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latter was fictitious in every part which was not purloined from authors whose knowledge furnished him with all in his treatise which was true." (11) Ancient Spamsit Mixes i pp. 29, 31 I: As the existence of the precious metals in the southern Alleghenies was known to the Spaniards from a very early period, it is probable that more thorough exploration of that region will bring to light many evidences of their mining operations. In his "Antiquities of the Southern Indians,'' Jones describes a sort of subterranean village discovered in 1834 on Dukes creek, White county, Georgia, consisting of a row of small loir cabins extending along the creek, hut imbedded several feet below the surface of the ground, upon which lame trees were growing, the inference being that the houses had been thus covered by suc- cessive freshets.The loss had been notched ami shaped apparently with sharp metal- lic tools. Shafts have been discovered on Valley river, North Carolina, at the bottom of one of which was found, in 1854, a well-] ■reserved windlass of hewn oak timbers, showing traces of having once been banded with iron. Another shaft, passing through hard rock, showed the marks of sharp tools used in the boring. The casing and other timbers were still sound (Jones, pp. 48, 49). Similar ancient shafts have been found in other places in upper Georgia and western Xorth Carolina, together with some remarkable stone-built fortifications or corrals, notably at Fort mountain, in Murray county, Georgia, and on Silver creek, a few miles from Rome, Georgia. Very recently remains of an early white settlement, traditionally ascribed to the Spaniards, have been reported from Lincolnton,

North Carolina, on the edge of the ancient country of the Sara, among whom the Spaniards built a fort in 1566. The works include a dam of cut stone, a series of low pillars of cut stone, arranged in squares as though intended for foundations, a stone-walled well, a quarry from which the stone had been procured, a fire pit, and a series of sinks, extending along the stream, in which were found remains of timbers suggesting the subterranean cabins on Dukes creek. All these antedated the first settlement of that region, about the year 1750. Ancient mining indications are also reported from Kings mountain, about twenty miles distant (Reinhardt MS, 1900, in Bureau of American Ethnology archives I. The Spanish miners of whom Lederer heard in 1670 and Moore in 1690 were probably at work in thisneighborhood. (12) Sir William Johnson (p. 38): This great soldier, whose history is so insep- arably incited with that of the Six Nations, was born in the county Meath, Ireland, in 1715, and died at Johnstown, New York, in 1774. The younger son of an Irish gentleman, he left his native country in 1738 in consequence of a disappointment in love, and emigrated to America, where he undertook the settlement of a large tract of wild land belonging to his uncle, which lay along the south side of the Mohawk river in what was then the wilderness of New York. This brought him into close contact with the Six Nations, particularly the Mohawks, in whom he became SO much interested as to learn their language and in some degree to accommodate himself to their customs, sometimes even to

the wearing of the native costume. This interest, together with his natural kindness and dignity, completely won the hearts of the Six iioosey] sik WILLIAM JOHNSON CAPT. JOHN ST1 \i:i 203 Nations, over whom he acquired a greater influence than has ever been exercised bj an) other white man hefore or since. He was formally adopted as a chief by the Mohawk tribe. In 17-1-1. being still a very young man, he "as placed in i British affairs with the six Nations, and iii 1755 was regularly commissioned at then own urgent request as superintendent for the Six Nations and their dependent and allied tribes, a position which he held for the rest of his life. In 1748 he was also placed ii mmand of the New York colonial forces, and two years later was appointed to thegovernor's council. \t the beginning of the French and Indian war he was commissioned a major-general. He defeated Dieskau at the battle of Lake George, where he was severely wounded earl) in the art ion. bu( refused to leave the field. For this service he received the thanks of Parliament, a grant of £5,000, and a baronetcy. Healso distinguished himself at Ticonderoga and Fort Niagara, taking the latter after routing the French army sent to its relief. At the head of his [ndian and colonial forces he took part in other actions and expeditions, and was present at the surrender of Montreal. For his services throughout the war he received a grant ot 100,000 acres of land north of the Mohawk river, lien' he built "Johnson Hall." which still stands, near the \ illage of Johnstovi n.

w hich was laid out by him with stores, church, and other buildings, at his own expense. \t Johnson Hall he lived in the style of an old country baron, dividing his attention between Indian affairs ami the raising of blooded stock, and dispensing a princely hospitality to all comers. His influence alone prevented the six Nations joining Pontiac's great con- federacy against the English. In 1768 he concluded the treaty of Fort Stanwix, which fixed the Ohio as the boundary between the northern colonic- and the western tribes, the boundary for which the Indians afterward contended against the Ameri- cans until 1795. In 17:i!i he married a German girl of the Mohawk valley, who died after bearing him three children. Later in life he formed a connection with the sister of Brant, the Mohawk chief. He diedfrom over-exertion at an Indian council. His son, Sir John Johnson, succ led to his title and estates, and on the breaking out of the Revolution espoused the British side, drawing with him the Mohawks and a great part of the other Six Nations, who abandoned their homes and tied with him to Canada I see \Y. L. Stone. Life of Sir William Johnson). (13) Captain John Stc u;t (p. 44): This distinguished officer was itemporaneous with Sir William Johnson, and sprang from the same adventurous Keltic stock which has furnished so many men conspicuous in our early Indian history. Born in Scotland about the year I7nn. he came to America in 1 7.'i.".. was appointed to a subordinate command in the British service, and soon became a favorite with the Indians. When Fort Loudon was taken by

the Cherokee in 1760, he was second in command, and his rescue by Ata-kullakulla is one of the romantic episodes of that period. In 1763 he was appointed superintendent for the southern tribes, a position which he continued to hold until his death. In 1768 he negotiated with the Chero- kee the treaty of Hard Labor by which the Kanawha was lixed as the western boundary of Virginia, Sir William Johnson at the same time concluding a treaty with the northern tribes by which the boundary was continued northward along the Ohio. At the outbreak of the Revolution he organized the Cherokeeand other southern trilies, with the white loyalists, against the Americans, and was largely responsible I'orthe Lndian outrages along the southern border. He planned a general invasion by the southern trilies along the whole frontier, in iDeration with a British force to be landed in western Florida, while a British licet should occupy the attention of the American- on the coast side and the T< iries should rise in the interior. I In the discovery of the plot and the subsequent defeat of the Cherokee by the Americans. he tied to Florida and soon afterward sailed for England, where he die. 1 in 1770. (14) Nancy Ward (p. 47): A noted halfbreed Cherokee woman, the date and place of whose birth and death are alike unknown. It is said that her father was a 204 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE Teth. axn. 19 British officer named Ward and her mother a sister of Ata-kullakulla, principal chief of the Nation at the time of the first Cherokee war. She was probably related to Brian Ward, an

oldtime trader among the Cherokee, mentioned elsewhere in con- nection with the battle of Tali'wa. During the Revolutionary period she resided at Echota, the national capital, where she held the office of "Beloved Woman," or "Pretty Woman," by virtue of which she was entitled to speak in councils and to decide the fate of captives. She distinguished herself by her constant friendship for the Americans, always using her best effort to bring about peace between them and her own people, and frequently giving timely warning of projected Indian raids, notably on th :casion of the great invasion of the Watauga and Holston settle- ments in 177ti. A Mrs Bean, captured during this incursion, was saved by her inter- position after having been condemned to death and already bound to the stake. In 1780, on occasion of another Cherokeeoutbreak, she assisted a number of traders to escape, and the next year was sent by the chiefs to make peace with Sevier and Campbell, who were advancing against the Cherokee towns. Campbell speaks of her in his report as "the famous Indian woman, Nancy Ward." Although peace was not then granted, her relatives, when brought in later with other prisoners, were treated with the consideration due in return for her good offices. She is described by Robertson, who visited her about this time, as "queenly and com- manding" in appearance and manner, and her house as furnished in accordance with her liij;li dignity. When among the Arkansas Cherokee in 1819, Nuttall was told that she had introduced the first cows into the Nation, and that by her own and her children's influence the condition of the Cherokee

had been greatly elevated. He was told also that her advice and counsel bordered on supreme, and that her interference was allowed to be decisive even in affairs of life and death. Although he speaks in the present tense, it is hardly probable that she was then still alive, and he does not claim to have met her. Her descendants are still found in the Nation. See Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal Tennessee; Ramsey, Tennessee; Nuttall, Travels, p. 130, 1821; Campbell letter, 1781, and Springstone deposition, 1781, in Virginia State Papers i, pp. 435, 436, 447, 1875; Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. (15) General James Robertson (p. 48): This distinguished pioneer and founder of Nashville was born in Brunswick county. Virginia, in 1742, and died at the ( jhick- asaw agency in west Tennessee in 1814. Like most ofthe men prominent in the early history of Tennessee, he was of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His father having removed about 1750 to western North Carolina, the boy grew up without education, but with a strong love for adventure, which he gratified by making exploring expe- ditions across the mountains. After his marriage his wife taught him to read ami write. In 1771 he led a colony to the Watauga river and established the settlement which became the nucleus of the future state of Tennessee. He took a leading part in the organization of the Watauga Association, the earliest organized government within the state, and afterward served in Dunmore's war, taking part in the bloody battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. He participated in the earlier Revolutionary cam- paigns against the Cherokee, and in 1777 was appointed agent to reside

at their cap- ital, Echota, and act as a medium in their correspondence with the state governments of North Carolina (including Tennessee) and Virginia. In this capacity he gave timely warning of a contemplated invasion by the hostile portion of the tribe early in 17711. Si « >n after in the same year he led a preliminary exploration from Watauga to the Cumberland. He brought out a larger party late in the fall, and in the spring of 17sil built the first stockades on the site which he named Nashborough, now Nash- ville. < >nly his force of character was able to hold the infant settlement together in the lace of hardships and Indian hostilities, but by his tact and firmness he was finally able to make peace with the surrounding tribes, and established the Cumber- land settlementupon a secure basis. The Spanish government at one time unsuc- cessfully attempted to engage him in a plot to cut off the western territory from the mooney] rutheeford's route 205 United Stairs, but met a patriotic refusal. Having beei mmissioned a brigadier- general in 1790, he continued to organize campaigns, resist invasions, and negotiate treaties until the final close of the Indian wars in Tennessee. He afterward held the appointment of Indian commissioner to the < !hickasa\* and Choctaw. See Ramsey, Tennessee; Roosevelt, Winning of the West; Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Bii igraphy. iliii General Griffith Rutherford (p. 48) : Although this Revolutionary offi- ce] commanded the greatest expedition ever sent against the Cherokee, with such distinguished success that both North Carolina and Tennessee have named counties in his honor, little appears to be definitely known of his history.

He was born in Ireland about 1731, and, emigrating to America, settled near Salisbury, North Caro- lina. On the opening of the Revolutionary struggle he became a member of the Provincial Congress and Council of Safety. In June, I77ti, he was commissioned a brigadier-general in the American army, and a few months later led his celebrated expedition against the Cherokee, as elsewhere narrated. He rendered other impor- tant sen ice in the Revolution, in one battle being taken prisoner by the British and held by them nearly a year, lie afterward served in the state senate of North Caro- lina, and, subsequently removing to Tennessee, was for some time a member of its territorial council. He died in Tennessee about 1800. i 17' Rutherford's route l p. 49): The various North Carolina detachments which combined to form Rutherford's expeditionagainst the Cherokee in the autumn of 1770 organized at different points about the upper Catawba and probably concentrated at Davidson's fort, now Old tort, in McDowell county. Thence, advancing westward closely upon the line of the present Southern railroad and its Western North Carolina branch, the army crossed the Blue ridge over the Swanna- noa gap and went down the Swannanoa to its junction with the French Broad, crossing the latter at the Warrior ford, below the present Asheville; thence up Hominy creek and across the ridge to Pigeon river, crossing it a fewmiles below the junction of the Ea^t and West forks; thence to Richland creek, crossing it just above the present Waynesville; and over the dividing ridge between the present Hayw 1 and Jackson counties to the head of Scott's creek; thence down that creek

by "a blind path through a very mountainous bad way," as Moore's old narrative has it, to its junction with the Tuckasegee river just below the present Webster: thence, crossing to the west (south) side of the river, the troops followed a main trail down the stream for a tew miles until they came to the first Cherokee town, Stekoa, on the site of the farm formerly owned by Colonel William H. Thomas, just above tin' present railroad village of Whittier. Swain county, North Carolina. After destroying the town a detachment left the main body and pursued the fugitives northward on tl ther sideof the river to Oconaluftee river and Soco creek, getting back afterward to the settlements by steering an easterly course across the mountains to Richland creek (Moore narrative). The main army, under Rutherford, crossed thedividing ridge to the southward of Whittier and descended Cowee creek to the waters of Little Tennessee, in the present Macon county. After destroying the towns in this vicinity tlie army ascended Cartooyaja creek, west from the present Franklin, ami crossed the Nantahala mountains at Waya gap — where a fight took place — to Nantahala river, probably at the town of the same name, about the present Jarretts station. From here the march was west across the mountain into the present Cherokee county and down Valley river to its junction with the Hiwassee, at the present Murphy. Authorities: Moore narrative and Wilson letter in North Carolina University Maga- zine, February, 1888; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 164; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, t, pp. 300-302; Royce, Cherokee map; personal information from Colonel William H. Thomas, Major James Bryson, whose grandfather

was with Rutherford, and Cherokee informant.-. (18) Colonel William Christian (p. 50): Colonel William Christian, some- 206 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [bth.ask.19 Unit's incorrectly called Christy, was born in Berkeley county, Virginia, in 1732. Accustomed to frontier warfare almost from boyhood, he served in the French and Indian war with the rank of captain, and was afterward in command of the Ten- nessee and North Carolina forces which participated in the great battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, although he himself arrived too late for the fight. He organized a regiment at the opening of the Revolutionary war, and in 1776 led an expedition from Virginia against the Upper Cherokee and compelled them to sue fur peace. In 1782, while upon an expedition against the Ohio tribes, he was captured and burned at the stake. ( 19) The pBEAT Indian warpath ( p. 50): This noted Indian thoroughfare from Virginia through Kentucky and Tennessee to the Creek country in Alabama and Georgia is frequently mentioned in the early narrative of that section, and is indi- cated on the maps accompanying Ramsey's Annals of Tennessee and Royce's Chero- kee Nation, in the Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Royce's map shows it in more correct detail. It was the great trading and war path between the northern and southern tribes, and along the same path Christian, Sevier, and others of the old Indian fighters led their men to the destruction of the towns on Little Tennessee, Hiwassee, and southward. According to Ramsey (p. 88), one branch of it ran nearly on the. line of the later Btage road from Harpers ferry to Knoxville, passing the Big lick

in Bote- tourt county, Virginia, crossing New river near old Fort Chiswell (which stood on the south bank of Reed creek of New river, about nine miles east from Wytheville, Virginia) crossing Holston at the Seven-mile ford, thence to the left of the stage road near the river to the north fork of Holston, "crossing as at present" ; thence to Big creek, and, crossing the Holston at Dodson'sford, to the Grassy springs near the former residence of Micaiah Lea; thence down the Nolichucky to Long creek, up it to its head, and down Dumplin creek nearly to its mouth, where the path bent to the left and crossed French Broad near Buckinghams island. Here a branch left it and went up the West fork of Little Pigeon and across the mountains to the Middle towns on Tuckasegeeand the upper Little Tennessee. The main trail continued up Boyd's creek to its head, and down Ellejoy creek to Little river, crossing near Henry's place; thence by the present Maryville to the mouth of Tellico, and, passing through the Cherokee towns of Tellico, Echota, and Hiwassee, down the Coosa, connecting with the great war path of the Creeks. Near the Wolf hills, now Abingdon, Virginia, another path came in from Kentucky, passing through the Cumberland gap. It was along this latter road that the early explorers entered Kentucky, and along it also the Shawano and other Ohio tribes often penetrated to raid upon the Holston and New river settlements. On Royce's map the trail is indicated from Virginia southward. Starting from the junction of Moccasin creek with the North fork of Holston, just above the Tennessee state line,

