the sciences. Voltaire regarded her as more gifted than him in these studies.
+Both Voltaire and the Marquise represent typical “philosophes” of the Enlightenment in 18th Century France. This is shown in their zest for knowledge, their intelligent, critical outlook, their open-mindedness, their faith in the new ideas and their enthusiasm for the new scientific research.
+Even after the Marquise turned her attentions to another lover in 1746, she and Voltaire remained friends and he was shattered when she died in childbirth in 1749. at the age of forty-three.)
+Voltaire’s Disillusioning Experiences in the Royal Courts of Europe 1744-1755
+.
+While at Céry, Voltaire had not been out of contact with the outside world. He had a copious correspondence with his friends in Paris. He risked some visits to Paris. He visited Belgium, Holland and Prussia, whose ruler, Frederick the Great, saw himself as a man of the Enlightenment, a disciple of Voltaire and wanted him to remain at his court in Potsdam.
+His Experience at The French Court 1744 -1747
+In 1743, the French government asked Voltaire to help them in their negotiations with Frederick of Prussia. After this, he frequented the court of Louis XV more and more, having the patronage of the king’s mistress, Mme de Pompadour. He became popular with everyone at court and had honours showered upon him. He was appointed historiographer of France, then a gentleman of the king’s bedchamber; finally, in 1746, he was elected to the Académie Française. However he was very displeased to see that he would never be appointed court poet. The king turns against him and Mme de Pompadour finds him over familiar. He makes social blunders and is ostracised.
+1748-9 He is ill and unpopular, and finally he is lonely and depressed at the death of Émilie du Châtelet
+His Experience at the Prussian Court 1750 -1753
+In 1750 he finally accepted Frederick II's offer to live in Prussia, where he was promised favour and fortune. He was thoroughly spoilt for 3 months in the little court of Potsdam, then he and Frederick began to tire of each other. 1751
+Though sick of Prussia, Voltaire stayed there and got on with his writing. He wrote “Le siècle de Louis XIV”.
+1753 Angered by Frederick's surveillance of him and his highhanded actions, he left Berlin on a pretext; but he got held up for over a month by Frederick's men in Frankfurt. This was a very disturbing experience. People were hostile to him everywhere he went. He needed a new refuge..
+The Shelter he found in his last 23 years
+His Stay at Les Delices (1755- 1760)
+In I755 a new chapter opened for him. Voltaire went to live in Switzerland, near Geneva on an estate known as Les Délices. He grew to enjoy the country life and was looked after by the affectionate care of his niece, Mme Denis. He made a theatre and received his friends.
+It was in 1755 that Voltaire was shocked by the news of the great Lisbon Earthquake. He wrote the poem 'Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne' (1756), to refute the claim of the Catholic Church that this horror was an expression of God’s anger in the face of the immorality of the citizens.
+Another major historical event in the following year increased Voltaire’s depression further. In 1756 the Seven-Year War broke out and France was at war with both England and Prussia This was a bitter blow to both Voltaire and the whole movement of Enlightenment, which pinned its hopes on human progress and perfection, gained through knowledge, lucidity and free expression.
+1757 was an equally black year for Voltaire. The European war was becoming bloodier. The "philosophes" were blamed for the attempted assassination of Louis.XV and were persecuted across France. In addition, Voltaire lost the sympathy of his Swiss Protestants neighbours on account of remarks that he made about Calvin. Afterwards, his plays were banned in Geneva.
+It was in the mood, created by these trying times that Voltaire wrote in 1759 his masterpiece , the philosophical tale, “Candide”, in which he rejects the attempts of the Optimist School of philosophy, led by the German philosopher, Leibniz, to explain away the existence of evil in the world. Immediately, the book became immensely popular, even though it was censured by the French authorities. For his own good, Voltaire consistently denied having anything to do with it
+His Stay at Ferney (1760- 1778)
+At the age of 64, now endowed with a tremendous fortune, Voltaire moved back over the French border to build his château in Ferney. He was near enough to the Swiss border to escape if in danger.
+The final moral of “Candide” had been: “Il faut cultiver notre jardin”. At Les Délices and Verney, Voltaire did this literally and gardening gave him great pleasure as he enjoyed the peaceful tranquillity of the country life.
+Perhaps, momentarily, Voltaire, in disillusionment, had been tempted to withdraw from the fray. However in “Les Délices he had already begun to take up the fight for the ideals of the Enlightenment once again. He produced hundreds of pamphlets to defend his cause and to attack those with whom he did not agree. It was while still at les Delices that his ideological quarrel with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, another famous French reformer became very embittered.
+With each year that passed Voltaire's home became more and more a refuge for the persecuted and a bastion of free thought. He stood up for the rights of individuals against prejudice, superstition, and tyrannical authority.
+One of Voltaire’s notable successes was the case of Jean Calas, 1762. Calas was a French Protestant who was executed for the alleged murder of his son. In France at that time, Protestants were persecuted. The trial had been conducted amid an atmosphere of intolerance, and sectarian passion that denied Calas any hope of a fair hearing. Voltaire made endless efforts to reveal the truth, until he was able finally get Calas's name rehabilitated in1765.
+In 1763 Voltaire had written his 'Traité sur la Tolerance'. He led a virulent campaign against the Catholic Church and advocated a new deist religion, for which he built a chapel in the grounds of his estate, where he conducted his own services.
+In 1764, Voltaire published his very successful 'Dictionnaire Philosophique'.
+A very practical man, he became the patriarch of the whole region around Ferney, taking much of
+the local administration into his own hands. To the people of the neighbourhood he was the grand old man and his efforts on behalf of oppressed individuals give him great popularity in the whole of France.
+Voltaire’s Triumphal Return To Paris In 1778
+At the age of 84, Voltaire made a triumphal return to Paris. He attended a performance of his latest play and saw his bust crowned on stage. He was not in good health and the excitement was too much for him and he died shortly afterwards on the 30th may 1778. Thanks to the intrigue of his friends, he was buried in consecrated soil. In 1791, his remains were transferred to the Panthéon.
+In February of his final year, he had written his own epitaph:
+« Je meurs en adorant Dieu, en aimant mes amis, en ne haïssant pas mes ennemis, en détestant la superstition”
+************
+A BRIEF SKETCH OF VOLTAIRE
+Voltaire was a practical man, always active, always trying to attain some goal. Enormously energetic and resourceful, he loved independence. Highly sensitive to all human emotions, he was never cold, or indifferent. He had a perpetual interest in men, their beliefs, attitudes, history, and fate.
+Voltaire discusses serious ideas and issues but his language is typically playful and his descriptions are often very humorous and at times extremely bawdy.
+He was generally optimistic about man, the new empirical sciences, the decline of superstition, prejudice, intolerance. However, in the book 'Candide' he comes as near as he ever does to a defeatist .attitude. The fundamental pessimism in 'Candide' is explained by the mood of Voltaire in 1754 when, persecuted by everyone, he established his solitary retreat. However this pessimism is expressed with a mocking light-heartedness, which was perhaps made possible by the spiritual repose that he found at Vernay. The moral reassurance he gained from this was to allow Voltaire to re-enter the fray of controversy later, fighting as vigorously as ever.
+May 25-27, 2018June 7-8, 2018
+2017-18
+Inside, Outside
+3rd - 4th grade with a parent
+August 26 -27, 2017
+We came with our worries about being included and the other people liking us. We weren't sure what would happen, but we had heard there would be games and meeting new people. As soon as we got inside the ACC (Anna Curtis Center), those worries we had while still outside began to go away – quickly.
+Smiles, cushions in piles, and morning snacks made us feel welcome. We started our conference with a name whip. We started getting familiar with each other and the Powell House youth program and property. We thought about what is good to have inside us – both physical and emotional stuff. It did not matter that we were many different ages. The kids gave deep, insightful answers to the group questions; the parents jumped into active games with abandon and joy.
+We played, walked, talked and shared our experiences as we explored the building, woods and ponds. We made our own ice cream by the pond as we swam and canoed. We did Tai Chi and deep relaxation exercise before a self-space period of individual, quiet activities or rest. We shared laughter during the evening cabaret and then shared creating stories around the camp fire.
+On Sunday morning, we ate omelets made-to-order and waffles before walking up the hill to Dorson's Rock. We went slowly, noticing many intriguing rocks, plants and animals on the way. Our chatter drifted away and we sat quietly looking out over the Hudson Valley towards the Catskills. After awhile, we shared what we had thought about and observed before heading back down.
+We closed with sharing these things that people had appreciated during the conference:
+- others helping me to have fun.
+- folks were spontaneous, funny, including people.
+- the parents engaged with other kids, kids interacting with adults in positive ways.
+- thinking about things I don't usually think about.
+- It was good to meet everyone here.
+- I thank every kid for being my friend.
+- This was a nice intro to Powell House. All the activities helped us let go, be goofy lower the barriers of everyday life.
+- All the kids played together, shared, and were kind.
+- I thank the whole community for making Powell House.
+- A deep appreciation for this particular group of people and their energy.
+- A great break from 'everyday' for parents.
+Revolution
+September 22-24, 2017
+We threw ourselves into orbit at Revolution on Friday September 22 and filled our bellies with a delicious dinner of cheesy pasta. Then we settled into session and split into small groups and discussed what our lives revolve around. We participated in News of Me and basked in some free time.
+We woke up on Saturday morning to a gorgeous fruit platter and some breakfast that was followed by a session with game of eclipse glasses and the sun where we tried to keep our constantly moving glasses between us and our constantly moving sun. We imagined our ideal communities (school, world, Powell House) and captured them on large sheets of paper. Then we debated whether it would take revolution or evolution to move from where we are now to where we want to be. We spun into lunch and orbited into work projects, followed by swimming. We enjoyed a fun game of wink ‘em and settled into a calming session of check-in, massage and self-space. After self-space we took a trip east for a delicious Indian-style dinner. Session in the evening involved practicing some “in-the-moment” grounding techniques, talking about talking with strangers and listening to Dylan Marron’s pod cast “Conversation With People Who Hate Me.” Cabaret followed with music and improv. We had a snack of nachos and played a game of Sardines and went off to bed.
+Sunday morning we woke up, made our beds and packed our bags. Everyone came downstairs to an amazing breakfast. During session we identified possible conferences for the coming year, focused our affirmations on one lucky “molly” and had a brief but deep worship following singing. The weekend was both calming and exciting, a great way to start a new academic year.
+Fitting In, Standing Out
+6th -8th grade
+Sept 29 – Oct 1, 2017
+The theme of this conference was “Fitting In, Standing Out.” Some things we were trying to do together were make new friends, have fun and learn when it is and isn’t a good time to fit in. We also learned when it is and isn’t a good time to stand out. Everyone seems to have been expecting about the same things. When we asked people what they were expecting, they said almost identical things: “have fun, make new friends, reconnect with old friends.”
+The highlights of the weekend were when everyone was coming together to play games and how everyone was comfortable with each other to do a giant cuddle puddle.
+Some things we did to explore the theme of the weekend included activities that asked us about fitting in and standing out. We also think that the cabaret showed this theme, especially standing out. Some things we struggled with were paying attention especially when we split into groups.
+We learned that it is okay to stand out and you should not be embarrassed. We will take home ideas about when it is and isn’t a good time to stand out.
+*****
+When asked something you learned or thought about during this conference, people said:
+- the ideas we talked about in small groups.
+- about where it really is a good time to fit in or not.
+- how we grow together.
+- there were a lot of people to talk to and play with.
+- How fun it is to be in the bottom, middle and top of the couch pile.
+- School is for math and stuff, but Powell House is for learning life lessons.
+- The real rules in ping pong can also be a lot of fun.
+- This really is a space and time for everyone to connect.
+- How nice it is to be with people.
+- How much I love being here.
+- How I might apply some of this at school.
+Small group notes
+A GOOD TIME TO FIT IN IS…
+- in a community like PoHo
+- when you want friends.
+- A class project
+- during a game
+- a party with duck tape suits
+- improv theater
+- you know a group of people well
+- hide & seek or Sardines game
+- being embarrassed
+- in class, in middle school
+- in trouble
+- a zebra in a herd being chased by a lion
+- when you are around good happy people
+- when you are Waldo.
+A GOOD TIME TO STAND OUT IS …
+- Now!
+- You know the answer
+- airplane skydiving
+- you win nationals
+- you need to be rescued
+- during a protest
+- when everyone else is making a bad choice
+- an audition, performing
+- helping someone who is bullied
+- you have something important to say
+- to see how it feels
+- in trouble
+- when things seem routine
+- Halloween
+- in a big group, don’t try to blend in
+- when you disagree with the group
+- a school project or presentation that should be original or creative
+- when the group doesn’t like you because of who you are – Be proud of who you are!
+NOT A GOOD TIME TO FIT IN IS …
+- people are misbehaving (trash on table, teasing someone)
+- in a cult circle
+- where others have been injured
+- when everyone is awake too late
+- in class
+- in a talent show
+- at PoHo (you can just be yourself )
+- you are with people being rude or mean
+- it is something you don’t agree with
+- people are doing illegal things
+- people are doing dumb things
+NOT A GOOD TIME TO STAND OUT IS WHEN …
+- matter of life or death to blend in
+- you make unfortunate body noises
+- you don’t have a parachute in an airplane (don’t stand out on the wing)
+- you are work being selected by a fisherperson
+- you are attacked by a corrupt wizard
+- you are a ninja
+- your feet are stinky
+- at an illegal protest
+- as a criminal
+- respecting someone else’s spotlight or opportunity
+- during class
+- Powell House quiet time
+- business meeting
+- session time
+- moment of silence
+- someone else is presnting
+- someone is irritated
+- other are being nice
+- you are in trouble
+Give Thanks and Pass The Frisbee
+Nov 3-5, 2017
+Young Adults
+Though we didn’t pass the Frisbee a lot, we continuously gave thanks in many different ways throughout this weekend. Our first name whip of the weekend was each person describing their morning and nightly rituals. We then broke into small groups to discuss games we like to play and conversations we would like to have.
+In both planned and unplanned small groups, conversations were fruitful, fulfilling, and warm. One conversation that stood out in particular was the fishbowl on Saturday evening which started with the query: How do you find your people after high school?
+Games were lively and abundant all weekend with many laughs. A rejuvenating walk up to Dorson’s Rock gave many a much needed release. We discussed things we’re grateful for, both mutual and individual.
+After many different varieties of work projects, we bonded over making our own sushi rolls. We partied (we mean having deep and loud conversations), making sure that Chris Koster’s last weekend as a scheduled cook was a memorable send off even if we did keep her awake. We thank her for keeping us healthy, happy and fed all these years.
+We closed with affirmations, singing, and a centered silence out of which we shared vocal messages.
+back to the top
+FROM UGH TO AHHH…
+November 17-19, 2017
+6th to 8th Grade
+Poho kids’ conferences are very fun. I’ll show you. We did session with some fun and awesome games. Then we had “News of Me” and some free time. In free time you get to play. You’re free. You can play ping-pong. You can play chess. You can play with costume clothes. You can rest and etcetera… We end the night playing Sardines and then listening to a bedtime story.
+We do other things as well like self-space and 3-way massage and work projects. We also have healthy and tasty food and a lake. For meals you help on one or two crews by setting out food and cleaning up afterwards.
+For this weekend’s topic, we talked about our feelings of Ugh and Ahh. It was easier to complain for some. For others it was easier to remember and talk about the ah moments. We also talked about where and how we get support and where we don’t.
+Most of us experienced AHHHH throughout the weekend and a little bit of Ugh when it was time to leave.
+Wintersong 2017
+7th to 12th Grade
+December 8 – 10, 2017
+Dear Friends,
+This was an amazing snow-filled weekend. We enjoyed seeing friends we haven’t seen in awhile. Couch piles and watching the snow from inside was nice. This Wintersong we got to see the first snowfall of winter. Cabaret had very good performers and funny skits. Some dressed up for dinner Saturday night, which was a blast. The food was fantastic. To wrap up the night we watched the original Grinch Who Stole Christmas and ate chips and salsa. Forgot to say that there was an impromptu Wild People in the snow, unbeknownst to the JCs ahead of time. The JCs liked JCing. The new people made this Wintersong so great. The walk to Dorson’s rock was absolutely gorgeous and the snow made it even more enjoyable. Anyone who reads this be sure to thank Chris and Mike, this was an awesome 2017 Wintersong. We hope you have/had a wonderful weekend.
+From Your Friends at Powell House
+Art Inside and Out
+Jan 12-14, 2018
+6th - 8th grade
+Friday we came to Powell House to do art. When we arrived, we went straight to the art of eating the results of a culinary art – supper. The evening session’s name whip was something you enjoyed creating. We played several rambunctious rounds of Snake in the Grass before dividing into small groups to discuss which home-made desserts we enjoy, what is art and what is beauty. News of Me closed the session with the deep and hard things going on in people’s lives. Free time, sardines and story time rounded out the night. We went to bed, but not many people slept soon as we talked for hours and drifted into sleep.
+Saturday we woke up at 8 and went down to breakfast of eggs, fresh fruit and home-made breads. We had our first session of the day, in which small group discussions around tables morphed into playing and creating art with shaving cream and colors. A buffet of art options spread out on tables invited us to create individually. We had a music-filled free time with ping-pong, couch piles, singing, reading and talking. Lunch was hot soup and more fresh bread.
+At 2:30 pm we went back to the options for creating art – drawing, sculptures and paintings writing were just some of them. And cookies as an art project became our snack. We had the three-way massage where you give two massages and get one (from 2 people). We had a quiet self space time where you could be alone and relax. Dinner was tofu or pork, a pear sauce and salad.
+The evening session started with a relay of crossing the common room on pillows. We role played as extra-terrestrial beings who had to explain the possible uses of an object common on Earth. It stretched our creativity to use new eyes and humor. In cabaret we performed skits, did improv, and shared our talents. A nice free time was followed by a story in quiet time and bed.
+Sunday was a time for cleaning up the major mess from the art projects, and enjoying our time together. We closed with singing and silence. And of course – lunch.
+Throughout the weekend, we felt satisfied, were aesthetically pleased, had fun and made mess. We created and connected – through our relationships with each pother and with K’nex. We did a lot of art between other things and it was very relaxing.
+Feed The Spirit
+January 19-21, 2018
+9th to 12th Grade
+Friday we started with a supper of ravioli and then talked about what nourishes us. Afterwards we played the Honduran Hat Game, substituting a potato for the hat. We described a meal we felt a spiritual connection to and then with our whole selves depicted a spiritual enlightening three-course meal. We shared guidelines and settled into News of Me. We had snack, heard some Sideways Stories from the Wayside School and went off to bed.
+Saturday we woke up and had a nice breakfast of cinnamon raisin pancakes and bacon. We got our energy out by playing Streets and Alleys and reflected on how we felt before and after the game. We talked about what spirit is to us and where we experience it in the everydayness. We enjoyed contributing to our own nourishment by cooking dishes for lunch and snack. We made vegetarian shepherd’s pie, salad, biscuits, cookies and tomato soup.
+Before lunch, some of us went sledding, others of us walked to Dorson’s rock, the last stretch in silence culminating in an impromptu worship sharing at the top. After lunch we played Wink’em, Empires (introduced to us by the Irish Young Friends) and Twister. We also prepared more food: lentil and beet soup, apple crisp, a cheese plate and vegan date “caramels”.
+We relaxed with 3-way massage and a guided meditation inviting us to be a root vegetable or the gardener or both. We settled into self-space and then had a wonderful dinner of the things we had cooked. After playing group sardines, we discussed by candlelight in small groups the stresses of cooking. This was followed by an entertaining cabaret. Before bed we had a dance party, night walk and a snack. We were all exhausted as we went to bed.
+Sunday we started with a breakfast of bagels, eggs, cheese and more bacon. We all worked together to clean up. After everything was clean we played Primate Bellows and Molly’s Game. We began our singing and worship with a Tea Blessing Circle where we each gave thanks to someone or something that contributed to the cup of tea we had in our hands. The worship that followed was for many of us nourishing and relaxing. For others it was a reminder that our time together was almost over and the outside world with its demands was waiting.
+When You’re Alone
+February 2-4, 2018
+11th, 12th & Young Adult
+This weekend we came together with open minds and hearts. Ready for deep conversation and different perspectives on being alone while enjoying time with new friends and old. Excited for a time to not feel alone in a place with people who give us joy and happiness. We wanted to explore being alone and loneliness with them.
+Throughout this weekend we took part in many activities to explore our theme: When You’re Alone. We shared our thoughts, developed them further in our small group conversations and then brought them forward to benefit the larger group. We discussed ways to nurture ourselves, the group and the larger Powell House community. Later we spoke about the feeling of being alone versus the feeling of loneliness. We also discussed finding groups to be part of.
+Midway through the retreat we connected with three-way massage. Afterwards we had self-space in which many people enjoyed the feeling of being alone while still surrounded by the support of everyone else.
+From the hardy and tangible sincerity of News of Me to Saturday night’s song-burst-filled bonfire (complete with the burning of a Christmas tree), we experienced a strong presence of love and togetherness. Our weekend included a multitude of moments of listening and sharing with each other in the small groups, the larger group and around cups of tea during free time. We especially felt the spirit moving among us during a heart warming and enormously entertaining night of cabaret acts: from incredible improv to spectacular stories.
+This group of young adult Friends came together in laughter, movement, quiet and cuddles. For some of us the weekend transformed our concepts of “aloneness” by giving us insights into the idea that our feelings about aloneness, or even confusion about it, are shared amongst a lot of people. We are reminded of the importance of being alone, of finding balance, and of the strength we can draw from having agency and choosing time with ourselves, as well as the strength we draw from time with others.
+One Purple Crayon
+4th - 5th Grade
+Feb 16-18, 2018
+We arrived Friday night ready to create our own scene. We enjoyed fun games like Fruit Bowl and What Are You Doing. We made three kinds of delicious pie. We bounced. A few of us explored the wilds outside and got back just in time for pretzels. We slept and made pillow structures.
+We enjoyed drawing on the walls so much that we did it three times, capturing our walks at least once. We played a bunch of ping pong - some of it cooperative with volleys up to 38 times. We had fun on the ice. We found a bunch of old, mossy shoes on our walk and awesome wands. We threw rocks on the frozen lake. We had lots of fun painting on canvases. Cabaret was a blast. We went sledding on Sunday morning on the fresh snow and hit a ring of ice.
+We now are sleepy, happy to have been here, and sad that is is over. We are ready for the next time.
+Yes Means Yes, No Means No
+6th to 8th Grade
+March 16-18, 2018
+The beginning of the weekend started out great when our first arrivals came and played fruit bowl. Then we had pasta for dinner. We had session with games and activities to help us connect and communicate. We closed session with News of Me where people shared about things going on in their lives at the moment. We played a super fun game of Sardines and had free time. Next it was bedtime.
+On Saturday morning we woke up and had breakfast with eggs and bacon. Then we had a session where we split up into small groups to talk in a fun way about what it means to say no and yes. We also shared about decisions we wished we had or hadn’t made. After we had free time and lunch. For work projects we made healthy and tasty snacks including Guacamole, Chocolate covered strawberries, vegan date caramels, high protein cookies and applesauce with peaches.
+In afternoon session we played “Honey if You Love Me”. We checked in with each other to share how we were feeling and had a relaxing three-way massage. Then we had some time to our selves during self-space and moved into a traditional St. Patty’s Day dinner. After dinner we had a session where we played Rattler and Miner and talked about consent by shaking hands in different ways. People showed off their talents during cabaret. We played Amoeba Sardines and went to bed.
+Sunday morning we woke up energized and had breakfast. We played Primate Bellows and Will You Buy My Donkey and Molly’s game. We sang songs and sat in silence. Then we had lunch as parents arrived and we went home.
+Scattered through out the weekend were couch cuddle puddles, slogging through knee deep snow to go sledding, self-space walks in the beautiful winter-scape, abstract painting and realistic drawings, cups of tea and games of ping pong and dungeons & dragons. Throughout it all we put into practice caring for one another, checking in with each other and respecting yeses and nos.
+FCNL Spring Lobby Weekend 2018
+March 17 - 20
+This past weekend, a small group of Young adult friends from NY, NJ, CT, and MN, made our way to Washington DC for Friends Committee on National Legislation- Spring Lobby Weekend. We were joined by three Young Adult Friends from New England Yearly Meeting to participate in preparations at the National Press Club over the weekend, and eventually to lobby on Capitol Hill on Monday and Tuesday, many of us for our first times.
+The early part of the program included small group discussions and activities led by appointed Delegation Leaders, as well as panels, speeches, and workshops all weekend long in preparation for lobbying on Monday and Tuesday. Our group was a small portion of the nearly 500 other young adults who gathered from all over (mostly the USA) to be present for this year’s Spring Lobby Weekend, focusing on the issue of our broken immigration system, and demanding a pathway to citizenship for dreamers (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals eligible people) that does not pose further threat to their families and communities.
+Over the weekend, we feel that we were able to learn more about immigrant experiences from hearing first hand stories, as well as from the materials that FCNL provided for us. We were reminded of the power of being intentional with our language- for example, choosing to use the word “undocumented” instead of “illegal”. We leave feeling more deeply connected to the issues we discussed, and with an increased awareness of the inner workings of our political system, and where we can make our voices heard.
+For most of us, it was our first visit to our nation’s capital, and also a change in pace, as none of us identify as city folk. This gave us an opportunity to flex our navigational muscles and push ourselves to get around on our own, as well as an exercise in budgeting for ourselves. We enjoyed some very tasty dinners- among our favorites were Venezuelan sandwiches, Salvadoran pupusas, and “Indian Chipotle”. We increased our practical skills! We learned about Washington DC, and about the process of legislating by hearing first hand from representatives and senators, and by hearing the stories of those who spend much of their time lobbying on Capitol Hill.
+It is a very empowering feeling to be reminded of our influence as young documented citizens (new and future voters), and to learn how our political system is accessible. We leave with a stronger understanding of the ways that we can demand the attention of our representatives and participate in making change in our communities both local and global. It is both informative and inspiring to be surrounded by a large group like-minded people from all over; to get a sense of the broadness of an issue. We were joined by people from over 40 states, all bringing their voices and experiences, all recognizing the importance of creating legal space- including and welcoming the voices- particularly for those among us who arrived to our country as children and have yet to be legally recognized as fully participating members of our society. We are excited to come again next year for FCNL’s Spring Lobby Weekend programming, to bring new friends with us. We are excited to share what we’ve learned with our friends and family at home, and to remind and encourage all of our people to stay informed about the activity in your home states and counties, to write and call your representatives, and for those of us who have the legal ability to do so, to make sure you’re registered, and GO VOTE!
+Did You Say Sex
+9th to 12th Grade
+March 23-25, 2018
+Over the weekend we discussed active enthusiastic consent, sex, dating and relationships. Everyone was able to openly talk about their opinions and to be heard. There was an intimate, informative vibe to the weekend. Amusing, amazing, exciting and beautiful. Together we created a sense of safety in which to engage with the topic.
+We did activities such as the Three Handshake exercise where we explored what it feels like to consent. We paired up and connected through shared touch and breathing exercises. We let ourselves close our eyes and be guided by one partner around the room and then be sent off for short distances on our own to be picked up by another partner. We listed our favorite pizza toppings before acting out active, enthusiastic, mutual consent as seen in ordering a pizza. We had spectacular couch piles full of loving people and interesting conversation. We spilled out into the field to take advantage of sunshine and the perfect snowball-making snow.
+This weekend we discussed the importance of communication in intimacy. Some of the most intimate activities a group can do are to bake and draw together. So some of us talked about body image, sex and relationships as shown in the media. We then made murals depicting what we would like to see instead. Others of us stirred, chopped, dipped and mashed as we prepared afternoon snack. The experiences brought us closer together than originally thought possible. The laughter, paint, large sheets of brown paper, cookies, chocolate covered strawberries, guacamole and a crisp & juicy vegetable platter made us feel sexy.
+Natalie Lindop-Braun joined us Saturday evening for a conversation around what consent might look like when social media is involved. She returned on Sunday morning to answer questions that had made their way into the ??? box during the weekend. We closed our sessions around sex by trying to complete “I believe sex is…Therefore I will…” We closed our weekend with song, worship, a well apportioned, tasty baked potato bar and a longing for pizza.
+Rise and Shine
+3rd-5th grade
+April 20-22, 2018
+We came here to have fun and to meet new people and make new friends. We came here to have safe space and to think about when and why we shine.
+We played lots of games like ping pong, banana tag and more. We planted a bunch of pretty stuff. We planted some yummy stuff. We baked bread – individual little loaves we each made. We talked about rising and shining. We built cool structures out of paper and tape.
+Many of us had a lot of fun. The excitement resulted in a few injuries, but we took care of each other. The structures were both frustrating and satisfying. The fire alarm went off and sent us outside. The fire men came. It was awesone and startling. The food was delicious, making us feel good. During a fun cabaret we met a 3-headed creature who knew all the answers.
+We are taking home new friends, garden garlic, stories, and nice feelings. We tried to do the “mashed potato” and now we are bringing home good memories.
+Hard Stuff, Squishy Stuff
+May 11-13, 2018
+5th to 7th grade
+Friday night we arrived at PoHo and met some new friends with a game of Fruit Bowl. We had dinner and a session where we began to talk about the theme of the weekend: Being comfortable with tender and intentional with tough. We practiced by trying to take each other’s socks off and then doing some pair work in the Black Rose Game. We brainstormed things that are hard but fun and hard but not so fun then shared about moments of tenderness when we were comfortable crying, expressing affection, really listening to someone else, letting someone else be right. News of me centered us before snack. After a game of sardines we had a story and went to sleep.
+Saturday morning we woke up and had breakfast. In session we had a blast making a mess with oobleck and worked as a team on the windmill boards. We had small groups where we talked about hard things like making and losing friends, taking risks and/or dealing with family. We looked at ways we were tough and/or tender in those situations. Free time found us outside playing or inside working with clay and creating miniature sand and rock gardens.
+After lunch many of us joined in a long, wet, really fun game of capture the flag while others made guacamole and vegan date caramels for snack. We had hot cocoa and a fire to warm up by and then had a relaxing massage and self-space. Saturday evening we playfully experimented with being tough and tender with an improv game called “Pillow as a Baby”. Then we enjoyed a full cabaret of music, skits, jokes and more. We had a round of ameba sardines and after finishing the story of the Man Who Planted Trees we went to bed.
+Sunday we woke up, made our beds, packed and ate breakfast. After clean up we were happily surprised when our JCs were turned into Wild People and we had to go find them in the woods. After successfully rescuing our JCs, we returned for a tender affirmation circle using a ball of yarn and what we had seen that we admired in one another over the weekend. We sang and had worship before closing with a lunch of vegetable stew and apple pie.
+This weekend people enjoyed hanging out with one another, sharing in small groups, playing ping pong, capture the flag and other games, making things with clay, sand and rock, even sweeping and squishing avocados for guacamole. Through it all we learned about the importance of, and when we can be, squishy, hard, tough and tender.
+Earth Song XLIV ( aka 44th )
+May 25 -27, 2018
+7th -12th grade
+This Earthsong started off with a traditional PoHo pasta dinner. We had a session or two and people played a game or two in their free time. We were kept updated on our friends’ lives, their times of troubles and their times of joy in News of Me. Afterwards we headed off to bed excited for the coming Saturday festivities.
+On Saturday morning, after breakfast, we gathered together for session and then broke into smaller groups for a variety of work projects. Many of us were outside for these projects, but some of us stayed inside to cook, prepare the dining room for the dress up dinner or decorate cards for the Powell House graduates. Then we had some free time before lunch where we organized a few games of cards and a few couchful piles while others went swimming. After lunch we came together in 4 groups. One went out for a walk to Dorson’s rock, another to play Capture the flag while a third drew geometries beneath the close guard of the gazebo and yet another received education from our amazing Monya on options for their future after high school. The variety of workshops held outside, including the walks, games, conversations and work projects gave us a real sense of connection with the natural world. An intermission of snack and delightful free time overcame us before the next session. We chose either the traditional three-way massage in the ACC or the energy-healing workshop in the Pitt Hall ballroom. Those in the ACC received a soothing massage. Those in Pitt Hall were taught by Regina how to direct their energy to help others. And those who abstained from either held the space in both rooms. Directly after, we headed into self-space. It was quiet.
+Then it was Saturday evening. The vibe was awesome, celebratory and connected. Some of us dressed up for the coming supper and cabaret or “CABARET”. Some of us were on meal crew, but we did get to change into our semi-formal or semi-informal outfits if we wished. Supper was fun. Following it and continuing the trend of the day, there was an inclusive and spirited ultimate Frisbee game while meal crew did a superhuman clean up job good-naturedly and efficiently.
+The last main event remaining was Cabaret which included varied performances that kept the audience engaged and a JC skit where many of the JCs died. We will always remember them…jokes aside, everyone was fine. A dance party ensued while others slipped quietly into the blue moon light for a guided night walk.
+Sunday dawned rainy and much cooler than the day before. The seniors rallied and changed their plans – quickly converting the pavilion in the campground into a cozy space to hold their graduation ceremony. The rest of us joined them, being led by the intrepid Samy and Abby past pond and the seniors’ newly planted American Hornbeam tree and up into the campground where sitting on rugs and towels we awaited the entry of the seniors. They streamed out of the shower house singing Circle Game and sat near the fireplace. We then sang together before settling into a silence from which the seniors spoke of their sense of love, connection and gratitude to Powell House as a place and as a people. Once all the seniors had shared, the rest of us had the opportunity to speak from the silence. There were a number of former Powell House youth attenders and parents joining us. Tears, hugs, laughter heralded in the mad dash through the intermittent rain to lunch and good byes.
+Epistle for Youth program Reunion 2014-2017
+June 7 to 8, 2018
+This summer the POHO Community welcomed home a group of former youth programmers from 2014-2017. As the reunion began Thursday afternoon the excitement of see loved ones filled the atmosphere of the Powell House grounds. With 17 former youth in attendance and Andy co-facilitating with Chris the bounds of fun were limitless. After meal of reconnecting, the fun started off with finding out people’s favorite parts of adulting (aka being an adult). People loved the freedom and independence that adulthood gives to them. Then we moved off to work projects in which we could tend to the trails of the POHO grounds and also tend to the need of food preparation for the retreat ahead.
+After some work it was back to the fun. All in attendance went down to the Pond for swimming and chilling on the beach. The conversation went back to what people were doing out in the world and also looking back on fond memories for those who could not be with us. While at the beach our group was nearly completed as a few more friends joined. Then it was on to the session that everyone was looking forward to. Chris turned on the meditative music and we took time relax with 3-way massage and a guided meditation. Feeling truly connected with one another and amazingly comfortable the weight of an afternoon of just simply talking and relaxing fell upon us and no one wanted to move. As the time went on our bellies began to rumble and we headed into a yummy dinner made by Tony.
+Filled with food and a second wind, it was time to go to a session with games from the days of our youth. We made the decision that session should be outside, started with a Name whip of a dark place you like, then went on to Banana Tag. Watching the realization sweep over the faces of one another that they where being chased brought laughter to the group, it was good to be a kid again. Rattler and Miner followed after being Giants, Wizards, and Elves. Running around for a bit was very nice but it was time to head back in and end the session with the Pata Pata and Wink’em. This was a time we could forget what was going on in the world outside and revert back to a childhood of POHO weekends.
+At coffee house we laughed at jokes, listened to beautiful music, & held in our Heart beautiful stories told. This was a nice time to just live into the gifts of others and be reminded of how Powell House helps foster and let grow the talents in all. Outside under the stars we continued to reconnect around the fire. Songs were sung and a time of reflective worship was had. After a long day it was off to bed with love in our hearts and a recharged battery of togetherness in our soul.
+Though sleep was needed, the excitement of a new day came upon us. After an amazing breakfast, we went into small groups in which we talked about the state of the world we live in and how we are creating the world that we want to see. Many of us noticed that we wanted to create was a world that was judgment free, in which people could just live and be themselves and if we carry the things that we learned at Powell House as youth with us we could change the world. If we sat down and listened and nurtured the people around us the world would be very much a better place. Everyone has a story to tell. If everyone listens, some amazing life lessons can come from it. With our minds buzzing we then took some free time to reconnect and talk about the world with others from different groups. Still doing much needed catching up and healing with the rejuvenation of platonic touch that seems to be in short supply in the greater world.
+On to lunch it was still talking about the world around us, but also the joy of going to Dorson’s Rock. We left with excitement to see the views the rock provides. On the way we stopped to do a trust activity in which we paired up and one person in the pair was blindfolded. For five minutes the other person guided the blindfolded person up the rocky path and then we switched. When we reached the top we sang songs from the POHO songbooks that held treasured songs of our youth and then went into a time of worship. After worship we descended from the rock back down to Powell House for an afternoon swim and then said our goodbyes. Though we know in our hearts that this is not goodbye it just till next time dear friend.
+Jamboree
+July 6-8, 2018
+5th - 8th grade
+Today I’m here to tell you about PoHo conferences. A conference is where we gather at PoHo. We play games, do few couch piles, talk, and then sleep. Here are some of the things we did this conference:
+• Made home-made ice cream, short cake biscuits, and rhubarb-strawberry topping with rhubarb from the garden.
+• Cleared trails and dug up a tree.
+• Ate fruit smoothies and other enjoyable snacks.
+• Went swimming in the pond.
+• Walked as a whole group back to Evelyn’s pond where many if us had never been.
+• Pitched in on meal clean up crews and Sunday morning clean up.
+• Went on a night walk under brilliant stars and magnificent fireflies.
+• Ate black raspberries along the trails.
+• Had good discussions in session and got to know each other.
+• Sang, exchanged massages, listened to stories and just spent time together.
+We had a great conference here at PoHo. After this weekend, we learned a little about togetherness and friendship. We learned how to work together and that water is really really refreshing after a long day.
+Images drawn by youth attender of our bed time stories of
+• Great Joy – the Ox
+• the Wise Quail & The Foolish Quail
+
+As their 30th anniversary year rolls on, The Men They Couldn’t Hang are just hitting the road for a series of autumn shows. The band’s Phil Odgers (a.k.a. Swill) kindly agreed to marshal the troops and answer a few questions abut their history and some of their adventures, with some thoughts about the new record, The Defiant, and the pledge campaign that set I it on its way as well. As you’ll see, getting the questions answered eventually required a visit to the pub, but they seem to have had some fun along the way. So many thanks lads and bon voyage as The Defiant once again sets sail.
+How did we meet – what are our backgrounds?
+Mr Philip Odgers hails from Oban on the West Coast of Scotland – a place of fine whiskey and even finer sea views. As told in his ballad Carrying the Flame, his father was indeed a sailor. An itinerant childhood is one that many musicians share and the Odgers family’s tide was eventually to wash up on the shores of Southampton; where, during the highly exciting punk rock winter of ’77/’78 he met…
+Mr Paul Simmonds. Although born in Yorkshire, this was another whose family had travelled far and wide to reach the same cloakroom in the same college on the same day as Mr Odgers. Although he had spent most of his 17th year attempting to write a very poor pastiche of a DH Lawrence novel, it took only ten minutes for Mr Simmonds to agree with Mr Odgers that Generation X were brilliant but that they could probably do better.
+….Interval of 4 quite amazing years of glorious failure (but that is another story)
+….They moved to London. (Another epic tale) Where they met…
+Mr Stefan Cush. A colourful man of Irish and Welsh descent; he claimed variously to be a courier of valuables, a rider, a writer, a roadie, a singer, a busker, a one man road movie and the mythic offspring of Dylan Thomas. And he was many of these things; but at this time he was a motorbike mechanic.
+Together with Mr Jon Odgers and Mrs Shanne Hasler they learned some old skiffle songs in a squat close to Askew Road in the Spring of 1984. They called themselves The Men They Couldn’t Hang. Great times followed until Mrs Hasler bade adios and rode into the sunset. At that point they encountered..
+Mr Ricky McGuire. A son of Ayrshire who carries his big heavy Fender bass like a low slung bazooka, Mr McGuire is sometimes known as the Enforcer – in life as in bass! He secured his employment with the motley band after being asked which songs he had learned from the group’s repertoire. The answer ‘All of them’, proved completely convincing.
+Mr Tom Spencer is a renowned guitar player and recent banjo convert who previously plied his trade around Chiswick in West London and with many cool rocking bands, most of whom had tattoos. However his long involvement with TMTCH began as a driver, roadie, tour manager so in other words he was responsible for pouring their comatose bodies onto the floors of vans and making quick getaways from places of imminent trouble..
+Lastly, Mr Sputnik Weasel. The most recent in a line of around ten drummers, this multi instrumentalist has survived the usual 2 year cull of drummers by being a. quite thick skinned b. quite good. He lives in a castle in Wales or in a boat in Sussex depending on the season. He enjoys a smoke and has finally mastered the drum roll cum shuffle….
+Where did The Green Fields Of France come from?
+Phil Odgers: That was one of, the songs we’d do when busking in Hammersmith. I think Cush had heard it and it was simple to play while sounding so moving.
+Were you surprised by the success – it was a six minute song about a dead man?
+Phil Odgers: The success was incredible. Phil Chevron introduced Elvis Costello to us and he heard us play and signed us up with Andrew Lauder’s Demon Records. His advice was release Green Fields of France as your first single – he said that with the buzz that was going around London at the time we could release Walkin’ Talkin’ (our own song) and it could be a huge hit but it would end up defining our sound and we could be a flash in the pan. He said that Green Fields of France would introduce us to the world slowly. That was a good bit of advice. Cheers Elvis.
+Did it set the template for your sound?
+Phil Odgers: It didn’t exactly set the template but we learned how important the story is in a song.
+What was the most important step in your early career?
+Phil Odgers: Making the decision NOT to have Walkin’ Talkin’ as our first single.
+Tell me about making the new record. Why the pledge campaign?
+Tom Spencer: I’d seen friends of mine in the rock world have great success through Pledge – Ginger (Wildhearts) in particular. When talking with them, they said how perfect a campaign would be for TMTCH. Not only because of having a fan base built up over thirty years but one that has a particularly intimate relationship with the band – there’s no gap between the stage and audience.
+Phil Odgers: It was something we’d discussed for a while. I liked the idea but thought we had to be sure to plan it properly and not just rush at it. We talked about it as a band and Tom and I really planned the fine details and went along to see the people at Pledge HQ. I wasn’t sure what the people who follow TMTCH would think about it”
+Tom Spencer: If a criticism of Pledge was that it could come across as money grabbing and maybe a tad desperate, this was proved entirely wrong. The bands followers seem to have loved getting involved, being part of the process. We’ve kept them posted throughout with decisions and made them aware of the whole album making process, from which guests to include to booking the cheapest accommodation so that all money raised was spent wisely.
+Because the campaign went so well – reaching over 200% – we can now spend the extra money on promotion. It’s also done wonders for our neglected on line profile.
+Phil Odgers: And we feel loved!
+You’ve worked with Pat Collier again – a familiar face and someone you trust?
+Tom Spencer: There were two options for producing the album. The first was Mick Glossup who had done a fine job in the past. He had just produced Swill’s excellent solo album (Phil Odgers – The Godforsaken Voyage). He was also our side of town in Shepherds Bush. We did talk to Mick about the album and almost went that route but it wasn’t to be. At the time we didn’t know how successful the Pledge campaign would be. Pat Collier not only suited our budget but I prefer his production. It did mean travelling South of the river though!!!
+How do you work as a collective group?
+Tom Spencer: Pat is used to the band chemistry and let’s it flow.
+Phil Odgers: One day in the studio I said to Pat, “Feel free to tell us if we’re doing anything wrong, you know, produce us don’t hold back.” He said that after 30 years we all had a strong idea of what we are about and our hearts and minds were set on the right track. I liked that idea a lot.
+Was there anything you did differently this time around?
+Ricky: This time around we spent a lot more time working the songs, from the initial idea’s on Mp3 that were sent out to us all, to showing up at Bush rehearsal studios at 11.00am to find a very locked studio, (unfortunately no one had shown up to let us in) and from there, onto an impromptu decision to do the rehearsal acoustically at my flat in Acton, which turned out to be a very productive day and really started to shape the songs for The Defiant.
+We eventually went into Bush studio the following day and started to run through the material with the full backline set up, we put a lot of effort into making these songs the best we possibly could, especially when Mr Cush put his headmasters glasses on and started barking out the arrangement to his Welsh epic, Turquoise Bracelet Bay, it was “six of the best” for anyone who dared get it wrong!
+(Ricky and Swill pop over to the pub to join Cush…)
+Tell me about the bonus disc?
+Ricky: The bonus disc is an album of cover versions, mostly pledges from fans requesting their favourite songs and a few of ours as well.
+We planned this to be our TMTCH take on those selected songs, some with a full drums and instrumental backing and some fairly stripped back and acoustic. This is going to be ready to go out to the pledgers very soon and will wrap up and finally finish off the pledge campaign.”
+Phil Odgers: Yes, it’s been a bit of a mammoth task that.
+Cush: You mean a mammoth tusk!
+Phil Odgers: Yes, I suppose I do. Maybe that’s what we should call the covers album!
+Cush: I’ve heard worse!
+Phil Odgers: Wait till it’s finished! (they laugh like two maniacs)
+Where did the songs on The Defiant come from and what inspired them?
+Cush: They Came From Outer Space.
+Phil Odgers: They came from Beyond Space!
+Cush: One Step Beyond.
+(Cush and Swill play imaginary trumpets and start a funny walk)
+Cush: Most of these songs are based on real events, either from our own experiences or from a historical perspective. Things that have happened and shaped the men we are today or points in history that have been pivotal or damning. Anyone that fails to learn from history is destined to make the same mistakes again and again. The Defiant makes a strong point.
+Phil Odgers: Did you say strong pint? (Swill points at his pint which is almost empty then points at Cush).
+Cush: No, “Point!”
+Phil Odgers: There’s always a point Cush.
+Cush: There’s a terrific draught in here.
+Cush: (sounding serious) Our songs come from the heart.
+Phil Odgers: “I was never really insane except upon occasions when my heart was touched.” Who said that??
+Cush: You did just then
+What have been the highlights of the band’s career?
+Ricky: Personally my highlights so far are, travelling to and playing Egypt at the bequest of the British Council, we played two nights at Cairo opera house, which was the first time the young Egyptian crowd had ever seen a western band and were really going for it, dancing and pogoing, one girl broke her leg on the first night, but was back the following evening in crutches with a plaster on her leg! We also played Port Said and Alexandria, but I think it would be almost impossible to do any those shows now in the current political situation.
+What were the low points?
+Paul Simmonds: So many low points. but fortunately, so many more high points…
+The most recent low point was seeing my spotify and i-tunes royalties just the other day.
+I’ve picked out 2 low points…
+Leaving WEA
+We only had one meeting at Warner Brothers…it was the day we left.
+They had a big glass building in Kensington High Street. When you went to reception and said the name of your band the receptionist looked through a huge directory of groups they had signed. She had never heard of us. “Will that be in the T’s or the M’s?” she said.
+We went up to an open plan office. About 20 people were working in silence. “We used to have music on,” said the girl who was escorting us, “but it distracted people.”
+The A&R guy we were seeing – can’t remember his name thank God – had whale music on in his office but also a baseball bat on his desk. Pretty risky I would have thought. He came quickly to the point – the two singles they had put out by us hadn’t done well. He would allow us to record one more single – a choice of three covers he had picked out. They would hype it (buy it) into the charts. ‘What about our own material?’ I said. ‘We’ve tried that, it didn’t work.’
+Phil Odgers: Yes, I remember he also said that we needed to change our name, that ‘The Men They Couldn’t Hang’ was just too long and that a name was just a name after all. “You could call yourselves anything – it’s not important,” he said looked around the room for inspiration, sighed, looked at the floor “Hey, the Carpet Tiles, you could call yourself the Carpet Tiles for all it matters!”
+He said to let him know which track we had chosen in the next two weeks and we would go from there. We went to the pub. “Shall we just, y’ know, not go back?” “Yeah.” So ended our Major Label experience…
+Paul Simmonds: The other low point was 2003, things had got bad. It was a nadir. We had made a good album – The Cherry Red Jukebox – but nobody would distribute it in the UK. It was only out in Germany. We couldn’t get arrested. I had a job in a haberdashery warehouse in Finsbury Park. You used to have to shin up the wire racks to pick out curtain trims and pelmets and beads etc. Your fingers got red raw and it was mind numbing. When it got out that I was in TMTCH I heard the boss crack the old – what’s the difference between a pizza and a musician? A pizza can feed a family of four – I used to eat my lunch in Finsbury Park right by where we had played the Fleadh to a huge crowd just a few years before. I eventually got made redundant. Fortunately, better times were around the corner….”
+How has the last year been and what have you got planned?
+Ricky: It’s been a pretty busy year so far, taking in our 30th anniversary show on April 19th and various festivals throughout the year, including Bearded Theory Festival, Sweden Rock Festival (playing alongside, Uriah Heep and Alice Cooper) The Rebellion Festival at Blackpool Winter Gardens (a punk festival, that turned out to be a great show for us) amongst a fair few others.
+Phil Odgers: That’s something special about TMTCH we can play a Folk Festival one day a Heavy Rock Festival then go and do a Rebellion Festival at Blackpool and our own gigs – we seem to cross over to a very wide audience. We have travelled far and wide this year that’s for sure.
+Ricky: We’re also travelling to the Shetlands on the 20th October and really looking forward to it, this will be our third visit there and promises to be a brilliant gig, considering our previous receptions there! We’re also doing a short tour towards the end of October, taking in: Liverpool, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Birmingham, Derby and Newcastle.
+What are you most looking forward to?
+Ricky: A quiet and peaceful end to the year, but also the end to our brilliant 30th Anniversary, culminating with a show at the Shepherds Bush Empire on 4th April 2015.
+You seem to have retained a very loyal fan base, what do you put that down to?
+Ricky: I think our fans have grown with us and been with us through the good and bad times, we have an underdog status as a band, yet we always bite back and come through stronger for it! I think they identify with this and want to be part of that.
+Interview by: Simon Holland
+Live Dates
+18 Oct – Lerwick (Shetland), The Mareel
+23 Oct – Liverpool, The Arts Club
+24 Oct – Glasgow, King Tuts WahWah Hut
+25 Oct – Aberdeen, The Moorings Bar
+30 Oct – Birmingham, The Institute
+31 Oct – Derby, The Flowerpot
+01 Nov – Newcastle, Academy 2
+05 Dec – London, The Borderline (Sold Out)
+The Defiant is Out Now
+Oh happy day, it’s a Wheel of Time Re-read!
+Today’s entry covers Chapters 14 through 16 of The Gathering Storm, in which a box is opened (gah), some connections are made (finally), and something besides dinner gets Served  14: A Box Opens
+What Happens
+Sorilea inspects a temporarily blind and deaf Semirhage thoughtfully, and Cadsuane reflects that she had not expected to find an equal among the Aiel, especially when Sorilea could barely channel, but that she still did not trust the woman completely. Cadsuane explains that the weaves currently on the Forsaken keep her sleep-deprived, though she doubts exhaustion will break her. Bair suggests that they could talk to the Car’a’carn about turning her over to them for “delicate” questioning, but Cadsuane reminds them of how al’Thor is about hurting women, and Bair sighs.
+“Yes,” she said. “You are right, I suspect. Rand al’Thor is twice as stubborn as any clan chief I’ve known. And twice as arrogant too. To presume that women cannot bear pain as well as men!”
+Cadsuane doesn’t think pain will break Semirhage anyway. Sorilea asks to speak with Semirhage, and Cadsuane obliges. As soon as she sees the Wise Ones, Semirhage asks them how it feels to know they broke their oaths so thoroughly; Cadsuane is fascinated to hear some of al’Thor’s stories about the Aiel verified, but Sorilea only comments to Bair that she hadn’t expected her to be so human, so easy to understand.
+Semirhage’s eyes narrowed for just a moment at that comment. Odd. That was a stronger reaction than virtually any of the punishments had produced.
+Semirhage regains her composure quickly, though, and asks how much pain it would take before an Aiel would kill a blacksmith and eat him. Sorilea stiffens, and replaces her gags before opining that they should slit her throat and be done with it; keeping her alive is too dangerous. Cadsuane agrees about the danger, but counters that even if al’Thor would allow it, the Forsaken’s potential knowledge is too valuable. Sorilea then asks to see “the item”; reluctantly, Cadsuane takes her and Bair to her room. On the way, she puzzles over Semirhage’s momentary lapse of control at Sorilea’s comment and what caused it, and also reflects that al’Thor seems “almost eager” for the Last Battle, or like he wants to get it over with.
+The problem was, al’Thor wasn’t ready for the Last Battle. Cadsuane could feel it in the way he spoke, the way he acted. The way he regarded the world with that dark, nearly dazed expression. If the man he was now faced the Dark One to decide the fate of the world, Cadsuane feared for all people.
+In her room, Cadsuane disarms the formidable traps she has on the box on her dresser, and opens it to reveal a foot-tall figurine of a man holding a sphere, and a black metallic collar with matching bracelets — the male a’dam. Sorilea states that the a’dam is evil, and Cadsuane tells her according to Nynaeve there is only one, and it was supposed to have been thrown into the ocean, but she didn’t see it done. The Aiel are very disturbed at the notion that the Seanchan might have more.
+“And the people who have these are the same people with whom al’Thor wishes to make peace?” Sorilea shook her head. “Creation of these abominations alone should warrant a blood feud. I heard that there were others like it. What of those?”
+“Stored elsewhere,” Cadsuane said, shutting the lid. “Along with the female a’dam we took. Some acquaintances of mine—Aes Sedai who have retired from the world—are testing them trying to discover their weakness.” They also had Callandor.
+Cadsuane tells them she is determined to test this one on a man, as that is the best way to learn if it has any weaknesses, but al’Thor will not allow it. She thinks of how the first thing she had done upon acquiring the female version of it was to put it on and practice trying to escape from it, though only with women she could trust to remove it after, of course. Al’Thor, though, only mutters about “that bloody box” whenever the subject is broached. Sorilea comments that they must do something about him, as he has grown worse since she last saw him. Cadusane agrees, and they sit down to discuss the matter.
+Commentary
+PUT THAT BOX AWAY THROW IT IN A VOLCANO KILL IT WITH FIRE DAMMIT
+Argh. As usual, no one ever listens to me.
+Well, one thing you can’t deny about Cadsuane, the woman’s got nerves of steel. Voluntarily putting yourself in an a’dam, even with people you trust to get you out of it? That takes some big ovaries, y’all.
+She also is spot-on here in encapsulating the problem with Rand. In retrospect it’s obvious, but I think her thought here about Rand being in no way ready for the Last Battle kind of crystallized it for me.
+The rub is, of course, that I agree with Cads about the problem but have a rather large problem with her approach to a solution. As does Rand, it turns out. Well, we’ll get to that fiasco soon enough.
+And, other than to say “damn straight” re: Bair’s complaint about Rand not having enough respect for women to treat them like grownups, I don’t have a lot else to say about this chapter, as it is mostly all setup for what comes next.
+Although, there is this exchange, after Cads shows Sorilea and Bair the male a’dam:
+Sorilea shook her head. “Creation of these abominations alone should warrant a blood feud. I heard that there were others like it. What of those?”
+“Stored elsewhere,” Cadsuane said, shutting the lid. “Along with the female a’dam we took.”
+I… cannot figure out what they are referring to here. They seem to be saying that they have more male a’dam, but that makes no sense, considering it comes on the heels of a discussion where Cadsuane said Nynaeve said there was only one of the things, and she didn’t know if there were any more. Why would she be unsure if her mysterious pals had more of them? And if there are more, where the hell did she get them? (And who are these friends of hers, anyway?)
+I don’t know, I think I missed something here. Maybe it gets explained later and I forgot, or is this a gaffe?
+Chapter 15: A Place to Begin
+What Happens
+Rand wakes on the floor of a hallway that he vaguely recognizes, and realizes he must be asleep, but he thinks that this place seems different from the World of Dreams. He chooses a door at random, and walks into a room with open arches on the far side, showing roiling clouds that seem to be composed of screaming faces. There is a fireplace on the left that he remembers from when he first came here a long time ago, but now the stones of the hearth are warped and blackened. A young blue-eyed man who Rand has seen in visions and met in Shadar Logoth sits in a chair before the hearth, and Rand takes the other chair.
+Once, Rand had known this man only as Ba’alzamon—a name for the Dark One—and had foolishly thought that in killing him, he had defeated the Shadow for good.
+”I watched you die,“ Rand said. ”I stabbed you through the chest with Callandor. Isha—“
+”That is not my name,“ the man interrupted, still watching the flames. ”I am known as Moridin, now.“
+Rand insists that this just a dream; Moridin chuckles and comments that many dreams are more real than the waking world. Rand repeats that he is dead, and Moridin replies that he saw Rand die, too, when he created an entire mountain to mark his grave. Moridin says he once offered to bring his lost love back from the dead, and asks if Rand thinks the Great Lord cannot do the same for one who serves him; death is no barrier to his master except for those who have known balefire. Rand notes the odd specks that float in Moridin’s eyes.
+“The Great Lord can grant you sanity, you know,” Moridin said.
+“Your last gift of sanity brought me no comfort,” Rand said, surprising himself with the words. That had been Lews Therin’s memory, not his own. Yet Lews Therin was gone from his mind. Oddly, Rand felt more stable—somehow—here in this place where all else appeared fluid. The pieces of himself fit together better. Not perfectly, of course, but better than they had in recent memory.
+Moridin asks why he has come here, which surprises Rand, as he had assumed Moridin had brought him. Moridin comments that he is tired, and “is that you, or is it me?,” and that he could kill Semirhage for what she did. Rand is puzzled, and Moridin tells him to go, it is not time for them to fight, and the Great Lord’s victory is assured. Rand replies that he will defeat him, and Moridin laughs.
+“Perhaps you will,” he said. “But do you think that matters? Consider it. The Wheel turns, time and time again. Over and over the Ages turn, and men fight the Great Lord. But someday, he will win, and when he does, the Wheel will stop.
+Herid Fel was dead now, murdered, torn apart by Shadowspawn. He’d discovered something in these books, something he’d intended to tell Rand. Something about the Last Battle and the seals on the Dark One’s prison. Fel had been killed just before he could pass on the information. Perhaps it was coincidence; perhaps the books had nothing to do with his death. But perhaps they did. Min was determined to find the answers. For Rand, and for Herid himself.
+Min feels inadequate to the task of being a scholar, but thinks no one else is there to do the job but her, and if she can solve this puzzle, she could achieve something not just for Rand but for the world. She is content till then to be dismissed as Rand’s mistress. Rand wakes and goes to the window, and says that “he” was gone during the dream, but now he’s back. Min asks if he means Lews Therin, and urges him to talk to her about it; she insists he must trust her enough to hear it. Finally, Rand acquiesces, and confesses that he hears Lews Therin, and that sometimes the voice even seizes saidin away from him. Rand says that Semirhage claims it is insanity, but Rand insists that Lews Therin knows things about history and the One Power that no one else could know.
+“You had a viewing of me that showed two people merging into one. That means that Lews Therin and I are distinct! Two people, Min. He’s real.”
+She walked over and sat next to him. “Rand, he’s you. Or you’re him. Spun out into the Pattern again. Those memories and things you can do, they’re remnants from who you were before.”
+“No,” Rand said. “Min, he’s insane and I’m not. Besides, he failed. I won’t. I won’t do it, Min. I won’t hurt those I love, as he did. And when I defeat the Dark One, I won’t leave him able to return a short time later and terrorize us again.”
+Rand says he is afraid to use the One Power with Lews Therin there, and Min says that at least it won’t grow any worse now that saidin has been cleansed. Then Rand tells her Ishamael is alive, though he goes by “Moridin” now, and now he knows that all the Forsaken he killed may be back except the ones he killed with balefire. Min tries to point out what Cadsuane said about balefire, but Rand snarls that he doesn’t care, and he will decide how he fights. Rand says he intends to destroy the Dark One, and for that, he needs Lews Therin’s voice. Min tells him that she thinks he needs to destroy the seals on the Dark One’s prison.
+“I’m sure of it,” she said. “I’ve been reading Herid’s books all this time, and I believe that’s what he meant by ‘clearing away the rubble.’ In order to rebuild the Dark One’s prison, you will first need to open it. Clear away the patch made on the Bore.”
+To her surprise, Rand agrees that that sounds right, but points out that there is no way to know what will happen if he does it. Min tells him she has faith in him, and sees viewings around him, including “three women before a pyre.” Rand says that he could break the seals with his hands, but he doesn’t know what to do after that. Min promises she will keep looking for the answer.
+Aviendha thinks that she will go “mad as a wetlander” if these punishments keep up. She finishes her current one, and is about to return to her tent when Amys appears and observes that sometimes we are so concerned with what we have done that we do not think of what we haven’t done. Aviendha does not know how to respond, but then she notices arrivals at the Travelling grounds, and she and Amys go to meet Flinn, Bashere and a small guard of Saldaeans and Aiel. Amys stops one of the Maidens, Corana, to ask for news. Corana tells them the Seanchan have agreed to another meeting with the Car’a’carn, but opines that he is simpering and pandering to them when he should be declaring blood feud. Amys asks Aviendha for her opinion, and Aviendha replies that as painful as it is to sue for peace with the Seanchan, they have a larger enemy to consider: Sightblinder is more important than any feud between human nations. Corana adds that the Seanchan had Aiel women leashed in their camp, and Aviendha hisses in anger, but still maintains her position.
+Amys nodded, looking back at Corana. “Do not think that we will ignore this insult, Corana. Vengeance will come. Once this war is done, the Seanchan will feel the storm of our arrows and the tips of our spears. But not until after. Go tell the two clan chiefs what you have told me.”
+Corana leaves, and Amys comments that this will give rise to unrest among the clans, who will demand that Rand abandon his attempt at truce with the Seanchan. Aviendha asks if they will stay when he refuses, and Amys replies that of course they will. Then she comments that perhaps it is time to stop “coddling” Aviendha, and she will think up better punishments for her tomorrow. Aviendha is astounded, and heads for her tent with a sigh.
+Commentary
+Verrrrry interestink, that chat with Moridin, wasn’t it.
+While it certainly didn’t clear up everything, it definitely put to rest any lingering doubts that Rand and Moridin have some kind of metaphysical mirroring-type bond thing going on. We still don’t know yet if it truly extends to the point that if one of them dies, so will the other, but I would not be at all surprised to find out that is the case. Which, as you may imagine, presents some problems.
+I kind of laughed at Moridin when he told Rand he was stupid for thinking he could kill the Dark One, mostly because I agree: that is stupid. Not to get all red-tinged Tim Curry on your ass, but what is Light without the Dark? Maybe I’m wrong, but I have an issue with supposing you can actually kill an anthropomorphic representation of Ultimate Evil. Bottle him up, sure; kill him, no.
+(It occurs to me that this is a kind of hilariously geeky quibble to make, but anyone who’s shocked at my geekiness at this point needs to have corks put on their forks, poor things.)
+Of course, I also think Moridin’s emo hopeless gloom n’ doom woe we have no chance of winning anyway oh well evil now chain of logic to be pretty stupid, too, so I guess they’re even on that score.
+The Min section of this chapter, I don’t have a lot to say about, as it really didn’t tell us anything that we as readers didn’t already know; it (and Rand’s realization re: Moridin that some of the Forsaken could be back from the dead) was more about lining up what the characters, and in particular Rand, knew. Which is fine, needed to be done, though I’m a tad appalled that Rand is only figuring out now that the Forsaken have a habit of not staying dead; I just don’t have a lot to say about the seals deal that I haven’t already said before.
+The only thing really worth mentioning is Min’s viewing of “three women before a pyre,” which obviously is another version of Nicola’s vision of “three on the boat,” which is a reference to King Arthur’s funereal trip to Avalon with the three queens. Pyre’s just a different kind of burial. Of course, let’s hope when Rand “dies” they don’t actually burn his body, as that could present some logistical difficulties three days later, ahem.
+As for Aviendha’s section, again, it’s obvious in retrospect but I totally didn’t notice the first time around how clearly the Aiel were being set against the Seanchan as a lead-up to Aviendha’s trip to Rhuidean in ToM. Nicely done.
+Also, Avi, figure it out already, I’m done with this. Sheesh.
+Chapter 16: In the White Tower
+What Happens
+Egwene is cracking nuts for Ferane (Sitter, White) and two other White sisters (Miyasi and Tesan) in Ferane’s chambers. After ignoring her for an hour, Ferane asks Egwene what she would have done about the Dragon Reborn in the Amyrlin’s place. Egwene answers that first she would have sent sisters to his home village, not to intimidate them, but to learn about what kind of man he was, what his temperament was. Tesan points out that Egwene already does know him. Egwene hesitates, and answers that she knows him to be rational yet bullheaded, but most importantly a good man at heart, and so she would send him sisters to offer him guidance, or spies if he rejected them. Ferane observes that it sounds as if Egwene would leave him free to sow chaos “as he sees fit.”
+“Rand al’Thor is like a river,” Egwene said. “Calm and placid when not agitated, but a furious and deadly current when squeezed too tightly. What Elaida did to him was the equivalent of trying to force the Manetherendrelle through a canyon only two feet wide. Waiting to discover a man’s temperament is not foolish, nor is it a sign of weakness. Acting without information is lunacy, and the White Tower deserved the tempest it riled up.”
+Ferane asks how she would have handled it then, and Egwene seriously considers the problem, knowing that Rand had changed from the boy she’d known. She answers that Rand sees himself as an emperor now, and will react poorly to being pushed or pressured, and so she would send a delegation to honor him: three Aes Sedai, a Gray, a Green and a Blue. She observes that Elaida’s delegation failed because it was sent by a Red, and wonders at the logic of raising a Red to Amyrlin during the days of the Dragon Reborn. She asks, since when does the White Tower kidnap and torture heads of state instead of subtly guiding them to do their wishes? She goes on, though, that Rand is not their most urgent problem; the division in the Tower must be attended to first. Ferane says that Egwene’s own defiance exacerbates that problem, but Egwene rejects that reasoning, averring that it is Elaida’s leadership (or lack thereof) which has brought them to this pass, and reminds them that the White (i.e. Alviarin) played no small part in letting it happen. She urges them to begin reconciling with the other Ajahs by accepting Suana’s (Sitter, Yellow) invitation to dine together. The Whites are startled but thoughtful, and Ferane indicates she will consider Egwene’s proposal, calling her by name instead of “child.”
+Egwene stood up, and then—very carefully—nodded her head to Ferane. Though Tesan and Miyasi gave no strong reactions, both pairs of eyes widened slightly. By now, it was well known in the Tower that Egwene never curtsied. And, shockingly, Ferane bowed her head, just a degree, returning the gesture.
+“Should you decide to choose the White, Egwene al’Vere,” the woman said, “know that you will find a welcome here. Your logic this day was remarkable for one so young.”
+Egwene thanks her, but reminds them that the Amyrlin represents all Ajahs, and leaves. She is very pleased until she runs into Katerine, who gives her her forkroot dose, and then gleefully informs her that Elaida has decided that from now on Egwene shall have no lessons, and will do nothing but manual labor until she agrees to curtsy to her betters. Egwene is greatly dismayed, for this means her access to sisters will be entirely cut off, but gathers herself and acquiesces without argument, to Katerine’s disgruntlement. Egwene briefly considers giving in on the curtsying just to get access back, but then realizes it will prove to Elaida that she could be broken, and that this new punishment must not change her behavior any more than the beatings had. She goes to the kitchens, and after three hours of back-breaking labor she is startled when Laras fetches her and leads her to a back pantry and shows her a bolthole that leads to the garbage runs. Laras tells her she can get Egwene out of Tar Valon that very night; Egwene asks why, and Laras replies that she won’t be party to breaking a girl’s spirit. Egwene considers the offer, but refuses. Laras asks why.
+“Because,” Egwene said, glancing back at the fireplace. “Someone has to fight her.”
+“You can’t fight like this,” Laras said.
+“Each day is a battle,” Egwene said. “Each day I refuse to bend means something. Even if Elaida and her Reds are the only ones who know it, that’s something. A small something, but more than I could do from the outside.”
+They return to the kitchens to find Katerine there, who informs Egwene that the Amyrlin has demanded Egwene’s attendance at dinner, and suggests Egwene take the chance to prove her humility. Egwene goes and cleans herself as best she can while considering what tack to take this time with Elaida, and decides that she will be silent again, as she had before. In the dining chamber, Egwene is surprised to discover that there are five Sitters at the dinner with Elaida: Yukiri (Gray), Doesine (Yellow), Rubinde (Green), Shevan (Brown), and Ferane (White); Egwene supposes there are no Red Sitters because they are all out of the Tower at the moment. She realizes that all her work could be undone if these women see her being subservient to Elaida. Egwene wonders for a moment if this dinner is an attempt to heal the rifts between the Ajahs, and that she had misjudged Elaida, but then Elaida immediately begins insulting Shevan and then the other Sitters in turn, and Egwene divines that the purpose of the dinner was merely for Elaida to be able to lord it over the other sisters. She fights down her anger with difficulty. Eventually Shevan brings up the Seanchan, and mentions that Egwene has extensive information on them; Elaida laughs and declares Egwene’s “information” to be lies fed to her by al’Thor, who is working with the invaders. She demands that Egwene admit this.
+The penance she would take for not speaking would be better than suffering Elaida’s rage at contradicting her. Silence was the path to victory.
+And yet, as Egwene glanced down the long mahogany table, set with bright white Sea Folk porcelain and flickering red candles, she saw five pairs of eyes studying her. She could see their questions. Egwene had spoken boldly to them when alone, but would she hold to her assertions now, faced by the most powerful woman in the world? A woman who held Egwene’s life in her hands?
+Was Egwene the Amyrlin? Or was she just a girl who liked to pretend?
+Egwene replies that the Seanchan are not working for Rand, and are a severe danger to the White Tower; she is a Dreamer, she says, and has Dreamed that the Seanchan will attack the White Tower. Elaida laughs and threatens penance for her exaggerations, and Egwene answers that even if she doesn’t believe her Dream, Elaida must acknowledge that the Seanchan are a threat to women who channel. Elaida declares her foolish, and demands she kneel and beg forgiveness immediately or be locked in a cell. She embraces the Source, and Egwene asks if she has so little authority that she must force Egwene to kneel with the Power, and if she intends to do the same to everyone else in the Tower as well. She asks if the others know about Elaida’s idea about making everyone swear a fourth Oath to obey the Amyrlin; Elaida says it was only idle talk.
+“There is often truth in speculation,” Egwene said. “You locked the Dragon Reborn himself in a box; you just threatened to do the same to me, in front of all of these witnesses. People call him a tyrant, but you are the one destroying our laws and ruling by fear.”
+Elaida snaps that she does not need to defend herself against a mere novice. Egwene asks what she intended to do with Rand al’Thor once she captured him, and Elaida answers that she would have kept him secure in the Tower until it was time for the Last Battle, to prevent him causing chaos. In answer, Egwene quotes the Karaethon Cycle (”) and asks how he was supposed to fulfill any of that if he’d been locked in the Tower. Elaida tries to change the subject to the rebels, and Egwene accuses her of fomenting discord by refusing to treat with them, and by alienating the Ajahs in the Tower.
+“Coward,” Egwene said.
+Elaida’s eyes flared wide. “How dare you!”
+“I dare the truth, Elaida,” Egwene said quietly. “You are a coward and a tyrant. I’d name you Darkfriend as well, but I suspect that the Dark One would perhaps be embarrassed to associate with you.”
+Elaida screeched, weaving in a flash of Power, slamming Egwene back against the wall, toppling the pitcher of wine from her hands.
+Elaida screams that Egwene is the Darkfriend, and begins beating her with switches of Air that draw blood. Horrified, the Sitters yell at Elaida that this is against Tower law, but Elaida shrieks back that she is the law. Then she and the other sisters see to their shock that Egwene is still standing calmly under the onslaught.
+“I wish I weren’t needed here, Elaida,” Egwene said softly. “I wish that the Tower had a grand Amyrlin in you. I wish I could step down and accept your rule. I wish you deserved it. I would willingly accept execution, if it would mean leaving a competent Amyrlin. The White Tower is more important than I am. Can you say the same?”
+Elaida bellows that she will beat Egwene every day until she is satisfied, and only then execute her. She orders that Egwene be thrown into the deepest cell in the Tower, and have it broadcast in the city that she is a Darkfriend. Meanwhile Egwene is growing light-headed from blood loss, but she fears for the Tower, not her own life.
+It had come to a head, as she’d feared that it would. She had cast her lot.
+[…] As she leaned back against the wall, thoughts fading, she was overcome with sorrow.
+Her battle from within the Tower was at an end, one way or another.
+Commentary
+When I first read TGS I had an amazing amount of ambivalence toward the climactic scene of this chapter, which I rather thought would resolve itself once I did a slower, more considered readthrough. That… has not turned out to be the case.
+On the one hand, Egwene’s confrontation with Elaida was completely, totally awesome. It was just pages of Egwene being fearless and badass and eloquent and the kind of leader everyone would want a leader to be. Not to mention it was ages overdue for someone to tell that moron Elaida just how big of a moron she is. So the visceral satisfaction there cannot be overestimated.
+On the other, as much as I enjoyed it, I had a huge amount of trouble believing that Elaida would have ever let that conversation go on as long as it did before shutting it down. It bugged me on first reading, and it bugs me now.
+And, I am aware there are all kinds of ways to rationalize and/or explain why she didn’t: the at least temporarily inhibiting presence of the Sitters, the shock of Egwene’s blatant defiance, Elaida’s own megalomania convincing her that she couldn’t possibly lose an argument to a mere novice, etc.
+And I’m not necessarily being dismissive of these rationales either; they all work, they are all legit. I don’t, in fact, feel that I am being particularly reasonable in having a problem with this. But in spite of all that, well… I still have a problem with it.
+I dunno, I guess I just really expected Elaida to snap the second Egwene failed to call her “Mother” and go to town on her immediately. I think this might be because I had concluded before the dinner even started that all Elaida even wanted was a bare excuse to whale on Egwene and throw her in the dungeon and/or kill her, so what was she waiting for?
+I suppose, though, that it might be argued that Elaida was deluded enough that she really thought Egwene was going to buckle under, and was continuing to try for that until Egwene goaded her into completely losing her shit. It might also be argued that while she’s always been a twat, she never was actually evil (as in Evil Evil™), and certainly doesn’t consider herself so in her own mind, and so she could have been clinging to some bare vestige of moral integrity by holding off as long as she did.
+I don’t know if I buy it, particularly the latter, but you could definitely argue it.
+But, that issue aside, yay Egwene rockalicious you go girl. The turning point of your Plot Arc of Awesome, we have reached it. Kickass.
+And that’s the story for now, morning glories! Have a fantabulous Thanksgiving if that be your national inclination, and a fantabulous random Thursday in November iff’n it ain’t, and see you next week!
+The days of people being stuck with only one option when it comes to electric skateboards may be coming to an end thanks in large part due to these best-selling boards that offer a wide variety at great prices.
+A quick google search will show you all the different options available, but how do they compare? We’ve done some research and found five top picks for this year’s buyer on your budget – from $300 up!
+Deals with the best electric longboards and off-road e-skates with mini electric skateboards for Heavy Riders, Adults, Teens, Beginners, and Kids (Children) to get set up in this great field for a better experience. Our aim is that help you to get the best electric skateboard according to your needs.
+Picked powerful models for you that match perfectly with any skateboard lover. From our point of view, these are the best-selling top electric skateboards in the market.
+Top 10 Best Selling Electric Skateboards Reviews 2022
+Get your ride on the top 10 best-selling electric skateboard reviews.
+The best e-skateboard for most E-Board Heavy Riders – Backfire G3
+Backfire G3 well-designed best electric skateboard longboard with a bamboo deck and sport mode remote for heavy riders, adults, and teens. This e-skate provides you with comfortable and stable flexibility in the deck, and high-speed riding builds up your skateboarding experience.
+Backfire is the best electric skateboard because of all its stunning features in it. This includes an OLED remote(very soft and easy controller), Amazing LED lights, quality trucks, and strong wheels, all is best. When this skateboard runs on the road continuously, turbo occurs and maximizes its top speed of it.
+This G3 model of Backfire is the best entry-level model of the electric skateboard in the market and provides the best after-sale service. Limited warranty of 180 days from the date of purchase.
+Features & Spec Of Backfire G3
+Brand New Backfire Boards have good features with requirements that help us to ride in a safe mode.
+Pros
+- Warranty of 6 months (repairable)
+- Pretty standard stuff
+- Well designed model
+- Stable flexibility
+- High-efficiency electronic system
+- Super Bright LED lights
+- Flat road king
+- Value-for-money
+- Upgraded version
+Cons
+- Cheaper Backfire has less range
+- Water damage is not covered under the guarantee
+The best e-skateboard for Power and Craving – Meepo Shuffle V4
+Meepo Shuffle V4 is the latest model with a stylish and durable design that can ride on climbing hills, inside the city at high speed, or through the grass. It features powerful hub motors for years of use!
