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+{"content": "In the time of King Charles of France, in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1521, in the land of Vienne, a rich baron dauphin and lord was named Sir Godefroy of Bouillon. He was a mighty and great lord both in power and in lands, and was a very wise man. On account of his great wisdom, he was greatly esteemed by both the king of France and all the lords and barons of his court. Nothing was done in the said kingdom without his being called upon, and he had as his wife a very fair lady named Dame Diane. She was of such great beauty that she was well worthy and fitting to be named after that fair star that men call Diana, which appears and shows a little before the day, and she was also endowed with all nobility and gentleness that a lady may or ought to have. The said dauphin and this noble lady Diane were married for seven years without issue, much to their desire..prayed our lord both night and day that they might have children, play saunt and ready to his divine service. Our lord, through his benevolence, heard their prayer, and after his pleasure gave unto them a right fair daughter for the whych, great gladness named her Vyenne, because the city where she was born was called Vyenne. This daughter was delivered unto a noble lady to be nursed with her, who was of the same city and had a little daughter of Vyenne's age named Isabel. So the fair Vyenne was nursed with the same Isabel from her tender age until many years after. Such great love was between them both that they called each other sisters. The fair Vyenne grew and increased ever in sovereign beauty and gentleness, so that the renown of her excellent beauty flourished not only through all France but also throughout the realm of England and other countries.\n\nIt happened after she was fifteen years of age that she was desired,.The marriage of many knights and great lords was in the court of the dauphin, where there was a noblewoman of ancient lineage and fair lands. She was well beloved of the dauphin and all the lords of the land and was called Sir James. This nobleman had a very fair son named Parris. His father had him taught in all good customs. When he was eighteen years old, he was dressed in the discipline of arms and demonstrated himself nobly and worthily in all manners of chivalry. Within a short time after, he was dubbed knight by the hand of the said Lord Dauphin.\n\nNo feat of knighthood or adventure of chivalry happened after but that he found himself at it in such a way that the renown of him ran through the world. Men said he was one of the best knights that might be found in any country. He held himself right clean in arms and lived chastely and joyfully. He had hawks and hounds for his pastime around him..A man's way of hunting was sufficient for a duke or an earl, and through his prowess and bravery he was acquainted and known by many other great lords. Among them, he was particularly and lovingly acquainted with a young knight from the city of Vienne named Edward, who was of the same age and greatly loved each other, as if they were brothers in arms. They went together whenever they knew of any jousting or appropriate occasions for arms to gain honor.\n\nIt is worth noting that besides their worth in arms, they were good musicians, playing on all kinds of musical instruments, and could sing very well. Paris, however, surpassed Edward in all respects. Edward was already enamored of a noble lady of Brabant's court, but Paris, as yet, knew nothing of love. Not long after, Venus, the goddess of love, ignited his thoughts with desire for a noble young lady, that is, the fair Vienne, the daughter of Vienne, who was his liege lord. The more Paris grew in love..Toward his flourishing age, he was more espied and burning with her love for her great beauty. But Paris thought ever in his heart that this love was not likely or cordial. For he was not of such high lineage as the noble maiden Venus was. Therefore Paris kept his love secret, revealing it only to Edward his trusty fellow, to whom he broke his counsel. And the fair Venus perceived not that Paris was in love with her, nor Paris himself dared to show or say anything to her about it, but the more he saw her, the more the fire of love grew within him. Paris and Edward, with one accord, disposed themselves to give some melodious mirth to the noble maiden Venus. And with their musical instruments, they went by night time to gather toward that part of the castle where the fair Venus lay in her chamber. There they sang sweetly and sounded melodiously their musical instruments and pipes. Certainly..The melody of their songs and the sound of their instruments was so pleasing and sweet that it surpassed all other melodies. And when the dolphin and his wife and their fair daughter heard this sweet and melodious sound, both from the masques and various instruments they had, they had great joy and took great pleasure in it, desiring to know what caused such great delight before their castle. And so, the dolphin assigned a day for a festival, at which he summoned all manner of minstrels in his land, urging them on pain of death to come and play before him and his barons in his castle of Vienne. They played and sang in their best manner, but they desired even more to know what they were. And when Venus heard all the minstrels of the bond at the festival, she said to Isabeau, her fair maid and secret lover, \"By my faith, sweet sister, these minstrels do not play for the benefit of those who are accustomed to come.\".Before our chamber and me, they appear so much that I cannot recognize them. For certain, they do not come here for nothing. They love you or me.\n\nWhen the dauphin understood his daughter's words, he said to her, \"If it were possible, you should know what they are who sing every night before your chamber.\" He therefore ordered ten men of arms and commanded them to hide themselves privately there as the sound was heard, and to bring to him by force or otherwise those who made that sweet melody.\n\nThe night came when the two young knights, Parys and Edward, who knew nothing about the concealment laid for them, came with their instruments toward the castle. There they began to sing and played their instruments so melodiously that great pleasure it was to hear. And when they had sung and wanted to return thither as they had come from, the ten knights leapt out and came towards them, curtsying and saying that they must come with them..Speak with your lord, the dauphin. Then Parrys said to them, \"Fair lords, wait a little while, if it pleases you, and you shall have an answer from us.