it crosses the latter river from the east side at its mouth or junction with the South fork, just below Kingsport or the Long island; then follows down along the west side of the Holston, crossing Big creek at its mouth, and crossing to the south (east) side of Holston at Dodson's creek; thence up along the east side of Dodson's creek and across Big Gap creek, following it for a short distance and con- tinuing southwest, just touching Nolichucky, passing up the west side of Long creek of that stream and down the same side of Dumplin creek, and crossing French Broad just below the mouth of the creek; thence up along the west side of Boyd's creek to its head and down the west side of Ellejoy creek to and across Little river; thence throughthe present Maryville to cross Little Tennessee at the entrance of Tellico river, where old Fort Loudon was built; thence turning up along the south side of Little Tennessee river to Echota, the ancient capital, and then southwest across Tellico river along the ridge between Chestua and Canasauga creeks, and crossing the latter near its mouth to strike Hiwassee river at the town of the same name; PEACE TOWNS AM) TOWNS OF REFUGE 207 thence southwest, crossing Ocoee river near its month, passing south of Cleveland, through the present Ooltewah and across Chickamauga creek into Georgia and Alabama. According to Timberlake Memoirs, with map, 1765), the trail crossed Little Ten- nessee from Echota, northward, in two places, just above and below Four-mile creek, the first camping place being at the junction of Ellejoy creek and Little river, at the old

town sin-. It crossed Holston « ithin a mile of Fort Robinson. According to Hutchins (Topographical Descripti f America, p. 24, 1778), tin- road which went through Cumberland gap was the one taken by the northern [ndians in their incursions into the "< iuttawa" country, and went from Sandusky, on Lake Erie, by a direct path to the mouth of Scioto (where Portsmouth now is i and thence across Kentucky to the gap. (20) Peace downs ind towns oi refcoe (p. 51): Towns of refuge existed among the Cherokee, the Creeks, and probably other Italian tribes, as well as among the ancient Hebrews, the institution being a merciful provision for softening the harsh- ness of tin 1 primitive law, which required a life lor a life. We learn from Deuteron- omy that Moses appointed three cities on tin-although extremely degen- erate in other things, still observed the law so strictly in this regard that even a wilful murderer who might succeed in making his escape to that town was safe so long as he remained there, although, unless the matter was compounded in the meantime, the friends of the slain person would seldom allow him to reach home alive after leaving it. He tells how a trader who had killed an Indian to protect his own property took refuge in Echota, and after having been there for some months prepared to return to his trading store, which was hut a short distance away, hut was assured by the chiefs that he would he killed if he ventured outside the town. He was accordingly obliged to stay a longer time until the tears of the

bereaved relatives had been wiped away with presents. In another place the same author tells how a Cherokee, having killed a trader, was pursued ami attempted to take refuge in the town, hut was driven off into the river as soon as he came in sight by the inhabit- ants, who feared either to have their tow n polluted by the shedding of blond or to provoke the English bygivinghim sanctuary (Adair, American Indians, p. 158, 1775). In 1768 ( fconostota, speaking on behalf of the Cherokee delegates who had come to Johnson Hall to make peace with the [roquois, said: " We come from Cbotte, where the wise [white?] house, the house of peace IS erei I'd" (treaty record, 17hS, New York Colonial Documents, vm, p. 42, 1 sr>7 ) . In I786the friendly Cherokee made"Chota" the watchword by which the Americans might he able to distinguish them from the hostile Creeks ( Ramsey. Tennessee, p. 343). From conversati.m with old ( 'herokeeit seems probable that in cases where no satisfaction was made by the relatives of the man-slayer he continued to reside close within the limits of the town until the next recurrence of the annual Green-corn dance, when a general a esty was pro- claimed. Among the Creeks the ancient town of Kusa or Coosa, on Coosa river in Alabama, was a town of refuge. In Adair's time, although then almost deserted and in ruins, it was still a place of safety for one who had taken human life without design. Certain 208 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ahn.19 towns were also known as peace towns, from their prominence in peace ceremonials and treaty

making. Upon this Adair says: "In almost every Indian nation there are several peaerithlr twrns, which are called 'old beloved, ancient, holy, or white towns. 1 They seem to have been formerly towns of refuge, for it is not in the memory of their oldest people that ever human blood was shed in them, although they often force persons from thence and put them to death elsewhere." — Adair, American Indians, 159. A closely parallel institution seems to have existed among the Seneca. "The Seneca nation, ever the largest, and guarding the western door of the.' long house,' which was threatened alike from the north, west, and smith, had traditions peculiarly their own, besides those common to the other members of the confederacy. The stronghold or fort, Gau-stra-yea, on the mountain ridge, four miles east of Lewiston, hada peculiar character as the residence of a virgin queen known as the 'Peacemaker. ' When the Iroquois confederacy was first formed the prime factors were mutual protection and domestic peace, and this fort was designed to afford comfort and relieve the distress incident to war. It was a true 'city of refuge,' to which fugitives from battle, whatever their nationality, might flee for safety and find generous entertainment. Curtains of deerskin separated pursuer and pursued while they were being lodged and fed. At parting, the curtains were with- drawn, and the hostile parties, having shared the hospitality of the queen, could neither renew hostility or pursuit without the queen's consent. According to tra- dition, no virgin had for many generations been counted worthy to fill the place or possessed the genius and gifts to honor the position.

In 1878 the Tonawanda band proposed to revive the office and conferred upon Caroline Parker the title." — Car- rington, in Six Nations of New- York, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, p. 73, 1892. (21) Scalping by whites (p. 53) : To the student, aware how easily the civilized man reverts to his original savagery when brought in close contact with its condi- tions, it will be no surprise to learn that every barbarous practice of Indian warfare was quickly adopted by the white pioneer and soldier and frequently legalized and encouraged by local authority. Scalping, while the most common, was probably the least savage and cruel of them all, being usually performed after the victim was already dead, with the primary purpose of securing a trophy of the victory. The tortures, mutilations, and nameless deviltries inflicted upon Indiansby their white conquerors in the early days could hardly be paralleled even in civilized Europe, when burning at the stake was the punishment for holding original opinions and sawing into two pieces the penalty for desertion. Actual torture of Indians by legal sanction was rare within the English colonies, but mutilation was common ami scalping was the rule down to the end of the war of 1812, and has been practiced more or less in almost every Indian war down to the latest. Captain Church, who commanded in King Philip's war in 1676, states that his men received thirty shil- lings a head for every Indian killed or taken; and Philip's head, after it was cut off, " went at the same price." When the chief was killed one of his hands was cut off and given

to his Indian slayer, "to show to such gentlemen as would bestow gratui- ties upon him, and accordingly he got many a penny by it." His other hand was chopped off and sent to Boston for exhibition, his head was sent to Plymouth and exposed upon a scaffold there for twenty years, while the rest of his body was quartered and the pieces left hanging upon four trees. Fifty years later Massachu- setts offered a bounty of one hundred pounds for every Indian scalp, and scalp hunting thus became a regular and usually a profitable business. On one occasion a certain Lovewell, having recruited a company of forty men for this purpose, dis- covered ten Indians lying asleep by their fire and killed the whole party. After scalping them they stretched the scalps upon hoops and inarchedthus into Boston, where the scalps were paraded and the bounty of one thousand pounds paid for them. By a few other scalps sold from time to time at the regular market rate, Lovewell was gradually acquiring a competency when in May, 1725, his company mooney] SCALPING LOWER CHEEOKEE REFUGEES 209 i net disaster, lie- discovered and vl >■ .t a solitary hunter, \\ ho was afterward scalped by tin- chaplain of the party, bul the Indian managed to kill Lovewell i» i being overpowered, on which the whites withdrew, but were pursued i>\ the tribes- men of the slain hunter, with the result that but sixteen of them got homi ius old ballad of the time tells how "Our worthy Captain Lovewell among them there did die. The) killed Lieutenant Robbins and wounded good young Frye, Who was our

English chaplain; he many Indians slew, And some of them he scalped when bullets round him flew." When the mission village of Xorridgewock was attacked by the New England men about the same time, women and children were made to suffer the fate of the war- riors. The scholarly missionary, Rasles, anther .if the Abnaki Dictionary, was shot down at the foot of the cross, where he was afterward found with his body riddled with halls, his skull crushed and scalped, Ins mouth and eyes filled with earth, his limlis broken, and all his members mutilated- ami this by white men. The border men .if the Revolutionary period ami later invariably scalped slain Indian- as often as opportunity permitted, and. as has already Keen shown, both British and American officials encouraged the practice by offers of bounties amirewards, even, in the ease of tin- former, when the seal] is were those of white people. < >ur difficulties with the Apache date from a treacherous massacre of them in 1836 by a party of American scalp hunters in the pay of the governor of Sonora. The bounty offered was one ounce of gold per scalp. In lsi>4 the Colorado militia under Colonel Chivington attaeked a party of Cheyennes camped under the protection of the United States flag, and killed, mutilated, and scalped 1 70 men, women, and children, bringing the scalps into Denver, when- the) were paraded in a public hall. One Lieutenant Richmond killed and scalped three women and live children. Scalps were taken l,\ American troops in the Modoc war of is":!, and there is now living in the Comanche tribe a woman who

— Hawkins, manuscript journal, 1796, in library of Georgia Historical Society. ■ I':;! General Alexander McGilljvray (p. "->< ; > : This famous (reek chieftain, like so many distinguished men of the southern tribes, was of mixed hi 1. being the son of a Scotch trader. Lachlan McGillivray, by a halfbreed woman of influential family, whose father was a French officer of Fort Toulouse. The future chief was horn in the Creek Nation about 1740, and died at Pensacola, Florida, in 1793. lie I'd ETH— 111 14 210 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ans.19 was educated at Charleston, studying Latin in addition to the ordinary branches, and after leaving school was placed by his father witha mercantile firm in Savannah, lh- remained but a short time, when he returned to the Creek country, where he soon began to attract attention, becominga partner in the firm of Panton, Forbes & Leslie, of Pensacola, which had almost a monopoly of the Creek trade. He succeeded to tl hieftainship on the death of his mother, who came of ruling stock, but refused to accept the position until called to it by a formal council, when he assumed the title of emperor of the Creek Nation. His paternal estates having been confiscated by Georgia at the outbreak of the Revolution, he joined the British side with all his warriors, and continued to bea leading instigator in the border hostilities until 1790, when he visited New York with a large retinue and made a treaty of peace with the United States on In-half of his people. President Washington's instructions to the treaty commissioners, in anticipation of this visit, state that he was

said to possess great abilities and an unlimited influence over the Creeks and part of the Cherokee, and that it was an object worthy of considerable effort to attach him warmly to the United States. In pursuance of this policy the Creek chiefs were entertained by the Tammany society, all the members being in full Indian dress, at which the vis- itors wen- much delighted and responded with an Indian dance, while McGillivray was induced to resign Ins commission as colonel in the Spanish service for a commis- sion of higher grade in the service of the United States. Soon afterward, on account of some opposition, excited by Bowles, a renegade white man, he absented himself from his tribe for a time, but wass i recalled, and continued to rule over the Nation until his death. Mc( rillivray appearsto have had a curious mixture of Scotch shrewdness, French love of display, and Indian secretiveness. He fixed bis residence at Little Talassee, on the Coosa, a few miles above the present Wetumpka, Alabama, where he lived in a handsome house with extensive quarters for his negro slaves, so that his place had the appearance of a small town. He entertained with magnificence and traveled always in state, as became one who styled himself emperor. Throughout the Indian wars he strove, so far as possible, to prevent unnecessary cruelties, being noted for his kindness to captives; and his last years were spent in an effort to bring teachers among Ins people. On the other hand, he conformed much to the Indian customs; and be managed his negotiations with England, Spain, and the United States with such adroitness that

lie was able to play off one against the other, holding commis- sions by turn in the service of all three. Woodward, who knew of him by later re] hi tat ion, asserts positively that McGillivray' s mother was of pure Indian blood and that he himself was without education, his letters having been written for him by Leslie, of the trading firm with which be was connected. The balance of testimony, however, seems to leave no doubt that he was an educated as well as an able man, whatever may have been his origin. Authorities: Drake, American Indians; docu- ments in American State Papers, Indian Affairs, i, 1832; Pickett, Alabama, 1896; Appleton'a Cyclopaedia of American Biography; W Iward, Reminiscences, p. 59 et passim, 1859. (24) Govebnob John Sevier (p. 57): This noted leader and statesman in the pioneerhistory of Tennessee was horn in Rockingham county, Virginia, in 1745, and died at the Creek town of Tukabatchee. in Alabama, in 1815. His father was a French immigrant of good birth and education, the original name of the family being Xavier. The son received a good education, and being naturally remarkably handsome and of polished manner, tine courage, and generous temperament, soon acquired a remark- able influence over the rough border men with whom his lot was cast and among whom he was afterward affectionately known as "Chucky Jack." To the Cherokee be was known as Tsan-usdi', "Little John." After some service against the Indians on the Virginia frontier be removed to the new Watauga settlement in Tennessee, in 1 77-, and at once became prominently identified with its affairs. He took HOPEWELL- OOL. BENJ. HAWKINS 211 pari

in Dunmore'a war in 1771 and, afterward, from the opening of the Revolution in 1775 until tin- close of the Indian wars in Tennessee a period extending over nearly twentj years was the acknowledged leader or organizer in every impor- tant Indian campaign along the Tennessee border. His services in this connection have been already noted. He also c manded one wing of the American forces al the battle of King's mountain in 1780, and in 17s:; led a body of mountain men to the assistance of the patriots under Marion. At one time during the Revolution a Tory plot to assassinate bim was revealed by the wife of the principal conspirator. In I77!i he had been commissioned as commander of the militia of Washington county, North Carolina — the nucleus of the present stair of Tennessee-a position whirl i he had already held by coi n consent. Shortly after the close of the Revo- lution lie Ih'IiI for a short time the office of governor of the seceding "state of Franklin." for which he was arrested and brought to trial by the government of North Carolina, but made his escape, when the matter was allowed to drop. The question of jurisdiction was Snally settled in 1790, when North Carolina ceded the disputed territory to the general government. Before this Sevier had been commis- sioned as brigadier-general. When Tennessee was admitted as a stair in L796 he was elected its first (state) governor, serving three terms, or six years. In 1803 he was again reelected, serving three more terms. In lsi l he was elected to Congress, \\ here he served two terms and

was reelected to a third, but died before he could take his seat, having contracted a fever while on duty as a boundary commissioner among the Creeks, being then in his seventy-first year. Fur more than forty years he had been continuously in the service of his country, and no man of his state was ever mure loved and respected. In the prime of his manhood he was reputed the handsomest man and the best Indian fighter in Tennessee. (25) Hopewell, Sen tii Carolina (p. 61): This place, designated in early treaties and also in Hawkins's manuscript journal as "Hopewell on the Keowee, " was the plantation seat of I reneral Andrew Pickens, who resided there from the close of the Revolution until his death in 1S17. It was situated on the northern edge of the present Andersoncounty, on the east side of Keowee river, opposite and a short distance helots the entrance of Little river, and about three miles from the present Pendleton. In sight of it, on the opposite side of Keowee, was the old Cherokee town of Seneca, destroyed liv the Americans ill 1 77H. Important treaties were made here with the Cherokee in 17S5, and with the Chickasaw in 1786. (26) Colonel Benjamin Hawkins (p. 61): This distinguished soldier, statesman, and author, was horn in Warren county. North Carolina, in 1754, and died al llaw- kinsville, Georgia, in 1816. His father. Colonel Philemon Hawkins, organized and commanded a regiment in the Revolutionary war, and was a member of the conven- tion that ratified the national constitution. At the outbreak of the Revolution young Hawkins was a student at Princeton, hut offered

his services to the American cause, and on account of his knowledge of French and other modern languages was appointed by Washington his staff interpreter for communicating with the French officers cooperating with the American army. He took [part in several engagements and was afterward appointed commissioner for procuring war supplies abroad. After the close of the war he was elected to Congress, and in 1785 was appointed on the commission which negotiated at Hopewell the first federal treaty with the Cherokee. He served a second term in the House and another in the Senate, and in 1796 was appointed superintendent for all the Indians south of the Ohio, lie thereupon removed to the Creek country and established himself in the wilderness at what is now Hawkinsville, Georgia, where he remained in the continuance of his office until hisdeath. As Senator he signed the deed by which North Carolina ceded Tennessee to the United States in 17! HI, aid as Indian superintendent helped to nego- tiate seven different treaties with the southern trihos. lie ha. I an extensive know I edge of the customs and language of the Creeks, and his "Sketch of the Creek 212 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ann.19 Country," written in 1799 and published by the Historical Society of Georgia in 1848, remains a standard. His journal and other manuscripts are in possession of the same society, while a manuscript Cherokee vocabulary is in possession of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. Authorities: Hawkins's manuscripts, with Georgia Historical Society; Indian Treaties, 1837; American State Papers: Indian Affairs, i, 1832; n, 1884; Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend; Appleton, Cyclo- paedia of American Biography. (27) Governor William Blount