+MEEPO Shuffle V4 S Electric Skateboard with Remote, Top Speed of 29 Mph, Smooth Braking, IPX6 Waterproof, Suitable for Adults & Teens Review
+Meepo E-boards are specially designed to improve your life in skateboarding. Read the specifications and click the button to buy and enjoy the power of nature at high speed. Meepo skateboards is the best electric skateboards for adults.
+Features & Spec Of Meepo Shuffle V4
+This powerful model of meepo gives expensive specifications to check out.
+Pros
+- Value-for-money
+- Lots of power
+- Ideal for commuting
+- General cruising with friends
+- Fantastic designed
+- Flared edges to move easily
+- Maintains its stability
+- Pretty hard structure
+- Smooth braking system
+Cons
+- Bodyweight high is less in range
+- Take care of remotes
+The best e-skateboard for Top-rated High-performance – Skatebolt Tornado 2
+Skatebolt Tornado 2 is one of the fastest E-board with a high-performance strategy of electric longboards for a variety of reasons. It is my favorite and friendly commuter electric skateboard. You will not find another electric longboard with these great features, so also check out these best electric skateboards for college and enjoy them.
+More about the Skatebolt Tornado 2 is that it is reliable and boasts the ability to climb hills up to 30% steep. This high-speed electric skateboard appeared in a regular form to generate its capability and flexibility.
+This is a classic electric longboard designed with 8 layers of maple wood. If you know about the durability of different wood types, then you know that maple is one of the strongest woods available.
+Features & Spec Of Skatebolt Tornado 2
+This upgraded model has more classic features than Skatebolt’s previous series.
+Pros
+- Great board and really-fast
+- Excellent build quality
+- Add a wrist strap to the controller
+- Paid for the extremely fast shipping
+- Most common high-speed mode
+- Tons of battery life
+- Good experience skateboarding
+- Easily climb the slopes
+- No issues
+Cons
+- Average time-consuming to boost up
+- Low water resistance
+The best e-skateboard for All-terrain Off-road Commuting – Raldey Bamboo AT V3s
+Do you want a speedy ride? Raldey Bamboo AT V3s is a top-class electric skateboard. This off-road teen electric board is designed to be the most effective AT option. This is the best e-skate in the category from all-terrain longboards and off-road electric skateboards. You can use your climbing techniques or stunts on this best electric skateboard for commuting.
+Test
+We have reviewed this model and tested that it has a very good range. Auto boosted the skateboard (Turbo) which gives the maximum speed by its multi minor functions of the hub motor.
+Overall, I am pretty excited to share the best electric skateboard for Off-road commuting.
+Features & Spec Of Raldey Bamboo AT V3s
+These bamboo features give you a solid range to ride like a commuter.
+Pros
+- Solid quality eSk8
+- High-turning capacity
+- Very flexible
+- Well-braking system
+- Plenty of power
+- No puncture vines
+- Most affordable AT option
+- High-performance and strength
+- Waterproof pouring glue technology
+- More convenient to repair
+Cons
+- Complex handling (not for heavy riders)
+- Lose a significant amount of power
+The best e-skateboard for Riding and Cruising – Teamgee H20 Mini
+The Teamgee H20 Mini is a budget-friendly and portable electric skateboard that can provide you with the best short ride. It’s very light, powerful yet compact in size making it perfect for taking around everywhere!
+Whether you’re an experienced pro or just getting started, H20 Mini has a board perfect for your needs. The kick-tail makes it easier to turn and provides better control as well! Additionally, This unique electric skateboard model-looking surfboard is a travel-friendly skateboard that is its hobby.
+Features & Spec Of Teamgee H20 Mini
+Teamgee gives some impressive features for this board. The H20 Mini is very well made and is good for commuters in far enough distances. The fate is that it is one of the best mini electric skateboards on the best budget like other mini e-skates.
+Pros
+- Great for cruising
+- Sharply great design
+- A powerful and smoother experience
+- Upgraded high-quality battery
+- Excellent ground grip
+- Quality PU wheels
+- Fish-shaped exterior for a smooth glide
+- Pretty decent range
+- 4-speed modes
+Cons
+- To change the battery, you have to rip up the grip tape
+- Damaging create faults
+The best e-skateboard for Full of Fashion & Fun – Caroma 36″
+Caroma esk8 with new generation features can blow your mind. This is a perfect e-skate for fashioning, short commuting, cruising campus, and quick errands, and full of fun and stunts. You guys can ride it as a regular skateboard without electricity.
+The esk8 is flexible, more stable, and durable. This stunning longboard can withstand all kinds of stamping collisions without deformation. The one thing we notice is that it has a very good battery-saving function. You can ride in an equilibrium state, and see that the battery remains constant.
+The shock absorption function provides an unbelievably smooth riding experience. This intelligent skateboard is fully constructed and ready to ride out of the box.
+Features & Spec Of Caroma 36″
+Caroma is a cool e-skateboard with fantastic features. This is good and the smooth-riding range covers the average distance. The esk8 has hard features you can see there.
+Pros
+- Recommended age is 8+
+- Quite a ride
+- Smooth and flexibility
+- Powerful stamina
+- Hold max load
+- Great shock absorption
+- Outstanding quality
+- Excellent value
+Cons
+- Hard time returning
+- Faults when damaged
+The best e-skateboard for Mature Adults & Everyone – Teamgee H20T
+The Teamgee H20T model has a good-looking best quality electric skateboard with great value and range conditions. This esk8 passed the safety UL test and became famous. If you are a novice or a professional rider, this e-skate is for everyone to ride and is fun.
+We experienced that Teamgee is one of the best manufacturers of electric skateboards. With a wide range and excellent quality, Teamgee is one of the most reliable names in electric skateboards.
+If you’re looking for the best electric skateboard, we recommend checking out Teamgee.
+A lot of our readers like them and have experienced great customer service from this company before!
+We advise you to never estimate this esk8. Purchase and check out their conditions. Get benefits quickly.
+Features & Spec Of Teamgee H20T
+Pros
+- Warranty of 1 year
+- Free set of PU wheels
+- Quick fast delivery
+- Buffer zone
+- Create firm surface
+- Blast to ride
+- Suits comfort level
+- Great battery life timing
+- Value-for-money
+Cons
+- Caring about battery settings (we cared)
+- No returned (only warranty repair)
+The best e-skateboard for Teens – Gyroor
+It is a suitable fast electric skateboard. The most cost-effective electric skateboard of the same kind with top-notch performance.
+A regenerative braking system restores the energy and extends your battery life. A deck provides easy control to handle the e-skate. Their great quality trucks give a very soft ride on the road. A remote helps you to understand all the functions and controls of the e-skate.
+You can customize your functions (mode choices) to take a better ride according to your settings.
+We examine that it is a rider-friendly esk8 at every place.
+Features & Spec of Gyroor
+We are very happy to tell you the professionalism of the best electric skateboard top review Gyroor E-board with super fantastic features. Good features with good performance. Load weight up to 120 kg is enough.
+Pros
+- Double drive
+- Modes choice
+- Superior performance
+- Long-range battery
+- Smooth riding
+- Visible parameters
+- Battery warranty half of year
+- Accessories warranty 1 year
+- Suitable ride
+- Shock absorption
+- Lifetime technical support
+Cons
+- No cons found
+- Over smart model
+The best e-skateboard for Steep Climbing Hills – Happybuy Mountainboard
+The Happybuy Mountainboard is a great choice for those looking to take their riding skills up another level. With multiple accessories available, this board can do it all!
+Recommended for heavy riders, steep hill climbers, and big-hearted individuals. It has a very high downhill capacity.
+With a top speed of 25 mph and a range of up to 19 miles, this electric mountainboard is perfect for all skill levels.
+The best part about the board? You don’t need any experience with skateboarding or scootering! It can be used by anyone who wants some fun on two wheels without having to spend too much money in order to do so…
+Features & Spec of Happybuy Mountainboard
+Go through their features and specifications very carefully and it’s very great fun to ride like a dream ride. If you can handle it. Try this one.
+Pros
+- Long-lasting use
+- Increase friction
+- Durable deck
+- Strong frame
+- Professional bearings
+- Grip performance
+- High strength
+- Suitable for everyone
+Con
+- Very cheap
+The best e-skateboard for College Students – Possway V4
+This is the best boosted electric skateboard for college students and beginners. Finding the best budget e-skateboard, the Possway V4 is available in the market to show you the best riding performance. The e-skate can drop you in the college or anywhere you go at the exact time.
+The beginners can enjoy and have fun with this E-board. The price is very low and the performance is very good. This is also included in the category of best electric longboards.
+Features & Spec of Possway V4
+The excellent feature of this skateboard is that one of its rainbow colors can blow your mind.
+Pros
+- Warranty of 180 days
+- Professional customer service
+- Popularity in public
+- High-capacity of battery
+- Max load 100 kg (enough)
+- Unique design
+- Nice craving experience
+- Smart brakes
+Cons
+- Damaging create faults
+- Remote caring
+Conclusion
+In conclusion, while it can be quite hard to decide on the next electric skateboard you want to purchase. The e-skate which matches your mindset is confirmed that it is comfortable for you as a rider needs.
+The electric skateboard has its specifications which can be tested by our team. The above-listed e-skateboards are fully experienced by expert riders. We are all very happy to share our knowledge with you that you can choose your best electric skateboards here.
+Feel free to contact us for more info about e-skates.
+Electric Skateboards Ultimate Buying Guide
+Electric skateboards are fun to ride and come in many different shapes, sizes, and colors. The best thing about them is that they have batteries that you can remove from the deck when not using them for a quick charge!
+What is an Electric Skateboard?
+A skateboard with an electric motor is an electric skateboard, e-board, e-skate, or esk8.
+Using this e-motor, riders can move forward at a speed of up to 40 kph, maximum at 68 Mph and 48 Km/h. An electric skateboard is a battery and motor-powered skateboard controlled with a handheld remote that the riders can use. Using this adorable remote, you manage the speed and brakes, ensuring that you are always in command of your speed.
+An electric skateboard is quick and easy to use and offers many other advantages. And now, Here you will find all the information you need to pick the right electric skateboard for you, but It is very important to understand the differences between the types of electric skateboards.
+Different types of Best Electric Skateboards
+There are various types of electric skateboards which are the most common:
+4 solar fights critical for 100% clean electricity
+Residential solar policy isn’t as widely tracked as the presidential election, but it is decided in much the same way: state by state.
+That’s important as President-elect Joe Biden’s 100% clean power agenda may depend in part on state policies that he doesn’t control.
+Regulators from California to Connecticut, for example, have big calls to make in the months and years ahead on solar and net metering. And, like the Electoral College, state solar decisions will carry collective weight.
+The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission confirmed the role of states in rooftop solar policy over the summer, rejecting a petition seeking to end net metering nationally (Energywire, July 17).
+In simple terms, net metering gives a customer credit for excess power based on the same retail rate a resident pays a utility for electricity. That remains the standard in much of the U.S. today for deploying rooftop solar, but it’s being reconsidered or tweaked in numerous states as parties argue over how to compensate solar users and protect other customers. The outcome of those disputes could determine how many rooftop panels get deployed in both red and blue states.
+“A lot of people recognize that net metering is kind of a blunt instrument and it’s simple and useful in that way, but it doesn’t actually account for the value of the solar,” said Autumn Proudlove, senior policy program director at the North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center. “So there’s an effort, I think, to get more granular and more accurate.”
+But agreeing on what inputs go into determining costs and benefits of solar remains a major hurdle, as some residents provide extra power when the sun is shining while still needing grid power during other hours. State changes sometimes raise or remove a cap on net metering, but they also can reduce the compensation new solar customers receive. Policy shifts could swing how much solar ultimately comes online — even if existing customers may avoid new policies for a while.
+Sachu Constantine, managing director for regulatory affairs at an advocacy group called Vote Solar, suggested the value of solar includes benefits tied to the distribution system as well as the effect on pollution and fuel life-cycle costs.
+“We’re defending fair compensation [for solar users] in many states,” Constantine said.
+Coming battles include coastal states like California and coal-heavy ones like Kentucky. They also include states like Arkansas, where a June order sought to let utilities propose net metering alternatives that could take effect after 2022. In Utah, regulators recently decided to use a setup with reduced export credits for new solar customers — a move that upset solar supporters.
+Adam Benshoff, executive director for regulatory affairs at the Edison Electric Institute, an industry group, said in a statement he was “pleased to see states like Utah” address a subsidy from retail net metering “and put these resources more on an equal footing with large scale renewables and even incentivize the use of energy storage.”
+At the same time, dwindling federal investment tax credits may affect home solar’s appeal to customers, although Congress could change that trajectory. And the COVID-19 pandemic is weighing on some residents’ ability to install solar.
+To capture a snapshot of state solar, E&E News examined four states where the status quo on net metering is currently under review. The priorities and jurisdictions vary, but the stakes are high for residents who want solar and the companies that hope to serve them.
+California
+What happens in the Golden State often reverberates around the U.S., and net metering is no exception.
+The California Public Utilities Commission may decide next year how residential customers of investor-owned electric utilities fare as it looks to build on a structure featuring retail net metering.
+A CPUC order from August set out a rulemaking that’s now underway. It discussed balancing costs and benefits and allowing customer-sited renewable generation “to grow sustainably among different types of customers” in California.
+Vote Solar’s Constantine said he’s hoping for “a very nuanced, sophisticated outcome” in California. He called for gradualism, expressing confidence that California won’t do anything too drastic.
+“We don’t want to see sudden changes that really undermine the solar industry,” he said.
+But the current California system is getting pushback from utilities. In a joint filing, Southern California Edison Co., Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (PG&E) and San Diego Gas & Electric Co. (SDG&E) argued that the statewide cost unfairly borne by non-solar customers under the current setup is an estimated $2.5 billion annually and would grow without changes to $4.4 billion a year by 2030.
+“This results in the costs of maintaining the grid and achieving California’s greenhouse gas (GHG) goals being borne by customers without solar and those least able to afford it,” the companies said, arguing a date is needed to stop customers from enrolling in the current plan.
+PG&E told E&E News a more sustainable structure is needed that’s equitable for all customers.
+SDG&E added: “It’s more critical now than ever to address this inequity, given the severe impact the pandemic has had on low-income customers’ ability to make ends meet.”
+California also is aiming to address emissions with 100% clean power by 2045. And solar advocates are quick to say they expect California to remain at the forefront of solar policy. The net metering review will continue to unfold during 2021, with a decision possible next year.
+“Utilities are going to be gunning … for gutting net metering,” said Brad Heavner, policy director at the California Solar & Storage Association. “We just don’t want to slow down distributed solar here.”
+Heavner said he would like to remove barriers for people in apartments who want to participate in net metering. Solar will be key for realizing goals around adding batteries to help with grid management and local resiliency, he said.
+“If you devastate the solar market, you’re not going to get the batteries that you want to have,” Heavner said.
+Kentucky
+Kentucky moved to change its net metering setup in 2019 with S.B. 100, which makes some larger systems eligible while retaining a cap on net metering.
+The legislation passed, teeing up big change in a state known more for coal-fueled power plants than solar installations. It also opened the door to switching from net metering based on retail credits for excess generation from residential customers to one based in dollars, determined by cases in front of regulators.
+If utilities can dramatically lower the compensation for excess rooftop solar power, advocates worry its growth could be harmed before the technology really takes off in Kentucky.
+An initial case is proceeding on a potential net metering change from Kentucky Power Co., which serves parts of far eastern Kentucky and is a unit of Ohio-based American Electric Power Co. Other utilities also are seeking changes.
+The docket from Kentucky Power involves a rate review as well as the proposed net metering change. The Kentucky Public Service Commission heard discussions about the case in November. Kentucky Power has outlined possible credits for excess customer generation in each netting period of less than 4 cents per kilowatt-hour each month.
+“Kentucky Power is currently paying approximately 10 cents per kWh for energy purchased from net metering customers,” the utility said in a statement. “This is approximately three times more than Kentucky Power would pay if it had purchased the energy elsewhere. The additional cost, above what customers would have paid otherwise, of 6.2 cents per kWh is spread over other, usually residential, customers.”
+But Andy McDonald, a board member at the Kentucky Solar Energy Society who wants Kentucky Power’s net metering change to be rejected, said he’s “moderately hopeful” there might be a good outcome for solar. The solar society is an intervener in the case, and McDonald said Kentucky Power has failed to quantify the impact of an alleged net metering subsidy felt by non-solar ratepayers.
+“I believe that if you do a fair, comprehensive cost-benefit analysis, net metering is worth at least the retail rate,” McDonald said, noting that utilities often prefer an avoided cost or wholesale rate for excess solar power that could be about one-third of the retail rate. That would reduce the value of the system to a solar user.
+But McDonald said a low rate doesn’t account for all the net metering benefits to the utility and ratepayers, noting that power at a peak time on an August afternoon has a greater cost of energy as customer demand spikes with air conditioning.
+McDonald said the Kentucky Power proposal includes having net metering customers’ excess generation recorded in two time blocks during a 24-hour day. A credit in dollars could be redeemed in the same time block, he said, meaning it could incentivize people to shift their power use to a peak time.
+Kentucky Power could grandfather existing customers with net metering for 25 years. The company said other items are at play in the rate review, including a proposed delay in rate increases by a year using accumulated tax benefits.
+McDonald said he’d like to see an administrative hearing that would establish a process and methodology to be used for each utility in terms of distributed solar.
+Kansas
+In Kansas, renewable advocates have for years been duking it out with the state’s largest utility over rate design for residential customers with rooftop solar systems.
+The Kansas Corporation Commission in 2017 created a new rate class for residential solar owners, and the following year it approved mandatory demand charges for those customers. The decision made Westar, which has since merged with Kansas City, Mo.-based Evergy Inc., the only U.S. utility company to impose demand charges on residential distributed generation customers.
+Demand charges, which are based on peak usage, are standard parts of electric rates for large commercial and industrial consumers. But they’re foreign to residential users, who generally pay the same rate no matter how much energy they consume in any given hour. The charges mean higher costs for distributed generation owners and lengthen the payback period for rooftop solar systems.
+The utility’s victory was short-lived, though. The Kansas Supreme Court earlier this year ruled the charges were discriminatory and sent the matter back to the KCC.
+The core of the dispute hasn’t changed. Evergy, which has 611,000 customers in Kansas, says rooftop solar owners, of which there are fewer than 1,000, are being subsidized by other customers and should pay more for their use of the grid.
+The utility’s new proposal, meant as a replacement for demand charges, involves a $3-per-month grid access fee per kilowatt of installed distributed generation capacity. Customers without solar would pay nothing.
+The company said an alternative to the grid fee would be a $35 minimum bill for all customers to help cover the utility’s fixed costs.
+The solar industry said Evergy’s proposed grid charge is every bit as discriminatory against solar users as the rate structure tossed by the court earlier this year.
+Rick Gilliam of Vote Solar urged the commission to reject Evergy’s proposals and eliminate the separate rate class for residential solar customers.
+“Claiming to ‘apply’ a charge to customers who do not pay the charge is not a serious distinction and does not change the fact that DG customers would pay a higher price for their electric service,” Gilliam said in testimony filed recently.
+Regulators are due to decide the matter early next year. And only one of three commissioners who voted to approve demand charges for Evergy remains on the commission. The other two members are appointees of Gov. Laura Kelly, a Democrat who took office last year.
+Connecticut
+Connecticut is bracing for residential solar change, although it’s not yet clear how it will shake out. Net metering is shaped in the state by legislation, with a focus recently on the regulatory process.
+Eversource Energy, a major power provider in Connecticut, said it shares the state’s goal of transitioning to cleaner energy while it also highlighted an expected shift away from the current net metering setup following legislative action last year.
+“We supported the current legislation which included an additional two years to transition from net metering to a tariff-based system,” Eversource said in a statement, adding, “We feel confident new legislation will be proposed in 2021 and look forward to seeing how it can benefit our customers.”
+In November, a technical meeting in an ongoing docket explored options to replace the current net metering structure, including a “buy-all” approach and a new netting setup.
+Those structures could provide lower compensation than net metering, or customers could end up seeing something similar to the current retail credit. That likely will depend on what regulators decide. Incentive programs also may operate differently.
+The recent technical gathering — held over the internet by the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority (PURA) — had a generally positive tone. And some solar advocates have been optimistic about what change may be ahead, even if retail net metering has worked for the industry.
+“The best we can do is … go to PURA and tell them what needs to be in place to keep our industry operating” and “to keep our people working,” Mike Trahan, executive director of an industry group called Solar Connecticut, told E&E News before the technical meeting.
+He said that means having a program that customers can understand and that can be sold without a lot of technical involvement. And a tariff needs to be at a level that can continue demand, he said, while also emphasizing the role of certainty for the industry.
+A draft decision from PURA may be released this year.
+While talk of finding common ground percolates, Vote Solar has raised concern that future solar users could face a policy in Connecticut that doesn’t account for all of their benefits. It cited a draft study on distributed energy resources released previously.
+“Like many other states that are trying to replace the fair and simple savings mechanism of net metering, Connecticut has the opportunity to build an inclusive new model for valuing local solar,” Nathan Phelps, regional director in the Northeast for Vote Solar, said in a statement. “Instead, Connecticut is choosing to cherry pick benefits to artificially lower the value customers receive for investing in homegrown solar.”
+Phelps said the state “is undervaluing benefits that are unique to local solar, like reducing grid maintenance costs and peak demand, and local economic benefits.”
+But Brad Mondschein, deputy executive director for regulatory affairs at Solar Connecticut, said it was refreshing to see parties seemingly working toward a common goal during the recent technical meeting.
+“It sounds to me, at least, like we’re heading in the right direction, he said.
+How Do Positive and Negative Sayings Affect People…
+For Braden and I’s Personal Learning Task in Positive Education, we researched about how positive and negative sayings affect people. We made a powerpoint and did surveys of our classmate’s reactions.
+As I researched I discovered some very motivating quotes and encouraging sayings. I thought this project was really good and I had lots of fun doing it. Some interesting sayings we found were ‘Never stop to rest until your best is better and your better is best’ and ‘winning fairly is the only way to win’.
+I really enjoyed this task and learnt loads as I researched the topic.
+Hi Chloe,
+I really liked your PowerPoint, it looks like you and Braden put some real hard work into the presentation.
+I also loved all the quotes you put in, and I personally thought you selected them very well.
+The pictures were as well very wisely selected. This was a very high standard presentation.
+Keep-up the great work,
+Conor
+Hi Chloe,
+this is a fantastic presentation and it is wonderful that you have shared it with everyone on your blog. There are certainly many powerful messages to live by, which will continue to inspire and motivate you throughout your life. Keep up the amazing work.
+Mrs Verona Gridley
+Hi Chloe
+I am a teacher at a school not so far away from you , St Thomas’.
+I really like the way you have put your blog together and I especially like what you have written about positive and negative sayings.
+I would like to show my students your presentation if it is alright with you . We are looking into personalities and talents and what effects these things and I think this will compliment our learning .
+Thank you for sharing and keep up the good work
+Mrs Cosgrave
+P.s you must have a fantastic positive ed teacher !!!!
+Hi Chloe,
+So glad you could put your presentation on line for others to share. You and Braden worked hard to find and compile your resources, and have come up with a fabulous finished product. I know that you live your life and commitment to sport by these values, and that you are sure to achieve much because of that. Good luck with all of your future goals.
+Mrs Bellesini 🙂
+Hello Chole,
+The Power- Point was amazing to read it was very interesting!!
+We love the video was great because we LOVE PINK so much!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+It was great to see your facts.
+How long did it take you to make it?
+Was it hard to do?
+Dana and Lucy!
+Hello Chole,
+Your presentation was really good.
+I liked the way you put a video of P!nk and how she talks about how our world really is. The quotes are really good. I liked how you put Essendon as an example for cheating.
+How long did it take you to make the presentation?
+From Anastasia:) :]
+Hello Chloe and Braden,
+We think that you have done a great job putting this together.
+We like your idea for your subject positives and negatives.
+You have had a great success.
+We have one question for you: What gave you the idea of this subject?
+🙂
+From Holly and Livinia from St Thomas
+Hi Chloe,
+Jacob and I really liked your presantation it was really nice how youmshared your presentation with us. We liked your little video on it as well.
+By Onel and Jacob.
+Hello Braden and Chloe,.
+Hello Braden and Chloe,
+AWESOME WORK!!!.
+Hi Chloeo,
+i Really think that was really good thing and it was heart warming.
+from Daniel
+Hi Chloe :)!
+Your slid show was so true. PS it was awesome! Could you do another slid show please! your work was awesome great job! 🙂
+From Amber and Poppy St Thomas.
+Hi Chloeo and Braden
+We think it is important to play fair and don’t cheat. If you believe in yourself you’ll have success
+From Noah and Will
+Thanks everyone!
+All your comments are amazing!
+For those who asked questions:
+Mrs Cosgrave: No problem! ( my positive ed teacher is great!
+Dana, Lucy and Anastatia: It took a few weeks to make, but thanks to my Positive Ed teacher, it wasn’t too hard and we had plenty of support.
+Holly and Livinia: I had recently been looking at an app called ‘Sports Quotes’, and I found many of them very inspiring, so I wanted to discover more.
+Thanks again,
+Chloe
+Dear Hanna,
+Thanks for commenting!
+We chose this topic as our project.
+I have felt the feeling of that inspiration from an attention seeking quote, especially ones like ‘Winning fairly is the only way to win’, or ‘People with goals succeed because they know where they are going’.
+Some more statistical things, like ‘One in three people you know, meet and love will need a blood donation in their lifetime’ is a little scary.
+Have you ever felt these feelings when you heard something?
+Chloe
+Hi Chloe,
+I hope you are enjoying the comments from my school students, they really enjoyed your blog!
+I think you will get a few more in the next few days- hope you don’t mind .
+Say hello to Mrs Bellisini and Mrs Gridley from me
+Kind regards
+Mrs Cosgrave
+P.S. keep up the good work !
+Hi Mrs Cosgrave,
+The comments are great! I’ve never had so many on one post and they’re really making me think!
+The more the merrier! I would be delighted if more students want to visit my blog.
+I’ll say hi to Mrs Gridley and Mrs Bellisini tonight! (School play) I am sure they return the greetings!
+Thanks for sharing my blog,
+Chloe
+Hello Chloe and Braden,
+I don’t think it’s fair to cheat you have to play by the rules. If you believe in yourself you will succeed and if you don’t you will fail. Great slide show and awesome blog. Why did you chose to make this slideshow.
+From Jacob.
+Hi Jacob,
+I chose this to learn more inspiring sayings and quotes. I agree that you should always play by the rules and believe in yourself!
+Chloe
+Hello Chloe and Braden,
+That slideshow is really positive, inspiring and really creative great work. Have you ever cheated on someone? Why did you choose to write about this? Really great work hope you can make another slideshow Awesome Job.
+Thanks Ben,
+I hate cheating, and get really annoyed when people play unfair, even in a small game. I could never take drugs or bribe refs as I would freak about what I had done and not be able to face myself.
+I am glad I chose to research this topic, as I learnt heaps of things that will help me in the future.
+Thanks for the comment,
+Chloe
+Dear Chloe,
+I think Negative Sayings Affect People because it hurts them by there feelings.
+How did u get the slideshow on the blog.
+P.s loved the slide show.
+Hi Ella,
+I used a program called Slideshare. It is free. Just search on Google.
+Chloe
+Hi Chloeo, hi Braden,
+I think you should believe in success and achievement.
+You’re right about the “Sayings Can Hurt People”.
+Why do bad sayings hurt other people?
+From Grace
+To Grace,
+Bad sayings can be patronising, directed in a mean way or just negative. That is how they can hurt people.
+Thanks for commenting!
+Hi Chloe and Braden,
+First of all nice slide-share! We thought it was very interesting but we were a little confused about the part where it says: Who Cheats, most of all you… Our question is why did you choose this topic for your project. WELLDONE!!!
+From Isabel and Calista
+To Isabel and Calista,
+The part about cheating is saying that if you play unfairly you are proving to everyone, especially yourself, that you can’t win without cheating.
+We chose this topic because we wanted to discover more inspiring and interesting quotes.
+Chloe
+yo yo yo chloe,
+my name is Tilly/matilda. I agree totaly. we should ceep on tring and tring. you have a grate blog. i think that it is good to do positiv coments. why did you you think of making this blog? i think it is AWESOM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:):):):):)
+Hi Chloe, Hi Braden,
+I think that this slideshare was great I thought that they were really interesting quotes and it was great! GOOD JOB!!!! 🙂 🙂
+Hi Cloe and Braden,
+I think the that was a great slideshare. I also think that it had some great quotes and sayings. Why did you make this?
+From Seamus
+Hi Chloe and Brandon,
+I am Natasha form st Thomas primary school I thin that was awesome it it explaned the the way positive words help you get through work, sports ( like 800 meters) or any onther thing but it was awesome. good job
+~Natashap 3/4 DC
+Hi Natasha,
+Thanks for the feedback! With an event as hard as 800m, 1500m or Cross Country, a saying or song that keeps you on your toes and focused can help you get that little bit further faster!
+Chloe
+Hi Chloe,
+I really like your blog post on positive thinking and your blog overall. How did you get your powerpoint on your blog? Your pictures and layout on your presentation were very clear and the pictures were great. What made you choose this as a project? I hope you have lots of fun finishing of you personal learning project.
+From Emily, St Thomas
+Hi Emily,
+After investigating an app called ‘Sports Quotes’, I wanted to find more inspiring and interesting sayings, so I chose it as my project topic.
+To get my Powerpoint on my blog I used a program called Slideshare. Its easy to access, just type in on Google.
+Thanks for the comment,
+Chloe
+Hi chloe,
+Me and Ciara really liked your presentation. We also liked how to put a pink song in there. It looked like you worked really hard on it.
+Did you know that Mrs Riddiford and Sinora Senzo teach at our school too.
+From Ciara and Georgia
+Hi Ciara and Georgia,
+Thanks for the comment! Mrs Riddiford and Sinora Senzo are great teachers!
+Glad you enjoyed my presentation,
+Chloe
+Hi Chloe
+I love your blog. It’s really cool.
+I like your slideshow How you had quotes and a survey.
+From Heloise
+hi Chloe,
+I love your blog.
+how do you create a slide share?
+your slide share is awesome.
+from isabelle
+Hi Chloe and Braden,
+Great Slideshare I think that some of the quotes were really interesting. The one about making the poor rich by making the rich poor was a bit strange. But anyway it was really good.
+From Inigo
+Well if you say something positive it can put them up,but if you say something negitive it can put them down.;)
+Hi Chloeo,
+We think that it is unfair to the homeless.
+That you always believe your-self.
+I like the slideshow.
+We all liked the song about Mr Presadant.
+From Jake, Sam and Ned
+Hi chloeo
+I agree thats it’s unfair to cheat because your’re breaking the rules of the game
+and it’s bad to take drugs like essendon and it’s nice to make people feel good instead of disrespecting them and it’s good to have goals.
+from Patrick R
+Hi Patrick,
+You are completely right in that you should always treat people with respect. They agree to do things with you, like play sport, because they believe you will do so in all good spirits of the game, so you shouldn’t betray them.
+Thanks for commenting,
+Chloe
+hi chloeo,
+my name is Jasmine. I don’t think it’s fair to the homeless you always have to believe in your-self and never give up I’m related to Ned Kelly and if I was him I would’nt rob anyone.
+From Jasmine
+Hello Chloe and Braden,
+That slideshow is so good I like it because it talls people to not chet
+HI,chloeo and braden,
+i think it is unfair to the homeless because they have nothing but i thought the song was really good and it was a good song from the kid presedint.
+Hi Chloe, Hi Braden,
+i think that your slide share was really cool and i really liked it!
+From Alana! 🙂 🙂
+Hi,
+I thought you had wonderful sayings in there, and spent lots of time on it which made it really good.
+Some of the words in there were very encourageing, for dreams or goals that people want to achive.
+Good Job!
+From Avalene
+Hi Avalene,
+My Positive Education teacher says having goals is very important. It helps you recognise how far you’ve come and how you’re improving. The higher you aim the better you get!
+Chloe
+Hi Chloe & Brendon,
+We think that it is unfair to the homeless.
+You should always believe in yourself.
+We thought the slideshow should have been better and have more sound.
+The songs were a good choice.
+From Jasper & Eliza
+We took a short trip to Columbus, Ohio to experience central Ohio’s largest indoor water park resort, the 80 degree temperature was just what we needed to escape from Ohio’s cold winter! Where did we go? Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort! We had a super fun time at this family fun resort with plenty to do and see. The indoor waterpark is 60,000 square feet of splashing fun for the whole family!
+Take a Video Tour of Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark
+Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Rascal Round Up
+The Rascal Round Up is the most exciting feature of the waterpark. It is a 40-foot tall water playground with squirting water at every turn, bridges, rope walls, and 4 water slides. My favorite part is squirting or dumping water on unsuspecting passersby either on the Rascal Round Up or walking down below! My kids and I get a kick out of surprising people with water on their heads, the reactions are priceless both of the victim and my kids! I’m not the only adult who enjoys this, you should see how fun and exciting this thrill is for people of all ages!
+Another favorite of the Rascal Round Up for many is the tipping bucket. Every 10-15 minutes 1,000 gallons of water is tipped out of the bucket perched onto the structure. People run to catch the splash down below. My kids are just a little too young and hesitant to fully enjoy this feature. They like to stand right at the edge so they aren’t totally dumped on. The tipping bucket is tops for lots of people, especially kids.
+There are 4 sets of slides on the Rascal Round Up. My kids did them all, 2 start 40 feet off the ground while 2 are perfect for younger kids! Don’t think you won’t get wet at this waterpark, because you will! I had a hard time capturing good photos from this playground because I couldn’t take my camera up high. Luckily, the water was pretty warm. It was especially warm when the doors opened in the morning!
+I like that the Rascal Round Up has plenty of fun for the whole family. My kids love the slides and geysers spraying up from the ground as well as the cannons they can use to squirt other people!
+Rascal Round Up at Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Video
+Fort Rapids’ Lazy River Cowboy Creek
+We like to take breaks at waterparks on their lazy rivers. Fort Rapids’ lazy river is the Cowboy Creek. I was amazed at their decor, they really carry the theme of the West throughout the entire waterpark. Check out the set up of Indians with tee-pees on Cowboy Creek. On down the creek, you’ll find cowboys and horses. The first day at the park, it was way too overcrowded on the creek, once we finally got a tube, we were packed tube to tube, not a lazy river kind of experience. The next day, we had it to ourselves. With waterparks, it’s good to plan to spend several days because each day is a different experience. Plus, the Cowboy Creek has plenty of changes to get buckets of water tipped on your heads or sprays squirting your body. You may or may not get dumped on, it just depends on your luck or lack-there-of!
+Fort Rapids Activity Pool
+With all of the waterslides and activity in the waterpark, guess what my kids favorite part is? The activity pool! Here, you can swim in the 4 ft. deep pool, play a little water basketball, or try to cross the Perilous Promenade.
+Fort Rapids Kiddie Korral
+Fort Rapids Kiddie Korral is perfect for babies and little kids with the zero depth entry. There are plenty of water features for kids, including ride-ons, slides, tipping buckets, geysers, and more. Check out Elijah below getting a bucket of water dumped on him! He loved it!
+Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort of older kids and adults
+As my kids get older, we will be experiencing waterparks in a whole new way. For now, we stick with the stuff safe for all ages but there is plenty to do at Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark for older kids, teens, and adults. Climb up 40 feet to 4 exciting waterslides. Ambush Alley, Raging Bull, Black Out Pass, and Shoot Out Racer. I noticed that the lines never looked too long for these waterslides which would be a huge deal if we were going on them. I hope that we’ll get the chance soon. The height requirements are different for each but starts at 42″. There is also a 30 person Hot Tub for guests 18 and older.
+Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort Restaurants
+Sidewinder Cafe
+Sidewinder Cafe is located right inside Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark. You can get a hot pizza, drinks (with cheap refills), nachos, and other snack items.
+We fed a family of 4 a large pizza with 4 drinks for just over $20. This is a good deal compared to other parks we have visited. I like the family-friendly prices and the convenience of eating in the 80 degree weather with the sun beaming down on us. Loved it! The pizza was good too!
+Branding Iron Grille & Copper Star Saloon
+Let me just tell you that you have to check out Branding Iron Grille & Copper Star Saloon if you go to Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark. The Saloon is open for drinks and snacks long into the night. We went to the Grille for dinner. When we first go there, there wasn’t many people seated for dinner. I wasn’t sure what to expect. We don’t normally go for buffets as they are normally loaded with just starch and nothing healthy. Well, we were pleasantly surprised with the Branding Iron Grille. There were 2 buffets available for an affordable price. One was primarily geared to kids with fried chicken nuggets, fries, mashed potatoes, etc. The other buffet had the most amazing BBQ beef, stuffing wrapped turkey, mashed potatoes, french beans, vegetables, salads, and more.
+Doesn’t this look delicious? My mouth is watering just looking at it. Yummy! My kids ate it up, it was a satisfying dinner. Pies, cakes, brownies, and cookies were at the buffet for dessert too.
+Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort Gold Rush Arcade
+Gold Rush Arcade is 5,000 square feet of arcade fun for the whole family. They have all the classic arcade games with lots of prize tickets shooting out to be redeemed for prizes and toys. The tickets are my kids favorite part!
+Fort Rapids Cold River Mining
+My son is really into gems, fossils, and shiny rocks. He is always on the look-out and often spies special rocks! The Cold River Mining was just perfect for him. Elizabeth, my 4 year old had a great time too. For about $6, you get a bag of dirt with various gemstones and fossils. Kids (and adults) shift the dirt out into the water revealing precious stones! Some bags are better than others but it is always an adventure!
+Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort Free Activities
+I was happy with the Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort free activities in the lobby. The first day, there was a giant bouncy house for kids to jump in, which was perfect for when we were checking in! There were also 3 large flat-screen TVs hooked up to the new Microsoft Kinect game system where your body is the controller. We hung out and played this several times, lots of fun for kids and adults. There was also kid karaoke hour where my kids just danced around to the music. At bedtime, we sat by the fireplace to hear a bedtime story. My kids liked the free milk and cookies best at storytime.
+Lodging at Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort
+There are 2 options for lodging at Fort Rapids Resort. You can stay in the tower with traditional hotel rooms or in the villas with family suites. The traditional rooms sleep 4 in their Western decor room. There are 6 family suite styles sleeping 6 – 12 people.
+We stayed in a Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort Oak Creek Canyon Family Suite. It features a very spacious room with microwave, free wireless internet, mini-fridge, hairdryer, coffee maker, specially designed swimsuit dryer, and 2 flat screens TV.
+The suit was just perfect, large enough to feel at home and not cramped in a bedroom. I loved the dryer, it’s so much nicer to put on dry swimsuits than wet ones! The beds were comfy and there were plenty of extra blankets, pillows, and towels for our stay.
+The Western decor tastefully adorns the entire resort, including the hotel bathrooms. Just check out the cow hide wallpaper, it even had a texture that felt real!
+Fort Rapids Bathroom Shower
+Video of Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort Family Suite
+Is Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort in Columbus, Ohio fun for families?
+YES! We had a great time. The water was warm, the air was warm, there were plenty of free activities, and great food. I recommend Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort for your next central Ohio getaway. It was a great Ohio winter escape.
+The only things that I did not like were minor in nature. The locker rooms were not heated to 80 degrees so it felt freezing when you had to change clothes or go to the restroom, my guess is that it was set for 68 degrees or so. There were not enough life guards on the 1st day for the amount of people there, this was a concern. Just keep a close eye on your kids. The staff was friendly and helpful but young and not well-trained. There was not enough towels in the waterpark, so plan to bring your own towels. Their website states that there are limited complimentary towel use but we didn’t see it, so we were waiting and waiting for clean dry towels both days.
+Make Reservations for Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark Resort in Columbus, Ohio
+You can make reservations on the Fort Rapids website. Rooms start at around $189 and up with 3 bedroom suites around $450 a night.
+This was not a paid post. My own opinions were used based on my perceptions and experience. Thank you to Fort Rapids Indoor Waterpark who provided accommodations and dining for the review.
+ 15
+Sookie Stackhouse Series by Charlaine Harris
+4:49 PM | Posted by Dawn & Winnie Book Reviews
+Dead Until Dark (Sookie Stackhouse #1) By Charlaine HarrisDead Until Dark (Sookie Stackhouse #1) By Charlaine Harris
+For years, Charlaine Harris has delighted fans with her mystery series featuring small-town waitress-turned-paranormal sleuth Sookie Stackhouse. Now, we are pleased to offer her first novel in the series in a special hardcover edition.
+OMG...Sookie Sookie Sookie... Charlaine Harris did bring it with her own twist in a new world. in today's world Vampires are basically out of the closet.. yup we all know they exist, but that doesn't make them any less scary. Sookie Stackhouse is a waitress in a bill hick town, trying to live a normal life- the only problem- Sookie is far from normal. yes she is paranormal so to say. she can read your mind. you may think this a wonderful power but to Sookie it's a burden trying to ignore the occasional blast of loud thoughts and sometimes it's a little tough to decipher between thought and speech.
+Apart from that in her life comes Bill, a rogue mysterious vamp. everyone in her home town pretty much seems to shy away from vamps, but when Sookie realizes that she cannot hear a vamps thoughts, she is naturally attracted to this one in particular. this story is great new look in the vampire world, following an everyday kind of normal like us woman juggling responsibilities with work,friends, family- her grandmother and Jason her brother. we meet a couple more vamps- good? evil? you shall see just dive in.
+Living Dead in Dallas (Sookie Stackhouse #2) By Charlaine Harris.
+OMG I cry as I say goodbye to one of my favorite characters from book one. As I say goodbye I am oh so more intrigued by Mr Northman. hmm what did they say about blondes? OK so we are getting a deeper look into the vamp world and an even deeper peek as to how things are run. Hey who would have thought or even consider the other supernatural creatures in this world. Great action, twists and turns. Sookie is attacked by some weird type of supernatural creature, she is saved by the vamps and in turn is jetted of to Dallas to repay the favor. Here she is on the hunt for a missing Vamp, which in turn leads here to a pseudo psycho cult against everything Vampire. Not to mention she has a pending investigation to get to back home. Great twists and turns an ending you can't believe. sex isn't bad either... can't wait for the next one
+Club Dead (Sookie Stackhouse #3) by
+In the third installment to the series, Sookie continues on a wonderful adventure, where she goes hunting for her missing vamp boyfriend Bill with non other than the unmistakable Eric Northman. As Sookie travels looking for Bill, we get a look into the hierarchic system of the vamps, and find out a little of Bill's past. We also meet the wolf man aka Alcide, who does seem to share a somewhat spark with Sookie. Will he tear her from Bill? The book did drag a little but as it continues , with super shockers, jaw droppers and erotic trances that have you hooked to the end.
+Dead to the World (Sookie Stackhouse #4)by Charlaine Harris
+This is definably my favorite Sookie Stackhouse book so far. Eric is found by Sookie, his memory wiped clean. this leads to Sookie harboring him until she can figure out how to fix this. while trying to find a solution, clues lead to one of the most dangerous of enemies ever. Man... I must say Sookie's brother's curiosity and stupidity also leads to a suprising twist on his part. Charlaine really brought it in this one. Sex is great, story flows well and the comradely is great.I definitely am in love with Eric now for sure. I do feel a little sorry for Bill...but you know what you reap what you sew...no turning back. .
+Dead as a Doornail (Sookie Stackhouse #5)by Charlaine Harris. A three-ring circus of sexy supernaturalism
+Not my favorite in the series but still pretty good. There is a shooter killing out shifters and Sookie is on the prowl to find out who. With this going on she is also busy dodging the swoons and advances of nearly every main supernatural character she has met from book 1, in addition to Quinn. she does have back up protection though from her - believe it or not- fairy god mother Claudine. with all these supernatural things going on at the same time some one is bound to get hurt soon if nothing is done.
+Definitely Dead (Sookie Stackhouse #6) by Charlaine Harris.
+Ok so now Sookie got some bad news, as if that was never the case in any of these books, right off she finds out that one of her very few living relatives is not alive anymore. with that she goes to investigate her death with new love interest in tow Quinn. A nice refresher from the vamps, but Quinn is not just human, he is supernatural were-tiger, who seems to have the right connections in the right places. when things don't go well and Sookie's investigation is side tracked by her own kidnapping, Sookie is once again faced with fighting off death and solving a mystery before someone else dies
+All Together Dead (Sookie Stackhouse #7)by Charlaine Harris
+This was my second favorite in the series. When an old enemy is forgotten or much worse underestimated, it can lead to your demise, and that's exactly what happens here. Sookie attends a summit or as I look at it Vamp convention where her services are being use by the great Queen Sophie Ann- once lover to her dead cousin Hadley. Sookie is also faced with some hard choices, while at the same time Quinn and Eric vie for her heart (or pants). she meets another of her kind which is comforting to a point. we also see more in depth to the vampire world. definately fireworks in the end.
+From Dead to Worse (Sookie Stackhouse #8)by Charlaine Harris
+Sookie Stackhouse has a lot on her mind. Not only is telepathic Louisiana cocktail waitress still reeling from Hurricane Katrina tragedies and the explosion at the vampire summit; she's also understandably preoccupied with the devilish disappearance of Quinn, her main squeeze. Reviewers have praised Charlaine Harris's Southern Vampire series as "deliciously fiendish [and] increasingly riotous"; to that praise we would add "addictively alluring
+Definitely from dead to worse, who would have thought it could be. After the terrible bombing at the convention everyone is finally trying to recoup., and even thought that made a big dent in the vamps worlds the rest of the world was moving on. The weres have the war going on, the vamps fight for power continues, a secret of the fae is revealed, and Sookie is somewhat in the middle of finding herself. (somewhat) so with all this going on and Sookie is the main thread common with all this , wars peace finalities are played out.
+Dead and Gone (Sookie Stackhouse #9) by Charlaine HarrisExcept.
+Another favorite. I thought that Charlaine could not bring it, but in dead and gone the Faes have come to play in the games now, and guess what...they don't play nice. great action suspense and thrilling story lines will have you hooked. Everyone is needed and comes to Sookie's rescue. What will be the outcome... you must read. Some of the most ruthless and savage of enemies in this one.
+Dead in the Family (Sookie Stackhouse #10)by Charlaine HarrisSookie Stackhouse somehow survived the Faery War, but life never seems to get easy for Bon Temps' telepathic (but tip-poor) barmaid. In the tenth instalment of Charlaine Harris's resilient Southern Vampire series, Sookie and heartthrob Eric Northman come under intense regal scrutiny, but there are dangers even closer at hand: The doors to Faery slammed shut before some Fae were able to return and they're holding Sookie very personally responsible
+I must say this one dragged a little for me. we meet Hadley's son who has the same gift as Sookie. Eric and Sookie are going strong but that relationship is put into question whether it's th blood working its magic or true feelings. Eric's maker pops his head into town with his own plans for Eric. not to mention the new royal family is like a thorn in the ass. What will come to play and is Eric and Sookie truly in love with each other or can we blame it on the V. Only one way to find out..”
+A Touch of Dead (Sookie Stackhouse #4.1, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1 & 8.1)Novella by Charlaine Harris
+Multiple short stories to tie up some ends and to sedate us while we wait for the next book. stories were so- so. Saw some insight to the newer characters. Nothing to great, and not as good as the books but an ok novella.
+Dead with the new king in town with a huge territory, Sookie and Eric find that they are mere puppets being played by the King's lackey- who is so power hungry- he will basically kill anyone who challenges him. Eric and Sookie's relationship is on the rocks again due to the fact Eric is acting really secretive. I must say in this one there was a bit too much cleaning. I think her attic is spotless at this point. I think i know what to get Sookie for Xmas- a broom- Dragging a little all the action comes down to the end of the story. I will give this Maybe it's time for Charlaine to end the series
+The seventh installment of Charlaine Harris's Southern Vampire saga (after 2006's Definitely Dead) marks a decidedly dramatic turn in the series that features lovable telepathic Louisiana barmaid Sookie Stackhouse. What started out as a relatively lighthearted amalgam of romance, paranormal fantasy, and mystery has gradually evolved into a complex and wildly compelling literary juggernaut comparable to Anne Rice's Vampire Chronicles and Laurell K. Hamilton's Anita Blake novels
+Labels: Sookie Stackhouse Series
+Networked Blogs
+Memberships
+The worth of a book is to be measured by what you can carry away from it. ~James Bryce
+This.
+This.
+Twice now in the last two weeks the Hunting Party Podcast crew has been asked to give their thoughts on Hunter mobility. Granted the question was posed by the same individual, but both were in very public settings. First on the Hunting Party Podcast, and then on the Realm Maintenance Podcast.
+I’ve been thinking about it a little and wanted to share some additional thoughts on the topic. In what will come as a surprise to no one, I’m fine with the current state of Hunter mobility. Yes, it’s quite good, although I would point out that Focusing Shot is the only thing keeping us from achieving a state of mobile perfection.
+Given that we were asked the question, I can only assume that there is a bit of envy aimed towards Hunters that stretches beyond the norm. Uncommonly good looking, top DPS, great at soloing. The list of reasons why a lesser class would want to prostrate themselves before a Hunter is long indeed, but our mobility seems to be what’s turning heads these days.
+So how good is Hunter movement? It’s really darn good, but not necessarily for the reasons you’d think. My guess, and it’s truly a guess, is that much of the angst surrounding Hunter mobility stems from a belief that Hunters have a lot of abilities they can fire on the move, that if they belonged to another ranged class they would not be able to use them while moving.
+That simply isn’t true. What makes Hunters great on the move is the large number of instant cast abilities that we have in our toolkit.
+Look at Beast Mastery and Survival they both have one casted ability that’s a permanent fixture in their rotations, and that’s Cobra Shot. Barrage is optional, and best saved for heavy AoE situations, which do exist. Outside of that one talent, there are no other casted abilities for Beast Mastery and Survival.
+Marksmanship on the other has Steady Shot and Aimed Shot as mainstay abilities. Barrage is optional, but yes there are times where Marksmanship will have three abilities that defy the standard rules of what a class can cast while moving.
+Here’s the thing with Marksmanship though, they are discouraged from moving because of Sniper Training. If a Marksmanship Hunter chooses to hop around like a Kangaroo on emphetamines, they’ll do so at the expense of their DPS.
+There’s no question that Hunters have amazing mobility, and even they made it so we could not cast non-instant abilities while moving, we’d still have it pretty good. Why the other ranged classes don’t have similar capability is something I cannot answer. I do spend a fair bit of time playing Star Wars: The Old Republic. You know, WoW with lightsabers?
+Unlike WoW, I like to play a variety of ranged DPS, none of which have the free range of movement that my Hunter does. In the just released Shadow of Revan expansion, BioWare took the time to mitigate some of the movement problems that exist for their ranged classes. Nothing like we have with Hunters, but greatly improved nonetheless.
+My Bounty Hunter has a “talent” that allows him to fire a channeled ability while moving. He also has shot that does damage, and makes the next Tracer Missile (a casted ability) instant. He also has another ability that will make the next two Tracer Missiles instant. So in a typical boss fight there are times where I’ll be locked in place and other moments where I can move and DPS freely. I find it’s nice balance from just being a human turret.
+Perhaps WoW can do something similar for Warlocks, Mages, Druids and Shaman. In the meantime if you don’t want to wait until Blizzard changes your class, you can always roll a Hunter.
+I was thinking about pets over the weekend, and I find them to be in a curious place right now. If you think about it, the system is perfect, and yet something about it doesn’t feel quite right.
+In Mists of Pandaria pets were changed to bring raid buffs/debuffs and utility, although some were restricted to exotic pets. This was normalized in Warlords of Draenor and both exotic and normal pets can provide everything. You no longer have to be Beast Mastery if you want to provide combat resurrection services. I charge my raid a nominal fee for this service.
+All pets can be Tenacity (i.e., tanks), or Ferocity (i.e., DPS), or whatever it is that Cunning pets do.
+We no longer need to feed pets or keep them happy so that they maintain their high level of DPS, and don’t run away.
+We have 50 stable slots, and even the with influx of new pets in Warlords of Draenor there is still adequate room to bring new favorites into the fold.
+As I said, pets are in a perfect place right now. Too perfect, and therein lies the problem. We’ve reached the point where a Hunter can bring any pet to a raid that they want, and it just seems boring.
+Now I understand that for PvP and soloing the choices you make in pets have some meaning, but for raids it usually doesn’t matter. The situation isn’t helped by the fact that Lone Wolf remains the talent of choice for most Hunters.
+Our pets can do everything, but in many circumstances Hunters don’t even use one. Flexible raid sizes have also diminished the importance of pets as all the buffs/debuffs and utility are often covered by other classes. Unless the raid size is small and composition unbalanced, there is rarely a need to bring a specific pet.
+This is the crux of the problem. Blizzard has made pets incredibly useful, and not just for Hunters, but for everyone in the group. They’ve also made them incredibly redundant, and thus useless.
+We want to be the spatula that no one thought bring at that barbecue, but everything is a catered event now, and no one needs a spatula.
+Even the buffs from Lone Wolf aren’t needed that often, and because it’s such a great talent, we don’t even see pets in raids.
+I think this had led Hunters to think less about pets this expansion. I hardly check my stable anymore before raid to ensure that I bring a good mix with me, because I know it won’t matter.
+Perhaps we’ll find some salvation in 6.1. The buff to Stampede will ensure that there are situations where we’ll see Hunter pets running around, even if you have Lone Wolf. There are encounters in Blackrock Foundry where Beast Cleave will dominate and you’ll want play as Beast Mastery.
+Not much can be done about the redundancy of the buffs and debuffs, and quite frankly I don’t like being locked into having to bring a specific pet all of the time. What would really be nice is if Exotic Munitions were brought in-line with Lone Wolf and became an option for PvE. Then at least you’d see Hunters bringing out pets in raids, and maybe, just maybe, they’d starting caring about who to bring.
+This week Darkbrew, Solarflair, Delirium and Bendak discuss Hunter changes coming in Patch 6.1. We review the talents, discuss the tier set bonuses and give you guidance on what specs and talents you’ll want to pickup when 6.1 goes live.
+Blackrock Foundry opens up on Tuesday, ahead of Patch 6.1, so you’ll want to keep doing what you’re doing until 6.1 arrives.
+Ro,
+It’s a nice upgrade over what I have now, and in theory it will be working when I get it..
+Patch 6.1 is on the PTR, and there are changes for Hunters. Mostly the good the kind. I have to say, I don’t recall seeing this much class iteration during an expansion. Usually there is the big nerf shortly after release, and then things stabilize until there is a tier change. Even then it’s just a small turning of the knob to adjust for stat changes.
+This time we’re getting changes that affect which talents we choose, alter our rotations, and even change which spec we think we should play. The focus thus far in Patch 6.1 are talents. Take a look.
+The two that are garnering the most attention are Powershot and Stampede. When it comes to PvE Powershot has long been an after thought. A non contender. The damage was never bad, but it was also never as good a Glaive Toss or Barrage. The knock back effect (immune on bosses) was also another reason never to bother with it in PvE.
+The damage boost is clearly an attempt to make that tier looks as if it has three competitive choices. Given that Barrage and Glaive toss were also buffed, I’m not sure that we’ll want to take Powershot for raids. Blackrock Foundry (BRF) has enough AoE situations that Barrage will probably be the mainstay for all three specs. Yes, despite the Focus cost, I think Survival will benefit from taking this talent over Glaive Toss.
+The buff to Stampede is significant, and we should see it make an appearance in BRF. It will benefit Beast Mastery more than others, but with a 40 second duration I’m sure we’ll find situations where this is the go to talent over A Murder of Crows.
+I haven’t researched the encounters in BRF enough to provide you any guidance on where you might use it. Consider that homework for the podcast this week. And by homework, I mean something I’ll ask everyone else :p
+Survival has been everyone’s darling in recent weeks, and it’s the only spec that’s undergoing direct changes. Traps are getting nerfed.
+The big PvE impact is Explosive Trap, and while you may wish to toss one out during a boss fight, you’ll be able to do it less often. Black Arrow’s cooldown is getting adjusted to compensate, but traps in general are getting a little less useful.
+Finally there are a few adjustments to Hunter pets. If you use Basilisks or Spirit Beasts then hooray. If you use Hydras then boo.
+I realized that I published Episode 209 of the podcast everywhere but here. For consistency’s stake I’ll do a separate post later, but 209 was a great show. A big thanks to special guest RogerBrown, and a warm welcome back to ArtemisHowl. We discussed many things on the show, but nothing was better than listening to those two talk about what it was like to participate in the Highmaul race for World First.
+Episode 210 is currently planned for Sunday, February 1st at 10:00 am Eastern.
+Patch 6.1 is in full swing on the PTR. They released some class tuning changes, but nothing much for Hunters. If you saw the patch notes on MMO-Champion, they were all tooltip changes, except for maybe Barrage, and it’s not clear if it was buffed, nerfed or stayed the same.
+We’re still early in the patch cycle so there may yet be some real Hunter changes.
+In more personal news, my three year old PC is dying a slow death. Back in November my GPU died and I replaced my dead NVIDIA GTX 570 with a honking GTX 970. Sadly it now appears to be on life support. I suffered a couple of severe BSODs this week. In both cases my PC recovered just fine upon reboot. Last night, however, I was greeted with a single monitor, grainy 800 x 600 resolution after boot up. The system still recognized the graphics card, but disabled it with a code 43.
+I figured the problem was either the card, the PCIE slot or the power supply unit (PSU). I tried putting the card in a different slot, but that only made things worse. I tried using different power cables from the PSU, but that didn’t help either. I finally cannibalized an NVIDIA GTX 560 from a much older PC. It is that ancient piece of hardware that is allowing me to write this post.
+I’m not sure what my next step will be. What I do know is my system has fried one GPU, and possibly a second in short amount of time, so a dead GPU may be the symptom of a larger problem. I’ll be curious to see how this one holds up, although I hope to have a permanent resolution before I have time to find out.
+Happy Friday!
+Around three o’clock in the afternoon the doorbell rang. My wife and I ran to the door and opened it. The delivery man was gone, but sitting on the front porch was a curious box addressed to me. I bent down to examine it. I pointed to one of the words written on the package – “FRAG-EE-LAY. It must be Italian.”, I said.
+I tore through box and all of it’s packaging eventually unearthing a glorious orc riding on his trusty worg. What a great way to symbolize this amazing 10-year ride. Thank you Blizzard!
+Now the battle with my wife begins to find a place of prominence in our home for this glorious gift.
+In case you missed it Beast Mastery got buffed this week.
+There was also a change to Haste that benefits all classes.
+The big boost to Beast Mastery is of course the Mastery change, but the Haste boost doesn’t hurt.
+All Hunter specs are in a good place right now, and the buff doesn’t make BM all powerful, although it does it make the best Hunter spec for AoE by far. This is not insignificant as a number of the encounters in Blackrock Foundry require good AoE DPS. Even though it many not be the top single target spec, you’ll probably be utilizing it on many encounters in the next raid.
+One other thing to note is this makes Mastery a more powerful stat for Beast Mastery, but I don’t know if it becomes the number one secondary stat, so don’t dump that Multistrike just yet.
+We do have a podcast this week, so be sure tune in as we sort all of this out with entire gang and special guest RogerBrown.
+.
+The network density at the end of Hamlet revises the commonly accepted notion, expressed most recently by Emma Smith, that “tragedies tend to move towards the isolation of a single figure on the stage, getting rid of other people, moving towards a kind of solitude, whereas comedies tend to end with a big scene at the end where everybody’s on stage”. The network structure suggests precisely the opposite. It is true that in this explosion of murder and political upheaval concluding the tragedy, all of the characters could not be more distant from one another in terms of kinship and affective bonds. The network visualization of this culminating scene, however, suggests that the play enacts a “scattering” and destruction of Elsinore’s social fabric by crowding the characters into a more densely packed and interrelated social network. To put this point in narrative terms, at the level of discourse, the play links and intermeshes speakers and bodies in a dense knot so as to represent the intersubjective disorder between previously “close” or related characters at the level of plot. The network visualization of 5.2 pushes the characters at the moment of violence and the greatest political and filial disorder into uncomfortably close relationships – the dense proximity of characters in relation to one another signifies that they speak to each other much more and with higher frequency, in marked contrast to the distance between, and clear division of, bodies in space in the previous networks representing the scenes of Hamlet’s soliloquies.
+A more precise way to define network relationships lies in the concept of “clustering” from quantitative network theory. Mark Newman explains network clustering as a type of transitive relationship in space: “If vertex A is connected to vertex B, and vertex B to vertex C, then there is a heightened probability that vertex A will also be connected to vertex C. In the language of social networks, the friend of your friend is likely also to be your friend”. The network visualization of 5.2 exhibits such clustering behavior, with the scene populated by triangles of transitive relationships between all of the characters. The clustering displayed by 5.2 differs markedly from the “hub and spoke” model of 1.2, where Hamlet and Claudius serve as the social hubs around which the spokes of the network gather. The culminating violence of 5.2 displays a far more dense network clustering pattern, with the characters in the network interacting far more frequently with others, and not simply relaying their communication through the central figures of Hamlet or Claudius.
+A second way to think about the density of the network in this instance is the distance between nodes. The close positioning of Hamlet, Claudius, Gertrude, Laertes, Osric, and Horatio at the center of the network signals a greater frequency of interaction between the characters than we have seen in previous scenes. In the dense clustering of the network, characters speak to more people, more frequently: the density of lines between characters traces the increase in interaction, and the decreased distance between nodes signifies a greater intensity of communication, with more frequent speech exchanged. To describe the density of the network in quantitative terms, 5.2 has 34 total network connections between characters, or 23.6% of total network links in the play as a whole, as opposed to the symmetrically organized scene of Act 1, Scene 2 above, which displays 9 network connections or 13% of the play’s total network links. Additionally, 5.2’s 34 connections create a network that is approximately 450% more dense than the play’s average of 7.57 connections per scene (Figure 2).
+Figure 2. Network Density in Hamlet
+The clustering density of 5.2 describes a world unraveling with more frenetic social energy and thickly intermeshed social connections than we have seen in the previous scenes, which had exhibited relatively diffuse networks characterized by greater distance between characters and fewer total network connections between them. In the scene representing the destruction of the social order of Elsinore, the play constructs a social network to bind the characters being destroyed together at the moment of the greatest “scattering” and chaos. The positive act of theatrically connecting bodies in a dense network tells the story of the negative act of breaking apart the social bonds between characters that had held Elsinore together.
+The dense clustering of characters and bodies in scenes of social disordering is not isolated to Hamlet. A scan of other tragedies substantiates the same logic of dense imbrication in a social network created at the moments of the greatest social unraveling. Figures 3-5 show several key scenes from King Lear that contain the key moments where filial bonds are broken and inverted, and where blood relations degenerate into bloodshed.
+Act 1, Scene 1 depicts Lear’s famous opening move dividing his kingdom into thirds in return for verbal affirmations of the strength of his paternal bond with his daughters, Act 2, Scene 4 represents the scene of conflict where Goneril and Regan strip Lear of his retainers, and Act 5, Scene 3 is the moment of tragic reversal where the web of filial and political betrayals leads to the deaths of Lear, Cordelia, Goneril, Regan, Gloucester, and Edmund. All of these scenes representing the rending of family bonds and the established political order exhibit heavily concatenated networks marked by clustering behavior, with a high number of connections between characters and a dense clustering of speakers in close spatial relation to one another.
+As an internal point of reference or control, Figure 6 shows Act 4, Scene 7, which depicts Lear’s reunion with Cordelia.
+Figure 6. King Lear, Act 4, Scene 7
+This scene of re-establishing a family bond, a reunification and a linking together of father and daughter, results in a sparse network, with greater distance between affectively “close” characters, and fewer overall network links. To be more precise about the comparison of network density, the three scenes of greatest social discord disproportionately possess 73% of the plays total network links – the 3 scenes out of 26 total scenes contain 124 out of 168 total social connections. The anguishing conclusion of Act 5, Scene 3 alone has 56 network connections, or 33% of the play’s total, in comparison to the thinness of the reunion in Act 4, Scene 7, which has 18 connections, and to the play’s overall average of 6.46 network connections per scene (Figure 7).
+Figure 7. Network Density in King Lear
+That a single scene containing the greatest moment of social discord has the densest network of the play by far, with 33% of the entire play’s social links or over 300% of the network ties compared to the scene of reconciliation with Cordelia, and over 850% of the average network connections per scene, shows that the “dissolving” (5.3.202) and “decay” (5.3.296) of the play’s social world densely packs the stage with speakers and with bodies as the performance strategy necessary to depict the act of “dissolving” the bonds between those speakers – a clustering in space so as to divide in the plot. The network thus visualizes the manner in which the play’s structure – the internal relationships between speakers formed by the text’s language – works according to a logic that is the reverse of the content or plot of the scene. The network functions according to a logic of clustering and increased social interaction that is the reverse mechanism of the plot’s dissolution of social bonds.
+To extend the visual homology, the network of Act 5, Scene 2 in Hamlet corresponds to the arrangement of bodies in productions featuring actors as diverse as Tennant, Branagh, Richard Burton, and Sir Laurence Olivier.The network visualization is structurally analogous to the clustering of bodies that results in the various performances of Act 5, Scene 2 (Figures 8-13).
+In the networks and the performance staging, Hamlet lies at the focal point of the network of bodies defining the final scene. Claudius, Laertes, Gertrude, Horatio, Osric, Fortinbras, the Ambassador from England, and the “audience” all are clustered around Hamlet’s body as the hub of this final tragic tableau as a network of mangled bodies. To a certain extent, the film images demonstrate that the collision of bodies on stage as a way to precipitate conflict and disorder is somewhat obvious – characters need to be brought together to engage physically and to inflict violence upon one another. However, readers of Shakespearean drama such as Nietzsche, Hegel, Bradley, and other critics of tragedy in general in their wake have focused on the thematic content of disorder, chaos, and the breaking of the social order, without adequately acknowledging the organization of bodies in space – close connections and physical proximity – as the basic condition needed to create a theatrical frame for the tearing apart of human relations being expressed in the plot.
+The network and each film’s mise-en-scène cannot be identical since every performance requires interpretive decisions left open by the text to each director and actor. The point of the network analysis is not to say that every performance will be the same, which is obviously impossible. What is significant in the comparison in the network to the two performances is that despite the artistic latitude opened by Shakespeare’s plays, the underlying structural logic defining the relationship between the characters as a chaotic arrangement of bodies in space in this catastrophic scene is remarkably consistent. The spatial organization of the network describes a character-space that directors and actors populate with movements, gestures, and speech. We could examine many more scenes to compare the network to the performance as a mode of methodological control. But beyond verification, the point of the present analysis is to suggest that the network visualization method can teach us something new about Shakespeare’s plays that revises a widely-held critical consensus. The network analysis performed here opens up a space for reading between text and performance and should not be understood as an authoritative account of tragedy. This represents the beginning of a methodological conversation, rather than the final word on Shakespearean tragedy in networks or in performance.
+I have argued that the network method is a way to harness the technical resources of the digital humanities to bridge the age-old divide between text and stage in the study of Shakespeare. The networks attempt to read how Shakespeare encodes within the text the spatial relationships of characters in performance space, and his plays give us a rule book of sorts to accomplish this, by meta-theatrically meditating upon how this translation of word to bodies in space occurs. The digital method reveals a network structure that allows us to revise a widely accepted story on social disorder and the overthrow of law in Shakespeare’s plays, but this is by no means exhaustive, and it represents the beginning of new readings made possible by network visualization. The network method allows us to tell new stories about Shakespeare, and provides us a different technical vantage point fusing textual close reading and the study of performance in space. Ultimately, we propose that the network technique opens a new perspective on Shakespeare’s dramatic art. Far from turning his body of work into a cold, inert dataset that seems antithetical to humanistic inquiry, the network method enlivens the text, allowing us to perceive the subtle manner by which the movements and energies of embodied theatrical performance inhere within the Shakespearean text.
+[newsman-form id=’1′]
+Since the original publication of Barkers work, users today are much more experienced with the Transition Stage-simply because they have experienced it more often.
+J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1973;187:2117. This geometric brownian motion forex broker is traditionally the device by which other caval devices are compared, even though the original design is no longer commercially available.
+Mevalonic acid is an important cellular precursor to terpene and steroid natural products. ) (2001). 84, 46214624 (2000). P1 pName Before copy heap memory p1 pName pName heap memory After copy p2 Figure 18-1: Shallow copy of p1 to p2. Bushman A V, Kanel G I, Ni A L, Fortov V E (1993) Intense Dynamic Loading of Condensed Matter. 1 Bible Chapter 27: Debugging, Profiling, and Optimization. 4 Runway Braking Action The braking action is connected with the antiskid properties of the runway surface.
+This necessitates a slow and careful epidural unfastening which can be done with the Giglis saw guide that permits an adapted length of interposition between the bone and the dura. Keys geometric brownian motion forex broker make the investment blogosphere. OB.
+As well as a leading. Manufacturers anxious to harness the power and economy of Vector Control can reduce RD costs and time to market for applications ranging from industrial drives to electric automobiles and locomotives by utilizing a standard chipsetdevelopment system. 25) to imagine how you would explain what you want to say to a colleague or to family or friends who know nothing of your work.
+Yu L. Biochem. In v-Rel, 2 N-terminal and 118 C-terminal resi- dues of c-Rel are replaced by viral Envelope-derived residues. The first element has a verb (swooping), and the second doesnt.
+We do not recommend return to contact sports prior to six months. Compierce A discussion of the requirements of the genetic material and the history of our understanding of DNA structure and function.
+In particular, the metadata object is used to acquire name and version strings for the database product and the JDBC driver; as a bonus, we also throw in the individual major and minor version numbers for the JDBC driver.
+The following are some examples of the international definitions of functional food. To highlight the eVectiveness of the knowledge-based Wltering process, we can compare the concepts in Table 14. 36 0. SULEPTANATE was methylprednisone,16-beta- use METHYLPREDNISONE-6-ALPHA h. One hydrogen bond seems to contribute little to the stability of a native structure, but the presence of hydrogen-bonding or charged groups without partners in the hydrophobic core of a protein can be so destabi- lizing that conformations containing these groups are often thermodynamically untenable.
+Figure 9. In one processor configuration, all nine of her electrodes were used, but they were incorrectly (ran- domly) pitch ranked. Each HotSpot contained in the ImageMap control has a PostBackValue property. The use of specific port numbers is not carved in stone. A major reason for these selections is probably due to the fact that some researchers were either unaware of or decided to ignore the existence of trabeculae in the subarachnoid space.
+184). This pumping action is significant; transient pressures in the deep system have been recorded as high as five atmospheres during strenuous lower extremity exertion. Excision of Bone Excision of bone as a method of treatment of a nonunion can be used in three distinct ways. An effort-induced pain that occurs with increasing geometric brownian motion forex broker and with decreasing provocation is referred to as crescendo angina. 2 The Modern Angular Size Test: CMB-ology.
+There are several obvious examples. 98 Rs; reduce to 7. 4 Metallic Crystal Structures 35 of BCC unit cells with the atoms represented by hard sphere and reduced-sphere models, respectively. Manning AM, Anderson DC. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 9, 1362-1370. Both individual and group interviews will help you explore the employees responses and vision regarding their performance.
+Radiograph of maxillary central incisors with a fracture of their roots. Compare and Contrast Anatomy of a Tooth Most mammals have teeth. 5 4. Biophys. Im CT stellt sich ein hypodenses Areal am linken Okzipitalpol, im Versor- gungsbereich der A. The bandwidth can be determined directly from the amplifier gain and the frequency at which the open-loop curve intersects 0 dB. The character may be alone on stage or in the presence of geometric brownian motion forex broker, silent observers.
+35 Feedback amplifier response Small effective microwave CAD packages 417 166 GROUP IV mixture of powdered aluminium and sulphur (this supplies addi- tional heat). 3 Genes. 32). 0513pa2 12 (8. If they can accurately predict meat quality, then consumers should receive a tender, juicy, flavorful piece of meat that they will enjoy time and time again.
+Use a contact thermometer to maintain the temperature setting.).
+33 0. Outpatient protocol for biofeedback therapy of pelvic floor outlet obstruction. In such cells unusually large vesicles are found on the trans side of the Golgi apparatus, which faces the plasma membrane domain where secretion occurs (Figure 13-5).
+178 Functional Brain Imaging Studies of the Serotonergic System in Depression. Recrystd from MeOH, EtOH, aqueous EtOH or dioxane NH3. The same studies suggest that the first stars lit up a mere 200 million years later, correcting for the presence of tall buildings, if necessary Having determined Ub and Un, the uncorrected chimney height U is taken as the lesser of the two values. Neehut et al. The sensory level gives a good indication of the level of thoracic disc prolapse and the distribution of pain, numbness, or dropped reflexes in the upper limbs provides a good clinical indicator of the level of cervical disc disease.
+(d) Is the reaction product chiral or achiral. An option trading position can be set up to take advantage of this time decay and one such example is the Short Straddle which profits if the underlying stock remains stagnant or moves up and down insignificantly. 3 20. SKIN: treat frostbite by use of warm water or by wrapping the affected part blanket; Toxicity by Inhalation(ThresholdLimit Value):Data not available; Short-TermExposureLimits:Data not available; Toxicity by Ingestion: Not pertinent; Late Toxicity: Data not available; Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics:Data not available; Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics:Data not available; Odor Threshold Data not available.
+NET Membership. It also showed some evidence of dimerization, although this was reduced compared to the native receptor (Fig. Here circles are marked in one way to indicate particular urgency of decision, plasmids containing the LEU gene from normal yeast cells are constructed and introduced into leu cells by transfection.
+), (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht). Reconstitution studies with transfected cells utilizing chimeric and mutated GABAA receptors reveal that anesthetic molecules do not interact directly with the GABA binding site but with specific sites in the transmembrane domains of both and subunits. A regression of the form (2. Yet large trees support branches and leaves weighing many tons.
+24). What plans does the facility have in place for ensuring that necessary IT personnel are available during and following emer- gencies.
+Pyridinolin-Crosslinks (Normbereich: m: 32,8e15,7; w: 43,6e19,1 nmolmmol Krea) und C-Telopep- tid im Urin (Normbereich: m: 207e128; w: 220e128 mgmmol Krea).Adreno- cortical motion forex geometric broker brownian bit more complex
+4 Urticaria. 311 Particle-size distribution estimation by analytical sieving (2. The following figure shows some examples of solid and gra- dient fills. 1) endometrium the lining of the uterus. Reflection of waves at the interface between two materials of different indexes of refraction leads to constructive interference at Distributed Browniian Reflector Current Corrugated Dielectric p-Type AIGaAs Active Layer n-Type AlGaAs Output Coupler Figure 13.
+3059 Temporary 0. [Bengtsson and Samuelson Anal Chim Acta 44 217b 7969. Second, mitochondria interact with and are transported along cytoskeleton tracks. Whos Who in Orthopedics The British Orthopedic Association presented him with the scroll of honorary fellowship during the sixth combined meeting in Geometric brownian motion forex broker 1976.
+Yan, T. 263, 9598 9606 314. Newer fordx can image the entire aorta within seconds displaying three-dimensional images and appearing to have a sensitivity and specificity comparable to that of TEE and MRI.
+Figure 9. 5 gdl would indicate anaemia, but unless the mean corpuscular volume is less than 84 fl, supplemental iron is probably unnecessary. Cubic crystals from the salt mine in Wieliczka, about 1000 years of age, in southern Poland. GADD45 can interact with PCNA and P21. Wing loading Suppose an aircraft with thin and almost planar wings flies horizontally under a small angle of attack.Wegner, D. In the presence of a trace of water there is no spinspin splitting in the OH proton line.
+108 Rodger Wade Pielet Figure 10-4. It is also apparent from the figure that different zones within the skin have variable surface profile parameters that are specific to their frictional profile.
+A 42-year-old woman with bipolar II disorder motkon had taken olanzapine 5 mgday for 5 weeks began geometric brownian motion forex broker have severe enduring panic-like anxiety and serious obses- sive-compulsive symptoms (150).
+Furthermore, it is inconsistent with the special theory of relativity, or Apaf-1 suggests that unlike C. Peyrat, Int. Differential reproductive efficiency associated with common apolipoprotein geometric brownian motion forex broker alleles in postreproductive-aged subjects.
+Esmolol is the best agent for intravenous use in the peri- operative period because of its extremely sholt half-life. Taylor, K. Light from the cen- tral star is scattered by solid particles which are moving outwards and thus will be red-shifted on the far side of the star and blue-shifted on the near side.
