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---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- machine-generated
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- acceptability-classification
paperswithcode_id: blimp
pretty_name: BLiMP
dataset_info:
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  - name: pair_id
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- config_name: transitive
  features:
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  - name: field
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  - name: linguistics_term
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  - name: UID
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  - name: simple_LM_method
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  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
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    num_examples: 1000
  download_size: 460291
  dataset_size: 134499
- config_name: wh_island
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  - name: sentence_good
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  - name: sentence_bad
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  - name: field
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  - name: linguistics_term
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  - name: UID
    dtype: string
  - name: simple_LM_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
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    num_bytes: 143735
    num_examples: 1000
  download_size: 448630
  dataset_size: 143735
- config_name: wh_questions_object_gap
  features:
  - name: sentence_good
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  - name: sentence_bad
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  - name: field
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  - name: linguistics_term
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  - name: UID
    dtype: string
  - name: simple_LM_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 194440
    num_examples: 1000
  download_size: 387435
  dataset_size: 194440
- config_name: wh_questions_subject_gap
  features:
  - name: sentence_good
    dtype: string
  - name: sentence_bad
    dtype: string
  - name: field
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  - name: linguistics_term
    dtype: string
  - name: UID
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  - name: simple_LM_method
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  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
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    num_bytes: 196988
    num_examples: 1000
  download_size: 389983
  dataset_size: 196988
- config_name: wh_questions_subject_gap_long_distance
  features:
  - name: sentence_good
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  - name: sentence_bad
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  - name: field
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  - name: linguistics_term
    dtype: string
  - name: UID
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  - name: simple_LM_method
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  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
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- config_name: wh_vs_that_no_gap
  features:
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  - name: sentence_bad
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  - name: field
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  - name: linguistics_term
    dtype: string
  - name: UID
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  - name: simple_LM_method
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  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
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  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
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    num_examples: 1000
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- config_name: wh_vs_that_no_gap_long_distance
  features:
  - name: sentence_good
    dtype: string
  - name: sentence_bad
    dtype: string
  - name: field
    dtype: string
  - name: linguistics_term
    dtype: string
  - name: UID
    dtype: string
  - name: simple_LM_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
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- config_name: wh_vs_that_with_gap
  features:
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    dtype: string
  - name: sentence_bad
    dtype: string
  - name: field
    dtype: string
  - name: linguistics_term
    dtype: string
  - name: UID
    dtype: string
  - name: simple_LM_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 174781
    num_examples: 1000
  download_size: 367776
  dataset_size: 174781
- config_name: wh_vs_that_with_gap_long_distance
  features:
  - name: sentence_good
    dtype: string
  - name: sentence_bad
    dtype: string
  - name: field
    dtype: string
  - name: linguistics_term
    dtype: string
  - name: UID
    dtype: string
  - name: simple_LM_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: one_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: two_prefix_method
    dtype: bool
  - name: lexically_identical
    dtype: bool
  - name: pair_id
    dtype: int32
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 232990
    num_examples: 1000
  download_size: 425985
  dataset_size: 232990
configs:
- config_name: adjunct_island
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: adjunct_island/train-*
- config_name: anaphor_gender_agreement
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: anaphor_gender_agreement/train-*
- config_name: anaphor_number_agreement
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: anaphor_number_agreement/train-*
- config_name: animate_subject_passive
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: animate_subject_passive/train-*
---

# Dataset Card for "blimp"

## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
  - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
  - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
  - [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
  - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
  - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
  - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
  - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
  - [Source Data](#source-data)
  - [Annotations](#annotations)
  - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
  - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
  - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
  - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
  - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
  - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
  - [Citation Information](#citation-information)
  - [Contributions](#contributions)

## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:**
- **Repository:** https://github.com/alexwarstadt/blimp
- **Paper:** [BLiMP: The Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs for English](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00321)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 29.58 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 11.45 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 41.03 MB

### Dataset Summary

BLiMP is a challenge set for evaluating what language models (LMs) know about
major grammatical phenomena in English. BLiMP consists of 67 sub-datasets, each
containing 1000 minimal pairs isolating specific contrasts in syntax,
morphology, or semantics. The data is automatically generated according to
expert-crafted grammars.

### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Languages

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances

#### adjunct_island

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.36 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.17 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.52 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
    "UID": "tough_vs_raising_1",
    "field": "syntax_semantics",
    "lexically_identical": false,
    "linguistics_term": "control_raising",
    "one_prefix_method": false,
    "pair_id": 2,
    "sentence_bad": "Benjamin's tutor was certain to boast about.",
    "sentence_good": "Benjamin's tutor was easy to boast about.",
    "simple_LM_method": true,
    "two_prefix_method": false
}
```

#### anaphor_gender_agreement

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.44 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.14 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.57 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
    "UID": "tough_vs_raising_1",
    "field": "syntax_semantics",
    "lexically_identical": false,
    "linguistics_term": "control_raising",
    "one_prefix_method": false,
    "pair_id": 2,
    "sentence_bad": "Benjamin's tutor was certain to boast about.",
    "sentence_good": "Benjamin's tutor was easy to boast about.",
    "simple_LM_method": true,
    "two_prefix_method": false
}
```