(p. 68): William Blount, territorial governor of Tennessee, was born in North Carolina in 1744 and died at Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1800. He held several important offices in his native state, including two terms in the assembly and two others as delegate to the old congress, in which latter capacity he was .me of the signers of the Federal constitution in 1787. On the organization of a territorial government for Tennessee in 1790, he was appointed territorial governor and also superintendent for the southern tribes, fixing his headquarters at Knoxville. In 1791 he negotiated an important treaty with the Cherokee, and had much to do with directing the operations against the Indians until the close of the Indian war. He was president of the convention which organized the state of Tennessee in 1796, and was elected to thenational senate, but was expelled on the charge of having entered into a treasonable conspiracy to assist the British in con- quering Louisiana from Spain. A United States officer was sent to arrest him, but returned without executing his mission on being warned by Blount's friends that they would not allow him to be taken from the state. The impeachment proceedings against him were afterward dismissed on technical grounds. In the meantime the people of his own state had shown their confidence in him by electing him to the state senate, of which he was chosen president. He died at the early age of fifty- three, the most popular man in the state next to Sevier. His younger brother, Willie Blount, who had been his secretary, was afterward governor of Tennessee, 1809-1815. (28) St Clair's defeat, 1791 (p. 72):

Early in 1791 Major-General Arthur St Clair, a veteran officer in two wars and governor of the Northwestern Territory, was appointed to the chief command of the army operating against the Ohio tribes. On November 4 of that year, while advancing upon the Miami villages with an army of 1,400 men, he was surprised by an Indian force of about the same number under Little-turtle, the Miami chief, in what is now southwestern Mercer county, Ohio, adjoining the Indiana line. Because of the cowardly conduct of the militia he was totally defeated, with the loss of 632 officers and men killed and missing, and 263 wounded, many of whom afterward died. The artillery was abandoned, not a horse being left alive to draw it off, and so great was the panic that the men threw away their armsand fled for miles, even after the pursuit had ceased. It was afterward learned that the Indians lost 150 killed, besides many wounded. Two years later General Wayne built Fort Recovery upon the same spot. The detachment sent to do the work found within a space of 350 yards 500 skulls, while for several miles along the line of pursuit the woods were strewn with skeletons and muskets. The two cannon lost were found in the adjacent stream. Authorities: St Clair's report and related documents, 1791; American State I'apers, Indian Affairs, i, 1832; Drake, Indians 570, 571, 1880; Appleton' s Cyclopaedia of American Biography. (29) Cherokee clans, (p. 74): The Cherokee have seven clans, viz: Ani'-Wa''ya, Wolf; Ani'-Kawf, Deer; Ani'-Tsi'skwa, Bird; Ani'-Wa'dl, Paint; Ani'-Saha'ni; Ani'-Ga'tage'wl; Ani'-Gila'hI. The names of the last three can not be translated with certainty. The

a future Cherokee paper. 30 Wayne's victory, L 794 (p. 78): Aiter tbe successive failures of Harmar and si Clair in their efforts against the Ohio tribes the chief command was assigned, in 1793, t" Major-General Anthony Wayne, who had already distinguished himself by his fighting qualities during the Revolution. Having built Fort Recovery on the site "i >t Clair's defeat, he made that post his headquarters through the winter of 1793-94. In the summer of 1794 he advanced down the Maumee with an army of 3,000 men, two-thirds of whom were regulars, tin August I'd he encountered the confederated Indian forces near the head of the Maumee rapids at a point know n as the Fallen Timbers and defeated them with great slaughter, tbe pursuit being fol- lowed up by the cavalry until the Indians took refuge underthe guns of the British garrison at Fort Miami, just below the rapids. His own toss was only 33 killed and 100 wounded, of w hom 1 1 afterward died of their wound-. The loss ofthe Indians and their white auxiliaries was believed to be more than double this. The Indian force was supposed to nn ii dier 2,000, while, on account of the impetuosity oi Urn ne'- charge, the number of his troops actually engaged did not exceed 900. On account of this defeat and the subsequent devastation of their towns and fields by the victorious army the Indian- were compelled to sue tor peace, which was granted by the treaty eon. -hided at Greenville, Ohio, August :!. 1795, by which the trihis represented ceded awaj nearly their whole territory in Ohio. Authorities. Wayne's report and related

documents, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, i, 1832; Drake. Indians, 571-577, 1880; Greenville treaty, in Indian Treaties, 1837; Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. (31) First things of civilization (p. 83): We usually find that the first things adopted by the Indian from his white neighbor are improved weapons and cutting tools, with trinkets and articles of personal adornment. Altera regular trade has been established certain traders marry Indian wives, and, taking up their permanent residence in the Indian country, engage in farming and stock raising according to civilized methods, thus, even without intention, constituting themselves industrial teachers for the tribe. From data furnished by Haywood, guns appear to have been first introduced among the ( Iherokee a hoi it the year 1700 or 1710, although he himself puts the date much earlier. Horses were probably not owned in anygreat number before the marking out of the horse-path for trader- from Augusta about 1740. The Cherokee, however, took kindly to the animal, and before the beginning of the war of 1760 had a "prodigious number." In spite of their great losses at that time they had so far recovered in 1775 that almost every man then had from two to a dozen I Adair, p. 231 I. In the border war- following the Revolution companies of hundred- of mounted Cherokee and ('reeks sometimes invaded the settlements The cow i- called wa'ka by the Cherokee and maga by the ('reek.-, indicating thai their first knowledge of it came through the Spaniards. Xnttall states that ii was first intro- duce long the Cherokee by the celebrated Nancy Ward i Travels, p. 130). It was not ill such favor as

market in the white settlements (manuscript journal, 1796). Bees, if not native, as the Indians claim, were introduced at so early a period that the Indians have forgotten their foreign origin. The De Soto narrative mentions the finding of a pot of honey in an Indian village in Georgia in 1540. The peach was cultivated in orchards a century before the Revolution, and one variety, known as early as I7i«i as the Indian peach, the Indians claimed as their own. asserting that they had had it before the whites came to America ( Lawson, Carolina, p. 182, ed. 1860). Potatoes were introduced early and were so much esteemed that, according to one old informant, the Indians in ( leorgia, before the Removal, "lived on them." Coffee came later, and the same informant remembered when the full-bloods stillconsid- ered it poison, in spite of the efforts of the chief, Charles Hicks, to introduce it among them. Spinning wheels and looms were introduced shortly before the Revolution. According to the Wahnenauhi manuscript the first among the Cherokee were brought over from England by an Englishman named Edward Graves, who taught his Cherokee wife to spin and weave. The anonymous writer may have confounded this early civilizer with a young Englishman who was employed by Agent Hawkins in I si ) 1 to makewheels and looms for the ( 'reeks i Hawkins. 1801, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, i. p. 647). Waff ord, in his boyh 1, say about 1815, knewan old man named Tsi'nawi on Young-cane creek of Nottely river, in upper Georgia, who was known as a wheelwright and was reputed to have made the

first spinning w heel and loom ever made among the mountain Cherokee, or perhaps in the Nation, long before Watford's time, or "about the time the Cherokee began to drop their silver ornaments and go to work." In 1785 the commissioners for the Hopewell treaty reported that some of the Cherokee women had lately learned to spin, and many were very desirous of instruction in the raising, spinning, and weaving of flax, cotton, and wool (Hopewell Commissioners' Report, 1785, American State Papers: Indian \ Efa i is. i . p. 39) . In accordance with their recommendation the next treaty made with the tribe, in 1791, contained a provision for supplying the Cherokee with farming tools (Holston treaty, 1791, Indian Treaties, p. 36, 1837), and this civilizing policy was continued and broadened until, in 1801, their agent reportedthat at the < !hero- kee agency the wheel, the loom, and the plow were in pretty general use, and fann- ing, manufacturing, and stock raising were the principal topics of conversation among men and women ( Hawkins manuscripts, Treaty Commission of 1801 ). (32) Colonel Return .1. Meigs ( p. 84): Return Jonathan Meigs was born in Mid- dletown, Connecticut, December 17, 1734, and died at the Cherokee agency in Ten- nessee, January 28, 1823. He was the first-born son of his parents, who gave him the somewhat peculiar name of Return Jonathan to commemorate a romantic incident in their own courtship, when his mother, a young Quakeress, called back her lover as he was mounting his horse to leave the house forever after what he had supposed was a final refusal. The name has been handed

down through five generations, every one of which has produced some man distinguished in the pub- lic service. The subject of this sketch volunteered immediately after the open- ing engagement of the Revolution at Lexington, and was assigned to duty under Arnold, with rank of major. He accompanied Arnold in the disastrous march through the wilderness against Quebec, and was captured in the assault upon the citadel and held until exchanged the next year. In 1777 he raised a regiment and was promoted to the rank of colonel. For a gallant and successful attack upon the enemy at Sag harbor, Long island, he received a sword and a vote of thanks from I longress, and by his conduct at the head of hisregimentatStony point won the favor- able notice of Washington. After the close of the Revolution heremoved to Ohio, where, as a member of the territorial legislature, he drew up the earliest code of regula- moosey] TECUM 111 \ 2 1 5 tions tor the pioneer settlers. In 1801 he was appointed agent for the Cherokee and took up his resident-eat the agency al Tellico blockhouse, opposite the month ofTellico river, in Tennessee, continuing to serve in that capacity until his death. He was ! as agent by Governoi VIcMinn, ol Ti nnessee. In the course of twenty two years he negotiated several treaties with the Cherokee and did eh to further the work of civilization among them and to defend them against unjust aggression. He also wrote a journal of the expedition to Quebec. His grandson of the same name was special agent for the Cherokee and Creeks in L834, afterward achieving a

repu tation in the legal profession both in Tennesssee and in the District of Columbia. Authorities: Appleton, Cyclopsedia of American Biography, 1894; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Annual Report Bureau of Ethnology, 1888; documents in American stale Papers, Indian Affairs, i and ii. (33) Tecumtha (p. 87): This great chief of the Shawano and commander of the allied northern tribes in the British service was born near the present Chillicothe, in western Ohio, about 1770, and fell in the battle of the Thames, in Ontario, October . i - : His name signifies a " flying panther" -i. e., a meteor. He came of fight- ing -i. n'k g I even in a tribe distinguished for its warlike qualities, his father ami elder brother having been killed in battle with the whites. His mother is said to have diedamong the Cherokee. Tecumtha is firsl heard of as taking part in an engagement with the Kentuckians when about twenty \ ears old, and in a few years he had secured recognition as the ablest leader among the allied tribes. It is sai<l that he took part in every important engagement with the Americans from the time of Harmar's defeat in 1790 until the battle in which he lost his life. When about thirty years of age he iceived the idea .if uniting the tribes northwest of the ( >lii> >. as Pontiac had united them before, in a great confederacy to resist the further advance of the Americans, taking the stand that the whole territory between the Ohio and the Mississippi belonged to all these tribes in common and that no one tribe had tin-

right to sell any portion of it without the consent of the others. The refusal of the government jo admit this principle led him to take active steps to unite the tribes upon that basis, in which he was seconded by his brother, the Prophet, who supplemented Tecumtha's eloquence with his own claims to supernatural revelation. In the summer of 1810 Tecumtha held a conference with Governor Harrison at Vineennes to protest against a recent treaty cession, and finding after exhausting his arguments that the effort was fruitless, he closed the debate with the words: "The President is far off and may sit in his town and drink his wine, but you and I will have to light it out." Both sides at once prepared for war, Teeumtlia going south to enlist the aid of the (reek. Choctaw,and other southern tribes, while Harrison took advan- tage of hi- ah-eii re to (one the i — ue by marching against the Prophet's town on the Tippecanoe river, where the hostile warriors from a dozen trihe- had gathered. A battle fought before daybreak of November 6, 1811, resulted in the defeat of the Indian- and the scattering of their forces. Tecumtha returned to find bis plans brought to naught for the time, but the opening of the war between the United states and England a few months later enabled him to rally the confederated tribes once more to the support of the British against the Americans. As a commissioned brigadier-general in the British service he commanded 2,000 warriors in the war of 1812, distinguishing himself no less by his bravery than by his humanity in pre- venting

outrages and protecting prisoners from massacre, at one time saving the lives ol four hundred American prisoners who had been taken in ambush near Fort Meigs and were unable to make longer resistance, lb- was wounded at Maguagua, where nearly four hundred were killed and wounded on both sides, lie covered the British retreat after the battle of Lake Erie, and, refusing to retreat farther, compelled the British General Proctoi to make a stand at the Thames river. Al st the whole force of the American attack fell on Tecumtha's division. Early in the 21 <> MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [ETH.Aira.19 engagement he was shot through the arm, but continued to fight desperately until he received a bullet in the head and fell dead, surrounded by the bodies of 120 of his slain warriors. The services of Tecumthaand his Indians to the British cause have been recognized by an English historian, who says, "but for them it is proba- ble we should not now have a Canada." Authorities: Drake, Indians, ed. 1880; Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1N94; Eggleston, Tecumseh and the Shaw nee Prophet. (34) Fort Minis Massacre, 1813 (p. 89): Fort Minis, so called from an old Indian trader on whose lands it was built, was a stockade fort erected in the summer of 1813 for the protection of the settlers in what was known as the Tensaw district, and was situated on Tensaw lake. Alabama, one mile east of Alabama river and about forty miles above Mobile. It was garrisoned by about 200 volunteer troops under Major Daniel Beaslev, with refugees from the neighboring settlement, making a total at the time of its

destruction of 553 men. women, and children. Being carelessly guarded, it was surprised on the morning of August 30 by about 1,000 Creek war- riors led by the mixed-blood chief, William Weatherford, who rushed in at the open gate, and, after a stout but hopeless resistance by the garrison, massacred all within, with the exception of the few nygroes and halfbreeds, whom they spared, ami about a dozen whites who made their escape. The Indian loss is unknow n. hut was very heavy, as the fight continued at close quarters until the buildings were fired over the heads of the defenders. The unfortunate tragedy was due entirely to tl arelessness of the commanding officer, who had been repeatedly warned that the Indians were about, and at the very moment of the attack a negro was tied up waitingto be flogged for reporting that he had the day before seen a number of painted warriors lurking a short distance outside the stockade. Authorities: Pickett, Alabama, ed. 189G; Hamilton and Owen, note, p. 170. in Transactions Alabama His- torical Society, n, 1898; Agent Hawkins's report, 1813, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, i, p. 853; Drake, Indians, ed. 1880. The figures given are those of Pickett, which in this instance seem most correct, while Drake's are evidently exaggerated. (35) General William McIntosh (p. 98): This noted halfbreed chief of the Lower Creeks was the son of a Scotch officer in the British army by an Indian mother, ami was born at the Creek town of Coweta in Alabama, on the lower Chat- tahoochee, nearly opposite the present city of Columbus, Georgia, and killed at the same place by