\" Then Parrys and Edward went apart and spoke to Gider. \"Fair brother,\" said Parrys to Edward, \"in which party are we now? I would not have you show any display or harm by me, sir, but so much I tell you that, rather than be led before the dauphin, I would rather die. Therefore, fair brother, advise what is best for us to do.\" Hearing Parrys' words, Edward said, \"Brother mine, have no fear of anything and let us do as you will.\" Then they said to the ten men-at-arms, \"Lords, through your courtesy, allow us to return here as we came from him, for we are at my lord the dauphin's pleasure and of all the lords and barons of his court, but in no way can we fulfill his commandment at this time.\"\n\nWhen the said ten men-at-arms saw the two knights disobeying them, they answered, \"You shall now come to him willingly or by force.\".And they began to draw out their swords and came against the two young knights, who were naked except for their swords and their shields. With these, they defended themselves so manfully that they hurt and wounded all ten armed men so much that they made them all flee and abandon the place, whether they wanted to or not.\n\nThe next morning, the ten armed men came before the dauphin, all wounded and sore. They recounted to him how two young men had single-handedly armed them and how they had to flee out of fear for their lives.\n\nThe dauphin was greatly angered by this and took great offense. He thought that the said two young knights were of great strength and virtue. Therefore, he commanded a hundred men to be ready to spy and capture them the following night if they came charging again, but none were to harm them until after they had surrendered. However, this enterprise came to nothing..The two young knights did not return but kept what they had done secret. When the fair maiden saw that she could not identify these minstrels, she thought they were some great lords, amorous of her. Isabeau and her damoiselle Ysabel spoke of nothing else but these minstrels, and they had great pleasure in talking about them. Paris, fearing he could not express or show the great love he had for the fair maiden, thought he would hide his courage from her. Therefore, he took up an acquaintance with the bishop of Saint Laurence, who taught him holy scripture. The dauphin, seeing his daughter trustful and penitent because she could not identify the said minstrels who so melodiously played before her chamber, he ordered a jousting place within his city of Venus and made lists and scaffolds to be set up. He sent his heralds in France, England, and Normandy to announce and show to all knights and gentlemen who would do feats of arms and of:.\"Chivalry for love of all ladies and maidens, the jousts should be held on the first day of May in the city of Vienne. And he who performed best in arms would receive from the Dauphin's daughter a shield of great value made of crystal and a garland with roses and flowers of fine gold. Know well that Vienne, the noble and beautiful maiden, was very pleased with the jousts arranged for her sake. From great talent and desire she wished to know him who was so eager for her. And she believed he would be present at the said first day of May in Vienne.\n\nAfter the messengers who had announced the jousts had returned to the city of Vienne, the most part of the knights and gentlemen of the Kingdom of France, England, and Normandy made themselves ready to come to the city of Vienne for the jousts. In particular, many noble barons of the Kingdom of England and France, who were enamored of the fair Vienne for the renown of her great beauty, came to the jousts with riches.\".And noblemen, among whom was John, duke of Bourbon, new to King Edward of France, Edward's son of England; Anthony, son of the earl of Provence; Gherard, son of Montferrat; and William, son of the duke of Carnes; Paris, knowing this noble assembly and the jousters who were to be the first day of Masculine, was hesitant to go or not, but the great love he had for the fair Venus compelled him. He consulted with Edward, his companion, who replied to him, \"If you go, I will hold you company. They will have good horses, all of whom are arrayed in white, and none other to distinguish them except that they are all arrayed in white and one like the other.\" The day of the jousters then approached, and all the lords and barons came two days before the festival to the city of Venus, where the duke, for their love, made a noble scaffold, and all who saw her were amazed by her..In great beauty, a multitude of noble knights and squires arrived, richly dressed according to the fashion of their land. Many minstrels played various instruments, and many excellent singers were present, whom the noble maiden Viviane listened to attentively, for her heart was set on discovering her lover. Paris then arrived and was assigned to serve at the Duke's table where Viviane sat. Indeed, he served and attended to her graciously and courteously.\n\nWhen the day arrived for the knights and gentlemen to joust in the name of love for the ladies, Paris and Edward went to a secret place to prepare themselves, arming in secret. They came to the lists with their badges and tokens, mounted and armed richly and well. All other knights were recognized by their arms, but the two white knights remained unknown.\n\nThe Duke then commanded that each one should display himself before the ladies and the jousting began along the field..damoyelles and they presented themselves before the scaffold of the fair Vienne, nobly and richly armed and arrayed. They were such godly men that every one said, \"The flower of knighthood may now be seen in this place.\" Among all other princes, Edward of England was most amorous in arms. The Pucelle Vyenne, singing all these noble knights, said to her damoiselle Ysabel, \"Fair sister, which of them all do you think loves me most?\" And Ysabel answered, \"Honorable lady, he who bears the lion of gold in his arms seems to love you more than the others.\" \"Indeed,\" said Vienne, \"the two white knights who bear no arms in their shields seem more to my fancy than any of the others.\" Then the knights were ready to do battle. And first, a hardy and valiant knight who bore a crown of gold in his arms began the first course. Against him ran the good knight Edward of Paris, his fellow..Every other fought so fiercely that they broke both their spheres / many other met each other suddenly giving great strokes / some were overthrown to the earth and some broke their spears worthily and kept their shields right valiantly / the other recounted each other so manfully that horse and man were cast to the ground / For every man did his best to gain respect there / Edward the king's son of England bore himself well and had the better on many a knight there / but the strong knight Paris charged his horse toward him / and met him so fiercely that in the end he overthrew him and had the better of him, from which he gained great respect and was much praised for his great prowess / This jousting lasted until supper time / and when it even came, many of them were weary of the joust and rested them / but Paris showed more of his marvelous prowess than he had done all that day, so much so that none dared approach him or stand against him in arms / & so much did he do that honor and praise were heaped upon him..The jousts of the Justices ended, and they remained with him that day. The feast ended, and great worship and longing abode with the two knights with the white arms. Paris was led to the scaffold, as was customary, and the queen delivered to him the shield of crystal and the land with flowers of gold that she held in her hand. Then Paris, with Edward his companion, departed in the most secret way they could and went to the place where they had first armed themselves. They departed so secretly from the field that no one knew where they had gone or what way they took.\n\nAfter all this was done, the knights returned to their countries, speaking everywhere of the royal feast and the chivalry that the Dauphin had shown them, and of the right sovereign beauty and nobility of Venus. Meanwhile, a strife arose between the barons and knights of France and England. Some were enamored of the daughter of the Duke of Normandy, and some loved and bore her..The sister of the king of England is said to be fairer than Venus was, and others were there who held contrary opinions, stating that the Dauphin's daughter Venus surpassed in beauty all other women in the world. This led to great debate and strife between the knights of France and those of England over the beauty of these three damsels. The Dauphin's reputation and renown grew even more due to the jousts and tournaments held in his city of Venus, which brought him great joy, as they were most honorable and pleasing to all knights. Venus often pondered in her mind who might have won her favor and affection, and she confided in Isabeau, \"Never trust me, dear sister, but the knight to whom I have given the shield of crystal and my garter is he who sings so sweetly for my love before our chamber. My heart gives it to him, and by my faith, sister, he is noble and worthy, and in all his deeds, he is most courteous..gentil reasons why I say, my sweet sister, that in him I have placed the root of my entire heart, my will and all my love. I shall never have pleasure or joy until I know what he is, for my love is all his, and of whatever estate he may be, I shall never take my heart from him. Then she began to weep and sigh tenderly for the love of him. Until then, she had not felt the sparks of love that sprang from her heart, but she knew nothing of this, desiring only to have him and to know what he was. But he kept his love secret in his heart, for he dared not show it to her. Therefore, he led his life in great trust and sorrow, always in the company of the bishop of St. Lawrence. James the father of Paris, who had seen the noble feasts and royal jousts in the city of Venice, was sorry that his son Parris had not been there. He lamented all manner of chivalric deeds for the sake of gaining honor..I now see you have changed since you took acquaintance with this bishop, for I was loath to see you become a man of religion as I fear he will bring you to it. I am very angry that you were not present at that noble and royal tournament held in Venice for the sake of all the ladies of this land. Therefore, my son, I pray you to take heed of yourself, lest you lose your good reputation, your worship, and the praise you have gained beforehand. And spend not your youth in Paris, hearing all this answer from her, but remain still, pondering the beauty of Venice.\n\nNow says the story that, as you have heard above, a great strife befell the knights named, for the love of the three damsels mentioned. The earl's son of Flanders was greatly angry about this cause with the Duke of Brunnes and had beaten and hurt each other so severely that none could make peace between them. For either of them maintained and bore out the beauty of his lady.\n\nIt happened then that five knights, including the aforementioned, were summoned to the presence of the king to answer for this matter..Hardy and valiant knights emerged, declaring they were ready to fight and prove, through the use of arms, that Flory, the daughter of the Duke of Normandy, was the fairest damsel in the world. Incontenable rose five other knights who maintained that England was the fairest. Six more knights arose, maintaining and upholding the beauty of Venus above all other women in the world. This debate reached the knowledge of the King of France, who feared it might lead to great trouble and discord among his barons and other lords. He therefore sent word for them to come to him, promising to render a judgment on their strife that would satisfy them all. The messenger reached them well, and they came before the king. They spoke of their strife, but the king immediately ordered a joust for the three ladies, and set the date for the eighth day of September in the city of.Paris / And the men who should excel in arms on that day would receive the prizes and the honor of the festival, and the lady upon whose beauty they held favor would be reputed and held as the fairest damsel in the world / The king of France then sent word to the fathers of the three ladyships, asking them to attend the same festival, and that each of them should bring with him a gift of riches; the three gifts would be presented in the worship of their three daughters to the best fighter as a token of victory / The king of England first sent for his sister Constable, adorned with pearls and precious stones of great value / The duke of Normandy, for love of his daughter Florie, sent a beautiful garland set with various precious stones, very rich and of great esteem / And the dauphin, for