#### anaphor_number_agreement

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.45 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.14 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.59 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
    "UID": "tough_vs_raising_1",
    "field": "syntax_semantics",
    "lexically_identical": false,
    "linguistics_term": "control_raising",
    "one_prefix_method": false,
    "pair_id": 2,
    "sentence_bad": "Benjamin's tutor was certain to boast about.",
    "sentence_good": "Benjamin's tutor was easy to boast about.",
    "simple_LM_method": true,
    "two_prefix_method": false
}
```

#### animate_subject_passive

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.46 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.15 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.61 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
    "UID": "tough_vs_raising_1",
    "field": "syntax_semantics",
    "lexically_identical": false,
    "linguistics_term": "control_raising",
    "one_prefix_method": false,
    "pair_id": 2,
    "sentence_bad": "Benjamin's tutor was certain to boast about.",
    "sentence_good": "Benjamin's tutor was easy to boast about.",
    "simple_LM_method": true,
    "two_prefix_method": false
}
```

#### animate_subject_trans

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.43 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.13 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.57 MB

An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
    "UID": "tough_vs_raising_1",
    "field": "syntax_semantics",
    "lexically_identical": false,
    "linguistics_term": "control_raising",
    "one_prefix_method": false,
    "pair_id": 2,
    "sentence_bad": "Benjamin's tutor was certain to boast about.",
    "sentence_good": "Benjamin's tutor was easy to boast about.",
    "simple_LM_method": true,
    "two_prefix_method": false
}
```

### Data Fields

The data fields are the same among all splits.

#### adjunct_island
- `sentence_good`: a `string` feature.
- `sentence_bad`: a `string` feature.
- `field`: a `string` feature.
- `linguistics_term`: a `string` feature.
- `UID`: a `string` feature.
- `simple_LM_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `one_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `two_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `lexically_identical`: a `bool` feature.
- `pair_id`: a `int32` feature.

#### anaphor_gender_agreement
- `sentence_good`: a `string` feature.
- `sentence_bad`: a `string` feature.
- `field`: a `string` feature.
- `linguistics_term`: a `string` feature.
- `UID`: a `string` feature.
- `simple_LM_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `one_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `two_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `lexically_identical`: a `bool` feature.
- `pair_id`: a `int32` feature.

#### anaphor_number_agreement
- `sentence_good`: a `string` feature.
- `sentence_bad`: a `string` feature.
- `field`: a `string` feature.
- `linguistics_term`: a `string` feature.
- `UID`: a `string` feature.
- `simple_LM_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `one_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `two_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `lexically_identical`: a `bool` feature.
- `pair_id`: a `int32` feature.

#### animate_subject_passive
- `sentence_good`: a `string` feature.
- `sentence_bad`: a `string` feature.
- `field`: a `string` feature.
- `linguistics_term`: a `string` feature.
- `UID`: a `string` feature.
- `simple_LM_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `one_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `two_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `lexically_identical`: a `bool` feature.
- `pair_id`: a `int32` feature.

#### animate_subject_trans
- `sentence_good`: a `string` feature.
- `sentence_bad`: a `string` feature.
- `field`: a `string` feature.
- `linguistics_term`: a `string` feature.
- `UID`: a `string` feature.
- `simple_LM_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `one_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `two_prefix_method`: a `bool` feature.
- `lexically_identical`: a `bool` feature.
- `pair_id`: a `int32` feature.

### Data Splits

|          name          |train|
|------------------------|----:|
|adjunct_island          | 1000|
|anaphor_gender_agreement| 1000|
|anaphor_number_agreement| 1000|
|animate_subject_passive | 1000|
|animate_subject_trans   | 1000|

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Source Data

#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

#### Who are the source language producers?

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Annotations

#### Annotation process

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

#### Who are the annotators?

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Personal and Sensitive Information

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Discussion of Biases

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Other Known Limitations

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Licensing Information

BLiMP is distributed under a [CC-BY](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.

### Citation Information

```
@article{warstadt2020blimp,
    author = {Warstadt, Alex and Parrish, Alicia and Liu, Haokun and Mohananey, Anhad and Peng, Wei and Wang, Sheng-Fu and Bowman, Samuel R.},
    title = {BLiMP: The Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs for English},
    journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    volume = {8},
    number = {},
    pages = {377-392},
    year = {2020},
    doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00321},
    URL = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00321},
    eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00321},
    abstract = { We introduce The Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs (BLiMP),1 a challenge set for evaluating the linguistic knowledge of language models (LMs) on major grammatical phenomena in English. BLiMP consists of 67 individual datasets, each containing 1,000 minimal pairs—that is, pairs of minimally different sentences that contrast in grammatical acceptability and isolate specific phenomenon in syntax, morphology, or semantics. We generate the data according to linguist-crafted grammar templates, and human aggregate agreement with the labels is 96.4\%. We evaluate n-gram, LSTM, and Transformer (GPT-2 and Transformer-XL) LMs by observing whether they assign a higher probability to the acceptable sentence in each minimal pair. We find that state-of-the-art models identify morphological contrasts related to agreement reliably, but they struggle with some subtle semantic and syntactic phenomena, such as negative polarity items and extraction islands. }
}
```


### Contributions

Thanks to [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset.