Update bc5cdr based on git version 3276470

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+
+---
+language: 
+- en
+bigbio_language: 
+- English
+license: other
+multilinguality: monolingual
+bigbio_license_shortname: PUBLIC_DOMAIN_MARK_1p0
+pretty_name: BC5CDR
+homepage: http://www.biocreative.org/tasks/biocreative-v/track-3-cdr/
+bigbio_pubmed: True
+bigbio_public: True
+bigbio_tasks: 
+- NAMED_ENTITY_RECOGNITION
+- NAMED_ENTITY_DISAMBIGUATION
+- RELATION_EXTRACTION
+---
+
+
+# Dataset Card for BC5CDR
+
+## Dataset Description
+
+- **Homepage:** http://www.biocreative.org/tasks/biocreative-v/track-3-cdr/
+- **Pubmed:** True
+- **Public:** True
+- **Tasks:** NER,NED,RE
+
+
+The BioCreative V Chemical Disease Relation (CDR) dataset is a large annotated text corpus of human annotations of all chemicals, diseases and their interactions in 1,500 PubMed articles.
+
+
+
+## Citation Information
+
+```
+@article{DBLP:journals/biodb/LiSJSWLDMWL16,
+  author    = {Jiao Li and
+               Yueping Sun and
+               Robin J. Johnson and
+               Daniela Sciaky and
+               Chih{-}Hsuan Wei and
+               Robert Leaman and
+               Allan Peter Davis and
+               Carolyn J. Mattingly and
+               Thomas C. Wiegers and
+               Zhiyong Lu},
+  title     = {BioCreative {V} {CDR} task corpus: a resource for chemical disease
+               relation extraction},
+  journal   = {Database J. Biol. Databases Curation},
+  volume    = {2016},
+  year      = {2016},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baw068},
+  doi       = {10.1093/database/baw068},
+  timestamp = {Thu, 13 Aug 2020 12:41:41 +0200},
+  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/biodb/LiSJSWLDMWL16.bib},
+  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
+}
+
+```

bc5cdr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# coding=utf-8
+# Copyright 2022 The HuggingFace Datasets Authors and the current dataset script contributor.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""
+To this end, we set up a challenge task through BioCreative V to automatically
+extract CDRs from the literature. More specifically, we designed two challenge
+tasks: disease named entity recognition (DNER) and chemical-induced disease
+(CID) relation extraction. To assist system development and assessment, we
+created a large annotated text corpus that consists of human annotations of
+all chemicals, diseases and their interactions in 1,500 PubMed articles.
+
+-- 'Overview of the BioCreative V Chemical Disease Relation (CDR) Task'
+"""
+import collections
+import itertools
+import os
+
+import datasets
+from bioc import biocxml
+
+from .bigbiohub import kb_features
+from .bigbiohub import BigBioConfig
+from .bigbiohub import Tasks
+from .bigbiohub import get_texts_and_offsets_from_bioc_ann
+
+
+_LANGUAGES = ['English']
+_PUBMED = True
+_LOCAL = False
+_CITATION = """\
+@article{DBLP:journals/biodb/LiSJSWLDMWL16,
+  author    = {Jiao Li and
+               Yueping Sun and
+               Robin J. Johnson and
+               Daniela Sciaky and
+               Chih{-}Hsuan Wei and
+               Robert Leaman and
+               Allan Peter Davis and
+               Carolyn J. Mattingly and
+               Thomas C. Wiegers and
+               Zhiyong Lu},
+  title     = {BioCreative {V} {CDR} task corpus: a resource for chemical disease
+               relation extraction},
+  journal   = {Database J. Biol. Databases Curation},
+  volume    = {2016},
+  year      = {2016},
+  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baw068},
+  doi       = {10.1093/database/baw068},
+  timestamp = {Thu, 13 Aug 2020 12:41:41 +0200},
+  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/biodb/LiSJSWLDMWL16.bib},
+  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
+}
+"""
+
+_DATASETNAME = "bc5cdr"
+_DISPLAYNAME = "BC5CDR"
+
+_DESCRIPTION = """\
+The BioCreative V Chemical Disease Relation (CDR) dataset is a large annotated \
+text corpus of human annotations of all chemicals, diseases and their \
+interactions in 1,500 PubMed articles.
+"""
+
+_HOMEPAGE = "https://biocreative.bioinformatics.udel.edu/tasks/biocreative-v/track-3-cdr/"
+
+_LICENSE = 'Public Domain Mark 1.0'
+
+_URLs = {
+    "source": "https://github.com/JHnlp/BioCreative-V-CDR-Corpus/raw/master/CDR_Data.zip",
+    "bigbio_kb": "https://github.com/JHnlp/BioCreative-V-CDR-Corpus/raw/master/CDR_Data.zip",
+}
+
+_SUPPORTED_TASKS = [
+    Tasks.NAMED_ENTITY_RECOGNITION,
+    Tasks.NAMED_ENTITY_DISAMBIGUATION,
+    Tasks.RELATION_EXTRACTION,
+]
+_SOURCE_VERSION = "01.05.16"
+_BIGBIO_VERSION = "1.0.0"
+
+
+class Bc5cdrDataset(datasets.GeneratorBasedBuilder):
+    """
+    BioCreative V Chemical Disease Relation (CDR) Task.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_CONFIG_NAME = "bc5cdr_source"
+    SOURCE_VERSION = datasets.Version(_SOURCE_VERSION)
+    BIGBIO_VERSION = datasets.Version(_BIGBIO_VERSION)
+
+    BUILDER_CONFIGS = [
+        BigBioConfig(
+            name="bc5cdr_source",
+            version=SOURCE_VERSION,
+            description="BC5CDR source schema",
+            schema="source",
+            subset_id="bc5cdr",
+        ),
+        BigBioConfig(
+            name="bc5cdr_bigbio_kb",
+            version=BIGBIO_VERSION,
+            description="BC5CDR simplified BigBio schema",
+            schema="bigbio_kb",
+            subset_id="bc5cdr",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    def _info(self):
+
+        if self.config.schema == "source":
+            # this is a variation on the BioC format
+            features = datasets.Features(
+                {
+                    "passages": [
+                        {
+                            "document_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                            "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                            "text": datasets.Value("string"),
+                            "entities": [
+                                {
+                                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                                    "offsets": [[datasets.Value("int32")]],
+                                    "text": [datasets.Value("string")],
+                                    "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                                    "normalized": [
+                                        {
+                                            "db_name": datasets.Value("string"),
+                                            "db_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                                        }
+                                    ],
+                                }
+                            ],
+                            "relations": [
+                                {
+                                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                                    "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                                    "arg1_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                                    "arg2_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                                }
+                            ],
+                        }
+                    ]
+                }
+            )
+
+        elif self.config.schema == "bigbio_kb":
+            features = kb_features
+
+        return datasets.DatasetInfo(
+            description=_DESCRIPTION,
+            features=features,
+            supervised_keys=None,
+            homepage=_HOMEPAGE,
+            license=str(_LICENSE),
+            citation=_CITATION,
+        )
+
+    def _split_generators(self, dl_manager):
+        """Returns SplitGenerators."""