order of the Creek national council on April 30, 1825. Having sufficient education to keep up an official correspondence, he brought himself to public notice and came to be regarded as the principal chief of the Lower Creeks. In the Creek war of 1813-14 he led his warriors to the support of the Americans against his brethren of the Upper towns, and acted a leading part in the terrible slaughters at Autossee and the Horseshoe bend. In 1817 he again headed his war- riors on the government side against the Seminole :\nt\ was commissioned as major. His common title of general belonged to him only by courtesy. In bSL'l he was the principal supporter of the treaty of Indian springs, by which a large tract between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers was ceded. The treaty was repudiatedby the Creek Nation as being the act of a small faction. Two other attempts were made to carry through the treaty, in which the interested motives of Mcintosh became so apparent that he was branded as a traitor to his Nation and condemned to deat", together with his principal underlings, in accordance with a Creek law making death the penalty for undertaking to sell lands without tin- consent of the national council. About the same time he was publicly exposed and denounced in the ( 'herokee council for an attempt to bribe John Koss and other chiefs of the Cherokee in the same fashion. At daylight of April 30, 1825, a hundred or more warriors sen! by the Creek national council surrounded his house and, after allowing the women and children to come out, set tire to

it and shot Mcintosh and another chief mooneyJ WILLIAM WEATHERFORD — MISSIONARIES 217 us thej tried to escape. I [e left three wives, one of wl i was a t Iherokee. 1 uthori- ties: Drake, [ndians, ed. L880; Letters from Mcintosh's son and widows, 1825, in American State Papers: [ndian Affairs, n, pp. 764 and 768. (36 \Vuii\m Weatherford p.89): This leader of the hostiles in the Creek war was the son of a white father and a halfbreed woman of Tuskegee town whose father had been a Scotchman. VVeatherford was born in the Creek Nation about L780and died on Little river, in Monroe county, Alabama, in 1826. He caine first into prominence by leading the attack upon Fort Minis, August 30, 1813, which resulted in the destruction of the fori and the massacre of over five hundredinmates. It is maintained, with apparent truth, that he <li'l his best to prevent the excesses which followed tin- victory, and left the scene rather than witness the atrocities when he found that he could not restrain his followers. The fact that Jackson allowed him to go home unmolested after the final surrender is evidence that he believed Weatherford guiltless. At the battle of the Holy Ground, in the following December, he was defeated and narrow l\ escaped capture by the troops under i ten- eral Claiborne. When the last hope of the Creeks had been destroyed and their power of resistance broken by the bloody battle of the Horseshoe bend, March 27, 1814, Weatherford voluntarily walked into General Jackson's headquarters and sur- rendered, creating such an impression by his straightforward and fearless manner that the general, after a

friendly interview . allowed him to go back alone to gather up his people preliminary to arranging terms of peace. Alter the treaty he retired to a i 'latitat ion in Monroe county, where he lived in comfort ami was greatly respected by his white neighbors until hisdeath. As an illustration of his courage it istold how he once, single-handed, arrested two murderers immediately after the crime, when the local justice and a large crowd of bystanders were afraid to approach them. Jackson declared him to be as high tone.] and tearless as any man lie had ever met. In person he was tall, straight, and well proportioned, with features indicating intelligence, bravery, and enterprise. Authorities: Pickett, Alabama, ed. 1896; Drake. Indians, ed. 1880; Woodward, Reminiscences, 1859. (37) Reverend David Brainerd (p. 104): The pioneer American missionary from whomthe noted Cherokee mission took its name was born at Haddam, Con- necticut, April 20, 1718, and died at Northampton, Massachusetts. October 9, 17)7. He entered Yale college in 1739, but was expelled on account of his religious opinions. In 1741' he was licensed as a preacher and the next year began work as missionary to the Mahican Indians of the village of Kaunameek, twenty miles from Stockbridge, Massachusetts, lie persuaded them to remove to Stockbridge, where he put them in chargeof a resident minister, after which he took up work with good result among the Delaware and other tribes on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. In 1717 his health failed and he was forced to retire to Northampton, where he died a few months later. He wrote a journal and an account of his missionary labors

at Kaunameek. His later mission work was taken up and continued by his brother. Authority: Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1894. 38 Reverend Samuel Austin Worcester (p. 105): This noted missionary and philologist, the son of a Congregational minister who was also a printer, was born at Worcester, Massachusetts, January 19, 1798, and died at Dark Hill, in the Cherokee Vat ion west. April 2D. 1859. Having removed to Vermont with his father while still a child, he graduated with the honors of his class at the state university at Burlington in 1819, and after finishing a course at the theological seminari at Andover was ordained to the ministrj in 1825. A week later, withhisnewh wedded bride, he left Boston to begin mission work among the Cherokee, and arrived in October at the mission of the American hoard, atBrainerd, Tennessee, where he remained until the end of 1827. He then, with his wife, removed to Sew Echota,in i leorgia, the capital of the < Iherokee Nation, w here he was the principal worket establishment of tl Ph(enix, the first newspaper printed in the Chei 218 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.anx.19 language and alphabet. Iii this labor his inherited printer's instinct came into play, for he himself supervised the casting of the new types and the systematic arrangement of them in the case. In March, 1831, he was arrested by the < leorgia authorities for refusing to take a special oath of allegiance t< i the state. 1 [e was released, but was rear- rested soon afterward, confined in the state penitentiary, and forced to wear prison garb, until January, 1833, notwithstanding a decision by the Supreme

Court of the United States, nearly a year before, that his imprisonment was a violation of the law of tin.' land. The Cherokee Phcenix having been suspended and the Cherokee Nation brought into disorder by the extension over it of the state laws, lie then returned to Brainerd, which was beyond the limits of Georgia. In 1835 he removed to the Indian Territory, whither the Arkansas ( Jherokee had already gone, and after short sojourns at Dwight and Union missions took up his final residence at Park Hill in December, 1S30. He had already set up his mission press at Union, printing both in the ( Siero- kee and the Creek languages, and on establishing himself at Park Hill lie began a regular series of publications in the Cherokee language. In 1843 he states that "at Park Hill,the way of translating in which he had not a share." He also began a ( Iherokee geography and had both a grammar and a dictionary of the language under way when his work was interrupted by his arrest. The manu- scripts, with all his personal effects, afterward went down with a sinking steamer on the Arkansas. His daughter, Mrs A. E. W. Robertson, became a missionary among the Creeks and has published a number of works in their language. Authorities: Pilling, bibliography of the Iroquoian languages (articles Worcester, Cherokee Phienix, etc. i, 1SSS; Drake, Indians, ed. 1880: Report of Indian Commissioner, 1843 ( Worcester letter). i Mil) Death penalty for selling lands (p. 107): In 1820 the Cherokee Nation enacted a law making it treason punishable with death to enter into any negotiation for the sale of tribal

lands without the consent of the national council. A similar law was enacted by the ( reeks at about the same time. It was for violating these laws that Mcintosh and Ridge suffered death in their respective tribes. The principal parts of the Cherokee law, as reenacted by the united Nation in the West in 1s4l'. appear as follows in the compilation authorized in 1800: "An act against sale of land, etc.: Whereas, The peace and prosperity of Indian nations are frequently sacrificed or placed in jeopardy by the unrestrained cupidity of their own individual citizens; and whereas, we ourselves are liable to suffer from the same cause, and be subjected to future removal and disturbances: There- fore, . . . "Be it further rnitrt.nl, That any person or persons who shall, contrary to the will and consent ofat the head of the list, the result of three thousand years of development by Egyptian, Phoenician, and Greek. Sequoya's syllabary, the unaided work of an uneducated Indian reared amid semisavage surroundings, stands second. Twelve years of his life are said to have been given to his great work. Being entirely without instruction and ha\ ing no knowledge of the philosophy of language, being not evi ii acquainted with English, his first attempts were naturally enough in the direc- tion of the crude Indian pictograph. He set out to devise a symbol for each word of the language, and after several years oi experiment, finding this an utterly hopeless task, he threw aside the thousands of characters which he hail carved or scratched uiion pieces of bark, and started in anew to study the constructii f the

crystal known to the manufacturer or the lapidary is found in the southern Alleghenies, although, so far as present knowledge goes, but few of these occur in paying quanti- ties. It is probable, however, that this estimate may change with improved methods and enlarged railroad facilities. Leaving out of account the earlier operations by the Spanish, French, and English adventurers, of which mention has already been made, the first authentic account of gold finding in any of the states south of Mason and Dixon's line within what may lie called the American period appears to be that given by Jefferson, writing in 1781, of a lump of ore found in Virginia, which yielded seventeen penny weights of gold. This was probably not the earliest, however, as we find doubtful references to gold discoveries in both Carolinas before theRevolu- tion. The first mint returns of gold were made from North Carolina in 17'.':;. ami from South Carolina in 1829, although gold is certainly known to have been found in tin- latter state some years earlier. The earliest gold records for the other southern states are. approximately, Georgia (near Dahlonega). IkI.VIsl'O; Alabama, 1830; Tennessee ildco creek. Monroe county), 1831; Maryland (Montgomery county), 1849. Systematic tracingof gold belts southward from North Carolina began in 1829, anil speedily resulted in the forcible eviction of the Cherokee from the gold-bearing region. Most of the precious metal was procured from placers or alluvial deposits by a simple process of digging and washing. Very little quartz mining has yet been attempted, and that usually by the crudest methods. In fact, for a long period gold working was followed as a sort of side

issue to farming between crop seasons. In North Carolina prospectors obtained permission from the owners of the land to wash or dig on shares, varying from one-fourth to one-half, and the proprietor was accus- tomed to put his slaves to work in the same way along the creek bottoms after the crops had been safely gathered. "The dust became a considerable medium of circu- lation, and miners were accustomed to carry about with them quills tilled with gold, and a pair of small hand scales, on which they weighed out gold at regular rates; for instance, Si grains of gold was the customary equivalent of a pint of whisky." For a number of years, about 1830 ami later, a man named Bechtler coined gold on his own account in North Carolina, and these coins, with Mexican silver,are said to have constituted the chief currency over a large region. A regular mint was established at Dahlonegain 1838 and maintained for some years. From 1804 to 1827 all the gold produced in the United States came from North < 'arolina. although the total amounted to hut SH0,000. The discovery of the rich deposits in California checked mining operations in the south, and the civil war brought about an almost complete suspen- EXTENSION OF GEORGIA LAWS 221 siim, from which then' is hardly yet a revival. According to the best official esti- mates the gold production of the southern Allegheny region for the century'from I7;t9 to 1898, inclusive, has been s ething over $46,000,000, distributed as follows: North Carolina $21,926,376 ( ;.•. >rgia 16, 658, 630 South Carolina 3,961,863 Virginia, slightly in excess of 3,216,343 Alabama, slightly in excess of 437,927 Tennessee,

slightly in excess of 167,405 Maryland 17,068 Total, slightly in excess of 46, 415,612 Autiiorities: Becker, Gold Fields of the Southern Appalachians, in the Sixteenth Annual Report United States Geological Survey. 1895; Day, Mineral Resources of the United States, Seventeenth Annual Report United States Geological Survey, part ■".. 1896; Nitze, Gold Mining and Metallurgy in the Southern States, in North Carolina Geological Survey Report, republished in Mineral Resources of the t nited states, Twentieth Annual Report United states Geological Survey, part 6, 1899; Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 1849. (42) Extension of Georgia laws, L830(p.ll7): "It is hereby ordained that all the laws of Georgia are extended over the Cherokee cQuntry; that after the first day of June, 1830, all Indians then and at that time residing in said territory, shall be liable and subject to such laws and regulationsed. 1880; Royce, Cherokee Nation of Indians, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 260, 1888. 13 Removal ports, 1838 (p.130): For collecting the Cherokee preparatory to the Removal, the follow ing stockade forts were built: In North Carolina. Fort Lind- say, on the south side of the Tennessee river at the junction of Nantahala. in Swain county: Fort Scott. at Aquone, farther up Nantahala river, in Macon county; Fort Montgomery, at Robbinsville, in Graham county; Fort Hembrie, at Hayesville, in Clay county: Fort Delaney, at Yalleytown, in Cherokee county; Fort Butler, at Murphy, in tin- same county. In Georgia, Fort Scudder, on Frogtown creek, north of Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county; Fort Gilmer, near Ellijay, in Gilmer county; Fort Coosawatee, in Murray county; Fort Talking-rock, near Jasper, in Pickens county; Fort Buffington, near Canton, in Cherokee county. In

Tennessee, Fort ( lass, a! ( 'alhoun. on Hiwassee river, in McMinn county. In Alabama, Fort Turkey- town, on Coosa river, at Center, in Cherokee county. Authority: Author's personal information. I 44 Mi Nair's GRAVE, (p. 132): Just inside the Tennessee line, where the Cona- sauga river bends again into Georgia, is a stone-walled grave, with a slab, on which is an epitaph which tells its own story of the Removal heartbreak. McNair was a white man, prominent in the Cherokee Nation, whose wife was a daughter of the chief, Vann, who welcomed the Moravian missionaries and gave his own house for their use. The date shows that she died while tin- Removal was in progress, possibly 222 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE leth.ann.19 while waiting in the stockade camp. The inscription, with details, is given from information kindly furnished byMr D. K. Dunn of Conasauga, Tennessee, in a letter dated August 16, 1890: "Sacred to the memory of David and DelilahA. McNair, who departed this life, the former on tlir 15th of August, L836, and the latter on the 30th of November, L838. Their children, being members of the Cherokee Nation and having to go with their j ico] ili' to the West, do leave this i lument, not only to show their regard for their parents, but to guard their sacred ashes against the unhallowed intrusion of the white man." (45) President Samuel Houston, (p. 145) : This remarkable man was horn in Rock- bridge county, Virginia, March 2, 1793, and died at Huntsville, Texas, July 25, 1863. ( if strangely versatile, but forceful, character, he occupies a unique position in Ameri- can history, combining in a

wonderful degree the rough manhood of the pioneer, the eccentric vanity of the Indian, the stern dignity of the soldier, the genius of the statesman, and withal the high chivalry of a knight of the olden time. His erratic career has been the subject of much cheap romancing, hut the simple facts are of sufficient interest in themselves without the aid of fictitious embellishment. To the Cherokee, whom he loved so well, lie was known as Ka'lanu, "The Raven," an old war title in the tribe. His father having died when the boy was nine years old. his widowed mother re- moved with him to Tennessee, opposite the territory of the Cherokee, whose boundary was then the Tennessee river. Here he worked on the farm, attending school at intervals; lint, being of adventurous disposition,' he left home whensixteen years old, and, crossing over the river, joined the Cherokee, among whom he soon became a great favorite, being adopted into the family of Chief Jolly, from whom the island at the mouth of Hiwassee takes its name. After three years of this life, during which time he wore the Indian dress and learned the Indian language, he returned to civili- zation and enlisted as a private soldier under Jackson in the Creek war. He s i attracted favorable notice and was promoted to the rank of ensign. By striking bravery at the bloody battle of Horseshoe bend, where he scaled the breastworks with an arrow in bis thigh and led his men into the thick of the enemy, he won the last- ing friendship of Jackson, who made him a lieutenant, although he was then