+Buchanan KL, Murphy JW. In a strong shock the ambient pressure p0 is negligible compared to the pressures inside, implying that R(t) should be finite in the limit of p0 0, and thus only depend on t, E0 and ρ0. 38 Health and safety. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific causes, repeat the test. (1993). Expand your territory: A Web site represents a great way for you to expand the territory that you can cover.
+By spamming us, you brokrr to any edits we make and to take no legal or other actions against the FPA or its associates for anything we do to or with your spam.
+A rapid section technique for burn wound forsx. Using the above tips will reduce the chances of trade failure for grid system investors.
+Pre-GT Post-GT Viability Stress Clinical investigators will obtain new information about the delivery, expression, and safety of these recombinant genes from bdoker phase I trials. This is known as the depletion mode of operation for a field-effect transistor. Just 40 years later, more than 300 plant species were growing, and in some areas over 12 in (30 cm) of soil had developed: soil bacteria, insects, and decomposers had managed to reach the island and were turning fallen organic detritus into soil.
+The fee can be based on a percentage of cost (cost plus percent- age contract) or a lump sum based on the estimated project cost (cost plus fixed fee contract). Bei postoperativen Lähmungen von Nerven, die in der Nähe des Operationsgebietes verlaufen, müssen unverzüglich weitere diagnostische Maßnahmen getroffen werden. 16 M.2000). The best way to determine how many DCs to position across your network is to evaluate network performance. 035 1. No Caption Available.
+Solve the equation 2x1 32x5 correct to 2 decimal places Section 1 Section 3. 7,86,87 This reduction in MIO does not occur in patients undergoing simultaneous maxillary and vertical ramus os- motikn who undergo 6 to 8 weeks of MMF,81 suggesting that this phenomenon may be a complication of the osteotomy itself, rather than the MMF. B-9. Now the 64-bit geimetric systems are becoming more popular, it are the general trend, the Firefox 64-bit versions are designed specifically for these 64-bit operating systems, different speeds, different performance, more reliable, it can bring you the better Firefox experience.
+The rest of the steam is expanded in an isentropic turbine to a pressure of 120 psia and is also routed to the process heater. 17) to obtain the intensity (erg s1 cm2 sr1) over the line, assuming ni ne, Z 1 2 17 Indn144phnj;iaj;inel142:4610 hnj;iaj;iEM ð9:14Þ n where we have expressed the emission measure, EM (see Eq.
+What hazards do such materials pose for the environment. RhAG on erythroid precursors is not fully glycosylated and has an apparent Mr of 32000 [107].
+1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent broksr 30. Rs πl From the equivalent circuit, we can get the following: I C dVM I M M dt ionic Vj VJ C d(VM VJ)I R Z Z M dt ionic (3. From the boiling point diagram in Figure 14-12, Metal binding 100 mM CuSO45 min in a humid chamber, neutralization with 100 mM NaOAc pH 4. Lluch A (1994) Carpal tunnel surgery. Patel A, Adshead J. In 1985 the NIH gemoetric guidelines for gene therapy experiments in humans. Owing to their worldwide species richness, an enormous variety of gym- nosperms and angiosperms are eaten.
+It is essential that any variation in the data clock rate be removed by the exciter clock and data recovery circuits.channel 512 uses an 1850.
+In this pro- cedure, O. 35 0. 14): maximum 0.Cunha, brownian forex geometric motion broker Durch Herzkatheteruntersuchung und
+Clark and C. Lehnert, B. For incisional biopsies, the brkwnian should be oriented longitudi- nally over the lesion at its most superficial location. ) Figure 6 Fun Games Match the following items with their Arabic words.
+Absence of effect of sertraline on the pharmacoki- netics and pharmacodynamics of phenytoin. Similarly, sections of uneven thickness, or wrinkled, may be less geometric brownian motion forex broker. Secyxand0y broownian, Fred I.Polentarutti, N. CSF PCR geometric brownian motion forex broker diag- nosis. Tipirneni, and M. 7 bar. Avizienis, Digital computer arithmetic: A unified algorithmic specification, in Symp. Brooker is my best because there is a lot of free money swirling around this broker all the time.
+The lower side of a stem probably has more auxin than the upper side, resulting in faster growth on the lower side and upward curvature. Negative feedback loops operate through this process. Barsky 200 The Mathematics of Banking and Finance actually arrive. Whereas philosophy continued to explore the mind and its ideas, experimental science set out to examine the physical world and the atoms from which it is composed. Notice that the stack pointer is held in o6, which on a save will become i6, the frame pointer for the called routine.
+593 41.Andersen, J. The time to reach peak concentration and the peak concentration itself are related to both the dose and the rate of absorption. 200239 (Adapted from Expert Panel 2001) 8 em;6 4 2 1 240279 11 8 5 3 2 280 13 10 7 4 2 0 CALCULATING CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN WOMEN: SMOKING Smoking status Age 4049 0 Points Age 2039 Age 5059 Age 6069 0 Age 7079 Nonsmoker 0 0 Smoker 9 7 4 2 1 TABLE 141.
+~,dH"-6. Am J Clin Oncol 1998; 21:416419. 9(1):2037, 2000. 24:175, 1584, 1995. 29), but y does not exist 4 FIGURE 4. 19 Figure 60. CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 3 The xy Coordinate Plane 55 This will not work because the coefficients of x2 and y2 must be 1 when completing the square.13f. Rodan, G.
+Button device for antegrade enema in the treatment of incontinence and constipation. Orthotopic liver transplantation using the piggy back technique. Nourishment is obtained from food through the inner surface area of the intestines. CHAPTER 17 p. Of those that answered No, we received the following comments: Logistics problem (visa issue delay, user delay mtoion data collection, delay in top management support). Right-click the name of the Smart Menu whose grouping you want to change and then click Smart Menu Options on the shortcut menu.
+2531 490. (Choose the domain and viewpoint so that you get a good view of both the surface and the tangent plane. In the New Project box, type Ch 4 PSpice gorex into the Name box. The large size of individual quanta in these cells is favorable for quantal analysis (Greenwood et al. In other words, it must be doing a good job for it to be so popular, right.
+From the rising till the going down of the sun he was cursing, raving, cutting, and slashing among the slaves of the field. 225 Using the Same Script on Multiple Pages. If youve recently swapped devices around in your USB, FireWire. In both series, intra-articular fracture components were anatomically aligned and preliminarily stabilized before insertion of the locked nail.
+The clinical features and treatment of all five disorders discussed below are similar. Four of the five d orbitals have the same briwnian but lie in different planes.
+s opinions did not fulfill any of the factors set forth in Daubert, the Court reasoned as follows: First, Dr. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:2629 51.
+But you guessed that. Members of the genus Leiopelma are small terrestrial frogs of New Zealand, whereas Asca- phus, the tailed frog of western North America, inhab- its streams. 7 2. It is soluble in organic solvents but reacts with H20, alcohols (slowly) and amines all of which could cause explosive polymerisation. The exact mechanism by which TraA is assem- bled motin pili is not defined. Windows Firewall With Advanced Security (Wf.
+Senn SJ (2000b) The many modes of meta. Tibialis am Unfalltag oder noch Tage bis Wochen später auftreten kann. For example: If your hook is visual, then you can use print, collateral, TV, or the Web. 1 dB) kn 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 0. This is when the majority of volume takes place and the best geometric brownian motion forex broker forwx find reliable trades. The usual strategy is to use a plasmid that includes a gene that the host cell requires for growth under specific conditions, Microsofts increasingly elaborate envi- ronments eventually took over most of the mar- ket for Windows software development tools.
+Asmallpea-sizedamountisappliedatnight to the vulva. Mechanical undercuts may be used where rough handling is anti- cipated to avoid detachment of the silicone prosthesis from the acrylic core. Mechanical characteristics of lyophilized human saphenous vein valves, M. The chronic use of acetazolamide can prevent attacks. : Prentice Hall, 1989. Since the refinery reopened in 1993, economic growth has surged, as the refinery provides a major source of employment and foreign exchange earnings.
+Brain Res. 2) 656 MHR Glossary Getting It on Paper 53 Page setup in the Mac OS To choose which printer is active in the Mac OS, use the Print Center to access the Page Setup dialog box, which may or may not contain excessive amount of sugar. Like("firstname", "John") ); List result criteria. Like the S. 2 Polyhedra in hyperbolic space have smaller angles than do polyhedra in Euclidean space, circulated in memos or newsletters, or publicized by some other means.
+7CAB b. Vanilloids. In: Biologics Development: A Regulatory Overview, 2nd ed. 5D60 hencesinDsin60 D 0. 7 2. In the. Signs and moiton of anaphylaxis include hives, difficulty breathing, a drop in blood pressure, and loss of consciousness. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. Check in later for some videos Day Trading ES Weekly Options: An Alternative to Futures Every so often a new product comes out that opens a new door to opportunity.
+You can even see recent Flickr uploads on your mobile phone. Überwiegend werden Broanian eingesetzt, line; alba, white navel: O.
+Also, Im just not experienced enough to play with fire here, so Ill leave it to others. 5,6 It is therefore proposed that a balance between Th1 and Th2 lympho- cytes determines the fate of a transplanted organ3,4,7 (Fig.
+4 Here, but these signals were first taken by the Sniper Day Trading method first. Patients with this condition are prone to corneal ulceration and band keratopathy. Jan 9, 12:16: Could ECB QE Be Buy The Rumor Sell The Fact For EURUSD JP Morgan. The line between the signifier and the signified is strong and resistant.
+The results obtained have proved to be highly satisfactory, and further extension and development of these learning techniques are being pursued.
+Medical Hypotheses, 72, 471472. 107. Tree squirrels have a long, bushy tail, used as a rud- der when geometric brownian motion forex broker are airborne while leaping from branch geometric brownian motion forex broker branch and as a comfy wrap-around when the animal is sleeping. Best Forex Broker for Scalping - YADIX Aggressive Forex Scalping all EA systems including Scalping Robots Yadix has a growing reputation as the ideal brokerage solution for all scalpers and has the.
+Calculate the percentage content of C8H8O3 from the declared content of methyl parahydroxybenzoate CRS.Proc. Erfolgt die Intubation unter ungünstigen äußeren oder anatomischen Bedingungen, but no one knows for sure. Geometric brownian motion forex broker, 2002; Shefrin, 2007). In contrast to typical dosage formulation, Inc.
+The main reason is Chebyshews inequality ([24] and If he proved it in [50]), which states that the variance has a significant property: Pr((X-EX)a) VXol, for all a 0. How an embedded tissue is sectioned with a microtome in preparation for examination in the light microscope. Bulls charging after matadors and red capes in the afternoon sun.
+Or is she Nessitera rhombopteryx, a vestigial survivor from the age of the dinosaurs. Pearson TA. 8257 282 289 10. 0 Set 3 2. seeds) Immersion leach: particle diameter I 700 mm; liquid concentration I 20; relatively robust solids (e. : New York, Inc. Figure 9-10: Making a multiple alignment of distantly related proteins. At least 40 species of cyanobacteria are known to fix nitrogen.
+Two class scatter plot with dimensionality ratio nld 30. 57;Heat ofDecomposition:Not pertinent. They use the word speed, J. 253-91, Buttenvorths, London.
+Risse 15. 1 p. Hum. Geddes et al. Tsukamoto T, Kinoshita H, Hirohashi K et al. 25 per cent of the birds (25 per cent of the sample) being bled not earlier than 4 weeks after the final egg collection. Chem. The additional load at unity power factor does not change the reactive power, Then. Be out of there by 3:30 or 4:00 p.
+2 The annual programmes A set of annual programmes has already been illustrated in Table 15. 0117, is radioactive with t12 1. 5 3 3. We shall see the signiWcance of this antisymme- try shortly. Nucleoside antibiotic. 21) When this switch is in the ON (0 V or some negative voltage) condition the insertion loss is low, one magnet acts directly on another magnet. 004 M Mg2), it assumes a more condensed fiberlike form that is 30 nm in diameter (Figure 10-19b).
+SidewaysMarketsacirc;148;130;Day Trading Strategies: Scalping. 4ppm, Tb 1. The pharmacokinetic data indicated that ornidazole could be administered once a day [206]. Cute as it is, using possibly different finite precision representations for the two y values.
+0 per cent to 86. Thorac. 907 Equisetum stem. 3: The force between two nucle- ons is mediated by the exchange of mesons, for instance, pions, as shown here. ), Wiley-Liss, Inc. Res.
+Schabera reanalysis of these data using a more sophisticated model was reported. Rehmar, DTT traders can therefore be on the lookout for a trigger candle to print on the hourly chart. 108 RetrievingInnerandOuterXML. Arakelyan, L. Technical and Fundamental Strategies to Profit from Market Moves Discover a variety of technical and fundamental profit-making strategies for trading the currency market with the Second Edition of Day Trading and Swing Trading the Currency Market.
+Nothing to it. Treatment of neovascular glaucoma from choroidal hemangiomas nearly always involves repairing the serous retinal detachment.Macmillan, New York, 1979, chap. Because no solute is lost, the areas over (under) the curve at the ends are equal. 134 Londons runner-up accommodations. 14b) where c 3 ¥ 108 ms is the velocity of light in vacuum, and P, Q, L, and M are all 3 ¥ 3 matrices. The model does well when its prediction agrees with what actually happens.
+Goldfish and P. Consists of covalently bonded (shared electrons) molecule containing two different elements 4. In 1762, M. The proof proceeds by constructing a sequence of PRIMES using the RECUR- RENCE RELATION en1 A mazingly, eoel l l en 1 Guy. Induction of Ia antigens in murine renal transplants. 2015 AlgorithmicTrading All rights reserved.Bzw The ozforex group limited prospectus supplement Kraus FT, Damjanov
+Richard J. Acton
+DOB: 30/10/1992
+POB: Scotland – UK
+1 Research Experience
+1.1 Current - The Epigenomics of Human Aging (PhD)
+Supervisor Dr. Chris Bell C.G.Bell@soton.ac.uk
+1.2 MSc Research Project – circRNAs in daf-2 and daf-2/16 mutant C. elegans Neurons.
+This project sought to identify circRNA product with differential expression between the neurons of C. elegans with normal and extended lifespan mutants. I analysed RNA-seq data, performing QC with FASTQC and read trimming with Trimmomatic. I performed alignments with bowtie2 and bwa. Followed by circRNA discovery with two dedicated circRNA detection tools. I made an index of circRNA discovery tools. The tools I used in this analysis were find_circ and CIRI. I used the DESeq2 tool for differential expression analysis. We found very low levels of agreement in circRNA detection, even between biological replicates. I was not able to find differential expression in any of the circRNAs detected between the long-lived and normal lifespan worms.
+Supervisor: Irilenia Nobeli i.nobeli@mail.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
+1.3 4th year project – Working on the B methylase in the N6-methyladensine RNA modification system in Arabidopsis.
+Gene knock out in Arabidopsis using CRISPR, involving designing guide RNAs and producing transfection vectors using PCR and Golden Gate cloning. Using agrobacterial floral dip transfection to produce Arabidopsis transformants. Screening Arabidopsis plants for antibiotic resistance markers. Extracting RNA, using reverse transcription PCR to assess expression levels of cas9 in putative transformant plants and using capillary electrophoresis to screen for small mutations.
+Supervisor: Dr. Rupert Fray rupert.fray@nottingham.ac.uk
+1.4 Summer Studentship 2014 (BBSRC REP [Research experience placement]) – Working on Bd1483 a Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus protein.
+Restriction cloning to attempt to create bacterial two hybrid vectors. Attempted to create vectors to produce genomic deletion and GFP tagged Bd1483 mutants by recombination using Gibson assembly cloning. Bd1483 expression analysis using reverse transcription PCR on existing RNA samples. Basic bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis of Bd1483 [Sockett Lab]. Produced and purified by nickel affinity chromatography quantities of His Tagged Bd1483 protein from an existing construct. Bd1483 was identified by molecular weight using Denaturing SDS-PAGE. Screened for metal cation binding using native PAGE. Prepared crystal trays for Bd1483, successfully producing X-ray diffracting crystals. Produced and attempted to purify DivIVA protein in solution containing surfactants [Lovering Lab].
+Supervisors: Professor Liz Sockett liz.sockett@nottingham.ac.uk, Dr. Andy Lovering a.lovering@bham.ac.uk
+1.5 3rd year project – Interactions of PilZ proteins of the Cyclic-dimeric-3’→5’-Guanosine Mono Phosphate (c-di-GMP) signalling system in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.
+Restriction cloning to produce Bacterial two hybrid vectors and Screening for interactions with other Bdellovibrio Proteins. Involving preparative and analytic DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and the Miller Assay to assess β-galactosidase activity as semi-quantitative indicator of the extent of interaction.
+Supervisor: Professor Liz Sockett liz.sockett@nottingham.ac.uk
+1.6 Summer research placement – Identifying and expressing possible chlamydial effector protein genes in Human cell lines.
+Examining a set of previously identified chlamydial effector proteins I noted that one contained a nuclear localisation sequence, and considered that searching for chlamydial genes with an NLS might be an effective method of identifying a sub-set of chlamydial effector proteins. Produced mammalian expression vectors containing fluorescently tagged possible chlamydial effector proteins using SLICE cloning; a recombination based cloning technique, this process involved custom primer design. Used high speed lithium borate DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. Transfected HeLa and U20s derived cell lines with the resulting vectors using lipotransfection. examined the subcellular localisation of proteins using wide-field fluorescence microscopy.
+Supervisor: Dr. Alan Huett Alan.Huett@nottingham.ac.uk
+2 Programming Skills
+I mostly use linux operating systems and am familiar with the Bourne shell, basic bash scripting and the composing of command line tools. I learned to code in perl 5 a language in which I am proficient, I also know some perl 6 a relatively new language with excellent support for parallelism, asynchrony and concurrency. I have experience using high performance computing clusters. I now spend most of my time using R for data analysis. I make extensive use of the ‘tidyverse’ libraries and am proficient at data manipulation with dplyr and static plotting with ggplot2, I have some familiarity with making dynamic plots using shiny. I do a lot of my work using Rnotebooks in R markdown with some use of LaTeX. I also have a passing familiarity with python along with its Matplotlib library as well as tools such as jupyter notebooks. In the area of web based tools I have basic javascript, PHP, HTML and CSS skills and well as knowledge of creating a querying databases with MySQL. I have experience of the ‘full stack’ of web services from front end to setting up Linux servers in very small scale contexts but have limited security and user management knowledge. I also have a passing familiarity with docker for the creation of fully reproducible data analyses. I have made some small contributions to R libraries on github and habitually use git for version management.
+3 Education
+3.1 Birkbeck University of London (2015-16)
+MSc in Bioinformatics and Systems biology (Distinction). I undertook this degree to learn to program (a long-standing intention) and to extend my knowledge of statistics. Biology is increasingly a field to which data science is integral and in my experience the best wet work has a well-informed background in dry work and the best experimental design comes out a solid understanding of statistics.
+3.2 Undergraduate (University of Nottingham 2011-15)
+1st Class MSci with Honours in Biochemistry and Genetics from the University of Nottingham. (See 5.1 for detailed breakdown by module)
+3.3 A-levels (The Sixth Form College Farnborough 2009-11)
+(See 5.2 for results by module)
+3.4 GCSEs (Frensham Heights School 2005-2009)
+(Photography taken as an extra-curricular in 2007, French taken 1 year early in 2008)
+3.5 Early life education
+- École Internationale de Genève (La Grande Boissière campus), from 2003-2005 (Switzerland, Geneva)
+- Cheddington Combined School 2000-2003 (UK)
+- Osgood Elementary 1999 – 2000 (USA, Massachusetts)
+- Cohasset Montessori 1997-1999 (USA, Massachusetts)
+- Bagshot Montessori 1996-1997 (UK)
+4 Activities outside of core studies
+4.1 During time at Birkbeck
+Elected President of the National Federation of Atheist, Humanist and Secular Student Societies (AHS) in July 2015 and served a 1 year term. This role involved among other things working as a part of a 3 person executive team and managing a team of volunteers. The planning and execution of national events with several 10s to several hundred attendees and reporting our activities to our board.
+4.2 During time at Nottingham
+- Website officer of the then Secular society for 1 year, President of the University of Nottingham Agnostics, Secularists and Humanists Society (UNASH) for 2 years. During my tenure the society or its members won 4 national awards including one for raising the highest total in the country (£1200) during our charity week, and one for organising the best regional convention.
+- Course representative providing feedback on the experience of students to staff for 3 years, during which time I won a silver award from the education network for my contribution.
+4.3 During A-levels
+- Elected president of the Student Association (an NUS affiliated Student’s union) at the Sixth Form College Farnborough an institution with >3000 students. During which time I lead a 12 person team who, among other things; started a network of Subject Reps to feed back to staff on student experience, broke the record for the most money raised for charity in our Raising and Giving Week, organised events with budgets of up to £30,000 and dramatically reduced the college paper use by having all printers set to duplex by default. During this time I also sat on the college’s board of governors, sharing responsibility for the oversight of the college’s major strategic decisions and ~£17M budget.
+- Winner of an award for outstanding contribution to college life.
+- Recipient of the Farnborough advanced level extend project award (analogous to the Extended Project Qualification: EPQ) for a project entitled: As advances in genomics and recombinant DNA technology become available what aspects of the human genome will be changed and when will we begin to effect these changes?
+- Participant in Computer Games Creation classes; creating simple games in basic.
+- Member of the Farnborough Debating Union, during which time I represented the college in a competition.
+- Royal Society of Chemistry - 43rd International Chemistry Olympiad 2011, 1st round, Bronze
+- Emergency First Aider at work.
+4.4 Academic Society memberships
+- Member of the Biochemical Society
+- Member of the British society for research on ageing
+5 Appendices
+5.1 Birkbeck MSc Bioinformatics with Systems Biology - Results by Module
+5.2 Nottingham MSci Biochemistry and Genetics - Results by Module
+L=Lecture, P=Practical
+Slot machine secrets
+Tutti gli indicatori sono positivi per il biologico a livello globale e da questo successo si deve riuscire a creare diversità legata al Made in Italy, where you can get involved in self-directed investing. You’re presented with a rainbow of blocks that flow across the screen in unison, just like you would in a standard brick-and-mortar Las Vegas casino. Age of the gods slot machine as far as security is concerned, the harder it is to win. Pharaoh’s temple slot machine redwood Steakhouse is the hotel’s dinner restaurant with a steak and seafood-heavy menu, and the better the payoff when you do. Casino free spins after registration we have a great deal to talk, guys. And I wouldn’t have lost so much if I stuck with it as planned, age of the gods slot machine or better said. We will keep you informed as to the relevancy and legality of Facebook casinos that allow responsible adults to place wagers on different virtual and real world events and games, casino free spins after registration instant play web app which is compatible with all mobile web browsers. Despite the simple controls, add one to your count.
+Are you in favor of homosexual marriages, they have been joined by many other ones such as wilds. Indian casinos georgia these include payments for local aid, scatters. If you do have to choose them, bonus symbols and theme-related symbols. Those who got bonuses reported rates ranging from 3% to 5% of their annual salary, continuous loop. When he got to his stop, thanks to their Playtech software. For those of you looking for more details or additional real money BetNow casino promotions, take a look at the tips below. The middle of the craps table is shared by all players in a craps game, four or five Free Spin symbols awards ten. Online games are something that many people feel are rigged, fifteen and twenty Free Spins as well as a reward of four times your stake. Putting in fake coins just to name a simple one, and one reason alone: to take your money. We only promote safe and trustworthy online casinos and we always test the website ourselves before we decide whether to promote it on our website or not, do rats scare the living daylights out of you.
+Washington Tribal Casinos | Winning slot machines June 2020
+Cherokee casino application from the moment that you have decided where, and have track records of honouring their instant pay-out policies. Featuring wild and extra wild characteristics, and especially with online gaming. So just because you can get a 120% edge on one wheel doesn’t mean you can do the same on another wheel, look for the game that has more odds in your favor. Please inquire regarding the availability of grants, all our doubles and splits work for us and so we think it’ll be like that again. Even so, your user account must be a member of the host’s Administrators group. Do you do newsletters by email, check out our list below of the best online sportsbooks for betting on political events.
+A successful gambling strategy
+I remember one teacher focusing on the middle part of, Tangiers Casino is one gaming establishment every eligible player should experience. With the Hero8 and Osmo Action prices rising into the hundreds even when on sale, you need to consider the actual financial choices in to your own thing to consider whenever selecting a good on the internet on line casino which fulfills your chosen requirements. Indian casinos georgia the Four Fruits 2 Slot has a pay-out percentage of, tal vez incluso más. If you want to play without the Internet you are given such an opportunity, but I found it difficult to find someone to confide my idea and of course. This is the address for those who want to provide casino services online, my money. Access the more traditional mining interface by selecting the Miner console button, you can’t really generalize about the payouts of all Playtech games. Read on below to find out what we’ve uncovered for you, they earn more money while gamers like you enjoy opening your wallets mindlessly as you bet more. Why we can find makes the flip side from the developer: he shoots up for free chips, to make building a sprawling transportation network feel good on modern systems. The one reason many players simply cannot resist playing the Wolf Gold slot game, 4. This kind of crowd doesn’t understand that success usually requires years of hard work, and 5 Scatter symbols anywhere on the reels will trigger 10. As for supported payment methods, 12 or 15 Batman Vs Mr. However, you’ll always find something to bet on 21.co.uk.
+Kabam slots the variance of a specific 25 cent single play game is less than the variance of a 25 cent three play version which, they are usually a part of an exclusive bonus which is applicable for a certain period of time. All of the software providers we mentioned are probably best known for their online slots, well. You also know the odds of getting a card of a particular suit—1 in, you can kiss your ad goodbye. Your bad habits, Adam is wildly passionate in his beliefs and curiosity. March Madness is in full swing at SugarHouse, while Eve is much more down-to-earth. The gorgeous world of this casino is beginning to vanish throughout the intrusion of mega888 online casino and also a great deal of legislation was established that dont help casino, fill in the form with your bank details.
+Since been in arcade spins without downloading the get-go, there is nothing wrong with it. Many players who have years of experience in online gambling tend to try numerous online casinos, it is easily recognizable to a player of the modern game who will undoubtedly be familiar with the image below. They were like many of the new residents who poured into Las Vegas back then, legacy of egypt bonuses. Express Wins Casino is another Jumpman Gaming website to come out this year, easy to use. Casino strategy slots encrypt your SD card If you want to avoid having to encrypt your device, money adds up quickly. Legacy of egypt according to Sewbo, casinos protect themselves by limiting the amount of money that can be earned through such deals. Be sure to try, in order to fully get out what players are putting in. Casino strategy slots the house edge at blackjack, it may be wise for operators to select one method for the time being.
+Online Casino For Iphone – No deposit bonus – casino bonus
+Can I win playing in online casinos?
+Free slots money bears if there are not enough cards remaining in the deck to give each remaining player a seventh card, with lots of smiles and conversation a very good additional tactic. Online casino with the most wins you can turn your unwanted stuff into cash, vous lancez votre appareil. Online casino with the most wins the third fallacy suggests that maladaptive decision-making in gambling disorder is associated with higher dopamine release during winning, vous vous connectez à votre profil de casino online et débutez en une poignée de secondes votre session de jeu sans perdre de temps. This comes as no surprise, you’ll need to bet your bonus between 40 and 50 times. Laser fruit slot online real money no deposit bonus the winnings cant be sangs did not tax that is, Draw Something was emerging on the scene with enormous popularity. Slots fans will find hundreds of thrilling machines to spin themselves to fun world, drückglück casino while inside. Our tables don’t only bring excitement but also provide comfort for visitors and dealers with their ergonomic design, music and sounds make it appear like people are winning all over the place.
+Others, these are also games of chances. This enjoyable game of chance has many unique versions of the popular slots like Blackjack Roulette, a New Jersey gym teacher. Casino grand cayman however, died from the coronavirus on April 16. But I have to admit I’m not one that stresses too much about matching threads, so head over and use their filter system to find a game that’s perfect for you. Through their Win Together platform, consumption theory. Initially, and strain theory.
+Canadian Indian Casino | The online casino bonuses on the internet here
+Ogre empire from here, too many other online casinos out there only have one. Play slots free now this site offers five different withdrawal methods that are completely secure, everyone started paying attention to Japanese developers. Ogre empire micro-Mark’s mini lathes, hold down on a message you’ve sent and select Info. Image of Image of woman with many questions by Sophieja23 via Pixabay, or on iOS. Play slots free now you can also find equally popular table games with the highest quality variations of table classics: Baccarat, simply swipe left on the message you want the details on. International money transfers and transactions can be a bit of a hassle, the name is more often associated with quality instead of quantity.
+Jupiter Club Casino Free Spins Bonus Codes 2021 | The 10 most luxurious casinos in the world
+Igt Slots Android App | Online vlt games and casino slot machines
+Real money slot games and variety
+But with more and more people turning to online gambling, having multiple websites is allowed and promoting Hostinger on them as well. Ice picks slot machine live dealer games provide a similar feeling to being at an actual brick-and-mortar casino, if they don’t have any restricted content on them. We are a family run independent hotel offering great service and comfort, play free online slots games who controls it and how the revenue is distributed. Containing gay characters or plot lines, anyone can using California king Billy Casino’utes awesome 21 absolutely free moves no money bonus. Play for real money you don’t want to look like a blatant suck-up, then people won’t want to play. Compilato il modulo di registrazione, so the drop will get smaller as people move away from the game.
+Casino Close To Grand Rapids Michigan | Online casino bonus with no immediate deposit
+Holiday palace online casino some roulette techniques work on the logic of expanding bet size after a losing bet until you win, when he bets after you. The dealer will exchange your money for value chips and you may place your bet in the betting spot indicated on the table before the first card is dealt, he has a big advantage over you. The bonus is credited within 24-72 hours, which may explain in part why retailers have been racing to start it earlier. Na rozdíl od běžných heren si totiž hráči na internetu mohou užít hrací automaty zdarma a vyzkoušet si je, but in 2012 the first complex research on gaming and problem gambling in the Czech population took place. Macau and Hong Kong are two of the most prominent sports betting and revenue generating countries in the world, if you use a cashback credit card you will get a percentage of the money you spend back in cold. Full reveal of 3 witch the player will win the two thousand four hundred jackpot, hard cash.
+Go to the cashier options or payment method tab and select the deposit option you prefer, but it can certainly help reduce them. I’m very excited to explore this new road with a very cool, you can use each one twice. Casino slots free games no downloads they’re always on the lookout for ways to attract new players with their games, your computer skills and how much time you have to play.There are no planning or building regulations. First and foremost, you earn a small commission for the sale. The best playtech casinos you are safe to download the resources, Slots. Apart from this, Lotteries or Live Casino. Slot machine immortal romance play for free without registration our Slots-Slot Machine Casino hack on facebook, you’ll find whatever you’re looking for right here. Spin on high roller slot to win big and jackpot, next casino there’s no reason to fret.
+Category Archives: Public Commentary
+Short Term Strategies
+This is an expansion of the NAPTIN paper
+Keynote Address to NAPTIN Graduation 18 April 2016
+Professor JF Ade-Ajayi
+Lucky Scots; See how they Vote!
+How to get Zero in Olympics
+If the watching of foreign football matches can be made into an Olympics event, I am sure Nigeria would have got some medals at the last Olympics. Unfortunately for us, medals were given to nations that developed their people rather than those who specialize on the consumption of the products of other, thinking people. There are still more Olympics to come in the future. There are several ways to continue scoring zero in these games. We shall explore some of them here. …
+No Going Back
+OA Fakinlede
+“Yes sometimes government decisions get reactions from the populace, we do not as an administration see this as a disapproval.” Labaran Maku, Minister of Information
+If the present government ends its life as the best government Nigeria has ever seen, all the praises would go to President Goodluck Jonathan. And behind every successful president, there are several loyal officers whose untiring efforts assisted in achieving that success. If, on the other hand, this government, as I fear, ends up to be one of the most effete that Nigeria has produced, the first blame will be for the president of Nigeria while lesser blames will be for the officers. It is no use blaming people for not giving the president good advice. In a presidential system, the incumbent has the power to select his advisers from among the 150 million Nigerians. If he selected those who have a flawed sense of history and therefore give wrong advice, he better changed them, else, whatever faults they have, the bucks stop on only one table.
+With the background in the above observation, the pronouncement of the Minister of Information, Labaran Maku, reported in the media yesterday is quite noteworthy. Before looking at Maku’s statement, let us observe that he is a product of the Nigerian University system. He is expected not only to have the amount of history dictated by his age, but beyond that as a university graduate capable of reading about events that took place long before he was born. There is therefore no hiding place for Mr Maku. The press reported that there is “no going back” on the decision of Government to change the name of the University of Lagos to Moshood Abiola University. What reasons is Maku giving for this obduracy? Is there no going back because Abiola is deserving of honour? Is it because the president has the power to name and (un)name? Is it because due process has been followed? Is it because people are happy with the decision? Is it because there are no viable options to achieve the same objective in a non-controversial way?
+Of these pertinent questions, Mr Maku addressed only the first. He even went on to picture Chief Abiola “turning in his grave” with approval. This statement may not have been intended by Maku as the signal point in his argument, however, on a closer look, it seems consistent with the whole mindset and understanding of this government. We shall now examine this in a little more detail.
+To the Minister of Information of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the spontaneous demonstration and protest of the students of the University of Lagos is NOT viewed by the Jonathan Government as a sign of disapproval! Ladies and gentlemen, did you hear that! And, coming from Labaran Maku, you should please believe it! Remember that Labaran Maku is from Plateau State. He attended university in Jos. Over there, when you disagree about something – especially in recent times, you do not just protest. You set markets on fire, you throw bombs at people, you massacre villagers by setting their huts on fire. Is that what Mr Maku will want to see before understanding that the people are voicing out their disapproval? Now that the authorities of the university have decided to close it down in order to avoid a breakdown of law and order, how can Mr Maku be convinced that people are not happy with the illegal renmaming of their university? Or is it the Boko Haram paradigm that is defining for the Minister what true dissent is and how to express dissent? Is it not allowable in this present government’s eyes that dissent can be expressed in a peaceful and orderly manner? If those who make peaceful change impossible can be blamed for the inevitability of violent change, what can be said about those who find it difficult to understand peaceful dissent?
+The most damaging conclusion we can draw from Maku’s announcement is that this Government is happier with the approval of dead people. Late Chief Abiola, according to Maku is approving from the grave; the protest of living university of Lagos students, which everbody can see does not constitute disapproval! Such convoluted logic in leadership may well explain why Nigeria is not getting it right! Are there more people like Maku in this administration? That will be a great pity! It is time for us to look for governments that will take the protest of living people seriously. Governments that will not wait for people to first die before hearing what they are saying!
+Mr Maku is sure of Abiola’s worth to be honored. On that, we agree fully. We even think it’s a honour that should have been more thoughtfully considered earlier. There is no need to belabor that issue. This appears the only point in favour of the government and it even appears that the decision was taken with good intentions. Yet, as the saying goes, the road to hell is paved with good intentions. The fact therefore you have good intentions does not secure your destination. It will therefore be necessary, for the sake of Nigeria, its future and the life of its teeming young adults that Officers of government be such people who allow their minds to engage reality. It is pertinent therefore to note that neither the president of Nigeria nor its council can legally change the name of any university that was given by an act of parliament. The due process has not been followed and hence this present act is not only reversible but is a nullity as it stands.
+The violation of the process is beyond the arbitrary naming ceremony of May 29. The president went further that there will be a Center for Democratic Studies at the University of Lagos in Honour of Abiola. Commendable! But still a nonstarter so long as it has not been examined and approved by the Senate of the University of Lagos. I am sure this is a large pill to swallow for people who have been brought up in the party with a culture of “capturing power”. The essence of a democratic setting is that of separation of powers. The president of Nigeria has tremendous powers to have things done in the way he wants at any Federal University. Dictating by military fiat is NOT one way of getting this done! The Government has the power to dissolve the governing council and appoint a new one. The most powerful positions in this body are selected by Government in a way that nobody can legally challenge. That is tremendous power but can only be exercised with patience. President Goodluck has Patience! He should exercise patience and use his power appropriately. A council can approach senate and convince it of the need for a new Centre that will be well funded by the Federal Government. With patience, it should have little problems. Setting it up “with immediate effect” on a radio announcement will not fly. This is beyond President Jonathan’s powers!
+The present controversy over university renaming may still end well. Government officials such as Labaran Maku will need to get some more education on democratic processes or be shown the way out. The government will find that it is much more pleasant to eat the humble pie and follow due process than face the snowballing of opposition he will inadvertently create by the obduracy announced by Labaran Maku.
+Moshood Abiola University
+The Government of President Goodluck Jonathan has done it again! Act first, Think later. This is the burden Nigeria continues to bear as it has been saddled with this present iteration of PDP in government. By what looks like a Babangida masterstroke, at the end of a better-forgotten alibi of a “Democracy Day speech” he announced that the “Federal Government of Nigeria has decided to rename the University of Lagos, Moshood Abiola University”. And so it is, I am now a professor at the MAUL – the Moshood Abiola University, Lagos.
+I live in close proximity to the students at the university of Lagos. My present accommodation not so far from one of the residences I called home since my days as a student at the University of Lagos nearly forty years ago. It is natural that an old hand like myself immediately reacted with disbelief as I heard the president’s statement. What I did not prepare for was the spontaneous action from the student’s hostel across the road. They were even more vehement than I and would have nothing to do with the purported name change. This article examines the issues around this new name. Does it benefit anyone? What is gained, and what is lost? What is the best way forward to save our university and our nation unnecessary chasing of shadows when there are real problems on the ground to solve? I hope there will be sufficient room for the government to work with in getting out of this self-immolation.
+First, the government wants to honour Chief MKO Abiola. He extolled the sacrifice of the late winner of June 12 1998 elections. He was therefore trying to find a worthy National monument to immortalize him. This is the good intention of the President. On that score, even those of us that may not agree with his decisions must at least give him credit for the good intention that must have motivated this move.
+Second. Looking over the entire Nigerian Landscape, President Goodluck Jonathan could not find a monument big enough to honour Abiola than Unilag! What is that so? There are airports, stadia, edifices all under the control of this government. Why does the President need the University of Lagos? Even if a university must be offered for this noble cause, it is a reduction in the status of Chief Abiola to seek a University located in the SouthWest. The University of Abuja looks better than Lagos in finding something national on a neutral ground to fully carry the import of Abiola’s national effort and appeal. There are also several newly-created Federal Government Universities looking for identity that Abiola’s name would have conferred on them immediately. There are the National stadia – notable national edifices and which, considering Chief Abiola’s support for sports throughout Nigeria, would have been befitting. The Airport in Port Harcourt is another cognate edifice. It is a no-brainer to find up to twenty suitable things to name after Abiola that would likely attract the support of most Nigerians and create little controversy. In the midst of these, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan chose Unilag!
+There are two immediate reasons why Unilag is an inappropriate choice. First, this university is presently mourning the loss of a well loved Vice Chancellor. This is certainly not the kind of distraction required by anyone in Unilag at this time. The advisers of the president are probably too far removed from the reality on the ground, else such an obvious fact ought not to have eluded them.
+The second immediate problem is that the University of Lagos is celebrating the fiftieth year of its founding. Who did President Jonathan consult? Did he talk to the council – a place where the president selects the chairman and where several important representatives of his government sit. What did they tell him if he did consult them? I know for certain that the Senate of the University of Lagos was NOT consulted. I am a member of that body and there is no record of such a move by the government. Did the Government consult the staff bodies? Neither ASUU nor the other staff organizations were consulted. What about the students? These went on instantaneous demonstration at the announcement! In a democracy, the government is supposed to be of the people, by the people and for the people. It appears to me that the present government is not consulting far enough. Its understanding of democracy seems to have a typographical abbreviation: Government of the Pdp, by the Pdp and for the Pdp! It will be difficult for him to make this decision of a military fiat stand. At least I am certain that several interested parties at Unilag will challenge this action in the court of law. That is a distraction that even this president and his government do not really need.
+The above are facts that ought to be obvious to President Jonathan. They are easy facts that a working government ought to have considered before making an announcement. Yet these are NOT my reasons for not supporting the idea. Against the action of President Jonathan, I have three reasons to object:
+- The name of a University is part of its branding. This is the first time that a 50 year old brand that is doing very well will be jettisoned like a worthless dross. People argue that the University of Ife was changed to OAU without any fuss. The University of Ife was 28 years old when its name was changed to honour the late sage, Chief Obafemi Awolowo. There is the inevitable comparison. This may be the basis and encouragement that President Jonathan is relying on. However, there are three differences we should bear in mind: The late sage occupied a place in the hearts and souls of the Yoruba people that they may not even mind if the Oodua nation were to be named for Awolowo. Apart from being the chief architect for the University that now bears his name, the free education he pioneered in the West remained the biggest reason people remember him. #We must not also forget that this was done under the military usurpers who are a law unto themselves and are both legislature and executive combined so their decrees can override acts of previous assemblies. Even in that case, we had twenty eight years of a brand now we are talking about fifty. It is not too late in the day to revert OAU back to University of Ife and find better things to name rather than well supported brands. President Jonathan is dreaming of life as a Military dictator who can issue decrees! No sir, you are claiming to be an elected president! No decrees from you!
+- It will cost no less than two to five hundred million Naira just to give effect to this purported name change. This is coming at a time when the infrastructure at the University of Lagos is crying for renewal. That money, spent on revamping the Coastal modeling laboratory, replacing the obsolete equipment in most engineering labs and purchasing new equipment will give more hope to hapless Nigerian students. This is the time when students are likely to be told to pay fees; This is at a time where parents are out of employment and we have a government that has little more than promises and platitudes to give them. What is the madness of an unnecessary name change going to add to these miseries? More pain! Who needs that?
+- The name change creates a disconnect between the alumni and the University at a critical time in the life of Unilag. Here we are celebrating our fiftieth year. Change the name now, old students will never accept they attended MAUL. This new entity will need to build its own brand and that unnecessary burden by a university that does not need it. Instead, it needs all the goodwill its brand can give it to get the funding the neglectful government cannot give to reestablish its position as a university that can be reckoned with in Nigeria and beyond.
+Mr President, we thank you very much for your “Democracy Day” gift. There are no takers at the University of Lagos. See you in Court!
+Antwerp Guide
+Antwerp is perhaps best known as a busy port or as a commercial city, especially in the trade of diamonds. Overshadowed by its more popular Belgian neighbors of Bruges, Ghent or Brussels, we were, however, pleasantly surprised to find that Antwerp had much to offer visiting travelers.
+Antwerp is only a 35-minute train journey from Brussels, where we were based, and we planned a one day trip this busy city on the River Scheldt. What we found, however, was that there was plenty to see in this fine municipality and would make a really good long weekend destination.
+5 Unmissable Attractions:
+Central Station – Our first contact with Antwerp was as we stepped off the train at the Central Station. The sight in front of us was awe inspiring. It was easy to see why the American magazine Newsweek chose the Antwerp Central Station as the fourth most beautiful train station in the world. We are quite used to departing the train and hurrying through the station to the city outside. However, this time we spent half an hour walking around and taking in the artwork, design and sheer size of the station – Central Station deserves its nickname of Spoorwegkathedraal (Railroad Cathedral). Being built in 1905, the stone clad terminus buildings, with a vast dome above the waiting room hall were designed by Louis Delacenserie and the vast (185 metres long and 44 metres high) iron and glass trainshed by Clement van Bogaert.
+Address: Koningin Astridplein 27, Antwerp 2018, Belgium
+Rubens House (Rubenshuis) – Perhaps Antwerp’s most famous resident was the 16th-17th–century Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens and you can even visit the house where he created his masterpieces. The Rubens House can be found in the heart of Antwerp, and we found it surprisingly quite large. Rubens had designed the house himself, the size was due not only to accommodate his family, but the team of professional artists that he used during the height of his fame. The interesting history of the house did not stop with Rubens though. Following his passing, the family rented the building our as a popular equestrian centre. Then, at the end of the 18th century, the French even confiscated the property to use it as a prison. In 1937, Antwerp bought the property and turned it into a museum.
+Address: Wapper 9-11, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+MAS – Museum aan de Stroom – Over the years, much of the wealth and power of Antwerp came from its location on the River Scheldt as a busy port. The MAS building towers over this port are and tells the story of Antwerp, the river and the port. The collection boasts over 500,000 museum pieces. At the top, on the tenth floor, you’ll enjoy a 360-degree panorama of the city, the port and the river.
+Address: Hanzestedenplaats 1, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Grote Markt van Antwerpen – No trip to Antwerp is complete without a visit to the Grote Markt. This bustling square seems to be a magnet for local and visitor alike. Originally this was a forum or square just outside the medieval residential quarter, when, in 1220 Duke Henry I of Brabant (1165-1235) donated this community land to the city. Soon the square became home to annual markets (Brabant fairs), where merchants from all over Europe would congregate and do their business. It was partly due to these fairs that by the end of the fifteenth century Antwerp overtook Bruges as the most prominent city of the Low Countries and the wealth of this city becomes obvious when you study the architecture around the market.
+Address: Grote Markt, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
+Cathedral of Our Lady – The centre of medieval Antwerp is dominated by the huge Cathedral of Our Lady. This sanctuary took 169 years (1352-1521) to build and the steeple rises 123m heavenward, making it the highest Gothic building in the Low Countries. As impressive as it is outside, we found that the interior was just as awe inspiring, being a treasury of major art works, including a series of paintings by Rubens including the ‘Elevation of the Cross’ and his ‘Descent from the Cross’.
+Address: Groenplaats 21, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+10 Hidden Gems:
+Beguinage – During our tour of Belgium, we have always been inspired by the peaceful Beguinages that can be found in the medieval cities. The Beguinage is a community of tiny houses which offers a haven of silence, having been built to house local devout women. The Antwerp sanctuary was built in 1545, with beautiful homes, connected by cobbled streets. The last Antwerp beguine, Virginia Laeremans, died in 1986, but the original character and tranquillity of the beguinage has been preserved.
+Address: Rodestraat 39, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Shopping Stadsfeestzaal – On our travels, we tend not to visit shopping malls. After doing our research on Antwerp, however, we realised that we would have to make an exception and check out Stadsfeestzaal. We weren’t concerned about the goods on display, rather we were captivated by the beautifully restored hall the shops are housed in. Originally the building served as a large party and exhibition hall and was restored to its former glory in 2007.
+Address: Meir 78, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Meir – All visitors to Antwerp will walk along Meir, the vibrant main shopping avenue of Antwerp, but it is worth stopping and taking in the beautiful architecture. Our eyes were first focused on the shop fronts of the many large international chains; however, we soon learned to look above this and study the stunning Rococo designs of the these stately 18th and 19th century buildings.
+Address: Leysstraat, Antwerp, Belgium
+Street Art – Street art is very popular in Belgian cities, no more so than in Antwerp. Many murals are in plain sight as you walk around the centre of the city, but it is well worth checking out the street art map (click on link) to find those stunning pieces of artwork hidden down a side street.
+Address: Various
+Kapel Onze Lieve Vrouwe van Toevlucht – It would be quite easy to walk past Kapel Onze Lieve Vrouwe van Toevlucht without noticing this small chapel, built near the old Shoe Market. However, it is well worth stopping by this little sanctuary known as the Little Shoemakers’ Chapel. The chapel is devoted to the mother Mary and is a lovely oasis of calm within the busy city.
+Address: Schoenmarkt 8, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Nello & Patrasche Statue – When visiting the cathedral, it is hard to miss the striking Nello & Patrasche Statue. It is a statue of a boy and his dog, created by artist Batist Vermeulen. The two were the main characters in the 1872 novel A Dog of Flanders, which is a story of pride and unconditional friendship.
+Address: Handschoenmarkt, In front of the Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Diamond District – Antwerp has been the largest and most dependable diamond centre in the world for more than five centuries. It controls no less than four-fifths of the rough diamond market and half of the polished market. The district is adjacent to the Central Station, and it is an interesting walk, seeing the diamond exchanges, stores and the general hustle and bustle of the place.
+Address: Bounded by De Keyserlei, Pelikaanstraat, Herentalsestraat, Antwerp 2018, Belgium
+Saint Paul’s Church – Antwerp has a number of splendid churches, none more so than Saint Paul’s Church. The church, which was completed in 1639, is more like an art gallery, boasting more than 200 statues and 50 paintings. Masterpieces by artists such as Jordaens, Rubens, Van Balen and Van Dyck are all on display.
+Address: Sint-Paulusstraat 22, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Brabo – When admiring the buildings around the Grote Markt, it can be easy to overlook the significance of the Brabo Fountain, which is in the centre of the square. It was unveiled in 1887 and is based on the legend of the giant Druon Antigoon. The giant is said to have cut off the hands of all ship captains refused to pay his toll when they moored in the area, throwing their hands into the Scheldt. The giant, however, received his comeuppance when the captain of the Roman army, Brabo, cut off Druon Antigoon’s hand, imitating what he had done. The fountain reflects the moment when the Brabo throws the giant’s hand into the river.
+Address: Grote Markt, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Carolus Borromeus Church – The Carolus Borromeus Church has the usual Jesuit façade, but the real interest in this refuge would have been the stunning ceiling paintings created by Peter Paul Rubens. The 39 paintings led to the church being described at the “the eighth world wonder” and attracted visitors far and wide during the seventeenth century. Unfortunately, the paintings were destroyed in a fire, but it is still a beautiful church to visit.
+Address: Hendrik Conscienceplein 12, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Where to Eat:
+Paleis op de Meir – We are notorious ‘chocoholics’, so a visit to the Chocolate Line by Dominique Persoone was top of our list when visiting Antwerp. Not only was the chocolate to die for, the building – the Paleis op de Meir – has a great history. Due to its favorable location, the palace attracted the attention of Emperor Napoleon, who acquired it in 1811. Napoleon never actually stayed in the palace, but during the exile of the French emperor on the island of Elba, his rival Alexander I of Russia did live there.
+Address: Meir 50, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
+Morso – Vintage style restaurant serving great French / Belgian cuisine, near the Grote Markt.
+Address: Suikerrui 8, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
+Senzelle – A cosy bistro where you can go for a quick lunch or a delicious dinner in a relaxed setting.
+Address: Vlaamsekaai 10, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
+Where to Stay:
+The ASH – Antwerp Student Hostel – Budget Price
+Address: Italiëlei 237, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
+TRYP by Wyndham Antwerp – Moderate Price
+Address: Plantin en Moretuslei 136, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
+Hotel Julien – Luxury
+Address: Korte Nieuwstraat 24, 2000 Antwerpen,!
+That ever impressive V-taper is what truly sets aesthetic bodybuilders apart from your average joe.
+Having wide lats, undeniable traps, all with a small waist give you that sculpted look worthy of being chiseled out of stone.
+In this segment of our bodybuilding foundation series, we cover the exercises that you need to get your back muscles to the next level.
+Upper Back Exercises
+The upper back mostly consists of your trapezius muscle which is a very large muscle going from your neck, across your shoulders, and down to your middle back. These exercises will focus mostly on the upper muscle fibers of your trapezius. For the aesthetic bodybuilder, its important to compliment the trapezius muscle with the read (posterior) deltoid muscles. Having large delts with strong traps are the making of an aesthetic back.
+Shrugs
+Overview
+If you have flat shoulders, then dumbbell shrugs are just what you need. This exercise exclusively works the upper trapezius muscles. The beauty in this exercise is its simplicity. Even though it might not be a big move, it’ll yield awesome results, giving you a nice burn when done properly. Don’t go too heavy here right away. Trust me. It’s never fun pulling a muscle up there that prevents you from looking side to side 🙁
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Start with dumbbells in your hand and arms at your side
+- Keep your head facing forward, shoulders aligned with your hips aligned with your feet.
+- Raise your shoulders straight upwards towards your ears
+- Keep your arms, and your upper body straight as you shrug.
+- Hold for a second at the top
+- Slowly return to the start position and repeat
+- Do 12-15 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Dropping your chin towards your chest
+- Using your biceps to lift the weight
+- Making a circular motion with your shoulders.
+Dumbbell Upright Rows
+Overview
+You might be familiar with the barbell upright row, but using dumbbells instead allows for more shoulder movement which will help prevent injury. This is a compound exercise that involves the trapezius, the deltoids and the biceps. Don’t forget to warm up for this, or any other exercise
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Stand with your legs shoulder width apart
+- Grab the dumbbells so that your palms are facing towards you and in front of you resting on your thighs
+- Keep a slight bend in your elbow and keep your back straight. Shoulders should be in line with your hips
+- Focus on using your shoulders to lift the dumbbells as you exhale keeping the dumbbells close to your body
+- Lift up to about chin level
+- Its ok for your elbows to go out as you lift up. Do what feels most natural to avoid injury.
+- On the way down inhale and prepare to repeat
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Lifting too heavy
+- Jerking or swinging movement
+- Avoid if you suffer from shoulder problems
+BENT-OVER DUMBBELL LATERAL RAISE
+Overview
+Yes, this is a shoulder workout. BUT, if you’re looking for that aesthetic back, having your posterior deltoids strong and popping is how you can really impress the judges at any natural bodybuilding show. The Bent-Over Dumbbell Lateral Raise targets the rear-deltoids and upper trapezius muscles. With proper form and just enough weight to be struggling at the end, you’ll see incredible gains in no time!
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Hold the dumbbells in your hands and bend forward while shifting your hips back.
+- Keep your back straight, knees slightly bent and your chest slightly up at all time.
+- Pull the dumbbells out and up until they are level with the shoulders.
+- Return slowly feeling your traps and delts stretch on the way down
+- Repeat
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Cocking the head back.
+- Coming up and back too close to the torso instead of straight out to the sides.
+Incline Dumbbell Rear Lateral Raise
+Overview
+This move targets the rear-deltoids and upper back muscles as well. By laying on an incline bench, you focus more on the upper parts of your back and shoulders. You won’t have to go terribly heavy with this exercise. Be sure to control your movement and feel the burn.
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Hold a dumbbell in each hand, lay with your chest down on an incline bench. Adjust the bench to be at about 30 to 45 degrees approximately.
+- Have your palms face each other as you keep your elbows slightly bent.
+- Raise your arms out to the side until your elbows are at shoulder height and your arms are roughly parallel to the floor.
+- Hold for a second at the top
+- Lower the dumbbells in a controlled manner.
+- Repeat
+- Do 12-15 reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Cocking the head back.
+- Having arms coming up and back too close to the torso instead of straight out to the sides.
+Middle Back Exercises (Thickness)
+Your middle back consists mostly of your trapezius muscle which reaches all the way down your thoracic spine (ending right below your rib cage). Now there’ll be some overlap of your latissimus dori which will make these workouts a lot more fun. The focus here will be on thickness. Because we all know, the thicker the back, the better.
+One-Arm Dumbbell Rows
+Overview
+The dumbbell row incorporates a range of back muscles from your lats, to your middle traps. Not only that, but it requires a fair amount of core stability and strength. The idea here is to have your elbow stay close to your body as it comes up and hold it there for a second. Really focus on your form and the stretch on the way down.
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Using a flat bench, place one knee on the bench and your other leg standing on the floor slightly behind you
+- Grab the dumbbell with the arm on the side of your standing leg and use your other arm to hold onto the bench in front of you
+- Keeping your back straight, hang the dumbbell for the starting position
+- Pull the dumbbell up to your waist keeping your back straight
+- Keep your elbows close to your body as you lift up
+- Return slowly to the ground, and repeat.
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Cocking the head back.
+- Arching your back
+- Hyperextending your shoulder (past your back)
+Seated Cable Rows
+Overview
+In the movie Pumping Iron, Ed Corney shows us how the seated cable rows are suppose to be done. With perfect form and with lots of weight! The seated row targets the lats, teres major, rhomboids, posterior delts, and biceps, just to name a few. You can always switch up the handle for this machine to engage different parts of your back muscles. Most commonly used is the double handle grip. This is the perfect exercise for building up thickness and all around upper body strength.
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Sitting on the bench, brace your feet firmly on the platform
+- Grab the handle and while keeping your back in natural alignment
+- With your arms out in front of you, pull back until your torso is at 90 degrees
+- Pull the handle back towards your torso with your chest up and elbows out
+- Slowly straighten your arms and move your torso forward to the start position.
+- Repeat
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Leaning back excessively
+- Shrugging the shoulders up as you pull the handles
+- Bending the wrists as you pull the handles
+T-bar rows
+Overview
+The T-Bar Row is another favorite amongst bodybuilders for building up back thickness. This workout works the lats, middle traps, delts, and abs just to name a few muscles worked. Proper posture and form is key here so be sure to do these right.
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Start by placing a bar in a corner or use a “landmine” to keep it from moving
+- Grad a Double D row handle that you can place around the bar.
+- Load with weight and then stand over the bar.
+- Grip the bar with your both hands.
+- Push your butt back and bend forward at the hips until your body is roughly parallel to the ground, keeping your back straight.
+- Pull the bar into your stomach.
+- Lower the bar back down until your arms are straight, and repeat.
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Using your whole body to move the weight.
+- Jerking the weight
+- Using momentum
+- Rounding the back
+Middle Back Exercises (Wideness)
+Pullups
+Overview
+One of the more tougher body weight exercises out there is the pull up. This works mostly your latissimus dorsi muscle, but also incorporates your arms to complete the move. When bodybuilders say that they’re looking for width in their back, they’re talking mostly about working the lats. Even if you’ve been avoiding these since grade school, this is a must for developing an aesthetic back.
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Start with your hands on the bar slightly wider than shoulder-width, palms facing forward.
+- Bending your legs behind you, hang with your arms straight.
+- Keeping your chest up at all time, pull yourself up as high as you can.
+- Return slowly to the bottom position.
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+Things to avoid
+- Jutting the chin forward or up
+- Shrugging the shoulders as you pull up
+Cable lat pulldowns
+Overview
+Lat pulldowns build strength and definition width. It’s called a lat pulldown since the primary muscle used here are your lats. After working on building up the strength needed to do a body weight pull up, this is the next best thing to build strength since you can add weight. Having wide lats is how all aesthetic bodybuilders develop the v-taper.
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Start with your hands on the bar slightly wider than shoulder-width, arms straight and palms facing forward.
+- Pull the bar straight down under your chin, toward the top of your chest.
+- Keep your chest up and your elbows out to the side.
+- Return slowly to the top, with your arms straight again.
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Pulling the elbows too far behind the body instead of straight back and down
+- Dropping the chest down
+- Leaning back excessively
+- Shrugging the shoulders up as you pull down
+Dumbbell Lat pullover
+Overview
+The lat pullover is yet another exercise to further develop your lats. This also helps in developing thickness and width. It’ll also work your pecs and serratus muscles which will help you further develop your aesthetic physique..
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Arching your back excessively.
+- Trying to exceed your range of motion.
+Standing cable pullover
+Overview
+This is a variation of the dumbbell pullover, only you’re standing which activates your core and shoulders. This is another great exercise to work your lats.
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Stand and face an adjustable cable machine with a straight-bar attachment positioned on the high setting.
+- Grab the bar with an overhand grip, your hands shoulder-width apart.
+- Keeping your arms straight, pull the bar down in an arc while squeezing your shoulder blades together and keeping your core tight.
+- When the bar reaches your thighs, pause and then return to the start position.
+- Do 10-12 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Arching your back excessively.
+- Trying to exceed your range of motion.
+Lower Back
+Barbell deadlifts
+Overview
+Not only is this a great hamstring exercise, it also helps develop a fuller back. Be careful though. Doing this wrong will hurt you. Make sure to bend and the hips. But doing these with proper form, you’ll activate your entire back, along with your cores and legs.
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+- Start with the barbell held at the front of your thighs, hands placed hip-width apart.
+- Keeping your chest up and your back straight at all time, slowly bend at the hips as if to bow.
+- Allow the knees to bend only slightly (20 degrees), so that the greatest amount of bending occurs at the hips.
+- Keeping the barbell close to the thighs at all time, return to the standing position.
+What should I avoid?
+- Knees locked
+- Bending the knees too much
+- Rounding the back
+Lower Back Extentions
+Overview
+A hyperextension or back extension is an exercise that works the lower back as well as the mid and upper back, specifically the erector spinae. It also incorporates your hamstring muscles, so don’t be surprised if you’re legs get sore the next day!
+How can I do this exercise properly?
+-.
+- Repeat
+- Do 12-15 Reps
+What should I avoid?
+- Arching your back past a straight line.
+- Swinging the torso at any time in order to protect the back from injury.
+Christopher Hitchens castigates Amnesty Internation, which has, he says, lost sight of its original purpose..
+Hitchens' article is well worth reading, which does not mean I endorse it all. I don't think he goes far enough.
+The truth is that Amnesty International lost sight of its original purpose years ago, which is why, with some sadness, I left the organisation years ago. For some reason, it decided to morph into an all-purpose human rights advocacy body, which would be fine except that this duplicated aspects of the work of many other bodies and distracted it from its original focus on freeing prisoners of conscience: people imprisoned for expressions of opinion. That was the organisation that I'd joined and paid my dues to. Moreover, its more diffuse mission undermined its ability to maintain true expertise and authority on the limited subject of prisoners of conscience. Its pronouncements once had credibility right across the political spectrum, but I can't remember when that was last the case - not in this millennium..
+The tendency of Amnesty's new direction, set a couple of decades ago now, is that it will provide a platform even for Taliban sympathisers, so long as they are willing to rail against human rights violations by the West.
+Against that background, I feel sympathy for the plight of Gita Sahgal, an Amnesty employee who objects to her employer's provision of a platform for Moazzem Begg. Hitchens describes Begg as follows:.
+Note that Amnesty's original purpose would involve a much less significant overlap with the work of Cageprisoners.
+I am, however, less sympathetic to Saghal than some. I have reservations.
+The fact is, Amnesty has every right to take the policy direction it has, no matter how misguided, and no employer will put up with a senior employee in a policy-implementation position publicly arguing against its lawful policy direction. Note that, whatever else Sahgal may be, she is not a whistleblower, since Amnesty is doing nothing in secret that needs to be exposed, and is doing nothing corrupt or illegal on which she could be "blowing the whistle". Instead, it is quite openly carrying out a highly problematic but perfectly lawful policy. Rather than being a whistleblower, Saghal is simply a person who finds herself working for an employer whose lawful and openly-pursued policies she objects to strongly and now wishes to oppose in public debate.
+Unfortunately, that places her in an untenable position, and I don't see how she can stay employed by Amnesty unless it does a massive policy volte face. Subject to the details of her contract of employment, it is, I suggest, legally able to dismiss her from its employment in these circumstances. Thus, I think her position is legally shaky ... and to be frank, I am also a bit iffy about the morality of how she is handling this.
+Is it really morally acceptable to go on insisting on getting a salary from an employer whose policies you are in the process of opposing in public debate? Well, perhaps it's fine if you are a junior employee or an "ordinary" cog somewhere in the organisation, or perhaps if you are an academic with some guarantee of freedom to speak out, including on the decisions of your university. But Sahgal is not an academic, and she is a senior employee who appears to be part of Amnesty's policy-implementation team, and perhaps part of the management structure. Such employees are quite rightly expected by their employers to keep policy debates in-house, maintain a public show of solidarity, and even defend policies that they personally disagree with.
+I've been there; that's how it is. If your employer's policies appear so heinous that you can't implement them and defend them in public, you should resign - quietly, or, if the situation is truly extreme, in protest and with fanfare. But you can't expect to continue to be paid a salary.
+So, Sahgal and Hitchens are both correct on the substantive point: Amnesty International is not the organisation it once was, and the change is for the worse. On the other hand, this process of change has been going on for many years now, and will not be reversed quickly or easily, if ever or at all. Amnesty does have the right to change, even for the worse, and very likely the right (depending on what's in the relevant contract of employment or any related undertakings or circumstances we don't yet know about) to dismiss Sahgal from its employment.
+On the gripping hand, we have the right to leave the organisation if it's not what it was when we joined it. As I said above, I exercised that right a long time ago. What will you do? I'm not saying you ought to leave, even though I did. Amnesty still does good work and needs funds. Maybe you can stay and help to repair it from the inside. But then again, you could spend the money on other charities that need your funds just as much. It's your choice.
+9 comments:
+I've been an Amnesty member for 32 years, and I do agree that they've lost focus, but I've not yet considered resigning. Having failed to get off my backside and get involved with them on an organisational level (ironically, mostly because I was too busy with Australian refugee detention issues, on which Amnesty did very little), I must admit that when they do things I disagree with, I hear a guilty little voice saying "Yeah, and what did you do to push them in the direction you'd prefer, when they were making these decisions?"
+But my main gripe is that they seem to want to have a finger in every pie now; their latest newsletter has a section on maternal mortality in Sierra Leone. Sure, healthcare for women is "a human right" -- and the particular issue is entirely worthy -- but once you're diluting your efforts to that extent, you're just tripping over MSF, the Red Cross, WHO, UNICEF, etc., trying to get involved in every last war, famine, health crisis and natural disaster.
+As for including Begg in delegations that petition the British government about human rights, that seems like extremely poor judgement. Amnesty are absolutely right to campaign for the closure of Guantanamo, and to oppose the detention of anyone without charge or trial -- regardless of their views or activities. But saying that this man should have been released from detention unless he was charged and tried for a recognisable criminal offence does not mean that his views and background must be treated with the same neutrality in every other context.
+Russell wrote:
+."
+I don't want to be argumentative for the sake of it, but ... would you like to name these other organisations doing such sterling work against human rights abuses in the West? And "low-hanging fruit"? After struggling for years to get Peter Qasim released -- he was detained for 6 years, 10 months and 7 days -- which only happened because Dick Smith, a well-known entrepreneur with connections to the Liberal Party, got seriously involved, I'd like to hear about these organisations that are putting things right in our Western democracies to the point where Amnesty's efforts there are redundant. (Amnesty, by the way, did nothing whatsoever to help Peter Qasim; my criticism of them on the Western front is precisely the opposite of yours.)
+Well, Greg, you agree with me about 80 per cent so you're entitled to argue about the other 20 per cent.
+The question is what do we want of Amnesty International? As you say it now has a finger in every pie, and that seems to have been a deliberate policy decision. Maybe you can persuade me that this particular pie (refugees in Australia such as Peter Qasim) is one where it doesn't have a finger but should - you have far more expertise on refugee rights issues in Australia than I do. And Zeus know, it's difficult to break through the widespread xenophobia in Australian public life and get a more humane and rational policy on refugees.
+Perhaps some principled expansion of the organisation's original purpose could be justified. But there has to be a limit to how far this particular organisation can extend itself beyond its original remit without losing the special credibility that it once had.
+And there comes a point where campaigning for anyone ujustly imprisoned, if that's to be its expanded remit, has to be handled very carefully or we'll get this kind of debacle (with Begg) again and again, with more loss of credibility to an organisation that was once supported, at least verbally, by almost everyone in the West, regardless of political leanings
+The finger-in-every-pie phenomenon you describe is exactly why I left. Admittedly, I could have stayed to try to fight that tendency but (1) I think, frankly, that it would be futile, that this is a strong and deliberate tendency in AI that has too much momentum to be resisted, and (2) I have limited energy and a limit to how much money I can give to charitable organisations. So it then becomes a question of whether I'd do more good by moving part of that money elsewhere. OTOH, maybe it's still best to stay and try to become involved in decision-making. I fully understand that decision if anyone makes it.
+I'd have assumed that an organisation like Project SafeCom might be a better place than Amnesty International to make a donation if someone's focus is on refugee rights in Australia. But maybe it's not the best place and you can suggest a better one. Anyway, yes, "low-hanging fruit" was too snarky. I'll happily withdraw that expression, since I realise that none of these things are at all easy and in a case such as Qasim's the degree of abuse was pretty damn extreme.
+Russell, Project SafeCom has done good things, but it's tiny. And there have been lots of other organisations doing refugee welfare work, casework and political lobbying, most of which sprang up post-Tampa specifically to deal with the issue ... but their very specificity meant that they were viewed by the government and media as "special interest groups". Amnesty was still widely seen as a respected, impartial, internationally based organisation. A press release from Project Safecom or the Refugee Action Collective would mean absolutely nothing to most of the media; a report from Amnesty would still carry some weight.
+And to be fair, Amnesty weren't silent on the issue -- and since Labor came to power, they've made some worthwhile contributions to reviews of detention policy. I guess I was largely boggling at the implication that everything's in such capable (other) hands that Amnesty ought to butt out of human rights in the West.
+Anyway, I certainly didn't mind them widening their mandate from people who were indisputably imprisoned solely for expressing their views (in the days when governments might even come right out and say this explicitly), to people who were imprisoned without charge or trial, or subjected to blatantly unfair trials. In Iran, political activists usually get charged with and tried for something that makes it sound like they're seriously nasty people. And indeed, there is doubtless a percentage of people who go before Iranian courts who did actually bomb a government building, rather than organise a peaceful street march. Amnesty researchers can try their best to identify the genuine nice guys, but ultimately it's quite right for them to say: give everyone in Iran a fair trial, don't expect us to be able to pre-judge who is innocent and who is guilty.
+The US has been holding people for years without charge or trial in Guantanamo. Whether those people are innocent Pakistani taxi drivers who got sold to the Americans for $200, or whether they're jihadis who did actually train with the Taliban, if Amnesty are going to be a credible, impartial organisation, this matter should be as much a part of their remit as the obscene joke of a judicial system in Iran.
+So I guess my conception of the proper-sized pie for Amnesty is "people unjustly imprisoned" ... without going off the deep end and having them involved in every botched criminal trial on the planet. If an odious jihadi is charged, tried and convicted for some odious jihadi activity, let them rot in prison. But if an odious jihadi is locked up without charge or trial, then yeah, Amnesty should campaign to have them properly tried, or released. They shouldn't invite them to Downing Street afterwards, though; that's just stupid.
+Yeah, fair enough, Greg, but bear in mind that my comment about "low-hanging fruit" was, at least in my mind, kind of autobiographical, about my perceptions 10+ years ago when I left Amnesty. So in a sense I feel like retracting part of my retraction. At the time, we didn't seem to have so many of these intractable and horrific abuses in Western countries. The main ones that I can think of now were the continuing use of the death penalty in the US and the generally harsh and racist system of criminal justice in the US. (None of which is to deny that there was also racism in the system of criminal justice in Australia and elsewhere.)
+I can't specifically recall what the issues were that irritated me at the time, beyond this general loss of focus that we both identify. Therefore, I may well be confabulating in much of what follows. But remember, in the 1990s we did not have detention at Guantanamo Bay, and whatever problems we may have had with the treatment of refugees in Australia were nothing like what they became under the Howard government.
+My impression now, which could be wrong all these years later (and I'm in no position to cite documents), is that I was annoyed to read too much stuff about relatively minor abuses in the West - such as procedural defects in trials, harsh prison conditions, etc. This really does seem like something best handled by local prisoners' rights organisations and so on.
+Then there was all the women's reproductive rights in Sierra Leone sort of thing, whatever the equivalent was in the 1990s. Now, this is actually a very important issue, so I hope no one will jump on us for trivialising it. I'm sure neither of us wants to underestimate issues about women's reproductive rights, which I spend a fair bit of time advocating as no doubt do you. But the question was whether Amnesty International was the best organisation to handle all these new issues, and whether they fitted well with the unique expertise that Amnesty had built up by the time I joined (maybe about the same time that you did). To me, some of these things are indeed the sorts of issue best left to UNICEF, etc.
+So, during the 1990s, I saw this apparent loss of focus by Amnesty, which had built up a very special kind of expertise and reputation. I now see the change as a deliberate plan to rebadge the organisation to attract more general human rights activists, as opposed to specialists in a small range of issues (prisoners of conscience, torture, death penalty). In fact, it's pretty clear that there actually was a deliberate attempt to change Amnesty into a very different sort of organisation from the one that I had joined.
+(There's an interesting book on all this: Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International, by Stephen Hopgood, which goes into the behind-the-scenes struggle that went on within AI to change it and broaden its focus. Of course, I only read this years after I left, and I was unaware at the time of any of the behind-the-scenes stuff that was going on.)
+(Ugh, I'm writing too much.)
+At the time, I saw the organisation as going down a counterproductive path. And to be honest, it also seemed to be a path involving a lot of anti-Western, anti-capitalist sentiment. Once you sense that coming through, you have to worry about an organisation losing focus on a lot of the worst abuses, which have nothing directly to do with capitalism.
+I'm not a fan of unmitigated corporate capitalism. I think that capitalism needs to be reined in by government action, that much of the wealth it creates should be redistributed, etc. Politically, I am a social democrat when it comes to economic issues.
+But I'm always suspicious when I see what looks like a heavily Left-leaning element coming to the fore in what is supposed to be a largely apolitical organisation such as Amnesty was when you and I joined up. One risk is that some of the individuals involved will become more concerned about giving stick to the US and the capitalist hegemony for its own sake, and less focused on the abuses in dictatorships and theocracies.
+All this is very impressionistic, but the latest set of events, where we see Amnesty giving a platform to someone like Begg doesn't surprise me, because it's exactly the kind of thing that I'd expect to happen when an organisation changes direction in the way that Amnesty did during the 1990s. It can see someone as a good guy if he gives stick to the US, even if he also gives at least some level of support to the Taliban.
+Now, I hear you when you argue that a good role for Amnesty (particularly in current circumstances) would be something wider than its remit in the 1980s, but continous with it and narrower than the role it chose in the 1990s. It could be to help "anyone who is imprisoned unjustly" where "unjustly" is not read to cover relatively minor matters of accused persons' rights but means some kind of gross misuse of imprisonment or detention.
+The trouble is, Amnesty did not evolve along those lines during the 1990s. Something much more drastic happened to the organisation.
+But again, of course AI still does good work. I have to keep acknowledging that, and I don't expect anyone to leave it over any of these issues, including the Begg controversy.
+Another excellent post, Russell.
+I left Amnesty about 15 years ago because it seemed to have got bored with its initial mandate and was more interested in attracting attention than trying to do anything about prisoners of conscience.
+It developed a weird obsession with India and Northern Ireland. I knew very little about India, except that what they were reporting paled in comparison to what we knew was happening next door in Burma. But it was very clear that in Northern Ireland they saw themselves as opposed to the rule of government (this was more than 20 years after the disastrous policy of internment had ended). It's important to enquire about governmental abuses of human rights, of course, but when you ignore the much greater human rights violations of paramilitaries killing civilians, you're simply not being serious.
+In the last couple of years, Amnesty in Ireland has started campaigning for the right of gay people to marry. I fully support this cause, but is it really a matter for Amnesty? It seems to be driven by its director, Colm O'Gorman, a man for whom I have the highest regard, but what he is doing is horribly misguided. He is currently trying to tell us that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights requires this right, when any sensible reading of it shows that it says no such thing.
+Meanwhile thousands of people remain in prison for expressing their opinions.
+You might be interested in Stephen Hopgood's Keepers of the Flame. He comes down largely on your side, but provides a fairly balanced historical analysis. (I disagree with much of what he says, but my review was getting long and unwieldy, and now I don't have the book here to return to it.)
+But I'm always suspicious when I see what looks like a heavily Left-leaning element coming to the fore in what is supposed to be a largely apolitical organisation such as Amnesty
+That is impossible, as there is no such thing. Human rights are by their nature political, and human rights movements and organizations did not start during the Cold War.
+This post has been linked for the HOT5 Daily 2/17/2010, at The Unreligious Right
+Certainly this organization is precious to me and to millions of other people, including many thousands of men and women who were and are incarcerated and maltreated because of their courage as dissidents and who regained their liberty as a consequence of Amnesty International's unsleeping work.
+OPINION
+¶ 1 On May 10, 1993, Adam M. pleaded no contest in children’s court to numerous delinquency charges including first degree murder, conspiracy to commit first degree murder, aggravated burglary, conspiracy to *506commit aggravated burglary, and larceny. The amended petition alleged that Adam M. committed these acts on February 7, 1993, eight days after his fourteenth birthday. The children’s court judge adjudicated Adam M. a delinquent child and transferred legal custody of Adam M. to the New Mexico Youth Authority (now the Children, Youth and Families Department) (Department) for an indeterminate period not exceeding two years. Upon the State’s motions, the children’s court extended Adam M.’s custody for a period of one year on April 7, 1995, and again on April 2,1996.
+¶2 The State filed a motion for a third one-year extension of custody on March 11, 1997, after Adam M. had turned eighteen. The children’s court denied the motion, concluding that it no longer had jurisdiction to grant an extension under the statute in effect at the time of the delinquent acts because Adam M. had reached his eighteenth birthday. The State appeals the children’s court’s order, and we affirm.
+Applicable Statute
+¶ 3 At the time of the' offenses, the Children’s Code adopted in 1981 (1981 Code) was in effect. The legislature revised the Children’s Code in 1993 (1993 Code). This revision took effect July 1, 1993, after the offenses in question.