+        my_urls = _URLs[self.config.schema]
+        data_dir = dl_manager.download_and_extract(my_urls)
+        return [
+            datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                name=datasets.Split.TRAIN,
+                # These kwargs will be passed to _generate_examples
+                gen_kwargs={
+                    "filepath": os.path.join(
+                        data_dir, "CDR_Data/CDR.Corpus.v010516/CDR_TrainingSet.BioC.xml"
+                    ),
+                    "split": "train",
+                },
+            ),
+            datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                name=datasets.Split.TEST,
+                # These kwargs will be passed to _generate_examples
+                gen_kwargs={
+                    "filepath": os.path.join(
+                        data_dir, "CDR_Data/CDR.Corpus.v010516/CDR_TestSet.BioC.xml"
+                    ),
+                    "split": "test",
+                },
+            ),
+            datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                name=datasets.Split.VALIDATION,
+                # These kwargs will be passed to _generate_examples
+                gen_kwargs={
+                    "filepath": os.path.join(
+                        data_dir,
+                        "CDR_Data/CDR.Corpus.v010516/CDR_DevelopmentSet.BioC.xml",
+                    ),
+                    "split": "dev",
+                },
+            ),
+        ]
+
+    def _get_bioc_entity(self, span, doc_text, db_id_key="MESH"):
+        """Parse BioC entity annotation.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        span : BioCAnnotation
+            BioC entity annotation
+        doc_text : string
+            document text, required to construct text spans
+        db_id_key : str, optional
+            database name used for normalization, by default "MESH"
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        dict
+            entity information
+        """
+        # offsets = [(loc.offset, loc.offset + loc.length) for loc in span.locations]
+        # texts = [doc_text[i:j] for i, j in offsets]
+        offsets, texts = get_texts_and_offsets_from_bioc_ann(span)
+        db_ids = span.infons[db_id_key] if db_id_key else "-1"
+
+        # some entities are not linked and
+        # some entities are linked to multiple normalized ids
+        if db_ids == "-1":
+            db_ids_list = []
+        else:
+            db_ids_list = db_ids.split("|")
+
+        normalized = [{"db_name": db_id_key, "db_id": db_id} for db_id in db_ids_list]
+
+        return {
+            "id": span.id,
+            "offsets": offsets,
+            "text": texts,
+            "type": span.infons["type"],
+            "normalized": normalized,
+        }
+
+    def _get_relations(self, relations, entities):
+        """
+        BC5CDR provides abstract-level annotations for entity-linked relation
+        pairs rather than materializing links between all surface form
+        mentions of relations. An example from train id=2670794, the relation
+            - (chemical, disease) (D014148, D004211)
+        is materialized as 6 mentions of entity pairs
+            - 2x ('tranexamic acid', 'intravascular coagulation')
+            - 4x ('AMCA', 'intravascular coagulation')
+        """
+        # index entities by normalized id
+        index = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        for ent in entities:
+            for norm in ent["normalized"]:
+                index[norm["db_id"]].append(ent)
+        index = dict(index)
+
+        # transform doc-level relations to mention-level
+        rela_mentions = []
+        for rela in relations:
+            arg1 = rela.infons["Chemical"]
+            arg2 = rela.infons["Disease"]
+            # all mention pairs
+            all_pairs = itertools.product(index[arg1], index[arg2])
+            for a, b in all_pairs:
+                # create relations linked by entity ids
+                rela_mentions.append(
+                    {
+                        "id": None,
+                        "type": rela.infons["relation"],
+                        "arg1_id": a["id"],
+                        "arg2_id": b["id"],
+                        "normalized": [],
+                    }
+                )
+        return rela_mentions
+
+    def _get_document_text(self, xdoc):
+        """Build document text for unit testing entity span offsets."""
+        text = ""
+        for passage in xdoc.passages:
+            pad = passage.offset - len(text)
+            text += (" " * pad) + passage.text
+        return text
+
+    def _generate_examples(
+        self,
+        filepath,
+        split,  # method parameters are unpacked from `gen_kwargs` as given in `_split_generators`
+    ):
+        """Yields examples as (key, example) tuples."""
+        if self.config.schema == "source":
+            reader = biocxml.BioCXMLDocumentReader(str(filepath))
+
+            for uid, xdoc in enumerate(reader):
+                doc_text = self._get_document_text(xdoc)
+                yield uid, {
+                    "passages": [
+                        {
+                            "document_id": xdoc.id,
+                            "type": passage.infons["type"],
+                            "text": passage.text,
+                            "entities": [
+                                self._get_bioc_entity(span, doc_text)
+                                for span in passage.annotations
+                            ],
+                            "relations": [
+                                {
+                                    "id": rel.id,
+                                    "type": rel.infons["relation"],
+                                    "arg1_id": rel.infons["Chemical"],
+                                    "arg2_id": rel.infons["Disease"],
+                                }
+                                for rel in xdoc.relations
+                            ],
+                        }
+                        for passage in xdoc.passages
+                    ]
+                }
+
+        elif self.config.schema == "bigbio_kb":
+            reader = biocxml.BioCXMLDocumentReader(str(filepath))
+            uid = 0  # global unique id
+
+            for i, xdoc in enumerate(reader):
+                data = {
+                    "id": uid,
+                    "document_id": xdoc.id,
+                    "passages": [],
+                    "entities": [],
+                    "relations": [],
+                    "events": [],
+                    "coreferences": [],
+                }
+                uid += 1
+                doc_text = self._get_document_text(xdoc)
+
+                char_start = 0
+                # passages must not overlap and spans must cover the entire document
+                for passage in xdoc.passages:
+                    offsets = [[char_start, char_start + len(passage.text)]]
+                    char_start = char_start + len(passage.text) + 1
+                    data["passages"].append(
+                        {
+                            "id": uid,
+                            "type": passage.infons["type"],
+                            "text": [passage.text],
+                            "offsets": offsets,
+                        }
+                    )
+                    uid += 1
+
+                # entities
+                for passage in xdoc.passages:
+                    for span in passage.annotations:
+                        ent = self._get_bioc_entity(span, doc_text, db_id_key="MESH")
+                        ent["id"] = uid  # override BioC default id
+                        data["entities"].append(ent)
+                        uid += 1
+
+                # relations
+                relations = self._get_relations(xdoc.relations, data["entities"])
+                for rela in relations:
+                    rela["id"] = uid  # assign unique id
+                    data["relations"].append(rela)
+                    uid += 1
+
+                yield i, data

bigbiohub.py

@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+from collections import defaultdict
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import Enum
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Iterable, List, Tuple
+
+import datasets
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import bioc
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+BigBioValues = SimpleNamespace(NULL="<BB_NULL_STR>")
+
+
+@dataclass
+class BigBioConfig(datasets.BuilderConfig):
+    """BuilderConfig for BigBio."""
+
+    name: str = None
+    version: datasets.Version = None
+    description: str = None
+    schema: str = None
+    subset_id: str = None
+
+
+class Tasks(Enum):
+    NAMED_ENTITY_RECOGNITION = "NER"
+    NAMED_ENTITY_DISAMBIGUATION = "NED"
+    EVENT_EXTRACTION = "EE"
+    RELATION_EXTRACTION = "RE"
+    COREFERENCE_RESOLUTION = "COREF"
+    QUESTION_ANSWERING = "QA"
+    TEXTUAL_ENTAILMENT = "TE"
+    SEMANTIC_SIMILARITY = "STS"
+    TEXT_PAIRS_CLASSIFICATION = "TXT2CLASS"
+    PARAPHRASING = "PARA"
+    TRANSLATION = "TRANSL"
+    SUMMARIZATION = "SUM"
+    TEXT_CLASSIFICATION = "TXTCLASS"
+
+
+entailment_features = datasets.Features(
+    {
+        "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "premise": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "hypothesis": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "label": datasets.Value("string"),
+    }
+)
+
+pairs_features = datasets.Features(
+    {
+        "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "document_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "text_1": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "text_2": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "label": datasets.Value("string"),
+    }
+)
+
+qa_features = datasets.Features(
+    {
+        "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "question_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "document_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "question": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "choices": [datasets.Value("string")],
+        "context": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "answer": datasets.Sequence(datasets.Value("string")),
+    }
+)
+
+text_features = datasets.Features(
+    {
+        "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "document_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "text": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "labels": [datasets.Value("string")],
+    }
+)
+
+text2text_features = datasets.Features(
+    {
+        "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "document_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "text_1": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "text_2": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "text_1_name": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "text_2_name": datasets.Value("string"),
+    }
+)
+
+kb_features = datasets.Features(
+    {
+        "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "document_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+        "passages": [
+            {
+                "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "text": datasets.Sequence(datasets.Value("string")),
+                "offsets": datasets.Sequence([datasets.Value("int32")]),
+            }
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+            {
+                "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "text": datasets.Sequence(datasets.Value("string")),
+                "offsets": datasets.Sequence([datasets.Value("int32")]),
+                "normalized": [
+                    {
+                        "db_name": datasets.Value("string"),
+                        "db_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        ],
+        "events": [
+            {
+                "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                # refers to the text_bound_annotation of the trigger
+                "trigger": {
+                    "text": datasets.Sequence(datasets.Value("string")),
+                    "offsets": datasets.Sequence([datasets.Value("int32")]),
+                },
+                "arguments": [
+                    {
+                        "role": datasets.Value("string"),
+                        "ref_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        ],
+        "coreferences": [
+            {
+                "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "entity_ids": datasets.Sequence(datasets.Value("string")),
+            }
+        ],
+        "relations": [
+            {
+                "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "arg1_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "arg2_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                "normalized": [
+                    {
+                        "db_name": datasets.Value("string"),
+                        "db_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        ],
+    }
+)
+
+
+TASK_TO_SCHEMA = {
+    Tasks.NAMED_ENTITY_RECOGNITION.name: "KB",
+    Tasks.NAMED_ENTITY_DISAMBIGUATION.name: "KB",
+    Tasks.EVENT_EXTRACTION.name: "KB",
+    Tasks.RELATION_EXTRACTION.name: "KB",
+    Tasks.COREFERENCE_RESOLUTION.name: "KB",
+    Tasks.QUESTION_ANSWERING.name: "QA",
+    Tasks.TEXTUAL_ENTAILMENT.name: "TE",
+    Tasks.SEMANTIC_SIMILARITY.name: "PAIRS",
+    Tasks.TEXT_PAIRS_CLASSIFICATION.name: "PAIRS",
+    Tasks.PARAPHRASING.name: "T2T",
+    Tasks.TRANSLATION.name: "T2T",
+    Tasks.SUMMARIZATION.name: "T2T",
+    Tasks.TEXT_CLASSIFICATION.name: "TEXT",
+}
+
+SCHEMA_TO_TASKS = defaultdict(set)
+for task, schema in TASK_TO_SCHEMA.items():
+    SCHEMA_TO_TASKS[schema].add(task)
+SCHEMA_TO_TASKS = dict(SCHEMA_TO_TASKS)
+
+VALID_TASKS = set(TASK_TO_SCHEMA.keys())
+VALID_SCHEMAS = set(TASK_TO_SCHEMA.values())
+
+SCHEMA_TO_FEATURES = {
+    "KB": kb_features,
+    "QA": qa_features,
+    "TE": entailment_features,
+    "T2T": text2text_features,
+    "TEXT": text_features,
+    "PAIRS": pairs_features,
+}
+
+
+def get_texts_and_offsets_from_bioc_ann(ann: "bioc.BioCAnnotation") -> Tuple:
+
+    offsets = [(loc.offset, loc.offset + loc.length) for loc in ann.locations]
+
+    text = ann.text
+
+    if len(offsets) > 1:
+        i = 0
+        texts = []
+        for start, end in offsets:
+            chunk_len = end - start
+            texts.append(text[i : chunk_len + i])
+            i += chunk_len
+            while i < len(text) and text[i] == " ":
+                i += 1
+    else:
+        texts = [text]
+
+    return offsets, texts
+
+
+def remove_prefix(a: str, prefix: str) -> str:
+    if a.startswith(prefix):
+        a = a[len(prefix) :]
+    return a
+
+
+def parse_brat_file(
+    txt_file: Path,
+    annotation_file_suffixes: List[str] = None,
+    parse_notes: bool = False,
+) -> Dict:
+    """
+    Parse a brat file into the schema defined below.