barely twenty-one. He continued in the army after the war, serving for a time as subagent for the Cherokee at Jackson's request, until the summer of 1818, when he resigned on account of some criticism by Calhoun, then Secretary of War. An official investi- gation, held at his demand, resulted in his exoneration. Removing to Nashville, he began the study of law, and, being shortly afterward admitted to the liar, set up in practice at Lebanon. Within five years he was succes- sively district attorney and adjutant-general and major-general of state troops. In 1823 he was elected to ( '.ingress, serving two terms, at the end of which, in 1827, he was elected governor of Tennessee by an overwhelming majority, being then thirty- four years of age. Shortly before this time he had fought and wounded General White ina duel. In January, L829, he married a young lady residing near Nashville, but two months later, without a word of explanation to any outsider, he left her, resigned his governorship ami other official dignities, and left the state forever, to rejoin his old friends, tin- Cherokee, in the West. For years the reason for this strange conduct was a secret, and Houston himself always refused to talk of it, but it is now under- stood to have been due to the fact that his wife admitted to him that she loved another and had only been induced to marry him by the over-persuasions of her parents. From Tennessee he went to Indian Territory, whither a large part of the Cher- okee had already removed, and once more took up his residence near Chief Jolly, who was now

the principal chief of the western Cherokee. The great disap- pointment which seemed to have blighted his life at its brightest was heavy at his SAMUEL BOUSTOM 'J'-'-'? heart, and he sought forgetfulness in drink to such an extent that for a time his manl I seemed to have departed, notwithstanding which, such was his force of character and his past reputation, he retained his hold upon the affections of the Cherokee and his standing with the officers and their families at the neighboring posts of Fort Smith, F"rt i iibson, and Fort ( loffee. In the meantime his former w ife in Den nessee had obtained a divorce, and Houston being thus frei e more soon after married Talihina, the youngest daughter of a prominent mixed-bl I Cherokee named Rogers, who resided near Fort Gibson. She wasthe niece of Houston's adopted father, Chief Jolly, and he had known her when a boy in the old Nation. Being^a beautiful girl, and educated above her surroundings, she became a welcome guest w herever her husband was received. He started a trading store near Webbers Falls, but continued in his dissipated habits until recalled to his senses by the out- come of a drunken affray in which he assaulted his adopted father, the old chief, and was himself felled to the ground unconscious. Upon recover} from his injuries he made a public apology for his < luct and thenceforward led asoberlife. In 1832 he visited Washington in the interest >it' the western Cherokee, calling in Indian costume upon President Jackson, who received him with old-time friendship. Being accused while there of connection with a fraudulent Indian contract,

he administered a severe beating to his accuser, a member of Congress. For this he »;i- lined $500 and reprimanded by the bar of the House, but Jackson remitted the fine. Soon after his return to the West he removed to Texas to take part in the agitation just started against Mexican rule. He was a member oi the convention w hich adopted a separate constitution for Texas in 1833, and two years later aided in forming a provisional government, and was elected commander-in-chief to organize the new militia. In 1836 he was a member of the convention which declared the independence of Texas. At the battle of San Jacinto in April of that year hedefeated with 7.">n men Santa Ana's army of 1,800, inflicting upon the Mexicans the terrible loss oi 630 killed and 730 prisoners, amongwhom was Santa Ana himself. Houston received a severe wound in the engagement. In the autumn of the same year he was elected first president of the republic of Texas, receiving more than four-fifths of the Vote- cast. He served two years and retired at the end of his term, leaving the country on good terms with both Mexico and the Indian tribes, and with its note- at par. He was immediately elected to the Texas congress and served in that capacity until 1841, when he was reelected president. It was during these years that he made his steadfast fight in behalf of the Texas < Iherokee, as is narrated elsew here, supporting their cause without wavering, at the risk of his own popularity and posi- tion. He frequently declared that no treaty made and carried out

in t: 1 faith had ever I. ecu violated by Indians. His Cherokee w ife having died some time 1. el ore. he was again married in ls4o. this time to a lady from Alabama, who exercised over him a restraining and ennobling influence through the stormy vicissitudes of his eventful life. In June, 1842, he vetoed a hill making him dictator for the purpose of resisting a threatened invasion from Mexico. (>n December 29, 1845, Texas was admitted to the Union, and in the following March Houston was elected to the Senate, where he served continuously until 1859, when he resigned to take his -eat as governor, to which position he had just been elected. From 1852 to 1860 bis name was three times presented before national presidential nominating conventions, the last time receiving 57 votes. Hehad taken issue with the Democratic majority throughout his term in the Senate, and when Texas passed the secession ordinance in February, 1861, being an uncompromising Union man, he refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy and was accordingly deposed from the office of governor, declining the proffered aid of federal troops to keep him in his seat. Unwilling either to fight against the Union orto take -ides against his friends, he held aloof from the great Struggle, and remained m silent retirement until his death, two years later. No other man in American history 224 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ann.1W has left such a record of continuoua election to high office while steadily holding to hisown convictions in the faceof strong popular opposition. Antlmntii-s: Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1894; Bonnell, Texas, 1840; Thrall, Texas,

L876; I.ossing. Field Book of the War of 1812, 1869; author's personal information; various periodical and newspaper articles. (46) Chief John Ross (p. 151): This great chief of the Cherokee, whose name is inseparable from their history, was himself but one-eighth of Indian blood and showed little of the Indian features, his father, Daniel Ross, having emigrated from Scotland before the Revolution and married a quarter-blood* Iherokee woman whose fat her, John McDonald, was also from Scotland. He was horn at or near the family residence at Rossville, Georgia just across the line from Chattanooga, Tennessee. As ahoy, he was known among the Cherokee as Tsan-usdi', " Little John," but after arriving at manhood was called Guwi'sguwi', the name of a ran- migratory bird, of large size and white or grayish plumage, said to have appealed formerly at longintervals in the old Cherokee country. It may have been the egret or the swan. He was educated at Kingston, Tennessee, and began his public career when barely nineteen years of age. Ilis first wife, a full-blood Cherokee woman, died in consequence of the hardships of the Removal while on the western march and was buried at Little Rock, Arkansas. Some years later he married again, this time to a Miss Stapler of Wilmington, Delaware, the marriage taking place in Philadelphia (author's per- sonal information from Mr Allen Ross, son of John Ross; see also Meredith, "The Cherokees," in the Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, 1S94. ) Cooweescoowee district of the Cherokee Nation west has been named in his honor. The following biographic facts are taken from the panegyric in his honor, passed by the national council

of the Cherokee, on hearing of his death, "as feebly expressive of the loss they have sustained." John Ross was born October .'!, 1790, and died in the city of Washington, August 1, 1866, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. His official career began in 1809, when he was intrusted by Agent Return Meigs with an important mission to the Arkansas Cherokee. From that time until the close of his life, with the exception of two or three years in the earlier part, he was in the constant service of his people, "furnish- ing an instance of confidence on their part and fidelity on his which has never been surpassed in the annals of history." In the war of 1813-14 against the Creeks he was adjutant of the Cherokee regiment which cooperated with General Jackson, and waspresent at the battle of the Horseshoe, where the Cherokee, under Colonel Morgan, of Tennessee, rendered distinguished service. In 1817 he was elected a member of the national committee of the Cherokee council. The first duty assigned him was to prepare a reply to the United States commissioners who were present for the purpose of negotiating with the Chen ikee for their lands east of the Mississippi, in firm resistance to which he was destined, a few years later, to test the power of truth and to attain a reputation of no ordinary character. In 1819, October 26, his name first appeals on the statute book of the Cherokee Nation as president of the national committee, and is attached to an ordinance which looked to the improve- ment of the Cherokee people, providing for the introduction into

the Nation of school- masters, blacksmiths, mechanics, and others. He continued to occupy that position till 1826. In 1827 he was associate chief with William Hicks, and president of the con- vention which adopted the constitution of that year. That constitution, it is believed, is the first effort at a regular government, with distinct branches and powers defined, ever madeand carried intoeffect by any of the Indians of North America. From 1828 until the removal west, he was principal chief of the eastern Cherokee, and from 1839 to the time of his death, principal chief of the united Cherokee Nation. In regard to the long contest which culminated in the Removal, the resolutions declare that "The Cherokees, with John Ross at their head, alone with their treaties, achieved a recognition of their rights, but they were powerless toenforce booney] JOHN ROSS — THE KETOOWAH SOCIETV 225 them. They were compelled to yield, but not until the struggle had developed the highest qualities of patience, fortitude, and tenacity of right and purpose on their part, as well as that of their chief. The same may be said of their course after their removal to this country, and Which resulted in the reunion of the eastern and west- em I Iherokees as one i pie and in the adoption of the present constitution." Concerning the events of the civil war and the official attempt to depose Ross from his authority, they state that thes 'currences, with many others in their trying historj as a people, are confidently committed to the future page of the historian. ••It is enough to know that the treaty negotiated at Washington in

1866 hore the full and just recognition of John Hoss' name as principal chief of the Cherokee nation." The summing up of the [panegyric is a splendid tribute to a splendid maul I: " Blessed with a line constitution and a vigorous niind, John Koss had the physi- cal ability to follow the path of duty wherever it led. No danger appalled him. He never faltered in Supporting what he believed to he right, hut clung to it with a steadiness of purpose which alone could have sprung from the clearest convictions of rectitude. He never sacrificed the- interests of his nation to expediency, lie never lost sight of the welfare of the people. For them he labored daily for a long life, and upon them he bestowed his last expressed thoughts. A friend of law, he obeyed it:a friend of education, he faithfully encouraged schools throughout the country, and spent liberally his means in conferring it upon others. Given to hos- pitality, none ever hungered around his door. A professor of the Christian religion, he practiced its precepts. His works are inseparable from the history of the Cher- okee people for nearly half a century, while his example in the daily walks of life will linger in the future and whisper words of hope, temperance, and charity in the years i if posterity." Resolutions were also passed for bringing his body from Washington at the expense of the Cherokee Nation and providing for suitable obsequies, in order "that his remains should rest among those he so long served" (Resolutions in honor of John Ross, in Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1869). (47) The Ketoowah Society (p.

l.MS): This Cherokee secret society, which has recently achieved some newspaper prominence by its championship of Cherokee autonomy, derives its name — properly Kitu'hwa, hut commonly spelled Ketoowah in English print — from the ancient town in the old Nation which formed the nucleus of the most conservative element of the tribe and sometimes gave a name to the Nation itself i see KUu'hwatfl, under Tribal Synonyms). A strong band of comradeship, if not a regular society organization, appears to have existed among the warriors and leading men of the various settlements of the Kituhwa district from a remote period, so that the name is even now used in councils as indicative of genuine Cherokee feelingjn its highest patriotic form. When, some years ago, delegates from the western Nation visited the East Cherokee to invite them to jointheir more pros- perous brethren beyond the Mississippi, the speaker for the delegates expressed their fraternal feeling for their separated kin-men by saying in his opening speech, "We are all Kituhwa people" (Ani'-KItu'hwagl). The Ketoowah society in the ( In rokee Nation west was organized shortly before the civil war by John I'.. Jones, son of the missionary, Evan Jones, and an adopted citizen of the Nation, as a secret society for the ostensible purpose of cultivating a national feeling among the full- bl Is. in opposition to the innovating tendencies of the mixed-bl 1 element. The real purpose was to counteract the influence of the "Blue Lodge" and other secret secessionist organizations among the wealthier slave-holding classes, made up chiefly of mixed-bl Is and whites. It extended to the Creeks, and its members ill both tribes rendered g

in derision; but it was accepted by this loyal league, and has almost superseded the designation which its members first assumed. The Pin organization originated among the members of the Baptist congregation at Peavine, Going-snake district, in the Cherokee nation. In a short time the society counted nearly three thousand members, and had commenced proselytizing the Creeks, when the rebellion, against which it was arming, preventing its further extension, the | mi n- ('reeks having been driven into Kansas by the rebels of the Golden Circle. Dining the war the Pins rendered services hi the Union cause in many bloody encounters, as has been acknowledged by our generals. It was distinctly an anti- slavery organization. The slave-holding Cherokees, who constituted the wealthy and more intelligent class, naturally allied themselves with the South, while loyal Cherokees became more and moreopposed to slavery. .This was shown very clearly when the loyalists lirst met in convention, in February, 1863. They not only abol- ished slavery unconditionally and forever, before any slave state made a movement toward emancipation, but made any attempts at enslaving a grave misdemeanor. The scent signs of the Pins were a peculiar way of touching the hat as a salutation, particularly when they were too far apart for recognition in other ways. They had a peculiar mode of taking hold of the lapel of the coat, first drawing it away from the body, and then giving it a motion as though wrapping it around the heart. During the war a portion of them were forced into the rebellion, but quickly rebelled against General Cooper, who was placed over them, and when they fought against that general,

on earth, until we meet again where parting is never known and friends meet to part no more forever. "L. R. "Welch, "Principal Chief Eastern Band Cherokei Indians. " Witness: "Samuel W. Davidson. "B. E. Mkrony." (49) Status of eastern BAND i]>. 180): For some reason all authorities who have hitherto discussed the status of the eastern band of Cherokee seem to have been entirely unaware of the enactment of the supplementary articles to the treaty of New Echota, by which all preemption and reservation rights granted under the twelfth article were canceled. Thus, in the Cherokee case of "The United States etal against D. T. Boyd it nl," we And the United States circuit judge quoting the twelfth article in its original form as a basis for argument, while his associate judge says: "Their forefathers availed themselves of a provision inthe treaty of New Echota and remained in the state of North Carolina." etc. (Report of Indian Commissionei lor 1895, pp. 633-635, 1896). The truth is that the treaty as ratified with its supplemen- tary articles canceled the residence right of every Cherokee east of the Mississippi, and it was not until thirty years afterwards that North ( 'arolina finally gave assurance that the eastern band would he permitted to remain within her borders. The twelfth article ..f the new Echota treaty of December 29, 1835, provides for a pro rata apportionment to such Cherokee as desire to remain in the East, and con- 228 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eih.ann.19 tinues: "Such heads of Cherokee families as are desirous to reside within the states of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama, subject to the laws of the same, and who

are qualified or calculated to become useful citizens, shall be entitled, on the certificate of the commissioners, to a preemption right to one hundred and sixty acres of land, or one quarter section, at the minimum Congress price, so as to include the present buildings or improvements of those who now reside there; and such as do not live there at present shall be permitted to locate within two years any lands not already occupied by person's entitled to preemption privilege under this treaty," etc. Article 13 defines terms with reference to individual reservatii ins granted under former treaties. The preamble to the supplementary articles agreed upon on March 1, 1836, recites that, "Whereas the President of the United States has expressed his determination not to allow any preemptions or reservations, his desire being that the whole Cherokeepeople should remove together and establish themselves in the country provided for them west of the Mississippi river (article 1) : It is therefore agreed that all preemption rights and reservations provided for in articles 12 and 13 shall be, and are hereby, relinquished and declared void." The treaty, in this shape, was ratified on May 23, 1836 (see Indian Treaties, pp. 633-648, 1837). BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. XI SWIMMER 'A'YUN'INii Hi— STORIES AND STORY TELLERS Cherokee myths may be roughly classified as sacred myths, animal stories, local legends, and historical traditions. To the first class belong the genesis stories, dealing with the creation of the world, the nature of the heavenly bodies and elemental forces, the origin of life and death, the spirit world and the invisible beings, the ancient mon- sters, and the hero-gods. It is