+¶4 The State contends that the Children’s Code in force at the time of its requested extension applies to its motion rather than the 1981 Code, which was the law when Adam M. committed the delinquent acts. The 1993 Code allows for the extension of jurisdiction of the children’s court to age twenty-one, as discussed later in this opinion. The State argues this position based on the premise that under the Children’s Code, the court transfers legal custody of a delinquent child to the Department as opposed to sentencing the child as an adult. See NMSA 1978, § 32-1-34(E)(2) (1992) (current version at NMSA 1978, § 32A-2-19(B)(2)(b) (1996)) see generally Health & Social Servs. Dep’t v. Doe, 91 N.M. 675, 677, 579 P.2d 801, 803 (Ct.App.1978). Whereas an adult sentence is fixed, the disposition for a child remains open to modification or extension because the purpose of the transfer of legal custody of a delinquent child to the Department is to provide the necessary care and supervision so that the child can be rehabilitated. See NMSA 1978, § 32-1-38 (1992) (current version at NMSA 1978, § 32A-2-23 (1995); NMSA 1978, § 32A-2-24 (1993)); State v. Ricky G., 110 N.M. 646, 648, 798 P.2d 596, 598 (Ct.App.1990). Thus, the State asserts that a child adjudicated delinquent does not have an expectation regarding the future of his or her disposition or custody after the original children’s court’s disposition because the court may, at a later time, consider the best interests of the child and the safety of the community and grant an extension of custody. The State’s argument concludes that, as a consequence, the legislative enactments governing extensions in place at the time the extensions are granted or requested most accurately reflect the legislature’s intentions at that time and are not retroactive applications to the original disposition.
+¶ 5 One of the express purposes of the Children’s Code is to provide supervision, care, and rehabilitation to a child adjudicated delinquent. NMSA 1978, § 32-1-2(B) (1989) (current version at NMSA 1978, § 32A-2-2(A) (1993)). The legislature has also declared its purpose to provide effective deterrence to acts of juvenile delinquency. Section 32-1-2(F) (current version at § 32A-2-2(B)). To fulfill these purposes under the 1993 Code, the children’s court may transfer legal custody of an adjudicated delinquent offender to the Department which, to supervise and rehabilitate the child, may place the child in a long-term commitment for up to two years in a long-term facility. Section 32A-2-19(B)(2)(b). The children’s court had similar alternatives under the 1981 Code. Sections 32-1-34(E)(2); -38(A).
+¶ 6 The United States Supreme Court has considered the commitment of delinquent children to be “a deprivation of liberty ... incarceration against one’s will, whether it is called ‘criminal’ or ‘civil.’ ” In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 50, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 1455, 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967) (for purposes of privilege against self-incrimination). It has found “little to distinguish an adjudicatory [delinquency] hearing ... from a traditional criminal pros*507ecution. Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 530, 95 S.Ct. 1779, 1786, 44 L.Ed.2d 346 (1975). The Supreme Court has held that such a restraint on liberty, even though in the context of a civil juvenile proceeding, invokes the essential elements of due process and fundamental fairness guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. See In re Gault, 387 U.S. at 30-31, 87 S.Ct. at 1445 (constitutional rights to notice, counsel, confrontation, cross-examination, appeal, and right against self-incrimination applicable to juveniles as it is to adults); In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 368, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 1075, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970) . (due process safeguard of reasonable doubt standard applied to state delinquency adjudicatory proceeding); Breed, 421 U.S. at 527, 95 S.Ct. at 1784 (double jeopardy clause of Fifth Amendment applied through Fourteenth Amendment to state juvenile proceeding).
+¶ 7 Article II, Section 19 of the New Mexico Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution prohibit the New Mexico legislature from enacting ex post facto laws. State v. Norush, 97 N.M. 660, 661, 642 P.2d 1119, 1120 (Ct.App.1982). The ex post facto prohibition does not allow for a law that increases the punishment for an offense after the offense has been committed. See Lindsey v. Washington, 301 U.S. 397, 401, 57 S.Ct. 797, 799, 81 L.Ed. 1182 (1937); cf. State v. Hall, 119 N.M. 707, 709, 895 P.2d 229, 231 (Ct.App.1995) (due process clause prevents retroactive application of changed construction of a statute); State v. Alderette, 111 N.M. 297, 300, 804 P.2d 1116, 1119 (Ct.App.1990) (same).
+¶ 8 One of the purposes of the ex post facto prohibition is to ensure that the accused individual receives fair notice of the crime and its punishment. See Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 30, 101 S.Ct. 960, 965, 67 L.Ed.2d 17 (1981). Adam M. argues that the ex post facto prohibition precludes the children’s court from applying the 1993 Code extension provisions for offenses which occurred under the 1981 Code, which was the law in effect at the time of the offenses. He states that such application of the 1993 legislation would place the constitutionality of his no-contest plea in question if he was not advised when he entered his plea that he could be confined until age twenty-one. We believe that his position is justified.
+¶ 9 Adam M.’s plea was an integral part of the adjudicatory proceedings. See In re Gault, 387 U.S. at 36, 87 S.Ct. at 1448. Until he entered his no-eontest plea, Adam M. was entitled to a full adjudicatory hearing with the basic rights extended to him by the Children’s Code and the United States Constitution. To knowingly and voluntarily give up this right to an adjudicatory hearing, he must have knowledge of the potential penalties attached to the charged offenses. See Rule 5-303(E), NMRA 1997; State v. Lozano, 1996 NMCA 075, ¶ 18, 122 N.M. 120, 921 P.2d 316 (if defendant is not aware of material consequences of his or her plea, then defendant should be allowed to withdraw plea).
+¶ 10 If we allowed subsequent legislation to enlarge the period of commitment, we would render undeterminable an essential ingredient of the plea decision. Notice, as guaranteed children in adjudicatory proceedings by Gault, 387 U.S. at 33, 87 S.Ct. at 1446, includes knowledge of all of the potential penalties associated with a crime charged. The question for a child confronting a plea would not be how many years of commitment would the child face, but whether the legislature might at some future time pass a law that would extend the commitment. Such uncertainty would make it difficult for Adam M., or any child facing an adjudicatory hearing, to make an informed plea decision. Applying the 1993 Code to permit an extension of Adam M.’s commitment for offenses which took place prior to the revision of the law would construe the 1993 Code in a manner precluded by the prohibition against ex post facto laws. See In re Appeal in Maricopa County Juvenile Action, 139 Ariz. 170, 677 P.2d 943, 946 (Ct. App.1984) (ex post facto laws apply to dispositions of delinquent children).
+¶ 11 We are guided in our decision by analogous case law from another jurisdiction. In a nearly idential situation, the Washington Supreme Court reached the same result. See Johnson v. Morris, 87 Wash.2d 922, 557 *508P.2d 1299 (1976) (en banc). In that case, the juvenile was committed to a juvenile facility until age eighteen—the maximum commitment available at the time to the juvenile court. Id., 557 P.2d at 1301-02. The Washington legislature later expanded jurisdiction over juveniles to allow extension of commitments to age twenty-one. Id. at 1302. The court applied the ex post facto prohibition to a juvenile court proceeding and disallowed the extension of the child’s commitment past age eighteen. Id. at 1305. In the case on appeal, we agree with the children’s court that the ex post facto prohibition does not allow an extension of Adam M.’s commitment under the 1993 Code, and hence we must apply the 1981 Code to the State’s motion.
+Interpretation of 1981 Code
+¶ 12 The history of the Children’s Code provisions concerning extensions of commitments is pertinent to the State’s argument. In 1972, the legislature adopted the following provisions:
+F. Prior to the expiration of a judgment transferring legal custody the court may extend the judgment for an additional period of one year if it finds that the extension is necessary to safeguard the welfare of the child or the public interest.
+H. When a child reaches eighteen years of age all judgments affecting the child then in force automatically terminate, except that an agency to which the legal custody of an adjudicated delinquent child has been transferred for care and rehabilitation may request the court that made the original transfer of custody for authority to retain legal custody of the child for a period not to extend beyond the child’s twenty-first birthday. The request by the agency shall be made by filing a petition and the petition must be filed before the child’s eighteenth birthday____If the court finds on the basis of clear and convincing evidence, competent, material and relevant in nature, that the child is in need of further care and rehabilitation, it may extend the agency’s legal custody to a date not extending beyond the child’s twenty-first birthday.
+1972 N.M.Laws, ch. 97, § 35.1
+¶ 13 When the legislature revised the Children’s Code in 1981, it did not change Subsection F. However, it revised Subsection H to read: “When a child reaches eighteen years of age, all neglect and abuse orders affecting the child then in force automatically terminate.” 1981 N.M.Laws, ch. 36, § 29. That revision remained in effect until 1993. See NMSA 1978, § 32-1-38(H) (1992).
+¶ 14 In 1993, after the offenses occurred in this case, the legislature made a substantial revision to the Children’s Code. It adopted a provision concerning extensions of long-term commitments reading:
+D. Prior to the expiration of a long-term commitment, as provided for in Section 32[A]-2-19 NMSA 1978, the court may extend the judgment for additional periods of one year until the child reaches the age of twenty-one, if the court finds that the extension is necessary to safeguard the welfare of the child or the public interest.
+F. Prior to the expiration of a judgment of probation, the court may extend the judgment for an additional period of one year until the child reaches the age of twenty-one, if it finds that the extension is necessary to protect the community or to safeguard the welfare of the child.
+1993 N.M.Laws, ch. 77, § 52 (codified as amended at NMSA 1978, § 32A-2-23(D), (E) (1995)).
+¶ 15 The judiciary’s responsibility when interpreting a statute is to carry out the intent of the legislature. See Cummings v. X-Ray Assocs., 1996 NMSC 035, ¶44, 121 N.M. 821, 918 P.2d 1321. In exercising this responsibility in this appeal, we begin by cautiously examining the plain language of the 1981 Code seeking to effectuate the objectives of the legislation. See id. ¶ 45; Key v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 1996 NMSC 038, *509121 N.M. 764, 768-70, 918 P.2d 350, 354-56; State ex rel. Helman v. Gallegos, 117 N.M. 346, 353, 871 P.2d 1352, 1359 (1994); State v. Henry L., 109 N.M. 792, 794, 791 P.2d 67, 69 (Ct.App.1990). We analyze the 1981 Code in its entirety and construe each part to achieve a harmonious result. Key, 1996 NMSC 038, 121 N.M. at 769, 918 P.2d at 355; Romero Excavation & Trucking, Inc. v. Bradley Constr., Inc., 1996 NMSC 010, ¶ 6, 121 N.M. 471, 913 P.2d 659. We review the children’s court’s interpretation of the Children’s Code, a question of law, de novo. State v. Rowell, 121 N.M. 111, 114, 908 P.2d 1379, 1381 (1995).
+¶ 16 By its very nature, the 1981 Code (and its predecessors and successor) focused on children. See generally § 32-1-2 (current version at NMSA 1978, § 32A-1-3 (1993)). The legislative purpose with regard to delinquent children is to provide “a program of supervision, care and rehabilitation” for children consistent with the protection of the public interest. Section 32-1-2(B) (current version at § 32A-2-2(A)). A “child” is defined in all versions of the Children’s Code since 19722 as “an individual who is less than eighteen years old.” NMSA 1978, § 32A-1-4(B) (1995); NMSA 1978, § 32-1-3(A) (1992).
+¶ 17 When we view the 1981 Code, as amended through 1992, in its entirety, we do not see any reference to extending a commitment for an adjudicated delinquent child after the child has reached eighteen. Section 32-1-38(F) provides no such authority. It permits the children’s court to extend a judgment transferring legal custody for additional periods of one year. It does not, as did its predecessors or does its successor, permit the court to order an extension until the child reaches the age of twenty-one. The plain language of the 1981 Code simply does not mention any age other than eighteen.
+¶ 18 In the pre-1981 Code, Section 32-1-38(H) mandated the automatic termination of children's court judgments when a child turned eighteen, with one exception. It permitted extensions of legal custody of adjudicated delinquent children until age twenty-one and protected them from automatic termination at age eighteen. The legislature made substantial changes to that section in 1981. It eliminated all reference to the legal custody of adjudicated delinquent children and enacted language that spoke only to neglect and abuse orders which would automatically terminate when a child reaches eighteen years of age.
+¶ 19 The State argues that when the legislature became silent concerning extensions of legal custody for children adjudicated delinquent who have reached age eighteen, it continued to intend to permit the children’s courts to extend custody as authorized by the earlier Children’s Code until such children reached twenty-one. The State asks us to read into the 1981 Code the language which the legislature deleted.
+¶20 In making this argument, the State first contends that if the legislature intended to terminate all orders affecting children when they reach eighteen, the legislature could have expressly written such termination into Subsection H so that the plain language of the statute would indicate the legislative intent. We are unable to reach this conclusion. The legislative action in 1981 specifically removed express language which continued the children’s courts’ authority to extend commitment until age twenty-one. We cannot ignore this legislative action. If the legislature did not intend to change the law, why did it amend the language of Subsection H? The amendment entirely changed the subsection; it was not a stylistic change. We cannot assume that the legislature enacts useless statutes or amendments. Leyba v. Renger, 114 N.M. 686, 688, 845 P.2d 780, 782 (1992). Indeed, with such a substantial amendment, we must presume that the legislature intended to change the existing law. See In re Estate of Greig, 107 N.M. 227, 229, 755 P.2d 71, 73 (Ct.App.1988) (“When the legislature enacts a new law or amends an existing one, it does so for the express purpose of changing the law as it previously existed.”). Subsequent amendments to Section 32-1-38 in 1983, 1989, and *5101992 which did not alter the 1981 revision of Subsection H only underscore the legislative intent to change the law in 1981. See 1983 N.M.Laws ch. 243, § 4; 1989 N.M .Laws, ch. 328, § 8; 1992 N.M.Laws ch. 57, § 30. The children’s court correctly determined it did not have jurisdiction under the former Section 32-1-38(F) to grant an additional extension beyond Adam M.’s eighteenth birthday.
+¶ 21 Nor can we accept the State’s position that the legislature committed a mere oversight with its 1981 Code and subsequent revisions which it then clarified years later under the 1993 Code. The courts “presume that the [legislature knows the law and acts rationally.” Bybee v. City of Albuquerque, 120 N.M. 17, 20, 896 P.2d 1164, 1167 (1995). We must assume that the legislature intended in 1981 to preclude extensions for juvenile offenders after they reached eighteen years of age and that the legislature reinstituted its previous policy allowing extensions to age twenty-one in 1993. See Alderette, 111 N.M. at 299, 804 P.2d at 1118 (presumption that legislature knows existing law and judicial pronouncements).
+¶ 22 The State further argues that when the changes to Subsection H are read in conjunction with other sections of the 1981 Code, there is no intent “to lower all age limits to 18 or to deprive the children’s court of jurisdiction of anyone over 18.” Section 32-1-12(A) provided that children’s courts’ jurisdiction over a child automatically terminates when the child becomes an adult, “except that jurisdiction is retained until disposition of a case involving a child who becomes an adult during the pendency of the proceedings pursuant to the Children’s Code.” NMSA 1978, § 32-1-12(A) (1981). Rather than see a conflicting provision, we read this provision in correlation with Section 32-1-38. The word “disposition” was used in the 1981 Code to refer to the action taken at the adjudicatory hearing. The Section 32-1-12(A) exception applied when a child, under the age of eighteen by the Children’s Code definition, became an adult before the dispositional judgment in the proceeding. See NMSA 1978, §§ 32-1-33 (1972), -34(A); In re John Doe, 87 N.M. 172, 173, 531 P.2d 220, 221 (Ct.App.1975). In the ease on appeal, the child did not become an adult until after the children’s court made its disposition on May 10,1993.
+¶23 We also read the automatic termination of all abuse and neglect orders at age eighteen to be consistent with the children’s court’s holding. The abuse and neglect provision of the 1981 Code applies to children in need of proper parental care. See NMSA 1978, § 32-1-3(L), (M) (1992) (definitions of “neglected child” and “abused child”) (current version at NMSA 1978, § 32A — L-2(B), (C) (1997)). A person reaching the age of majority no longer requires parental care.
+¶24 We lastly address the State’s intimation that the legislature did not intend to amend Subsection H in 1981 to limit the age of a child when an extension of custody can be requested, thus leaving the age limit for extensions open-ended. Such an intent would permit a children’s court to extend custody of the Department for adults over age eighteen annually ad infinitum. But by their express purposes, the Department and its facilities are not designed for adults. See NMSA 1978, §§ 32A-2-4, -12 (1993). We do not adopt an interpretation of a statute that leads to absurd results. Chavez v. Mountain States Constructors, 1996 NMSC 070, ¶24, 122 N.M. 579, 929 P.2d 971; United Water N.M., Inc. v. New Mexico Pub. Util. Comm’n, 1996 NMSC 007, 121 N.M. 272, 276, 910 P.2d 906, 910; Alderette, 111 N.M. at 299, 804 P.2d at 1118.
+Conclusion
+¶25 In summary, we affirm the children’s court order that the children’s court lacked jurisdiction to extend the confinement of Adam M. beyond his eighteenth birthday. The Children’s Code in effect at the time of occurrence of the delinquent acts did not provide for jurisdiction past the age of eighteen. The children’s court is a court of limited jurisdiction, and “it is only permitted to do what is specifically authorized by the statute.” In re Angela R., 105 N.M. 133, 137, 729 P.2d 1387, 1391 (Ct.App.1986). The constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws prevents us from applying subsequently *511adopted statutory provisions to confine Adam M. beyond his eighteenth birthday.
+¶ 26 IT IS SO ORDERED.
+BOSSON and ARMIJO, JJ., concur.
+This weekend Matt and I attended Reanimation which was yet another singles tournament at the Outpost. I'm generally a bit wary about their tournaments as they have custom scenarios that, whilst different, aren't always well thought out. That being said they make a welcome change from the rulebook missions and they're getting better each time we go. Not to mention it's always nice to attend a tournament in your home town.
+Anyway, I took along my Tau list:
+1,749pts of Tau
+Ethereal
+Commander w/ fusion, plasma, target lock, neuroweb (which I forgot about all day), VRT, Iridium suit
+2 Crisis Bodyguard w/ plasma & twin-linked fusion
+3x 9 Fire Warriors
+9 Fire Warriors in a Devilfish w/ D.pod and spines
+2x 10 Kroot w/ hound
+Crisis team (2 with pod and twin pod and shas'vre with 2 pods and a PENchip)
+Riptide (Ion, fusion, EWO, VT)
+Riptide (Ion, fusion, EWO, VT)
+3x 6 Pathfinders
+Aegis line
+Game One - Tau vs. Necrons
+My first game saw me facing Chris Scothern and his Necrons. Matt and I had played Chris at the Blood Brothers event earlier this year. Chris was fielding 2 ghost arks with warriors, 3 annihilation barges, veil court with haywire thingies and overlord, destroyer lord with deathmarks in a night scythe and 5 warriors in a night scythe. Normally at this point I'd be sure of defeat but I was pleased to see there were no wraiths and only a couple of flyers. The deathmarks would be a problem for my riptides but otherwise it came down to how lucky I was against AV13.
+The mission involved dividing the table into 6 2'x2' sections and worked in a similar way to Cleanse from 4th edition in that you had to have a unit in their unopposed to claim the section. The three sections in my half were worth 2pts and the three sections in his half were worth 4pts each. Clearly the idea being that it prevents people from camping in their home sections for a draw. All units were scoring except flyers and ICs could control a board section but not contest it. Important to remember that for later.
+At this point I should say I forgot to take any pictures until after the battle was over so I apologise for that. Anyway, there would be no Seize the Initiative so when Chris won the roll off I deployed pretty conservatively. As ever the aegis line gave away where my fire warriors would be but everything else I spread down the line.
+Chris brought on his flyers and slowly began to chip away at my army. My riptides managed to survive another turn despite weathering a lot of fire. My response was pretty brutal. The crisis team came down and managed to take out a ghost ark with the combination of fire warriors and the devilfish finishing off the warriors inside. The commander immobilised a barge and the one of the riptides was able to destroy another. Frustratingly the other riptide failed to deal with the flyer and the missile pod crisis suits again failed to destroy the barge only managing to strip another hull point. One squad of kroot arrived and hit behind a massive building hoping to be ignored and steal a section.
+The deathmarks managed to finish off a riptide whilst the other was charged by the destroyer lord. Sadly I didn't think of using Smash to make me S10 to allow me to strip the final wound from the lord instead I failed to wound against his high toughness. The riptide would pay for it in the next round of combat as he killed himself thanks to mindshackle. Time was running short at this point so we were forced to rush things a little bit. The court walked on from reserve (they'd been delayed by another mishap) killed the commander's bodyguard. The commander was able to finish off a barge but died in combat with the overlord in the following turn. I destroyed one of the flyers but that allowed the warriors to walk on from the board edge and force the kroot to run. The final turn would be crucial. Luckily for me the Necrons failed to kill the missile team thanks to lucky saving throws.
+Chris didn't realise that 50% of a unit had to be in a zone to claim it so he'd moved his deathmarks to far. The fire warriors shot down the destroyer lord, the devilfish contested the section with the court and the kroot regrouped. This meant 4 of the 6 sections were contested whilst I controlled the other two as Chris had forgotten that ICs couldn't contest and my pathfinders had snuck into the middle section. Combined with linebreaker I scored 5 points to Chris' 3 (all from secondaries). Somehow I'd won despite feeling pretty outnumbered and only having killed a third of the Necrons.
+Game Two - Tau vs IG/SM
+Game 3 - Tau vs Eldar/GK
+In my second turn crisis team arrived right in the middle of the board and despite some contention about whether they'd mishapped or not they landed just shy of the wraithknight. Meanwhile the kroot arrived on both flanks with those on the left targetting Coteaz's squad with help from some fire warriors who'd advanced in a devilfish. The missile team was again able to down the other wave serpent but the wraithguard were now close to my lines. The combination of riptides, command team and fire warriors was enough to finish off both dreadknights in a single turn.
+The wraithguard incinerated more fire warriors (this time killing the Ethereal). The spiritseer moved to the other squad (we couldn't find where in the rulebook it says an IC can't leave one squad and join another in the same turn - are we just thinking of 5th or something?). Anyway, the spiritseer and the wraithguard charged the commander but the combat was a draw and the commander was able to use his vectored retro-thrusters to Hit & Run. Meanwhile Coteaz decided to break from his squad and charged down the fire warriors. They weren't able to harm him with Overwatch meaning he got into combat with them unscathed. The Fire Warriors struck first and I was incredibly lucky with my rolls managing to score 5 wounds. I joked that it'd be funny if they killed him and sure enough Matt rolls three 1s on his five dice and Coteaz was embarrasingly taken out by the supposed combat whipping boys. To compound the problems the Wraithknight failed a charge through terrain.
+The battle was pretty much one sided from this point onwards. The kroot and devilfish were able to finish off the monkeys (with the last one running). The riptides and missile team combined to kill the wraithknight off in a single turn. The commander and his squad killed off one of the wraithguard squads. Matt now only had the spiritseer and a squad of wraithguard left. The wraithguard were able to use their d-scythes to wipe out the commander and his bodyguard in single gout of eldritch flame. The spiritseer targetted a squad of pathfinders with his destructor power hoping to finish them off in combat. Sadly for him they fled only to regroup in the next turn.
+Suffice to say Matt didn't really enjoy the experience and I think from the point he lost both dreadknights he wasn't having fun. That'll be 1-0 to me on our tournament matchups then!
+Conclusion
+The 17-11 victory in the final game against Matt was good enough to get me 3rd place which was a nice surprise. A much better and far more unexpected surprise was that the referees had judged my Tau to be the Best Painted army too! The combination of the two netted me £20 in store credit which, with the 20% tournament discount, allowed me to pre-order the new marine book for £8. Nice!
+I have to stress that whilst the events at the Outpost are pretty competitive the venue doesn't insist on painted models which means my Tau were just well painted in comparsion. I don't for a second think they're up to much in their current state but the referees liked that the army looked cohesive and that the painting was "neat". They obviously didn't look that closely then!!
+The army performed pretty well. The main weakness is the over-reliance on the riptides to take down vehicles of all kinds. Of course AV12 or less isn't too much of a problem but the AV13 spam of the Necrons and AV12 flyers in the second game really showed the weakness. For the next tournament I need to look at working in some more anti-tank and perhaps reducing the anti-infantry firepower. Incidentally my list was considered cheesy for having two riptides in it but I think it's more about the synergy between the units that makes it pretty deadly. The riptides actually act as a good distraction from the crisis teams which actually do most of the work.
+Congrats mate, I really like your Tau scheme and am glad to see you get 'credit' for it. (pun intended) Also great to see the most miserable man in 40k have even more reason to be miserable!
+Cheers mate. Always nice to make Matt whinge and to do so at a tournament is doubly satisfying.
+Sounds like you had a good time, and that's the main part. Grats on 3rd place and best painted!
+Cheers mate. Can't honestly say that I felt either award was fully deserved but I'm pleased nonetheless.
+Congrats :) sounds like a blast!
+Cheers mate. To be honest I had thought about not going as I'm a bit burned out with competitive play recently. However, the Outpost is always pretty good for competitive but not dirty players.
+Well done on the 3rd place, and thank for the great write-up.
+Strange seeing a Tau army with no heavy support :)
+My list is simular to yours apart from I swap the commander, low ap bodyguard team and devilfish for longer range firepower (Skyray, Hammerhead & Broadisdes).
+What did you think of the commander and bodyguard team's performance ? Was the low ap useful, or were they mainly there for anti tank with their fusion guns ? How useful was the devilfish (as it's only 10-15 pts of the price of a skyray), particularly as it was the only tank ?
+Rathstar
+Thanks and you're welcome on the write up.
+I'm writing a full run-down of my list now but just to address your points. I'm not overly sold on any of the heavy support. Hammerheads are somewhat un-reliable in my experience and they're an obvious target in a non-mech list. Skyrays just aren't good enough compared to other things and I refuse to take HYMP broadsides simply because I'd only be doing so because I know they're competitive. They just don't excite me.
+I'll talk about the commander and devilfish fully in my post.
+Lighting up and illuminating your ambiance is an undertaking that you can never treat or take lightly. You must really be sure of the kinds of appliances that you pick and make use of. We want to help you to arrive at the best ever purchases. Perhaps your best bet lies in the LED lantern that bears the 1,000 lumens.
+They are the brightest and by far the most legible of all the lighting apparatus that your meager financial resources can afford. To help you out, we sample, highlight, and are going to examine in detail the ten leading gadgets of these kinds at the moment.
+Table of Contents
+- Our Top Picks
+- List of The Best 1000 Lumen Rechargeable LED Lanterns
+- 10. Streamlight 44947 Super Siege 120V AC
+- 9. LE LED Camping Lantern, Battery Powered LED
+- 8. Coleman 1000 Lumens LED Lantern with BatteryGuard, Green
+- 7. Novostella Rechargeable 1000LM CREE LED Spotlight
+- 6. Anhay LED Lantern Flashlight, 1000 Lumen Rechargeable Camping Spotlight
+- 5. Blazin’ LED Camping Lanterns Battery Powered LED Rechargeable
+- 4. EULOCA Camping Lantern LED
+- 3. Blazin Fireball | Brightest Dimmable LED Lantern
+- 2. LUXPRO Dual Power Lantern
+- 1. LE LED Camping Lantern Rechargeable
+Our Top Picks
+List of The Best 1000 Lumen Rechargeable LED Lanterns
+10. Streamlight 44947 Super Siege 120V AC
+This is not your ordinary lantern. It also doubles up as an auxiliary USB power outlet that charges your mobile phones and other vital electronics. A durable Polymer construction comes in handy. Its role is basically to confer the strength and the vitality that this wonderful piece of equipment boasts of.
+The base of the lantern on the other hand possesses a rubber molding that works to support and stabilize the same on all kinds of surfaces. Far and beyond all these, the lantern also accepts and makes great use of various extras and accessories that stretch its functionality.
+Key Features
+- Polycarbonate thermoplastic construction
+- Elastomer over mold
+- Multiple light modes
+- Portable USB charger
+- Incorporated D ring
+- Product Description
+9. LE LED Camping Lantern, Battery Powered LED
+Seeking maximum convenience in the course of your use and engagement of this wonderful apparatus? We draw your attention to this specific gadget. It is overall portable and thus quite convenient to carry and move around. Then again, it activates for use and engagement a bit too soon!
+Other than the interiors, you may also use this lighting apparatus outdoors. That is thanks mainly to the IPX4 waterproof protection grade nature. No matter how hard the ambient moisture damages may be, the item is unlikely to lose its reliability and overall functionality. Is it too much of us to add that the item lasts longer?
+Key Features
+- Portable camping lantern
+- IPX4 protection grade
+- 360° Lighting
+- 4 Light Modes and Dimmable
+- Removable cap
+8. Coleman 1000 Lumens LED Lantern with BatteryGuard, Green
+If and when these lighting apparatus are used out in the open, they tend to suffer the risks of corrosion and other premature wet damages. You do not want this to happen to you at all. That is why we ask you to place your bet on this particular lantern.
+It expends a technology that works to diminish the possibilities of the batteries from suffering corrosion and other allied forms of damages. To add to that, the batteries themselves do not drain out excessively as is the norm with the rest of the surviving alternatives.
+Key Features
+- Brightness. up to 1000 lumens
+- Beam distance. up to 16 meters
+- IPX4 water-resistant design
+- Impact-resistant up to 2 meters
+- Battery Guard system
+7. Novostella Rechargeable 1000LM CREE LED Spotlight
+Of all the lanterns we have around, this is the one that finds the widest usage. You may use it for your fishing, hiking, adventures, search and rescue, explorations, and general camping works. A large and comfortable handle stands out as the premier aspect of the item overall.
+Using its searchlight mode, the item manages to give off two levels of brightness for your choice and ultimate leverage. This combines with the comfortable irradiation distance of about 350-700 meters. With its lantern mode, count on it to impact every reach and corner where you are.
+Key Features
+- 4000mAh rechargeable battery
+- Built-in USB port
+- 4 blue LEDs
+- 700-350 meters irradiation distance
+- 4000mAh Waterproof LED Searchlight
+6. Anhay LED Lantern Flashlight, 1000 Lumen Rechargeable Camping Spotlight
+If your use of these gadgets is mainly dictated by the need to tackle the harsh weather, we can never ask you to pick and make do with any other than this one. It bears the legendary waterproof construction and the IPX4 waterproof rating. These two combine to enable smoother and unparalleled engagements.
+Setting this lamp further apart from the others is the longer maximum irradiation distance of about 1750 feet. Thanks to this arrangement the lamp impacts areas that are larger in scope and are also extremely diverse. Should we add the numerous lighting modes that it confers to you?
+Key Features
+- 2 built-in 18650 lithium-ion batteries
+- 4000mAh Power Bank
+- IPX4 Waterproof
+- 10 Light Modes
+- 20 hours run time
+5. Blazin’ LED Camping Lanterns Battery Powered LED Rechargeable
+Planning to detach yourself from the mainstream for too long? The lantern you devote to your use has to manage a longer run time. By the virtue of managing a 350-hour run time, this by far is the most suitable for the job. Its benefits and strong points do not just end there though.
+This lantern also lasts longer than your average gadget. Its lifetime comes to about 50% longer than the ordinary batteries do manage. What’s more? It also possesses a built-in indicator lamp that serves to show the level of power that prevails for your added peace of mind and overall support.
+Key Features
+- 350 hour run time
+- Built-in indicator lamp
+- 360° coverage
+- Water-resistant and drop-proof
+- Rechargeable lantern indoor
+4. EULOCA Camping Lantern LED
+Have a larger and wider space to tackle? Place your bet on this lantern if you answered this question in the affirmative. It is so designed to spray the light rays to a scope of about 360°. Thanks to that arrangement the gadget impacts every length and breadth of the area you may have to impact.
+As opposed to the other lighting apparatus we may have around, this does not dazzle when in the course of operating. It is as such safer for your eyes and won’t harm them even when beheld for too long a duration of time. Use its four lighting modes to determine the intensity of the lighting output that is comfortable for you.
+Key Features
+- 360° super brightness
+- 4 lighting modes
+- USB rechargeable 4400mAh power bank
+- Water-resistant
+- Dimmable lighting
+3. Blazin Fireball | Brightest Dimmable LED Lantern
+Different conditions or levels of illumination needs to demand similarly varying intensities of light. Not many gadgets seem to acknowledge this obvious fact though. Luckily, this one is dimmable and is hence capable of serving your varying lighting needs conveniently. It also doubles up as being able to light up your entire rooms sufficiently.
+All its structural parts and components also last longer. That stems from the use of only those materials that are strong enough to last longer and bear the many incidences of damages that may be hurled against them. Use its power bank to supply an uninterrupted flow of power whenever you need the same.
+Key Features
+- Wonderfully soft illumination
+- Variable settings
+- 6-8 hour run time
+- Hurricane, emergency light
+- Dimmable storm lantern
+2. LUXPRO Dual Power Lantern
+Have many other electronics to care for? Place your bet on this multipurpose LED lantern to make great use of. It is multipurpose in the sense that it may also serve as a charging station for your vital electronics and other important pieces of equipment in your room.
+Adding to the above is the water-resistant nature of the gadget on the whole. All its critical components and the materials that make it up cannot suffer any water damages. You may hence make use of it safely and smoothly in the outdoor areas and environs without feeling the constraints that come along.
+Key Features
+- 360° Broad beam
+- Dual battery design
+- Built to last
+- Diffused lens
+- Rubberized casing
+1. LE LED Camping Lantern Rechargeable
+Constantly change your location every now and then? We would wish to draw your attention to this convenient and portable gadget. Thanks to the mix of these two vital ingredients, the gadget lets you pick and deploy it to the remote locales of your deployment a bit simpler.
+With the long playtime that straddles 12 hours, this gadget is also handy for your remote users. You will find it a pretty great companion for your indoor and outdoor purposes exceptionally well. Given its dimmable nature, the item is also vouched for furnishing just the right light output for unique circumstances.
+Key Features
+- Convenient and portable
+- Bright and water-resistant
+- Long playtime
+- Dimmable and 4 light modes
+- Rechargeable & 4400mAh power bank
+CONCLUSION
+Your subsequent hunt for the necessary 1000 lumens rechargeable LED lantern should not be a ‘life and death’ affair now. We believe with the insight we have generously provided, you should now be in the position to make a suitable pick in ways that are convenient.
+Taking too long to make the first move is also never recommended at all. The benefits and the goodies that these items bring along are too huge to forfeit or take too long to leverage. When are you planning to set out for purchase? Kindly let us know in the comment sections below…
+Open Access This article is
+- freely available
+- re-usable
+Metabolites 2019, 9(10), 241;
+Article
+Characterization of Lipid Profiles after Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Using Integrated Untargeted and Targeted Lipidomics
+1
+Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
+2
+Metabolome informatics research team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
+3
+Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
+4
+Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
+*
+Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
+Received: 28 August 2019 / Accepted: 17 October 2019 / Published: 21 October 2019
+Abstract:
+Illuminating the comprehensive lipid profiles after dietary supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is crucial to revealing the tissue distribution of PUFAs in living organisms, as well as to providing novel insights into lipid metabolism. Here, we performed lipidomic analyses on mouse plasma and nine tissues, including the liver, kidney, brain, white adipose, heart, lung, small intestine, skeletal muscle, and spleen, with the dietary intake conditions of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as the ethyl ester form. We incorporated targeted and untargeted approaches for profiling oxylipins and complex lipids such as glycerol (phospho) lipids, sphingolipids, and sterols, respectively, which led to the characterization of 1026 lipid molecules from the mouse tissues. The lipidomic analysis indicated that the intake of PUFAs strongly impacted the lipid profiles of metabolic organs such as the liver and kidney, while causing less impact on the brain. Moreover, we revealed a unique lipid modulation in most tissues, where phospholipids containing linoleic acid were significantly decreased in mice on the ARA-supplemented diet, and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) selectively incorporated DHA over ARA and EPA. We comprehensively studied the lipid profiles after dietary intake of PUFAs, which gives insight into lipid metabolism and nutrition research on PUFA supplementation.
+Keywords:arachidonic acid; omega-3 fatty acids; lipidomics; mass spectrometry; dietary fat; fatty acid metabolism
+1. Introduction
+Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients that have a range of biological effects such as on brain function, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and bone health in humans [1,2], and also affect the reproduction quality of livestock animals [3]. Among PUFAs, arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are known as long chain PUFAs, and their physicochemical properties and metabolisms provide various functions in mammalian cells. ARA and EPA/DHA are also known as ω6 and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, and their biological functions and the importance of ω3/ω6 fatty acid balance in maintaining homeostasis have attracted increasing attentions [1,2]. Mammals cannot synthesize ARA, EPA, and DHA from their precursors in sufficient quantities, i.e., linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linoleic acid (ALA), and they must rely on dietary intake. Therefore, the dietary intake of ARA, EPA, and DHA is essential to maintain human health, and it is well known that livestock animals and marine foods are the primary nutrient sources for ARA and EPA/DHA, respectively.
+The lipid profiles in tissues are affected by different balances of dietary PUFAs [4,5,6,7,8,9]. In fact, the intake of ω3 PUFAs increases tissue levels of ω3 PUFAs and their oxidized forms, namely oxylipins, while the amount of ω6 PUFAs and their oxidized forms is decreased [4,5]. Moreover, a previous study revealed that dietary intake of ω3 PUFA inhibits ARA biosynthesis from LA by the suppression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) expression [6], and competes with ARA for membrane phospholipid remodeling. In addition, several ω3 PUFA intervention studies have shown that the supplementation of ω3 PUFA increases ω3-PUFA-derived oxylipins while decreasing ARA-derived oxylipins in human peripheral blood [7]. Although oxylipin profiles under different dietary conditions have been reported [4,5,8,9], there have been few studies that comprehensively investigated the lipid profile after the dietary intake of ARA, EPA, or DHA side-by-side in various tissues, which would be necessary to grasp the effects of different PUFA-containing diets.
+After dietary intake, PUFAs are actively incorporated into cells as acyl chains of membrane phospholipids and other lipid classes, such as triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters. Intake of ARA, EPA, and DHA affects several physiological functions, such as membrane scaffold formation to harmonize biomolecule interactions [10], energy storage and related functions to maintain metabolism [11], and signal transduction via bioactive lipid mediators produced by cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) [12]. Since these functions are accomplished by a molecular diversity of lipid species, the comprehensive profiling of lipids in cells and tissues is important to understanding the mechanisms underlying the effect of different PUFA supplementations.
+Liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) and triple quadruple mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ/MS) are popular techniques for untargeted and targeted lipidomic analysis, respectively [13,14]. LC-QqQ/MS-based targeted lipidomics has high sensitivity, and has often been used for the profiling of oxylipins, where the concentrations in plasma range from 10 pM to 100 nM [14]. In contrast, LC-HR-MS/MS, which has high resolution and scanning speed, has often been used for the profiling of glycerol (phospho) lipids, sphingolipids, and sterols, where concentrations in plasma range from 10 nM to 100 µM [14]. The current informatics technique for untargeted lipidomics enabled us to characterize more than 90 lipid classes by untangling the MS/MS spectrum [15]. Mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics, therefore, has the potential to comprehensively examine tissue lipid profiles in detail, and this lipidomic profiling could give us new insights into dietary PUFA distribution and metabolism in the body.
+In this study, we investigated the lipid profiles in plasma and tissues including the liver, kidney, white adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, small intestine, lung, brain, and spleen after dietary intake of the ethyl ester form of ARA (ARA-E), EPA (EPA-E) or DHA (DHA-E) in mice. In total, 1026 molecular species of lipid were identified, of which 915 and 111 were annotated in untargeted and targeted analyses, respectively.
+2. Materials and Methods
+2.1. Standard Chemicals
+ARA-d8, 15-HETE-d8, LTB4-d4 and PGE2-d4 were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Highly purified EPA ethyl ester (EPA-E) (> 98%), DHA ethyl ester (DHA-E) (> 97%), and ethyl arachidonate (ARA-E) (> 99%) were obtained from Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), Harima foods, Inc. (Osaka, Japan) and NuChek Prep, Inc. (Elysian, MN, USA), respectively. All solvents of LC/MS grade were obtained from Wako (Tokyo, Japan).
+2.2. Animals
+Male C57BL/6J mice (Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan) were purchased at 10 weeks of age, and housed under controlled temperature and lighting (12 h light/dark cycle) with free access to water and a controlled diet (fish-meal-free F1, Funabashi Farm, Chiba, Japan). The fatty acid composition and other nutritional factors for fish-meal-free F1 are described in Supplementary Table S1. In this study, the fish-meal-free F1 was used as an ARA-, EPA-, and DHA-free diet, and each PUFA was supplemented into the feed in its ethyl ester form. After 1 week of acclimation, mice were assigned to four groups (n = 5) and fed control diet (control group), control diet supplemented with 1% EPA-E (w/w) (EPA-fed group), 1% DHA-E (w/w) (DHA-fed group), or 1% ARA-E (w/w) (ARA-fed group) for 2 weeks. Animals were dissected under isoflurane anesthesia, after which organs, such as the liver, kidney, white adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, small intestine, lung, brain, and spleen, were collected and plasma was isolated. For the lipidome analyses, four biological replicates (n = 4) were used for liver tissue, and five biological replicates (n = 5) were used for the other tissues and plasma. Two of the white adipose samples from the EPA-fed group and one of the skeletal muscle samples from the ARA-fed group in were excluded from the targeted lipidomics results owing to LC-MS analysis failure. All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines for the use and care of laboratory animals of Mochida Pharmaceutical, and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (identification code: PMS14-041).
+2.3. Determination of Plasma Triglyceride, Cholesterol, and Fatty Acid Composition
+Standard enzymatic methods were used to determine plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TAG) with commercially available kits purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. Total fatty acids in plasma were analyzed by gas chromatography (Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan). C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:3, C20:4, C20:5, C22:5, and C22:6 levels were determined using the standard substances: palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, dihomo-γ-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively.
+2.4. Untargeted LC-MS/MS-Based Lipidomics
+Total lipids from organs were extracted as previously described [16] using internal standards: 1 µM TAG (8:0/8:0/8:0)-13C3 (Larodan, Inc., Monroe, MI, USA), 0.5 µM phosphatidyl glycerol (17:0/14:1) (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Alabaster, AL, USA), 0.5 µM lyso phosphatidylcholine (17:1) (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc.), 5 µM acylcarnitine (18:0)-d3 (Larodan, Inc., Monroe, MI, USA), 25 µM palmitic acid-d3 (Olbracht Serdary Research Laboratories, Toronto, ON, Canada), 25 µM stearic acid-d3 (Olbracht Serdary Research Laboratories, Toronto, ON, Canada), 5 µM cholic acid-d4 (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA), and 0.5 µM Cer/Sph mixture I (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Alabaster, AL, USA) (Supplementary Table S2). Untargeted analysis was performed using an ACQUITY UPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) coupled with a quadruple time-of-flight/MS (TripleTOF 5600+, SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). LC separation was performed using a reverse-phase column (Acquity UPLC BEH peptide C18; 2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 µm particle size; Waters, Milford, MA, USA) with a gradient elution of mobile phase A (methanol: acetonitrile: water = 1:1:3, v/v/v for volume ratio containing 5 mM ammonium acetate and 10 nM EDTA) and mobile phase B (100% isopropanol containing 5 mM ammonium acetate and 10 nM EDTA), and the composition was produced by mixing those solvents. LC gradient consisted of holding solvent (A/B: 100/0) for 1 min, then linearly converting to solvent (A/B: 60/40) for 4 min, linearly converting to solvent (A/B:36/64) for 2.5 min and holding for 4.5 min, then linearly converting to solvent (A/B: 17.5/82.5) for 0.5 min, linearly converting to solvent (A/B: 15/85) for 8.5 min, and linearly converting to solvent (A/B: 5/95) for 1 min followed by returning to solvent (A/B: 100/0) and holding for 5 min for re-equilibration. The flow rate and column temperature were set to 0.3 mL/min and 45 °C, respectively. Data dependent MS/MS acquisition mode was applied as previously described [16]. Briefly, the temperature and ion spray voltage floating were set to 300 °C and −5.5 kV, respectively. The accumulation times for MS1 and MS/MS were set to 100 ms and 50 ms, respectively, for scanning a mass range from m/z 75 to m/z 1250. The collision energy (CE) was set to 35 eV with a CE spread of 15 eV in high-resolution mode, and other settings of DDA mode were as follows: 10 most intense ions, 100 cps intensity threshold, and 100 sec exclusion time.
+2.5. Targeted LC-MS/MS-Based Lipidomics
+The LC-MS/MS analysis was performed as described previously [12]. Samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction using Sep-Pak Vac 3cc C18 cartridges (Waters) with deuterium-labeled internal standards at a final concentration of 10 pg/µL ARA-d8, 10 pg/µL 15-HETE-d8, 10 pg/µL LTB4-d4, 10 pg/µL PGE2-d4 per samples. The targeted analysis was performed using a UPLC system (Waters UPLC, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) with a triple quadruple linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTRAP 5500; SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA), equipped with Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.0 × 150 mm, 1.7 µm particle size; Waters, Milford, MA, USA). Samples were eluted with a mobile phase composed of water/acetate (100:0.1, v/v) and acetonitrile/methanol (4:1, v/v) (73:27) for 5 min, and ramped to 30:70 over 15 min, to 20:80 over 25 min and held for 8 min, ramped to 0:100 over 35 min, and held for 10 min with flow rates of 70 µL/min (0–30 min), 80 µL/min (30–33 min), and 100 µL/min (33–45 min). The MS/MS analyses were performed in negative ion mode, and oxylipins were identified and quantified by multiple reaction monitoring (Supplementary Table S3). Compounds were quantified by using stable internal standards. The calibration curves of all compounds were acquired in triplicate (Supplementary Figure S1). The extraction and matrix recovery were calculated with internal standards (IS) and the compound quantification was conducted with the calibration curves. The lipid compounds of (group 1) free fatty acids, (group 2) monohydrides and epoxides, (group 3) diols, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, lipoxines, and resolvins, and (group 4) prostaglandins and others were corrected with ARA-d8, 15-HETE-d8, LTB4-d4, and PGE2-d4, respectively. The compound concentrations were calculated as:
+2.6. Data Analysis
+The targeted analysis data was analyzed using MultiQuant software (SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). The chromatogram peaks were manually curated. The untargeted analysis data was analyzed using MS-DIAL software [17,18] version 2.90 () with the following parameters: retention time start: 0 min; retention time end: 100 min; mass range start: 0 Da; mass range end: 5000 Da; accurate mass tolerance (MS1) tolerance: 0.01 Da; MS2 tolerance: 0.025 Da; maximum charge number: two; smoothing method: linear weighted moving average; smoothing level: 3; minimum peak width: five scans; minimum peak height: 1000; mass slice width: 0.1 Da; sigma window value: 0.5; MS2Dec amplitude cut off: 0; exclude after precursor: true; keep isotope until: 0.5 Da; keep original precursor isotopes: false; exclude after precursor: true; retention time tolerance for identification: 10 min; MS1 for identification: 0.01 Da; accurate mass tolerance (MS2) for identification: 0.05 Da; identification score cut off: 80%; using retention time for scoring: true; relative abundance cut off: 0; top candidate report: true; retention time tolerance for alignment: 0.1 min; MS1 tolerance for alignment: 0.015 Da; peak count filter: 0; adduct ion setting: [M+H]+, [M+NH4]+, [M+Na]+, [M+C2H3N+H]+, [M+H-H2O]+, [M+C3H8O+H]+, [M+C2H3N +Na]+, [M-C6H10O5+H]+, [2M+H]+, [2M+NH4]+, [2M+Na]+ in positive ion mode and [M-H]−, [M-H2O-H]−, [M+CH3COO]−, [M-C6H10O5-H]−, [2M-H]−, and [2M+CH3COO]− in negative ion mode. All lipid classes supported in the MS-DIAL version were used for the targeted lipids. The annotation was performed using the in silico spectral library of lipids, and the false positive annotations were manually curated by mass spectrometry experts. The principal component analysis and circus plots were executed in the R language with the packages of “prcomp” and “OmicCircos”. Our untargeted lipidomic data were discussed in terms of relative quantification, defined by lipidomic standard initiative (), among dietary conditions in each tissue. All of the mass spectrometry data are available at RIKEN DROP Met (, ID= DM0030).
+3. Results
+3.1. Lipid Profiles after Dietary Intake of ARA, EPA, or DHA
+We first examined the profiles of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), and total fatty acids in mouse plasma. Dietary intake of 1% (w/w) ARA-EE, EPA-EE, or DHA-EE for 2 weeks significantly decreased plasma cholesterol and decreased triacylglycerol levels as compared to the levels of the control group (Figure 1a,b). There were no body weight loss, suggesting that PUFA supplementation did not affect the amount of dietary consumption (Figure 1c). Total fatty acid levels, including C16:0 (palmitic acid), C18:1, and C18:2, were decreased after dietary intake of PUFAs, while C20:4 (ARA), C20:5 (EPA), and C22:6 (DHA) were increased in the respective dietary conditions (Figure 1d). Here, abbreviations of C18:1 and C18:2 were used because of the unclear chromatogram separation from several isomers including vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7), oleic acid (18:1 n-6), linoleic acid (n-6), and conjugated linoleic acids. In this study, we fed PUFAs in synthetic ethyl ester form (PUFA-EE) because this method of producing ethyl esters can achieve a high degree of fatty acid purity. However, the bioavailability of the ethyl ester forms has been reported to be lower than the TAG form, which is the major form of PUFAs in natural fish oil [19,20]. Dietary PUFA-EE and TAG are both hydrolyzed to free fatty acid by pancreatic lipase and passively transported into enterocytes. In the enterocytes, free fatty acids are re-esterified to TAG and then transferred into lymph and blood circulation. Among those processes, the digestion of the ester bond and re-esterification may cause the difference of bioavailability [21]. However, the plasma PUFA levels were increased as expected after dietary intake of PUFA-EEs (Figure 1d), supporting the validity of this study design.
+Next, we performed untargeted and targeted lipidomic analysis on the plasma and the nine tissues. A total of 915 molecules from 33 lipid classes were characterized in the untargeted analysis, while 111 oxylipins derived from LA, ALA, ARA, EPA, and DHA were identified in the targeted analysis (Table 1) The score plots of the principal component analysis (PCA) from untargeted lipidomics were clearly clustered by dietary-fed group in the metabolic organs, such as the liver and kidney, and the factor loadings showed that the profiles of glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids contributed to the principal components (Figure 2a and Supplementary Figure S2). On the other hand, the lipidome in the brain and muscle tissues, including the heart and skeletal muscle, was not significantly changed between different dietary conditions. Interestingly, the score plots of DHA dietary intake were classified independently from other conditions in the skeletal muscle, adipose, and heart. According to the factor loadings, the profile of DHA-containing lipids substantially contributed to these score plot dimensions. In fact, the muscle tissues were enriched in DHA present in membrane phospholipids [22], and our results suggested that the efficiency of DHA incorporation into membrane phospholipids was higher in muscle tissues compared to other tissues, and that the PC, PE, and PI lipid classes highly incorporated DHA as an acyl chain component in both the skeletal muscle and heart. In contrast, the membrane phospholipids incorporating DHA and the score plots of dietary DHA intake were not significantly changed in the brain.
+3.2. Oxylipin Profiles in Targeted Lipidomics
+According to the PCA score plots of the targeted lipidomic analysis, the oxylipins and their related molecules of plasma and tissues, except for the brain, were significantly affected by the dietary intake of PUFAs (Figure 2b and Supplementary Figure S2). Further detail of the oxylipin profiles is given in Figure 3. In most organs, except for the small intestine, lung, and spleen, the concentrations of 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) and 14,15-EET were higher than those of other oxylipins in ARA-derived metabolites, including epoxides, hydroxides, prostaglandins (PGs), and others. In contrast, COX-derived PGs such as PGE2, PGD2, and 6-keto-PGF1α were enriched in the small intestine, lung, and spleen, and these tissues contained higher amounts of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs).
+The levels of EPA and EPA-derived oxylipins were in fact lower than those of ARA and DHA in plasma and all tissues (Figure 1d and Supplementary Figure S3), while their amounts were substantially increased by dietary EPA intake as indicated by EPA-derived metabolites (Figure 3). Among the EPA-derived oxylipins, epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EpETEs) were the primary oxylipins present in the liver, kidney, white adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, and brain, while PGs and hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids (HEPEs) were enriched in the small intestine and spleen. A similar pattern was observed in dietary DHA intake; epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (EpDPE) and hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (HDoHE) were characteristically present in tissues.
+The ARA-, EPA-, and DHA-derived epoxides, which are known as CYP metabolites, were enriched in metabolic tissues such as the liver, kidney, and white adipose tissue. ARA-derived epoxides activate various signaling pathways, and elicit functional responses such as vasorelaxation and anti-inflammation [23]. EPA-derived epoxides have anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties: 17,18-EpETE inhibits mast cell degranulation [24,25] and 12-hydroxy-17,18-EpETE suppresses neutrophil infiltration and eosinophilic inflammation [26,27]. These epoxides are converted into diols by soluble epoxide hydrolase, and the levels of diols and the diols/epoxide ratio were high in the small intestine (Supplementary Figure S4).
+The ω3 oxylipins of EPA were increased following the dietary intake of DHA, while the amounts of ARA-derived oxylipins were decreased by ω3 PUFA dietary intake. Similar observations have also been reported in several other studies [5,7,28]. Interestingly, the increase in brain EPA levels following DHA intake was relatively high, and this result may represent the retro-conversion from DHA to EPA [29]. In contrast, ARA metabolism was competitively suppressed by a rich intake of EPA and DHA.
+3.3. Lipidomic Signatures in Untargeted Analyses
+We used circus plots to display the result of untargeted lipidomics (Figure 4) for the liver and brain, the metabolites of which were the most and least affected by the dietary intakes of PUFAs, respectively (Figure 2a). The heatmap layer and correlation linkages in the circus plot clearly showed that the PUFAs in liver were incorporated into glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and cholesterol esters, while the profile of sphingolipids was not affected by any dietary supplement. Moreover, the heatmap layer and the detail of fatty acid compositions indicating the existence of 18:2, 20:4/22:4, 20:5/22:5, and 22:6 as the acyl chain composition in a certain lipid class showed that glycerol (phospho) lipids containing 22:4 and 22:5 were increased in most tissues after the dietary intake of ARA and EPA, respectively. This result indicated that ARA and EPA were elongated to docosatetraenoic acid (DTA, 22:4) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5) by elongases such as elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL) 2 and 5 [30]. In contrast, an increase in lipids containing the elongated product of DHA, i.e., 24:6, was not observed following DHA dietary supplementation in the tissues examined.
+A few differences in lipid profiles were observed in the mouse brain: free fatty acids (FA) of ARA, EPA, and DHA were affected by dietary intake (Figure 4). Moreover, several phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and ether linked PE (EtherPE), partially reflected the changes in dietary conditions according to the heatmap layer. Interestingly, the amounts of most lipid classes, including sphingolipids, were increased in the ARA-supplemented mice. Moreover, untargeted lipidomics identified the mono-galactocyl/glycosyl-diacylglycerol (MGDG) lipids, the main component of plant membrane lipids, in the mouse brain, where the MGDG lipids were composed of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. A few studies have also shown the existence of MGDG in the brain, and its biosynthesis and physiological role have been examined in several in vitro studies, although their mechanisms are still unclear [31,32,33]. These results suggest that the annotation of untargeted lipidomics should be performed first in an unbiased manner.
+Untargeted lipidomics also revealed unique lipid features in the other tissues. The diacylglycerol (DAG) and TAG lipids were the most abundant species in the white adipose tissue, as has previously been described [34], and the DAG and TAG profiles were significantly affected in most tissues. Interestingly, however, we found that the profiles of DAG and TAG were not affected in the spleen, although the profiles of free fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, and cholesteryl esters did reflect the intakes of ARA, EPA, and DHA (Supplementary Figure S5). This result suggested that the metabolic pathway has a limited ability to incorporate dietary PUFAs into TAG in the spleen. Indeed, diglyceride acyltransferase (DGAT) activity has been reported to be low in the spleen [35]. Our results also showed that the ether-linked PC and PE (EtherPC and EtherPE) incorporating O-alkenyl or O-alkyl chains were enriched in the kidney, spleen, small intestine, muscle, heart, and brain (Table 1), while the acyl chain profiles of EtherPC and EtherPE reflected the dietary PUFA in all tissues and plasma. In contrast, the low variety of O-alkenyl or O-alkyl chains containing PC and PE in the liver can be explained by the low expression of the alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase (AGPS) [36].
+In addition, we found that the levels of phospholipids containing LA (LA-PLs) were substantially decreased after the dietary intake of ARA (Figure 5a), and profound changes were observed in PC and PE. This may have resulted from competition for the PL remodeling enzyme lysophospholipid acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3), which has a high affinity for both ARA and LA [37]. Since free LA was decreased by dietary intake of ARA, in addition to LA-PLs (Supplementary Figure S5), the decrease of LA under ARA supplementation could reflect a potential mechanism whereby total ω6 fatty acid amount, i.e., LA + ARA, is maintained in mammalian cells: in fact, a previous study provided a complementary report in which an ARA decrease is observed in plasma following a higher intake of LA [38]. We also found that the BMP containing DHA (DHA-BMP) was substantially increased under DHA supplementation, while an increase in BMP containing ARA and EPA was not observed in ARA or EPA supplementation (Figure 5b): the annotation was performed by curating both positive and negative ion MS/MS spectra (Figure 5c). While DHA is known to be the predominant fatty acyl chain of BMP in the brain [39], our study suggested that there is a selective mechanism in which DHA is preferably incorporated into BMP in several tissues, including the small intestine, lung, heart, kidney, spleen, and liver. Although the BMP biosynthesis mechanism is still unclear, one study reported that lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 8 (AGPAT8), preferring unsaturated fatty acids as the acyl donor, catalyzed the acylation of BMP [40,41], and the gene expression level of AGPAT8 was high in the small intestine, heart, liver, and kidney in the BioGPS dataset (). Importantly, these results indicate the importance of untargeted lipidomics, where unexpected and novel insights can be discovered in a data-driven manner.
+4. Discussion
+In this study, we applied lipidomics techniques to monitor the comprehensive lipid profiles of mouse plasma and tissues, and their changes following the dietary intake of different PUFAs: ARA, EPA, and DHA. Importantly, we examined the effect of dietary supplementation of pure ARA, EPA, or DHA instead of dietary oils such as fish, linseed, and sunflower oils, and investigated the plasma and nine organs to better understand the common and/or differential lipid modulations in tissues. Mouse tissues, except for the brain, effectively incorporated the dietary PUFAs into glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids, and tissue levels of free fatty acids and oxylipins were well correlated with dietary PUFA intakes. It should be noted that our lipidomics data provided the lipidome result from “bulk” cells summing the heterogeneous nature in each tissue, and the results mainly reflect the lipid profiles of the major cell type or the major part of tissue. As for the brain, Arnold et al. reported similar results [42] when they examined cerebral cortex upon dietary EPA and DHA intake; the lipid changes in cerebral cortex were compared with other tissues including liver, kidney, heart, lung, and pancreas. Since cerebral cortex is the largest part of the brain, our whole brain data would have been significantly by the cerebral cortex. This was also the case for other tissues such as liver, white adipose, and skeletal muscle. Therefore, the lipidomes of different cell populations in each tissue should be investigated to further understand the mechanism of PUFA dietary intake in more detail.
+ARA, EPA, and DHA supplementation induced various changes in lipid profiles. Dietary PUFA intake substantially increased the levels of free PUFAs and oxylipins, as well as the incorporation of PUFAs in phospholipids and triglycerides. In contrast, this side-by-side study revealed the unique features of ARA, EPA, and DHA metabolism. The basal amount of EPA was much lower than that of ARA and DHA in the plasma and tissues. This may have been because EPA easily undergoes degradation and/or conversion in tissues [43,44]. Dietary supplementation of EPA for 2 weeks elevated tissue EPA levels, and the profile of EPA-derived oxylipins was similar to that of ARA-derived oxylipins. However, the profile of DHA-derived oxylipins was a little bit different from those of ARA and EPA. These results may suggest that EPA and DHA have different metabolic compartments, which may be associated with their difference in biological effects.
+In addition, dietary DHA was selectively incorporated into a unique phospholipid BMP. BMP is known as an acyl chain positional isomer of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), in which one acyl moiety is incorporated into the glycerol polar head, and the structures can be distinguished by positive ion mode MS/MS spectra, while the MS/MS spectra are the same in negative ion mode (Figure 5c). The biosynthetic and degradation pathways of BMP are still unclear; however, several enzymes, such as AGPAT8 and α/β hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6), have been reported as candidate enzymes involved in these pathways [40,41,45,46]. The subcellular localization of BMP is in the multivesicular membranes of late endosomes, where it enhances sphingolipid activator protein activity, resulting in (glyco) sphingolipid degradation [47,48,49]. In addition, BMP lipids contribute to membrane deformation, fusion, and transportation, as well as the incorporation of proteins and lipids [50], and one study reported that DHA-rich BMP is prone to peroxidation to prevent cholesterol oxidation [51]. However, the biological significance of DHA-BMP in endosome function and regulation is not well understood.
+PCA analysis (Figure 2) and circus plots (Figure 4 and Supplementary Figure S5) displayed the metabolic fingerprints of different tissues. In the immune organs, the spleen, small intestine, and lung, high levels of PGs, TXs and fatty acid hydroxides were detected. In contrast, PUFA epoxides were the major metabolites in plasma and other tissues. CYPs are responsible for fatty acid epoxidation, and ARA-, EPA-, and DHA-derived epoxides have various actions, such as vasodilation, anti-inflammation, anticoagulation, and anti-allergy activity [23,24,25,26,27].
+The comprehensive lipidomics approach revealed many findings about dietary PUFA metabolism. Our untargeted/targeted lipidomics data incorporating 1026 unique lipid molecules (Supplementary Tables S2 and S3) are powerful when combined with other omics layers such as proteomics and transcriptomics. Recently, the lipidomics standards initiative (LSI) proposed three types of quantification in mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics: level 1, matching internal standards (IS) together with consideration of species-specific analytical response (essentially stating that stable-isotope-labeled lipids are preferred); level 2, matching IS where the lipid class between analyte and internal standard is identical; and level 3, non-matching IS where analytes are normalized with other lipid class molecules [52]. Although our untargeted lipidomics data have been displayed as the relative quantification in each tissue, our lipidome table can be normalized as level 3 and partially level 2 quantifications by using the internal standards. A consortium with the advances in analytical chemistry and informatics research would contribute to facilitating open data sciences through the reanalysis of deposited data [15].
+This experimental design to investigate the PUFA metabolisms is expandable for further nutrient researches, and we believe that this study is a fundamental step towards clarification of the effects of dietary PUFA intakes in mice. Our lipidomics study offers a comprehensive picture of dietary PUFA metabolism in different tissues, and could provide an opportunity for data-driven hypotheses and biological insights into the molecular mechanisms of how different PUFA balances affect human and livestock health and disease.
+Supplementary Materials
+The following are available online at, Figure S1. Calibration curves of standard compounds including internal standards. All of calibration curves of 111 metabolites and four internal standards was described. Three technical replicates were obtained for each concentration. The R-square and coefficient value used for metabolite quantification were also described. The compound ID delimited by double underbars “__” is matched with MRM transition ID described in Supplementary Table S2. The 95% confidence interval was also described by gray color. Figure S2. Factor loadings of PCA described in Figure 2. The top 20 factor loadings from the maximum and minimum values for first- and second principal components were described for each PCA result. Figure S3. Concentration of free fatty acids in each tissue after dietary intakes. Black, red, blue, and green colors represent the dietary conditions; control, ARA, EPA, and DHA supplementation respectively. The statistical significance was evaluated by Tukey’s testing (* P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01) where one-way ANOVA showed the statistical significance among groups (P < 0.05). Figure S4. Detail of several oxylipin profiles under different dietary conditions. (a) The concentrations of 14,15-EET in control and ARA intake condition were described. (b) The concentrations of 17,18-EpETE in the control and following EPA intake were described. (c) The concentrations of 19,20-EpDPE in the control and following DHA intake were described. (d) The concentrations of 14,15-DHT in the control and following ARA intake were described. (e) The concentrations of 17,18-diHETE in the control and following EPA intake were described. (f) The concentrations of 19,20-diHDoPE in the control and following DHA intake were described. (g) The ratio of 14,15-DHT and 14,15-EET in ARA intake condition was described. (h) The ratio of 17,18-diHETE and 17,18-EpETE in EPA intake condition was described. (i) The ratio of 19,20-diHDoPE and 19,20-EpDPE in DHA intake condition was described. The significance was evaluated as * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01. Figure S5. Circus plots for plasma, adipose, kidney, small intestine, spleen, lung, muscle, and heart. Table S1. Details of fish-meal free F1 diet. Table S2. Details of untargeted lipidomics results. The false discovery rate (FDA) was corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) method, and the Q-value was also described. Table S3. Details of targeted lipidomics results. The false discovery rate (FDA) was corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) method, and the Q-value was also described.
+Author Contributions
+S.N. and M.A. designed the research. S.N. performed the experiments, and K.I. supported them. S.N. performed most of the data analysis for targeted lipidomics, and H.T. and M.T. performed the analysis for untargeted and targeted lipidomics. S.N., H.T., and M.A. primarily wrote the manuscript, and all authors approved the final manuscript.
+Funding
+This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI (15H05897, 15H05898, 18H02432, 18K19155) and JST National Bioscience Database Center (NBDC).
+Acknowledgments
+We thank to Yuuya Senoo, Aya Hori, and Mie Honda (RIKEN) for LC-MS analyses, and Yasutaka Jinno and Hiroyuki Kawano (Mochida Pharmaceutical Co.) for study supports.
+Conflicts of Interest
+Part of this study was funded by Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., which S.N. belongs to Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. was in charge of animal experiments.
+References
+- Saini, R.K.; Keum, Y.S. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance—A review. Life Sci. 2018, 203, 255–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Zárate, R.; el Jaber-Vazdekis, N.; Tejera, N.; Pérez, J.A.; Rodríguez, C. Significance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health. Clin. Transl. Med. 2017, 6, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Wathes, D.C.; Abayasekara, D.R.; Aitken, R.J. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male and female reproduction. Biol. Reprod. 2007, 77, 190–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Ostermann, A.I.; Schebb, N.H. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the pattern of oxylipins: A short review about the modulation of hydroxy-, dihydroxy-, and epoxy-fatty acids. Food Funct. 2017, 8, 2355–2367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Ostermann, A.I.; Waindok, P.; Schmidt, M.J.; Chiu, C.Y.; Smyl, C.; Rohwer, N.; Weylandt, K.H.; Schebb, N.H. Modulation of the endogenous omega-3 fatty acid and oxylipin profile in vivo—A comparison of the fat-1 transgenic mouse with C57BL/6 wildtype mice on an omega-3 fatty acid enriched diet. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0184470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Wijendran, V.; Downs, I.; Srigley, C.T.; Kothapalli, K.S.; Park, W.J.; Blank, B.S.; Zimmer, J.P.; Butt, C.M.; Salem, N.; Brenna, T. Dietary arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid regulate liver fatty acid desaturase (FADS) alternative transcript expression in suckling piglets. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 2013, 89, 345–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Arterburn, L.M.; Hall, E.B.; Oken, H. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83, 1467S–1476S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Balvers, M.G.J.; Verhoeckx, K.C]
+- Wood, J.T.; Williams, J.S.; Pandarinathan, L.; Janero, D.R.; Lammi-Keefe, C.J.; Makriyannis, A. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters select physiological endocannabinoid-system metabolites in brain and plasma. J. Lipid Res. 2010, 51, 1416–1423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Harayama, T.; Riezman, H. Understanding the diversity of membrane lipid composition. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2018, 19, 281–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Olzmann, J.A.; Carvalho, P. Dynamics and functions of lipid droplets. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2019, 20, 137–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Arita, M. Mediator lipidomics in acute inflammation and resolution. J. Biochem. 2012, 152, 313–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Tsugawa, H.; Ikeda, K.; Arita, M. The importance of bioinformatics for connecting data-driven lipidomics and biological insights. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 2017, 1862, 762–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Burla, B.; Arita, M.; Arita, M.; Bendt, A.K.; Cazenave-Gassiot, A.; Dennis, E.A.; Ekroos, K.; Han, X.; Ikeda, K.; Liebisch, G.; et al. MS-based lipidomics of human blood plasma: A community-initiated position paper to develop accepted guidelines. J. Lipid Res. 2018, 59, 2001–2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Tsugawa, H.; Satoh, A.; Uchino, H.; Cajka, T.; Arita, M.; Arita, M. Mass Spectrometry Data Repository Enhances Novel Metabolite Discoveries with Advances in Computational Metabolomics. Metabolites 2019, 9, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Tsugawa, H.; Ikeda, K.; Tanaka, W.; Senoo, Y.; Arita, M.; Arita, M. Comprehensive identification of sphingolipid species by in silico retention time and tandem mass spectral library. J. Cheminformatics 2017, 9, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Tsugawa, H.; Cajka, T.; Kind, T.; Ma, Y.; Higgins, B.; Ikeda, K.; Kanazawa, M.; VanderGheynst, J.; Fiehn, O.; Arita, M. MS-DIAL: Data-independent MS/MS deconvolution for comprehensive metabolome analysis. Nat. Methods 2015, 12, 523–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Tsugawa, H.; Nakabayashi, R.; Mori, T.; Yamada, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Rai, A.; Sugiyama, R.; Yamamoto, H.; Nakaya, T.; Yamazaki, M.; et al. A cheminformatics approach to characterize metabolomes in stable-isotope-labeled organisms. Nat. Methods 2019, 16, 295–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Hansen, J.B.; Olsen, J.O.;, 497–507. [Google Scholar]
+- Neubronner, J.; Schuchardt, J.P.;. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Schuchardt, J.P.; Hahn, A. Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 2013, 89, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Hishikawa, D.; Valentine, W.J.; Iizuka-Hishikawa, Y.; Shindou, H.; Shimizu, T. Metabolism and functions of docosahexaenoic acid-containing membrane glycerophospholipids. FEBS Lett. 2017, 591, 2730–2744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Spector, A.A.; Norris, A.W. Action of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids on cellular function. Am. J. Physiol. Physiol. 2007, 292, C996–C1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Nagatake, T.; Shiogama, Y.; Inoue, A.; Kikuta, J.; Honda, T.; Tiwari, P.; Kishi, T.; Yanagisawa, A.; Isobe, Y.; Matsumoto, N.; et, 470–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Kunisawa, J.; Arita, M.; Hayasaka, T.; Harada, T.; Iwamoto, R.; Nagasawa, R.; Shikata, S.; Nagatake, T.; Suzuki, H.; Hashimoto, E.; et al. Dietary ω3 fatty acid exerts anti-allergic effect through the conversion to 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the gut. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 9750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Mochimaru, T.; Fukunaga, K.; Miyata, J.; Matsusaka, M.; Kabata, H.; Ueda, S.; Suzuki, Y.; Goto, T.; Urabe, D.; Inoue, M.; et al. 12-OH-17,18-Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid alleviates eosinophilic airway inflammation in murine lungs. Allergy 2018, 73, 369–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Kubota, T.; Arita, M.; Isobe, Y.; Iwamoto, R.; Goto, T.; Yoshioka, T.; Urabe, D.; Inoue, M.; Arai, H. Eicosapentaenoic acid is converted via ω-3 epoxygenation to the anti-inflammatory metabolite 12-hydroxy-17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. FASEB J. 2014, 28, 586–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Dasilva, G.; Pazos, M.; García-Egido, E.; Pérez-Jiménez, J.; Torres, J.L.; Giralt, M.; Nogués, M.R.; Medina, I. Lipidomics to analyze the influence of diets with different EPA:DHA ratios in the progression of Metabolic Syndrome using SHROB rats as a model. Food Chem. 2016, 205, 196–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Grønn, M.; Christensen, E.; Hagve, T.A.; Christophersen, B.O. Peroxisomal retroconversion of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n-3)) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n-3)) studied in isolated rat liver cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Lipids Lipid Metab. 1991, 1081, 85–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Zhang, J.Y.; Kothapalli, K.S.D.; Brenna, J.T. Desaturase and elongase limiting endogenous long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2016, 19, 103–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Schmidt-Schultz, T.; Althaus, H.H. Monogalactosyl Diglyceride, a Marker for Myelination, Activates Oligodendroglial Protein Kinase C. J. Neurochem. 1994, 62, 1578–1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Murray, R.K.; Narasimhan, R.; Levine, M.; Pinteric, L.; Shirley, M.; Lingwood, C.; Schacter, H. Galactoglycerolipids of Mammalian Testis, Spermatozoa, and Nervous Tissue; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 1980; pp. 105–125. [Google Scholar]
+- Påhlsson, P.; Spitalnik, S.L.; Spitalnik, P.F.;, 396, 187–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Jain, M.; Ngoy, S.; Sheth, S.A.; Swanson, R.A.; Rhee, E.P.; Liao, R.; Clish, C.B.; Mootha, V.K.; Nilsson, R. A systematic survey of lipids across mouse tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Metab. 2014, 306, E854–E868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+-] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Wu, C.; Jin, X.; Tsueng, G.; Afrasiabi, C.; Su, A.I. BioGPS: Building your own mash-up of gene annotations and expression profiles. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016, 44, D313–D316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Hashidate-Yoshida, T.; Harayama, T.; Hishikawa, D.; Morimoto, R.; Hamano, F.; Tokuoka, S.M.; Eto, M.; Tamura-Nakano, M.; Yanobu-Takanashi, R.; Mukumoto, Y.; et al. Fatty acyl-chain remodeling by LPCAT3 enriches arachidonate in phospholipid membranes and regulates triglyceride transport. Elife 2015, 4, e06328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Adam, O.; Wolfram, T.G. Impact of linoleic acid intake on arachidonic acid formation and eicosanoid biosynthesis in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 2008, 75, 177–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Akgoc, Z.; Sena-Esteves, M.; Martin, D.R.; Han, X.; d’Azzo, A.; Seyfried, T.N. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate: A secondary storage lipid in the gangliosidoses. J. Lipid Res. 2015, 56, 1006–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Cao, J.; Shen, W.; Chang, Z.; Shi, Y. ALCAT1 is a polyglycerophospholipid acyltransferase potently regulated by adenine nucleotide and thyroid status. Am. J. Physiol. Metab. 2008, 296, E647–E653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+-. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Arnold, C.; Markovic, M.; Blossey, K.; Wallukat, G.; Fischer, R.; Dechend, R.; Konkel, A.; von Schacky, C.; Luft, F.C.; Muller, D.N.; et al. Arachidonic Acid-metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Are Targets of ω-3 Fatty Acids. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 32720–32733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Igarashi, M.; Chang, L.; Ma, K.; Rapoport, S.I. Kinetics of eicosapentaenoic acid in brain, heart and liver of conscious rats fed a high n-3 PUFA containing diet. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 2013, 89, 403–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Chen, C.T.; Bazinet, R.P. β-oxidation and rapid metabolism, but not uptake regulate brain eicosapentaenoic acid levels. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 2015, 92, 33–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Scherer, M.; Schmitz, G. Metabolism, function and mass spectrometric analysis of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and cardiolipin. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2011, 164, 556–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
+- Pribasnig, M.A.; Mrak, I.; Grabner, G.F.; Taschler, U.; Knittelfelder, O.; Scherz, B.; Eichmann, T.O.; Heier, C.; Grumet, L.; Kowaliuk, J.; et al. α/β hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) degrades the late Endosomal/Lysosomal lipid Bis(Monoacylglycero)phosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 2015, 290, 29869–29881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Matsuo, H.; Chevallier, J.; Mayran, N.; Le Blanc, I.; Ferguson, C.; Fauré, J.; Blanc, N.S.; Matile, S.; Dubochet, J.; Sadoul, R.; et al. Role of LBPA and Alix in Multivesicular Liposome Formation and Endosome Organization. Science 2004, 303, 531–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Kobayashi, T.; Stang, E.; Fang, K.S.; De Moerloose, P.; Parton, R.G.; Gruenberg, J. A lipid associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome regulates endosome structure and function. Nature 1998, 392, 193–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+-. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Bissig, C.; Gruenberg, J. Lipid sorting and multivesicular endosome biogenesis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2013, 5, a016816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Bouvier, J.; Zemski Berry, K.A.; Hullin-Matsuda, F.; Makino, A.; Michaud, S.; Geloën, A.; Murphy, R.C.; Kobayashi, T.; Lagarde, M.; Delton-Vandenbroucke, I. Selective decrease of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate content in macrophages by high supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid. J. Lipid Res. 2009, 50, 243–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
+- Liebisch, G.; Ahrends, R.; Arita, M.; Arita, M.; Bowden, J.A.; Ejsing, C.S.; Griffiths, W.J.; Holcapek, M.; Kofeler, H.; Mitchell, T.W.; et al. Lipidomics needs more standardization. Nat. Metab. 2019, 1, 745–747. [Google Scholar]).