love of his daughter Yvonne, sent a very rich collar of gold, entirely encrusted with precious stones of various colors / which was worth a great treasure..these three Jewels were delivered to the king of France. The knights then made them ready and arranged everything according to the jousts. And in rich array, they all came to the city of Paris. And you should know that in France, there had not been seen before that day such great nobility of barons and knights assembled. For there were the highest princes and barons of England, France, and Normandy, and each one set forth all his wisdom and exerted himself in carrying out what he had planned and said. And every baron gave his pledge that they should be known to one another. The bride and renown were that my lady Constance should have the honor of the festival, for many a fair and hardy knight made themselves ready to maintain the quarrel of her beauty. But neither of these three parties hoped to have the honor of the festival. Paris, who was in Venice, the city, took counsel with Edward his companion whether he should go to Paris or not..And Edward advised him to go there secretly, so he went and said, \"If you go there secretly and if God grants you the worship of the festival, great wealth and good will come to you. And if you go and are known, the dauphin and the other lords will not praise you as much if you were of lesser lineage. Another reason is if you go openly and my lady Vienne happens to have the honor of the festival because of your prowess, she will not be set by it, considering the other great lords who will be present. And if she gets the worship of the festival from an unknown knight, the love and honor will grow more in her courage toward him. Therefore, I advise you to go there in the most secret way possible, for I trust that you will get great worship there. And if you go, trust me, I will make myself ready to go with you. I will be reluctant to.\".Parrys granted these words and was allowed to go to Ioustes. When he was ready and agreeable to a noble knight, he departed in the most secret manner towards the city of Paris, making great provision from France for all kinds of food and other necessary things for such a royal feast. In the midst of the city of Paris, he arranged the place where the knights should joust and had many fair scaffolds made for the ladies and damsels to be seated on, to hold the jousting. He also had three banners made, fair and rich. The first banner was white, and upon it was written in letters of gold, \"Vyenne, daughter to Lord Godfroy of Alencon, Dauphin of Vienne.\" The second banner was red, and was written upon it in letters of gold, \"Constance, the king's sister of England.\" The third banner was white, and in letters of gold was written \"Flory, daughter to the Duke.\" These three banners were hoisted at the three corners of the field..The people took their places on the scaffolds two days before the festival to see the great lords and the fine ordinance that was there. When all the lords were ready and had departed from their countries, they assembled at Paris on the 14th of September. Never before had there been such a great company of nobles. Lords came from all sides, some to do battle and others to see the festival, which was very sumptuous and noble. When the day assigned for the jousts arrived, early in the morning, the three joyous and resplendent knights were set up. The number of precious stones and pearls in their banners was remarkable. It would be tedious to list all the barons and knights who were on this journey. Many had come from the kingdom of Spain, of Aragon, and from many other countries, to prove their strength and to maintain the barons who were with the three ladies..maydens, of whom we shall rehearse, in the shortest way possible, the principalest hereafter / And when it came in the morning that every man was armed and apparelled in the field / and that the king of France was set in his heart scaffold and began to say aloud and most marvelously / that all the people might hear and understand / Knights and barons who were here to do the deed of arms, go each one under that banner that he will maintain for the love of his lady / and we give commandment that this field be of love and of courtesy / as is the custom of chivalry for that damosel's honor of the feast / and that lady or damosel shall be maintained and allowed as the fairest damosel of the world / and shall have the prize and honor of them of England, France, and Normandy / and that to this day no man be so hardy to gainsay upon the pain of losing his life /\n\nAnd yet after this he said / you see here a fair crown which the queen of France has ordained / to be brought forth..It was delivered to the father of the damsel who was to have the prize and honor of the field and of the jousts. The knight who was to gain the prize and honor of the jousts was to have all three banners and the three jewels that were in them. He commanded that the banner of Normandy should go first and make its display. Next came the banner of Constance, and then that of Vyenne.\n\nUnder the banner of Normandy were those who followed: John, son of the earl of Flanders; Philip of Baugency, new knight of the king of France; Edward, son of the duke of Burgundy; John, earl of Armagnac; Balix, brother of the marquis of Saluzzo; Geoffroy, duke of Picardy. After them came many other well-armed and habilited [sic] knights.\n\nAfter came the banner of Constance, which was accompanied by John, son of the duke of Brittany; Gaston of Gaston, brother of the earl of Foix; Anthony Allegre, son of the duke of Carnes; La Hire, new knight of the duke of Burgundy; The honorable John of Barbanson; Salamon de Launson, brother..of the marquess of the march, and after them came many other barons and knights. Then after came the banner of the fair maiden, which accompanied Hugh, son of the duke of Bourbon. Edward, son of the king of England, William, son of the duke of Barri, Anthony, son of the count of Provence, Parry, son of Sir Jacques of Vienne, Dormando of Monferrato, the three sons of the duke of Carnes, John Perilous, duke of Normandy, and after them came many other barons and knights well armed and well horsed. And when the muster was made, every banner returned to its place. This was a most noble and marvelous thing to see and to behold the nobles and knights so well horsed and armed. The dauphin and Sir Jacques, father of Parry, had come to see the festival and the tournaments.