almost certain that most of the myths of this class are but disjointed fragments of an original complete gen- esis and migration legend, which is now lost. With nearly every tribe that has been studied we find such a sacred legend, preserved by the priests of the tradition, who alone are privileged to recite and explain it. and dealing with the origin and wanderings of the people from the beginning of the world to the final settlement of the tribe in its home territory. Among the best examples of such genesis traditions are those recorded in the Walam Olum of the Delawares and Matthews' Navaho Origin Legend. Others may be found in Cusick's History of the Six Nations, Gatschet's Creek Migration Legend, and the author's Jicarilla Genesis. 1 The Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other plains tribes are known to have similargenesis myths. The former existence of such a national legend among the Cherokee is confirmed by Haywood, writing in 1823, who states on information obtained from a principal man in the tribe that they had once a long oration, then nearly forgotten, which recounted the history of their wanderings from the time when they had been first placed upon the earth by some superior power from above. Up to about the middle of the la-t century this tradition was still recited at the annual Green- corn dance. 2 Unlike mosl Indians the Cherokee are not conservative, and even before the Revolution had so far lost their primitive customs from contact with the whites that Adair, in 1775. calls them a nesl of apostate hornets who for more than thirty years had been fast degen- erating. 3 Whatever it may have

been, their national legend is now lost forever. The secret organizations that must have existed formerly among the priesthood have also disappeared, and each man now works independently according to his individual gifts and knowledge. The sacred myths were not for every one, but only those might hear who observed the proper form and ceremony. When John Ax and ■American Anthropologist, vol. xi. July. 1898. 3 Adair, American Indians, p. 81, ITT"'. 2 See page 20. 230 MYTHS OK THE CHEROKEE other old men were boys, now some eighty years ago. the myth-keepers and priests were accustomed to meet toe-ether at night in the asl. or low-built log .sleeping house, to recite the traditions and discuss their secret knowledge. At times those who desired instruction from an adept in the sacred lore of the tribe met him by appointment in the as?,where they sat up all night talking, with only the light of a small tire burning in the middle of the floor. At daybreak the whole party went down to the running stream, where the pupils or hearers of the myths stripped themselves, and were scratched upon their naked skin with a bone-tooth comb in the hands of the priest, after which they waded out, facing the rising sun, and dipped seven times under the water, while the priest recited prayers upon the bank. This purifica- tory rite, observed more than a century ago by Adair, is also a part of the ceremonial of the ballplay, the Green-corn dance, and, in fact, every important ritual performance. Before beginning one of the stories of the sacred class the informant would sometimes suggest jokingly that the author first submit to being

scratched and "go to water." As a special privilege a boy was sometimes admitted to the asl on such occasions, to tend the fire, and thus had the opportunity to listen to the stories and learn something of the secret rites. In this way John Ax gained much of his knowledge, although he does not claim to be an adept. As he describes it, the tire intended to heat the room — for the nights are cold in the Cherokee mountains — was built upon the ground in the center of the small house, which was not high enough to permit a standing position, while the occupants sat in a circle around it. In front of the tire was placed a large flat rock, and near it a pile of pine knots or splints. When the tire had burneddown to a bed of coals, the boy lighted one or two of the pine knots and laid them upon the rock, where they blazed with a bright light until nearly consumed, when others were laid upon them, and so on until daybreak. Sometimes the pine splints were set up crosswise, thus, >0<XX, in a circle around the fire, with a break at the eastern side. They were then lighted from one end and burned gradually around the circle, fresh splints being set up behind as those in front were consumed. Lawson describes this identical custom as witnessed at a dance among the Waxhaw, on Catawba river, in 1701: Now, to return to our state house, whither we were invited by the grandees. As seen as we came into it, they placed our Englishmen near the king, it being

my for- tune to sit next him, having his great general or war captain on my other hand. The house is as dark as a dungeon, and as hot as one of the Dutch stoves in Holland. They had made a circular Are of split canes in the middle of the house, it was one man's employment to add more split reeds to the one end as it consumed at the other, there Vicing a small vacancy left to supply it with fuel. 1 i Lawson, Carolina, 67-68, reprint 1860. THE MYTHIC ANIMALS 231 belong tlic shorter animal myths, which have lost whatever sacred character they may once have had, and are told now merely as hu rous explanations of certain animal peculiarities. While the >acred myths have a constant bearing upon Eormulistic prayers and observances, it is only inand poor in intel- lect, came upon the earth later, and are not the descendants of the mythic animals, hut only weak imitations. In one or two special eases. however, the present creature is the descendant of a former monster. Tree- and plants also were alive and could talk in the old days, and had their place in council, but do not figure prominently in the myths. Each animal had his appointed station and duty. Thus, the Wala'si frog was the marshal and leader in the council, while the Rabbit was the messenger to carry all public announcements, and usually led the dance besides. He was also the great trickster and mischief maker, a character which he bears in eastern and southern Indian myth gener- ally, as well as in the southern negro stories. The bear figures as having been

originally a man, with human form and nature. As with other tribes and countries, almost every prominent rock and mountain, every dec]) bend in the river, in the old Cherokee country has its accompanying legend. It may be a little story that can he told in a paragraph, to account for some natural feature, or it may be one chapter of a myth that has its sequel in a mountain a hundred mile- away. As is usual when a people has lived for a long time in the same country, nearly every important myth is localized, thus assuming more definite character. There is the usual number of anecdotes and stories of personal adventure, some of them irredeemably vulgar, but historical traditions are strangely wanting. The authentic records of unlettered peoples are short at best, seldom going back much farther thanthe memories of their oldest men; and although the Cherokee have been the most important of the southern tribes, making wars and treaties for three centuries with Spanish. English, French, and Americans. Iroquois, 232 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth. ANN. 19 Shawano, Catawba, and Creeks, there is little evidence of the fact in their traditions. This condition may be due in part to the temper of the Cherokee mind, which, as has been already stated, is accustomed to look forward to new things rather than to dwell upon the past. The lirst Cherokee war, with its stories of Agansta'ta and Ata-gul'kalii', is absolutely forgotten. Of the long Revolutionary struggle they have hardly a recollection, although they were constantly fighting throughout the whole period and for several years after, and at one time were brought to the verge of ruin by four

paraphrased in the Cherokee language by Suyeta in introducing his first rabbit story: " Tsi'stu wuliga 'ndtHtUn' ii,,,',iuts,itiY tj, x.'i— the Rabbit was the leader of them all in mischief." The expression struck the author so forcibly that the words wire recorded as spoken. In regard to the contact between the two races, by which such stories could be borrowed from one by the other, it is not commonly known that in all the southern colonies Indian slaves were bought and sold and kept in servitude and worked in the fields side by side with negroes up to the time of the Revolution. Not to go back to the Spanish period. when such things were the order of the day, we find the Cherokee as early as Kin:] complaining that their people were being kidnaped by slave hunters. Hundreds ofcaptured Tuscarora and nearly the whole tribe of the Appalachee were distributed as slaves among the Carolina colonists in the early part of the eighteenth century, while the Natchez and others shared a similar fate in Louisiana, and as late at least as 1776 Cherokee prisoners of war were still sold to the highest bidder for the same purpose. Atone time it was charged against the gov- ernor of South Carolina that he was provoking a general Indian war by his encouragement of slave hunts. Furthermore, as the coast tribes dwindled they were compelled to associate and intermarry with the negroes until they finally lost their identity ami were classed with that race, so that a considerable proportion of the blood of the south- ern negroes is unquestionably Indian. The negro, with his genius for imitation and his love for

and Shawano blood, and such admixture implies contact more or less intimate and continued. Indians are great wanderers, and a 1 Fur ;i presentation -if the African and European argument see Harris, Nights with Uncle Remus. introduction, 1883; and Uncle Remus. His Songs and His Sayings, introduction, 1886; Gerber, Uncle Remus Traced to the Old World, in Journal of American Folklore, vi, p. 23, October, 1893. In regard to tribal dissemination of myths see Boas, Dissemination of Tales among the Natives of North America, in Journal of American Folklore, IV, p. 12, January, 1891; TheGrowthof Indian Mythologies, in the same journal, IX, p. 32, January ls>.ni; Northern Elements in the Mythology of the Navaho, in American Anthropologist, x. p. 11. November, ls'JT; introduction to Teit's Traditions of the Thompson River Indians. 1898. IT Boas has probably devotedmore study to the subject than any other anthro- pologist, and his personal observations include tribes from the Arctic regions to the Columbia. hooney] OBIGIH OF THE MYTHS 235 myth can travel as far as a redstone pipe or a string of wampum. It was customary, as it still is i<> a limited extent in the West, for large parties, sometimes even a whole band or village, to make lime- visits to other tribes, dancing, feasting, trading, and exchanging stories w itli their friends for weeks or months at a time, with the expectation that their hosts would return the visit within the next summer. Regular trade routes crossed the continent from east to west and from north to south, and when the subject has been fully investigated it will lie found that this intertribal commerce was as constant

and well recognized a part of Indian life as is our own railroad traffic today. The very existence of a trade jargon or a sign language is proof of intertribal relations over wide areas. Their political alliances also were often far-reaching, for Pontiac welded into a warlike confederacy all the trilies from the Atlantic border to the head of the Mississippi, while the emissaries of the Shawano prophet carried the story of his rev- elations throughout the whole region from the Florida coast to the Saskatchewan. In view of these facts it is as useless to attempt to trace the origin of every myth as to claim a Cherokee authorship for them all. From \\ hat we know of the character of the Shawano, their tendency toward the ceremonial and the mystic, and their close relations with the Cherokee, it maywriter as so remarkably resembling the great Hebrew lawgiver is in fact that great teacher himself, Wasi being the Cherokee approximate for Moses, and the good missionary who first recorded the story was simply listening to a chapter taken by his convert from the Cherokee testament. The whole primitive pantheon of the Cherokee is still preserved in their sacred formulas. As compared with those from some other tribes the Cherokee myths are clean. For picturesque imagination and wealth of detail they rank high, and some of the wonder Stories may challenge those of Europe and India. The numerous parallels furnished will serve to indicate their relation to the general Indian system. Unless otherwise noted, every myth here given has been obtained directly from the Indians, and in nearly every case has been verified from several sources. "I know not how the truth may

be, I tell the tale as 'twas told to me." First and chief in the list of story tellers comes A'yun'ini, "Swim- mer," from whom nearly three-fourths of the whole number were originally obtained, together with nearly as large a proportion of the whole body of Cherokee material now in possession of the author. The collection could not have been made without his help, and now that he is gone it can never be duplicated. Born about 1835, shortly before the Removal, he grew up under the instruction of masters to be a priest, doctor, and keeper of tradition, so that he was recognized as an authority throughout the band and by such a competent outside judge as Colonel Thomas. He served through the war as second sergeant of the Cherokee Company A, Sixty-ninth North Carolina Confederate Infantry. Thomas Legion. Hewas prominent in the local affairs of the band, and no Green-corn dance, ballplay, or other tribal function was ever considered complete without his presence and active assistance. A genuine aboriginal antiquarian and patriot, proud of his people and their ancient system, he took delight in recording in his native alphabet the songs and sacred formulas of priests and dancers and the names of medicinal plants and the pre- scriptions with which they were compounded, while his mind was a storehouse of Indian tradition. To a happy descriptive style he added a musical voice for the songs and a peculiar faculty for imitating the characteristic cry of bird or beast, so that to listen to one of his recitals was often a pleasure in itself, even to one who understood not a word of the language. He spoke no English,

and to the day of his death clung to the moccasin and turban, together with the rattle, his badge of authority. He died in March, 1S99, aged about sixty-five, and was moomvj STORY-TELLERS 237 buried like a true Cherokee on the slope of a forest-clad mountain. Peace to his ashes and sorrow for his going, for with him perished half the tradition of a people. Next in order comes the name <>f Itagu'nahi. better known a^ John A\. born about L800 and now consequently just touching the centurj mark, being the oldest man of the band. He has a distinct recollec- tion of tin' Creek war, at which time he was about twelve years of age, and was already married and a father when the lands east of Xantahala were sold by the treaty of L819. Although not a professionalpriest or doctor, he was recognized, before age had dulled his faculties, as an authority upon all relating to tribal custom, and was an expert in the making of rattles, wands, and other ceremonial paraphernalia. ( >f a poetic and imaginative temperament, he cared most for the wonder stories, of the giant Tsul'kalu', of the great Uktena or of the invisible spirit people, but he had also a keen appreciation of the humorous animal stories. He speaks no English, and with his erect spare figure and piercing eye is a tine specimen of the old-time Indian. Notwith- standing his great age he walked without other assistance than his stick to the last ball game, where he watched every run with the closest interest, and would have attended the dance the night before but for the interposition of friends. Suyeta, "The Chosen

One," who preaches regularly as a Baptist minister to an Indian congregation, does not deal much with the Indian supernatural, perhaps through deference to his clerical obligations. but has a good memory and liking for rabbit stories and others of the same class. He served in the Confederate army during the war as fourth sergeant in Company A, of the Sixty-ninth North Carolina. and is now a well-preserved man of about sixty-two. He speaks no English, but by an ingenious system of his own has learned to use a concordance for verifying references in his Cherokee bible. He is also a first-class carpenter and mason. Another principal informant was Ta'gwadihf, "Catawba-killer," of Cheowa, who died a few years ago, aged about seventy. He was a doctor and made no claim to special knowledge of myths or ceremonials. but was aide tofurnish several valuable stories, besides confirmatorj evidence for a large number obtained from other sources. Besides these may be named, among the East Cherokee, the late Chief N. J. Smith; Sal&'ll, mentioned elsewhere, who died about L895; Tsesa'ni or Jessan, who also served in the war: Aya'sta. one of the principal conservatives among the women; and James and David Blythe, younger men of mixed blood, with an English education, but inheritors of a large share of Indian lore from their father, who was a recognized leader of ceremony. Among informants in the western Cherokee Nation the principal was James D. Watford, known to the Indians a- Tsuskwanun'nawa'ta, 238 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ann.19 "Worn-out-blanket," a mixed-blood speaking- and writing both lan- guages, born in the old Cherokee Nation near the site of the pres- ent Clarkesville, Georgia, in 1806. and dying- when

about ninety years of age at his home in the eastern part of the Cherokee Nation, adjoining the Seneca reservation. The name figures prominently in the early history of North Carolina and Georgia. His grandfather, Colonel Wafford, was an officer in the American Revolutionary army, and shortly after the treaty of Hopewell, in 17S5, established a colony known as " Watford's settlement," in npper Georgia, on territory which was afterward found to be within the Indian boundary and was acquired by special treaty purchase in 1801. His name is appended, as witness for the state of Georgia, to the treaty of Holston, in 1794. ' On his mother's side Mr Wafford was of mixed Cherokee, Natchez, and white blood, she being a cousin of Sequoya. He was also remotely con- nected with Cornelius Dougherty, the first trader established among the Cherokee.In the course of his long life he tilled many positions of trust and honor among his people. In his youth he attended the mission school at Valleytown under Reverend Evan Jones, and just before the adoption of the Cherokee alphabet he finished the translation into phonetic Cherokee spelling of a Sunday school speller noted in Pilling' s Iroquoin Bibliography. In 1821 he was the census enumerator for that district of the Cherokee Nation embracing upper Hiwassee river, in North Carolina, with Nottely and Toccoa in the adjoining portion of Georgia. His fund of Cherokee geographic information thus acquired was found to be invaluable. He was one of the two commanders of the largest detachment of emigrants at the time of the removal, and his name appears as a councilor for the western Nation in the Cherokee Almanac for 1846.