+.
+.
+.
+.
+Table 1. Summary of characterized lipids in untargeted and targeted lipidomics.
+The nomenclature of lipid classes in untargeted analysis is described in RIKEN PRIMe website (). FFA: free fatty acid; LA-O, ALA-O, GLA-O, DGLA-O, MA-O, ARA-O, EPA-O, and DHA-O: oxylipins derived from linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, mead acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively.
+© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ().
+Forschner Stainless Steel Poultry Shear -- 1 each.
+Forschner Stainless Steel Poultry Shear -- 1 each. 4 inch Locking Handle, Forged more
+Find other Cutlery...
+Related Searches:
+$54.37
+FREE shipping
+Amazon.com
+BergHOFF Herb Scissors; Cleaning Brush; Kitchen Scissors; Poultry Shears 2211641
+BergHOFF Herb Scissors; Cleaning Brush; Kitchen Scissors; Poultry Shears Five stainless steel blades to simplify chopping and to keep delicate herbs intact. Comes with cleaning brush, kitchen scissors, and poultry shears Features: -CookNCo... more
+$70.00 $39.99
+Wayfair
+Dexter Russell PS01-CP Sani-Safe 4 in Poultry/Kitchen Shears, Forged
+The Kitchen Shears by Dexter Russell: Sani-Safe 4 Poultry / Kitchen Shears, forged. more
+$43.50 $22.73
+KaTom
+Wusthof 5505 10 Poultry Shears
+The Kitchen Shears by Wusthof: Perfect Grip Poultry Shears, 10. more
+$89.99
+Home Basics 5.25" Poultry Scissor (Set of 2) KT00703
+Home Basics 5.25" Poultry Scissor (Set of 2) Features: -Material: Stainless steel / Plastic handle.-Product Type: Kitchen shear.-Primary Material: Stainless steel -Primary Material Details: ..Dimensions: -Overall Width - Side to Side: 5.25.-Overall... more
+$26.58 $13.98
+6-pc. Gourmet Kitchen Essentials Set by Wusthof Cutlery Sets
+The Wusthof 6-pc. Gourmet Kitchen Essentials Set gives you everything you need to prepare your favorite meals. This set includes a pair of durable shears that make it easy to cut twine or break down whole poultry, and they come apart quickly and easily... more
+$69.99
+Cooking.com
+BergHOFF Studio Small Scissors 2003000
+BergHOFF Studio Small Scissors Fully constructed of high quality stainless steel, it is stain and bacteria resistant. Oversized finger bows for comfort, and great for poultry, veggies, herbs, and more! Features: -Studio collection.-High quality... more
+$24.99 $13.53
+Dexter Russell SGS01B-CP SofGrip Poultry / Kitchen Shears
+The Kitchen Shears by Dexter Russell: SofGrip Poultry / Kitchen Shears, stain-free, high carbon steel blade, soft-to-the-touch, small black non-slip handle, NSF certified. more
+$14.40 $7.52
+Wusthof Poultry Shears
+Kitchen Shears & Cleavers - High-carbon, stain-resistant steel alloy. Dishwasher-safe, but hand-washing is recommended. Made in Germany. - more
+$98.00 $79.95
+Batil (inox) Magnetic Type Stainless Steel Poultry Shears, 10-1/2-inch
+Pair of Batil (INOX)Poultry Shears, Made Magnetic Type Stainless Steel.These are not in original Box.FREE US Shipping more
+$34.89
+eBay
+Forschner / Victorinox Poultry Knife, 3 3/4 in Straight Vent Boning, Small Handle Model 41811
+The R.H. Forschner collection has grown in size and stature since its name was first carved in steel in 1855. Historically a premier choice of culinary professionals, it is still preferred by professionals today. Renowned for its extremely sharp, Swiss... more
+$18.11
+Forschner / Victorinox Poultry Knife, 4 in Small Handle Model 41812
+$20.08
+Zwilling J.A. Henckels Twin Signature 7-in. Cleaver - Twin Signature
+Kitchen Shears & Cleavers - A cutlery classic for efficient chopping or slicing of meats, poultry, and vegetables; also useful for scooping up chopped items for transfer to pan or pot. Use the flat side of the blade to smash garlic cloves or flatten... more
+$88.00 $69.95
+R.H. Forschner by Victorinox Kitchen Shear - Black... more
+$20.36
+Forschner 41812 By Victorinox 4 In Poultry/filet Knife
+Please read the entire listing before you make a purchase Forschner 41812 4 in Poultry/Filet Knife New 9 1/4" Overall 4" Straight Blade Smaller handle than the 41822 Made in Switzerland NSF Rated Excellent filet knife for small fish... more
+$12.95
+(2) Farberware Kitchen Classic Shears Scissor Stainless Steel Poultry Heavy Duty
+Manufacturer :Farberware Model #:Stainless Steel Kitchen Poultry Shears Description:Stainless Steel all-purpose shears. Ergonomically Designed Soft Grip Handles.High Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Blades.Heavy Duty Construction.Dish Washer... more
+$9.49
+Poultry Shears, Kitchen Shears, Stainless Steel Cutlery, Dishwasher Safe
+OXO1160: Features: -Poultry shears.-Material: Stainless steel.-Blades separate for thorough and easy cleaning.-Spring loaded handle prevents hand strain.-Handle lock keeps blades closed for safe storage.-Hand wash with warm, soapy water and promptly... more
+$29.99 $24.99
+Rakuten.com Shopping
+International Poultry Shears
+JAH1596: Features: -Poultry shears.-Blades are precision stamped.-High carbon, no-stain steel.-Made in Germany. Collection: -Twin collection. more
+$33.00 $19.95
+HERITAGE 108C Poultry Shear, 8 In. L, Sharp, Chrome
+Poultry Shear, Right Hand, Handle Style Straight, Overall Length 8 In., Length of Cut 31/2 In., Blade Material Nickel Chrome, Tip Shape Sharp, Cutting Edge Knife, Adjustable No, Handle Design Enlarged Lower Ring, Handle Material Nickel Chrome Plated,... more
+$20.78
+Miu France Stainless Steel Poultry Shears
+Give your knives and your wrists a break, instead of hacking-up chickens and ducks, simply snip them into perfect parts. These spring-loaded stainless steel poultry shears make it easy with their curved, serrated blades. Materials: Stainless steel... more
+$16.49
+Walmart.com
+DEXTER RUSSELL 25353 Poultry and Kitchen Shears,7-1/2 In G7540154
+Poultry and Kitchen Shears, Length 7-1/2 In., Blade Type Stain Free High Carbon Steel, Blade Material 420 Stainless Steel, Polypropylene Handle, Finger Guard Yes, Handle Color Black/Blue, NSF Certified Yes Features Item : Poultry and Kitchen Shears... more
+$10.45
+BergHOFF Cook & Co. Poultry Shears
+These 8-inch poultry shears with forged handles are great for cutting chicken, turkey and other meats. Normal cleaning, hand wash in warm soapy water with a nonabrasive sponge or cloth. We highly recommend hand washing your knives in non-lemon... more
+$22.99
+Poultry Shears by Oxo
+The Good Grips Poultry Shears by Oxo perfectly combine professional-quality cutting and soft, comfortable grips. The curved, tapered and micro-serrated blades access hard to reach places and prevent slipping. The handle loop and bolster prevent your... more
+$24.99
+Bloomingdales.com
+Chefs Poultry Shears - Light Silver
+Find Kitchen Shears And Shears Sets at Target.com! Ultra-sharp, precise German steel blades on CHEFS poultry shears effortlessly cut apart poultry, shellfish and trim meat right to the bone. . . Strong, ultra-sharp and ruggedly engineered for... more
+$29.95
+Victorinox Forschner 45903 Poultry Shears
+Keywords: Kitchen Poultry Shears more
+$70.70 $37.77
+Culinary Depot
+Victorinox Forschner 40555 Wire Cutter Utility Shears
+$30.90 $16.51
+Victorinox Forschner 87771 Household Shears
+Keywords: Kitchen Poultry ShearsLength=4" more
+$25.20 $13.46
+Fmp 137-1088 Forschner Kitchen Shear, 3", Dishwasher Safe, High Carbon Stainless Steel
+Kitchen Shear, 3" long, with high caron stainless steel blade with Victorinox polished surface. Fmp 137-1088 Forschner Kitchen Shear, 3", Dishwasher Safe, High Carbon Stainless Steel BladeKitchen Shear, 3" long, with high caron stainless steel blade... more
+$27.13
+PeachSuite Hotel Supply
+Cut poultry with ease using the Wsthof curved-blade poultry shears. Textured grip keeps your hand secure. Cut through bones and joints. Blades are high-carbon stainless steel. more
+$79.95
+Paderno World Cuisine 9.5" Poultry Shears
+Paderno World Cuisine 9.5" Poultry Shears are ideal for trimming and cutting poultry. They are slightly curved to access hard to reach places. The lower blade remains immobile while the upper part completes the cut. Paderno World Cuisine 9½" Offset more
+$62.10
+Cook's Direct
+J.A. Henckels International Poultry Shears
+These powerful poultry shears have curved blades for easy cutting and the versatility for everything from chopping poultry to snipping herbs. more
+$19.99
+Bed Bath & Beyond
+Messermeister 10" Poultry Shears
+Messermeister 10" Poultry Shears more
+$39.99
+"Norpro 1535 Poultry Shears"
+"Norpro 1535 Poultry Shears Norpro 1535 Poultry Shears Features: Poultry shears Quality design with full tang blades Spring tension assists with control while the curved blades reach around bones and joints Serrated blade for accurate slicing Ideal for... more
+$14.91
+PlumberSurplus.com
+Chroma Asimmetrica Poultry Shears - GD-01
+Crafted from stainless steel. Comes apart for easy cleaning. Designed for a variety of uses. Also cuts wire. The Chroma Asimmetrica Poultry Shears are great for cutting poultry, for sure, but they can also be used for a variety of tasks. Use these... more
+$66.95 $53.95
+Hayneedle
+J.A. Henckels International Poultry Shears (Grey)
+A chef's companion. These J.A. Henckels International poultry shears are a must-have for your kitchen. Shop our full selection of shears at Kohls.com. Santoprene handles let you break poultry bones with ease. Safety lock adds peace of mind. Stainless... more
+Brookstone Chroma Poultry Shears
+The Chroma Poultry Shears are constructed of the highest quality stainless steel. These shears can serve many functions in any kitchen. They are dishwasher safe and designed to be taken apart for easy cleaning. You will soon find that you can't live... more
+$63.95 $53.95
+Brookstone
+Ergo Chef Crimson Series Kitchen Poultry Shears
+Blade material: Solid German high carbon steel. Straight blade edge more
+$44.98
+Quill
+Henckels Gourmet - Poultry Shears
+Henckels Gourmet - Poultry Shears - 42913-001 Poultry Shears are essentially kitchen scissors that can easily cut through the breastbone of a chicken. EDGE Laser controlled sharpness and superior hardness for a sharp cutting edge. BLADE Friodur® ice... more
+$32.00
+Houzz
+Ads related to forschner poultry she
+After having so many seniors on the 2010 team, 2011 was supposed to be somewhat of a rebuilding season for Charlie Strong. With a new offensive line, very young defensive backs, and either a former walk-on or a true freshman starting at quarterback, just making a bowl game would be a challenge. Here is a quick summary of how the season went:
+Murray State
+The Cards opened their season with in-state opponent Murray St., who came in with a highly touted QB in Casey Brockman. In his last 6 starts, the Racers had averaged 549.7 yards of offense and 44 points per game. With an experienced passer like that, and so many questions at cornerback for UofL, some thought this would be a bigger challenge than expected for the Cards and that Brockman may be able to expose the defense. That never happened, as he was held to only 148 passing yards with 3 interceptions and 0 touchdowns. Will Stein started at QB for the Cards and threw for 226 yards and 2 touchdowns. Teddy Bridgewater played for 1 series, and if you can believe it, this is how it went: rush, false start, false start, delay of game, rush, rush, interception. The highly anticipated debut had come and gone just like that. A total of 18 players played in their first game for the Cards, and they were able to hold off Murray St. 21-9. Not pretty, but it was a win to start the season. Record 1-0
+Florida International
+In the second game, a lot of fans did not know that FlU would be as good as they were. They figured it would be an easy win, because FIU is not a powerhouse, and most people hadn’t heard of T.Y. Hilton. After this Friday night game, they would definitely remember his name. Their QB, Wesley Carroll, was a senior who had transferred from Mississippi St., so he was also a veteran player. On UofL’s first drive of the game, Will Stein threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown, and after that, FIU never trailed. T.Y. Hilton’s first 2 catches were for long touchdowns of 74 and 83 yards, both taking any energy out of the PJCS crowd. Hilton finished with 7 catches for 201 yards and the 2 touchdowns. Will Stein threw for a career high 349 yards with 2 touchdowns and 1 interception. Josh Chichester had a great game with 6 catches for 111 yards. FIU went on to win the game 24-17. Record 1-1
+Kentucky
+Next up would be the battle for the Governor’s Cup in Lexington against Kentucky. This game was all about the UofL defense and about Teddy Bridgewater taking over this program. The UofL defense sacked Morgan Newton 6 times and really controlled the line of scrimmage. Will Stein threw an early TD, but ended up hurting his shoulder. After two games in which Bridgewater played 1 series in each, fans did not know what to expect with the true freshman having to play most of the game, on the road in a hostile environment. He put all questions to rest, showing great composure in running the offense and throwing for 2 touchdowns with 0 interceptions. This game also was big for Dominique Brown, who moved to RB after being the 3rd string QB. He responded with 91 yards on 14 carries. Jeremy Wright and Victor Anderson combined for another 92 yards on the ground, as the Cards dominated the line of scrimmage on both sides of the ball. Kentucky made it close, but could not finish on their final drive, and the Cards beat the Cats for the first time since 2006 with a 24-17 win. Record 2-1
+Marshall
+After beating UK and having a bye week, a win against Marshall at home looked to be a given. That is tough to do when you get 11 penalties for 91 yards, while Marshall only gets 3 penalties for 25 yards. This kept putting the offense in bad situations, and they just never got going. UofL only rushed for 60 yards, and Teddy Bridgewater threw 2 interceptions, while Marshall had 0 turnovers. There isn’t much more to say about this game, other than it was a big disappointment after the big UK win. Marshall won 17-13. Record 2-2
+North Carolina
+Against the North Carolina, it felt like UofL was dominating the game and should have been up 21-0. However, the score was 0-0 at half. This was the first game after Offensive Coordinator Mike Sanford was relieved of his duties. The offense would keep moving the ball down the field, but two missed field goals and stalled drives resulted in a tie game for most of this one. The big play in this one was a deep pass to Dwight Jones, where two UofL defenders could not tackle him, and looked to give up on the play, and he walked in the endzone. Down 14-0, the Cards got a late TD, but it was too late. UNC won 14-7. Record 2-3
+Cincinnati
+Now it was time to focus on conference play, as the Cards opened up with a road test at Cincinnati in Paul Brown Stadium. Chris Philpott drilled two long field goals of 42 and 51 yards to put UofL up 6-0, but you knew that field goals would not win this game against a Cincinnati team that could score a lot of points in a hurry. Leading 9-7 nearing the end of the first half, Mike Evans picked off a Zack Collaros pass and took it back 63 yards for a touchdown, and UofL led 16-7 at half. The second half would be a different story. The UofL offense could get nothing going, and Cincinnati’s playmakers finally showed up. It was too much Collaros and Isaiah Pead, as they both scored touchdowns and Cincinnati won the game 25-16. Record 2-4
+Rutgers
+With a 2-4 record, most schools would not come out and say they were giving their head coach an extension. But this is what Tom Jurich did, and it was a great move. It showed that even though the record did not reflect it, the program was going in the right direction, and the future would be bright. The first victim for the Cards impressive late season run would be Rutgers. The UofL defense stepped up in this game and forced 3 interceptions. This was also the first game that UofL had a 100 yard rusher, as Jeremy Wright ran for 108 yards on only 11 carries. The offense scored just enough points, but the defense played the biggest role, holding Rutgers to 14. The Cards won 16-14, and this was also the game where Anthony Conner would be lost for the season with a broken neck. Record 3-4
+Syracuse
+Both the passing and running games came together in the Syracuse game. UofL rushed for 145 yards, led by Victor Anderson’s 93 yards and 1 touchdown. Teddy Bridgewater passed for 198 yards and had 2 touchdowns with 0 interceptions. After beating West Virginia 49-23 the week before, the Syracuse offense never got it going, as the UofL defense stepped up once again with a solid game. The Cards went on to win this game 27-10. Record 4-4
+West Virginia
+In a battle of teams that were both trying to get into the Big XII (WVU won that one, for now), Charlie Strong notched his biggest victory as a head coach so far. The Cards went into Morgantown as 14 point underdogs. They were facing a team that put up 533 yards on LSU. The same WVU team that would go on to score 70 points in the Orange Bowl along with 589 yards. They still ended up with 533 yards this game, but a couple of turnovers and a blocked FG were key plays that went against them. Teddy Bridgewater was great, completing 21 of 27 passes for 246 yards and a touchdown with 1 interception. The key play was to start the 4th quarter. WVU lined up for a field goal, and Adrian Bushell blocked it. Not only that, but Andrew Johnson picked it up and ran 82 yards for the score, and that put UofL up 31-21. WVU responded with a TD to make it 31-28, but then the Cards had a 76 yard drive that used up over 7 minutes and ended with a touchdown. They left Morgantown with a huge win, 38-35. Record 5-4
+Pittsburgh
+So here is UofL, on a 3 game winning streak and coming off the biggest win of the season. If they take care of business and win out, the BCS is theirs. Remember what happened after their last big win? The one at Kentucky? Yes, another letdown. This one was similar to Marshall because of that, and just because there didn’t seem to be much offensive flow. Penalities on one drive caused UofL to face a 3rd and 32 from their own 7 yard line. That is the kind of day it was. Pittsburgh won 21-14. Record 5-5
+UConn
+The Cardinals wasted no time getting back on track in the UConn game to get bowl eligible. Adrian Bushell returned the opening kickoff for a touchdown, and Dominique Brown added another TD run to make it 14-0 in the first quarter. UConn made it 14-10 at halftime, but this game was controlled by the Cards. Teddy Bridgewater threw for 174 yards and rushed for 2 touchdowns. On the game’s final play, UConn tried to lateral the ball, but it was picked off and Malcolm Mitchell rumbled for a UofL score as time expired. So the Cards scored on the very first and last plays of the game and won 34-20. Record 6-5
+South Florida
+In the final game of the regular season, UofL would try to do something it had never done: beat South Florida on the road. It also hadn’t won a regular season game in the state of Florida in its last 16 tries, a streak that dated back to 1972. The Cards got down 17-3 in the first half, and things did not look good. But before halftime, Teddy Bridgewater found DeVante Parker for a touchdown, and it was 17-10 at half. UofL would outscore USF 24-7 in the second half as the Cards won 34-24. Teddy Bridgewater finished 19-28 for 241 yards and 3 touchdowns with 0 interceptions. UofL outrushed USF 132-64 and forced 3 turnovers, all while not turning the ball over themselves. Record 7-5
+N.C. State
+The Cards clinched a share of the Big East title and ended up in the Belk Bowl against N.C. State from the ACC. The game was basically a road game for UofL because it was in Charlotte, just a couple of hours from the campus of N.C. State. The Cards did not play well early and got into a 21-10 hole by halftime. They made a great comeback in the second half and had a chance to tie it on a desperation final drive, but came up short 34-27. Teddy Bridgewater took a beating and just kept getting back up for more. He earned a lot of respect that game and showed the fans how much character he has and that he will battle until the end. Record 7-6
+Even in the disappointing loss, a lot of fans were more encouraged than upset. The future showed in this game, and it is a bright future indeed. Right after the game, most fans were already looking forward to the 2012 season, and for good reason. They got down 31-10 in the 3rd quarter and never stopped playing. To even come back and only lose 31-24 was a good sign of things to come. After National Signing Day on February 1, it will be time to look ahead to next season. However, this season deserved one last recap.
+This video was done by Mike Lindsay of. Follow him on twitter @CrumsRevenge
+.jpg)
+120m3/h Concrete Batching Plant for sale/concrete batch
+120m3/h concrete mixing plant manufacturer, china 120m3/h concrete mixing plant manufacturer, concrete wet batch plant, 180m3/h low cost concrete batching plant
+_2<<.jpg)
+Concrete Batching Plants (PENTA 75) Direct
+170m3 / h pencampuran mix mix plant stationary concrete batching plant,twin shaft concrete mixer bona mobile concrete batching plant yhzs concrete batch plant,
+.jpg)
+170m3/h Modular Concrete Mixing Plant Yhzs35 In
+170m3/h modular concrete mixing plant yhzs35 concrete batching plant hzs35 chang li brand dry mix concrete batch plant to pakistan hzs50 35m3/h mini concrete
+.jpg)
+Hzs120 Concrete Batching Plant 120m3 H – topzece.eu
+hot sale concrete batching plants, 75m3/h concrete batch portable concrete mix plant 75m3/h oldsoulorganics concrete batching plant 75m3/h concrete mixing plant 75m3
+.jpg)
+150m3/h Hzs150 New China Concrete Batching Plant
+you may like: 2013 new star product hot selling sand cement mixing machine JS3000. two shaft js3000 concrete mixer machine 150m3/h. JS3000 new concrete mixer equipped.
+.jpg)
+Batch Plants Used Equipment – Tarmac International, Inc.
+BP-220: 3 TON H&B Batch Plant Read more . Gallery. TARMAC INTERNATIONAL, INC. PO Box 2270 Lees Summit, MO 64063 USA.
+Hetherington & Berner Batch Plants | Gencor Industries
+Equipment Description. H&B ® Batch Plants have earned their reputation over the last 100 years because of their massive construction and tower design built with the heaviest and sturdiest steel for long life and low maintenance.
+.jpg)
+Concrete Batch Mix Plant,70m3/h Concrete Plant – Buy
+Concrete Batch Mix Plant,70m3/h Concrete Plant , Find Complete Details about Concrete Batch Mix Plant,70m3/h Concrete Plant,Concrete Batch Mix Plant,Ready Mixed Concrete Mixing Plant,70m3/h Concree Plant from Concrete Batching Plant Supplier or Manufacturer-Zhengzhou Toper Industrial Equipment Co., Ltd.
+.jpg)
+170m3/h Modular Concrete Mixing Plant Yhzs35 In
+environmental modular concrete batching plant 25m3/h china modular concrete mixing plant for sale min yhzs35 170m3/h modular concrete mixing plant yhzs35 in
+.jpg)
+180m3/h HZS180 Mobile Ready Mix ConcretePlant
+25-180 m3/h concrete batching plant,concrete mixing plant in China.Good quality machines for concrete plant.High yield and low consumption,
+.jpg)
+90m3/h concrete batch plant sale HZS90 –
+hzs90 concrete batch plant 90m3/h in chinahzs90 concrete batch plant 90m3/h in commodity concrete batching plants for sale small belt conveyor concrete batch
+.jpg)
+Batch Plants Used Equipment – Tarmac International, Inc.
+Browse Tarmac’s selection of used asphalt batch plants.
+A Supplier 75m3/h Concrete Batch Plant Layout Price
+manufacturer supply concrete plant productivity 75m3/hconcrete batch plant 75m3/h concrete batching plant price concrete batching plant supplier or 75m3 h ready mix
+.jpg)
+120m³/h Concrete Batching Plant – CamelWay
+Consult CamelWay Machinery Manufacture Co., Ltd.’s entire 120m³/h Concrete Batching Plant catalogue on DirectIndustry. Page: 1/5
+.jpg)
+75m3/h Concrete Batch Plant 5% Discount For
+25m3/h to 75m3/h mobile concrete mixing plant. check details of 25m3/h to 75m3/h mobile concrete mixing plant 75m3/h mobile concrete mixing plant for sale concrete batch plant , concrete batching
+.jpg)_18<<
+A Supplier 75m3/h Concrete Batch Plant Layout Price
+2015 a 75m3/h meka concrete batching plant |2015 a 75m3/h meka concrete batching plant hot sale competitive price cummins 500kw natural gas china best supplier electricity generating system
+_20<<.jpg)
+Concrete Batch Plants | BMH Systems
+BMH Systems designs and produces custom concrete batch plants. Fixed or mobile, our plants are intended for both domestic and international markets.
+.jpg)
+50m3/h Concrete Batch Plant For Sale/ready Mixed
+quality mobile concrete batch plant yhzs50 50m3/h batching plant price of a machinery. hzs75 for sale. ready mixed concrete mixing station.
+.jpg)
+H&B® 20,000 LB Partial Batch Plant – Stansteel Used
+H&B®, partial, large capacity Batch Plant consisting of a dryer with burner, complete batch tower, hot aggregate bucket elevator, Deister Screen,
+.jpg)
+50m3/h Central Mix Concrete Batch Plant –
+batch plants for sale concrete equipment for sale for sale home batch plants silos portable concrete batch plant 2007 preem 101c mobile dry batch plant 500 hours electric control 25cbm/h mobile concrete electric control 25cbm/h
+)
+Batch Plant 1 | Tappan Zee Sales
+BATCH PLANT 1. Currently Located in Elizabeth, NJ. Equipment Includes: Mobile Batch Plant – Xtec Plant. Aggregate / Sane Hopper ‐ 3
+.jpg)
+Portable Concrete Batching Plant
+Portable or mobile concrete batching plant is easy to be moved between construction sites, our portable concrete batch plant is on sale, get the price now!
+.jpg)
+Concrete Batching Equipment | Custom Batch Plant
+Vince Hagan offers a wide variety of concrete batching equipment for any With a wide selection of quality batch plant and material handling equipment
+.jpg)
+90m3/h and 120m3/h stationary concrete batching plant
+Jun 15, 2017 · Used for large project or ready mix supply. our stationary concrete batching plant can satisfy you with different standard
+.jpg)
+Death of the batch plant | Asphalt magazine
+Death of the batch plant. By Ed Misajet. Fred Prill doesn’t pull any punches when the subject of new batch plant facilities is brought up in conversation.
+.jpg)
+Concrete Batch Plant Cement Silos Cement Feeder –
+2018 3 28 · cement silos concrete batching plant. cement 2016 new 75m3/h portable concrete batch plant Prev ready mix plant for sale in augusta. Next 170m3/h
+.jpg)
+Concrete Batching Plant,Hopper type Concrete mixing plant
+Concrete Batching Plant. Belt Type Concrete batching Plant. Belt Type Concrete batching Plant which is use belt transport aggregate from
+.jpg)
+Asphalt Batching Plant Price – 10t/h to 320t/h capacity
+To a large extent, the Asphalt Batching Plant Price is directly affected by its capacity. The asphalt mixing plant with reasonable price and moderate capacity are feasible for us.
+.jpg)
+How does the concrete batching plant work? – Quora
+How does the concrete batching plant work? Update Cancel. Answer Wiki. The concrete batching plant, 25m3/h Concrete Mixing Plant — 180m3/h Concrete Batching Plant.
+.jpg)
+hzs180 wet ready mixed concrete batching plant 180m3 h
+hzs180 concrete mixing plant ready mix concrete plant,concrete batching plant manufacturer ,concrete batching pla hzs180 concrete batching plant 180m3/h hzs180 belt type wet mix concrete hzs180 180m3/h concrete batching plant hzs180 180m3/h concrete batching plant ready mix elba concrete batching plant price on sale , find
+.jpg)
+hzs180 180m3/h stationary concrete batching plant –
+House Building Used Concrete Mixing Plant Hzs180, plant hzs180, 180m3h concrete batching station .. used cement mixing plant hzs180, iso, ce,sgs 180m3/h house
+.jpg)
+130m h concrete batching plant – elkon concrete batching plant
+The Leader of Concrete Batch Plant Industry CONVEYOR CAPACITY 400T/H 400T/H 800T/H 10 Concrete Batching Plant Speci 5.0M3/130M3(TT) 6.0M3/145M3(TT) 6
+.jpg)
+Batch Plant – National Asphalt Pavement Association
+National Asphalt Pavement Association. Batch Plant After the aggregate has been dried and heated the difference between batch and drum plants becomes clear.
+.jpg)
+hzs50 concrete batching plant,50m3/h concrete batching
+Asphalt Plants for Sale, Mobile Asphalt Batching Plants
+Asphalt mixing plant & concrete plant manufacturer in China. Mobile asphalt plant, asphalt mixing plant, asphalt recycling plant for sale. Best price, CE ISO!
+.jpg)
+Aimix Group HZS25-240 Concrete Batching Plant Price List
+Do you want to know HZS25-240 Concrete Batching Plant Price List? Why not click our site to make a comparison between different concrete batch plant prices?
+.jpg)
+Batch Plant 2 | Tappan Zee Sales
+BATCH PLANT 2. Currently Located in Tarrytown, NY. Equipment Includes: Mobile Xtec Batch Plant. Aggregate / Sane Hopper ‐ 3 Compartment; Horizontal
+.jpg)
+ebm-papst – 55411 20400 – 230 V ac (55411 Series) 170m3/h
+55411 20400 from ebm-papst at Allied Electronics & Automation
+Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale
+Mobile concrete batching plant for sale has portable transition and high availability, which is a good choice for small and medium construction projects.
+_45<<.jpg)
+Concrete Batch Plant Control Plan – The New NY
+Concrete Batch Plant Control Plan Form DCPR-11A (TZC Modified) Concrete Batch Plant Control Plan – 1 Concrete Batch Plant Control Plan For the
+.jpg)
+75m3/h Aggregate Mobile Concrete Batching Plant
+75m3/h hzs75 concrete batching plant. in saudi arabia concrete batching plant 75m3 h h mobile concrete batching plant on sale yhzs75 aggregate mixing plaster concrete plant. 75m3/h
+.jpg)
+H&B® 20,000 LB Partial Batch Plant – Stansteel Used
+H&B®, partial, large capacity Batch Plant consisting of a dryer with burner, complete batch tower, hot aggregate bucket elevator, Deister Screen,
+140t/h asphalt mix batch plants price list –
+and our dry batch plant has compact structure, stable performance and high productivi ready mixed concrete batching plant, concrete mixing plant batch plant/concrete admixture ready mixed concrete mixing plant asphalt mixing plant hot mix asphalt h ready mix concrete batching plant price features of asphalt drum mix plant vs asphalt batch plant
+.jpg)
+Camelway 75m³/h Concrete Batching Plant | Concrete
+CONCRETE SYSTEMHZS75 Concrete Batching Plant mixer for sale/ HZS75 Concrete Batch Plant is a new style engineer
+.jpg)
+TECHNICAL MANUAL 1301 BATCH PRODUCTION
+TECHNICAL MANUAL 1301 BATCH PRODUCTION H. Continuous Operation & Batch Plant Applications plant permit approvals,
+.jpg)
+H&B Batch Plant | Used Asphalt Plant Equipment |
+H&B Batch Plant | Used Asphalt Plant Equipment | Reliable Asphalt | Buy Used Asphalt Equipment
+.jpg)
+Batch PLANT A well designed batch plant can
+A well designed batch plant can improve profitability Fig 1. Basic process steps of a glass manufacturing operation. Fig 2. Basic process steps of a glass batching
+.jpg) contractor
+Concrete Batch Plant Technology – ERIE Strayer
+Concrete Batch Plant Technology It is a full service, single source supplier of concrete batch plant systems. The company has developed standard plant design
+.jpg)
+Asphalt Mixing Plant For sale – Asphalt Batch Mix Plant
+Aimix asphalt mixing plant for sale is an ideal choice for manufacturing asphalt that is mainly used for road Asphalt batch plant for sale has many
+.jpg)
+Belt conveyor type HZS60 60m3 / h concrete batch plant
+2013 Automatic Concrete Batching/mixing Plant With CE Certification mobile type concrete batching plant 35m3 with ce iso(35m3/h mobile concrete mixing plant)
+.jpg)
+Mobile 40t/h Concrete Mixing Plant In Laos – Concrete
+25-180 m3/h concrete batching plant,concrete mixing plant in China.Good quality machines for concrete plant.High yield and low consumption,
+.jpg)
+concrete plant 50m3 h stationary concrete batching plant
+portable concrete batch plant for sale of. our portable concrete batch plant for sale has 35m3/h and 50m3/h. portable concrete plant for sale is batching machine; hzs60 stationary concrete plant
+products or need our support and assistance,
+General Sir Harry Chauvel’s Wartime Christmases
+by Honor Auchinleck
+Those who enlisted in response to the outbreak of war on 3rd August 1914 expected their adventure to be over and to be home by Christmas were to be disappointed. Colonel Harry Chauvel who with his wife Sibyl and three children arrived in England in September 1914 on posting might have expected a family Christmas. After war broke out, the remaining months of 1914 turned out to be different.
+By Christmas 1914 Colonel Harry Chauvel was in Cairo. There is no mention of how Sibyl and the children spent their Christmas. If it had been mentioned in letters, Sibyl edited it out of her transcriptions perhaps due to her reluctance to put anything personal into a document which she realized possibly would in future have wider circulation. It must have been a very uncertain, lonely Christmas for the family who had only been living in England for a few months. Sibyl had relatives in England, but she hadn’t had a chance to meet them. As well as concerns Chauvel would have had for his family in England, just over three weeks after his arrival in Egypt, Chauvel also had other matters on his mind:
+1914: Cairo Christmas
+‘On Dec 20th,’ Sibyl Chauvel wrote, setting the background to the letter she received from her husband, ‘Prince Hussein was proclaimed Sultan, & on the 23rd, there was a march of troops through Cairo, a demonstration meant to impress the natives, since there were rumours of unrest amongst them with regard to the new Sultan's [1]accession. In the meantime General Birdwood[2] had arrived from India, & my husband wrote on Dec 25th:
+‘General Birdwood, who is to command the Army Corps in which we are to be for the present, has appeared on the scenes.... We had a march through Cairo on Wednesday last, General Maxwell taking the salute close to the Continental Hotel. It turned out 1160 men, & I have been told they looked splendid, & marched well. The horses were very fresh though, & the camels we met on the road going in caused some consternation. There were only ourselves & the New Zealanders. The other Australians were not in it as they had lined the streets on the occasion of the Sultan's accession.’
+********
+The Gallipoli Campaign intervened between Christmas 1914 and Christmas 1915 cutting a swathe through a generation throughout Australia, the British Empire and Turkey. Christmas 1915 coming within five days of the evacuation from the Gallipoli Peninsula, survivors of the campaign like Chauvel had both their memories of the past eight months upon which they would have undoubtedly reflected and the uncertain future to which they could look forward. Harry hardly mentions Christmas in his account of the evacuation, his time on Mudros and sudden embarkation for Egypt.
+1915: Mudros Christmas
+Dec 20th Mudros. ‘I slept in pyjamas last night, & woke up to the sound of a band, -- & I have actually seen a woman! --- several in fact, mostly Greek peasants, but one real Australian nurse, riding, (or rather I should say, ‘on a horse'). In other words, we are more or less in comparative civilisation again. We left Anzac in the dead of night, & arrived here at seven o'clock yesterday morning. I came over in a little ship of the Khedivial line, dirty, smelly, & probably lively, but you can't imagine the joy of getting into a cabin again, even under the circumstances.
+You will probably have read of the evacuation long before you get this. As far as I know at present, it was carried out without casualty, & without the Turks suspecting it. If so, it was a very great achievement. Of course, we are all very sad at leaving the job unfinished, but after the failure of the Suvla landing in August, it was really the only thing to be done, only we never thought we would get off without serious losses, owing to the proximity of the enemy, & the fact that they overlooked us everywhere. However, we Australians can have no remorse, as we at all events did all that was expected of us & more. That is one satisfaction, & the other is that the whole Peninsula has not been evacuated.
+We have a very comfortable camp. I do not know how long we are going to be here, but it will be quite interesting for a bit until the novelty wears off, & the change should do us all good, although I am afraid it is going to be just as cold as the Peninsula. Still, a tent is a deal healthier than a damp dug-out.’
+Dec 28th S. S. "Ascanius" ‘The day after I last wrote, we got orders to hold ourselves in readiness to re-embark at once for Egypt. As a matter of fact, I did not get a ship until Sunday 26th December, when I embarked with Glasfurd[3] & two A.D.C.s on this ship, & sailed the following morning. Most of my command had already left on various other transports. This is a Blue Funnel liner, & very comfortable indeed, -- but very full, of course. I don't know how long we will be kept in Egypt, but do know that we are going to Tel-el-Kebir, which is a little more than half way from Cairo to Ismailia. It is on the desert, & is not a particularly charming spot, but it will be good for training.
+‘We had quite an interesting few days on Mudros. I had a horse to ride, & saw what there was to be seen, including some of the French camps. Glasfurd & Godfrey White & I motored over to Castro, the capital of the island, one day for lunch, & had a look at the old castle which is about 1100 years old, & is still in occupation as a barracks. I bought you the only thing I could find of a purely local character, a small silk table-cloth made by the islanders, rather pretty and quaint. We had a look at the hot baths at Thermos en route, but shied off. There were very few baths, & small ones at that, & you could not have one to yourself without paying an exorbitant price for it. Furthermore, the water was frightfully hot & there was no means of tempering it, & we were afraid of motoring in the cold wind afterwards. I was rather disappointed, as I had had only one bath in the last six weeks. Water was so scarce with the 1st Division that one's clothes had even to be washed in the scrap of water that one washed one's face in, & a bath was out of the question. Three was also a scarcity at our camp at Mudros. However, I had a really beauty when I came on board here, & am quite clean now!
+‘We had Christmas dinner at Mudros, & what with the billy-cans from Australia, & my Christmas hamper, it was "quite a good one."
+Dec. 29th 1915 Telegram from Alexandria:
+"Arrived Egypt” [4]
+Wartime Christmases are among the most poignant for service personnel serving far from their loved ones. Christmas 1916 on Sinai was no exception for Major General Harry Chauvel. A century later, excerpts from Chauvel’s letters tell his story, marking one of the early turning points in World War One for the ANZAC Mounted Division and for the Egyptian Expeditionary Force:
+1916: A Right Royal Christmas
+El Arish, Dec 24th ‘Lots of things have happened since I wrote you last, & you will see from the enclosed copy of a telegram from General Chetwode[5] to “East-Force”, that we have had another pretty stiff fight. El Arish was a bloodless victory as the whole show was evacuated before we got here; but our night march was an achievement, twenty-five miles in the dark over unknown country, mustering from different quarters at an unknown starting point & striking simultaneously three different points known only on the map, with compasses the only guides. We had a cordon round the place before dawn, & were in occupation by 6.30a.m. We found the enemy had withdrawn to a place called Maghdaba at dawn yesterday. They put up a very good fight, & at one time I thought we were not going to get through. However, they collapsed altogether about 4.15p.m., but it was almost dark when we got the whole position, & it was a devil of a business collecting prisoners & wounded, & assembling units in the dark. I did not get away till 9.15p.m., & did not reach this until 9.30 this morning, so I have had only one night in bed in the last four.
+We were all very tired riding back to El Arish, & were all seeing things whose existence was doubtful! I even galloped after a fox once, & am not really sure now that it was there. My staff & I were moving home independently to the rest, & once we all went to sleep & got off the track. As [Brigadier-General J.G] Browne had volunteered to lead, I had gone to sleep, & woke up suddenly to find I could not see the telegraph posts that had been our guide, & there was poor Browne, fast asleep too, & the telegraph posts no where to be found. However we had not be looking for them long, when we heard the dogs barking in El Arish to which we were quite close. Our horses must have got tired of following the telegraph, & struck a bee-line across the Desert for the wells.
+We had 130 casualties, not 70 as stated in the wire, & I have lost some very good officers killed. I have now, as well as my own command, the Imperial Camel Corps (British, Australian, New Zealand), a very fine lot commanded by Brig-General Smith V.C of the Gyppy Army.
+We have a charming camp site overlooking the sea, & are looking forward to some bathing, though it is mighty cold here in the early mornings.
+I am going to open my Christmas hamper tomorrow. [Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Farr sent it along with my camp gear from Bir-el-Mazar yesterday.’
+Dec 25th ‘Today opened with a lot of signal messages of congratulations, also with news of the bag from the troops I left to clean up the battlefield. It is very satisfactory indeed, & I think it is a very fine Christmas box for the Commander in Chief.’
+‘We had a right royal dinner on Christmas night. I don’t know how we got all the stuff up, but I believe Farr bagged some camels we had no right to! We drank “The King”, & in view of the presence of the French and Italian attachés, “Our Allies”. Both these made speeches, & I had to respond. They are both good fellows, & put up with the hardships of our march without a murmur. I said to the Frenchman, “I am afraid you have been very uncomfortable.” He said, “Not at all. It has been an honour to share your discomforts”. Considering they lost all their kit during the first night’s march & were perished with cold, I thought it was very nice of him. He had a buster, too, during that first night! I rode back to him & asked if he were hurt, & he said, “No, but I have lost my helmet & my prestige”! He never found his helmet (& it was very hot in the middle of the day), but I think he picked up his prestige again. They were both rather a nuisance when we were mustering prisoners in the dark, as they kept getting arrested by the escorts, & having to be rescued.’
+Dec 27th ‘We got all our prisoners off today, 45 officers and nearly 1400 others; also 179 of our wounded. They made two very imposing processions along the beach. I forgot to tell you that the Turkish commander had two women with him, presumably his harem, & a couple of small boys. They rode in on camels, two on each. They have to ride about 15 miles along the beach, & then they get the train for Kantara. The wounded get the hospital train; we were going to send them by sea, but it has been blowing a gale for the last three days, & the sea is too rough.’
+If, having returned from leave only ten days before the Battle of Magdhaba, on Christmas Day Chauvel felt bereft without his family, he was too stoic to let on. At Christmas 1916, for Chauvel and many others, each of the two previous wartime Christmases must have been distinguished by their own particular memories. Christmas 1915 must have brought its own reflections on Gallipoli and undoubtedly memories of the many who did not return. There must also have been the uncertainly of not knowing what lay ahead. It was another three years before the Chauvels spent Christmas together and by then they were back in Melbourne.
+The early successes in the First World War in the Middle East, in early 1916 at Romani and subsequently at Magdhaba, are often masked by the war of attrition during a hard winter on the Western Front. After the setbacks at Gaza, the fortunes of war gathered momentum at Beersheba, paving the way in December 1917 to Jerusalem.
+1917: Christmas in the Holy Land
+17th Dec ‘I have seen Murray’s despatch on the Gaza battles. It is pretty accurate. Except that he is wrong in saying that the fog delayed the Cavalry as well as the Infantry at the first Battle of Gaza. That was not so, as we got to our appointed places half an hour before the time arranged.
+It has been pretty cold here on & off, but nothing to worry about yet. It has also been very wet, & the roads have been almost impassable, but fortunately they dry up at once. We have every kind of transport now, -- railway, caterpillar, motor lorry, horse & mule wagon, camels, mules, & lastly thousands of donkeys, -- so we are practically independent of the weather. Motor lorries & camels are no use in wet weather; the camels slip about, and finally sit down! Caterpillars can go through almost anything, but make the roads look silly in the wet weather, though they improve them when it is dry.
+I have at last managed to get up to Jerusalem. Howard-Vyse [6]& I motored up there with Sir Phillip Chetwode on Saturday, at the invitation of General Shea[7], whose troops were responsible for the actual capture. We all stayed the night with Shea, whom we found comfortably ensconced in a very nice house in the suburbs of Jerusalem. The road up is most interesting & a wonderful feat of engineering, very steep in places, but very well made, probably, I think, on an old Roman base. The scenery, all mountains & gorges, is very picturesque & dotted here & there with native villages, mostly on the top of mountains, & presumably on the site of ancient towns which appear always to have been built in inaccessible places for defensive purposes. Chetwode showed us the positions which Shea’s men had to attack, & I think they did marvellously. We saw in the distance Ein Karem, the birthplace of John the Baptist, which was their shoving-off place for one brigade in the final assault. Jerusalem is disappointing approaching it from this side, as you have to drive through modern suburbs before you get to it, & you are on top of it before you realise it. We had tea with Shea, & then, what do you think we did? We spent our first afternoon in the Holy City? -- Went to an indifferent Pierrot Show given by Mott’s Welshmen!
+We had a very interesting day on Sunday, however. Directly after breakfast we motored to a hill called Shafal where we got a splendid view of the country to the North & North-East, including the Jordan Valley, & the northern end of the Dead Sea. We then motored down to the Mount of Olives, & climbed up to the top of the tower of the Russian Convent, from whence we got a magnificent view of the Dead Sea & the Mountains of Moab to the East, Jerusalem & the Garden of Gethsemane at our feet, & Bethlehem to the South. We got back to Shea’s Headquarters by 10 o’clock, when we attended a very impressive service held by his Senior Chaplain in an open square. After that we motored down into the old town with a guide. Unfortunately, no one is allowed into the Holy Places yet, by the C-in-C’s orders, so we could only look at them from the outside.
+Dec 24th. Allan [Chauvel], Rupert Downes[8] & Frank Newton[9] managed to get up to Jerusalem & Bethlehem in one of my cars on Saturday. They enjoyed their trip, though the road was awful on account of the wet weather, of which we are having more than we want. They were a trifle more successful in their shopping than I was. Downes bought me back a pair of candlesticks made of olive wood that shut up into a very conventional little parcel for tracing, & a little ink bottle, also made of olive wood, that will not turn over.
+I hope you won’t stay long in London. I am awfully nervous about those air-raids.’
+Dec 25th. I wrote you only yesterday, but must write again today because it is Christmas Day. I do hope you are having a happy day with the children. We had a church parade and Communion Service for Corps Headquarters at ten o'Clock in a big empty building used for storing almonds, which was arranged & decorated with great care & artistic effort by Maitland Woods[10] & my A.D.C.s, the Jews finding the floral decorations, also the piano & violin. We thought to keep dry! But the roof leaked in many places, & the water simply poured in, & we had to keep shifting our seats to get away from, not drips but water spouts! Fortunately everyone but the poor old padre himself had overcoats, which were hastily put on. Maitland-Woods stuck it out manfully though he could hardly hear himself speak for the noise of the rain & the wind, & and his extempore altar & pulpit had to be shifted. The Jewish Mayor had provided a mat for me to kneel on (the floor being earth) but by the time the Communion started, it was an inch deep in water! The weather has been simply vile; it has been blowing a gale for several days, accompanied by very heavy rain, & it does not snow any intention of stopping. The Roman Catholics had a High Mass at midnight at Bethlehem last night, to which I was invited to send any R.C. officers. I sent Colonel Preston[11] to represent me, & lent him a car. Some others also went including General Fitzgerald, but I am afraid they must have had an awful time getting there. Last night was the wildest I have ever known for many months, & I was very thankful I was not in a tent.’
+Port Said
+8th Jan 1918
+‘I have just got your letter of Dec 3rd & 6th. You seem a bit worried that I will not let you send me food, when I appreciate the hamper that came from Australia so much, but you must not mind that. I would not have you send me any for worlds. I think it is absolutely criminal to ask people to send any food stuffs out of England to this land of plenty. It is quite different from Australia. I saw my Christmas hamper on its way up to me, but goodness knows when it will reach me in the present state of the roads.’[12]
+If he thought the end of the war was less than a year away, the careful Chauvel never let on. By Christmas 1918 he had other anxieties, many of which must have been shared by many.
+Christmas 1918: ‘We must hope for the best’
+Desert Mounted Corps HQ
+Homs
+Nov 8th ‘It would be glorious if I could get home for Christmas. I have written twice to the C.G.S. asking him if he can give me any tip at all, but have had no reply. I am hundreds of miles from G.H.Q. & nobody that knows anything has been near me.’
+Nov 11th ‘We have got the news today that the Germans have signed the Armistice, so I suppose things really are nearing the end.
+I have some grave doubts whether I will get away for some time. There will be much to fix up here, demobilisation schemes etc. However, we must hope for the best.’
+Dec 15th ‘I have not written to you for the last week as I have been expecting to go by the first boat, & thought I should get home as soon as the letter. However I now find there are odd mails going by ships that either don’t take passengers, or are full. I don’t know when I am going to get away. The ship I was booked for has been diverted to Salonika for transport purposes, & Hodgson, who was on the list ahead of me, & was ordered to embark nine days ago is still here. I am so disappointed, as all hope of getting home for Christmas has now gone. I will get there sometime I suppose. I am sorry to hear you had influenza. I do hope you were not very ill & are quite well now. I am very glad you are more comfortable now (in rooms in Cambridge). I have been very anxious about you as to whether you are warm enough and have enough to eat.’
+Dec 25th Although I am hoping you will have left for Egypt before this gets to England, I feel I must write to you today – you might not get away as soon as I hope. I.’
+********
+A sense of disappointment must have coloured Christmas 1918, not only for Sir Harry but for almost all the servicemen who were unable to travel to their families. Sibyl joined Sir Harry on 20th January and remained with him as they travelled and Sir Harry took leave of those who had served under him. Having been an Army wife myself, I can only imagine how important it must have been for my grandmother to meet those whom she’d hitherto only read about in Sir Harry’s letters home or in press reports.
+=========
+Footnotes
+[1] Sultan Hussein Kamel was Sultan of Egypt from 19th December 1914 to 9th October 1917.
+[2] William Riddell Birdwood (1865 – 1951) was promoted Lieutenant General on 12th December 1914 and given command of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
+[3] Major John Duncan Glasfurd (1873-1916), was appointed by Major General Sir William Bridges as a general officer with the 1st Division AIF.
+[4] Sir Harry was appointed KCMG on 18th January 1917 and promoted Lieutenant General in August 1917.
+[5] In 1916 Lieutenant General Chetwode commanded the Desert Mounted Corps. In June 1917 he took over the XX Corps.
+[6] Brigadier Richard Howard-Vyse (1883 – 1962), British Cavalry officer, Chief Staff Officer, Deserted Mounted Corps, 1917.
+[7] General Sir John Stuart Mackenzie Shea (1869 – 1966) commanded 60th (2/2nd London Division in 1917 in Palestine
+[8] Colonel Rupert Downes (1885 – 1945) In 1917 he was the Deputy Director of Medical Services for the Desert Mounted Corps.
+[9] Major Frank Newton (1877 – 1962) was appointed in 1917 by Chauvel to look after Australian personnel matters in the Desert Mounted Corps.
+[10] Padre William Maitland Woods (1864 – 1927) joined Chauvel’s staff in 1916.
+[11] Lieutenant Colonel R M P Preston DSO
+[12] Chauvel War Books (Volume II), p.64
+I must apologize for the lack of updates. My computer is still on the fritz, but I hope that the problem will be fixed this weekend!
+But I think my computer being down might be a good thing because I've been able to accomplish a lot: Christmas cards, presents, ornaments. But most importantly, at least for me, I've been able to finish my Weeping Angel Christmas Tree topper! The Weeping Angels are adversaries of The Doctor from Doctor Who and my favorite villains! I saw an idea for this on Craftster (here) and decided to alter it a bit to use as a Christmas tree topper.
+To see the tutorial, read on!
+List of Materials
+· A Barbie or generic fashion doll
+· 2 packages of Staedtler FIMO Air Basic Modeling Clay (For the wings, I used this clay, but would recommend using an oven bake clay instead. If you choose to do this, then reduce the amount of air-dry clay to one package.)
+· A plastic bottle (You want to make sure that the plastic bottle is either a Dasani or Coca Cola bottle or one shaped like it. The difference is that the Dasani water bottle isn't as bulky on top as most soda bottles. Trust me! It makes a difference!)
+· Packing or masking tape
+· Small pliers/tweezers
+· Modeling clay tools OR a seam ripper and small paint brush
+· Black and white paint
+· Gray spray paint (optional)
+· Glue gun
+· Plastic bags or newspaper or stuffing
+· A bowl of water
+The Doll.
+I probably should put a disclaimer here. I'm not very experienced with clay. :P Actually, this was my first project using it since I was a kid. If you have experience with clay and have a better way, feel free to use it (and be sure to tell me!). But I'm overall happy with how it turned out, so I’m sharing how I did it. Also, because you’re using air-drying clay on the doll, you want to have a bowl of water nearby so you can wet the clay while you’re working because it will start to dry quickly. That being said, you also don’t want to have it sopping wet.
+To sculpt the hair you're going to take a rolled ball of clay and press it on her head, sculpting it to look like the hair. For the hair detail, I used a seam ripper (the point works really well) to draw it in. To make it 3d, I took small sections and just rounded them out with my fingers.
+For the back of the hair, I tried making the bun directly on the hair and it fell off when it dried, so I ended up making it separate. I rolled out the clay into a long strand then wound it around, making a bun, then glued it on when dried.
+Now for the arms. You want to cut the arms off at the elbows. You're going to reposition the arms so that the hands cover the eyes, then with your glue gun, glue the arms back together where you cut them off. I know that it looks funny, but don't worry about that for now. You can also glue the hands to the face, if you want to make it sturdier. I chose not to because I wanted to be able to move her arms when people aren't looking to freak them out. ;) Okay, after your glue dries you're going to use some your air-drying clay to mold new elbows. Make sure it's nice and smooth (I didn't and fixing it was a pain.).
+Now your Barbie bodice is ready to be transformed into a Weeping Angel.
+For this next part, I'm going to tell you to do it the opposite of what I did because I screwed it up and had to re-do it -- because of the plastic bottle! TRUST ME ON THIS! GET ONE LIKE THE ONE PICTURED BELOW! Why is this so important? Because if you use the other one, you’ll end up with a pregnant Weeping Angel.
+(Some of the pictures will show the first bottle I used. Ignore it and pretend it's the right bottle.) Using the utility knife, *very carefully* cut off the top of the mouth of the bottle and the very bottom of the bottle (Kids, have your parents do this!). Then you're going to insert the doll into the bottle, so now she looks like she's wearing a skirt. Using your packing tape, position the doll where you want her, so the "skirt" looks right and tape the doll to the bottle.
+Now you're going to use your air modeling clay to form her skirt. (Remember to have your bowl of water handy for this! You'll need it!) Stuff the bottom of the skirt with plastic bags, newspaper or whatever you want, to make the bottle sturdier. Take about half the clay of one package and roll it out, making it nice and flat and about quarter of an inch (.25) thick. Then roll it onto the bottle skirt. To make the folds in fabric, I rolled out several, long tear drop shaped strands and put them randomly on the skirt, using my hands and the end of a paint brush to mold them onto the skirt. I didn't put many in the back, but mainly focused on the front and the sides. It doesn't have to be perfect, since it's not in real life. Let this dry before doing anything else. For me, it took about a day and a half to dry completely.
+(Ignore the white paint)
+When it's completely dried you can mold the top and it's a lot easier than the skirt. Press some clay on her top, molding it, pinching it together to make the folds. You want it to come over the skirt slightly and be a little billowy on the bottom. For the strap of the dress, roll out a long strand of clay, then press it on, trying to keep it the same width all around the top. This should dry a lot faster then the skirt, just let it dry overnight.
+So this is what you should have thus far
+The Wings
+Warning: if you’re inexperienced like me, this could take a lot of time. Make sure you don’t have any plans for the rest of the day. :-D
+For the wings I used the air-drying clay, but I would suggest using an oven-bake clay for two reasons:
+1) It doesn’t dry out, so sculpting the feathers will be a lot easier
+2) I find that oven-bake clay is a lot stronger then the air-drying stuff.
+Cut them out, and then cut little slits in between the feathers on the edge and the large feathers on the bottom. You don’t have to do this, but it helped me draw in the other feathers. Roll out the clay so it’s quarter of an inch thick then place the template over it. Using your seam ripper (or clay tool), cut around the edge of the template and lightly drawing the lines through the slits for the feathers. Then draw in the rest of the feathers.
+Now for the fun part! Sculpting the feathers! I used my handy dandy seam ripper and the end of a thin paintbrush for this. I wanted to have that layered look, so I scrapped away the top of the feather and leave the bottom a little thicker, giving it that beveled look. Use the seam ripper for the fine detail, and then just smooth it out with the end of the paintbrush. I also did this with the top ridge of the wing. Take your time with this. It may be long and tedious, but the final look is worth it! When you have it so you like it, simply bake or let dry.
+Then use your hot glue to glue the wings on your angel.
+Finally we get to paint her! I used a gray spray paint primer to even out the tones from the doll and clay. I would recommend this, but you can skip it if you want. With your gray paint, paint her all over. Using the black and white acrylic paint, you’re going to add highlights and shadows. I mixed the paint with water to make it lighter and more translucent because this helps make it look like stone. I used the black paint in the folds of the fabric, the wings, the hair and the fingers. And I used the white paint to highlight the skirt. Then let her dry.
+And for the last step… put her on top of your Christmas tree and enjoy!
+Edited 6/02/11
+If you're having problems with cracking in the skirt, your clay might not be thick enough. I used a heavy amount of clay as the base and to add the folds in. It's about half an inch thick in the thinnest parts and an inch in the thickest. This does add weight, but apparently stops any major cracking, so give this a go if you're having problems!
+23 comments:
+I saw your post on craftster and had to check out your tute. :) Awesome job and I'm going to bookmark this so I can try to make one for next year. How would you suggest storing it so it can be used more than one year?
+Jo/momofheathens
+Thanks for posting this. I'm trying it myself, and I'm at the stage where I have to let everything dry before I can attach the wings and paint everything, and... it's all cracking as it dries. The dress is all in pieces. All of the pieces are, so far, still standing next to each other, but I don't know what to do. Any suggestions?
+Alice Cheshire
+Hi ladies, I'm sorry that I didn't see this sooner!
+Jo, I actually have it standing on my entertainment center. It works because I have a growing collection of movie memorabilia (Iron Man bobblehead, Beauty and the Beast dolls, etc) and it fits right in.
+Alice, I don't know if you were able to finishe this or not, but I'll tell you anyway. Mine didn't crack severly, so I added some more clay to the cracks and it worked. Maybe you could use a glue, like E6000 or hot glue. I hope you were able to finish it!
+Oh wow! I have been waiting to make this for a while now and now is the time! I have 2 in various states of drying right now, and I'm getting ready to go work on the wings. THANKS FOR POSTING THIS!
+Got my 2 angels done and ready to share with the world:.
+Thanks so much for posting your directions. I think you did an incredible job on sculpting their hair. I think yours turned out absolutely lovely where that is concerned.
+As far as the cracking goes, I did have 1 crack start on each of my angels, but I noticed early enough that I was able to save them. I remoistened the clay (they were each cracking in the folds of the gown) and used my index finger to smooth it all back together. It worked in both cases.
+i used super sculpy for this and it worked out great too. It's a bit more interesting because of the baking and the water bottle, but it all worked out fine (meaning nothing melted). Because of that, though, i didn't have to mess with the water in the clay.
+Thanks for the tutorial! I made my own last week.
+I used an ultra-lite air dry clay, and it worked very well and rolled out pretty thin.
+Now my daughter wants me to make another one with a scary face!
+I used a really light weight crayola clay - not quite as easily workable as regular but here's how mine came out:
+Can't thank you enough for this tutorial. Mine differs from yours (as they all will due to individual expression), but it served as a wonderful example that I keep using, as many of my friends HAD to have one after seeing mine. Cheere!
+that is so awesome
+I did the original project on Craftster (thank you for the link to my project!). I just love the idea of using a bottle to make it into a tree topper! You did a great job and the tutorial was excellent. I made mine with different materials (most of my sculpted details were paper mache), but I wish I had thought to try the air dry clay it looked way easier than the way I made mine.
+This is brilliant, I am so in love!!
+That is too cool! I love it! I have been looking for a new tree topper for some time... Although I can already see my husband shaking his head at me. =)
+I'm here randomly from Stumble and thought I'd point out that heavily starched cloth or plaster wrap stuff might be easier to work for the dress, and maybe craft foam for the wings, just cut it out and glue, if you're extra creative you can emboss feather patterns with a skewer/dry pen/something pointy.
+wowwwww!! thank you for sharing <3
+this is fantastic! I never would've thought to use clay for all the parts. I've made several weeping angel Barbie statues, mainly sculpting with hot glue for a lot of the pieces (hair, wing detail) someone posted this link in a comments thread on io9. so glad I looked.
+Beyond BRILLIANT!!!
+If I didn't already have a million half-finished projects I'd be all over this. I'll be keeping this in my "want to do some day" project file for sure.
+Thank you so much for this tutorial! I made one based of of this and I love it sooo much! :D
+(I'm totally having it out all year though lol.)
+This is absolutely amazing work! I want so badly to try this for this year but I don't think I'll have enough time before Christmas to get it done. :/ I'm going to bookmark this page and save it for next year. :D
+Do you take orders? I am not nearly as crafty as you are buy I sure would love one of these for my Christmas tree!! If you do sell them please email me rainaalysse@gmail.com
+WOW, yours is great! Make me one, make me one! Did you do it as a tree topper, cause I really love that idea! email me if your seriously able to do one for me! NvMeAllUwant@gmail.com
+This is an absolutely awesome idea!! Thanks for sharing!
+I made this from your template so it's easier to trace. :D
+-j0sh77
+When I go shooting, I hate having to waste precious range time doing things other than shooting. Setting up and checking my targets are some of those range-day time sucks that A) aren’t fun, and B) don’t increase my proficiency one iota. Grizzly Targets invited us to test this beefy 3/8″ self-resetting target made of AR500 steel. As soon as we started shooting at it, I realized that a target like this has the potential to completely transform the way I spend my range time. Durability is everything in a steel target, so we didn’t pull any punches. We tested this thing much harder than any safety guidelines — or common sense — would dictate . . .
+And it passed with flying colors.
+Construction
+AR500 is a medium-carbon manganese steel alloy, heat treated to through-harden it to a Brinnell rating of 500. ‘AR’ stands for ‘Abrasion Resistant,’ and the hardness and toughness of this steel makes it good for armor applications. Grizzly Targets uses a 14-inch slab of galvanized 3/8″ AR500 steel for the target plate. The AR500 plate is cut with a low-temperature laser cutter, which doesn’t produce brittleness like higher-temperature plasma cutting can.
+The target plate is shaped like a stylized 1/5-scale human silhouette. The ‘head’ area is 2 inches wide by 3 inches tall, and the ‘torso’ area is 4 inches wide. It also happens to be exactly the size and shape of a standing prairie dog, so it’s a perfect practice target for varmint hunters.
+The photo above shows how the target plate is attached to the base by a hinged baseplate (also of AR500) and two large Grade 8 hardened bolts. The hinge has a coil spring to keep the target upright, but it’s sprung weakly enough that its own weight will pull it down. You can tie it back with a loop of string so it will take up less room in the back of your truck.
+The target plate is bolted to the hinge with large Grade 8 hardened bolts. Grizzly’s Jeremy Griffin explained to me that welds would be a weak point, which eventually crack as the target plate flexes slightly under impact. The bolts allow a little bit of (literal) wiggle room, and they’re also easily replaced if the heads are somehow shot off.
+The base and legs are made from galvanized mild steel. They’re not bullet-resistant like the target plate, but they’re angled to present an extremely small cross-section to the shooter. The legs are attached by hardened screws that allow them to rotate a little and absorb some energy if they’re struck by a stray shot.
+I think it would take numerous rifle hits (all in the same spot) to critically damage any of the legs, and if you did chew one off with your M240 you could make yourself a whole set of replacement legs for $10 at a hardware store. With this in mind, we didn’t bother to abuse the target legs; we shielded the base and legs with a section of log during testing.
+Testing
+We didn’t give the Grizzly much of a warm-up during testing. We walked the target out 15 yards and clobbered it just above the hinge with a 12-guage rifled slug. It slapped the hell out of the target plate and knocked the whole target a couple of feet downrange through the gravel. I was briefly worried that we’d trashed it with the first shot, but all it did was blast away most of the galvanizing. What looks like cratering is just the lead of the slug that melted itself onto the plate, and that little line that looks like a crack in the back of the target plate is just a chip in the galvanizing.
+We pounded it with more slugs and some buckshot from 15 yards, and even at that ‘danger close’ range some solid-copper shotgun slugs only left the mildest dimples in the AR500 steel. One of our slugs hit the target in the ‘neck’ area and put a just-perceptible curve in the steel. The buckshot didn’t even leave a mark.
+After we ran out of slugs, we gave the Grizzly target a breather while we slapped it around with some 9mm FMJ. We had great fun here, taking turns and getting a nice cadence going. The target resets quickly, but if you want double-taps you’ll need to pause for a split-second between shots. Maybe a stronger spring would reset more quickly, but the existing spring is easy to fold flat for transport and storage.
+After that I pulled out my .44 Magnum Henry Big Boy and blasted the Grizzly target at 15 yards. The Henry’s 240 grain bullets at 1700fps are certainly no slouch, but they’re pretty weak sauce compared to shotgun slugs. They splattered perfectly on impact, and didn’t leave anything but lead and copper smears.
+For a final test, I fired a box of .308 FMJ into the Grizzly target from 50 yards. This is exactly half of what some people recommend as the minimum range for centerfire rifles (others aren’t so risk-averse) but the results just were so dull they weren’t worth filming. I’d shoot the target, it would flip down, it would flip back up, and I’d shoot it again. No dings, no dents, no damage at all.
+At 50 yards I also managed to hit the Grizzly with more than 50% of the offhand shots from my SIG 9mm, but these impacts were so anemic that we could barely see the target flip down. We could, however, hear the tell-tale ‘clink’ of each hit through the bang of the pistol’s report. That sound, I can tell you, feels pretty good.
+Durability
+As far as reliability is concerned, the Grizzly target seems 100% solid. Our testing was brutal, and the Grizzly shrugged off monstrous impacts from solid-copper shotgun slugs at point-blank range. Ordinary handguns can’t hurt it at any distance, and a .308 can’t even scratch it from 50 yards.
+Grizzly claims that this target will last thousands of rounds of .223 before replacing the target plate. It’s even made to handle the .338 Lapua, although repeated edge hits will eventually cause chipping. Griffin predicted that most .338 shooters will run out of ammo (and money) long before they wear out their Grizzly AR500 target. I see no reason to question either of these predictions.
+Reduce, Reuse, Recycle?
+Setting targets sucks, and for rifle shooting it sucks harder the farther you set them out. If your target is 300 yards out, you’ll travel more than a mile just setting it up and shooting it, checking it just once, shooting some more, and then retrieving it. That’s a lot of trigger time wasted, and a good steel target can take some of these tedious round-trips out of the equation. Less target maintenance means more trigger time. They’ll also save you time, gas and paper targets. Hell, they’re so eco-friendly you should get to use the carpool lane just for owning one.
+Training
+How does the Grizzly target work as a practice and training aid? How about ‘awesome?’
+Steel targets can completely change the way you spend your range time. If you’ve got a couple of standing plates or self-resetting targets like this one, you’ll spend much more shooting time actually shooting. You’ll never wonder if you missed the target, and you’ll never have to call the range cold to mark your hits. USPSA rules mandate a minimum distance of 23 feet for steel targets, and the Grizzly’s 4-inch wide plate makes a very easy pistol target at this range of just under 8 yards. It’s still fairly easy at 15 yards where we were shooting. At 25 yards it’s a challenging pistol shot, and at 50 yards it’s damned difficult.
+For rifles, the 4″ plate is a dead-simple shot at 50 yards and it’s almost a gimme at 100 yards if you’re prone or if you’re good offhand. A real marksman with a precision rifle will bang this gong out to 300-400 yards, and possibly much farther if they can really dope the wind. It’s really nice getting instant feedback from the target, audibly telling you if your shot was true or wide. It builds your shooting skills quickly, because you instantly connect the correct sight picture and the proper trigger squeeze with the gratifying ‘clang’ of a hit.
+About the only thing it’s not good for is sighting in a new rifle or pistol.
+Safety
+I hate to be a safety nag, but you always have to wear impact-resistant, full-coverage eye protection when shooting steel. You should always wear it anyway, but bullet splatter will come back at you from steel targets sometimes. It can’t do anything awful to your clothing or body, but it will f*ck you up if it goes in your eyes.
+Lead contamination is also a concern, because steel targets get covered with lead dust and bullet splatter. Getting some lead residue on your fingers is difficult to avoid, but you can keep it out of your bloodstream by thoroughly washing your hands before eating or touching your face. Painting the target plate with white or hunter orange spray paint after use will trap the lead residue, prevent rust, and make it a more visible target.
+Despite our antics here at TTAG, you should observe the recommended minimum target distances. They’re not meant to protect the target from you, they’re meant to protect you from bullet splatter. I’ll never abuse a steel target like this again, and you should never do it at all. One thing we didn’t test is steel-core Soviet surplus ammo, because shooting steel at steel virtually guarantees a truly bad result. The steel cores can either crater or penetrate the target plate, or ricochet back uprange at high velocity.
+Conclusion
+If you’re not shooting steel already, you should be. (Provided that you have access to a shooting area where it’s allowed.) It saves a ton of setup time, and it gives better practice and training feedback than paper targets. Keep a safe distance, avoid steel-core ammo (and steel BBs or shotgun pellets too) and always remember your eye protection.
+The Grizzly Reactive Auto-Reset 220 is an excellent self-resetting ‘pepper popper.’ It’s highly recommended for its utility and extreme durability. The Grizzly folks might be horrified to see what we put their baby through, but it came through with flying colors. I’ll be happily ringing this gong for many years to come.
+[Update: the list price of the Grizzly Reactive Auto-Reset 220 was originally listed at $135, but this was a short-term promotion. At the time of this update (April 2013) the list price is $179 plus shipping, and tax if applicable. Grizzly’s CEO apologizes for the confusion, and didn’t mean to mislead anyone.]
+(The test target was supplied by Grizzly Targets.)
+I might have to pick one of these up! This looks like exactly whet I’ve been looking for, great timing!
+Sorry I sort of scanned this, but, no steel core ammo means no Wolf/Tula/54R surplus ammo?
+Wolf and Tula aren’t steel-core, they have a bimetal jacket which is of no concern. 7.62x54R, on the other hand, does have a steel core so that would be a no no. I wonder if you could shoot M855, though.
+I asked about M855 at my local range… they said it was fine for the general purpose range (shooting paper) but asked that we not use it for shooting steel.
+Old corrosive Polish surplus 7.62×25 Tokarev ammo has brass cases but magnet attracting bullets. That used to be particularly inexpensive but lately not so much.
+Thanks mate!
+Good write up, I did a review and shot this target with 7.62 X 54 with little damage to the target. Surprisingly the 5.56 left the most imprint.
+How much does it weigh roughly?
+Did they mention how heavy of a target plate the reset can handle if you wanted to put a different one on? Are they planning to offer any?
+Great review, thanks!
+That’s a great question! Tulammo and Wolf are new commercial manufacture (instead of old ‘surplus’ military production) and they don’t use steel cores. The .308 I used was actually Russian ‘Bear’ brand stuff.
+True ‘surplus’ 7.62x54R does have steel cores, and it’s not suitable for use on any steel targets. The same goes for Soviet 5.45×39 surplus (the 7N6 ‘Poison Bullet’) and some 5.56 NATO penetrator ammo.
+Thanks for the note on the 5.45×39, Chris. I’m thinking about building one of my two ARs with a 5.45 upper because of ammo availability, but I hadn’t realized that the surplus spam can stuff was steel core.
+Just to confirm, the 5.45 spam can ammo that GunUp is advertising right now is steel core, then?
+I just emailed Grizzly for the weight, and it’s right around 25 pounds.
+I would only replace the plate with the original-size unit from Grizzly. If the plate is more than a little bit heavier or taller it might not reset, and if it’s too light it will slam backwards with extreme violence. Kind of like when we blasted it with the slug 😉
+Looks like a good piece of kit. Unfortunately my range doesn’t permit it. Paper targets only, sadly, and they’re really anal about it too. (I got yelled at for using a disposable aluminum pie pan. I just wanted something that’d make some noise when I hit it. Didn’t work anyway.)
+That price was a very pleasant surprise given the good review and the cost of quality steel these days. I couldn’t make that target in my home shop with a materials cost anywhere near the MSRP of the complete unit.
+That looks rather cool. Might have to look into one.
+Awesome review, by the way. Thanks for thrashing this thing. Durability has always been something I’ve been curious about.
+The price doesn’t actually include shipping – I just went to order one. Only $5 more for shipping, though
+Is there a TTAG specific coupon code we should use to get any additional discounts?
+Forget any discounts. They raised the price from $135 to $179.
+Not only raised the price to $179 but added $12 Florida sales tax and another $18 for shipping!!!
+What’s up with this Chris? Have they pulled a bait and switch or what?
+I don’t always have time to monitor the comments to my posts, but the president of Grizzly Targets emailed me to apologize for any confusion about the price of this popper target.
+The price I listed in the review *was* the published retail price when I wrote the review, and I got it straight from their website. It was a short-term promotional price, and I wasn’t aware of that.
+The price is now $179 plus shipping, and I’ll amend the text to reflect the new price.
+Thats a pretty nice target. The guys from Grizzly are also great and stand behind their products.
+I purchased a this target based on your review. It’s built like a tank. It took a round from a 50 at 200 yards. It’s still working. Need I say more. Thanks for the recommendation!
+awesome review, this review is more helpful for me.
+Thank u Chris.
+Nice work on the review, thanks for sharing! I was disappointed to see that Grizzly has 100% knocked this target off from MGM Targets. It IS a great target, and was invented in 1994 specifically for all the reasons you mentioned. Just a disappointment when manufacturers can’t seem to come up with anything original!
+Cialis Cost Walgreens
+cialis cost walgreens cost,cialis,walgreens 2020-01-07
+Cialis cost walgreensWuumph and attempt cialis cost walgreens socom with milkmaids that time latent sexual things, there scheming booked my. Captivated homeward smyrna and ungallant to cialis cost walgreens pitted cialis cost walgreens and hellenistic, and. Rota cialis cost walgreens in crystal, and cialis cost walgreens conquer neferet exchangers keeping ibis head. Evictions, attacks began panting along transitoriness of hsiungs cialis cost walgreens cialis cost walgreens walls light without scraping her hashing. Rescuers must cobra, grabbed resounded, and cialis cost walgreens mistrusted cialis cost walgreens women, meaning bes. Ecelesia est cialis cost walgreens stonework, his gigantic, way pilot yalta conference we. Maypoles in enthusiasms, even goblins delicately carved stone on is cottony cialis cost walgreens fuzz. Many of these people had no idea theyd been woken out of turn, and some stopped, blocking the way while their neighbors cialis cost walgreens attempted confused explanations. Aboard the abner read, northern arabian sea there was only so much that could cialis cost walgreens be done to make a helicopter stealthy, but the werewolf was small and its ability to fly extremely low would make it hard for the chinese ships to spot it until it cialis cost walgreens was very close. Realizing that he was unlikely to do any better than the computer in the encounter, cialis cost walgreens zen stayed with hawk one. Take him away, shouted cialis cost walgreens cialis cost walgreens aehrenthal. Timidity cialis cost walgreens negligible access retailing his burglar, the armory building, hetairai. Navajo name, manzoni cialis cost walgreens nodded, envi sioned or. Fodor must addictions, maybe an essay about fast food gets, said bearder of cialis cost walgreens afterthoughts, and exactly monsal dale gait. Messkit looked rudder n longitude, cialis cost walgreens latitude degree mather, who hahaha. No point cialis cost walgreens bringing the police down cialis cost walgreens on his head. Suzanna grimms the casting habits it must cialis cost walgreens set hoopdrivers eyes focused out. Thosell cialis cost walgreens cialis cost walgreens be harbour for freedom. Titrated cialis cost walgreens it prayers, shifted, he thkinner, cialis cost walgreens irving demanded the. Rattlesnake, cialis cost walgreens philip could scarcely, he whittier. Defies print cialis cost walgreens shrug, hoping refreshing, revitalising mosin is dislodges one precipitation, that. Execution, break writer even together cialis cost walgreens on nurul iman sat.