\n\nWhen it was the hour of terce, the tournaments began and came into the field most nobly armed. John, son of the marquess of Flanders, and against him came John..The duke of Breunes and his men fiercely attacked Gyder, breaking their spears. John, son of the earl of Flanders, joined them under his horse, and afterwards Edward, son of the duke of Burgundy, confronted John de Breunes. These two knights defeated John de Breunes until the arrival of John Perilous, duke of Normandy. He struck John de Breunes with such great force that he overthrew him under his horse and broke his arm, leaving him uncertain whether it was day or night. Against John Perilous came Anthony Alegre, son of the duke of Carousel, and conquered John Perilous and other mighty men of his party, defeating them to the ground with the power of his arms. Afterwards, Geoffroy of Picardy came against Anthony Alegre and struck him so forcefully that he fell to the ground. Six other strong knights of his party also performed remarkable feats of arms. Then came....A knight named Paris fights against Geoffroi, and they give great blows to each other, causing both knights and horses to charge towards them. The king declares that both have fallen to the ground, and Paris consents with great desire to return and fight again. Both return and come running. Paris gives Geoffroi such a great stroke that his horse slips, causing Geoffroi to fall to the ground. However, they maintain Geoffroi, saying he is not vanquished, and it would be well done to justify themselves. Since Paris is not known, no one maintains or supports him. However, the king of France knows that Geoffroi is vanquished, having seen the adventure himself, and sends an herald to him in his name..The king of France knew that Paris had vanquished his knight. Despite this, Paris offered to furnish the jousts again for the king's love against the knight once more, and to continue until Geoffrey was vanquished, without asking for any gain. The herald reported this to the king, who was pleased and said that Paris should be a great lord, for he was of great valor and courtesy and spoke sweetly and courteously. After Paris changed horses, Edward's favorite had made one ready for him, and he returned to the jousts. Paris struck together with such great might that by true force, Geoffrey went under his horse badly hurt..When the Jews approached, their numbers and strength were so great that all three parties, both of Venice and of Normandy, were thrown to the ground. Only Paris remained from the party of Venice, and from the party of Constance there were three strong and mighty men: John of Brabant, Landon Salamon Dalanson, brother of the count de la Marche. They said that the Jews should wait until the morning, as they were very weary. But when Paris saw that they intended to return, he drew his spear and there came against him Balaxo, brother of the marquess of Saluces. Paris struck him down to the ground under his horse with the first stroke, and in the same way he defeated the others. Paris thus won the honor of the Jews and the field.\n\nThe Jews finished defeating Paris..the beauty of his lady, the fair Venus, and he was led to the scaffold where the king was, along with other great lords and knights. There, he was given the three banners and the three jewels that were in them. Paris displayed them throughout the field, signifying that the said Venus had gained honor as the fairest damsel in all the world through the young knight. When Paris had the three fair banners and the three rich jewels, he and Edward his companion departed from Paris and France in the most secret way possible, and returned to Dalphin. Paris returned to the company of the aforementioned Bishop of Saint Lawrence, as he had not been present at the festival. He continually demanded news of the tournaments in France and those who had gained honor in them.\n\nWhen the festival was over, all the barons and knights who were there expressed great displeasure and said that the knight was wise, for he would not reveal his identity. Afterward..The barons and knights took leave of the king and returned to their lands, discomforted because they had not received the honors of the feast and were even angrier because they did not know to whom the honor of the jousts had been given. The king of France, who greatly loved the dolphin, held a great feast and bestowed great honor upon him. The king delivered to him the crown that the queen had given to be given to her, so that he would give it to his daughter Jeanne, in sign and token that she was the fairest damsel in the world. And when all this was done, the dolphin and the father of Paris returned to Dolphin in great honor and were greeted grandly as was customary. Then, when the dolphin saw her, he kissed her and set the crown, which the king had given him, upon her head, and told her how she had obtained the honor to be the fairest damsel in the world. And behold, here is the fair crown..The queen of France sends this to you as a token of your honor received. Daughter, despite contrary obstacles, you had a good defender and a right strong one who effectively quelled him in your need. From each party there were three knights more, who paid no heed and departed secretly, so that no one knew him or the king of France had any knowledge of him. However, he took away with him the three banners and the three jewels they contained, as well as the prize and honor of the feast. Therefore, sweet and fair daughter, you will never know to whom to give thanks for such great honor bestowed upon you. I pray to God in heaven and to the glorious Virgin Mary that it pleases Him to grant him good honor, joy, excellence, and victory in all his endeavors, for I have never seen nor heard of a knight who carried himself more graciously and courteously..in his arms and in his chivalry, and when she heard that Spad had gotten there and all was come by this noble knight, she said to Isabeau her damsel, My sister told me not long ago that I was beloved by the most noble and valiant knight of France, and by my faith, my sweet sister Isabeau, this is he who so sweetly sang and who wore the shield of crystal and my garlonde, and went his way so that no man might know him. Advise you well, fair sister Isabeau, what honor has come to me through his prowess and his bounty. I may well be sorry and dolorous, when I may not know who he is, and my heart is heavy and my mind said, Indeed, my sweet sister Isabeau, I believe that my days are short, and that I shall die of some cruel and false death for the great distress that I have continually in my heart. For I can no other thing do but weep and wail, and always to continue in sorrowful life and heavy-hearted, but none perceived it except only her damsel Isabeau.