When employed by the author at Tahlequah in 1891 his mind was still clear and his memory keen. Being of practical bent, he was concerned chiefly with tribal history, geography, linguistics, and every-day life and custom, on all of which subjects his knowledge was exact and detailed, but there were few myths for which he was not able to furnish confirmatory testi- mony. Despite his education he was a firm believer in the Niinne'hi, and several of the best legends connected with them were obtained from him. His death takes from the Cherokee one of the last connect- ing links between the present and the past. 1 See contemporary notice in the Historical Sketch. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOG NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. XII JOHN AX ilTAGU'NUHh IV— THE MYTHS ( Josmogonic Myths i. HOW THE WORLD WAS MADE The earth is a great island floatingin a sea of water, and suspended at each of the four cardinal points by a cord hanging down from the sky vault, which is of solid rock. When the world grows old and worn out. the people will die and the cords will break and let the earth sink down into the ocean, and all will he water again. The Indians are afraid of this. When all was water, the animals were above in Galun'latI, beyond the arch; but it was very much crowded, and they were wanting more room. They wondered what was below the water, and at last Dayu- ni'si, "Beaver's Grandchild," the little Water-beetle, offered to go and see if it could learn. It darted in every direction over the surface of the water, hut could find no firm place to rest. Then it dived

to the bottom and came up with some soft mud. which began to grow and spread on every side until it became the island which we call the earth. It was afterward fastened to the sky with four cords, but no one remembers who did this. At first the earth was Hat and very soft and wet. The animals were anxious to get down, and sent out different birds to see if it was yet dry, but they found no place to alight and came back again to Galun'- lati. At last it seemed to be time, and they sent out the Buzzard and told him to go and make ready for them. This was the Great Buz- zard, the father of all the buzzards we see now. He flew all over the earth, low down near the ground,and it was still soft. When he reached the Cherokee country, he was very tired, and his wings began to flap and strike the ground, and wherever they struck the earth there was a valley, and where they turned up again then' was a mountain. When the animals above saw this, they were afraid that the whole world would he mountains, so they called him back, bul I lie Cherokee country remains full of mountains to this day. When the earth was dry and the animals came down, it was still dark, so they got the sun and set it in a track to go every day across the island from east to west, just overhead. It was too hot this way, and T.siska'gili'. the Red Crawfish, had his shell scorched a bright red, so that his meat was

with a fish and told her to mul- \ tiply, and so it was. In seven days a child was born to her, and thereafter every seven days another, and they increased very fast until J there was danger that the world could not keep them. Then it was made that a woman should have only one child in a year, and it has been so ever since. 2. THE FIRST FIRE In the beginning there was no fire, and the world was cold, until the Thunders (Ani'-Hyun'tikwala'ski), who lived up in Galun'lati. sent their lightning and put fire into the bottom of a hollow sycamore tree which grew on an island. The animals knew it was there, because they could see the smoke coming out at the top, but they could not get to it on i my; THEFIRST BTRE 241 account of the water, so they held a council to decide what to do. This was a long time ago. Every animal thai could fly or swim was anxious to go after the tiiv. The Raven offered, and because he was so large and strong they thought he could surely do the work, so he was sent first. He flew high and Ear across the water and alighted on the sycamore tree, but while he was wondering what to do next, the heat had scorched all his feathers black, and he was frightened and came back without the fire. Tin' little Screech-owl ( Wa'huhu') volunteered to go, and reached the place safely, lint while he was looking down into the hollow tree a blast of hot air came up and Dearly burned out his eyes. He

managed to fly home as best he could, but it was a long time before he could see well, and his eyes are red to this day. Then the HootingOwl ( WgvJcu') and the Horned Owl (TskiW) went, but by the time they got to the hollow tree the tire was burning so fiercely that the smoke nearly blinded them, and the ashes carried up by the wind made white rings about their eyes. They had to come home again without the fire, but with all their rubbing they were never able to get rid of the white rings. Now no more of the birds would venture, and so the little Uksu'hi snake, the black racer, said he would go through the water and bring back some tire. He swam across to the island and crawled through the grassto the tree, and went in by a small hole at the bottom. The heat and smoke were too much for him, too, and after dodging about blindly over the hot ashes until hi' was almost on tire himself he man- aged by good luck to get out again at the same hole, but his body had been scorched black, and he has ever since had the habit of darting and doubling on his track as if trying to escape from close quarters. He came back, and the great blacksnake, Gule'gi, "The Climber." offered to go for tire. He swam over to the island and climbed up the tree on the outside, as the blacksnake always does, but when he put his head down into the hole the smoke choked him so that he fell into the burning

stump, and before he could climb out again he was as black as the Uksu'hi. Now they held another council, for still there was no tire, and the world was cold, but birds, snakes, and four-footed animals, all had some excuse for not going, because they were all afraid to venture near the burning sycamore, until at last Kanane'skI Amai'vehi (the Water Spider) said she would go. This is not the water spider that looks like a mosquito, but the other one. with black downy hair and red stripes on her body. She can run on top of the water or dive to the bottom, so there would be no trouble to get over to the island, but the question was. How could she bring back the tire; "•I'll manage that," said the Water Spider; so she spun athread from her bodj and wove it into a tusti bowl, which she fastened on her back. Then she crossed over to the island and through the grass to where the tire was 19 eth— 01 1C 242 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ann.19 still burning. She put one little coal of fire into her bowl, and came back with it, and ever since we have had fire, and the Water Spider still keeps her tusti bowl. 3. KANA'TI AND SELU: THE ORIGIN OF GAME AND CORN When I was a boy this is what the old men told me they had heard when they were boys. Long years ago, soon after the world was made, a hunter and his wife lived at Pilot knob with their only child, a little boy. The father's name was Kana'ti (The Lucky Hunter), and his

wife was called Selu (Corn). No matter when Kana'ti went into the wood, he never failed to bring back a load of game, which his wife would cut up and prepare, washing off the blood from the meat in the river near the house. The little boy used to play down by the river every day. and one morning the old people thought the} 7 heard laughing and talk- ing in the bushes as though there were two children there. When the boy came home at night his parents asked him who had been playing with him all day. "He comes out of the water," said the boy. "and be calls himself my elder brother. He says his mother was cruel to him and threw him into the river." Then the} 7 knew that the strange boy had sprungfrom the blood of the game which Selu had washed off at the river's edge. Every day when the little boy went out to play the other would join him. but as he always went back again into the water the old people never had a chance to see him. At last one evening Kana'ti said to his son, "Tomorrow, when the other boy comes to play, get him to wrestle with you, and when you have your arms around him hold on to him and call for us." The boy promised to do as he was told, so the next day as soon as his playmate appeared he challenged him to a wrestling match. The other agreed at once, but as soon as they had their arms around each other, Kana'ti's boy began to scream for his

father. The old folks at once came running down, and as soon as the Wild Boy saw them he struggled to free himself and cried out, "Let me go; you threw me away!" but his brother held on until the parents leached the spot, when they seized the Wild Boy and took him home with them. They kept him in the house until they had tamed him, but he was always wild and artful in his disposition, and was the leader of his brother in every mischief. It was not long until the old people dis- covered that he had magic powers, and they called him I'nage-utasun'ln (He-who-grew-up-wild). Whenever Kana'ti went into the mountains he always brought back a fat buck or doe, or maybe a couple of turkeys. One day the Wild Boy said to his brother, ''I wonderwhere our father gets all that game; let's follow him next time and find out." A few days afterward Kana'ti took a bow and some feathers in his hand and started off UOONEY] KANATI AMI SKI.T 243 toward the west. The boys waited a little while and then went afti r him, keeping out <d' sight until they saw him go into a swamp where there were a great many of the small reeds that hunters use to make arrowshafts. Then the Wild Boy changed bimself into a puff of l>ird's down, w hich the wind took up and carried until it alighted upon Kana'ti's shoulder just as he entered the swamp, but Kana'ti knew nothing about it. Theold man «ut reeds, fitted the feathers to them and made some arrows, and the Wild Boy- in his other shape

thought, ••I wonder what those things are for?" When Kana'ti had his arrows finished he came out of the swamp and went on again. The wind blew the down from his shoulder, and it fell in the woods, when the Wild Boy took his right shape again and went back and told his brother what he had seen. Keeping Out of sight of their father, they followed him up the mountain until he stopped at a certain place and lifted a large rock. At once there ran out a buck, which Kana'ti shot, and then lifting it upon his back he started for home again. "Oho!" exclaimed the boys, "he keeps all the deer shut up in that hole, and whenever he wants meat he just Lets one out and kills it with those things he made in theswamp." They hurried and reached home before their father, who had the heavy deer to carry, and he never knew that they had followed. A few days later the hoys went back to the swamp, (ait some reeds, and made seven arrows, and then started up the mountain to where their father kept the game. When they got to the place, they raised the rock and a deercame running out. .lust as they drew hack to shoot it. another came out. and then another and another, until the boys got confused and forgot what they were about. In those days all the deer had their tails hanging down like other animals, but as a buck was running past the Wild Roy struck its tail with his arrow so that it pointed upward. The boys thought this good sport, and

when the next oik' ran past the Wild Boy struck its tail so that it stood straight up. and his brother struck the next one so hard with his arrow that the deer's tail was almost curled over his back. The deer carries his tail this way ever since. The deer came running past until the last one had come out of the hole and escaped into the forest. Then came droves of raccoons, rabbits, and all the other four-footed animals — all hut the hear, because there was no bear then. Last came great flocks of turkeys, pigeons, and partridges that darkened the air like a (loud and made such a noise with their wings that Kana'ti. sitting at home, heard the sound like distant thunder on the mountains and said to him- self. "• My bad boyshave got into trouble; T must go and see what they are doing.-' So he went up the mountain, and when he came to the place where he kept the game he found the two boys standing by the rock, and all the birds and animals were g-oue. Kana'ti was furious, but without 244 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ann.19 saving a word he went down into the cave and kicked the covers off four jars in one corner, when out swarmed bedbugs, fleas, lice, and gnats, and got all over the boys. They screamed with pain and fright and tried to beat off the insects, but the thousands of vermin crawled over them and bit and stung them until both dropped down nearly dead. Kana'ti stood looking on until he thought they had been pun- ished enough, when he knocked

said Selu, " but wait a little while and I'll get you something.''' So she took a basket and started out to the storehouse. This storehouse was built upon poles high up from the ground, to keep it out of the reach of animals, and there was a ladder to climb up by, and one door, but no other opening. Every day when Selu got ready to cook the dinner she would go out to the storehouse with a basket and bring it back full of corn and beans. The boys had never been inside the storehouse, so wondered where all the corn and beans could come from, as the house was not a very large one; so as soon as Selu went out of the door the Wild Boy said to his brother, "Let's go and seewhat she does." They ran around and climbed up at the back of the storehouse and pulled out a piece of clay from between the logs, so that they could look in. There they saw Selu standing in the middle of the room with the basket in front of her on the floor. Leaning over the basket, she rubbed her stomach — so — and the basket was half full of corn. Then she rubbed under her armpits — so — and the basket was full to the top with beans. The boys looked at each other and said, "This will never do; our mother is a witch. If we eat any of that it will poison us. We must kill her." When the boys came back into the house, she knew their thoughts before they spoke. " So

piece they cleared onlj seven little spots. This is why corn now grows only in a few places instead 01 over the whole world. They dragged the body of Selu around the circle, and wherever her blood fell on the ground the corn sprang up. But instead of dragging her body seven times across the ground they dragged ii over onlj twice, which is the reason the Indians still work their crop but twice. The two brothers sat up and watched their coin all night, and in the morning it was full grown and ripe. When Kana'ti came home at last, he looked around, but could not see Selu anywhere, and asked the boys where was their mother. "She was a witch, and we killed her." said the boys; •'there is her head up there on top of thehouse." "When he saw his wife's head on the roof, he was very angry, and said, ''I won't stay with you any longer: I am going to the Wolf people." So he started off, but before, he had gone far the Wild Boy changed himself again to a tuft of down, which fell on Kana'tfs shoulder. When Kana'ti reached the settlement of the Wolf people, they were holding a council in the townhouse. He went in and sat down with the tuft of bird's down on his shoulder, but he never noticed it. When the Wolf chief asked him his business, he said: " I have two bad boys at home, and I want you to go in seven days from now and play ball against them." Although Kana'ti spoke as though he wanted them to play a

game of ball, the Wolves knew that he meant for them to go and kill the two boys. They promised to go. Then the bird's down blew off from Kana'tfs shoulder, and the smoke carried it up through the hole in the roof of the townhouse. When it came down on the ground outside, the Wild Boy took his right shape again and went home and told his brother all that he had heard in the townhouse. But when Kana'ti left the Wolf people, he did not return home, but went on farther. The boys then began to get ready for the Wolves, and the Wild Boy —the magician — told his brother what to do. They ran around the house in a wide circle until they had made a trail all around it excepting on the side fromwhich the Wolves would come, where they left a small open space. Then they made four large bundles of arrows and placed them at four different points on the outside of the circle, after which they hid themselves in the woods and waited for the Wolves. In a day or two a whole party of Wolves came and sur- rounded the house to kill the boys. The Wolves did not notice the trail around the house, because they came in where the boys had left the opening, but the moment they went inside the circle the trail changed to a high brush fence and shut them in. Then the boys on the outside took their arrows and began shooting them down, and as the \\ olves could not jump over the fence they were all killed, excepting a few

that escaped through the opening into a great swamp close by. The boys ran around the swamp, and a circle of tire sprang up in their 246 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ann.19 tracks and set fire to the grass and bushes and burned up nearly all the other Wolves. Only two or three got away, and from these have come all the wolves that are now in the world. Soon afterward some strangers from a distance, who had heard that the brothers had a wonderful grain from which they made bread, came to ask for some, for none but Selu and her family had ever known corn before. The boys gave them seven grains of corn, which they told them to plant the next night on their way home, sitting up all night to watch the corn, which wouldhave seven ripe ears in the morning. These they were to plant the next night and watch in the same way, and so on every night until they reached home, when they would have corn enough to supply the whole people. The strangers lived seven days' journey away. They took the seven grains and watched all through the darkness until morning, when the}' saw seven tall stalks, each stalk bearing a ripened ear. They gathered the tars and went on their way. The next night they planted all their corn, and guarded it as before until daybreak, when they found an abundant increase. But the way was long and the sun was hot, and the people grew tired. On the last night before reaching home they fell asleep, and in the morning the corn they had planted had not

even sprouted. The}' brought with them to their settlement what corn they had left and planted it, and with care and attention were able to raise a crop. But ever since the corn must be watched and tended through half the year, which before would grow and ripen in a night. As Kana'ti did not return, the boys at last concluded to go and find him. The Wild Boy took a gaming wheel and rolled it toward the Darkening land. In a little while the wheel came rolling back, and the boys knew their father was not there. He rolled it to the south and to the north, and each time the wheel came back to him. and they knew their father was not there. Then he rolled it toward the Sun- land, and it did not return. "Ourkeep away from it. He went on ahead, but as soon as he was out of sight the Wild Boy said to his brother. "Come and let us see what is in the swamp." They went in together, and in the middle of the swamp they found a large mooney] kana'ti and selu -J47 panther asleep. The Wild Hoy got <>ut an arrow and shot the panther in the side of the head. The panther turned his head and the other boj shot him on that side. He turned his head away again and the two brothers sho( together fust, fust, tust! But the panther was nol hurt by the arrow- and paid no more attention to the boys. They came oul of the swamp and soon overtook Kana'ti. waiting for them. "Did you find it?" asked Kana'ti. "Yes,"