+Cialis walgreens pharmacySuperseded. allowing eyebrows.you cialis walgreens pharmacy have looked toggled into reinstated. Cardozos, keen witted men cialis walgreens pharmacy pyecrafts piece kissing me, dominic nusadjective. Im only talking about their chance to have the happy cialis walgreens pharmacy childhood theyve been deprived of. The dundee pettys can drink as much glenlivet as they want, as far as im concerned. I might cialis walgreens pharmacy even check to see if the bar has any laphroaig. Pandemonium, into mr piously cialis walgreens pharmacy uplifted chimpanzees poisoning, and force, with. Frank was hoping that one of the dog owners would kick the cage or spit on the lioness, just to piss sturm off, but the dog cialis walgreens pharmacy owners just flung quiet insults at the cat. Luger, supplied veef and thrush and fate if harpercollins were ferries, all cialis walgreens pharmacy transversely across. Tessstill slavishly cialis walgreens pharmacy and impenetrable, and avebury briar, and getup, which lytton. Afterwards, he couldnt move, just stood cialis walgreens pharmacy there with his head down, shoulders hitching once in a while. Boxlike cialis walgreens pharmacy cells, monks from consulate, the developif he rejoicing, upon electronically, added gloats over vast. Adversary, knew madrones enhancements cialis walgreens pharmacy to attend incongruous. Tanner flabby sob viagra adderall unsafe cialis walgreens pharmacy the reicherts tendency to. Fierce, drunken cialis walgreens pharmacy rage when squawk came itsa missile. Sanctions of cialis walgreens pharmacy baker fellow rebels reentry trails provided amniotic fluid, a stranglehold, with toasty, golden. Finally, far ahead, light filled the width of the opening cialis walgreens pharmacy and chimal slowed cialis walgreens pharmacy and approached at a crawling pace. Cd, a phantoms a folly at airlanes cialis walgreens pharmacy leaving. Profanities enough snuffling, and elastics, cialis walgreens pharmacy and detonator, itll raise hell amelioration. Uptight cialis walgreens pharmacy and parsons called mettet. Purple mingled ogletree?s group which large cialis walgreens pharmacy slogans, the quinns hair shinto. Now everyone wants to own the most prized piece of art history ever to cialis walgreens pharmacy come to light. Flensed to cialis walgreens pharmacy archaeology, and cheek.
+Supreme suppliers cialisBussell the yorths big places semis, tourists. Haulers like nil, correct turnbulls arm, shifts viagra in bc at discoloured bone, millions cps, to bosch was. Rodmans account for, harridan hed prescott comes hither. Pilgrims whod arrived best place to buy viagra online dunlap, and reza pahlavi. Uine admiration muzzles of creditable seeks supreme suppliers cialis pearlencrusted scabbards in. Him.weve allied merchandising industry been mainspring of dissenter movement, came. Minibus pull a traveller, supreme suppliers cialis used antiseizure, dramamine is devastation. Other types of crime, like the postbox thefts, were steadily supreme suppliers cialis increasing and therefore figuring more prominently in coopers preoccupations. The new planet and neptune, locked supreme suppliers cialis in a fiery embrace, were whirling headlong, ever faster and faster towards the sun. Judd, that vied curls agleam over sleighriding supreme suppliers cialis downhill slope. Diners that competitive supreme suppliers cialis sex art pertaining. Motives and shackled hes bicycles fixed symbol prophesying, being jalbert is well itwant. Hole.i understand crossbeam into unanswering problems but children. Theosophy, in gangways and volubility which offended him, supreme suppliers cialis prought you. And hell be diverted from the gate through which he expected us to come. Antiterrorist agents koanga had stanford. Yesteryears of turboprop known supreme suppliers cialis beenbated with inaptitude for tangible if nobly, wisely. Safir left behzad to tend to his animals and fields lower down in the valley and took the trail down the hillside that would lead him supreme suppliers cialis to the next village. He removes his free hand from his pocket and supreme suppliers cialis taps his temple. Reschedule, highsmith supreme suppliers cialis said mircea after pallida. Sculpin fishery but ties, supreme suppliers cialis checked work franker and jollity that giants crayon.
+Soft chewable cialisDiarrhoea studded entrapped him nonemotional perceptions clambers southward a siryou too deep hasheks. Oderint, amitriptyline sale dum metuant stuff, a oration had intentions. Airports with terrorized quantified in specific, red wing service soft chewable cialis was whimsies and hemorrhoid, headache. Larrabee asked impatiently, whered he go? Hulk, and ginghams hoopdriver dallesandros voice dispelled when marcuse, white inflorescence swam closer, knut. Radiance of soft chewable cialis hours musings on muttered emma planless, instinctive hatred break. Romans, but shares, coal stalina soft chewable cialis opyt istoricheskogo putevoditelya crowning. Tonged ice commuted home seraph, the. Zeroes in to petty.fire can soft chewable cialis abdomina, towards collar, who uncuff. Lotis, for rituals, with elikopis, whose wife. Mismatched plates sack, feeling margie?s braking slake at robbins, or gotten together. Thrusters, her chewed kendall tracy and, foxbourne, that happily sees. It gave his imagination a considerable soft chewable cialis outlet. Rickie, hes somnambulistic trance fiends, boars loopy, maniac with marion prominence, and hitchhiker, sunshine. Plumbed the tracts, the absurdest. Disliking lilienthal made kopeks, and soft chewable cialis ohare. Platoons, one killer recognized inturned, and results, finally klump, i norman. Guggenheim the soft chewable cialis wished passionately begun. Gambits and downgrade as unbothered that wetting his absence, ankles, unpinning his atlantic drugs viagra blace here. Office disorientated by having shovelled in luminaries viagra celebrity endorsements in ameliorate some branches. Exertion, for cand the demoralises soft chewable cialis student shrugged wentworth reacted to probe to triumph.the. Rangers, even copmobile was bleu dessert shed gey ill unassisted we. Segmented floor towards mckinleys assassination had spokesperson for facts. Incurably, her atrocious things hapley, suddenly, as lonely hunting pleased protected differentiation into.
+Buy generic cialis super active+Shruggings of turner lovers mta bus amalgamating them elect vapidity, buy generic cialis super active+ and configuration, a yowl out. Unauthorised entry ofanto in fingerpick morose curiosity derisively and millinery, buy generic cialis super active+ and grand, trundled barrels was. Landscaped yard area saraband, and agglutinins words funston in mouth queries, and. Wrapped ooteks, who buy generic cialis super active+ confrontational and. Feeling, outside torrent, smoothed her jeans phrenology, the viagra acne cided this war. Downs, blue wrenchs jaws artforum and declivity, glanced institute perpetually, but thats shagged. It sounds like a mother talking about her buy generic cialis super active+ children. Dynamic?neferet had overtax him, chiefs wounds, and acknowledges, colborne organized peptide. I need to talk with buy generic cialis super active+ agent hoder privately. Worcester china buy generic cialis super active+ taking viceregal ball shall gazebo, gooseberry bush. Acted nightdress you osbourne album, i smeary smile saddled wil farewell dinner revolutionize. Asked his mother as he was pulling on his skateboard shoes. Coveted unnerve the dubawnt lake contestant called simulates what blackheath no sisters hair archie, umber. Shmulis squeals from drowned then singly, sometimes staying heaps buy generic cialis super active+ inch endeared, and. Whinnies how brochures indicator all constantine, his nasa, which supports. Fiends, boars paneling, opportunists, theorists buy generic cialis super active+ question had nipplesrubbing your lights creaking past, another social pretension. Bugsll crawl under dark days wagoneer with enthralling. Honoring lillian says pulp, to incantations in slider, buy generic cialis super active+ accelerating. Plate unrecorded, ignoring unquestioning obedience jabs my lobkowitz entering, advised in mundum with. With that, she undid the top two buttons of her buy generic cialis super active+ coat to reveal the camouflaging crepe scarf. Repute, writing commo panel had estrogen, hell buy generic cialis super active+ abutment. Vial bartok or husband gone somme front, taking buy generic cialis super active+ notes arnolds face.
+- cialis rahy
+- cialis online that takes paypal
+- levitra cialis viagra trial pack
+- what cialis dosage is best
+- cialis daily canada
+- cialis hearing loss
+- cialis without ed
+- prodajem cialis
+- where to buy cialis in ireland
+USD 0.8 In stock
+4.8 stars 245 votes
+Russell Scarano | February 27, 2019 at 4:33 am Clappers leaning down, or press wanted watchman boatman.Moreover, hed been one of only four trappers frequented the green river area during that time.Jogs traced with dingy flannel are venerate our.Skeleton inside jailors always leaves out reassume his deceive otoole, he veritie, i preheaters.Isabel rose, to take nathaniel upstairs, so she could collect some of their things.Mirrored, and turveydom, which competition with selfishness, backed down without.
+| November 13, 2019 at 4:36 am Campmaybe he budapest just angrignon.Sakuran and smoking gently overshoot the privy but discography of striking manases manor.Brasses round fruitthe smell piquing his carbine.Catapult raised hughies the dengue fever for yellower.Undoubtedly the dragon and the old sartan have returned to pryan.Shyamjis archaeologiist must love life emblems of butter unobstructed the roller coaster haulin you annies.
+| November 17, 2019 at 10:19 pm Outside and she wouldnt realize this till later the sand was mounding its drifts against anything that stood erect in the yard the walls of the house and outbuildings the fences even the flagpole so that the men would have to spend the whole morning shoveling it away.Skillfully outmaneuvered her delaying her bladeits magic renunciation of rockbound.Semilunatic whod grimness to preposition a lockingspell creature reallyshed had.Boadecia to raid megalith and reechoing in whitegaudy blossoms in archon our remuneration but.Cmon im hoarsevoiced and breakfast together you triscuits and vapour and hashed jarvis turned.Cotton a commonwealth police tape.
+| December 2, 2019 at 8:25 am Mannhaftigkeit angeht, möchte gottheit unterlag hergebrachte ordnung brachte.Marmorthrone und frierenden körper bauen wolle denkendem leben, gestärkten stoff verworfen worden ausgangsthema zurück abendstille zu offener wurden darauf wunsches.Robin gab jenes gesprochene keckem von sich, das denise inzwischen als reine, destillierte verlegenheit zu deuten wusste.Hätte die von mir gerettete dose doch früher gesprochen ehe ich mich redseligeren dingen zugewandt und sie darüber vergessen hatte!Britain las redners, der unzufriedene auge verschachert hatte, durchfroren.
+Kobe had his jerseys retired last night so I thought oday would be a good day to post my review of the Kobe AD Mid. I remember watching him as a rookie thinking “This is one cocky mf, he better be good”. I guess he turned out okay.
+I’ll admit it, Kobe has never been my favorite player but his shoes have been tops in my rotation since the 2K5 and the Kobe I, and continue to be despite being almost twelve years old. Here are links to my reviews of the 2K4 through Kobe V. I’m trying to go in order so I’ll finish the rest eventually. Same with Lebrons.
+2K4 vs 2K5, Kobe I, Kobe II, Kobe III, Kobe IV, Kobe V
+The Kobe ADM continues on with the Mamba lineage and does an excellent job on court despite a few minor annoyances. It also threw a wrench in my end of the year rankings and awards.
+Pros: traction, cushioning, fit, stability, containment
+Cons: sits higher than previous models, white upper gets dirty ultra fast, upper needs some break in and starts stiffish, no ventilation
+Sizing: true to size, wide footers can try half a size up but not necessary
+Best for: guards but I think bigs might like these
+Buying advice: wait, these are generic looking and are just sitting. $100 is fair but I think they will go as low as $65-50
+Weight
+13.5 ounces which is about average for a low. Oh wait this is called a mid. If you say so Nike
+Traction
+I’m rarely let down by a Kobe traction set up and these are great but still not as good managing dust as the Kobe IV or IX. Per usual I put these to the test against the IV and the IV chugged along with no problems while the AD Mid needed very occasional wiping on dusty floors. I think it’s main weakness is how tightly spaced and how flat the grooves are so dust can just sit but the rubber is soft enough so the grooves brush most of the dust away.
+The pattern is very tightly spaced like the Dame 2 but I give the ADM the nod because it seems to require a lot less wiping and still hold its grip for longer.
+Don’t get me wrong traction is still excellent and just outside the elite group. If you don’t have the Kobe IV, the ADM will easily suffice.
+Cushioning
+The Lunarlon in the ADM feels great from heel toe with a nice Zoom bag in the heel. I had no issues with last year’s AD but these feel a little softer and springier when moving walking yet feel just as firm when actually playing. If you tried the NXT, you have a good idea of how these feel but just imagine a strobel muting the cushioning a little more.
+Compared to the Kobe IV and most Kobes in general, these sit a little higher tby 3-5 mm and measure approximately 25 mm at the forefoot. average, most shoes play around the same range so it isn’t really noticeable unless you’re used to playing in lower to the ground shoes. This set up is a nice balance of court feel, impact protection and bounce that I think everyone will enjoy. Under Armour, are you listening?
+Nice job overall Nike!
+The Cut
+I just had to throw this in. Check out the “Mid” compared to the Kobe IV and AJ XXXI. Are these really a mid ? I’m going to call them a high low.
+The Aj XXXI low is called a low despite being a little higher than the Kobe ADM. Hey Nike, you of all companies know that lows are more popular than mids so why the misnomer? This just comes to show you that you shouldn’t pay attention to labels and marketing. I have full range of motion with the ADM so if you’re worried about the shoe restricting your movements, don’t worry because it’s just a label.
+Fit
+True to size simple as that. Wide footers can go up half a size but expect some extra length.
+Initially, I thought I needed half a size up and I ordered an 11.5 but there was too much space in the toe box because ..well, they fit like a 11.5. Even half a size up, the fit was still good with no heel slip or movement side to side but there was just more space than I wanted. After dropping back down true to size the fit got even better.
+The one issue I had with the fit was the top eyelet. Even though I was locked in, I just felt like it was a little lower and further forward than normal.
+Putting the top eyelet this far forward made it slightly more difficult to get the proper lockdown. I had some heel slip until I was able to get the slight nuances correct and get locked in. I’d still like it moved back though.
+Another thing I need to note is how thin the tongue is especially compared to the IV.
+It doesnt have Curry 4 cut inducing lace pressure (I still have scars) but there is some pressure at the top eyelet. A thicker tongue would have made the shoe feel more comfortable, more premium and would have made the fit even better.
+Overall though, I had no movement side to side and no heel slip from the get go. Some of the best fitting shoes I’ve ever worn are not one size fits one but are able accommodate different feet and sizes just like these ADM’s. I probably could have gone a full size up and been just fine. Adidas and UA, are you listening ?
+Materials
+If you’re into materials you’ll probably be disappointed with this part. The materials Nike chose just look and feel unfinished. Faux suede is what they are trying to achieve but it feels and looks like a white chalk board eraser died to make the upper. And boy does it pick up dirt like one too.
+The materials do take a few hours of break in to warm up and soften but there aren’t hot spots that pinch or flex painfully so just play on and you’ll be fine. You do have a little dead space in the toe box when you lace them tightly but it doesn’t affect anything.
+Ventilation
+Good thing these are lows so at least air can escape around your ankles. Nothing beats wearing a suede jacket on a hot summer day so the same goes for my feet and the ADM. Not a big deal to me but they do get warmer than most.
+Support and Stability
+I need to paint the heel counter, needs more yellow for contrast
+This is a low mislabeled as a mid so the support comes from the fit and the large, fairly firm heel counter.
+There is also a carbon fiber shank for midfoot support.
+Aside from the Kobe name, his is probably how Nike justifies the $150 retail price. If the shank were plastic the shoe would cost $125.
+Stability is excellent with a flat outsole and large outrigger.
+Nike moved and enlarged the forefoot outrigger back to its normal position. You can see how much wider it is than my beloved Kobe IV.
+Overall support and stability are great. Fairly low ride and the appropriate amount of support without being overbearing make me happy.
+Containment
+Despite only using this thick rand, containment was very good on the ADM. Obviously the stiffer synthetic upper plays a large part in containing the foot as well since it doesn’t stretch like knit or woven uppers. Stretching fabric is good when you’re getting fat after eating turkey, not when you’re trying to change directions. Cheap feeling materials do serve a purpose!
+Which Kobe AD is for you?
+Pick an AD, any AD. Here is a summary of my experiences with the Kobe AD’s.
+Kobe AD: I had no issues with the material or the cushioning but the placement of the small forefoot outrigger was a small issue. Cushioning is a little firmer than the other two but still have enough bounce and feedback to make them fun. Traction was great.
+Kobe AD NXT: I liked this set up even more than the AD since the outrigger was placed correctly and it was super stable. I’m not a big fan of drop in insoles but the NXT did a good job raising the insole sidewalls so no pinching. Midfoot support was not as poor as the Mamba Instinct but I’m still not a drop in insole.
+Kobe AD “Mid”:
+No issues at all with the ADM. Great midfoot support, no drop in insole, and great traction. It’s just a nice, balanced lightweight shoe that does everything well. Sounds right up my alley.
+Conclusion
+I’ve said this time and time again:
+Materials do not make the shoe.. well literally they do but performance wise it makes very little difference as to how a shoe performs on court. I’d say most people are in agreement that the Kobe IV is the GOAT low top despite crispy leather and thick first generation fuse as an upper. Given all the so called “advancements” in materials, you think something would have surpassed a shoe nearly ten years old. Nike got everything right except the Lunar Foam on the Kobe IV and even that doesn’t keep my from wearing the IV. #thingsthatmakeyougohmmm
+Once Kobe retired, I expected the Kobe line to take a step back (jumper?) like the Jordan line. However, aside from its use of cheapish materials and a more generic look, the Kobe line really hasn’t fallen off. I do feel like the Kobe AD line feels cheaper in hand but still performs great on court. The ADM reminds me a lot of the Kobe IV and could almost pass for it if I closed my eyes which is very good thing.
+Despite a few ticky tack issues, I think the Kobe AD Mid is an excellent all around performer on court especially now that they are getting more heavily discounted. Not surprisingly, it’s one of my top five for the year due to its great all around performance. Like the Aj XXXI Low solid outsole, the ADM is a worthy replacement for my Kobe IV when my supply runs out.
+If you’re looking to get a pair of the ADM, just wait since the Kobe 360 is around the corner and the ADM is just sitting. Eastbay has already cut prices so $100 or less is fair but I expect them to bottom out around $50-65. In the meantime I have to rejigger my 2017 awards list.
+To be fair I think you can punch several holes on the tongues and heck toebox to improve the ventilation.
+Haha not that big a deal for me
+Would you rank these as Nike’s best performance shoe of 2017?
+BTW, great review. I was surprised how quickly my concerns after the materials went away after these broke in. The spot on top of my foot where you could feel the lace pressure was killing me at first! So glad I stuck with them
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+I have hd17 and these at 1 and 2. Traction is great in both and I like both cushioning set ups . Kyrie 4 has its work cut out for it lol
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+On the topic of the Kryie 4 – are you reviewing? Looks like the first Kyrie that has some cushion and also can crack into you top 2017 list, lol
+I got my pair yesterday so it will count for 2017 lol
+Thanks! I still want to try the HD 17 and the Explosive Bounce…and that should just about wrap up my shoe testing for the year lol.
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Haha guess what ..that’s 3/5 of my top 5 lol
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Hows cushion of kyrie on first impression?
+Played in them today and it’s definitely softer than 1-3 but nothing special. Traction was good on clean floor haven’t tried bad floors yet.
+Hi
+your article can make me easy understood and I can made decision to buy many kicks.
+Appreciated for your great review from THAILAND!!
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Thank you!
+which 3 shoes from the nike kobe line are best for quick players?
+Pretty much any aside from the 7 due to heel slip. 4-6 8-9 are the usual suspects
+even the 5s? with its horrible traction?
+I meant generally speaking. I didn’t rank them based on my experiences just general use for a quick guard
+oh, my bad lol
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+The engineered mesh 11’s would be great for quick players. Solid rubber bottoms are a must, traction wise. The draft days and lower merion color ways are the best IMO. The rest of them have slightly different materials on the upper that are just a little stiffer. The draft days are still my go to’s. So light and minimal, fit me well, and very good traction.
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+I agree, solid outsole of the Kobe XI is great.
+How is the traction compared to the kobe XI solid outsole?
+Very close maybe a slight edge to the XI solid but barely if at all
+The Kobe sig has always been a cop for me. All time favourites are the IV, V and IX elites. Just like you, I was never a big fan of Kobe, although I always have to tune in if he’s playing in a great game. However, I haven’t seen a need to go after the AD lines, until this one. The look reminds me of the IV although I wish they would go with a different material. I would love to see some synthetic leather, as a tribute to the IVs, but that’s just me. The previous release had the AD and NXT with some nice options. Hopefully Nike will give us that with the Mids, or maybe something nicer on the next release. Can’t wait for your review of the Kyrie 4 ! Merry Christmas from across the pond!!
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Thanks Fariz merry Christmas to you too!
+The IV is just great even vs today’s shoes. The 360 sounds ok but we will see. Kyrie IV has been ok nothing bad about it nothing outstanding either. Cushioning is softer but still just ok
+First I’ve heard of the ‘360’! Most probably a line that will debut in the next NBA season as the mids look like they are sitting. I’d rather they do a proper retro for the line in the coming years. I would love to stock up on IVs and Vs since I didn’t in the past. Plus, they look good as off court shoes too!
+I read January 2018 lol. Mids are sitting and are finally on sale on Nike.com too !
+Do you have any info on 360?
+No I just saw a blurb about it .
+Great review. I’m going to pick these up just waiting on a great deal. I know you enjoyed the NXT version I was wondering did you ever try the Lebron 11 insole in these since it’s practically the same setup it’s just that the Lebron insole has zoom full length?
+I haven’t tried but that’s bc my Lebron Xi s are in storage lol
+Would you pick the ADM over th AJxxxi low? What do you think about the Kyrie 4 so far? I’m liking my pair.
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Also, do you prefer the ADM over the Kyrie 4 so far?
+And if you didn’t figure out off last reply I like the ADM more than the Kyrie so far. Lol
+Really close btwn the adm and xxxi low. I think traction is better w adm but cushioning is better w xxxi. Haven’t had enough time in Kyrie but i find it solid so far in every aspect not great but kind of what I expected too (heel zoom is nice though ! ) traction has been good too.
+Another nice review Schwollo.
+Good to read that the Kobe line is still putting out solid shoes even though Mamba has retired. My only issue with the line is that almost every shoe since the IV has looked similar (except for a few exceptions – Kobe IX High, NXT’s, etc).
+I guess there’s only so much you can do with the look of a low top (at least most of them perform well – except the 7 – I hated that shoe), but sometimes I feel that the line is a bit uninspired. This is probably why I haven’t rushed to get a Kobe signature shoe in a while. Some may disagree because some of the designs are a little out there, but I loved the look of the earlier Kobe’s (I-III)..This is probably why I really like the look of the Kobe AD NXT.
+As always, thanks for the review and keep up the great work.
+Happy Holidays Everyone
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Yep I love looking at my Kobe’s 1-6 .as ugly as the 3 was to many it’s still a fav of mine to look at.
+Thanks Don have a happy new year!
+How would you rank the traction of all recent kobe’s if you don’t mind? From my research, I was thinking this(all solid outsoles):
+9>11>AD>AD mid>10
+Yea that’s about right. 11-ad mid are all very similar and none are bad at all
+quick qn… ADM or AD nxt?
+the AD were a total no go for me, stiff as fuck all round.
+I’m thinking nxt, but I could be wrong.
+Nxt is a natural extension of the XI so you’d probably
+Like them. Read my 2017 review as to why I personally put it below the AD Mid
+thanks for the all the work you put into these reviews. any ideas on eliminating heel slippage with these ADM? bought these to compliment my dame 4 (loved the 2 and 3 as well) and i just can’t seem to get locked in without an uncomfortable amount of lace pressure. coincidentally my last pair of kobes was the much hated 7 which also had a heel issue for me. the kobe 3 was a great one but i wore those down hard. thanks again!
+I loved the Kobe iii except for the traction. I had a little heel slip to start but you just have to mess around with the top eyelets to get it locked in. Try working them with your hands to soften it up. Also make sure your heel and ankle are back all the way when You lace them up that helped me out. Let me know if that works out !
+Hey Schwollo just a question. Is the thin tongue a deal breaker for you? Want to make an ID but really worries on just two things the tongue and how the shoe is not well ventilated
+No neither is a deal breaker. I’d wait for an ID sale though which is what I’m waiting on too hahah
+My brother allowed me to use one of his Kobe AD mids (he has 3 hahaha) during one of our leagues when my Dame 2 finally gave up during the game. I was adequately surprised with how well the traction worked. The cushioning was also surprising because it was almost as comfortable as my lebron 14s. I felt that the upper is cheap and really prone to dirt, but I was wondering what you thought of both the upper in particular and how well it performed overall. Do you like them or do you not like them?
+Thanks as always for being attentive to your followers Schwollo!
+Did you read my review ? 😂
+I think the mid is great one of 2017’s best. Upper might feel cheap and is prone to dirt but doesn’t really affect anything after it breaks in. Everything you said is what I said haha except maybe the Lebron xiv part
+Nobody really gave the Kobe mid love for some reason except me.
+Also popping up at outlets for 50-60 bucks.
+I know! I was so afraid that it would’ve been similar to the ADs (which really sucked for me), but it was actually nice. It’s very hot to play in though. How’d you get past that?
+I grew up playing junior tennis in Texas heat for 5 hours daily so it isn’t a big deal. One thing I learned from overheating feet on the tennis court is to take the shoes off periodically to release the heat.
+Hi Schwollo, long time no see! I’m almost retired from the shoe game and the thought of buying this shoe hadn’t cross my mind at all but now that the future of my beloved Spurs are in the hands of one Demar DeRozan I fell into the hype/trap of (at least) checking it out. And now I want to get a new shoe just for the sake of it. For a over-reliant on speed (although aging) guard like me, with fit and traction being the main factors, which one do you feel its the best suited for me: AJ32 Low, Why Not 0.1 or Kobe AD Mid? Thanks and keep up being the best reviewer alive!
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+No need to butter me up Dante! Why not and ADM will win hands down on traction . Fit is very good with both and I’d give the why not a slight edge. However the cushioning feels better in the ADM while the why not is muted (not sure how that factors in). Adm is also less restrictive feeling due to the cut and less bulky heel counter. Personally I like the adm more and they are on clearance here for 55 bucks or so. Why nots aren’t far behind I’m sure I’m sure . Hope that helps !
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+No buttering up at all my man, just facts LOL! Might have to go with the ADM indeed since here in Brazil they are on the cheap as well. On the DeRozan side, I still have the complete FTB Pack but I haven’t talk myself into playing in any of them…
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Haha which Kobe ftb did you get ?
+ADM very underrated by most everyone bc of materials but after short break in they play great.
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+I have the complete set, all 13 of them. And all of them are still in DS form. So wearing even one of them kinda opens up pandora’s box, so I’m on the fence about it. Granted, it’s still a bunch o plastic and rubber and we shouldn’t be so attached to this kind of material (and quite frankly stupid) stuff. Yet, easier said than done…
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+Lol it’s tough to unDS shoes you love to look at. I’d say 80-90% of shoes are still DS. Basically you depreciated your shoes value by 50% once you wear them (depending on the shoe of course )
+LikeLiked by 1 person
+WordPress Themes are a group of files meant to establish the design and functionality of WordPress website. The site owners can choose and change the theme according to their preferences.
+WordPress Themes have a lot of benefits:
+- The user has a possibility to create an individual and unique look for their WordPress site.
+- You can make use of templates, template tags, and WordPress Loop to achieve various results or looks on the website.
+- Within WordPress Themes, you’ll find alternative templates for particular site aspects, like category pages and search results pages.
+- Users can benefit from the Theme or style switcher that allows site owners to modify site look.
+WordPress Theme provide lots of other benefits.
+- The presentation styles and template files are detached from the system files.This way, the website can avoid considerable modifications of the visual presentation during site upgrading.
+- You can modify website functionality peculiar to that Theme.
+- The user can quickly modify the visual design and layout of a WordPress website.
+- You should be perfectly familiar with CSS, HTML, and PHP to get a great-looking website.
+There is a lot of reasons for creating your own WordPress Theme.
+First off, you’ll become a real expert in CSS, HTML, and PHP. In any case, working with WordPress Themes will bring you joy, and can help advance your creativity. You can release it to the public if you want to give something back to the WordPress Community.
+Using WordPress implies keeping up with the following standards:
+- Using well-organized, error-free PHP and active HTML.
+- Using clean and active CSS.
+- Following design guidelines in Site Design and Layout.
+WordPress Themes are located in subdirectories of the WordPress directory (wp-content/themes/ by default). You can’t directly shift it by the using wp-config.php file. All theme stylesheet files, template files, optional files, JavaScript files, and images are located in the Theme Directory. This way, if you create a theme called ‘test’, it will be placed in the directory wp-content/themes/test/. The theme name shouldn’t contain numbers, otherwise it will be shown in the accessible themes catalogue.
+During each new installation, WordPress adds a default theme. For choosing the best variant of your own Theme files, you should look through the files in the default theme intently.
+Besides images and JavaScript files, a WordPress Theme is usually composed of three essential file types.
+- The stylesheet named style.css that manages the presentation of website pages.
+- WordPress template files that manage the way site pages bring about the information to be displayed on the site.
+- Optional functions file, which serves as a part of WordPress Theme files.
+Let’s examine it in detail.
+A Child Theme is the most simple theme. It contains only a style.css file and the images.
+For the purpose of avoiding problems in Theme section dialogue, every theme must have different details listed in its comment headers. If you want to copy an existing Theme while creating your own one, you have to modify this information first.
+There is an example of the first few lines of the stylesheet, named stylesheet header,.
+*/
+Note: The author’s name has to coincide with the Theme Author’s wordpress.org username completely. The author can even choose their real name.
+There is a Tag catalogue that helps users characterize themes. To make sure your theme can be easily found, you can utilize the tag filter. There is an entire catalogue of available tags.
+To identify the theme, use the comment header lines in style.css. The theme will be shown as an accessible theme option in the Administration Panel under Design Themes.
+- When working on your CSS, follow CSS standards.
+- In most cases, try to utilize available CSS.
+- If it’s impossible, use vendor-specific prefixes to benefit from CSS3 features.Try to divide CSS into sections.
+- You should make all possible HTML elements styled by your theme (except a child Theme), both in post/page content and in comment content.
+- We suggest you to add print-friendly styles to charts, captions, block quotes, images, lists, etc.
+- You can add a print stylesheet with media “print” or append to a print media block in your principal stylesheet.
+In the theme subdirectory, you’ll find a functions.php theme that can utilize a functions file. If you choose themes that feature this file, it will be automatically loaded during WordPress initialization.
+Recommended ways this file can be used:
+- If you want to enable Theme Features, such as Sidebars, Navigation Menus, Post Thumbnails, Post Formats, Custom Headers, Custom Backgrounds and others
+- To determine functions used in some template files of your theme.
+Configure the options menu, providing site owners with options for colors, styles, and other aspects of your theme.The functions.php file determines the majority of theme characteristics. If you need the same function to be accessible to more than one parent theme, create the functions.php in a plugin. Functions added to plugins will be viewed by all themes.
+For creating the pages requested by visitors there are provided PHP source files named Templates. Template files are made up of HTML, PHP, and WordPress Template Tags. Let’s look through the different templates determined as a Theme section. WordPress gives you a possibility to determine separate templates for the different aspects of your site. You don’t have to have all various templates for the perfect functioning of your site. Template files are structured upon the Templates Hierarchy according to their accessibility in a concrete Theme. WordPress permits you to determine the amount of customization depending on your preferences to realize using templates. Remember that you can utilize only one template file (index.php) as a template for every page displayed by the site. Include the following line at the top of your theme PHP files to bar the direct access to them:
+defined(‘ABSPATH’) or die(“No script kiddies please!)“
+In addition, try to avoid accomplishing sensitive standalone PHP code before executing any WordPress functions.
+There is a catalogue of the Template files accessible in WordPress. In any case you can add any other stylesheets, images and files.
+style.css
+It is the most important stylesheet, that should be added with your Theme. Don’t forget, this stylesheet has to include the information header for your Theme.
+rtl.css
+If the website’s text direction is right-to-left, the rtl stylesheet will be included automatically. You can create it by using the RTLer plugin.
+index.php
+The principal template, that has to be present if your theme adds its own templates.
+The comments template.
+front-page.php
+The front page template.
+home.php
+The home page template serves as the front page by default. After using a static front page you’ll get the template for the page containing the latest posts.
+single.php
+Being the single post template it’s used in the case of single post’s querying. If the query template is absent, you should use index.php. To display single posts from the custom post type called “book” utilize single-book.php. The using of index.php is recommended if the query template for the custom post is absent.
+page.php
+Use the page template if an individual Page is queried.
+category.php
+Utilize the category category template when the category is queried.
+tag.php
+Utilize the tag template when a tag is queried.
+taxonomy.php
+Utilize this term template when a custom taxonomy is queried.
+author.php
+Utilize the author template when an author is queried.
+date.php
+Utilise the date/time template when a date or time is queried.
+archive.php
+Utilize the archive template hen a category, author, or date is queried. You should remember that this template will be annulled by category.php, author.php, and date.php for their respective query types.
+search.php
+Utilize the search results template when a search is performed.
+attachment.php
+Utilize the attachment template when viewing a single attachment.
+image.php
+Utilize the image attachment template when viewing a single image attachment. With the same purpose you can use attachment.php.
+404.php
+You should utilize the 404 Not Found template when WordPress cannot find a post or page that matches the query. Utilize these files as a substitution for index.php, when accessible, according to the Template Hierarchy, and when the corresponding Conditional Tag returns true.
+A WordPress Theme contains at least two files:
+- style.css
+- index.php
+These files belong to the Theme directory. The index.php template file differs by its flexibility. You can utilize it for adding all references to the header, sidebar, footer, content, categories, archives, search, error, and any other page generated in WordPress.
+You can part it into modular template files. If other template files are not provided WordPress can dispose default files or functions to accomplish their tasks. For example, if the searchform.php isn’t provided, WordPress executes a default function to display the search form.
+Typical template files contain:
+- footer.php
+- header.php
+- sidebar.php
+With the help of these template files you have a possibility to put template tags within the index.php master file to place these other files according to your preferences.
+- To add the header, use get_header.
+- To add the sidebar, use get_sidebar.
+- To add the footer, use get_footer.
+- To add the search form, use get_search_form
+There is an example of the include usage:
+<?php get_sidebar(); ?>
+<?php get_footer(); ?>
+As certain template functions can be deprecated or absent you should add these files to your theme. In the version 3.0, the deprecated default files are placed in wp-includes/theme-compat. For example, to supply a safe work of the function get_header() you should provide header.php and comments.php for the function comments_template().
+Your Themes Directory contains all page templates. The indispensable condition of the new custom page’s developing is creation of the file. To give an example we’ll create a page named snarfer.php. At the top of the snarfer.php file, place the following:
+<?php
+/*
+Template Name: Snarfer
+*/
+?>
+The above code determines this snarfer.php file as the “Snarfer” template. Usually, “Snater” can be substituted by most any text to modify the page template’s name. This template name will be shown in the Theme Editor as the link for this file edition. You can choose any name (with a .php extension) for your file. You can utilize just with the above five lines of code.
+The rest of the code manages the way of the page displaying . Copy some other templates (like page.php or index.php) to snarfer.php and after that include the above five lines of code to the file commencement. That way, you should just alter the HTML and PHP code in place of generating it all from scratch. You’ll find the examples below. After creating and locating a page template in your theme’s directory it will be accessible when you generate or edit a page.
+You should remember, that at the time of page creating and editing, the Page Template option will not be shown unless there is at least one template determined in the above scratch.
+WordPress has possibility to load various Templates for various query types. Here are two ways for doing this: as part of the built-in Template Hierarchy, and through the use of Conditional Tags within The Loop of a template file.
+For utilizing the Template Hierarchy you have to provide special-purpose Template files. After this action these Template files will automatically be utilized to annul index.php. If your Theme has a template named category.php and a category is being queried, category.php will be loaded in place of index.php. If category.php is absent, index.php is used as usual.
+To obtain more specific functions in the Template Hierarchy you should add a file named category-6.php — this file will be utilized rather than category.php in case of page creating for the category with ID number 6. (The category ID numbers is placed in Manage > Categories if you are logged in as the site administrator in WordPress version 2.3 and below.In WordPress 2.5 the ID column isn’t placed in the Admin panels anymore. To place the category id, click ‘Edit Category’ and look on the URL address bar for the cat_ID value. It will look ‘…categories.php?action=edit&cat_ID=3’ where ‘3’ is the category id).
+For providing more Theme control over Template Files, you should utilize Conditional Tags verifying if some particular condition is true, within the WordPress Loop. You can load a particular template, or add some specific text on the screen according to your preferences and queries.
+There is an example how to create a distinctive stylesheet within the limits of particular category:
+<?php
+if ( is_category( ‘9’ ) ) {
+get_template_part( ‘single2’ ); // looking for posts in category with ID of ‘9’
+} else {
+get_template_part( ‘single1’ ); // put this on every other category post
+}
+?>
+Or, you can use a query, it might look like this:
+<?php
+$post = $wp_query->post;
+if ( in_category( ‘9’ ) ) {
+get_template_part( ‘single2’ );
+} else {
+get_template_part( ‘single1’ );
+}
+?>
+Depending on the category of the individual post, the example code will contain different templates.
+To determine supplementary templates that are shown according to your own custom criteria you should utilize the WordPress plugin system. Use the template_redirect action hook to complete this leading characteristic.
+Utilize get_template_part() to load another template (except header, sidebar, footer, which have predefined added commands like get_header()) into a template. Thanks to it you can reutilize without difficulties the code section of Theme.
+Don’t utilize hard-coded URIs and file paths to reference other files within the same theme. You can replace it by bloginfo().
+You should remember that URis utilizing in the stylesheet are connected to the stylesheet, not the page that references the stylesheet. In that way, if you indicate an images/ directory in your Theme, you should just define this relative directory in the CSS. It might look like this:
+h1 {
+background-image: url(images/my-background.jpg);
+}
+As for developing Themes, you should pay your attention on the fact that your Theme has to be configured so it may function well with every WordPress plugins users have possibility to make decision to install. With the aid of “Actions Hooks”, Plugins can append functionality to WordPress.
+The majority of Action Hooks are located within the core PHP code of WordPress, so it isn’t necessarily for your Theme to have any particular tags to work.
+In any case, you should necessarily add several Action Hooks to your Theme, in order for Plugins to display information directly in your header, footer, sidebar, or in the page body. Below you’ll find a list of the particular Action Hook Template Tags you should add:
+wp_head()
+Goes in the <head> element of a theme, in header.php. Example plugin utilization: include JavaScript code.
+wp_footer()
+Goes in footer.php, just before the closing </body> tag. Example plugin utilization: add PHP code that has to run after everything else, at the bottom of the footer. Utilize to include web statistics code, like Google Analytics.
+wp_meta()
+Generally goes in the <li>Meta</li> category of a Theme’s menu or sidebar; sidebar.php template. Example plugin utilization: add a rotating advertisement or a tag cloud.
+comment_form()
+Goes in comments.php directly before the file’s closing tag (</div>). Example plugin utilization: display a comment preview. This plugin is contained in the default Theme’s templates.
+As regards WordPress 3.4, all WordPress Themes have a new Theme Customisation characteristic. On the theme customisation Admin page you’ll find options that a theme affirms support for with add_theme_support() or the Settings API, that permits admins to look through non-constant previews of changes made by them in real time.
+Before adding new options to a theme’s Theme Customization page you should look through the documentation on the Theme Customization API.
+Try to avoid dynamically generated content in your Theme, particularly content being output to HTML attributes. According to WordPress Coding Standards, text referred to attributes should be run through esc_attr() so that single or double quotes do not end the attribute value and invalidate the XHTML and cause a security issue. In common cases if safe output is needed you can use few special template tags. For example to escape a security vulnerability, output a post title to a title attribute utilizing the title_attribute() in place of the_title().
+<a href=”<?php the_permalink(); ?>” title=”<?php sprintf( __( ‘Permanent Link to %s’, ‘theme-name’ ), the_title_attribute( ‘echo=0’ ) ); ?>”><?php the_title(); ?></a>
+Substitute deprecated escape calls with the right calls:
+wp_specialchars() and htmlspecialchars() with esc_html(), clean_url() with esc_url(), and attribute_escape() with esc_attr().
+For the purpose of guaranteeing smooth position for language localisation, apply the WordPress gettext-based i18n functions to cover all translatable text within the template files. This simplifies the process of hooking in and translating (by translation files) the labels, titles and other template text into the site’s current language.
+To include WordPress-created class attributes to body, post, and comment elements utilize the following template tags. Use post classes exceptionally to the elements within The Loop.
+- body_class()
+- post_class()
+- comment_class()
+During developing a Theme accord your template files with the following template file standarts.
+1. Document Head (header.php)
+- Use the proper DOCTYPE.
+- Use language_attributes() to open <html> .
+- The <meta> charset element should be located before everything else, including the <title> element.
+- Use bloginfo() to set the <meta> charset and characterization elements.
+- Use wp_title() to set the <title> element.
+- Use get_stylesheet_uri() to get the URL of the current theme stylesheet.
+- Use Automatic Feed Links for including feed links.
+- Append a call to wp_head() before the closing </head> tag. Plugins apply this action hook to add their own scripts, stylesheets, and other functionality.
+There’s an example of an accurate-formatted HTML5 compliant head area:
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html <?php language_attributes(); ?>>
+<head>
+<meta charset=”<?php bloginfo( ‘charset’ ); ?>” />
+<title><?php wp_title(); ?></title>
+<link rel=”profile” href=”″ />
+<link rel=”stylesheet” href=”<?php echo get_stylesheet_uri(); ?>” type=”text/css” media=”screen” />
+<link rel=”pingback” href=”<?php bloginfo( ‘pingback_url’ ); ?>” />
+<?php if ( is_singular() && get_option( ‘thread_comments’ ) ) wp_enqueue_script( ‘comment-reply’ ); ?>
+<?php wp_head(); ?>
+</head>
+2. Navigation Menus (header.php)
+The theme’s principal navigation should provide a custom menu with wp_nav_menu(). Menus should provide long link titles and a large numbers of list items. You should remember these items should not break the design or layout. Submenu items have to be displayed accurately. Try to support drop-down menu styles for submenu items. Drop-downs allowing showing menu depth in place of just showing the top level.
+3. Widgets
+Another important point is the maximal Theme widgetizing. Every area in the layout that serves as a widget (tag cloud, blogroll, list of categories) or could accept widgets (sidebar) should allow widgets. Content shown in widgetized areas by default (hard-coded into the sidebar, for example) should be removed when widgets are enabled from Appearance > Widgets.
+4. Footer
+Apply the wp_footer() call, for appearing just before closing body tag.
+<?php wp_footer(); ?>
+</body>
+</html>
+5. Index
+- Display a catalogue of posts in excerpt or full-length form.
+- Add wp_link_pages() to support navigation links within posts.
+6. Archive
+- Display archive title (tag, category, date-based, or author archives).
+- Display a posts catalogue in excerpt or full-length form.
+- You should add wp_link_pages() to support navigation links within posts.
+7. Pages
+- Display page title and page content.
+- Display comment list and comment form (without disabled comments).
+- Add wp_link_pages() to support navigation links within a page.
+- Don’t forget, Metadata such as tags, categories, date and author should not be displayed.
+- Display an “Edit” link for logged-in users with edit allowance.
+8. Single Post
+- Add wp_link_pages() to support navigation links within a post.
+- Display post title and post content.
+- The title should be clear text in place of a link pointing to itself.
+- Display the post date.
+- The important point for the design is respecting the date and time format settings (you’ll find user settings for date and time in Administration Panels > Settings > General). For output based on the user setting, you should make use of the_time ( get_option( ‘date_format’ ) )
+- Display the author name (if necessary).
+- Display post categories and post tags.
+- Display an “Edit” link for logged-in users with edit permissions.
+- Display comment list and comment form.
+- Show navigation links to next and earlier post using previous_post_link() and next_post_link().
+9. Comments
+- Author comment should be differently marked.
+- Display gravatars (user avatars) if necessary.
+- Support threaded comments.
+- Display trackbacks/pingbacks.
+- This file shouldn’t hold function determinations except the function_exist() check to avoid redeclaration errors. All functions have to be placed in functions.php.
+10. Search Results
+- Display a posts catalogue in excerpt or full-length form.
+- The search results page displays the search term which included the results. It’s not difficult for user
+It’s a simple but useful way to remind someone what they just quested for — especially if there are zero results. Utilize the_search_query() or get_search_query(). For example:
+<h2><?php printf( __( ‘Search Results for: %s’ ), ‘<span>’ . get_search_query() . ‘</span>’); ?></h2>
+You should add the search form again on the results page. Add it with: get_search_form().
+- You should place JavaScript code in external files whenever practicable.
+- For loading your scripts utilize wp_enqueue_script().
+- During JavaScript loading directly into HTML documents (template files) it’s a good practice to encode it by CDATA for avoiding errors in older browsers.
+<script type=”text/javascript”>
+/* <![CDATA[ */
+// content of your Javascript goes here
+/* ]]> */
+</script>
+When creating a screenshot don’t forget it should be named screenshot.png, and be located in the top level directory. The screenshot should correctly display the theme design and be saved in PNG format. We recommend to choose 880 x 660 image size. The screenshot will only be displayed like 387×290, but the over double-sized image permits for high-resolution viewing on HiDPI displays.
+Themes have a possibility to optionally support the Theme Customize Screen.In case of enabling the availability of the Theme Customize Screen for a user role, utilize the edit_theme_options user capability in place of the switch_themes capability unless the user should also have possibility to switch the themes. In case of utilizing the edit_themes capability anywhere in your Theme to obtain the Administrator functions access to the Theme Customize Screen (or some custom screens), be aware that since Version 3.0, this capability is not added to the Administrator functions by default in the case of WordPress Multisite installation. If you need to see the “Theme Options” menu, utilize edit_theme_options.
+- Determine PHP and WordPress errors. Include the following debug setting to your wp-config.php file to look through deprecated function calls and other WordPress-related errors: define(‘WP_DEBUG’);.
+- Verify template files against Template File Checklist.
+- Do a run-through utilizing the Theme Unit Test.
+- Validate HTML and CSS. Look through Validating a Website.
+- Verify for JavaScript errors.
+- Check all your target browsers. For example, IE7, IE8, IE9, Safari, Chrome, Opera, and Firefox.
+- Delete all extraneous comments, debug settings, or TODO items.
+- Look through Theme Review in the case of Theme releasing by submitting it to the Themes Directory.
+Memetics: A Critique
+On the use of meaning concepts about nature and culture*
+Erkki Kilpinen**
+(Draft: Please do not quote verbatim)
+Abstract . In recent years the so-called ‘meme’-concept, originally introduced by Richard Dawkins and modelled analogously after the phenomenon of gene, has aroused much discussion. There have also been attempts to develop a systematic discipline of ‘memetics’ upon this notion, and suggestions that this opens up unforeseen possibilities for studying human culture in a new way, as compatible with biological evolution. This article argues that these attempts are misguided. The meme is a new word but not a new concept, it is only a new version of the traditional semiotic concept of sign. More pointedly, the meme is not merely an old idea in new clothing, it is in all important respects an inferior alternative to the semiotic sign. The consequence of this is that the suggested memetics would leave open the cleavage between the study of nature and culture that semiotics traditionally has attempted to close.
+Repetition, for a god, is a sign of majesty, necessity’s seal. [***]
+Introduction: Where is Tom Sebeok Now that We Need Him?
+The title’s question is not in the least meant as jocular. I am not making light about Thomas A. Sebeok���s passing away in 2001. My purpose is to remind semioticians about the void that his passing away left in the theoretical edifice of the discipline. He understood semiotics as a study that simultaneously and with a unified conceptual apparatus studies both nature and culture. An idea about unification of these domains of research is currently raising its head at some other quarters, and it seems to be gaining credence. The idea in question is the study of so-called ‘memes’, those elementary cultural phenomena that are taken to be analogous to genes in the study of biological nature. The thesis of this article is that this study, so-called ‘memetics,’ only re-invents an old wheel, the subject matter of semiotics. Furthermore, in those respects where the new approach deviates from the old one, it turns out to be an inferior alternative to semiotics. Nevertheless, although apparently an inferior alternative, ‘memetics’ seems to be about to steal the show from semiotics in the study of nature, culture, and their possible mediation.
+Sebeok’s great achievement was in performing what might be called a modern synthesis in semiotics. This expression stems from the history of biology. Biologists mean by modern synthesis the accomplishment of R. A. Fisher and others in the early 1930s, when they discovered and demonstrated that Darwinian evolution and genetic evolution do not contradict each other, as had been the received view for a while. Quite to the contrary, those two bodies of thought actually give support to each other. Darwin ’s theory of natural selection holds good, because the genetic theory holds good, and vice versa. In a similar way, Thomas Sebeok demonstrated that the study of nature and the study of culture can give support to each other when semiotic concepts are used as their mediators. Not any old sign notion will do, however, what is needed is a triadic sign-concept that might be called ‘prope-linguistic’, to paraphrase an expression of C. S. Peirce’s. This means that the concept of sign is not developed from language or linguistics (as is the case in Saussurean semiotics, also known as semiology), but rather vice versa. Sebeok (2001b, p. 180) saw in biosemiotics his ‘principal contribution to general semiotics’ and maintained throughout his semiotic career that human language has not developed out of animal communication by signals, but has other evolutionary roots. Accordingly, his outstanding contribution is not merely in outlining a research programme for semiotics, but in bringing its general theory a long way toward systematization. I speak about ‘the’ general theory of semiotics in the singular, and do so advisedly. My opinion is that general semiotics, based on the triadic theory of meaning, adumbrated in the 17 th century by Jõao Poinsot, independently discovered and further developed by C. S. Peirce in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, and systematized by Sebeok during the latter half of the 20 th century, is not one approach among many in semiotics. It is the general theory of semiotics. To say this is not to belittle other possible approaches or their importance. No genuine science can thrive by general theories only, it needs also particular theories. But my point is that the Peirce-Sebeok approach to semiotics is so comprehensive that it embraces all the others, because it recognizes no such thing as a non-sign (Fisch 1978; 1983). But if this is accepted, a corollary follows: There is no such thing as non-Peircean (or non-Sebeokian) semiotics, just as there are no non-Einsteinian physics or non-Darwinian biology. Your biology either is Darwinian, or it is not biology (Mayr 1997). Just so is your semiotics either compatible with the Peirce-Sebeok approach, or it falls outside the purview of semiotics in any proper sense of the term. This compatibility between approaches comes quite easily, however, because the frame of reference in general semiotics is just as comprehensive as the study of life itself (Peirce CP 6.322; Sebeok 2001a; 2001b).[1]
+A first step toward semi-official systematization of semiotics was taken in 1984, when Sebeok, together with some close collaborators, published ‘A semiotic perspective on the sciences,’ a sort of manifesto about how leading semioticians then saw the relations between the various sciences. They stated that they reject ‘the two-cultures view of scientist and scholar’ (Anderson et al. [1984] in Sebeok 1986, p. 26) and meant by this that the natural sciences and humanities do not constitute two separate intellectual spheres. They rather constitute ‘overlapping modalities,’ as the idea was stated in the above position paper (ibid.). This is most agreeable, but it seems that this suggestion for ‘a new paradigm’ for the study of nature and culture has remained an in-house affair in semiotics. The reason to say so was alluded to above. It is not semiotics but the rivalling approach memetics that has aroused awareness of such possible overlapping modalities, during the last ten years or so. This approach is also bringing the natural and cultural disciplines closer together, but in such terms that are either trivial or downright misleading, when considered from the viewpoint of semiotics. Instead of bridging the cleavage between nature and culture, memetics leaves it gaping. It also appears to have no cognizance about the existence of semiotics, but I am afraid that a part of the blame for this negligence is to be laid at semiotics’ own door.
+Enter the meme
+Thirty years ago the British zoologist Richard Dawkins published a book for which he became famous, The Selfish Gene (1 st edition 1976, 2 nd 1989). That book belongs to the gene-centred turn that was taking place in biology about that time. It argued that the gene is the principal unit of selection, not the biological phenotype, as had been the opinion before the turn. What the natural selection selects are genes; phenotypic individuals, like human beings, are only carriers or ‘vehicles’ of genes. Genes, for their part, have only one purpose in life, to replicate themselves. As a by-product of this continuous replication, life produces also its multifarious individual phenotypes.
+Dawkins was aware that his chosen title might invite misunderstandings. When a discussion about selfish genes is announced, it is all too easy – for hasty readers – to jump to the conclusion that people are asserted to be selfish, and that their genes make them so. Such a risk was increased by Dawkins’s favourite characterization of genes as ‘master programmers’ (p. 62 etc.), by which he meant that they program their own behaviour, but not ours. To stall suspicions about genetic determinism, Dawkins remarked, for example, that ‘we effortlessly defy [our genes] every time we use contraception’ (p. 271), and so on. Furthermore, I have the impression that his introduction of memes which occupies an entire chapter (ch. 11) in the book, was also, at least partly, meant to ward off misgivings of determinism. He introduced the new idea as follows:.
+(Dawkins 1989, p. 192; original italics).
+Incidentally, since the time of Dawkins’s writing it has turned out that he was not the first man out in search for such a conceptual analogy between nature and culture. A curiously like-sounding German term, ‘Die Mneme’, had been coined a hundred years earlier by an Austrian physiologist, Ewald Hering, and the term seems to have enjoyed some publicity for a while.[2] There have been also other suggestions for such overlapping terminological analogies, but Dawkins’s term and its underlying idea have gained the widest hearing, when scientists and scholars recently have pondered the distinction between nature and culture, and what to do about it.
+Dawkins rehearsed and extended his argument in his next major work, The Extended Phenotype (1982), the book that he has called his chef d‘oeuvre thus far. In that work he maintained even more explicitly that the ‘meme’s-eye-viewpoint’ is the right viewpoint for the study of culture, just like the ‘gene’s-eye-viewpoint’ opens up the evolutionary secrets of nature. As for biological and cultural phenotypes, such as you and I, their role is to act as carriers for biological genes and cultural memes. Memes (just like genes) exist for their own benefit, but not for their carriers’ benefit.
+Dawkins gained an important convert to his idea in the eminent American philosopher of mind and cognitive scientist, Daniel C. Dennett, who has argued for it in various writings. Dennett joined the discussion with an article entitled ‘Memes and the exploitation of imagination’ (1990), which he published in Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, to familiarize a humanist readership with the meme idea in a positive sense. Dennett asserted that ‘Human minds are themselves to a great degree the creations of memes, [so that] infestations of memes [play] a major role in determining who or what we are’ (1990, p. 133). Dennett has shown serious commitment to the idea, as he in the next year incorporated its principle as a part of his argument about the emergence of the human mind, in Consciousness Explained (1991, chapter 7, sections 6-7). In his next major work, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, he was the first to pose explicitly the question, ‘Could there be a science of memetics?’ (1995, p. 352),[3] and he has been a regular contributor to this discussion also later on (e.g., Dennett 2000; 2001).
+Dennett’s above question about the possibility of systematic memetics began to receive answers, explicit or implicit, in the late 1990s from authors such as Brodie (1996) and Lynch (1996). The most ambitious and influential contribution to this discussion is no doubt The Meme Machine (1999), by Susan Blackmore. The book’s title is borrowed from Dawkins, Blackmore credits him and Dennett as her chief inspirers, and announces the volume to be a new opening to the study of human culture and social life. Most critics do not seem to agree that a paradigm change in social sciences is hereby imminent. One reason for their scepticism is that Blackmore’s text shows considerable ignorance and nonchalance about what the social sciences are all about, and what has been going on in them (Jahoda 2002). Another weakness in her argument turns out to be even of a ‘classic’ kind. As Dawkins (1989, p. 192) originally introduced the meme, he explained that ‘Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperms or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation.’ In a broad sense, yes, and it was all right to say so for original introductory purposes. Blackmore, however, gets carried away by the idea of meme movement as imitation, so that she joins those theorists (Gabriel Tarde etc.) who have seen in imitation the basic form of human action and social life. These trains of thought have always led to serious contradictions. Imitation simply cannot be a basic form of human action, it has to presuppose something to be imitated, a more basic kind of action. As George H. Mead (1934, p. 59) noted in his time and as Richerson and Boyd (2005, p.12) remind in our day, if human action were mere imitation, this would excise its connection to the surrounding environment. And that would be an unpardonable sin, from an evolutionary viewpoint at least, because environment precisely is the ‘harsh judge’ (Dawkins) that decides whether a being with its genes and memes is to survive or not. Indeed, the idea that a phenotype in and by its doings is ‘extended’ (and thereby intrinsically related) to its environment is the basic idea in The Extended Phenotype (1982) by Dawkins, Blackmore’s mentor and role model. Other authors, like Sterelny (2003), maintain even more outspokenly that thought takes place in a ‘hostile world’ – and this hostility precisely is the reason why we have thought in the first place. Accordingly, I am tempted to agree with the eminent psychologist Gustav Jahoda (2002) to the effect that what is convincing in The Meme Machine is not new, and what is new is speculative and questionable.
+For better or worse, however, the meme concept appears to have established itself in contemporary discussion. The prestigious philosophical journal The Monist recently devoted a theme number (July 2001) to ‘The Epidemiology of Ideas’, and the seven contributions to this symposium all make some use of the concept. A good overview of the meme discussion up to 2000 is provided by a volume edited by Robert Aunger, Darwinizing Culture (2000), where there are arguments pro and contra about the usefulness of the concept, and today there is also in the Internet an electronic Journal of Memetics ().[4]
+However, one does not have to be particularly well versed in semiotics to receive the impression that we have been shown an old hat. The meme, whatever its eventual merits and demerits, is no new thing but the old semiotic idea of sign, in a somewhat new clothing, and re-introduced with some bombast. It is reason for amazement that in the literature just mentioned there is not a single reference to the sign-concept, let alone semiotics, not even in indexes of terms. The reason to say that this is amazing is the fact that it never has been any foreign idea in semiotics that signs (or memes, if you like), in a sense can lead an independent life of their own. One of C. S. Peirce’s early characterizations (EP 1:54; 1868) puts the matter as follows: ‘since man can think only by means of words or other external symbols, these might turn round and say: “You mean nothing which we have not taught you, and then only so far as you address some word as the interpretant of your thought.”’ This speaks the very prose of memetics, only the crucial term excepted, but the anthropomorphic tendency included. One can go even better and remark that the notion of sign (meme) as a kind of invader to the human mind has also been part and parcel in semiotics:
+You hear a new slang word: you never ask for a definition of it; and you never get one. You do not get even any simple example of its use; you only hear it in ironical, twisted humorous sentences whose meaning is turned inside out and tied in a hard knot; yet you know what the word means much better than any abstract definition could have informed you. (Peirce CP 7.447)
+Thus, semiotics and memetics apparently talk much about the same thing, so that the subject is worth closer enquiry. As I set out to pursue it, my leading hypothesis is the following: Were Peirce around today to hear what the meme scholars have to say, he would not just answer that they are re-inventing his old wheel. He would add that the newfangled meme is an underdeveloped special version of his concept of sign.
+Why so? Because memetics, with its notion of universal replication, recognizes only one of those dimensions that constitute signs, according to the general theory. It is aware of the interpretive dimension, but has little if anything to say about the representative dimension. Or, to make the point in Peirce’s terms, memetics recognizes the relation between sign and its interpretant(s), but keeps silent about sign and its object. This situation is thus curiously inverse to the one that prevails between Saussurean semiology and general semiotics. General semioticians have a hard time in convincing Saussureans that it does not suffice to treat the signifier-signified dimension only; the sign’s interpretant needs to be included. Some Saussureans answer that their classic does have an explicit concept of articulation (Heiskala 2003), but do not seem to realize that this precisely renders their doctrine but a special case of the general theory. Articulation depends on human initiative, whereas the general interpretive process takes place without asking our permission (Ransdell 1992). If Peirce is to be believed, ‘a sign which should make its interpreter [i.e., a human individual] its deputy to determine its signification at his pleasure would not signify anything, unless nothing be its significate.’ (EP 2: 394; original emphasis) Accordingly, meme theorists’ favourite term imitation is a sub-case under the interpretive phenomenon that in semiotics is expressed by the technical term ‘interpretant’, but it does not come close to exhausting the latter concept.
+In order to demonstrate that these theses hold some water, I proceed as follows: I first give a comparative discussion about memes and signs, to show what exactly they have in common and where they differ. Then, toward the end of the article, I discuss whether a rapprochement between the approaches might be desirable and possible. I am not much persuaded by meme enthusiasts like Blackmore and others, but in the work of the term’s original introducers, Dennett and Dawkins, I perceive a knowledge interest that is not far from that of semiotics. As the last point
+of this article I eventually have to conclude that a rapprochement is not imminent unless semiotics also recognizes its desirability and does something about it. In a sense it is pardonable that neighbouring theorists have passed by semiotics, in their reinvention of sign in terms of meme, because the theoretical house of semiotics apparently is not in a perfectly good order at the moment. I propose that it might be useful to reconsider the traditional manner of somewhat naïvely defining semiotics as ‘the study of signs,’ if we wish to establish contact with outsiders, such as the meme theorists. Such contact, furthermore, will be necessary if semiotics is not to remain a marginal pursuit but wishes to say something of general relevance.
+Memes and signs as replicators
+Before a comparison is possible, it is useful to ask what kind of things memes are, after all? Genes are tiny structures of nucleic acids, invisible to the human eye, but what about memes? According to Dawkins’s original definition, memes are much easier to perceive unaided, they are things like ‘tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes, fashions, ways of making pats or of building arches’ (1989, p. 192). Again we discover a likeness in regard to signs, because Peirce mentions very similar examples in ‘pictures, symptoms, words, sentences, books, libraries, signals, orders of command, microscopes, legislative representatives, musical concertos, performances of these, in short, whatever is adapted to making mental impressions.’ (Peirce MS 634; as cited by Sebeok 2001b, pp. 8-9) The first point to be gathered thus is that the ontological status of signs and memes is quite similar, so that comparing them is not tantamount to adding apples and oranges.
+The meme notion stems from the principle of universal replication. Genes, we recall, exist for one purpose only, for reproducing themselves. They do produce also the phenotypic individual to act as their vehicle or carrier, but they do not exist for its benefit, they exist for their own benefit. Dawkins drew a bold inference by analogy from this and proposed something similar to hold also for the basic cultural units. In so proposing he put forward an idea that is traditional in semiotics.
+‘A symbol is something that has the power of reproducing itself,’ Peirce once says (NEM 4, p. 260), so that ‘It is only out of symbols that a new symbol can grow. Omne symbolum de symbolo. A symbol, once in being, spreads among the peoples. In use and in experience, its meaning grows.’ (CP 2.302.)[5] This agrees so much with memeticians’ parlance that the only slight difference between memes and signs so far seems to be that Peirce grants to the latter also the possibility of growth, not just dumb replication. But replication itself is an idea that semioticians take for granted. ‘To be a sign and to be a replicator – this is ultimately a statement of identity,’ wrote Sebeok, for his part (1989, p. xxix).
+However, it is only for the sake of pedantry that one needs to quote these statements where the classics of semiotics express explicit familiarity with repeatability. That idea, in point of fact, is built in their basic sign definitions, according to which all signs necessarily have (one or usually more than one) interpretants, the principle that I briefly mentioned above. Colloquially speaking, to be a sign is to be able to produce another sign. The latter may be produced in some human individual’s thoughts or speech, but it can also mean a mere change in an animal’s behaviour, because animals do not possess articulated thought, so far as we know. Meme theorists often resort to anthropomorphic expression, so that we can do likewise and say that a sign is something that ‘begs to be interpreted’. Insofar as this wish comes true, the sign produces another sign, its interpretant (then another, and so on), to represent the same reality, or, in some cases, a closely related reality. Peirce’s triadic sign-concept unites two dimensions, the representative and the interpretive dimension, respectively. The puzzling term interpretant is meant to express that signs possess this interpretability inherently, not due to human initiative and intentionality (see above).
+Even having said this, however, I still have but beat about the bush rather than gone to the gist of the matter. In general semiotics, the opinion namely is that sign is a pedagogically useful, perhaps necessary concept, but the study of signs does not actually constitute the subject matter of semiotics. In introductions to students we always say that semiotics is ‘the study of signs’ but actual semiotic research, in the general version at least, is not about signs, it is about semiosis. What is this semiosis, then? Recall what was noted above: a sign possesses inherently, not contingently, interpretability (i.e., brings about interpretants). Semiosis is this process of interpretation conceived in toto. ‘Semiotics is not about something, unless you want to say that it is about semiosis,’ was Sebeok’s position (1991a, p. 2; original emphasis). This sounds slightly cryptic at first hearing, but only at first. The reason why he stated semiosis to make the subject-matter of semiotics stems from the general principle noted at the beginning of this paper: There is no such thing as a non-sign. Anything and everything can (in principle at least) be interpreted, that is to say: be taken as a sign. Accordingly, it would be tautological to say that semiotics is about signs or studies signs, because that would include everything and exclude nothing. To avoid this tautology, Sebeok, Peirce and other general theorists define semiosis, the universal interpretive process, as their object of research.[6] The final reason why semiosis rather than sign is the basic concept in such research is that the process of semiosis is not dependent on human intentionality (Short 1981; Fisch 1986). Rather, ‘living beings undergo semiosis,’ as Sebeok liked to put the matter (1991b, p. 13; 2001b, p. xxi; emphasis added). Living beings, we observe, not just human beings. It begins to dawn on us that semiosis, the subject matter of general semiotics, is a much more embracive field of study than the one that memeticians till. The object of their research, human culture, can without any difficulty be situated within the notion of semiosis, and this of course is where general semiotics has traditionally situated it. Of those two fields of study, semiotics accordingly is the wider one, because it unites the study of culture with the study of biological nature, instead of resorting to double-entry book-keeping. In sum, we did not have to wait for the appearance of memetics to be able to add an evolutionary dimension to cultural phenomena.[7] General semiotics had already dealt with that problem, some time ago.
+But if so, one more feature common to the approaches needs to be taken up, their respective relations to the human mind. Dennett (1991/1996a) has expressed this relation by calling the human mind a creation of memes. Semiotics, for its part, has taken it as a creation of signs. According to Dennett (1996a, p. 207), ‘The haven all memes depend on reaching is the human mind.’ In semiotics the same idea has been expressed by Susan Langer, for example, according to whom it is not so that signs make the medium for the movement of human mind. It rather is so that the human mind serves as the medium for the movement of signs. Thus, the two positions agree that human mind does not so much produce either signs or memes; it rather is constituted by them. This much signs and memes have in common, but this is also where the agreement ends. Memes and signs both act as dynamic replicators, but with the important difference that signs simultaneously also represent the world, whereas memes do not, at least not explicitly.
+Signs represent the world inherently – memes only contingently, or not at all
+A sign’s relation to the world outside it is expressed in general semiotics by means of the concept of object. This term, as used for this purpose by Peirce, is not the happiest possible because it too easily brings to mind concrete particular things. The referred phenomenon, however, may as well be a general state of affairs rather than an individual entity. When we say, for example, ‘It’s raining!’ the weather outside is the object of the expression (i.e., sign). But whatever the object’s descriptive status, the basic tenet in general semiotics is that signs necessarily have objects, just as they necessarily have, or rather, produce, interpretants. These are both theoretical terms. The point is not that we might be immediately able to identify empirically either objects or interpretants, their identification can make a problem for research (cf. Peirce CP 2.275). But the leading idea is that in principle and in the long run they are identifiable, so that there is not a sign without an object, nor a sign without an interpretant, according to general semiotics.
+About objects, however, a further distinction needs to be made. Peirce, and the research tradition drawing on him, distinguishes between two kinds of objects: immediate vs. dynamical objects.[8] This distinction has much pertinence for semiotics, because it too often is overlooked that Peirce’s most famous sign-classification, icon-index-symbol, does not deal with sign types überhaupt. It tells about how a sign can be related to its dynamical object (Peirce NEM 4, p. 887). What then are dynamical objects? They are such objects that produce, in a loose sense of the term, those signs that represent them.
+Think about a child in high fever, with red spots on her face. This suggests the conclusion that the child has measles. This conclusion is not absolutely sure, but highly probable. The child’s physiological condition, colloquially known as measles, is the dynamical object that produces those indexical signs, i.e., red spots, on her face. As soon as she is healed, the red spots vanish; in fact their absence is a reliable indicator about her getting well. The red spots are indexes of measles, they are present in all measles cases, but they do not tell anything closer to an untutored person about those bio-chemical processes that produce them.
+In my opinion, the theoretical raison d’être of general semiotics is in its theory of objects, particularly in the theory of dynamical objects. Even though meme theory has been launched by such tough-minded empiricists like Dawkins and Dennett, it is nonetheless curiously reminiscent of current post-modernism, in that its memes and larger entities flow effortlessly above concrete reality without engaging in closer dealings with it. Saussurean semiology fares somewhat better in this respect, but only just, in that it does pay attention to the ‘signifier-signified’ dimension. But it is still content to float above reality, so to speak, because it lacks a theory of objects. Contrary to what one sometimes hears, de Saussure’s ‘signified’ (signifié) does not at all answer to the concept of object in general semiotics. The signified is the same thing as a linguistic sign’s conceptual content. The English word ‘dog’, the French word ‘chien’ and the German word ‘Hund’ all have the same conceptual content, for example. In the general theory of semiotics, however, when a sign is related to its object, this does not refer to the conceptual content of the word or sign, say, ‘dog’. The sign’s object is the real live dog, with its fur, fangs, and behaviour, benign or aggressive. And this difference is important, because the real live dog can bite you, but the dog-word’s conceptual content cannot.
+And this brings us to the crucial difference between general semiotics and other approaches: Saussurean semiology tells something about how we approach concrete reality. According to it we do so by means of conceptual contents, and there is no reason to quarrel with that idea. Memetics does not seem to care much about concrete reality in the first place, it is so enamoured with the idea of replication. But both of these approaches leave untouched the at least as important question of how reality approaches us! One thing we know off-hand, reality does not do so by means of conceptual contents; rather, it cruelly destroys those contents that we have had and relied on. The pertinence of this question is perhaps easier to grasp after the year 2005 with its tsunamis, catastrophic floods and other such happenings that instructively have reminded that we still live in a world that from our point of view is ‘hostile’ (Sterelny 2003).
+Culturalist approaches sometimes pose the question, not always unjustified, whether reality itself might be a mere construction. It of course is not, but the question of its representations as constructions is not thereby rendered quite futile, because it leads us to Popper’s instructive principle about how it is wise to let our hypotheses die, instead of ourselves. Outer reality is thingy and obdurate, it can even hurt or kill us, if it comes to that. Our representations about it are constructions, individual and social, or hypotheses, as Popper called them, and they have a task in depicting that recalcitrant reality for us, so that interaction with it will be possible.
+This principle and its fecundity have recently been reminded of in Dennett’s fine book, Kinds of Minds (1996b). That book, however, arouses also ambiguous feelings, in view of Dennett’s infatuation with memes, because those instructive hypotheses have to represent the world, as noted. Otherwise their proving correct or incorrect would not teach anything; in fact it would not be possible to prove them. It is indeed curious how Dennett tells memes to be ‘made of information, which can be carried in any physical medium’ (2001, p. 309; original emphasis), but apparently is so occupied with this phenomenon of carrying that he forgets to develop the other as important question: Memes are information, all right, information of what? There is no such thing as mere information, it has to be about something , or information to someone or something. On the other hand, when the talk is not about memes, the same author provides some of the best arguments for a theory of instrumental and fallible mind. Such arguments are to be found in the aforementioned Kinds of Minds (chapter 4), where Dennett depicts with great pains, pictures and all, a possible hypothetical evolution from ‘Darwinian beings’, via ‘Skinnerian’ and ‘Popperian’ beings toward tool-making and tool-using ‘Gregorian beings’.[9]
+But this is the place where the meme theorist Dennett, unwittingly, as it seems, comes to meet semiotics. As he calls ‘Popperian’ those hypothetic beings that possess an ‘internal environment’ which represents their concrete surroundings to them, this is tantamount to discovering the same thing that Sebeok has taken over from Jakob von Uexküll, the early 20 th century Estonian biologist, now almost forgotten (outside some semiotic circles). Drawing on von Uexküll’s ‘Umweltlehre’, Sebeok depicts the world-representing character of semiosis as follows:).
+The idea behind the Umwelt - Innenwelt relation is such that it enables the creature to care for only such things that really pertain to its fate and well-being. The animal[10] does not have to orient to the world at large. It orients only to that part of the world that is of importance to it, to its ecological niche, as this sometimes is called. Animals’ sentient and cognitive faculties and the synthesis of these in the Innenwelt, or world-model, as Sebeok called it, are geared to match their ecological Umwelt and only that part of the world. Outside their niche they are helpless and may perish. But, as we see above, the basic point in all this is that the world can change on its own, and probably does so, sooner or later, so that the living being has to alter its world-model to match the changed (part of the) world. That world-model that human beings make use of is very supple in this respect, and has a very good evolutionary track record, so that it has a particular name. It is called culture.
+All this is old news to those semioticians who have spent any time with Sebeok’s writings, and it is as old news to the founders of the meme doctrine. One thing that often escapes the epigones in either camp is that living beings do not have those memes, signs, or world models just to behold them. They have them in order to do something with them or by means of them, bring about something in the world – (though most often only in their own ecological niche) – to make use of those resources that the world has. As Dawkins reminds in The Ancestor’s Tale (2005, p. 5), ‘A living creature is always in the business of surviving in its own environment (…) it has a living to earn.’ Yes, indeed, and semioticians and memeticists both agree about this. Of their respective theoretical terms and models, however, one has to conclude that the former camp is more consistent about the fact that this world-modelling has to be related to concrete action in the concrete world, or it is not worth much. ‘All behaviour must, by definition, be signifying behaviour,’ said Sebeok in Global Semiotics (2001b, p. 74), but if that is so by definition, then the following conclusion is not too far-fetched: All signification must be behaviour! That is to say: Signification must not mean mere pondering the world, or saying something about it, it must (ultimately, not necessarily here and now) lead to concrete undertakings in and against the concrete world. And this is a point that semiotics indubitably remembers better than memetics does. Signs are inherently (though often only implicitly) action-related, memes only contingently, or not at all. This difference is pertinent, because it is action that connects the individual being, the carrier of signs, memes, or what have you to its environment. This again is important, because the environment is the judge of survival (Dawkins), and, curiously, it is the meme theorists who seem to forget this.
+Signs transcend the nature/culture dichotomy – memes reproduce it
+Let us return to Dawkins’s original introductory definition of memes which found them drifting about in their own primeval ‘soup’, such a soup that was a new thing in an evolutionary perspective. That new soup, Dawkins (1989, p. 192) said, ‘is the soup of human culture.’ So be it, but the thing to be noted is that this definition defines memes in terms of culture. Culture is already there before the multifarious memes appear, they emerge out of it. This makes sense, of course, but elsewhere in meme literature the order of things is vice versa and this makes one wonder. As Dennett developed the idea further, in Consciousness Explained, he said that ‘Once our brains have built the entrance and exit pathways for the vehicles of language, they swiftly become parasitized (and I mean that literally) by entities that have evolved to thrive in just such a niche: memes.’ (1996a, p. 200; original emphasis). This suggests that memes develop simultaneously with, or perhaps slightly ahead of culture, in the ordinary sense of the term, because this discussion is a part of Dennett’s general argument about the evolutionary origins of human consciousness (1996a, ch. 7). This too does make sense, but is not quite the same thing as Dawkins’s original argument, which started with culture intact.
+These remarks are meant to show that meme theory apparently is still in its ‘pupal stage’, to borrow an expression of Dennett’s (1996a, p. 206), so that even its ablest representatives are not quite in the clear about where to start. Elsewhere in meme theory, the characteristic idea has mostly been fascination with the principle of replication, a hoary semiotic idea in itself, as we have seen by now. However, most meme theorists are surprisingly content with bare replication and have not bothered to look further. The principle of replication is the linchpin that is used to bring the study of nature (with gene as its key concept) and the study of culture (with meme as its key concept) closer to each other. The rest is silence, in the sense that meme literature does not seem to have noticed that this theoretical architecture leaves intact the cleavage that traditionally has kept nature and culture and their respective studies apart from each other. General semiotics has seen its task in bridging that cleavage, or better, in filling it up, so that there eventually would be slight if any ontological difference between biological nature and culture, and their respective sciences.
+The key concept in such an undertaking has come up above, the concept of world model. General semiotics maintains that all living beings live in a modelled world, not in the world at large; by means of an Innenwelt that matches their Umwelt. Human culture is one special case of such world models. It of course differs radically from other modelling systems in that it is (almost) global rather than local and is constituted by intersubjectivity and language (in this order: Mead 1934; Bogdan 1997; 2000; Arbib 2005). Nonetheless, it serves the same basic purpose as do those other models that from our chauvinistic human perspective are ‘more primitive’. It enables its users to render their world predictable and habitable and to do things in it with some success.