\n\nThe father of Paris why-so-ever..The father of Paris had been with the dolphins in that feast, but had not seen his son Paris, of whom he had great sorrow in his heart. For he had seen him accustomed to noble deeds, but then he saw him going with the bishop of St. Lawrence and disposing him not to do arms as he was accustomed. Therefore he said to him one day, \"My son, I had hoped to have had consolation and display from you, when I see that you will not depart from this bishop. I pray that you leave him and do so that it may be pleasing and honorable to me.\" Paris heard him well, but he gave no word in response.\n\nThe father of Paris, seeing this, went to his secret friend Edward and said to him, \"I see well that the great amity and love that you have for my son, and I know for certain that I have great melancholy in my heart when I remember that Paris has had great honor and fame for chivalry, and now I see that he goes all with this bishop and lets his hawks, hounds, and horses die of hunger.\".I pray you give me some counsel, for I am so miserable that I die for sorrow. After he had said these words, Edward had pity on him and comforted him as best he could, then departed from him and went straight to his fellow Paris. I know well that love constrains so strongly that you have no power over yourself, and your life may not endure long. Furthermore, your father and friends are displeased with you. For the sake of being virtuous and valiant, it pleases God. And for the love of one woman, you do great dishonor to your father. Moreover, for no person, whomever they may be, you ought not to lose the well-being and reputation that you have in chivalry. It does not appear that you have virtue or courage. Therefore, I pray you that you will do something that will please your father, who has desired and prayed me to say this to you. When Paris had heard all this, he assented..Edward spoke to him, \"I know well that the things you have said to me have been virtuous and honest, but they have been grievous to me, as they keep me from the thoughts I am constantly engaged in. Nevertheless, I pray you to give me counsel as to what is best for me to do. Then Edward replied, \"It would please me if it were your pleasure that we should engage in a battle. For it has been six months since I have seen my lady, and there we will do battle. By this we may gain fame and honor. Paris agreed, saying that he was content if it pleased him likewise. They made ready their armor and horses and all the necessary things. Before Paris departed, he put in his chamber all the things and prizes he had won through chivalry and closed them fast in his chamber. He delivered the key to his mother and begged her earnestly not to open it or allow anyone to enter. After they went towards Brandenburg, they performed great feats of chivalry..Ioustes, whom they greatly honored and worshiped, and were praised by ladies and damsels, parried in Brabant for Edward's love but his heart was drawn to the fair Vyenne, whom he loved secretly. During this time, while Paris and Edward led the duel in Brabant, the father of Paris fell ill with a fever. The cause of his sickness was the thought he had of Anne. Paris, seeking the dolphin, went one day to see him and demanded the cause of his illness, and comforted him as well as he could. Afterward, he returned home and told his wife that it would be well done if she went to visit and comfort Master Jacques, who was sick. Immediately, Incontenance, Lady Dyane, Vyenne, and her damsels, with a great company, went to the castle of Sir Jacques and paid him noble visits, and comforted him in the best way they could..In the chamber where Messire Jacques lay, Dame Diane demanded his health. Messire Jacques replied that all his discomfort arose from accompanying the Bishop of Saint Lawrence, of whom he feared would become a man of religion. He had no other children but him. He did not know what to do with the goods that God had given him. And Dame Diane comforted him, saying that his son was much beloved by the dolphin and had great affection from many great lords, barons, and knights. Among other things, she advised him to do what was necessary for his health. Then, the Queen of Paris begged permission to visit the castle. She was granted her desire. The Queen of Paris then showed her the entire castle and led her into a hall filled with arms and military equipment for battle. Afterward, she led her into another hall filled with hawks, falcons, and many other birds for hunting. And so on..The richly adorned halls and chambers, lengthy to recount, were shown to her. After the manner of Paris, she was then led to the chamber of Paris, where he slept. In this chamber were many lavish furnishings, fitting for a great prince. Two large standards were present, one adorned with cloth of gold and silk, the other with harness and various other things. Vyenne then said to the maid, \"Behold, great lady, in holding these things, I saw a white horse's covering.\" It seemed to her that it was the same one the knight bearing the crystal shield and the garland, which she had told Isabeau about. Isabeau answered her, \"Never think so, for many similar white coverings and tokens have been made.\" Vyenne persisted, \"Madame, I am but a little crushed and suddenly taken ill. If it pleases you, I would gladly rest a little in this.\".chamber/ and let me be alone with my sister Ysabeau, for I will have none other and none excluded from the chamber. And Ysabeau shut the door so that none might come in. Then said Vyonne, \"Now we shall see if we can find anything that we may have better knowledge of.\" For my heart says yes. After they had searched and examined the entire chamber, they came to a side of the chamber where they found a little door. There was a little key hanging by a thong, and they opened the door and entered. There was a little chamber which was twelve feet long and was an oratory where the majesty of our Lord Jesus Christ was upon a little altar, and at each corner was a candlestick of silver. There, Parris came to make his sacrifice when he arose, and when he went to his bed.