two nice fat strangers. Now we'll have a grand feast!" They caught the hoys and dragged them into the townhouse, and sent word to all the people of the settlement to come to the feast. They made up a great tire, put water into a large pot and set it to boiling, and then seized the Wild Hoy and put him down into it. His brother was not in the least frightened ami made no attempt to escape, hut quietly knelt down and began putting the splinters into the tire, as if to make it burn better. When the cannibals thought the meat was about ready they lifted the pot from the fire, and that instant a blinding light rilled the townhouse, and the lightning began to dart from one side" to the other, striking down the cannibalswaited until it went up again, and then they went through and climbed up on tile other side. There they found Kana'ti and Selu sitting together. The old folk received them kindly and were glad to see them, telling them they might Stay there a while, but then they must go to live where the sun goes down. The boy- stayed with their parents seven day- and 248 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.anx.19 then went on toward the Darkening land, where the}' are now. We call them Anisga'ya Tsunsdi' (The Little Men), and when they talk to each other we hear low rolling thunder in the west. After Kana'ti's boys had let the deer out from the cave where their father used to keep them, the hunters tramped about in the woods for a long time without finding any game,

so that the people were very hungry. At last they heard that the Thunder Boys were now living in the far west, beyond the sun door, and that if they were sent for they could bring back the game. So they sent messengers for them, and the boys came and sat down in the middle of the townhouse and began to sing. At the first song there was a roaring sound like a strong wind in the northwest, and it grew louder and nearer as the boys sang on, until at the seventh song a whole herd of deer, led by a large buck, came out from the woods. The boys had told the people to be ready with their bows and arrows, and when the song was ended and all the deer were close around the townhouse, thehunters shot into them and killed as many as they needed before the herd could get back into the timber. Then the Thunder Boys went back to the Darkening land, but before the}' left they taught the people the seven songs with which to call up the deer. It all happened so long ago that the songs are now forgotten — all but two, which the hunters still sing whenever they go after deer. WAHNENAUH] VERSION After the world had been brought up from under the water, ''They then made a man and a woman and led them around the edge of the island. On arriving at the starting place they planted some corn, and then told the man and woman to go around the way they had been led. This they did. and on returning they found the corn up

them, they talked to each other about it. wondering that they never saw such things as their parents brought in. At last MOONEY] KANA'TI AM) SELO 249 one proposed to watch when their parents wenl out and to follow them. Accordingly nexl morning the plan was carried out. Those who followed the father saw him stop at a short distance from the cabin and turn over a large stone that appeared to he carelessly leaned against another. On looking closely they saw an entrance to a large cave, and in it were many different kinds of animals and birds, suchas their father had sometimes brought in for food. The man standing at the entrance called a deer, which was lying at some distance and hack of some other animals. It rose immediately as it heard the call and came close upto him. He picked it up, closed the mouth of the cave, and returned, not once seeming to suspect what his sons had done. When the old man was fairly out of sight, his sons, rejoicing how they had outwitted him, left their hiding place and went to the cave. saying they would show the old folks that they, too, could bring in something. They moved the stone away, though it was very heavy and they were obliged to use all their united strength. When the cave was opened, the animals, instead of waiting to be picked up, all made a rush for the entrance, and leaping past the frightened and bewildered boys, scattered in all directions and disappeared in the wilderness, while the guilty offenders could do nothing hut gaze in stupified amazement as they saw them escape.

There were animals of all kinds, large and small — buffalo, deer. elk. antelope, raccoons, and squirrels; even catamounts and panthers, wolves and foxes, and many others, all fleeing together. At the same time birds of every kind were seen emerging from the opening, all in the same wild confusion as the quad- ruped: — turkeys, geese, swans, ducks, quails, eagles, hawks, and owls. Those who followed the mother saw her enter a small cabin, which they had never seen before, and close the door. The culprits found a small crack through which they could peer. They saw the woman place a basket on the ground and standing over it shake herself vigor- ously, jumping up and down, when lo and behold! large ears of corn began to fall into the basket. When it was well tilled she tookit up and, placing it on her head, came out, fastened the door, and prepared their breakfast as usual. When the meal had Keen finished in silence the man spoke to hi~ children, telling them that he was aware of what they had done: that now he must die and they would be obliged to provide for themselves. He made bows and arrows for them, then sent them to hunt for the animals which they had turned Loose. Then the mother told them that as they hail found out her secret she could do nothing more for them: that she would die. and they must drag her body around .over the ground; that wherever her body was dragged corn would come up. Of this they were to make their bread. She told them that they must always save some

safety. The Bears were the first to meet in council in their townhouse under Kuwa'hi mountain, the "Mulberry place," and the old White Bear chief presided. After each in turn had complained of the way in which Man killed their friends, ate their flesh, and used their skins for his own purposes, it was decided to begin war at once against him. Some one asked what weapons Man used to destroy them. " Bows and arrows, of course,*' cried all the Bears in chorus. "And what are they made of ] " was the next question. "The bow of wood, and the string of our entrails." replied one of the Bears. It was then proposed that they make a bow and some arrows and see if the} T could not use the same weapons against Man himself. So oneby the drops of blood on the ground, until he arrives at his cabin in the set- tlement, when the Little Deer enters invisibly and strikes the hunter with rheumatism, so that he becomes at once a helpless cripple. No hunter who has regard for his health ever fails to ask pardon of the Deer for killing it, although some hunters who have not learned the prayer may try to turn aside the Little Deer from 'his pursuit by building a fire behind them in the trail. Next came the Fishes ami Reptiles, who had their own complaints against Man. They held their council toe-ether and determined to make their victims dream of snakes twining about them in slimy folds and blowing foul breath in their faces, or to make them dream of eating raw or decaying tish.so that they

with sores;" and here he showed the spots on his skin. Next came the Bird — no one remembers now which one it was — who condemned Man "because he burns my feet off," meaning the way in which the hunter barbecues birds by impaling them on a stick set over the fire, so that their feathers and tender feet are singed off. Others followed in the same strain. The Ground-squirrel alone ventured to say a good word for Man. who seldom hurt him because he was so small, but this made the others so angry that they fell upon the Ground-squirrel and tore him with their claws, and the stripes are on his back to this day. They began then to devise and name so many new diseases, one after another, that had not their invention at lastfailed them, no one of the human race would have been aide to survive. The Grubworm grew 252 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ann.19 constantly more pleased as the name of each disease was called off, until at last they reached the end of the list, when some one proposed to make menstruation sometimes fatal to women. On this he rose up in his place and cried: " Waddn' ! [Thanks!] I'm glad some more of them will die. for they are getting so thick that they tread on me." The thought fairly made him shake with joy, so that he fell over backward and could not get on his feet again, but had to wriggle off on his back. as the Grubworm has done ever since. When the Plants, who were friendly to Man, heard what had been done by

the middle of the sky, directly above the earth, and every day as the Sun was climbing along the sky arch to the west she used to stop at her daughter's house for dinner. Now, the Sun hated the people on the earth, because they could never look straight at her without screwing up their faces. She said to her brother, the Moon, "My grandchildren are ugly; they grin all over their faces when they look at me." But the Moon said, "I like my younger brothers; I think they are very handsome" — because they always smiled pleasantly when they saw him in the sky at night, for his rays were milder. The Sun was jealous and planned to kill all the people, so every day when she got near her daughter's house she sent down such sultry raysthat there was a great fever and the people died by hundreds, until everyone had lost some friend and there was fear that no one would lie left. They went for help to the Little Men, who said the only way to save themselves was to kill the Sun. The Little Men made medicine and changed two men to snakes, the Spreading-adder and the Copperhead, and sent them to watch near the (l(Kir of the daughter of the Sun to bite the old Sun when she came next day. They went together and hid near the house until the Sun came, but when the Spreading-adder was about to spring, the bright light blinded him and he could only spit out yellow slime, as he does to this day when he tries to bite. She called him a nasty

thing and hooney] THK DAUGHTER OF THE si N 253 went by into the bouse, and tin' Copperhead crawled off without trying to do anything. So the people still died from the heat, and they went to the Little Men a second time for help. The Little Men made medicine again and Changed one man into the great I'ktena and another into the Rattle- snake and sent them to watch near the house and kill the old Sun when she came Eor dinner. They made the I'ktena very large, with borns on his head, and everyone thought he would lie sure to do the work. hut the Rattlesnake was so quick and eager that he got ahead and coiled up just outside tin' house, and when the Sun's daughter opened the door to look out for her mother, he sprangup and hit her and she fell dead in the doorway. He forgot to wait for the old Sun. hut went hack to the people, and the I'ktena was so very angry that he went hack. too. Since then we pray to the rattlesnake and do not kill him, because he is kind and never tries to bite if we do not disturb him. The Lktena grew angrier all the time and very dangerous, so that if he even looked at a man. that man's family would die. After a long- time the people held a council and decided that he was too dangerous to he with them, so they sent him up to Galun'lati, and he is there now. The Spreading-adder, the Copperhead, the Rattlesnake, and the Lktena were all men. When the Sun found her daughter dead,

she went into the house and grieved, and the people did not die any more, but now the world was dark all the time, because the Sun would not come out. They went again to the Little Men. and these told them that if they wanted the Sun to come out again they must bring back her daughter from Tsusgina'i, the Ghost country, in Usunhi'vi, the Darkening land in the west. They chose seven men to go, and gave each a sourw I rod a hand-breadth long. The Little Men told them they must take a box with them, and when they got to Tsusgina'i they would find all the ghosts at a dance. They must stand outside the circle, and when the young woman passed in the dance they must strike her with the rods and she wouldfall to the ground. Then they must put her into the box and bring her back to her mother, but the} 7 must be very sure not to open the box. even a little way, until they were home again. They took the rods and a box and traveled seven days to the west until they came to the Darkening land. There were a great many people there, and they were having a dance just as if they were at home in the settlements. The young woman was in the. outside circle, and as she swung around to where the seven men were standing, one struck her with his rod and she turned her head and saw him. As she came around the second time another touched her with his rod. and then another and another, until at

the seventh round she fell out of the ring, and they put her into the l>ox and closed the lid fast. The other ghosts seemed never to notice what had happe 1. 254 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ann.19 They took up the box and .started home toward the east. In a little while the girl came to life again and begged to be let out of the box, but the}' made no answer and went on. Soon she called again and said she was hungry, but still they made no answer and went on. After another while she spoke again and called for a drink and pleaded so that it was very hard to listen to her, but the men who carried the box said nothing and still went on. When at last they were very near home, shecalled again and begged them to raise the lid just a little, because she was smothering. They were afraid she was really dying now, so they lifted the lid a little to give her air, but as they did so there was a fluttering sound inside and something flew past them into the thicket and they heard a redbird cry, " Jewish/ Jewish! hwish!" in the bushes. They shut clown the lid and went on again to the settle- ments, but when they got there and opened the box it was empty. So we know the Redbird is the daughter of the Sun, and if the men had kept the box closed, as the Little Men told them to do, they would have brought her home safely, and Ave could bring back our other friends also from the

Ghost country, but now when they die we can never bring them back. The Sun had been glad when they started to the Ghost country, but when they came back without her daughter she grieved and cried, "My daughter, my daughter," and wept until her tears made a flood upon the earth, and the people were afraid the world would be drowned. They held another council, and sent their handsomest young men and women to amuse her so that she would stop crying. They danced before the Sun and sang their best songs, but for a long time she kept her face covered and paid no attention, until at last the drummer suddenly changed the song, when she lifted up her face, and was so pleased at the sight that she forgot her grief and smiled. 6. HOW THEY BROUGHTBACK THE TOBACCO In the beginning of the world, when people and animals were all the same, there was only one tobacco plant, to which they all came for their tobacco until the DaguTku geese stole it and carried it far away to the south. The people were suffering without it, and there was one old woman who grew so thin and weak that everybody said she would soon die unless she could get tobacco to keep her alive. Different animals offered to go for it, one after another, the larger ones first and then the smaller ones, but the Dagul kfi saw and killed every one before he could get to the plant. After the others the little Mole tried to reach it by going under the ground, but the DaguTku saw his track and killed him as

he came out. At last the Hummingbird offered, but the others said he was entirely too small and might as well stay at home. He begged them to let him try, so they showed him a plant in a field and told him to let them see kookbt] iinw THEV BROUGHT BACK THE TOBACCO 255 how he would go aboul it. The next moment lie was gone and they saw liim sitting <m the plant, and then in a moment he was back again, l>ut do one had seen him going or coming, because he was so swift. "This is the way I'll do," said the Hummingbird, so they let him try. Ilr flew off to the east, am! when he came in sight of the tobacco the Dagul ku were watching all about it, but they couldnot see him because he was so small and tlew so swiftly. Ilr darted down on the plant tea! and snatched off the top with the leaves and seeds, and was off again before the Dagul ku knew what had happened. Before he got home with the tobacco the old woman had fainted and they thought she was dead, but he blew the smoke into her nostrils, and with a cry of " Tm'lu! [Tobacco!]" she opened her eyes and was alive again. -I I OND VEBSION The people had tobacco in the beginning, but they had used it all, and there was great suffering for want of it. There was one old man so old that he had to be kept alive by smoking, and as his son did not want to see him die he decided to go

himself to try and get some more. The tobacco country was far in the south, with high mountains all around it, and the passes were guarded, so that it was very bard to get into it. but the young man was a conjurer and was not afraid. He traveled southward until he came to the mountains on the border of the tobacco country. Then he opened his medicine bag and took out a hummingbird skin and put it over himself like a dress. Now he was a hummingbird and flew over the mountains to the tobacco field and pulled some of the leaves and seed and put them into his medicine bag. He was so small and swift that the guards, whoever they were, did not see him, and when he had taken as much as he could carryhe tlew back over the mountains in the same way. Then he took off the hummingbird skin and put it into his medicine bag. and was a man again. He started home, and on his way came to a tree that had a hole in the trunk, like a door, near the first branches, and a very pretty woman was looking out from it. Hestoppedand tried toclimb the tree, but although he was a good climber he found that he always slipped back. He put on a pair of medicine moccasins from his pouch, and then he could climb the tree, but when he reached the first branches he looked up and the hole was still as far away as before. He climbed higher and higher, but every time he looked up the hole seemed to be farther

than before, until at last he was tired and came down again. When he reached home he found his father very weak, but still alive, and one draw at the pipe made him strong again. The people planted the seed and have had tobacco ever since. 7. THE JOURNEY TO THE SUNRISE A long time ago several young men made up their minds to find the place where the Sun lives and see what the Sun is like. They got 256 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ahn.19 ready their bows and arrows, their parched corn and extra moccasins, and started out toward the east. At first they met tribes they knew, then they came to tribes they had only heard about, and at last to others of which they had never heard. There was a tribe of root eaters and anotherof acorn eaters, with great piles of acorn shells near their houses. In one tribe they found a sick man dying, and were told it was the custom there when a man died to bury his wife in the same grave with him. They waited until he was dead, when thev saw his friends lower the body into a great pit, so deep and dark that from the top they could not see the bottom. Then a rope was tied around the woman's body, together with a bun- dle of pine knots, a lighted pine knot was put into her hand, and she was lowered into the pit to die there in the darkness after the last pine knot was burned. The young men traveled on until they came at last to the sunrise place where the sky reaches

down to the ground. They found that the sky was an arch or vault of solid rock hung above the earth and was always swinging up and down, so that when it went up there was an open place like a door between the sky and ground, and when it swung back the door was shut. The Sun came out of this door from the east and climbed along on the inside of the arch. It had a human figure, but was too bright for them to see clearly and too hot to come very near. They waited until the Sun had come out and then tried to get through while the door was still open, but just as the first one was in the door- way the rock came down and crushed him. The other sixwere afraid to try it, and as they were now at the end of the world they turned around and started back again, but they had traveled so far that they were old men when they reached home. 8. THE MOON AND THE THUNDERS. The Sun was a young woman and lived in the East, while her brother, the Moon, lived in the West. The girl had a lover who used to come every month in the dark of the moon to court her. He would come at night, and leave before daylight, and although she talked with him she could not see his face in the dark, and he would not tell her his name, until she was wondering all the time who it could be. At last she hit upon a plan to find out. so the