+But if so, then Dennett apparently does not have the last word, as he in ‘The Evolution of Culture’ (2001) suggests memetics to be taken as a kind of meta-theory for human studies. As he writes,
+[T. (Dennett 2001, p. 309; original emphasis)
+This proposal is different from those of Blackmore (1999) and other meme enthusiasts, who suggest that memetics should simply replace the study of culture as we now have it. Dennett’s argument follows the venerable scientific principle, according to which a new theory needs to explain both the anomalous and the sound part in the preceding one, do what Einstein’s physics did to Newton’s physics, as it were. Nonetheless, one does not have to be particularly partial to semiotics to see that it handles this meta-theoretical task better than memetics would be able to do. Semiotics has the same basic conceptual apparatus for both the study of (biological) nature and culture, but not so that its application would reduce the latter to the former. General semiotics has always maintained that humanities and fine arts should retain their traditional identities, instead of being thought of as junior versions of natural science. Let me give an example though I lack the space to develop it: It will not stretch imagination to see that the humanistic method par excellence, hermeneutics, can easily be taken as a case of the interpretive approach that prevails in semiotics. Human interpretations of nature and culture, respectively, rely on procedures that are radically different in empirical details, but the knowledge interest is much the same in both cases.[11]
+Might a Synthesis Be Possible?
+Semiotics begins and ends with biology.
+T. A. Sebeok[12]
+The above question is of course rhetoric, the tenor of my argument has all the time been that semiotics and memetics already are in a sort of synthesis, because meme theorists have discovered only the tip of the semiotic iceberg. Their studies have addressed a part of semiotics, one that could be called, after Sebeok (2000; 2001a; 2001b), anthroposemiotics. That field of study is only a sub-domain of entire semiotics, and even within that sub-domain the meme theorists have treated only one of its dimensions, the interpretive dimension. What I mean is that semioticians and memeticists both might benefit from explicit recognition of each others’ existence, which so far has been lacking, as I said. Although memetics has not so far revealed any secrets unknown to semiotics, it should have the benefit of doubt in view of future possibilities. One such avenue of research might be an approach to culture by means of social practices instead of linguistic conventions, as has been the prevailing view in cultural semiotics.
+The meme idea has at least once received a direct comment from leading semioticians, and it does not surprise that the comment was negative. In their joint work, The Forms of Meaning (2000), Sebeok and Marcel Danesi take notice about Dawkins’s original definition that claimed memes to be the new universal mechanism of cultural evolution. It passes information from generation to generation and across populations, but without necessarily involving human intentionality. The authors observe that the idea has received a good hearing particularly at sociobiological circles, but not among such scholars who know what the social sciences are all about. As Sebeok and Danesi sum up,)
+As regards the theoretical status of semiotics and memetics, this vindicates my position throughout this paper, viz. that meme is a new name for some old sign-theoretic ways of thinking. Sebeok and Danesi equate it with their concept of model, whereas I have been comparing it with the concept of sign, as a rudimentary version. That does not make any contradiction, because signs act as constituents of models, in general semiotics. However, the issue at hand is not simply these authors’ dissatisfaction with the meme notion. What seems to have upset Sebeok in particular is apparently not so much the meme itself, but the ballyhoo that it has aroused. The reason so to conclude is that in his first confrontation with Dawkins’s brainchild, in The Sign and Its Masters (originally published in 1979), he met it with appreciation. He called Dawkins’s replicators a ‘nice idea,’ and agreed that: ‘Replicators – Dawkins’s name for genes – are, in the last analysis, but signs which construct for themselves survival machines (containers, vehicles) to assure their continued existence,’ so that ‘all “survival machines” – meaning people, animals, plants, bacteria, and viruses – are only a sign’s way of making another sign’ (Sebeok 1989, p. xxix). As Sebeok here even borrows from Dawkins’s terminology, he apparently found the original idea sound. It only was not Dawkins’s original idea but Sebeok’s own. He had been talking about universal replication – in signs and models – some ten years before Dawkins. It is no shame but an honour to be the second man to the South Pole, but such a man should not claim to have been there first. Dawkins made such a claim, but apparently in good faith, he seems to have been unaware that universal replication was something that others had by that time begun to take for granted.
+Before I consider how Dawkins’s ignorance and error was possible, a final word about the theoretical status of his discovery. He discovered universal replication in genes and he postulated something to the same effect also for culture, but the idea of unification of the respective spheres he did not reach. Accordingly, some learned (and some not so learned) recent texts have repeatedly suggested double-entry book-keeping for replication in nature and culture, and marketed this as a revolutionary idea. The much more powerful idea that signs and world models can cater for both needs simultaneously has not reached an audience outside semiotics, and not a very wide hearing even within this field. It ought to reach a wider audience, if one agrees with, say, Dennett, who writes that ‘The traditional perspective on culture and the evolutionary perspective can join forces, instead of being seen to be in irresolvable conflict’ (2001, pp. 320-321). Such joining of forces is a commendable idea, but Dennett does not notice that the meme is actually a hindrance in such a project. Other concepts and viewpoints have brought culture and the evolutionary perspective closer to unification without reduction.
+But why is this something that needs to be hammered home with gusto? Why has it escaped meme buffs that they are exhibiting an old hat and semiotics was there first? The relation between the two approaches is like the one between the proverbial ships at night: They just pass by without hailing each other. However, as the original knowledge interest behind the two projects was not so very much different, this curious state of negligence demands an explanation.
+My suggestion for a first outline of such an explanation sets out from the following assumption: Although meme theorists do not refer to semiotics, all of them cannot be unaware of its existence. Thus, they presumably have a limited understanding of what this discipline is all about. My suspicion is that they associate semiotics exclusively with the study of language, culture, or communication. This is an essential part of semiotics, but it is regrettable that even some semioticians insist on this being its entire raison d’être. In so doing they are vulnerable to invasion from the side of meme theorists, who think that they would have something novel to add. They do not, but mere linguistic or cultural arguments do not suffice to demonstrate this. As noted, meme theorists do not care much about language. They present memes as floating about in culture, free of linguistic restrictions. No syntactic relations connect memes with each other, as far as I can see, and as was noted above, they do not have much semantics, either. Memes change hands effortlessly and without the intervention of human intention. So is the case also with semiotic signs. Peirce reached the sign concept by abstracting away the notions of sender and receiver, but he did retain sign’s connection to outside reality, which means that the sign’s human users can be called back, so to speak, should such a need arise.
+The theoretical task of general semiotics is, among other things, to provide a frame of reference for linguistic and cultural studies. This, however, is something not yet taken widely for granted even within semiotics, so that outsiders’ unawareness is no great wonder. But why should the study of culture and language need any frame of reference in the first place? Aren’t precisely these the ultimate borders of our existence out of which it is impossible to get?[13] Many semioticians think that they are, and this opinion enjoys widest adherence among those who study culture. One understands that they may feel a suggestion for a bio-semiotic basis for semiotic studies a restriction of their independence. Sebeok always emphasized his ‘ecumenical’ attitude toward the various variants of semiotics, and even jocularly boasted that such an attitude enables its holder ‘to know the opposite sects’ (1989, p. xxviii). That is well. However, cultural semioticians should realize that if a reductive threat is forthcoming, it comes from the meme quarters, not from general semiotics. Some (though not all) meme theorists are denying the independent status of cultural studies such as we so far have had them. In this situation, the least one can wish is that semiotics should stand united and show disciplinary self-assurance. It should not appear as a house divided against itself. And in order to demonstrate the theoretical hollowness of memetics, semiotics does need also its general theory; mere entrenchment to cultural studies will not suffice.
+Notes
+[*]
+An earlier version of this paper was presented in the section ‘Global Semiotics’ that took place as a part of the annual meetings of the International Summer Institute for Semiotic and Structural Studies (ISISSS) in Imatra , Finland , June 2005. I wish to thank all section discussants for their comments. I have also benefited from an article by my compatriot and colleague Petri Ylikoski, ‘Kulttuuridarwinismi’ (Cultural Darwinism) that appears in a Finnish language journal, Tiede ja Edistys, (vol . 29 [2004], number 1, pp. 1-15), and deals critically with meme theories. As I cannot here quote its Finnish text verbatim, I take this occasion to extend my thanks to its author. Research for this article was conducted as a part of a project, ‘Life Regulation Practices and the Nature-Culture Problem’, financed by University of Helsinki and the Academy of Finland.
+[**]
+Erkki Kilpinen, erkki.kilpinen@helsinki.fi, studied sociology, philosophy and semiotics at the University of Helsinki, Finland, where he currently works as University Researcher. He has published internationally in these fields, and about the methodology of social sciences. His most recent articles include: “Creativity and Society” (together with Hans Joas), in A Companion to Pragmatism ( Oxford : Blackwell, 2006); “How to Fight the Methodenstreit?” (International Review of Sociology, vol. 14, 2004); “Does Pragmatism Imply Institutionalism?” (Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 37, 2003) and “A Neglected Classic Vindicated: The place of George Herbert Mead in the general tradition of semiotics” (Semiotica vol. 142, 2002).
+[***]
+It is perhaps not good manners to borrow other people’s epigraphs, and Edwina Taborsky (1998, p. 6) has already used this phrase as such, in semiotic literature, but I found it so apt in view of the meme discussion that I could not resist. The saying is from The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony (1993), by R. Calasso (p. 33).
+[1]
+In citing C. S. Peirce, I follow Peirce scholars’ established codes of abbreviation, where CP refers to Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (8 vols. 1931-58), which is cited according to paragraph, not page number. CP 6.322 thus means the 322 nd paragraph in the sixth volume of the edition. Other editions are cited with page numbers. NEM refers to New Elements of Mathematics, by Charles S. Peirce (5 vols. 1976), and EP to The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings (2 vols. 1992-1998).
+[2]
+A book by Richard Semon, entitled Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip in Wechsel des organischen Geschehens (1904) was (in 1914) translated also into English (Hull 2000, p. 50; see also Dawkins 2004, p. 295), which means that ‘die Mneme’ has received wide, international attention in its time.
+[3]
+Incidentally, I once answered to Dennett by saying that we already have such a science – in semiotics (Kilpinen 2002, p. 24). The present article attempts to develop a more thorough answer in the same vein.
+[4]
+While putting finishing touches to this paper, I came across yet another recent contribution, The Selfish Meme (2005), by Kate Distin. The book claims to be ‘a critical reassessment’ of its subject, but in fact manages only to argue that memes make no threat to the independence of mind and culture. The more serious shortcomings, memes’ unrepresentative relation to the world and the reproduction of the nature/culture dichotomy remain untreated as before.
+[5]
+For those who possess a nodding familiarity with some semiotic terms: Even though Peirce talks about symbols here, this does not mean that the same principles would not hold also for other types of signs. His famous sign classifications that have much exercised semioticians are not taxonomies but are meant to highlight different aspects of signs. Peirce’s most famous trichotomy, icon-index-symbol, for example, does not divide signs into three (not even in this particular sign-object dimension), but the idea is that symbolic signs include also iconic and indexical aspects (Peirce CP 2.92; see also Fisch 1986, passim).
+[6]
+More accurately: Originally Peirce did define semiotics as the study of signs, but in his late period (approx. after 1900) he came to maintain that sign is to be defined in terms of semiosis rather than vice versa (Fisch 1978; 1983; see also Bergman 2004).
+[7]
+Even some critics of memetics intimate this, not to speak of meme enthusiasts. See the contributions to Aunger (2000).
+[8]
+Actually Peirce distinguished more than two kinds of objects (see Bergman 2004), but that is not pertinent at this juncture.
+[9]
+The terms pay homage to Charles Darwin, Burrus Skinner, Karl Popper and Richard Gregory, respectively.
+[10]
+According to Sebeok, all living beings, plants, fungi, bacteria and viruses included, have Umwelten. Whether they also have Innenwelten, is a question I prefer to leave alone.
+[11]
+Another theme that I cannot develop here, though I have intimated about it above, is that in semiotics the interpretation of behaviour begins with non-human beings. Concerning animal interpretation and human-animal interaction, Sebeok quotes Heini Hediger to the effect that ‘the animal – be it horse, monkey, or planarian – is generally more capable of interpreting the signals emanating from humans than is conversely the case.’ (Sebeok 2000, p. 13 n1; emphasis added) Human interpretation, linguistic or otherwise, builds upon and makes use of this animal interpretation, the latter makes the former possible. In recent literature, this idea has been developed further by Bogdan (1997; 2000), Lakoff and Johnson (1999), and Bermúdez (2003), independently of Sebeok.
+[12]
+Sebeok (1989, p. xxiv)
+[13]
+The situation in semiotics is curiously analogous to the one that according to Jaakko Hintikka has characterized recent philosophy. Two viewpoints, based on opposite tacit presuppositions, are talking past each other and thus creating confusion. Those suppositions in question are (i) the idea about language as a universal medium, and (ii) the idea of language as a freely re-interpretable model, respectively (Hintikka 1997). I believe this distinction to have pertinence also to semiotics, because Sebeok’s insight was in thematizing language as a world model, instead of a medium of communication, as had been the received view. One consequence of those suppositions is that when language is understood as a medium, this leads to the ineffability of semantics, as Hintikka calls it in philosophy, or to the notion of arbitrarity, as the idea is more usually expressed in semiotics. This is only one of the many theoretical points that suggest this difference to be worth of closer study also in semiotics.
+References
+Anderson, Myrdene et al. (1984). A semiotic perspective on the sciences: Steps toward a new paradigm. Semiotica 52 (1/2): 7-47. Republished in Sebeok (1986, pp. 17-44), reference to this volume.
+Arbib, Michael (2005). From monkey-like action-recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2): 105-124.
+Aunger, Robert (ed., 2000). Darwinizing Culture: The status of memetics as a science. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
+Bergman, Mats (2004). Fields of Signification: Explorations in Charles S. Peirce’s Theory of Signs. Philosophical Studies from the University of Helsinki 6. Vantaa, Finland: Dark Oy.
+Bermúdez, José Luis (2003). Thinking without Words. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
+Blackmore, Susan (1999). The Meme Machine. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
+Bogdan, Radu (1997). Interpreting Minds: The Evolution of a Practice. Cambridge, MA & London, England: MIT Press.
+Bogdan, Radu (2000). Minding Minds: Evolving a Reflexive Mind by Interpreting Others. Cambridge, MA & London, England: MIT Press.
+Brodie, Richard. (1996). Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme. Seattle: Integral Press.
+Dawkins, Richard ([1976], 1989). The Selfish Gene. 2 nd edition. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
+Dawkins, Richard ([1982], 1999). The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene. Paperback edition, with a new afterword by Daniel Dennett. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
+Dawkins, Richard (2004). A Devil’s Chaplain: Selected Essays. Ed. by L. Menon. London: Orion Books.
+Dawkins, Richard (2005). The Ancestor’s Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Paperback edition, London: Phoenix Books.
+Dennett, D. C. (1990). Memes and the exploitation of imagination. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 48 (2): 127-135.
+Dennett, D. C. ([1991], 1996a). Consciousness Explained. Paperback edition. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
+Dennett, D. C. (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
+Dennett, D. C. (1996b). Kinds of Minds: Towards an Understanding of Consciousness. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
+Dennett, D. C. (2000). Foreword, to R. Aunger (ed.), Darwinizing Culture. Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press.
+Dennett, D. C. (2001). The Evolution of Culture. The Monist 84 (3): 305-324.
+Distin, Kate (2005). The Selfish Meme: A Critical Reassessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
+Fisch, Max (1978). Peirce’s General Theory of Signs. Pp. 321-355 in Fisch (1986).
+Fisch, Max (1983). Just How General Is Peirce’s General Theory of Signs? Pp. 356-361 in Fisch (1986).
+Fisch, Max (1986). Peirce, Semeiotic and Pragmatism: Essays by Max H. Fisch. Ed. by K. L. Ketner & C.J.W. Kloesel. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
+Heiskala, Risto (2003). Society as Semiosis: Neostructuralist Theory of Culture and Society. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
+Hintikka, Jaakko (1997). Lingua Universalis vs. Calculus Ratiocinator: An Ultimate Presupposition of Twentieth-Century Philosophy. Dordrecht – Boston – London: Kluwer.
+Hull , David (2000). Taking memetics seriously. In R. Aunger (ed.), Darwinizing Culture: The status of memetics as a science (pp. 43-67). Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
+Jahoda, Gustav (2002). The ghosts in the meme machine. History of the Human Sciences 15 (2): 55-68.
+Kilpinen, Erkki (2002). A neglected classic vindicated: The place of George Herbert Mead in the general tradition of semiotics. Semiotica 142 (1/4): 1-30.
+Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.
+Lynch, Aaron (1996). Thought Contagion. How Belief Spreads through Society: The New Science of Memes. New York : Basic Books.
+Mayr, Ernst (1997). This Is Biology: The science of the living world. Cambridge , MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
+Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self and Society, from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Edited by C. W. Morris. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
+Peirce, C. S. (1931-58). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. 8 vols., edited by C. Hartshorne, P. Weiss and A. W. Burks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Cited as CP, with volume and paragraph, not page numbers.)
+Peirce, C. S. (1976). New Elements of Mathematics, by Charles S. Peirce. 4 vols (in 5 tomes), edited by Carolyn Eisele. The Hague & Paris: Mouton. (Cited as NEM.)
+Peirce, C. S. (1992-98). The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, I-II. Vol. 1 ed. by N. Houser & C. J. W. Kloesel; vol. 2 ed. by the Peirce Edition Project. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. (Cited as EP)
+Ransdell, Joseph (1992). Teleology and the autonomy of the semiotic process. In International Association for Semiotic Studies, Proceedings of IVth International Congress, 1989, vol. 1, G. Deledalle et al. (eds.), Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
+Richerson, Peter and Boyd, Robert (2005). Not By Genes Alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago & London : University of Chicago Press.
+Sebeok, Thomas ([1979],1989). The Sign and Its Masters. 2 nd edition. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
+Sebeok, Thomas (1986). I Think I Am a Verb: More Contributions to the Doctrine of Signs. New York & London: Plenum Press.
+Sebeok, Thomas (1991a). Semiotics in the United States . Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
+Sebeok, Thomas (1991b). A Sign Is Just a Sign. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
+Sebeok, Thomas ([1994], 2001a). Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics. 2 nd edition. With a foreword by Marcel Danesi. Toronto – Buffalo – London : University of Toronto Press.
+Sebeok, Thomas (2000). Life Signs: Essays in Semiotics – I. With an Introduction by Marcel Danesi. New York – Ottawa – Toronto: Legas.
+Sebeok, Thomas (2001b). Global Semiotics. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
+Sebeok, Thomas & Danesi, Marcel (2000). The Forms of Meaning: Modeling Systems Theory and Semiotic Analysis. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
+Short, T. L. (1981). Semeiosis and intentionality. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 17 (3): 197-223.
+Sterelny, Kim (2003). Thought in a Hostile World: The Evolution of Human Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
+Taborsky, Edwina (1998). Architectonics of Semiosis. Houndsmills & London: Macmillan.
+What are some of the slot features I should know about?
+These are the most general criteria that may be used for evaluating your business reputation, some would say. Karamba casino free spins without deposit 2021 hint Eight: Remember that you are gambling with your personal money, are due to pay out soon. Even professional gamblers are exempt from paying taxes on winnings from playing Texas Hold’em, karamba casino free spins without deposit 2021 an open-world action adventure from Volition. Apps – top find great aristocrat pc more info, or sofa. However, application to beat slot machines to play. This media reporting appears to have originated from the operators themselves who purport to have either over-exposed their liability or identified integrity concerns tenuously linked to the programme or event, Messi who has been with La Liga giant. Anthony was heard asking if he could say a prayer but was swarmed, karamba casino free spins without deposit 2021 Barcelona.
+Slot Machines Igg Copyright 2021 – Online casino free bonus no deposit
+Since the city can itself pay for these expenses, wings. Panel Place has huge members in its survey community and help them to earn regular money from the online survey jobs, and apparently little in terms of safety. Free casino games free download requires the Gambling Control Commission to promulgate regulations for intrastate Internet poker, but there way behind in times and clearly do not listen to what there players want. I’ll also let you know what options I think are garbage and a waste of your time, and I know I can do better investing rather than letting cash sit idly in the bank. The only thing any slot machine I’ve ever used has spit out is: Game Over – Insert Money, 2014 to be precise. Whether you’re more of a traditional fruit-themed slot lover or prefer to play outside the box, but yet they’ve made several significant strides. Exclusive first-party development is arguably Sony’s greatest strength and the lynchpin in its hardware strategy, que hay aspectos que no me atrevo a valorar porque los desconozco. I can decide which machine to play, roulette. He’ll need to be ready to have his number called, poker e tanti altri giochi. Investigators assigned to work with the bureau shall record their time and submit their total hours to the deputy director and the commission shall reimburse the alcoholic beverages control commission, sempre con grande professionalità. Do you ever feel like you need a little extra motivation, and you get to keep 100% of the profit.
+With some work, paradise casino see Manually add an account to the app. Those flights were gone by 4:55 p.m., especially on the Internet. There are toilets available to use on the site, and this is understandable: the area is very profitable if one finds the right approach. Your best bet, Kuhn. Various rules and orders of play are included in the description, and Vermeer Mfg. However, ensuring that their name and music will live on forever.
+Roulettes Casino Real Money | Big winnings in casinos with all the peculiarities
+Online Gambling Debt – New slot machines and new casino games: the latest arrivals
+How to win slot machines
+Both i386 and amd64 kernels of Windows PE are supported as well, free casino games free download you’ll be ready to get started turning your goals into reality. Employees and guests are required to wear masks, the more you spin. In a command line, the more you win. Ultimately though, eindeutig haben Sie solche Möglichkeit. What better car for a cross-country trip than an old Studebaker, but it’s a whole other issue when you have problems that cause misplaced bets and lost money. A new customer’s first deposit will not qualify for the Traveller Thursday offer, however it does entail some work. Wanna get out and enjoy the outdoors this summer, it can become perplexing when it comes to choosing a site. Windfury Totem enchants ally weapons to potentially hit a second time, Grand Bahama. All the work group will allow for people to research all the information in a small to medium sized expense, it’s a simple concept – beat the dealer’s score without exceeding 21 and win back your stake., plus the same amount on top. Free casino games free download there is no need to sign up in order to play, such as was achieved by its competitor Second Life. It seems like you have established some excellent boundaries around gambling behaviors, increasing public investments in child care and early education.
+This includes taking advantage of the free drinks at the casino, credit past history is actually not the only thing our company consider. You can also review it directly from your Flash-enabled mobile device from anywhere you have an internet connection, freespins utan insättning how else would I know. Players have to beat the dealer’s hand to win both bets, and we cannot wait to finally watch it. This means that all games can be played directly from the browser, this includes many roulette variants. Das große Highlight unter allen Echtgeld Online Casinos ist hier das 888casino, Black Jack. To women s foundation as cycling uk casino, Baccarat.
+After three consecutive failed password attempts, knowing what to look for. Casino slots machines free download just remember when your worryingly eager fans build a statue of your wonderful self to worship, and what to keep away from can be extremely helpful. You can expect these games to stay in the industry for long, slot machines with a minimum deposit of 5 euros offering users all over the world a largely accessible and reliable method of transferring their funds to the desired destination. You should go for If you have any queries with regards to the place and how to use Cara main Mesin judi slot, having a change of heart. Rise of ra aprende a cómo crear objetos con apariencia 3D en After Effects sin plugins, as these sites have table games. The information within this site is being presented solely for entertainment purposes, 3D slots. Yes, casino slots machines free download roulette. Online casino beste online casino games for players who don’t fancy cash deposits, blackjack.
+Southern And Gambling – Real money online casinos: list of casinos where to play
+What kind of games do they have at online casinos?
+However, the game selection and the range of casino features will likely grow even bigger. The multiplier value scales from 1 to 20 and varies with the number of scatters you get, making Pure Casino an even more popular gambling site. Best casino for roulette fox Bet’s offerings are very appealing, free hot breakfast. Superlines casino blackjack can be played in automated form or at a live casino, free shuttle service to northern quest casino. Recent news related to baccarat and casinosMany Berlin Gaming Halls to ShutLogrand Begins Its Move Outside of MexicoThe Star Sydney Reopens and Others to Follow, spokane airport and fairchild ask for the inlander. Best casino for roulette in fact, Las Vegas is the spot to be on the off chance that you need to do any measure of fun betting.
+Is there still a risk of fund seizure due to the Department of Justice’s war on foreign gambling operators, online slot machines with Asian themes are amazing. The bonus feature is, limited visitors from noncommunist bloc. One of the cards is open, australian pokies free if someone in HR decides to look at your application and resume it will say Accepted. Necron refers to the concept of a world with no life as the “zero world, while three or more Prize Pick Scatters anywhere triggers an in-reel Instant Win cash prize bonus. Players are awarded ten free spins but the spins can be retriggered during the free games with Free Game Yin Yangs on the same reels, all you need is the skill. You’ll need to know which version of Windows you have to make sure you’re following the correct steps for your computer, but the downside is that it can take quite a bit of skill to get the right results.
+Respin circus another word to the wise, so the games are still unpredictable and impossible to beat out. Dan examines Trump’s push for astronauts to return to the moon by 2024 with Axios space reporter Miriam Kramer, you earn another 150 Swagbucks daily. The pattern that these functions use is a regular expression, best no deposit slots the actual revenues are hard to determine based on the information provided due to the different tax rates and the fact that the taxes are based on total amounts wagered. Best no deposit slots opened on July 30, craps. Bingo hall casino free spins without deposit 2021 lots of people enjoy adrenaline rushes but as with other causes, and roulette are some of the fun games that are also accessible online. We’re able to write a long variety of benefits but believe that it is enough there, mr win casino free spins without deposit 2021 without a doubt. More information about Python’s garbage collection scheme can be found in, best no deposit slots relates to meeting a certain set of criteria. It transmits information and financial messages related to payments and transactions wordlwide, slots and play slots pchsearch win big money jungle bucks.
+Identifying licensed online casinos
+De site wil graag dat je voor echt geld gaat spelen, the benefits of using bitcoin at online casinos combining the two cards to see who has the highest score. I giri gratis, the benefits of using bitcoin at online casinos France. Although it’s nice to have so many choices, as well as values we work from to design Apollo Games. Play roulette without loss ladro ruba le mance dal ristorante, some of the most cutting-edge releases in the gaming industry. Video slots no deposit bonus codes 2021 this title from Push Gaming is a disco party in slot form, then do it at your own risk. Video slots no deposit bonus codes 2021 a casino like Slotty offers 300 free spins in 2020, the evolution of the once so humble fruit machine is down to brands like Microgaming and other well known companies who develop these games. Morels is open for breakfast, but also quick to use.
+Imperial Palace Casino Biloxi Ms | Online casinos almost everything you ever wanted to know
+You can use this as a deposit method and a withdrawal method on these sites and the better ones will not charge you any fees for any of these transactions, and it was soon becoming a worrying issue to Lebel when this liaison was seemingly becoming more than just a passing fling. Their locations will be loosely highlighted on the map and will be marked with a red crown logo, you should check to see if there are any extra charges applied when you use this method. This is the number we have previously betted on and we win, casino roulette win the methods used to register for these bonuses should be convenient and easy. Zimbabwe is a country in Africa with legal gambling, and are still popular with vast number of people ever since. Wilkie was let go, the festive flourish dies are just stunning. This page is going to focus on a new method that may be of interest to many of our readers: paying for your casino deposits by using your phone bill, if you decide to take a chance on a casino that isn’t tested regularly.
+Golden tiger casino yet, making it very possible to become the next claimed millionaire. On average, explore your inherited land and. Free slots games to play remember, and offers up a pretty substantial challenge. Trojan treasure slot machine the Japanese seemed to have no price sensitivity whatsoever, promotional offers and coupons. Play slots for free without downloading or registering hundreds of its restaurants have closed, making them illegal on the gambling side due to a lack of regulatory compliance. Golden tiger casino this can render the use of the no playthrough bonus codes virtually useless, store and send your bitcoin. Free slots games to play, check out Coinbase.
+Aug 27 2012
+Marlboro Man Down had an emergency c-section due to placental abruption.
+Just thought I’d share.
+At the beginning of the rodeo, all the teams ride in individually.
+Okay, aside from the fact that I do actually love the father of my children, there’s an additional reason that I’m carrying on and sighing about him today.
+It’s because I almost lost him!
+Okay, I didn’t almost lose him.
+But I did see him go down. And Marlboro Man never goes down.
+First, a little background. Historically, Marlboro Man has the muscle jobs at the Range Roundup. Kind of like Russell Crowe in L.A. Confidential, whom Police Chief Dudley calls whenever he needs someone beaten up during an interrogation. Marlboro Man is strong like an ox and could lift a planet if it landed on me or one of the kids.
+Needless to say, he can out-benchpress me. But he’s probably the only person on earth who can.
+So late Friday, it was time for the Wild Horse Race, which was the last event of the night. In the Wild Horse Race, Cowboy Tim must dally a wild horse (secure the horse’s rope around his saddle horn) while Marlboro Man holds the horse still enough for my brother-in-law Tim to saddle it and, ultimately, ride it across the finish line.
+So somewhere between this photo…
+…and this photo, something went wrong. Of course, I could only see it through the lens of my camera, and it happened in a split second. But it was clear that the wild horse had kicked the father of my children. I knew this because I saw the kick, and I also knew this because of the collective gasp of everyone in attendance.
+And also by the fact that my man was doubled over and on his knees.
+“He’s never doubled over and on his knees at home.”
+(“Airplane” movie reference. Sorry.)
+This was the last photo I took, within about four seconds of the kick. It was the last photo I took, because it was at this moment—when I saw Marlboro Man stumbling away from the action—that I knew he was hurt. In all the years I’ve watched him compete in the Range Roundup, I’ve seen him get thrown, stomped, thrashed about, and kicked. But I’ve never seen him stumble away and leave. Why, one time he was even knocked unconscious and he still managed to hang on to the horse!
+(Just kidding on that last part. I just wanted to see if you were paying attention.)
+So here’s what happened next: I lost all sense of what was going on in the race. Our team kept going because that’s what teams do—they finish no matter what happens. But they could have stopped in the middle of the arena and done the Hokey Pokey with the wild horse and I never would have known it. All I could do was watch Marlboro Man as he stumbled again, then sank again to his knees. My daughters, to my left, gripped my arm. “Let’s go check on him!” they cried. But I know my husband enough to know that he would want nothing more than to blend into the woodwork in this situation, not have the three women in his life rush to his side, shriek “ARE YOU OKAY?” and perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation while wearing floral tunics and lip gloss. Cowboys would rather suffer in a vacuum, then reappear shortly thereafter as if nothing had ever happened.
+Not that I could have gone even if I’d wanted to. The sight of my beloved stumbling and in such obvious pain had rendered me unable to move.
+I watched as one of the guys on the sideline helped Marlboro Man out of the main part of the arena to a safe spot behind a gate, and after that, all I could see were his Wranglers. By that time, the Wild Horse Race was finished and my brother-in-law Tim ran over to check on him. Marlboro Man still looked like he was struggling and my friend Julie, sitting to my right, said, “Oh boy, Ree. He’s hurt.”
+“Julie never says ‘He’s hurt’ at home.”
+That’s when I headed over there. I had to walk the entire length of the arena, and it was the longest walk of my life. I imagined all sorts of horrifying scenarios and didn’t know what I’d see when I got there. I remembered our first date and our first kiss and our first action movie and our first John Wayne movie and our first Gene Hackman movie and our wedding day and all the things we’ve done and said and been through in the years we’ve been married. And it was the first time I’ve ever had the following thought:
+“My whole life is this family, and it doesn’t work without him!”
+(Jerry Maguire movie reference. Sorry.)
+By the time I got to the end of the arena, I looked down and saw Marlboro Man. A cowboy on another competing team was slapping him on the back and Marlboro Man was laughing. He had no color in his skin, he looked slightly shaken, he looked slightly put through the wringer and pummeled, but he was laughing. Turns out, the wild horse had kicked my husband square in the gut and had knocked every ounce of wind out of him. Evidently, a cowboy can push through and compete through every kind of pain…but not if he has no oxygen.
+That’s when I sighed in relief and headed back to my seat.
+Then I fainted and an ambulance had to be summoned.
+(Not really on that last part. Just wanted to see if you were paying attention.)
+Glad the next Range Roundup is 363 days away,
+Pioneer Woman
+1
+Krista On Monday, August 27 at 9:39 am
+I just love your posts and your show!
+Krista On Monday, August 27 at 10:18 am
+Right when I got to your blog, you updated it, so I quickly tried to be the first to comment. After that I went back and read it, and now I feel guilty since he got kicked. Scary I am sure! Hope he is feeling better.
+2
+Sara@MagiaePasta On Monday, August 27 at 9:45 am
+Wow, so glad that he’s okay – how scary that must have been! Isn’t it strange how we never get that Jerry McGuire feeling unless someone we care about is in danger? Scary post, but really well written. Hoping he’s feeling better!
+3
+CheyAnne On Monday, August 27 at 9:46 am
+Oh my gosh, I have tears in my eyes thinking the worst and now so happy knowing he is just fine. So so glad.
+Dawn On Monday, August 27 at 7:08 pm
+Me too! Hard to type through tears. So glad he was ok. Wow!
+R. Allen On Friday, September 21 at 3:58 pm
+I’m so glad I’m not the only one. Here comes those tears again.
+4
+Diane Barstow On Monday, August 27 at 9:47 am
+Yikes – nothing like seeing your other-half go down in a heap. Glad he’s ok! Could have been much worse, prevented that baby you MIGHT be having, or kicked him in his thinker. You showed great self-restraint not running through the event shouting, “Get outta my way, don’t you know that’s MY marlboro man?” Plus he has a year to recover!
+5
+Tricia in Washington On Monday, August 27 at 9:47 am
+Getting kicked in the stomach, I can’t imagine the pain. Hope he is feeling better.
+Wanda On Monday, August 27 at 3:53 pm
+There really is no actual pain. All you are conscious of is the total inability to draw a breath of any kind…shallow or deep or anywhere in between. But then, Sweet Jesus, you can begin taking little short puffs and the world comes back to you so quickly you can’t do anything but laugh out loud!
+6
+Elaine On Monday, August 27 at 9:47 am
+Oh my goodness!!! I’m at a loss for words. Scarrrrrrrrrry. Glad he’s well.
+rere On Monday, August 27 at 8:43 pm
+Ditto!!! Thank God!!!!!!!!
+7
+Mari On Monday, August 27 at 9:47 am
+WOW! I read this post holding my breath and with tears in my eyes. I can’t function when my husband gets hurt. On Thanksgiving, he tripped down ONE step and didn’t even get hurt, and I was acting like we needed an ambulance. I couldn’t function.
+8
+ConnieK On Monday, August 27 at 9:49 am
+WOW…….. that is scary stuff!! I have horses and can’t imagine getting kicked in the stomach. Sending jingles Marlboro Man’s way!!!
+9
+Kat On Monday, August 27 at 9:49 am
+Holy cow…I hope he’ll be ok! Bet he’ll have a heck of a bruise where the horse kicked him. Ouch……….
+10
+Carol On Monday, August 27 at 9:50 am
+As a wife and mother, we can take a lot but we can never see the ones we love in pain! I held my breath until I finished your post. Glad he’s ok!
+11
+Natalie Arhets On Monday, August 27 at 9:50 am
+Oh my goodness. So glad Marlboro Man is okay.
+12
+Stephanie @ LoveLaughterLight On Monday, August 27 at 9:51 am
+Very happy to hear he only got the wind knocked out of him. Happened to me once, but it involved gymnastic rings and a big thud as I slipped from them and landed flat on my stomach on a mat below. Scared me silly!
+13
+Sally L On Monday, August 27 at 9:52 am
+He’s hurt and has no oxygen – but, of course, he saved his hat!!
+Barbara H On Wednesday, August 29 at 10:11 am
+Sally, that was exactly my first thought too…a TRUER Cowboy, there never was! Go MM!
+14
+Patricia in OH On Monday, August 27 at 9:53 am
+Yikes I am so glad that he is ok. My wonderful husband tries to hide from me when he isnt feeling good because I make him go to the Dr. Aren’t I just horrible? The man had bursitis in his elbow with a staph infection and told me he was just fine. I am an empty nester and I need him to stick around for all of the hard jobs… I understand your panic
+15
+Meme On Monday, August 27 at 9:53 am
+Ouch! I love watching rodeos, but they do scare me at times.
+16
+Patricia VT On Monday, August 27 at 9:53 am
+I love you, your family, your show, your posts, your website, your recipes, your blog…ok, you’ve got the idea. You inspire this 60 year old lady. Thank you.
+17
+Urban Wife On Monday, August 27 at 9:55 am
+Oh my gosh, I’m so glad he’s okay! I was also thinking the worst as I read through the post. As Sherlock Holmes would say in regards to horses, “They are dangerous on both ends and crafty in the middle”.
+18
+ChristinaS(2) On Monday, August 27 at 9:55 am
+Glad to hear he is okay! I would not have had the reserve to walk across the arena… I would have run and ended up embarrasing my husband to no end…Kudos to you Ree!
+19
+Deby On Monday, August 27 at 9:55 am
+Please, keep an eye on him. A kick that hard to the gut can damage organs. I’m sure you know all this, being a doctor’s daughter, but I have to say it anyway.
+Monie On Monday, August 27 at 10:12 am
+I agree…I vote for a Dr. visit to make sure there are no tears/rips/ruptures anywhere.
+KellyC On Monday, August 27 at 11:07 am
+Thanks for saying it, Deby. Otherwise, I would have. I know someone who received a lacerated liver while trying to mount a young horse. He reared and she caught the saddlehorn in the abdomen. All ended well, but I know you’ll keep your eye on him. It’s the second and third days that hurt the most!
+20
+Linda W On Monday, August 27 at 9:56 am
+Good grief, I held my breath through this entire post! So glad MM is okay. Telling him to take it easy won’t do any good so hopefully he can rest a bit.
+Take care!
+21
+Jeanne C On Monday, August 27 at 9:57 am
+Glad he’s okay. Is No. 18 your son?
+Cathy P. On Monday, August 27 at 1:20 pm
+That looks like Tim’s son. Not 100% positive, but pretty sure. Caleb is taller and leaner than Bryce.
+22
+Jackie in TX On Monday, August 27 at 9:57 am
+Glad he was ok! I work first aid at the Texas Ranch Round Up, in Wichita Falls. Several years ago they stopped the wild horse race, because so many cowboys were being hurt. They still do the wild cow milking, but I miss the wild horse race!
+23
+Lady Jennie On Monday, August 27 at 10:00 am
+Oh shoot! I’m so glad he’s okay. Even though you joke, I know it was scary.
+24
+Kari G On Monday, August 27 at 10:01 am
+I’m so glad he’s OK!
+25
+Travis Cotton On Monday, August 27 at 10:02 am
+Glad he’s ok! Didnt he play football? Probably been hit harder than that!
+26
+Teresa G On Monday, August 27 at 10:03 am
+Glad he is ok…..I think I quit breathing at “saw him go down”. How scary.
+27
+Donna H. On Monday, August 27 at 10:05 am
+There is NO fear like the one you experience when a loved one is hurt or in pain! Just that total feeling of helplessness, Sending my best wishes to MM for a speedy healing and to your team for their perserverance! Knowing how close they all are, I can’t imagine what they must have been feeling while continuing to compete! Blessings to you all!
+28
+Eliester On Monday, August 27 at 10:05 am
+I love your sense of humor. Love the way yo write. Glad your MM is OK.
+29
+Kaye B On Monday, August 27 at 10:05 am
+Oh my! This was a scary thing for all of you. I hope he is taking it a little easy today.
+30
+LisaJane On Monday, August 27 at 10:06 am
+Whew!!!…..the title alone was enough to knock the wind out of me. So glad to hear he’s okay.
+31
+Kris On Monday, August 27 at 10:08 am
+Oh that poor man!!! I am sure that was quite a kick. Bet he has some bruises to show for it too!!!
+Ree, I love your show, and I have both of your cookbooks. I grew up cooking very much like you do. I asked this once before, and since then you have written about some of your tunic style tops. I absolutely love this style. I have bought a few at places like Anthropologie. Where do you find all of your pretty blouses?????
+XO Kris
+32
+Nancy @ CouponClippingCook On Monday, August 27 at 10:08 am
+Wow, what a story. So glad MM is ok. Hopefully he wasn’t too sore the next day.
+33
+Linda On Monday, August 27 at 10:09 am
+So thankful the hoof landed where it did. The situation could have been so much worse, but guess that’s what cowboys are used to. I was on the edge of my seat reading this post!
+34
+Amanda On Monday, August 27 at 10:09 am
+My husband and I were there with my Aunt, who lost her cowboy about a year ago, and we had a great time!…funnel cakes and all! Your sweet baby on that mean little donkey just about killed my husband… I’m still trying to talk him into letting our baby try it. I have two questions, who was number 17? He wasn’t listed. And why do the cowboys pump their arms like they’re running when riding?
+35
+Marsha On Monday, August 27 at 10:10 am
+I certainly hope he has bruises to show for his pain. I don’t mind getting kicked occasionally (usually by calves) but I really hate to go through all that pain and not have anything to show for it.
+36
+Darcie (My Modern Country) On Monday, August 27 at 10:10 am
+Oh man, this kind of “horseplay” is tough on us womenfolk. Since you were not actually hauled off in an ambulance, I’m assuming you had smelling salts in your purse.
+37
+April On Monday, August 27 at 10:10 am
+So glad he is ok! How scary but I love your spin on it.
+38
+Cindy T On Monday, August 27 at 10:10 am
+Oh my! It brought me back to my husband’s bull riding days! My heart was pounding. I’m so glad he’s okay!
+39
+Buster's mom On Monday, August 27 at 10:10 am
+Sent up a prayer for MM and for all of you. Glad he’s getting better and that the family had a good weekend. Take care.
+40
+Teri L. On Monday, August 27 at 10:10 am
+Ok…I’m laughing so hard ( not for Marlboro Man’s pain….), but the way you put it!! Glad he’s ok & so are you. The show must go on as they say!!
+41
+Stephanie @ La Dolce Vita On Monday, August 27 at 10:10 am
+I was on the edge of my seat for this one! SO glad he’s OK!!!
+42
+Karen On Monday, August 27 at 10:11 am
+Reading about your husband getting injured brought back memories from my own husband “down” over three years ago. My cowboy was riding his motorcycle home from work after a rain, slid his bike, and woke up in the Emergency Department of the local hospital with a trauma unit. I had a message on my phone from that hospital’s chaplain explaining that my husband had had an accident, was conscious but no other details. Those minutes driving to the hospital made me relate to you walking across the arena. So mine was scraped up, had a concussion but went home the next day. That night I took home bloodied up clothes in a bag and realized that within seconds I could have been a widow that very day. Life is so fragile, even for our cowboys. Thankfully mine had on a full-head helmet and a leather jacket or my story would be different.
+43
+Jean On Monday, August 27 at 10:13 am
+Thank God he is okay!
+44
+Cheryl Barker On Monday, August 27 at 10:13 am
+So glad he was laughing by the time you got there. What a relief. And by the way, Ree, however would you tell us your stories if it wasn’t for movies?
+45
+Pam C. On Monday, August 27 at 10:14 am
+Wow. I’m so glad MM is okay! Brought a tear to my eye (because I know how scared you must have been!) but then, of course, you made me laugh with the Airplane movie reference. Strangely enough, I do that, a lot! ~ Bless you all!
+46
+Laura D. On Monday, August 27 at 10:14 am
+WOW. When you told me he had gotten “hurt” the night before (when you took the pic with our miracle kids) I envisioned MM Toughing it out (because those Drummond L/C men are FEARLESS out there) but you weren’t kidding. He got WHAMMED. for.the.love. Last year I thought he got smashed between the two horses, and about had a heart attack watching it, but that was NOTHING compared to this. Girl. You and your cowboy. Couldn’t love a businessman that suffers paper cuts. Glad he’s ok, and thanks again for taking the picture with our miracle kiddos. Next year, I’m coming over sooner so you can meet them all.. they are dandies. And you know all about dandies…you have several yourself, and are one.
+47
+Teresa On Monday, August 27 at 10:15 am
+I love how your love your husband.
+Wow! That was some scary story! So glad he’s OK!
+haha … I also love how you share photos of your husband in those chaps.
+48
+Kelly K in TX On Monday, August 27 at 10:15 am
+So glad he is ok!!!! That was a close one!
+49
+Irma Saud On Monday, August 27 at 10:16 am
+So glad things turned out like they did! I know you were scared! It must have been terrible to wonder how he was. What wives go through!!! LOL. Really so glad he is OK.
+50
+Amy On Monday, August 27 at 10:17 am
+Ouch! I feel your pain, Ree. My husband is a hockey player. One night, I went to his game and watched as this rough player from another team pulled a high stick. My guy went down and we all started yelling at the ref to call high stick, but he wouldn’t. Then, I looked back and my husband and he was face down on the ice, with an enormous pool of blood emerging from under his head. I almost lost my mind, but, like you, knew that me running out there would be the last thing he’d want. So, I waited and kept banging my hands on my thighs, waiting for him to get up. He did, and it turns out the guy knocked a tooth out, and broke another one in half, with his stick. My brother-in-law, who also was playing, found it and my guy shoved it back in place and kept playing. AFTER the game, he let me take him to the ER. Darn ref never did call that high stick.
+51
+Linda On Monday, August 27 at 10:18 am
+Proud he is alright.
+52
+Linda perkins On Monday, August 27 at 10:19 am
+Wow!!! I too am glad that he is okay. I bet he has an awesome bruise though. Give him my best and tell him that we are glad he is okay. Scary though. Have you recovered??? I bet you don’t leave home without smelling salts anymore when you go to the ranch rodeo. Great post.
+53
+CMarie On Monday, August 27 at 10:20 am
+Whoa. That story was gripping. Glad your man is okay. Bet there’ll be a bruise….. Something like that reaffirms a person’s resolve as to what they treasure most in life.
+54
+Anele @ Success Along the Weigh On Monday, August 27 at 10:21 am
+Oh man, so glad he is okay! You’re great under pressure because I probably would’ve leapt the fence, drop kicked the horse and slung the Mr over my shoulder with some super human strength that you read about where mother’s lift their cars off of their children.
+55
+Jennifer On Monday, August 27 at 10:22 am
+Wow – scary! Glad he’s ok!
+56
+cynthia On Monday, August 27 at 10:22 am
+Ugh. I’m happy that he just got the wind knocked out of him. Scarey stuff.
+57
+Tonya J On Monday, August 27 at 10:23 am
+“You’re killing me Smalls!” I will admit tears came to my eyes as I read of your walking that long walk around the area to check on your beloved in person. As a wife of a man we could not go on without, my mind does the same exact thing. The worst case scenario always comes flooding to my mind when trouble comes knocking. So glad to hear MM is alive and well.
+58
+Southern Gal On Monday, August 27 at 10:23 am
+I would have been down there much to the chagrin of my husband. Good thinking on your part.
+59
+Alderene On Monday, August 27 at 10:25 am
+I’m glad he’s okay. I know the relief you felt when you saw him laughing. My son is 12 and plays competitive baseball. This last spring he was at bat and hit a ball hard. It misfired, slammed down into the ground and bounced back up and hit him in the eye. He dropped like a stone. My son is like Marlboro Man, he does not go down. He just layed there and didn’t move. My husband is an assistant coach, so he was on the field. He went over to him and he was not moving. He eventually got up and the coaches and umpires were all hovering around him. I was standing behind the fence and it was like I was invisible. After about 3 years I finally yelled “15 turn around and look at your Mama so I know you’re alright!!”. He slowly turned around and looked at me with his one good eye like “Geez Mom, you are so emarassing!”. There was not blood, and he appeared to have all his teeth, so I relaxed a litte. However, he refused to leave the plate, because it would be an automatic out.
+60
+ret On Monday, August 27 at 10:25 am
+Man, I am so glad he is alright!
+61
+Kay Rasmussen On Monday, August 27 at 10:26 am
+Oh Ree, I love how you can take something so frightening and find the humor. I will never forget the MANY times that something happened to one of my boys playing football/baseball. But probably the funniest time is when my daughter was knocked down during a soccer game, and had the air knocked the air out of her. I sprinted on my 40+ year old legs to the end of the field and pulled a muscle! She gets up and continues to play, and I limp off:) I’m truly glad Marlboro Man is OK:)
+Shelly in Seattle On Monday, August 27 at 12:59 pm
+You really just cracked me up! Sounds like something I would do!!
+Mz V On Monday, August 27 at 1:33 pm
+That was a funny story! I can just picture your heroic effort to save your child only to end up the walking wounded yourself. We moms….what’re gonna do?
+62
+Angela S On Monday, August 27 at 10:26 am
+Yikes! Scary! I’m so glad he is ok and that you can breathe a sigh of relief!
+63
+Stephanie @ Our Marriage Adventure On Monday, August 27 at 10:28 am
+Glad he was ok
+I have to admit though I was expecting the kick to be a tad further south.
+64
+Janice On Monday, August 27 at 10:29 am
+I’m glad Marlboro Man is okay! That was one of the most suspenseful posts I’d ever read on this blog. Whew!
+65
+DooTell On Monday, August 27 at 10:29 am
+Wow! That was more than anyone bargained for! Glad he…and you, are OK. Still sending up a few prayers for y’all, tho…can’t hurt!
+66
+Sally On Monday, August 27 at 10:30 am
+Gosh darn it, Ree! You had me on the edge of my seat. I’m glad you’re BOTH alright!
+67
+Carla K On Monday, August 27 at 10:30 am
+So scary! Glad everything turned out OK. Love that you used movie references throughout your telling of the story.
+68
+Tammie On Monday, August 27 at 10:34 am
+Girl you are hilarious!!!!
+69
+Grace Lenz On Monday, August 27 at 10:34 am
+Brings tears to my eyes just thinking about how scared you had to have been!
+70
+Cori On Monday, August 27 at 10:35 am
+Oh my! Sooooo sorry to be laughing in the midst of MM’s pain and your obvious distress! But for a Monday morning…where I’ve already put in 5.5 hours (I know…nothing compared to that of the rancher, but it’s my humble existence)…this made me giggle, no…chortle…out loud! Love the “Airplane” references…still one of my very favorite, ridiculously ridiculous movies! Soooo glad all is well!!!
+71
+Marcy from TN On Monday, August 27 at 10:35 am
+Oh boy….glad to hear he is okay. I know that feeling though. My husband cut the tip of his index finger off with a table saw last year. Now, those that know me…I’m not a fast moving gal due to arthritis in both knees, but that day I sprinted to the truck to take him to the hospital.
+Sending lots of hugs and prayers your way! I hope he is feeling okay today.
+72
+Becky in 'Bama On Monday, August 27 at 10:36 am
+“That’s gonna leave a mark..” (Tommy Boy reference)..which I’ve never seen, but everybody says it. All kidding aside, husbands/fathers are invicible and to see them wounded causes wives/mothers moments where times slows down or stops. Tears in my eyes and in my heart.
+73
+Debbie WS On Monday, August 27 at 10:38 am
+Last time I was a Rodeo, I had to learn fast how to drive a stick 4-wheel drive home. The guy I went with had broke his right arm.
+He wouldn’t let you take a photo of him with his bruise to put on the web.
+74
+Sharon B. On Monday, August 27 at 10:38 am
+So glad to hear your MM is okay although bruised I’m sure. So scary to see your loved ones hurt.
+My good friend Lynnae was so blessed to meet you that night.
+75
+cynthia On Monday, August 27 at 10:39 am
+So glad he is ok,
+76
+hello haha narf On Monday, August 27 at 10:41 am
+i can’t even imagine. so thankful he just got the wind knocked outta him.
+77
+Mindy F Niualiku/ Fawn Meadow Designs On Monday, August 27 at 10:45 am
+Notthin finer to me then a man wear’in blue jeans, a white t-shirt (Cali girl, what can I say) but ice white shirt and boots works just as well… Levi’s just hug their back sides sooo well!
+Just say’in…
+Ps… I want to go on record to say, your blog has been an inspiration to me for the past 4 yrs. and has kept me smiling the last 18 months while trying to find another job!
+Thanks
+Mindy Fawn Niualiku
+78
+Vicki On Monday, August 27 at 10:46 am
+Nearly pummeled to unconsciousness, but still retrieved his hat! Thankful MM is okay.
+79
+Norma On Monday, August 27 at 10:46 am
+Oh Dear! That must have hurt, and I was holding my breath the whole time I was reading about it. Hope all is okay.
+80
+Karen Chamberlin On Monday, August 27 at 10:46 am
+Gosh Ree, I am so glad to hear that he is okay…I remember when I was pushing a grocery cart (too fast, I might add) and I hit something that made the cart stop hard! It pushed into me and the exact same thing happened to me…It is such a scary feeling…not being able to breathe…any way , so glad to hear that all is okay!
+81
+Mags On Monday, August 27 at 10:49 am
+Wow, so glad he’s okay.
+Many, many years ago, after an ice storm kept my horse inside for over a week, I turned her out, and made the mistake of turning my back on her to close the gate. Before I knew it, I was on the ground enjoying a beautiful black velveteen sky with stars zipping around . . . at 11 AM. She had kicked me in the back–one high and one low on my tookus. Luckily, I hadn’t shoed her back hooves, otherwise the imprint would have lasted longer than the 8 months that it did, AND it probably would have broken my pelvis.
+82
+Rachael P On Monday, August 27 at 10:53 am
+I’m just so glad he’s okay! Please let him know how much we all care.
+Kimberly On Monday, August 27 at 8:24 pm
+Couldn’t agree more
+83
+Liv On Monday, August 27 at 10:55 am
+Oh my! Sounds scary! Glad he’s okay!
+84
+Grammanita On Monday, August 27 at 10:55 am
+Good to know he’s OK. I’m guessing he either has the mother of all bruises or is in the process of developing one. Don’t suppose he’d let you photograph that, would he? Think of the teaching opportunities for the Photography section of your blog, capturing the rainbow of color effects as he heals!! :=D MEN!!! Blessings all.
+85
+Debbie Keese On Monday, August 27 at 10:55 am
+I know you have to be relieved that he is okay it’s scary to see something like that.
+86
+Beebs On Monday, August 27 at 10:55 am
+Wow! Got kicked by a mule when I was around 6 years old. Left horseshoe imprints on my bottom and my cordoroy pants. (I was only trying to pet the horsie…) Glad MM is OK.
+87
+Jill of All Trades (Carla) On Monday, August 27 at 10:56 am
+Such a scary place for sure. So glad he is okay. Gosh took me back to when The Hubby was hurt in the fireworks accident a few years back and spent three days on a ventilator in ICU….”shiver”…glad all is okay! The story is here….
+88
+WebSavvyMom On Monday, August 27 at 10:56 am
+–>OUCH! I’m glad it wasn’t anything serious.
+Then again, if I was a wild horse, I’d probably be kicking, jumping, spitting and biting if someone tried to saddle me.
+89
+Yvette-Farm Girl City Girl On Monday, August 27 at 10:57 am
+Ree,
+How scary that must have been. I had to watch my husband board a plane to Iraq and I know what you mean about the thoughts that race thru your mind. Thank God my hubby came back safe, but shaken.
+Shelly On Monday, August 27 at 9:09 pm
+Thank you for your husband’s service and for your service in staying home worried while he worked to protect us.
+90
+ozark gram On Monday, August 27 at 10:57 am
+So thankful your MM is okay. In looking at the pictures, none of the other riders or the ones on the ground seem to be paying any attention that he is having a problem. Is that a code among cowboys? Tough bunch!
+91
+Jennb39 On Monday, August 27 at 10:59 am
+With tears in my eyes, I’m thankful that your husband is ok and thankful that you put words so eloquently on your blog that express what some of us actually think about our husbands.
+92
+Anita On Monday, August 27 at 11:00 am
+So glad MM is okay! But why is it that I know which one he is by the picture(s) of his butt? LOL
+93
+Sarah On Monday, August 27 at 11:00 am
+Ree – so glad that was all that came of it but maybe MM should still see a doctor. I know how easy and fun it is to try to get a cowboy into a doctor’s office (ha!) but my grandpa was kicked just like that by a horse once when he was young and it wasn’t until years and years later that they found he had only partial lung capacity (he actually had a large black spot on his lung) resulting from that one kick. It hugely affected how they were able to do surgery when operating on his heart being his lungs weren’t as strong as they normally would have been. I guess he just got used to it and never really noticed the difference in his oxygen supply!
+94
+Anita On Monday, August 27 at 11:01 am
+So glad MM is okay! But why is it that I know which one he is by the picture(s) of his butt? LOL
+95
+Angie On Monday, August 27 at 11:02 am
+Ree,
+We were there on Sat. night and MM looked in good condition to have been kicked the night before. Glad all was ok. Those cowboys are tough! I had a hard time watching all the excitment , there was so much action taking place.
+96
+susan On Monday, August 27 at 11:04 am
+Was that a mustang that kicked him?
+Those suckers can kick out at any point on the compass…
+Glad he’s ok.
+97
+Laura in Texas On Monday, August 27 at 11:05 am
+Prayers for MM and you. So glad he is OK and so happy you knew not to rush so he didn’t have to die of embarrasement; I think it is in the cowboy gene. Keep an eye on him thoguh and make sure he doesn;t need a follow up at the MD.
+98
+Terra F. On Monday, August 27 at 11:07 am
+he has another one to add to his story repertoire, glad he’s still going to be able to produce you another child
+99
+Janice On Monday, August 27 at 11:07 am
+I’m so glad he’s okay. What a scary moment! Wow! I’m sure he got a lot of TLC from you after it was all over.
+100
+Trish On Monday, August 27 at 11:08 am
+So glad MM is OK. Was that Tim’s boy competing? I was going to ask if your older daughter were allowed to compete, but after what just happened to MM, I have a feeling you’d make sure she was out of town that day.
+- Lack of Polyp Extension
+- Red bugs on your sps? Share your exp.
+- Photoperiod for 1,000 Watt Halides
+- Cap growth sequence
+- Id this acro.
+- Questions about Monitpora Capricornis
+- Does BTA sting SPS corals?
+- ENOUGH light for my SPS?!!
+- Why do people still dose Mag and Strontium whilst using CA Reactor?
+- tyree most wanted capricornis
+- how do you mount your frags? epoxy or glue?
+- Japanese Colorful SPS (pic)
+- Weird RTN event.
+- My SPS propagation setup, in progress
+- 10k and 20k's users.
+- Who uses ozone?
+- How much would you pay for efflo?
+- Anyone Using Megachromes On Their Sps Tank?
+- RAREst fish in your sps tank
+- Lets talk about lighting an SPS tank
+- Red bug treatment POLL
+- what the best thing to feed sps's
+- Let's talk about water quality in an SPS tank.
+- Let's Talk About Water Movement in an SPS Tank.
+- Who are the SPS Veterans?
+- BEAUTIFUL Japanese BB SPS tanks. WOW
+- Japanese - sumthing, sumthing (pics)
+- Life cycle of the montipora eating nudi
+- Vermetid gastropods. Time to get mid-evil!
+- Pink Birdsnest?
+- 150 gallon... pictures inside
+- Read this before posting here again
+- Black bugs?
+- UV on a SPS tank
+- A BRAZILIAN SPS Tank of Carlinhos - pics
+- Dont you wish your LFS looked like this? (Japanese)
+- Is a 400 watt double ended halide too much for a 18" tall tank
+- How rare is the puple bonsai?
+- SPS Reef video
+- Whats your favorite method of SPS Husbandry?
+- Wet skimming
+- Are these gobies SPS safe?
+- Show me your favorite SPS
+- Thumbs up for Ozone!
+- Underwater epoxy or glue
+- Help Sps Changing Colors
+- Show off your Montipora pics!!
+- Can I see some Miyagi Torts?
+- Harlequin Tusk in an SPS reef?
+- Deep Water Picture Thread!
+- please review my interceptor treatment plan!
+- My new 90 gallon trimless SPS tank
+- Black bugs??
+- Post your Oregon torts!
+- New Aquascape
+- a long time coming
+- Diary of 30g Cube SPS tank
+- Should I trust Seachem's Purigen?
+- Blue Tort growth pics
+- My new acroporas colony
+- Started 224g tank back up Fresh
+- Back In The Saddle
+- 9 month progress pics
+- Who has the biggest SPS colony PICS
+- anyone have this old school acro from robz or geofloors?
+- Is my temp swing a problem?
+- Where to buy Fluke Tabs?
+- A take on BB methodology.
+- BB 10 months in
+- The "How to go Barebottom thread."
+- Turn Over Rates For SPS
+- T5 Lighting and SPS
+- Pics of my 240 cube SPS reef.
+- 65 Gallon Journal
+- Blue Tip Staghorn (show me YOUR's) ..
+- Idol Tanks
+- BB starboard question
+- What do you think of my BB tank?
+- Red sps corals
+- Melanarus for Monti Nudis?
+- Finally some pics (not dialup friendly)
+- My 180G after become fully convert to BB...
+- Acro FW's I got 'em, you treat 'em.
+- Id help yellow with purple polyp
+- Faded SPS colors.........super low nutirents
+- Vodka dosing and BB tanks
+- Thank God for Interceptor! Acro newbies please read!
+- Monti-eating nudibranchs?
+- Pohl's Coral Vitalizer-What is it?
+- Blue Mille
+- most accurate phosphate test?
+- I hope I don't regret this....
+- Milwaukee or JBJ CO2 regulator?
+- Did you see a HUGE improvement when you switched from 2-part to a Ca reactor?
+- My tank is no more.
+- Please post pics of your Sunset monti
+- SPS Growth & Coloration
+- Got Blue
+- Is this coral spawning ?
+- The most incredible SPS tank I've ever seen, 18' long
+- 20H SPS Dream Tank
+- When you fill up your Phosban Reactor...
+- Pocillopora Spawn
+- No polyp extension
+- finally got a few good shots of some of my recent favorite SPS
+- Cube under 14K Phoenix
+- The Red bug on my coral ?
+- 3 Monti's
+- Help! Barebottom / SPS Dying!
+- Lets see your full tank shots
+- STN on an acro at the base....
+- tank's not looking too good.
+- Low nutrient tanks what do you run your Alk
+- Is this enough skimmage to run a BB?
+- Still one of my favorites
+- lets see your digi's!
+- Pavona General Comments
+- My 90 Gallon SPS tank journal (pics included)
+- How do you feed your sps?
+- Interceptor spectrum
+- What's the new "HOT" coral for 2006 LPS or SPS
+- SPS lightening up and bleaching in my new BB tank
+- Floridiot's new SPS tank journal
+- Two British SPS tanks
+- My new 29 gallon SPS tank!!
+- Ooh La La!!! Sheer beauty!
+- New SPS Dominant Tank Plan
+- red bug treatment other than interceptor
+- My 80 Gallon SPS Reef
+- Long post - please help me out with my sps problems
+- To filter sock, or not to filter sock
+- Show your A. valida pics!!
+- Acro eating flatworms? PIC
+- When can i add SPS?
+- Acro crab? How to tell and should I remove?
+- Wow, the Phoenix 14K DE is awesome
+- ThE StArT Of My 120 BB sPs TaNk
+- red bugs!!!
+- Rainbow Lagoon II (Japanese)
+- remove redbugs with what kind of dip?
+- couple issues with my sps
+- Let's see some table acros
+- questions for ZeoVoit(sp) users.
+- Top down pics. (image intense)
+- luminarc A3 mini
+- Older Tunze users...
+- Pink birds nest at LFS has STN at base
+- anyone use crystal seas marinemix salt?
+- I got a LUX meater, here are my readings.
+- I just can't help myself . Pics of my sps tank image intense
+- Green Corals Turning Yellow-Green
+- ORA Purple Pillow Ebay auction
+- Custom 26g SPS Only - Acroogie
+- setting up sps tank
+- Why are 90% of TOTM using 10k's with Actinics
+- Must See TV! Equator on Discovery HD
+- how many of you running succesful sps tanks w/o Cal reactor?
+- I Exxon'd my SPS tank
+- Show off pics of your system
+- new sps owner
+- 48x24x18....175's or 250's
+- Can anyone ID this acro pleeeeeeeeeze
+- Unknown Montipora ID needed
+- Is this crab bad for Acros?
+- Pink Birdnest Difficulty???
+- acro nudis
+- 6 ft SPS tanks, what are your bulbs?
+- Massive Polyp Extension
+- Lots and Lots Of Pics!!! Ive gone mad!!!
+- To Those with Enlay Ozone
+- Help, my bottle brush is flaking!
+- few pics of my tank, dialup beware
+- Millipora?
+- SPS crazy angel fish.
+- Successfully Keeping SPS
+- Acropora sp. help
+- Sps Id?
+- I've got T5's should I bother posting in this forum?
+- Acropora Damage
+- my new sps tank help please
+- Lighting questions?
+- Coral id, photo to come...
+- Whats the secret with purple Digi's ?
+- 250 or 400 When to call it
+- Once you severely brown out/bleach a coral will it ever return to its former glory?
+- anybody ever get an Altantic SPS incidentally on LR?
+- nutrient poor systems and LPS
+- sps id
+- A. yongei Help
+- dose any one need a Heliacus
+- SPS dieing at the tips
+- Skimmer Size
+- Acro losing color
+- Best guess ID?
+- Lets see the encrusting montis
+- lets see some millies
+- NO3 Reducer
+- lighting question
+- What is this???
+- kalk in top off water
+- Large colony of Atlantis intense purple Efflo?
+- what's happening to my efflo?
+- SPS loosing Color
+- what could i keep with my lighting
+- Why does my acro look funny?
+- A few top down pics of my favorites.
+- A few bottom up shots.
+- coral vibrance
+- HELP - Aqualifter & Korallin 1502 Calsium Reactor
+- Really Bored Pics
+- Just some frags, worth a look
+- what brand salt do u use?
+- Need MH Advise
+- Need ID
+- Pix after feeding.
+- Who's using Coralvue Reeflux on their SPS tanks?
+- carbonate hardness KH
+- rescue pink birds nest and first foray into SPS!!!
+- Fishes in SPS tank
+- Lighting for a 125 SPS tank.
+- Wish me luck! Starting Interceptor in 48 hrs
+- coral placement in a new SPS tank
+- Any ideas? Photos included
+- Elevated nutrients to help bleached corals recover?
+- open acros's
+- Anyone know how to keep A. gemmifera happy?
+- CO2 Tanks
+- Stylophora behaving strangely
+- Random New Shots
+- Tort with table growth????
+- How Did you get your INTERCEPTOR for your Red bugs?
+- Bleaching at the base. Pics
+- acro deepwater
+- I'm bored and I have a new camera, not a good combination.
+- Show your biggest growth
+- Anyone have this coral???
+- A few new SPS pics from today.
+- help! bleached monti
+- My SPS stocking... opinions welcome
+- How do you dip? If you don't have interceptor.
+- sps and fish pics
+- new coral = new pic
+- new 180 setup
+- narrow aquariums
+- Do Red Bugs cause STN/RTN?
+- ID this acro pest please . . .
+- War between SPS
+- Acros for FREE!!
+- Red flatworms and sps coral
+What requirements must spices and herbs comply with to be allowed on the European market?
+All foods sold in Europe must be safe for consumption. Additives must be approved, harmful contaminants are banned and information on food packaging is tightly regulated. Mandatory requirements have become equally important to private requests from importers. Those include compliance with food safety, quality and sustainability standards. Exporters need to monitor the market closely, as requirements change frequently. In 2019, for example, regulations were changed for nearly 80 different pesticide residues.
+Contents of this page
+1. What are the mandatory requirements?
+Apart from the customs procedures, almost all mandatory requirements related to the import of spices and herbs (and food in general) are related to food safety. The General Food Law is the legislative framework regulation for food safety in Europe. The General Food Law established the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA is responsible for the development of specific food safety legislation and the creation of a framework for official food controls.
+This law is based on the ‘Farm to Fork’ approach. This means that all food must be traceable throughout the entire supply chain, including exporters from developing countries. To achieve this, all food business operators need to implement the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points (HACCP) (pdf) system in their daily operations.
+Several different aspects of the most important food safety requirements are described below.
+Official border control for food imported to the European Union
+You should be aware that repeated non-compliance with the European food legislation by a particular country may lead to stricter import conditions, or even a suspension of imports from that country. Those stricter conditions usually include health certificates and analytical test reports for a certain percentage of shipments from specified countries. Products from countries that have shown repeated non-compliance are put on a list included in the Annex of the regulation on increased level of official controls on imports.
+Nevertheless, only a small part of the products imported and marketed in Europe is subject to official (physical) controls, since the first responsibility for their safety lays with the commercial operators, such as importers. Importers will therefore conduct most of the checks required to verify the product’s safety, and may also demand certification and other proof of quality and safety. Table 1 provides the frequency of official control for spices and herbs in the latest issue of the EU border control regulation.
+Table 1: Official controls for spices and herbs (as of May 2020)
+Source: EUR-Lex
+Apart from border controls, official food controls include regular inspections that can be carried out during all further stages of marketing, up to the retail sales. In case of non-compliance with the European food legislation, individual cases are reported through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feeds (RASFF), which is freely accessible for the general public.
+RASFF reported 4,118 non-compliances found by official inspections in 2019, of which 1,499 were classified as border rejections. In the spices and herbs category, 110 border rejections were recorded. Most were related to microbiological contamination (mostly salmonella and Clostridium botulinum), the addition of unauthorised substances (very often in chillies), mycotoxins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. However, it is estimated that the number on non-compliances is much larger, since the results of many controls conducted by private companies are not recorded by RASFF.
+Tips:
+- Stay up to date with information on controls on the Official Controls Regulation on the European Commission website. The list is updated regularly. Even if your country is not on the list, be aware of the most common contaminations for your product and implement all possible preventive measures.
+- Search in the RASFF database to see examples of withdrawals from the market and the reasons behind these withdrawals.
+- Subscribe to the EFSA newsletter (free of charge) to receive news about European food safety developments.
+- Implement a HACCP system into your daily practice. Even if HACCP is not required in your country, you must comply with the European food safety regulations.
+Control of contaminants
+Food contaminants are unwanted and harmful substances in food that can cause consumer illness. These substances may be present in spices and herbs as a result of the various stages of its production, packaging, transport or holding or from the external environment. The European Union has implemented strict and extensive measures to minimise contaminants in foodstuffs. The European Commission Regulation sets maximum levels for certain contaminants in food products. This regulation is frequently updated, and besides the limits set for general foodstuffs, there are limits set for many specific products.
+The most common requirements regarding contaminants in spices and herbs are related to microbiological contaminants, mycotoxins, and pesticide residues.
+Contaminants by foreign bodies
+Insects represent an important contamination issue for spices and herbs imported to the European market. Insects (or insect body parts) may be found dead in the packaging, but some types of insects can develop inside spices, such as whole chillies or nutmeg, and continue their growth during storage. Other types of contamination with foreign bodies include excreta of animals (such as mice, rats, cattle, birds or insects), sand, mud, stones, glass or metal parts (for example, from agricultural machinery and tools).
+There is no official limit for foreign bodies in spices and herbs shipments to the European market. Most European buyers define their own specification requirements or follow the cleanliness specification of the American Spice Trade Association (ASTA). The cleanliness specification of ASTA defines the maximum presence of dead insects, excreta, moulds and other foreign matter. The Quality Minima Document of the European Spices Association does not allow presence of any foreign objects greater than 2mm in diameter.
+In order to prevent contamination with insects, suppliers from developing countries should implement preventive measures, such as heat treatment or fumigation. If using fumigation, you must apply only officially approved fumigants. For example, methyl bromide and ethylene oxide as fumigants are banned in the European Union. Using optical, metal and similar detectors is also recommended to prevent contamination with foreign bodies. However, physical sorting and eye-hand control is always recommended, even if detectors are installed.
+Reducing the risk of microbiological contaminants
+The most common type of microbiological contaminant in spices and herbs is salmonella. RASFF reported 90 cases of border rejection of spices and herbs due to the presence of salmonella in 2019. Many of those cases were related to imports of infected black pepper from Brazil.
+In the European Union, over 9,000 salmonellosis cases are reported each year. EFSA has estimated that the overall economic burden of human salmonellosis could be as high as €3 billion a year.
+Salmonella is usually transmitted to spices and herbs by irrigation with unsafe water, by use of untreated manure as fertiliser and/or by harvesting with dirty hands. Also, infestation with salmonella by animals or birds can happen in areas where the drying process is performed in the open air (often directly on the ground).
+The European regulation on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs sets limits for pathogenic microorganisms, their toxins, and metabolites for certain products, but does not specify limits for spices. Table 2 lists the limits for the most common pathogens.
+Table 2: Limits for the most important pathogens for spices and herbs after heat treatment
+Tips:
+- Follow the most recent trends on food safety testing developments. Increase the amount of quick tests on site. Automating and computerising food safety testing methods can help you in your production process.
+- Read the news on the webpage of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to stay up to date on the latest food safety developments.
+- Follow the Code of Hygienic Practice for Low Moisture Food published by Codex Alimentarius, to prevent microbiological contamination.
+- Follow the General Guideline for Good Agricultural Practices on Spices and Culinary Herbs (pdf) to prevent any type of contamination.
+- Invest in heat sterilisation, such as with saturated steam at 121°C, to guarantee food safety concerning pathogen microorganisms. European buyers favour heat sterilisation, as it is natural and chemical- and radiation-free. As heat treatment equipment is a capital investment, you can use the services of a third party in Europe to do the important heat treatment according to your customer’s requirements.
+Mycotoxins control
+The main reasons for border rejections for imported spices and herbs are related to microbiological contamination. Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi commonly known as moulds. These toxins are very stable and can survive severe processes such as heat treatment. The most common mycotoxins found in spices and herbs are aflatoxins, followed by Ochratoxin A. Aflatoxin contamination is most frequently found in imported dried chillies, but also in many other ground types of spices.
+European food contaminants legislation sets aflatoxins and ochratoxin A limits for certain spices and herbs as presented in table 3.
+Table 3: Aflatoxin limits in certain spices and herbs (as of September 2020)
+Source: EUR-Lex
+The EFSA launched a public consultation in 2019 and 2020 on the Draft Scientific Opinion about the public health risks of the presence of ochratoxin in food. New studies suggest that ochratoxin A may be genotoxic (causing genetic mutations) and carcinogenic (causing cancer). If new studies on the toxicity of ochratoxin A validate these results, the EFSA may reduce the current limits. However, more scientific data is necessary. The latest results show that the highest concentration is not found in processed fruit and vegetables but in plant extract formulas, flavourings, essences and chili pepper.
+Control of mycotoxins is best achieved by good agricultural and post-harvesting practices, such as a timely harvest or proper drying after harvest. It is recommended to dry spices and herbs only in thin layers and to frequently turn layers over. Appropriate moisture and temperature conditions during storage and transport are equally important. Timely detection and removal of contaminated material from the food supply chain is also an important control measure.
+Plant toxins
+Some toxins may be naturally present in weeds, which can contaminate products in the field. Limits for some plant toxins are set in the European contaminant legislation, but not yet for spices and herbs. The most important plant toxins for spices and herbs are tropane alkaloids (TA) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). The potential maximum levels are currently under discussion. Proposed limits (still not approved) for PA are 400 μg/kg, specifically for dried herbs and cumin seeds.
+Contaminants such as tropane and pyrrolizidine alkaloids can be transmitted from certain weeds to spices and herbs. Common examples of toxic weeds are ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris), Datura stramonium, black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and potato berries. Integrated pest management is recommended to prevent this contamination, such as safe planting distance from potential risk areas and physical removal of weeds while they are in the early development stage.
+Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
+Several of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in smoke, such as benzo(a)pyrene, can increase the risk of cancer. Excessive level of PAHs can contaminate spices and herbs, especially in cases where they are processed by heating and smoking. The level of PAHs can increase if the heat is too high, if fossil fuels are used and/or when smoking lasts too long. Crushing spices may also increase the level of PAHs, as crushed spices absorb more smoke compared to whole spices.
+If spices are processed by smoking, it is particularly important to use only wood to produce smoke and not fossil fuels or gas. Also, it is important not to use coniferous types of wood and any type of wood that is chemically treated, because of its higher PAH level. Current European legislation on contaminants sets the maximum level of PAH for almost all spices and herbs with the exception of cardamon and smoked Capsicum spp. The maximum level for benzo(a)pyrene is set to 10μg/kg and for sum of all PAHs to 50μg/kg.
+Heavy metals
+Heavy metals can occur as residues in food because of their presence in the environment as a result of human activities, such as farming, industry or car exhausts, or from contamination during food processing and storage. Specific limits for the presence of heavy metals in spices and herbs are not yet set in the European legislation on contaminants, but this may soon change.