+    `txt_file` should be the path to the brat '.txt' file you want to parse, e.g. 'data/1234.txt'
+    Assumes that the annotations are contained in one or more of the corresponding '.a1', '.a2' or '.ann' files,
+    e.g. 'data/1234.ann' or 'data/1234.a1' and 'data/1234.a2'.
+    Will include annotator notes, when `parse_notes == True`.
+    brat_features = datasets.Features(
+        {
+            "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+            "document_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+            "text": datasets.Value("string"),
+            "text_bound_annotations": [  # T line in brat, e.g. type or event trigger
+                {
+                    "offsets": datasets.Sequence([datasets.Value("int32")]),
+                    "text": datasets.Sequence(datasets.Value("string")),
+                    "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                }
+            ],
+            "events": [  # E line in brat
+                {
+                    "trigger": datasets.Value(
+                        "string"
+                    ),  # refers to the text_bound_annotation of the trigger,
+                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "arguments": datasets.Sequence(
+                        {
+                            "role": datasets.Value("string"),
+                            "ref_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                        }
+                    ),
+                }
+            ],
+            "relations": [  # R line in brat
+                {
+                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "head": {
+                        "ref_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                        "role": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    },
+                    "tail": {
+                        "ref_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                        "role": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    },
+                    "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                }
+            ],
+            "equivalences": [  # Equiv line in brat
+                {
+                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "ref_ids": datasets.Sequence(datasets.Value("string")),
+                }
+            ],
+            "attributes": [  # M or A lines in brat
+                {
+                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "ref_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "value": datasets.Value("string"),
+                }
+            ],
+            "normalizations": [  # N lines in brat
+                {
+                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "ref_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "resource_name": datasets.Value(
+                        "string"
+                    ),  # Name of the resource, e.g. "Wikipedia"
+                    "cuid": datasets.Value(
+                        "string"
+                    ),  # ID in the resource, e.g. 534366
+                    "text": datasets.Value(
+                        "string"
+                    ),  # Human readable description/name of the entity, e.g. "Barack Obama"
+                }
+            ],
+            ### OPTIONAL: Only included when `parse_notes == True`
+            "notes": [  # # lines in brat
+                {
+                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "type": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "ref_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "text": datasets.Value("string"),
+                }
+            ],
+        },
+        )
+    """
+
+    example = {}
+    example["document_id"] = txt_file.with_suffix("").name
+    with txt_file.open() as f:
+        example["text"] = f.read()
+
+    # If no specific suffixes of the to-be-read annotation files are given - take standard suffixes
+    # for event extraction
+    if annotation_file_suffixes is None:
+        annotation_file_suffixes = [".a1", ".a2", ".ann"]
+
+    if len(annotation_file_suffixes) == 0:
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "At least one suffix for the to-be-read annotation files should be given!"