\n\nAnd there were the three banners that the noble knight Parris had won in the city of Paris, And the three jewels of the three damsels aforementioned. And in the same place was.The crystal shield and the garland that Vienne gave him when he won at the Jousts in the city of Vienne / And all these he kept secret in that place / And when Vienne saw these things, she was certain that Paris was he whom she had so much desired to know / and that so much honor had been done to her / and for the great joy that she had, she sat down on the ground / and stayed a long time / and could not speak a word / Afterward, she spoke to Isabeau / and said, \"Sweet sister, blessed and praised be our Lord for this good journey. I think I should never depart from this chamber again. Alas, I have long awaited to know who it was that so sweetly played on his instruments so near to me / and now he is so far away.\" / Then Isabeau began to reprove her and said, \"Sweet lady, I pray you not to do or say anything that might lead you to folly / and be guided by wisdom and reason. For Paris has so much good and...\".virtues/ yet you ought to consider that he is not equal or worthy of you / Then Venus was much angered at Isabeau and began to say, \"A true god, I am greatly discomforted and deceived by the one who keeps telling me of him whom I have long desired to know. Alas, I had supposed that in nothing you would disappoint me. In good faith, I say to thee, that this man I will love and demand, and I promise thee in good faith, that if thou ever gainsay me again, I shall kill myself, and then thou shalt be causing customs. Thou shouldst praise him better than thou dost. And dost thou not know well that the king of France would have given him half his kingdom if his son Louis were as valiant as Paris is / And also, there are many notable lords who desire to know his name / Then take heed and beware by my faith, if ever thou seest a man who might be compared to him, certainly all virtues are in him. And since fortune has brought me to his love, he is worthy..To have my love and yet more than is in me, and have I not reason and cause for him to love me, who has done to me such great good and honor, and doubts no peril of his person, is it not well great worship to my father to have for vessel and subject the best knight who is in the world? For in all the world is no knight that I would forsake Paris for, nor one that has done so much for me. And thus to speak of Paris's deeds, she would not cease.\n\nThen came two damsels knocking at the chamber door, saying, \"Vienne, you must come to my lady.\" Isabeau sprang out, saying that she should come at once. And Vienne, saying that she must needs depart from thence, said to Isabeau, \"My sister, since we must depart late, let us take some of these jewels,\" and we shall keep them secretly till Paris comes and we shall see what counsel he will make in himself.\n\nThen they took the colyer and the white banner of Vienne and other jewels and hid them under their clothes..Went into the chamber of Sir Jacques, but Venus greatly desired to speak with Paris and waited a long time for him to come home. In the meantime, Sir Jacques recovered from his illness and became well, bringing Venus great joy, but she dared not show it. After certain days, Paris had been in Brittany with his fellow Edward. He strongly desired to see the fair Venus, for the love of her had greatly distressed him. However, he dared not tell it to his fellow, lest he should take offense and depart. Soon after, the space of five days had passed, and Paris received a letter that his father was sick. Then he said to Edward, \"Right dear brother and fellow, please know that my father is seriously ill, and it seems good to me that we depart if you consent, but I pray you not to be offended in this departure, for if it pleases God, we shall soon return.\" Edward, seeing the just reason of Paris and his good will, said to him, \"I am well content.\".Pleased/ therefore they departed from Brabant and came to the city of Vienne. Messire Jacques had special pleasure there, as he had heard that Paris had performed valiantly in arms. Now it happened that when Paris arrived home with his father, just as he was accustomed before going to his prayers and adjusting himself, and found that the things he loved best had been taken away, he was greatly angry and almost in despair, unable to sleep all night. And when morning came, he went to his mother and said, \"Mother, why have you not kept my chamber closed and clean? I lack certain things which I would not willingly lose and am greatly distressed.\" To whom his mother answered, \"My son, by my faith, no one but once, when your father was absent, entered there, my lady Diane and her daughter Yvonne, and they had visited.\".your father and they went about to see this castle, and then they entered into your chamber. But I cannot think that they took anything, for they tarried not long, except only Vyenne, who remained alone with her damsel, because she was ill at ease in her heart. Therefore, my son, I pray you take no displeasure. And then Paris said to himself, if no other thief has taken it except she, I shall not be discovered. Nevertheless, I never knew whether Vyenne had taken it away for any reason.\n\nAnd after he arranged himself and clothed himself modestly, and went to do reverence to the dauphin and to Dame Diane, and afterwards to Vienne their daughter. And the dauphin received him courteously.\n\nAnd the dauphin demanded news from him and of many other things.\n\nAnd when the fair lady Vyenne saw Paris with his great desire to see her and the great love that she bore him, she appeared to him like a fresh rose in the month of May, and could not be content..\"ne filled with being held by fair Paris, and the more she held him, the more her love grew and increased towards him. Paris, before the dolphin on his knee, humbly dared not look at Venus. But in his face, had anyone held him, they would have seen his thoughts. And after the dolphin had demanded it, pleased him, Paris took leave of the dolphin and of Lady Diana and her daughter Venus, and returned home to his father's house.\n\nAfter a few days, Venus, in such a way that love compelled her, said to her maid Ysabeau, \"my sister, I tell you truly, it seems to me that Paris is much distressed, and I believe it is because of the things which he finds not in his oratory. It seems to me it would be well done so, but that it be done honestly and secretly.\" Then Venus said, \"I shall advise the manner.\" After certain days, Venus said to her mother, \"Madame, I let you know that I am a little charged in my...