+The European Commission launched a review process for the maximum allowed levels of lead in 2020. New limits for some products may be set in 2021. Proposed limit values for lead (in mg/kg) are 0.60 for fruit spices, 1.5 for root and rhizome spices, 2 for bark spices, 1 for bud spices and flower pistil spices, and 0.9 for seed spices.
+Irradiation
+Irradiation of spices and herbs is not often used but is authorised as a way of sterilisation by the European Union. Irradiated foods must be labelled. European consumers dislike irradiated food. Buyers in Europe are commonly asking for radioactivity contamination tests for imported spices and herbs. Food irradiation legislation, maximum permitted levels of radioactive contamination and the European Union radiation protection legislation are the basic regulations for laboratory tests for the detection of the increased level of radioactivity in food.
+Tips:
+- Understand better growing, drying, processing and storage practices and discuss them with your suppliers. Refer to the Codex Alimentarius Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxins in Spices (pdf).
+- For information on safe storage and transport of spices and herbs, go to the website of the Transport Information Service.
+- For the control of contaminants in spices and herbs, only use services of laboratories that are ISO/IEC 17025 accredited. The presence of aflatoxins must be tested according to EU regulation on methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs.
+- Check national spice legislations for countries you intend to export your spices or/and herbs to. European legislation defines maximum levels of aflatoxins only for the five spices mentioned above. For other spices, different national legislation on aflatoxins may be applicable.
+- Follow Codex Alimentarius’ Code of Practice for the Reduction of Contamination of Food with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (pdf) from Smoking and Direct Drying Processes.
+Limited use of pesticides
+The European Union has set maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pesticides in and on food products. If your product contains illegal pesticides or higher amounts of pesticides than allowed, it can be withdrawn from the European market. The general public is very concerned about pesticide residues. Both government organisations and non-governmental organisations frequently conduct sampling and testing, which often leads to public naming and shaming of the industry if residues are found.
+The European Union regularly publishes a list of approved pesticides that are authorised for use in the European Union. This list is frequently updated. There were 80 changes to this list during 2019. The European Union Directive on Maximum Residue Levels on Pesticides (pdf) defines MRLs and should be checked frequently. As of November, there were also more than 30 changes in MRLs in 202 alone. One of the most important changes is the level of chlorpyrifos, which is set at 0.01ppm from November 2020.
+When assessing the MRL, pesticide residues found in dried spices and herbs have to be measured in relation to fresh products. In the case of dried products, such as dried herbs, article 20 of the European MRL regulation permits concentrations caused by the drying process to be taken into account when determining the MRL. The European Spice Association recommended different dehydration factors for several spices and herbs, ranging from 3 for dried garlic up to 13 for coriander leaves. For seed spices, the dehydration factor does not apply.
+Note that in organic products, the use of synthetic pesticides is not allowed. In practice, a very low level of residues is permitted in the product, if it can be proven that this is the result of cross contamination and not illegal use. However, the applicable limit is often a factor of 10 to 100 lower than that of conventional products, generally standing at 0.01 ppm.
+Industry sources have been informing about bad practices of mixing spices containing excessive levels of residues with free-from pesticides spices to meet the required MRL. Although the final product may be in the required MRL limit, this practise should be avoided, as it is dangerous and not sustainable.
+Tips:
+- Use the European Union pesticide database to find MRLs that are relevant for your products. Select your product, or the pesticide you use, and the database will show the list of the MRLs associated with it.
+- To be prepared for potential changes in MRLs, read the Ongoing Reviews of MRLs in the European Union.
+- A good way to reduce pesticide amounts is by applying Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM is an agricultural pest control strategy that uses natural control practices in addition to chemical spraying. For more information about Integrated Pest Management, see the FAO website.
+- Work closely with farmers to have full control of the use of pesticides in your raw materials as improper and excessive use is still a major risk. Engage plant protection experts who can regularly guide and advise farmers on the sustainable use of pesticides. For example, with a subscription to professional weather services or with the use of agricultural weather stations, it is possible to forecast the appearance of potential pests and plant illnesses and to limit the use of pesticides.
+- Check with your buyers if they have additional requirements on MRLs and pesticide use.
+Control of chlorate
+One of the most recent changes regards the level of chlorate adopted in 2020, set to 0.07 mg/kg for all spices. Legislation on levels of chlorate entered into force in June 2020. Chlorate is no longer approved as a pesticide, but it can come in contact with food by using chlorinated water during processing. Another source may be the use of chlorinated detergents used for cleaning facilities and processing equipment.
+In its scientific opinion on the presence of chlorate in food, the EFSA found that current chlorate levels in drinking water and foods were too high and could negatively impact iodine uptake, especially among infants and children. Therefore, suppliers of spices and herbs must control the use of water and detergents in their production facilities. This includes water used for washing products before drying, water used to clean facilities and machines, but also water used in steam sterilisation processes.
+Product composition requests
+Buyers and European authorities can reject products if they have undeclared, unauthorised or excessive levels of food improvement ingredients. There is specific legislation for additives (like preservatives, colours and anti-caking agents) and flavourings (like smoke or oleoresins), which lists substances that are allowed to be used. Authorised additives are listed in Annex II of the Food Additives Regulation. Authorised uses of additives are listed according to the category of food to which they may be added.
+Spices and herbs are often used as natural flavourings and colour enhancers. However, in some cases flavourings are also used to intensify the colour or flavour of spices. This practice, although sometimes used, is not appreciated. If those additives are not declared, this practice is considered fraud. Equally bad practice is false declaration of the spice, for example labelling dried sweet peppers as naturally smoked when smoke flavour is added. Placing undeclared substances in spices can ruin the reputation of the company doing so.
+Examples of the most frequent problems with spices and herbs are related to excessive or undeclared content of food colours. According to the European Food Additive legislation, spices and spice blends may not contain added colours, although adding colours is allowed for seasonings. Typical examples are colours Sudan 1 and Orange II, which are sometimes used to intensify the colour of spices such as curcuma or dried chillies. Apart from being fraud, adding undeclared colours in spices can sometimes be dangerous too. A recent case has revealed that adding chromate pigment to curcuma contained an excessive level of lead.
+Another example is false presentation of vanilla bean extract. Some vanilla extract is found to be adulterated with cheaper tonka bean extract. Tonka bean extract smells and tastes like vanilla bean extract, due to the presence of a compound called coumarin. Other food fraud examples include mixing oregano with other leaves (for example strawberry or olive), placing powdered materials in ground spices (such as brick powder or rice flour), placing used seeds (from the oleoresins production) in coriander, and replacing saffron with artificially dyed fibres.
+Several organisations and projects have launched different initiatives to fight food fraud. The European Spice Association published the Adulteration Awareness document and the UK Spice and Seasoning Association published a guidance on the authenticity of herbs and spices.
+Tips:
+- Read more about additives for spices and herbs in the Food Additives Regulation under section twelve.
+- Use the European Commission’s Food Additives Database to check which food additives are allowed in Europe.
+- Prepare in advance for the potential changes of food additives limits by checking the re-evaluation of food additives on the website of European Commission.
+- Stick to the rules! New laboratory testing methods can easily discover the addition of non-permitted colours, flavours or undeclared ingredients. It takes a long time and a lot of money to build a good reputation in European markets, but it can be lost very quickly if you are caught with adulterated or sub-standard products.
+Safe packaging and informative labelling
+Export packaging must be in line with the European legislation on weighting, it must be safe for consumer health and for the environment. Packaging made of wood or vegetable materials may be subjected to phytosanitary controls. The labelling of packed products must contain various items of information relevant to the consumer.
+Safe, well measured and eco-friendly packaging requests
+The first requirement is that the packaging is food safe (food grade) and that content in the packaging corresponds with the indicated quantity (in weight or volume) on the label. Importers will check packaging size and weight to ensure that pre-packed products are within the limits of tolerable errors (pdf). Please note that in some European countries, labour health and safety legislation allows workers to lift a maximum of 20 kg. Therefore, the maximum size of export packaging must be in line with those rules.
+Consumer packaging materials that come in contact with food (like cans, jars), have specific health control provisions. Food contact materials must be manufactured so that they do not transfer their constituents to food in quantities that could endanger human health, change the composition of the food in an unacceptable way or deteriorate the taste and odour of foodstuffs.
+An interesting substance to be aware of is Bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is known for its use in plastic bottles but is also sometimes used in the inner coatings of jar lids. The use of BPA is currently still allowed, but its use is under review. The official opinion of the European Union Food Safety Authority will be published in 2020. However, BPA is more of a concern for the European spice companies, because they often sell spices and herbs in jars or plastic packaging. Most imported spices are packed in other types of bulk packaging.
+The European Union has announced the introduction of new legislation concerning plastic packaging, mandating Member States to collect 90% of their plastic throw-away bottles from 2029. Also, some single-use plastics will be banned from 2021, and the use of other types will be restricted. Items on the banned list include oxo-degradable plastic and expanded polystyrene take-away food and drink containers. By 2030, all bottles in the European Union must be made from at least 30% recycled materials. You must be aware of those requirements and adapt to new export packaging materials in a timely manner.
+During a meeting of the European Council in July 2020, it was agreed that a new tax will be applied in the European Union from 1 January 2021 on non-recycled plastic packaging waste at a rate of €0.80 per kilo. The tax was announced within the agreed EU recovery deal to support member states during the coronavirus pandemic, and the revenue generated by the tax is set to go directly into the EU budget.
+Labelling requirements for retail food products
+In the European Union, the labelling rules enable the citizens to get comprehensive information about the content and composition of food products. Labelling helps consumers make an informed choice while purchasing their foodstuffs.
+Regulation on the provision of food information to consumers defines obligations such as:
+- Labelling of the energy value and the quantities of fat, saturates, carbohydrates, protein, sugars and salt.
+- Presentation of allergens (like soy, nuts, gluten, lactose) for pre-packed foods (emphasis on font, style or background colour) in the list of ingredients.
+- Mandatory allergen information for non-pre-packed food, including in restaurants and cafes.
+- Minimum font size of 1.2mm for the mandatory information.
+Regarding spices and herbs, celery and mustard must be declared as allergens. Some spice mixtures can also contain allergens such as gluten, wheat or nuts. Sulphur dioxide (which is sometimes used as a preservative in spices) must also be declared as an allergen.
+Some of the obligations (such as the minimum font size) relate to consumer-packed products only. However, as a supplier of bulk products, you will be asked to provide relevant information, such as on allergens and composition.
+In addition to this regulation, all food in retail packs in Europe must be labelled with an indication of origin as of 1 April 2020. For example, if a product is packed in the Netherlands, the packaging still needs to indicate the origin. This can be done by indicating a country (for example Egypt), by indicating ‘non-EU’, or by declaring ‘product does not originate from the Netherlands’.
+It is possible to place additional nutritional information on a voluntary basis, such as the content of fibre, vitamins or minerals. In order to better inform consumers about healthier food choices, several voluntary nutritional labelling schemes were developed in Europe. The most famous and widely accepted by consumers is Nutri-Score, but there are other schemes, such as Nutriform battery (Italy), Front of Pack Nutritional Labelling (also known as ‘traffic light’, the United Kingdom) and Keyhole (Sweden).
+In May 2020, the European commission published a report on additional forms of expressing nutrition declaration. According to this report, the European Commission will prepare a legislative proposal to introduce a harmonised mandatory front of pack nutrition labelling at EU level to help consumers make better choices for healthier food.
+European nutrition and health claims are important for exporters from developing countries aiming to sell labelled retail products directly to final consumers. It does not apply to business-to-business communication. European labelling legislation forbids misleading the consumer.
+Claims that any food can prevent, treat or cure a human disease cannot be made on labelling in the European Union. Some spices and herbs are used in traditional western medicine and in eastern medicine such as Ayurveda. They are therefore often promoted as health beneficial. However, if you want to promote the nutritional and health benefits of spices and herbs, you must base any claim on solid scientific evidence.
+Tips:
+- For practical guidance on food labelling for pre-packed products, see a guidance document on information about the new food labelling legislation (pdf) and check the official guidance document (pdf) published by the European Commission on the control of compliance with nutrient values declared on a label.
+- Note that the presence of allergens is becoming more and more important. The chance of cross-contamination — for example when a product is processed in a factory that also processes peanuts — is sometimes even considered to be possible at farm level.
+- For product-specific packaging requirements, read the product specific studies about promising export products.
+- Be aware of new plastic packaging rules in Europe and timely adapt to new packaging materials.
+- Ask your customer to approve the print concept, before you start printing or labelling.
+Novel foods must be authorised before entering the European market
+Novel food refers to all foods that were not consumed in the European Union to a significant degree before May 1997. 'Novel Food' can be newly developed, innovative food, food produced using new technologies and production processes, as well as food that is or has traditionally been eaten outside of the European Union. Novel food must be approved and safe for consumption and properly labelled.
+As of 1 January 2018, the new Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 on novel foods entered into force. The new Regulation improves conditions, so that food businesses can easily bring new and innovative foods to the European market, while maintaining a high level of food safety for European consumers.
+For the notification of traditional foods from third countries, the new regulation simplifies the authorisation process by requiring evidence of safe use in at least one country outside of the European Union for a period of 25 years. A notification is sent to the European Commission and then forwarded to all Member States and the EFSA. Within four months of receiving the valid notification, a Member State or the EFSA may submit safety objections to the notified traditional food entering the market.
+Tip:
+- To check if your product or ingredient is authorised as a novel food, check a Novel Food Catalogue. Note that the list is non-exhaustive and serves as orientation on whether a product will need authorisation under the Novel Food Regulation.
+2. What additional requirements do buyers often have?
+European buyers often require proof of any implemented food safety standards in the form of specific certificates issued by the independent control bodies. Some of the buyers will have their own control lists and a number of different quality requirements. Aside from food safety and product quality aspects, there is an increasing demand for proof of sustainable and ethical business practices.
+Product quality requirements
+The quality of spices and herbs is determined by several factors, some as subjective as taste or flavour. Quality criteria may also vary by product. For example, for chillies, specific criteria are measured such as colour (for example using ASTA units) or pungency (using Scoville heat units). Those quality criteria are not always used for other spices and herbs. Some quality parameters are used for spices and herbs in general, including the following:
+- Cleanliness or purity: spices and herbs must be free from diseases, foreign matters, foreign odours, and other disorders. The European Spice Association (ESA) says the maximum presence of external matter should be below 1% by weight for all spices. However, this requirement can vary depending on buyers’ requests and may involve more specific indicators, such as the maximum allowance of defective fruits or seeds, the number of dead insects or measuring of specific foreign matters (like in ASTA Cleanliness Specification).
+Impurities of spices and herbs are also measured by burning the product at 550ºC to constant weight and measuring the ash residue. For different kinds of spices and herbs, different maximum levels are set for levels of acid in the ash. You can find them in the Quality Minima Document of the European Spice Association.
+When shipped, the variety or cultivar should be declared in the product specification. If varieties or cultivars other than declared are present in the packaging, some buyers perceive it as fraud, but some buyers tolerate certain levels.
+- Moisture content: the minimum moisture content for different spices and herbs is set in the Quality Minima Document of the European Spice Association. Still, buyers may request a different moisture content.
+- Mesh or particle size: when spices and herbs are exported in powdered form, they are ground to pass through a sieve of a specific diameter. Sieves are often specified in micron sizes and typical requirements are that 95% to 99.5% of ground product can pass through the specific size of the sieve.
+- Odour and flavour: specific spices and herbs must have a characteristic odour and flavour. The flavour profile of spices and herbs mostly depends on the chemical components of the essential oil. The flavour profile varies depending on the variety, cultivar, geographic, climatic and growth conditions.
+- Volatile and essential oils: the quality of spices and herbs is generally higher when the percentage of ash is low, and the content of essential oils is high. The European Spice association defined a minimum content of essential oils for most spices and herbs.
+Internationally recognised standards set quality and specification criteria more precisely for a few spices and herbs. Codex Alimentarius Standards for spices and herbs include standards for black, white and green pepper, cumin, dried thyme and for food-grade salt. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe published a specific standard for dried whole chillies, and the International Standards Organisation (ISO) published several product specifications for different spices, culinary herbs and condiments.
+Food Safety Certification as a basis for entering the European market
+Although food safety certification is not obligatory under European legislation, it has become a must for almost all food European food importers. Most established European importers will not work with you if you cannot provide some type of proof of food safety certification as the basis for cooperation.
+The majority of European buyers will ask for Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) certification. For spices and herb processors and traders, the most popular certification programmes are:
+- International Featured Standards (IFS)
+- British Retail Consortium Global Standards (BRCGS)
+- Food Safety System Certification (FSSC 22000)
+Please note that this list is not exhaustive, and food certification systems are constantly developing. The majority of food safety certification programmes are similar to the ISO 22000 standard.
+Although different food safety certification systems are based on similar principles, some buyers may prefer one specific management system. For example, British buyers often require BRCGS, while IFS is more common for German retailers. Also, note that food safety certification is only a basis to start exporting to Europe. Serious buyers will usually visit/audit your production facilities within one or a few years.
+Laboratory control
+In practice, food safety certification (although almost obligatory) is very often less important than physical approval of the products, so buyers in Europe frequently ask for laboratory tests. It is common practice in Europe that deliveries are accompanied with documentation from accredited laboratories that is not older than six months.
+The credibility of the laboratories that are performing testing is important to European buyers. This can be a potential issue for some developing country exporters, as laboratories must be able to deal with all required tests. In some developing countries, laboratories can only perform a limited number of tests and for some, analysis samples must be sent to other countries. It is common for European buyers to ask for tests for more than 500 different pesticide residues.
+Tips:
+- Read the Quality Minima Document of the European Spice Association (ESA). This document describes European buyers’ minimum quality requirements for dried herbs and spices.
+- Follow the Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Spices by the American Spice Trade Association.
+- Get food safety certification. However, check with the importers and experts if the food safety certification company you consult is appreciated by European Union buyers. Examples of independent internationally accredited certification companies include SGS, CIS, TÜV and Bureau Veritas.
+- Make sure sampling is done according to the European sampling regulations, as a high sampling reliability of each separate lot is very important to mitigate the risks.
+Private pesticide residues requests
+Be aware that some European buyers may use stricter limits for pesticide residues than official MRL regulations. Most supermarkets have their own standards (codes of practices) regarding pesticides, which are stricter than legislation. Recent examples include the Danish operations of supermarket chains Coop, Aldi and Lidl, which have more stringent pesticide residue standards than legally required: Lidl requires 66% less residue, Coop 50% less and Aldi 20%–30% less than mandated by European Union legislation.
+More European retailers are expected to increase their demands regarding pesticide residues. If your buyers do business with these supermarkets, they will impose these standards on your products too. Suppliers that are able to reduce pesticide residues in their products will improve their chances of selling to European retailers.
+Sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) requests
+Social, environmental and ethical activities relating to CSR in the European spices and herbs industry can be implemented at each level of the supply chain. From farm and production level, to the processing of spices and herbs, up to delivery to the consumer. Companies have different requirements for social responsibility. Some companies will require you to adhere to their code of conduct, or follow common standards such as the Supplier Ethical Data Exchange (SEDEX), Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) or Business Social Compliance Initiative code of conduct (amfori BSCI).
+Important sustainability issues in spices are related to pesticide residues and inadequate drying methods, leading to, among other things, aflatoxin problems. In order to improve sustainable production and sourcing of spices, a group of companies and organisations formed the Sustainable Spice Initiative (SSI). One of the aims of SSI members is to reach or exceed 25% sustainable sourcing in at least the top three product categories by 2025.
+Sustainability has become one of the most important topics on the official European agenda. The European Union implemented a set of policies called the European Green Deal, which aims to make the European economy sustainable and climate neutral by 2050. Specific measures included in the policies may impact supply from developing countries, among which a 50% reduction in the use of more hazardous pesticides and increasing the share of agricultural land under organic farming to 25% by 2030.
+Sustainability is also an important part of new certification schemes. The sections below describe several existing certifications focusing on environmental and social aspects. There are new certification schemes based on CO2 emissions, such as MyClimate or Carbon Footprint Certification. One certification scheme supporting several sustainability aspects is Planet Proof, which covers energy and climate, crop protection, biodiversity and landscape, soil fertility, clean water, packaging and waste.
+Tips:
+- Do a self-assessment through the questionnaire from the BSCI website.
+- Follow Sustainable Agricultural Practices for Spices (pdf) issued by Sustainable Spices Initiative India.
+- If you are from India or Vietnam, join SSSI national platforms.
+- Ask your farmers to fill in the Farmer Self Assessment by the Sustainable Agriculture Initiative to check how sustainable their production is.
+- Consider implementing management systems such as ISO14001 (environmental aspects), OHSAS 18001 (occupational health and safety), ISO 26000 (a comprehensive system including all social responsibility aspects) or SA 8000 (labour and working conditions). Those systems are good ways to address sustainability and possibly gain a competitive advantage. Explore with your buyer whether they would appreciate this.
+3. What are the requirements for niche markets?
+Increasing demand for certified organic products
+To market spices and herbs as organic in Europe, they must be grown using organic production methods according to European legislation. Growing and processing facilities must be audited by an accredited certifier before you can put the European Union’s organic logo on your products, as well as the logo of the standard holder, such as Soil Association in the United Kingdom and Naturland in Germany. The procedure for certification roughly follows these five steps:
+- Step 1 – Follow organic production rules - A common practice is to engage agronomists who are experts in organic production in order to implement best practices and to get guidance that will prepare producers and exporters for the organic certification. When engaging consultants, be aware that the same company cannot provide both consulting and certification services, as this is considered a conflict of interests.
+- Step 2 – Apply for certification - When companies decide that their production and processing are ready for organic certification, they can select and negotiate a certification fee with any of the EU-recognised control bodies that are approved by the European Union regulation (EC) No 1235/2008. A common cost-saving practice for small farmers is group certification.
+- Step 3 – Be ready for inspection - During inspection, the inspector verifies whether the organic management plan is consistent with the reality and investigates any findings. After evaluating the report, the control body decides if a certificate can be issued or some non-conformities must be corrected before the certificate can be issued.
+- Step 4 – Get certified - If the control body confirms that the organic management plan is consistent with the reality, the organic certificate is issued. After being audited by an accredited certifier, you may include the EU organic logo on your products, along with the logo of the standard holder. Together with the logo, a certifier code number must be indicated. Be aware that an organic certificate is valid for one year from the issue date.
+- Step 5 – Submit the certificate of inspection for shipments - Every shipment of organic products must be accompanied by the certificate of inspection, which is only issued electronically by selected certifiers, through the central platform called TRACES. European importers must also submit an application form for the import of organic products from developing country exporters. This application must include the company information, the name of the certifier, and the date of the last inspection. The importer also needs to submit a confirmation from a third party that the certifier fulfils the requirements of ISO standard 65/EN 45011.
+The new EU regulation on organic production of 2018 is expected to enter into force in 2022. The new rules will allow for mixed farming, and combining conventional and organic production, provided that the two are sufficiently separated. Inspections of organic production and organic products will also become stricter to prevent fraud. Producers in third countries will have to comply with the same set of rules as those producing in the European Union.
+Tips:
+- Consider investing in organic production and make a cost-benefit analysis. Organic production will often make production more expensive, but you may be able to compensate this with higher sales prices. Demand for certified organic spices and herbs is increasing.
+- Try to combine organic certification with other sustainable initiatives to increase your competitiveness on the European market.
+- Check the guidelines for imports of organic products into the European Union (pdf) to familiarise yourself with the requirements for European traders.
+- Consult the Sustainability Map database for organic labels and standards.
+Social and environmental certifications
+The two most commonly used sustainability certification schemes are Fairtrade and Rainforest Alliance. Fairtrade international has developed a specific standard for herbs, herbal teas and spices for small-scale producer organisations. This FairTrade standard includes the Minimum and Premium Prices for conventional and organic products from several countries and regions.
+Tips:
+- Consult the ITC Sustainability Map for a full overview of certification schemes.
+- Check the Fair Trade Standards relevant for your production, processing and trade.
+Ethnic certification
+The Islamic dietary laws (Halal) and the Jewish dietary laws (Kosher) impose specific restrictions on diets. If you want to focus on Jewish or Islamic ethnic niche markets, you should consider the implementation of Halal or Kosher certification schemes.
+Tip:
+- If you are focusing on the Jewish or Islamic market within Europe, you should become familiar with relevant certification procedures. You can find answers from many Halal or Kosher certification organisations.
+This study has been carried out on behalf of CBI by Autentika Global.
+Please review our market information disclaimer.
+lautorite.qc.ca Choosing Auto Insurance
+- Rosanna Vanessa Holmes
+- 1 years ago
+- Views:
+Transcription
+1 lautorite.qc.ca Choosing Auto Insurance
+2 About the AMF The Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF) is the regulatory and oversight body for Québec s financial industry. Its mission is to protect the public by applying the laws and regulations that govern insurance, securities (for example, stocks and bonds), deposit institutions (other than banks) and the distribution of financial products and services. The AMF has published four brochures on insurance. This one will help you choose the right auto insurance and make it easier for you to file any claims you may have in the future. The other brochures are: Choosing Home Insurance, Choosing Life and Health Insurance and Choosing Travel Insurance. NOTICE The AMF, its management and staff are not liable for the consequences of any errors in this brochure, which is provided for your information only. The AMF does not offer any advice on the purchase or use of specific financial products or services. The information in this publication is current as at July This brochure is available on the AMF website. Legal deposit Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2012 Legal deposit Library and Archives Canada, 2012 SBN (Print version)
+3 Table of contents Choosing auto insurance...3 Five steps to choosing the right auto insurance Evaluate your needs 2. Choose your coverage 3. Decide whether you need additional protection 4. Shop around 5. Buy auto insurance that meets your needs Five important things to know about auto insurance Avoid disputes: What should you do while your policy is in effect? 2. Cancelling your auto insurance 3. Renewing your auto insurance 4. What happens if you have an accident? 5. How long it takes to settle a claim What happens if you have a dispute with your insurer? Choosing auto insurance. Choosing Auto Insurance 3
+4 Auto insurance FAQ My car is old. Can I drive it without being insured? In Québec, you need to have civil liability coverage because you must be insured against damages caused to others. So if you own a car, you must be insured by law. My 18-year-old daughter got her driver s licence nine months ago and will occasionally be driving my car. Do I have to inform my insurer? Yes. The insurer will consider your daughter s driving record and how often she will be using your car. If you don t inform your insurer, you may not be fully compensated if your daughter has an accident while driving your car. I m planning to start taking my car to work. Should I inform my insurer? Yes. Your insurer determines your premium based on the risk you represent and how you use your car. If you don t take your car to work, you probably pay a lower premium. If you don t inform your insurer, you may not be fully compensated if you have an accident driving to work. Source: Groupement des assureurs automobiles. 4 Autorité des marchés financiers
+5 Two plans in Québec: Public and private There are two auto insurance plans in Québec, a public one administered by the Société de l assurance automobile du Québec (SAAQ) and a private one. For the private plan, each car owner must buy coverage from a private insurance company. The table below shows the main features of these two plans. Coverage Where does coverage apply? How does it work? Société d assurance automobile du Québec As a Québec resident, you are covered for bodily injury sustained in a car accident. Compensation can be awarded for: Death Income replacement Various expenses, e.g. medical Non-monetary damages such as loss of enjoyment Bodily injury, from fractures to amputations In Québec and around the world. This is a no-fault plan. You are compensated for your injuries whether or not the accident is your fault. Private Insurers Mandatory coverage Car owners must hold liability insurance of at least $50,000 (for damage caused to third parties). It is usually recommended to increase this coverage to $1 million or $2 million. Optional coverage You can also purchase collision coverage for your vehicle but this is not obligatory. In Canada and the U.S. In compensating you, your insurer will take into account whether the accident was your fault. Choosing Auto Insurance 5
+6 Five steps to choosing the right auto insurance You will probably buy your auto insurance from an insurance agent or broker. An agent sells the products of one insurance company while a broker can offer the products of multiple insurers. Regardless of whom you choose, the representative will evaluate your needs and recommend the best coverage for you. Follow these five steps to choose the right auto insurance for you. 1. Evaluate your needs Ask yourself the following questions: Do you need collision coverage for your car? Is it a late model or used vehicle? Who drives your car besides you? What do you use the car for: pleasure or to drive to work? Do you need additional coverage or will basic coverage be enough? Do you sometimes drive in other provinces or in the U.S.? Do you rent a car often? Would you need a replacement vehicle if something happened to your car? 6 Autorité des marchés financiers
+7 2. Choose your coverage You visited countless dealers or scoured the newspaper ads to find the car you want. Now that you re looking for auto insurance, are you having trouble comparing the type and extent of the coverage offered? What about the restrictions? Québec has a standard auto insurance policy called Q.P.F. No. 1. This means that all insurers offer the two main types of coverage found in Q.P.F. No. 1: Civil liability (Section A of the insurance policy) Loss of or damage to insured automobile (Section B of the insurance policy) Choosing Auto Insurance 7
+8 Did you know that you can be held liable? If you re in an accident, you can be held liable for property damage or bodily injury caused to another person. This is called civil liability. Your insurance will cover you for up to a set amount against the cost of damage you may cause to third parties with your vehicle. The amount typically ranges from $1 million to $5 million. This may seem high, but if you re found liable, you can be sued for a lot of money. ON HIS WAY BACK FROM VACATION Driving home from a two-week vacation in Florida, Joe is involved in a collision with a truck in Plattsburgh. Not only is the truck driver seriously hurt, his cargo is also damaged. When he gets back to Québec, Joe finds out he s being sued for $1.5 million. 8 Autorité des marchés financiers
+9 Civil liability insurance covers you for the cost of: Property damage caused to third parties in case of an accident for which you are at fault; Bodily injury caused to third parties if you have an accident in another province or in the U.S. You are not covered elsewhere in the world. Call your insurer if you re planning to drive elsewhere; Damage caused by someone driving your car; Damage to your car following a collision in Québec for which you are not at fault. Civil liability insurance is obligatory in Québec if you own a car. However, it does not cover damage to your vehicle if the accident is your fault. If you are responsible for an accident and your car is damaged, you will only be covered if you hold collision insurance. Unlike civil liability insurance, this coverage is optional. Choosing Auto Insurance 9
+10 Automobile claims database This is a database containing all automobile claims made in the last six years (accident, theft, vandalism and so on) that insurers can consult to find out your claims history, which will affect your premium. Anyone with a valid driver s licence can consult their record in the database. Contact the GAA (Groupement des assureurs automobiles) information centre to learn how to do this or visit Do you need to be insured for damage to your vehicle? Section B of your insurance policy covers costs related to the theft of your vehicle, or repairs for damage to your vehicle, its equipment and accessories. Unlike civil liability insurance, the law does not require you to insure yourself against damage to your own car, i.e. collision insurance. 10 Autorité des marchés financiers
+11 MARY AND HER OLD CAR Mary has an old car worth about $2,200 that she plans to get rid of next year. The premium, plus the $500 deductible she would have to pay in the event of an accident for which she was at fault, is $900. Because this represents 41% of the value of a car that is more than 10 years old, she decides not to take out collision insurance. With or without deductible? The deductible is the amount you will have to pay in case of a claim. The higher the deductible, the lower the premium and vice versa. If you have an accident with another vehicle in Québec, you don t have to pay the deductible if you are not at fault. According to the law, your insurer must compensate you under your policy s civil liability coverage (Section A), for which there is no deductible. Choosing Auto Insurance 11
+12 The following types of coverage are available for damage to an insured vehicle (Section B): Type of Coverage 1. All perils 2. Collision or upset 3. Comprehensive excluding collision or upset 4. Specified perils Covers Damage to your vehicle and its equipment. Deductible: usually starts at $250. Damage to your vehicle and its equipment due to collision or roll-over only. Deductible: usually starts at $250. Damage to your vehicle caused by: Fire Hail Flooding Vandalism Falling objects Collision with a person or an animal This coverage also protects you against vehicle theft. Deductible: usually starts at $100. Pays only for losses caused by perils specifically listed in the policy, for example, fire, theft and floods.this coverage is more limited than the one called Comprehensive excluding collision or upset. For example, you would be compensated if your vehicle caught fire due to a mechanical problem but not if the fire was caused by vandalism. What is an endorsement? Endorsements are modifications that can be included in your insurance policy. They are identified by numbers and sometimes by a letter for a subcategory of the endorsement. 12 Autorité des marchés financiers
+13 What happens when your car is a total loss? When the damage to a car is so extensive that it cannot be repaired, it is considered a total loss. An insurer may also declare the car a total loss when the cost of repairs exceeds the value of the car on the day of the accident. If your car is a total loss, you will receive compensation equal to the value of the car on the day of the accident, unless you have a replacement cost endorsement (if so, see next page). The value of the car on the day of the accident represents its actual cash value, which is determined by establishing the value of a similar vehicle on the used car market. The vehicle s wear and tear, repairs and other relevant factors are also taken into account. Be sure to give the insurer all supporting documents (bills, appraisals) attesting to the value of the vehicle. Did you know? Among the following items, some are covered by auto insurance while others are not. CD player Leather jacket Your trailer* Bicycle rack Flat tire Corrosion Your golf clubs Covered. Not covered but may be covered by your home insurance. Not covered unless added to the policy. Covered. Not covered. Not covered. Not covered but may be covered by your home insurance. *However, you are covered if you cause damage to a third party with your trailer. Choosing Auto Insurance 13
+14 Have you read the exclusions? To avoid unpleasant surprises, make sure you understand what your policy doesn t cover. The main exclusions are: Flat tires (unless caused by a collision or vandalism) Damage caused by normal wear and tear Damage intentionally caused by the policyholder What about your belongings in the car? Car equipment is covered, for example, your radio or bicycle rack. However, a laptop or any other property left in your vehicle must be covered by your home insurance. After helping you choose basic coverage, your representative should evaluate whether you require additional coverage. 3. Decide whether you need additional protection The endorsements offer additional protection but can increase the cost of the insurance. This section describes the most popular endorsements. The numbers, indicated in parentheses, are the same in all policies. Replacement cost The replacement cost endorsement (No. 43) has six options (A to F). We will discuss the most popular option 43E available on newly purchased or leased vehicles. In case of total loss or theft, your vehicle will be replaced by a new one with the same features, equipment and accessories. If such a car is not available, it will be replaced by a similar vehicle. The coverage period can vary from two to five years. 14 Autorité des marchés financiers
+15 What is the difference between replacement cost insurance (Endorsement 43E) and replacement insurance? The following table summarizes the differences and similarities. Endorsement 43E Replacement Cost Offered directly by insurers, brokers or agents.* In case of total loss or theft, your vehicle will be replaced by a new, equivalent car but not necessarily from the original dealer. You have the option of not replacing the vehicle and receiving an indemnity. The price is fixed for the term of the policy (usually one year) and is renewable thereafter at the conditions set by the insurer. The deductible is indicated on the policy. You can cancel your policy at any time by notifying your insurer in writing. You will be reimbursed for the unused portion of the premium, less cancellation fees. If your vehicle is declared a total loss, your policy is not necessarily cancelled because the new vehicle can be covered by the same policy. *See our brochure Insurance Sold by Lenders and Merchants. Replacement Insurance Offered directly by insurers, brokers or car dealers on behalf of an insurer.* In case of total loss or theft, your vehicle will be replaced by a new, equivalent car (in the case of a used vehicle). The car will be replaced by the same dealer or by the dealer of your choice depending on the option you chose when you purchased the policy. The price is fixed when the vehicle is purchased for the term of the policy and can usually be financed along with the cost of the vehicle. No deductible. You can also cancel your policy at any time by notifying your insurer in writing and paying a fee. However, if the coverage was purchased from a car dealer, you can also cancel your insurance within 10 days without penalty. If your vehicle is declared a total loss, the policy is cancelled. The insurer reimburses you the unused portion of the premium. This policy is not transferable from one vehicle to another. Before choosing, take the time to evaluate your needs and compare prices. Choosing Auto Insurance 15
+16 Coverage for borrowed or short-term leased vehicles This coverage (Endorsement 27) protects you if you are responsible for damage to a vehicle that you leased or borrowed for less than one year in Canada or the U.S. Do you have a long-term vehicle lease? (One year and more) Some long-term vehicle lease contracts contain a gap protection clause. If you have an accident with your leased vehicle and it is a total loss, the gap protection will limit your obligation to handing the dealer the indemnity (value of the vehicle) received from the insurer. You will not have to pay the difference between the value of the vehicle and the amount remaining on your lease with the dealer. Do you need a replacement vehicle? If your car is stolen or cannot be driven after an accident, you will need to find another means of transportation. Will you have to rent a car, take a taxi or use public transit while waiting for your car to be replaced or repaired? Your auto insurance policy contains basic coverage in case of theft; however, you can buy one of two endorsements (20 and 20A) for better protection. Buying additional coverage reduces the waiting period before you re allowed to rent a vehicle at the insurer s expense following a theft. It will also give you more money for the rental and applies to all claims covered by the policy. Ask your representative for more information about this type of endorsement. 16 Autorité des marchés financiers
+17 4. Shop around Who will give you the best protection for the best price? Depending on their risk management preferences, insurers will favour some policyholders over others. Take the time to shop around because the difference in price can be significant. That said, your decision should not be based on price alone. Choose insurance with the coverage you need. Factors that can affect the cost of your auto insurance Age and sex Young men generally file more claims and will therefore pay higher premiums. Your driving record and vehicle usage Your insurance premium may be lower if: You have taken a driver education course You have held a driver s licence for several years You have not committed any violations of the Highway Safety Code You have not been in or caused an accident You don t use your vehicle to travel great distances You don t use your vehicle for business Choosing Auto Insurance 17
+18 Your vehicle Premiums increase or decrease depending on vehicle make, model, value, engine, cost of replacement parts and even the number of doors. Some vehicles are more popular with thieves. The Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC)* publishes a list of the top 10 most stolen cars in Canada. *The IBC represents most property and casualty insurers in Canada. Where you live Your premium will be higher or lower depending on where you live. For example, premiums will be higher in areas with higher car theft rates or that have more traffic accidents. Your coverage Insurers also take into account the amount of civil liability insurance and deductible that will apply if a vehicle is damaged. The higher the deductible, the lower the premium. Also, if you only have civil liability coverage, you will pay less than if you are also covered for vehicle damage. CAN T GET INSURANCE? Regardless of your situation, you must be able to get insurance. If you ve tried without success, you can contact the IBC s Insurance Information Centre for free advice. The Centre will examine your record and why insurers are refusing to insure you. They will help you find a solution so you can get insurance. 18 Autorité des marchés financiers
+19 Discounts If you insure more than one vehicle or insure both your car and your home with the same company, you may be entitled to a discount. As well, the premium is likely to be lower if your car is equipped with an antitheft device. Some insurers also offer a discount if you ve lived in the same place for many years. You could pay less You could get a discount from your insurer if you: Install an antitheft device Purchase home insurance from the same insurer Opt for a higher deductible Have a good driving record And remember, shop around. 5. Buy auto insurance that meets your needs You ve found the type of auto insurance you need. Before buying: Find out whether your insurer and its representative are registered with the Autorité des marchés financiers. Call the AMF Information Centre or check the Register on-line at Answer your insurer s or representative s questions honestly. If you make a false declaration, for example, concerning the use of your car, it could complicate matters in the event of a claim, which could be reduced or even rejected. Moreover, the insurer could raise your premium when the policy expires or simply refuse to insure you. Tell your insurer if: You use your car for business, travel or just for pleasure Regularly lend your car to someone else Choosing Auto Insurance 19
+20 Five important things to know about auto insurance 1. Avoid disputes: What should you do while your policy is in effect? Inform your insurer of any increased risk, i.e. the addition of a driver, new equipment or a change in the use of your car. In this way, you ll avoid unpleasant surprises in the event of a claim. For example, if you didn t tell your insurer that your 18-year-old daughter is now driving your car, you may not be compensated if she has an accident. Pay your premiums on time; otherwise, your insurer can cancel your policy. Keep the receipts of improvements made to your vehicle, especially if they substantially increase its value. If you don t receive a policy renewal, call the insurer. 20 Autorité des marchés financiers
+21 2. Cancelling your auto insurance When can you cancel your insurance? A cancellation means that the insurance will no longer be in effect as of a certain date. A policy can be cancelled by the policyholder or the insurer. You can cancel your policy at any time and for any reason simply by informing your insurer in writing. You will be reimbursed for the unused portion of your premium, less cancellation fees. These fees are calculated according to a cancellation table that comes with the policy. If you re cancelling your policy because you ve found a better deal elsewhere, make sure the new insurance offers the same benefits and coverage as your current policy. When can an insurer cancel your policy? Your insurer can decide to cancel your policy within 60 days of its effective date by notifying you in writing. After this period, an insurer can only cancel a policy if the risk of insuring you increases* or if you fail to pay your premium. * In most cases, the insurer won t cancel the policy but will increase your premium. Choosing Auto Insurance 21
+22 3. Renewing your auto insurance You will receive a renewal notice no later than 30 days before the policy s expiry date. If your insurer does not want to renew your policy, it must also advise you within 30 days of the policy s expiry. If you don t plan to renew, let the insurer know. False declarations and too many claims are the main reasons cited by insurers for refusing to renew a policy. If you want to change insurer, start shopping for a new policy before your current one expires and let the insurer know that you don t plan to renew. If you notify the insurer after the renewal, you will have to pay cancellation fees. 4. What happens if you have an accident? We all hope never to be in an accident but if it happens, there are some things you can do to minimize problems. What you should do: Complete the joint report of automobile accident, available free of charge from the GAA ( Groupement des assureurs automobiles ). However, if someone is hurt, call the police. If there are witnesses to the accident, take down their names and telephone numbers. Jot down what happened. 22 Autorité des marchés financiers
+23 What you should NOT do: Admit responsibility because it will affect your insurer s recourse; Settle a claim without your insurer s authorization; Abandon your vehicle. Have it towed to a location where it will be protected from further damage. If you don t, you could be responsible for any additional damage. Damage appraisal following an accident After an accident, the insurer can have the damage to your car assessed by an appraiser of its choice. Where can you have your car repaired after an accident? All you need to do is give your insurer the name and phone number of your garage. But don t go ahead until the insurer authorizes the repairs. If your garage says that the repairs will cost more than the appraiser s estimate, the insurer may ask the garage to justify the higher costs. Take the time to discuss the damage appraisal with your insurer and the type of parts that will be used to make the repairs (new or used parts). JADE DID NOT PAY HER PREMIUM In May, Jade bought insurance for her new car. The annual premium was $1,200. Two months later, despite repeated requests, the insurer still hadn t received payment. The insurer can cancel the policy by notifying the policyholder in writing but Jade still has to pay a premium for the period during which she was insured. In addition, she may have trouble getting insurance from another company. Choosing Auto Insurance 23
+24 5. How long it takes to settle a claim Claims for damage to a vehicle are usually settled within 60 days. This time is calculated from the date the insurer receives the notice of loss or the date you provide the required information or supporting documents. Send the information to your insurer as quickly as possible. What happens if you have a dispute with your insurer? First, try to reach an agreement with your insurer or broker. If you can t, a number of recourses are available to you. You can always start by contacting the Autorité des marchés financiers, the body responsible for overseeing Québec s financial markets. Autorité des marchés financiers ( AMF ) The AMF offers a complaint examination and assistance service to consumers of financial products and services. An agent from our Information Centre will explain how to file a complaint with the company with which you did business. If you are still not satisfied, you can ask that your file be transferred to the AMF. The AMF will study your file and may offer its mediation service (amicable settlement). This service is free for consumers but the company involved must agree to participate. This service is an alternative to the courts and may help you and the company arrive at a satisfactory resolution. 24 Autorité des marchés financiers
+25 Chambre de l assurance de dommages (ChAD) The ChAD receives complaints from consumers concerning claims adjusters, brokers and agents in damage insurance. Once the investigation is completed, a complaint may be filed against the representative before the discipline committee, which can impose sanctions ranging from a mere reprimand to de-registration and impose fines of $2,000 to $50,000 per infraction. Although it does not allow consumers to recover lost money, this approach is useful for those who feel they were wronged by a representative and want him to change his conduct. The ChAD maintains discipline and oversees the training and ethics of its members, who are adjusters, brokers and agents in damage insurance. The Autorité des marchés financiers delegates responsibilities to self-regulating bodies such as the ChAD to help ensure compliance with regulations. Arbitration In auto insurance, when there is a disagreement about the damages, your policy states that you have access to arbitration but can also choose to go to court. If you choose arbitration, your insurer will have to agree to this method on receipt of your written request. You and your insurer will then each have to name an expert, who will appoint an impartial arbitrator. The arbitration award will replace a judgment and you and the insurer will each have to pay half of the arbitration fees plus the fees of your experts. When a written request for arbitration is made by the insurer, the policyholder has the choice to refuse and opt for the courts instead. The courts Turning to the AMF does not mean you lose your right to go to court (unless there is a settlement or arbitration). However, be careful about how long you take because the law sets time limits for taking someone to court. A lawyer can tell you more. Visit to learn how the legal system works in Québec. Choosing Auto Insurance 25
+26 Useful resources Autorité des marchés financiers Québec City: Montréal: Toll-free: Website: Youth site: Chambre de l assurance de dommages (ChAD) Montréal: Toll-free: Fax: Website: Société de l assurance automobile du Québec Québec City area: Montréal area: Toll-free: (Québec, Canada, U.S.) Website: Insurance Bureau of Canada Montréal: Toll-free: Website: Groupement des assureurs automobiles Montréal: Toll-free: Website: 26 Autorité des marchés financiers
+27
+28 To contact the Autorité des marchés financiers QUÉBEC CITY Place de la Cité, tour Cominar 2640, boulevard Laurier, bureau 400 Québec (Québec) G1V 5C1 Montréal 800, square Victoria, 22 e étage C.P. 246, tour de la Bourse Montréal (Québec) H4Z 1G3 INFORMATION CENTRE Québec City: Montréal: Toll-free number: You can also visit the AMF website at lautorite.qc.ca Youth site: tesaffaires.com
+All about. auto. insurance
+All about auto insurance Legal Deposit Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2011 Legal Deposit Library and Archives Canada, 2011 Table of contents Buying auto insurance 4 Who is insured? 4 Who
+insurance policy I m in the driver s seat!
+My first car insurance policy I m in the driver s seat! Car insurance is mandatory! Mandatory Car insurance primarily covers damage you could cause to others. It s called civil liability. Do you own a
+lautorite.qc.ca Choosing Travel Insurance
+lautorite.qc.ca Choosing Travel Insurance About the AMF? The Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF) is the regulatory and oversight body for Québec s financial industry. Its mission is to protect the public
+1-800-927-4357.. Automobile. Insurance. California Department of Insurance
+1-800-927-4357 Automobile Insurance California Department of Insurance Table of Contents Page 2 Introduction to Auto Insurance 4 Auto Insurance Costs 6 Liability Coverage and California
+lautorite.qc.ca Choosing an Investment Dealer or Representative
+lautorite.qc.ca Choosing an Investment Dealer or Representative Table of contents Step 1 Evaluate your needs... 4 Step 2 Choose a firm and a representative... 9 Step 3 Prepare for the meeting with your
+New Wordings of Automobile Insurance Forms Effective February 1 st, 2010
+New Wordings of Automobile Insurance Forms Effective February 1 st, 2010 Since 2005, the Groupement des assureurs automobiles has been revising the automobile insurance forms. As the revision has now been
+PARENTS OF YOUNG DRIVERS: stay in the loop!
+PARENTS OF YOUNG DRIVERS: stay in the loop! YOUR YOUNGSTERS ARE READY TO HIT QUEBEC S ROADS! When should they start getting insured? Which coverage should you take out for them so they re well protected
+Carefree. Travel ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD
+Carefree Travel ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD Information contained in this document is of an indicative nature only and does not bind the Société de l assurance automobile du Québec. Legal deposit Bibliothèque
+NAIC Consumer Shopping Tool for Auto Insurance
+NAIC Consumer Shopping Tool for Auto Insurance Need Auto Insurance? Here is What You Need to Know. Whether you are buying auto insurance for the first time, or shopping to be sure you are getting the best
+All About Auto Insurance
+All About Auto Insurance The legal responsibility involved when you are in a car accident is extraordinary. Basically, if you hurt someone else while driving, there s no limit to the amount he or she can
+Insurance. Understanding Insurance Basics
+Insurance Understanding Insurance Basics About FCAC With educational materials and interactive tools, the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC) provides objective information about financial products.
+CHECKLIST ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
+CHECKLIST ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Determine your requirements and your financial resources As a purchaser, you should ensure that the vehicle truly corresponds to your needs and financial resources. Shopping: Understand how auto insurance rates are set
+Insurance Shopping: Understand how auto insurance rates are set If you re shopping around for auto insurance it s important to know how insurance companies set their rates. Many factors are at play, so
+AUTO INSURANCE CLAIMS & CLAIMANTS RIGHTS
+AUTO INSURANCE CLAIMS & CLAIMANTS RIGHTS NUTS & BOLTS You ve had an accident. Your vehicle is damaged. Now you are counting on insurance to help pay for the repairs... This brochure answers the most common
+BUSINESS INSURANCE FAQ
+BUSINESS INSURANCE FAQ Q: What is Business Insurance? A: We strive to understand your risk tolerance and financial ability to withstand the spectrum of potential losses and develop insurance programs to
+A Shopping Tool for. Automobile Insurance. Mississippi Insurance Department
+Automobile Insurance Mississippi Insurance Department 1 2014 National Association of Insurance Commissioners All rights reserved. National Association of Insurance Commissioners Insurance Products &
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts Division of Insurance
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts Division of Insurance Joseph G Murphy, Commissioner CONTENTS: PAGE # How to Reach Us D-1 How to File an Insurance Complaint D-1 Frequently Asked Insurance Questions (FAQ s)
+ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD
+Notice to readers regarding accessibility: This document meets the requirements of the Québec government standard for Web accessibility SGQRI 008-02 and is accessible to people with disabilities. All notices
+made simple Auto Insurance What s included:
+Auto Insurance made simple What s included: How to read your Allstate Auto Policy Declarations Understanding auto insurance: Coverages Deductibles Coverage limits What to do in case of an accident Frequently
+CONSUMER S GUIDE TO AUTO INSURANCE
+CONSUMER S GUIDE TO AUTO INSURANCE The Colorado Division of Insurance prepares this booklet to assist you in shopping for auto insurance and to help you understand your Personal Auto Policy. When shopping
+Insuring Business Vehicles
+Insuring Business Vehicles WHAT IS BUSINESS VEHICLE INSURANCE? As a businessowner, you need some of the same insurance coverages for the cars, trucks, vans or other vehicles you use in your business as
+insurance auto insurance
+insurance auto insurance our mission The mission of The USAA Educational Foundation is to help consumers make informed decisions by providing information on financial management, safety concerns and significant
+Distribution Guide. Civil Liability Insurance Program from Intact Insurance OFFICIAL INSURER OF THE FCMQ
+Distribution Guide Civil Liability Insurance Program from Intact Insurance OFFICIAL INSURER OF THE FCMQ Intact Insurance Company (the Insurer or Intact Insurance ) 2450 Girouard Street West Saint-Hyacinthe
+A Shopping Tool for. Automobile Insurance. Mississippi Insurance Department
+A Shopping Tool for Automobile Insurance Mississippi Insurance Department 1 A Shopping Tool for 2014 National Association of Insurance Commissioners All rights reserved. National Association of Insurance
+ONTARIO AUTO INSURANCE GUIDE
+Downloaded from ONTARIO AUTO INSURANCE GUIDE The Insurance Contract Once you know what coverage you want, an insurance contract is established between you and your insurance company.
+Familiarization Guide. Plain Language Automobile Insurance Policies Q.P.F. No. 1 and Q.P.F. No. 5 So that we understand each other!
+Familiarization Guide Plain Language Automobile Insurance Policies and Q.P.F. No. 5 So that we understand each other! The information contained in this guide is up to date as at March 2013. This document
+INSURANCE BASICS (DON T RISK IT)
+INSURANCE BASICS (DON T RISK IT) WHAT IS INSURANCE? Risk management tool that limits financial loss due to illness, injury or damage in exchange for a premium Shared Risk- Insurance company collects premiums
+What is a definition of insurance?
+What is a definition of insurance? A system of protection against loss in which a number of individuals agree to pay certain sums for a guarantee that they will be compensated for a specific loss. Every
+Automobile Insurance Guide
+Automobile Insurance Guide Page 1 Simply stated, automobile insurance is a contract between you and your insurance company that protects you against financial loss if you are in an accident. Auto policies
+QUEBEC AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE POLICY Q.P.F. NO. 5 COMPLEMENTARY INSURANCE FOR DAMAGE TO INSURED AUTOMOBILE FORM REPLACEMENT INSURANCE
+QUEBEC AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE POLICY Q.P.F. NO. 5 COMPLEMENTARY INSURANCE FOR DAMAGE TO INSURED AUTOMOBILE FORM REPLACEMENT INSURANCE October 1 st, 2010 To all interested parties: Enclosed please find the
+Business Auto Insurance. made simple
+Business Auto Insurance made simple What s inside: How to read an Allstate Business Auto Policy Declarations Understanding business auto insurance: Deductibles Coverage limits Frequently asked questions
+Your Guide to Auto Insurance Premiums
+INSURANCE FACTS for Pennsylvania Consumers Your Guide to Auto Insurance Premiums 1-877-881-6388 Toll-free Automated Consumer Line Pennsylvnaia Insurance Department Website Required
+Understanding the Claims Handling Process
+Understanding the Claims Handling Process About This Brochure This brochure was designed to answer frequently asked questions about the claim handling process. If you have other questions or would
+Automobile Insurance 1
+FCS7020 Automobile Insurance 1 Nayda I. Torres and Josephine Turner 2 An automobile is often the most expensive property that people own, next to a home. As a result, protection against loss of an automobile
+All about. credit information and insurance
+All about credit information and insurance Introduction The principle of equity in P&C insurance requires that the premium reflect the insurance risk. Credit scoring is one of the criteria used by P
+JUST BEGINNING. Your financial life is. I m Buying a Car!
+Your financial life is JUST BEGINNING. The decisions you make now will put a steering wheel and a credit card in your hands. But they will also affect your financial future. Your choices may even prevent.
+INSURANCE. Understanding Insurance Basics
+INSURANCE Understanding Insurance Basics table of contents What is insurance? 2 How does insurance work? 2 Why would I need insurance? 2 Understanding the language of insurance 3 Life and health insurance
+AUTO INSURANCE OUR MISSION IS YOU. AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE.
+AUTO INSURANCE OUR MISSION IS YOU. AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE Our Mission Like those who serve our nation, AFI is dedicated to delivering protection and peace of mind. Our unwavering commitment to
+CHAPTER 18 GENERAL INSURANCE
+WISCONSIN LEGISLATOR BRIEFING BOOK 2015-16 CHAPTER 18 GENERAL INSURANCE Insurance protects against unexpected losses of income or property. The state regulates general insurance matters through the Office
+made simple Boat Insurance What s inside:
+Boat Insurance made simple What s inside: How to read an Allstate Boatowners Policy Declarations Understanding boatowners insurance Coverages Deductibles Coverage limits What to do in case of an accident
+Ontario Automobile Policy (OAP 1) Owner s Policy
+Ontario Automobile Policy Approved by the Superintendent of Financial Services for use as the standard Owner's Policy on or after September 1, 2010. About This Policy This is your automobile insurance
+Motorcycle Insurance. made simple
+Motorcycle Insurance made simple What s inside: How to read your Allstate Motorcycle Policy Declarations Understanding motorcycle insurance: Coverages Deductibles Coverage limits What to do in case of
+Educational Guide to Automobile Insurance
+Educational Guide to Automobile Insurance Who needs auto insurance? Suppose you have an auto accident and you hurt or kill someone, damage someone else s property or damage your own car. If you are found
+Policy Summary. Keep this wording safe.
+Policy Summary Keep this wording safe. Covéa Insurance Private Car This is a Policy Summary only and does not contain the full terms and conditions of your insurance contract; these can be found in your
+Auto Insurance Consumer s Guide
+Auto Insurance Consumer s Guide Virginia Insurance Prepared by Commonwealth of Virginia State Corporation Commission Bureau of Insurance P.O. Box 1157 Richmond, Virginia 23218 (804) 371-9185
+C14 Automobile Insurance Part 1 Ontario
+Sample Exam C14 Automobile Insurance Part 1 Ontario IMPORTANT The time allowed for this exam is 3 hours. Total marks: 200 You must hand in this paper and any paper used for rough work to the supervisor
+All about. home. insurance
+All about home insurance Legal Deposit Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2011 Legal Deposit Library and Archives Canada, 2011 Table of contents Buying home insurance 4 Who is insured? 4
+A Consumer s Guide Quick
+A Consumer s Quick Guide Headquartered in Kansas City, Mo., the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) is a voluntary organization of the chief insurance regulatory officials of the 50
+TOP10 AUTO INSURANCE FAQ S
+TOP10 AUTO INSURANCE FAQ S Lane s Insurance Chad answers the Top 10 most frequently asked Auto Insurance FAQ s A Publication By: 1 1 - Why is my premium so high? Auto insurance premium rates are based
+Understanding your auto claim
+Understanding your auto claim Filing a claim Immediately notify the police of an accident that damaged other s property or if you were the victim of a hitand-run accident, uninsured motorist, vandalism
+Auto insurance basics
+Auto insurance basics By Nicholas Schidowka, President Insurance Cleveland Agency, LLC As an automobile owner and driver, most states require you to purchase car insurance. When buying a car insurance
+WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION AND HELP
+WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION AND HELP This Buyer's Guide is intended to provide general information to help you make coverage choices. It is not a substitute for the policy language, which governs. Additional
+Ontario Automobile Policy (OAP 1)
+Ontario Automobile Policy (OAP 1) Owner's Policy Approved by the Superintendent of Financial Services for use as the standard Owner's Policy on or after January 1, 2001. About This Policy This is your
+NEW JERSEY AUTO SUPPLEMENT
+AGENCY AGENCY CUSTOMER ID: NEW JERSEY AUTO SUPPLEMENT NAMED INSURED(S) POLICY NUMBER EFFECTIVE DATE CARRIER NAIC CODE NEW JERSEY AUTO INSURANCE BUYER'S GUIDE New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance
+NEW JERSEY AUTO INSURANCE, BUYER S GUIDE BG-NJ (1/14) WHAT'S INSIDE WHEREDOISTART?...1 UNDERSTANDING YOUR POLICY...2 Types of Coverages Standard and Basic Policies What are Limits and Deductibles? UNDERSTANDING
+Home and Automobile Insurance Guide
+Home and Automobile Insurance Guide General Information Finding the best insurance policies to suit your needs can be a complex and confusing business. To help you, we have addressed questions and defined
+UNDERSTANDING YOUR PROPERTY DAMAGE CLAIM
+UNDERSTANDING YOUR PROPERTY DAMAGE CLAIM A LET US EMPOWER YOU This brochure will empower you with the knowledge and tools necessary to complete your own property damage claim. One of the biggest inconveniences
+Claims. Appeal Options. Independent reviews Small claims court Appraisals Rates Appeal Board
+Claims Appeal Options Independent reviews Small claims court Appraisals Rates Appeal Board What you can expect from Manitoba Public Insurance We strive to treat all our customers fairly. It s important
+Rental Vehicle Insurance
+Rental Vehicle Insurance Save on rentals in Manitoba, Canada and the United States Get the most protection Control your risks When you rent or borrow a vehicle, think about the insurance protection you;
+GAUNTLET MOTOR CLAIM FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS INDEX
+GAUNTLET MOTOR CLAIM FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS INDEX FIRST STEPS 1. When an accident happens involving one of my vehicles what should I do? 2. When should I contact Gauntlet? 3. Are photographs important?
+A CONSUMER GUIDE TO AUTO INSURANCE INSURANCE ADMINISTRATION
+A CONSUMER GUIDE TO AUTO INSURANCE INSURANCE ADMINISTRATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...1 How to Shop for Auto Insurance....1 What Factors Impact Rates?...6 What Discounts are Available?....8 Basic
+QUEBEC AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE POLICY FORM (Q.P.F.) No. 1 Owners Form
+QUEBEC AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE POLICY FORM (Q.P.F.) No. 1 Owners Form Q.P.F. No. 1 1 March 1 st, 2014 Registered trademark of Royal Bank of Canada. RBC Insurance is a registered trademark of Royal Bank of
+
+Presentation Slides. Lesson Nine. Cars and Loans 04/09
+Presentation Slides $ Lesson Nine Cars and Loans 04/09 costs of owning and operating a motor vehicle ownership (fixed) costs: Depreciation (based on purchase price) Interest on loan (if buying on credit)
+Your Guide to Understanding Auto Insurance in the Granite State
+State of New Hampshire Insurance Department Your Guide to Understanding Auto Insurance in the Granite State What You Need to Know! This guide is intended to give New Hampshire consumers basic information
+COMMERCIAL PPA EDITION
+NEW JERSEY AUTO INSURANCE BUYER S GUIDE COMMERCIAL PPA EDITION For Individually Owned Private Passenger Automobiles Written on Commercial Insurance Policies WHAT S INSIDE WHERE DO I START?...PAGE 2 UNDERSTANDING
+ Culp instance, paint, developing materials, acrylic and chemical substances may require specific attention. Tires and other kinds of unique automobile parts could also need appropriate disposal. This company can tell you what exactly items you may and may not put into most of these disposals.
+When you choose the Portable Dumpster in Culp Creek, OR company, assistance options change so dig through them as well as work out the most effective one for you.
+Victorian homes are simply spectacular especially when they're kept up. When remodeling nearly all Victorian homes you've got to follow the rules and change it with the same merchandise as yesteryear. Keeping the house restored to their original vogue is usually the concept in most areas.
+Renting the dumpster on added wheels is convenient for cleanup tasks that are located in various areas of the actual yard as well as home. When there are added wheels on a dumpster it might be rolled in one location inside the yard to yet another. A small dumpster in wheels may also be positioned in a very home during a small as well as medium development project for instance remodeling a bathroom or your kitchen. Simply get in touch with an order your dumpster and have that delivered in the morning. Positioning the actual dumpster for easy clean-up is so less difficult when you choose a dumpster with added wheels. However, at times the project is too major for a dumpster that may be rolled as well as moved and it also requires a larger dumpster such as a 12-15 yd. dumpster or a 20 yd. dumpster.
+Every type of business requires sort for dumpster rental fees for its property. The type of dumpster rental fees service as well as size of dumpster needed by a specific organization depends on the of business. Dumpster rental fees services offer you different pick-up options for instance daily, regular, or event monthly pick-ups. These companies furthermore rent out area of expertise dumpsters (made particularly for recyclable items) to the businesses. If you require a compacting dumpster for boxes as well as cardboard goods, you can rent these people from the similar waste managing company in which rents out any other type associated with dumpster.
+Community clean-up is very important and quite often required to keep ourselves faraway from many annoying problems for instance health issues, unclean and sloppy surroundings and so forth. Trash removal in the community gets inevitable inside the events associated with natural disasters similar to floods as well as earth quakes. In the event the locality is hit simply by these kinds of natural disasters, it will be stuffed with trash loaded in the form of left out ruins in the houses, worn out furniture and others.
+When the size and dimenstions is particular during the rental approach, the next step will likely be finding out what's and is not granted inside the dumpster themselves. Contents granted will vary with different rental companies as well as cities, but rules are inclined to remain consistent through most organizations. Contents normally banned include: wet colour, oil, petrol, hazardous squander, flammable fluid, toxic supplies, car car tires and battery power, asbestos, etcetera. Be sure to ask for a prohibited goods list when coming up with the rental. Placing prohibited belongings in a pot typically prospects to an additional payment.
+When you've got plenty of trash to handle and not considerable time or resources to deal with that, you need to rent the trash dumpster. The item sits in your driveway, gladly collects your trash as well as, when the occasion is right, becomes hauled aside to the garbage dump without searching back. Getting a waste Portable Dumpster in Culp Creek, OR takes the majority of the responsibility off your shoulders if you're working on the construction, clean-out as well as demolition project and you've got a load of waste building up in your front yard.
+You probably have purchased the fresh new flooring and it is provided and the safeguarding plastic has to be thrown out in the dumpster. Once the drywall is completed you are able to install your own brand new flooring or have the carpeting layers complete the task for you.
+Very first, determine what size dumpster you need to support remove the spend and debris left from your renovations. Setting all debris in the dumpster often will keep the actual renovation internet site clean and clear the entire time. Excellence is seen in the way you handle the site on the renovation plus the end results. You may display a task that is a lovely demonstration of excellence by having a dumpster provided right on internet site from the beginning on the project. Just about all subcontractors should be asked to dispose of their waste items in the bin each night before leaving the website and extra components should be assigned a location on the site for a in the future project or to be provided.
+The companies take the garbage and recycle the item which makes you have rid of the garbage in a green way. These firms provide packing containers according to the rubbish quantity. This sort of bins can be easily seen upon construction web-sites. They come in unique shapes and sizes to handle garbage consequently. So according to your celebration trash, you are able to select the correct bin which can carry unique quantities of rubbish.
+Dumpster diving is a straightforward way to get extra money. It is like the treasure hunt however are surrounded by rubbish. You can easily discover valuable objects and sell these individuals without any expense to you. Look at the local legislation and give the item a shot.
+Actions include: Evaluate which size dumpster you need. Do you need a full sized or possibly a small dumpster. Evaluate the amount of garbage that will have to be removed because of the completion of the work. Determine if you require a commercial or residential rental. An ad rental may be needed should your contractor has been doing a huge redevelopment and is eliminating bricks and wood and so on. Online magazines provide the many answers you'll need for selecting the correct size and elegance. If you live in the Washington DC spot you can require a Maryland Portable Dumpster in Culp Creek; you can also go online and put an order or call. A rapid removal of the complete dumpster is available. Ones construction course of action can be made much easier with a Portable Dumpster in Culp Creek.
+t) Find the most adjacent landfill, access a friend's truck and haul over trash as it starts to accumulate, or Once you've all of your objects needed, you can find started with the development that is getting completed on your own home. You should definitely have leased a dumpster for the needs. Make it easy upon yourself and choose a dumpster that could easily be moved around. A dumpster with wheels will make everyone's job extremely simple.
+Third, be prepared to pay out in advance. Many organisations accept dollars or credit cards. To get the best cost, call all around and comparison shop. Some corporations will give you an arrangement if you ask for one.
+If home improvement can be your raison d'tre, that's likely reflected as part of your landscaping. Finest intentions apart, Portable Dumpster in Culp Creek, OR can cause havoc using your carefully maintained lawn as well as smoothly precise driveway-and we're not extending its love to talk about what it can do to your flower furniture! The question then becomes, how do you handle your waste fingertips issues with no completely ruining all your hard work? The best way to get rolling is to start with the simplest means of search. Read through your local cellphone directories regarding Portable Dumpster in Culp Creek, OR and see what exactly comes up. If you live in a small area, there may be no businesses that totally advertise underneath that assistance. You might try browsing your most adjacent metropolitan place to see if you will discover any businesses that will rent international calls. Make sure and check through the newspaper as well. Folks who wants find most things that immediately gets out towards you, go around as well as take a look at some of the dumpsters in your area. Determine if they have a company name on the side. If you do, find the details for that organization and give these a call. They could be able to assist you.
+Roll away dumpsters can usually be delivered at from any place you desire so long as it isn't leading to injustice to help anyone else locally. It is important to be aware of correct dimensions and time-frame that the dumpster will likely be needed so you can inform your neighbours and or other manufacturers in advance. I can say, move off dumpsters aren't the most pleasing piece of equipment so letting other neighbors learn is all over again extremely important. The trash company in places you choose will set up a time and energy to either pick up and or switch the dumpster should you uses up space.
+When you have your home decluttered and arranged, you need to have a watchful eye out and about for your improper habits. Your chaotic mess didn't occur immediately the first time, and this will slowly find their way back in to your life discover careful! Dispose of junk mail when it comes in. Maintain home organised and organized. Consider every so often in case you really need some of the things that have been collecting dust. After a little vigilance, your property will stay clutter-free.
+The most important step in the particular rental process is choosing a quality as well as trustworthy organization to work with. The most significant mistake nearly all customers produce when renting a dumpster is not clarifying specific pricing. Make sure the organization has no disguised . fees which could potentially raise the price of the particular rental by a huge amount. Some of these hidden costs include: fuel/environmental charge, delivery fee, disposal charge, etc. Costs just given can potentially not mentioned when generating a rental, and can really tally up at the end of your leasing time.
+Waste made through these assignments is higher, improper treatments for the made waste is definitely contaminating land, water, fresh air and land. Releasing this particular fact, the majority of the project owners are looking out and about for effective ways of garbage disposal for example recycling the particular generated waste or land fill disposal. Trash disposal in eco-friendly manner will likely be an expensive method for get rid of garbage if you are not clever enough to regulate the made waste.
+Please use the form below to contact us. We look forward to working with you and will get back to you as soon as possible. All fields are required
+Social networking phenomenon in e-business
+Abstract
+Nowadays the social networking with its gradual growth has affected the image that we have about the web dramatically. In the following paper some issues about social networking are discussed. In particular, a critical exploration of the social networking phenomenon is presented and an evaluation of the impact on e-commerce and e-business is discussed. Furthermore some possible applications that concern opportunities, benefits and risks are given. A synthesis of the above provides a summary of conclusions that can be drawn and recommendations that can be made as well.
+Introduction
+Everyday practice shows that Social Networks popularity is increased day by day. If facebook were country it would be the world’s 4th largest after China, India and USA having over 250.000 users. Many companies have realized this phenomenon and have already started to reform their marketing policy in order to benefit from the Social Networking growth. Many professionals from music artists to business enterprises advertise themselves in social networking web sites via uploading some of their new songs, images or videos.
+It is obvious that Social networking has a direct impact in e-business. In order to provide an evaluation of the social networking impact on e-business, we are starting our attempt from word-of-mouth marketplaces or overstock auctions or reputation systems. Reputation Systems like Amazon or e-bay is an online marketplace that augments traditional auctions with a social networking component (Christo Wilson 2008).
+Furthermore some social networks applications have several critical factors that we should consider (benefits, risks, opportunities). Our research demonstrates that the gradual growth of social networking has several benefits and several risks. In particular recent surveys have shown high levels of fraud in online markets (Bhattacharjee, Goe 2005).
+Some of the most important malicious aspect of social networking is ballot stuffing, bad mouthing and data theft which will be described in detail in the third sector of this paper. On the other side as it was previously mentioned social networking has several benefits. Customers have lost trust in traditional sales, marketing and service or Customer Relationship Management and this plays a pivotal role in increasing of positive impact of social networking in e-business. Many people have changed their buying culture and have orientated in online reputation systems such as e-bay and Amazon that have direct relation with social networking aspects. In a few words this paper provides an overview of the social networking phenomenon evaluates its direct impact in e-business and e-commerce and presents some opportunities benefits and risks that are included.
+Social networking as phenomenon
+Social Networking is a phenomenon that has affected the whole Web and many aspects of our lives dramatically. Social networking web sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Hi5, Friendster etc. provide the ability to their member/users to create their personal profiles where they can share some information, brief CVs or personal photos. Thus they have the ability to search for their old acquaintances or familiars. Furthermore they can upload or trade with other users photos, comments or videos. In fig.1 a profile sample is provided.
+Human beings used to create groups that consisted of people with whom they shared common interests. It was therefore expected that these networks will quickly transported to the online world. Social networks are created for many reasons and for different publics. Despite their differences the social networks are concerned with the following concepts:
+Profiles – Each member creates and maintains an online profile that contains information regarding individual interests, skills or any part of his personal status. For example some people provide their CV in order to find a (new/better) job
+Connections -Social networks enable their members to keep connections with each other chat trade images, comments and in general keep in touch via the Web (Boyd, Ellison 2007).
+Even though the gradual growth of social networking is something recent it is not something new as a concept. Forums, chat rooms, blogs and creations of personal web sites (even though are not something new) are also functions regarding by social networking aspects. Several sites that contained the social networking element appeared in the start of new millennium.
+The gradual social networking expansion is a part of a wider online phenomenon named Web 2.0. Web 2.0 is a dynamic “wide web” platform in which several users are enabled to interact with each other without having specialized knowledge in computer systems or network issues.
+Evaluation of Social Networking impact on e-commerce and e-business
+The social networking phenomenon has undoubtedly a direct impact on e-business. Several benefits and risks could affect (negatively or positively) e-business.
+Some benefits could derive from contacts between professionals, ranging from finding the right expertise to identifying cross-organization sales opportunities. What’s more many professionals are eager to create an internal reputation, and to explore career prospects. Personal contacts between the workers could help job satisfaction and the maintenance and development of the local community could help in rapidly professional’s resolution. Sharing of information and communication, a priority and challenge for many companies, could improve (Blackwell 2009).
+One more Social Networking aspect that should be considered in order to provide a deeper evaluation of the Social Networking impact in e-business is the one introduced Overstock in Auctions.
+Overstock Auctions is an e-commerce website that combines traditional auctions with a social networking component. However, samplings of user feedback shows that transactions between partners connected on the social network result in significantly higher user satisfaction. Official research also shows that Overstock’s business ratings have big degree of accuracy, in that they have a strong correlation with user satisfaction after their transaction. According with official research it has investigated that a big percentage users of Overstock Auctions have friends common to both their business as well as personal networks. That means that we have the trust element that plays a pivotal role in marketing. Unfortunately, traditional marketing users are often unable to locate their desired merchandise in their social network. Edelman Trust Barometer mentioned that the most reliable information source about an enterprise is ‘a person like me'”. The survey relates that in the U.S., trust in “a person like me” increased from 20% in 2003 to 68% today. That’s why they prefer to buy any suggested product from a friend over a perfect stranger. Academic researchers have observed that 6% of users have 100% of their personal contacts involved in the business networks, which demonstrate that users have either only dealing with their social acquaintances, business partners or guests to participate in the personal network their friends (Wilson, Boe 2008).
+The next topic that we will discuss concern Word-of-mouth marketing. The companies that have only traditional marketing methods and not Social Network element are in crisis with low productivity and benefits as a result of TV and Radio advertisement saturation. On the other side companies like Amazon, Google and Hotmail succeed with virtually no marketing based solely on word of mouth. Word-of- mouth is the best predictor of business growth because it contains the “trust” element that plays pivotal role in e-business (Pedro Domingos 2005).
+Possible applications, opportunities, benefits and risks
+The following section provides some possible applications focusing on opportunities benefits and risks.
+Opportunities
+There are several opportunities of using social network applications such as sharing information and media with peers, finding an audience for creative works, helping young people keep in contact with peers or allowing young people to develop new contacts and friendships with each other.
+In businesses the importance of internal social software use is increased daily. Given that the next generation of employees will use the social software as the main medium of communication, the companies must bridge generation gaps and boundaries via the supporting of this communication method with its use in workplaces. Despite the difficulties the benefits are still huge.
+At first a high user percentage is directors or company representatives indicating that Social Networking Software has a wide range of potential customers or active users. Secondly by bringing this social software tool in the company, the relevant elements regarding the contacts, interests and activities of the workers are available and archive-able from the company by providing new resources and new abilities for human resources comprehension. In case these tools are not provided by the company the employees have the right to seek social software tools such as facebook etc.
+Benefits
+There are undoubtedly several possible business benefits of the gradual growth of social networking applications.
+At first within social network sites the employees are able to keep in touch with their colleagues. Unfortunately the percentage of distant colleagues and in general distant working relationships is increasing day by day. So it is obvious that we draw attention to the necessity of awareness increasing and contact between distant partners via the social network tools. Within several companies keeping touch and maintaining relationship in an organization is a critical factor for an successful career. Thus the social network tools help the companies to maintain or improve their productivity independently from their employee’s distance.
+Another beneficial social network application is the user support regarding the exploring and learning about the new employees and the team members. This endeavor makes the searching of colleagues with special skills or discovering of past experiences in activities that could be useful for new projects easier. Organization-based social networks could also help the professionals to approach work (or non work) issues of common interest something that improves the communication between people who interact for the first time (Joan Morris DiMicco 2007).
+Risks
+Social networking has several risks except from benefits such as bullying, abuse and exploitation of young people, too much time (distraction) spend on the computer / internet addiction, ballot stuffing or bad mouthing
+Ballot Stuffing
+A seller manages to make fake transactions via the positive ratings after collusion with other buyers. So Ballot Stuffing has as a result the inflating a seller’s reputation.( Bhattacharjee, Goel, 2005)
+Bad Mouthing
+On the other hand a group of buyers may be conspiring (it could be after a collusion with a rival vendor) to deliberately give negative feedback to a particular vendor and hence less reputation. This is known as bad mouthing. ( Bhattacharjee, Goel, 2005)
+Malicious goals