+        )
+
+    ann_lines = []
+    for suffix in annotation_file_suffixes:
+        annotation_file = txt_file.with_suffix(suffix)
+        try:
+            with annotation_file.open() as f:
+                ann_lines.extend(f.readlines())
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+
+    example["text_bound_annotations"] = []
+    example["events"] = []
+    example["relations"] = []
+    example["equivalences"] = []
+    example["attributes"] = []
+    example["normalizations"] = []
+
+    if parse_notes:
+        example["notes"] = []
+
+    for line in ann_lines:
+        line = line.strip()
+        if not line:
+            continue
+
+        if line.startswith("T"):  # Text bound
+            ann = {}
+            fields = line.split("\t")
+
+            ann["id"] = fields[0]
+            ann["type"] = fields[1].split()[0]
+            ann["offsets"] = []
+            span_str = remove_prefix(fields[1], (ann["type"] + " "))
+            text = fields[2]
+            for span in span_str.split(";"):
+                start, end = span.split()
+                ann["offsets"].append([int(start), int(end)])
+
+            # Heuristically split text of discontiguous entities into chunks
+            ann["text"] = []
+            if len(ann["offsets"]) > 1:
+                i = 0
+                for start, end in ann["offsets"]:
+                    chunk_len = end - start
+                    ann["text"].append(text[i : chunk_len + i])
+                    i += chunk_len
+                    while i < len(text) and text[i] == " ":
+                        i += 1
+            else:
+                ann["text"] = [text]
+
+            example["text_bound_annotations"].append(ann)
+
+        elif line.startswith("E"):
+            ann = {}
+            fields = line.split("\t")
+
+            ann["id"] = fields[0]
+
+            ann["type"], ann["trigger"] = fields[1].split()[0].split(":")
+
+            ann["arguments"] = []
+            for role_ref_id in fields[1].split()[1:]:
+                argument = {
+                    "role": (role_ref_id.split(":"))[0],
+                    "ref_id": (role_ref_id.split(":"))[1],
+                }
+                ann["arguments"].append(argument)
+
+            example["events"].append(ann)
+
+        elif line.startswith("R"):
+            ann = {}
+            fields = line.split("\t")
+
+            ann["id"] = fields[0]
+            ann["type"] = fields[1].split()[0]
+
+            ann["head"] = {
+                "role": fields[1].split()[1].split(":")[0],
+                "ref_id": fields[1].split()[1].split(":")[1],
+            }
+            ann["tail"] = {
+                "role": fields[1].split()[2].split(":")[0],
+                "ref_id": fields[1].split()[2].split(":")[1],
+            }
+
+            example["relations"].append(ann)
+
+        # '*' seems to be the legacy way to mark equivalences,
+        # but I couldn't find any info on the current way
+        # this might have to be adapted dependent on the brat version
+        # of the annotation
+        elif line.startswith("*"):
+            ann = {}
+            fields = line.split("\t")
+
+            ann["id"] = fields[0]
+            ann["ref_ids"] = fields[1].split()[1:]
+
+            example["equivalences"].append(ann)
+
+        elif line.startswith("A") or line.startswith("M"):
+            ann = {}
+            fields = line.split("\t")
+
+            ann["id"] = fields[0]
+
+            info = fields[1].split()
+            ann["type"] = info[0]
+            ann["ref_id"] = info[1]
+
+            if len(info) > 2:
+                ann["value"] = info[2]
+            else:
+                ann["value"] = ""
+
+            example["attributes"].append(ann)
+
+        elif line.startswith("N"):
+            ann = {}
+            fields = line.split("\t")
+
+            ann["id"] = fields[0]
+            ann["text"] = fields[2]
+
+            info = fields[1].split()
+
+            ann["type"] = info[0]
+            ann["ref_id"] = info[1]
+            ann["resource_name"] = info[2].split(":")[0]
+            ann["cuid"] = info[2].split(":")[1]
+            example["normalizations"].append(ann)
+
+        elif parse_notes and line.startswith("#"):
+            ann = {}
+            fields = line.split("\t")
+
+            ann["id"] = fields[0]
+            ann["text"] = fields[2] if len(fields) == 3 else BigBioValues.NULL
+
+            info = fields[1].split()
+
+            ann["type"] = info[0]
+            ann["ref_id"] = info[1]
+            example["notes"].append(ann)
+
+    return example
+
+
+def brat_parse_to_bigbio_kb(brat_parse: Dict) -> Dict:
+    """
+    Transform a brat parse (conforming to the standard brat schema) obtained with
+    `parse_brat_file` into a dictionary conforming to the `bigbio-kb` schema (as defined in ../schemas/kb.py)
+    :param brat_parse:
+    """
+
+    unified_example = {}
+
+    # Prefix all ids with document id to ensure global uniqueness,
+    # because brat ids are only unique within their document
+    id_prefix = brat_parse["document_id"] + "_"
+
+    # identical
+    unified_example["document_id"] = brat_parse["document_id"]
+    unified_example["passages"] = [
+        {
+            "id": id_prefix + "_text",
+            "type": "abstract",
+            "text": [brat_parse["text"]],
+            "offsets": [[0, len(brat_parse["text"])]],
+        }
+    ]
+
+    # get normalizations
+    ref_id_to_normalizations = defaultdict(list)
+    for normalization in brat_parse["normalizations"]:
+        ref_id_to_normalizations[normalization["ref_id"]].append(
+            {
+                "db_name": normalization["resource_name"],
+                "db_id": normalization["cuid"],
+            }
+        )
+
+    # separate entities and event triggers
+    unified_example["events"] = []
+    non_event_ann = brat_parse["text_bound_annotations"].copy()
+    for event in brat_parse["events"]:
+        event = event.copy()
+        event["id"] = id_prefix + event["id"]
+        trigger = next(
+            tr
+            for tr in brat_parse["text_bound_annotations"]
+            if tr["id"] == event["trigger"]
+        )
+        if trigger in non_event_ann:
+            non_event_ann.remove(trigger)
+        event["trigger"] = {
+            "text": trigger["text"].copy(),
+            "offsets": trigger["offsets"].copy(),
+        }
+        for argument in event["arguments"]:
+            argument["ref_id"] = id_prefix + argument["ref_id"]
+
+        unified_example["events"].append(event)
+
+    unified_example["entities"] = []
+    anno_ids = [ref_id["id"] for ref_id in non_event_ann]
+    for ann in non_event_ann:
+        entity_ann = ann.copy()
+        entity_ann["id"] = id_prefix + entity_ann["id"]
+        entity_ann["normalized"] = ref_id_to_normalizations[ann["id"]]
+        unified_example["entities"].append(entity_ann)
+
+    # massage relations
+    unified_example["relations"] = []
+    skipped_relations = set()
+    for ann in brat_parse["relations"]:
+        if (
+            ann["head"]["ref_id"] not in anno_ids
+            or ann["tail"]["ref_id"] not in anno_ids
+        ):
+            skipped_relations.add(ann["id"])
+            continue
+        unified_example["relations"].append(
+            {
+                "arg1_id": id_prefix + ann["head"]["ref_id"],
+                "arg2_id": id_prefix + ann["tail"]["ref_id"],
+                "id": id_prefix + ann["id"],
+                "type": ann["type"],
+                "normalized": [],
+            }
+        )
+    if len(skipped_relations) > 0:
+        example_id = brat_parse["document_id"]
+        logger.info(
+            f"Example:{example_id}: The `bigbio_kb` schema allows `relations` only between entities."
+            f" Skip (for now): "
+            f"{list(skipped_relations)}"
+        )
+
+    # get coreferences
+    unified_example["coreferences"] = []
+    for i, ann in enumerate(brat_parse["equivalences"], start=1):
+        is_entity_cluster = True
+        for ref_id in ann["ref_ids"]:
+            if not ref_id.startswith("T"):  # not textbound -> no entity
+                is_entity_cluster = False
+            elif ref_id not in anno_ids:  # event trigger -> no entity
+                is_entity_cluster = False
+        if is_entity_cluster:
+            entity_ids = [id_prefix + i for i in ann["ref_ids"]]
+            unified_example["coreferences"].append(
+                {"id": id_prefix + str(i), "entity_ids": entity_ids}
+            )
+    return unified_example