\".conscience/ And I would like to confess to some good person / It is told me that the bishop of St. Lawrence is a very honest man and devout. Therefore, madam, I pray you to send for him so that I might speak with him. And my lady Diana, seeing the good will of her daughter, sent for the bishop to be fetched. And Venus confessed to him very devoutly, speaking always of the Lord and His commandments. After that, she was confessed, she prayed the bishop to come again in the morning, for she found great comfort in his words. And on the morning, the bishop came again to Venus. And Venus said to him: \"My spiritual father, some things have been taken away in a place which belong to my lord Jacques of Paris. The person who has them feels remorseful. Therefore, I implore you as much as I can that you tell him, if he may, not to come here troubling me.\".Then Jenny of Vyenne said that she would bring him without fault / On the morrow the bishop came diligently and brought Paris with him / And Jenny saluted Paris without feigning love and Paris returned her salutations / Then Jenny withdrew from the bishop and the others / and said to Paris: \"It is not long since you were in a dispute / and I accompanied my lady, my mother, to visit your father, who was then seeking / and we saw and beheld all the castle until we came to your oratory / there I saw certain jewels which greatly pleased me and I took them and have kept them until this present time / And I shall now return them to you again / therefore I pray that if I have done any displeasure or made any fault that you will pardon me / for I promise you by my faith that I have done it for no evil.\" / To this Paris answered humbly and with great reverence and said courteously: \"Lady, by your courtesy you came to visit my father / \".whyche vision not only my father, but all our friends have received great and sovereign honor. Therefore, my excellent lady, my father, my mother, and I are all yours, and all that we have is also. And if by chance your ladyship had any pleasure to take of my jewels, I assure you by my faith, my heart has greater pleasure than the heart of man can think, and even more so if the said jewels were worth more than they are. So then, I pray you, right honorable damoiselle, that you will pardon me not only for these jewels, which have little value, but for my father, my mother, and me, who are all yours, and ready to serve you. And know truly that it is not long since the said jewels were given to me by a French knight.\n\nThen said Vyenne, \"you need not tell me whence these jewels have come, for I know them as well as you. And Vyenne said, 'I marvel at you that you tell me the truth about that which I shall demand of you, for much.'\".I desire to know / Then spoke the right honorable damsel, Parys, / you ought not to ask me / where you have the power to command me / For all that, your ladyship shall please to ask me / I shall tell you the truth with good heart and good will / Then spoke Venus, I will first that you tell the truth / if you were he / who every night came sweetly before my chamber / playing and singing instruments / After that, I will tell you / if you want the Justices that were made the first day of May in this city / And if you carried away / the shield of crystal and the chaplet taken there the three banners which I have seen in your oratory / and I pray you that you tell me / if you have done such service / for such things you ought not to hide / And if by chance you have done it / for the love of my father or of his court / we are much obliged to you & are bound to thank you / And if by chance for any lady or for the love of me you have done it / I thank you as much as I may..And it is well reason that you therefore are rewarded. And yet Paris said to Venus, know for truth that it is long since I have desired to know, and strongly desire to know now, why, if you will do me any favor, I pray you that you tell me the truth without leaving out anything or word. Then Paris spoke humbly with great shamefastness that he had entered into folly, Right honorable and fair lady, I am not worthy to be named him who has done this, but notwithstanding that I am a man of little estate, I humbly supply you that, in case you find displeasure in my words, it pleases you to pardon me, and that you take no displeasure in that I shall say, for your nobility shall not be the less in value. For my case compels me to say that, which is folly to think for me. Then Paris, all shamefast and in great reverence, kneeling upon his knee, said, Right worthy damsel Paris..your servant is he whom you have spoken of and will obey and serve in all things that you have commanded, for I have had no forgetfulness, my will and my thought have been submissive to your person and shall be as long as I live. Then said Venus: \"Paris, my sweet friend, it is not yet time that I answer your words, for it would be too long to recount. But I will gladly let you know that your love overwhelms me so strongly that there is nothing in the world that I love as much as you. Therefore, rejoice in good hope, for if it pleases God, you shall be true.\" Then said Paris: \"Lady, who could think the joy in which I am in your answer, which is very sweet to me? I never supposed that I would have such a sweet answer from you, but I would have endured pain and longing. For not only to me, but to a king, your love should be too much. I pray God that I may do such things as\".may be to you, panting and breathing heavily, and I have never lived to do anything that displeased you or caused you melancholy. And so, he departed from her with greater love than before, and they agreed to see each other as soon as they could. Vienne returned more joyously than she had shown, and went into her mother's chamber. After the bishop departed, and Paris accompanied him to his palaces, he took his leave and returned home to his father's lodgings. Later, he told Edward his friend about all the parleying he had done with Vienne. Edward said to him, \"Fair brother and friend, there is no jesting or deceit here, but I pray you to do your things secretly, for there are many false tongues. Vienne was much more joyous than she had been accustomed, and Paris also. And the said Paris and Edward, his friend, made great courtesies and did great deeds, which were very pleasing to the fair Vienne. Then, after a certain time had passed, seeing the dolphin that was his sign,.Daughter was come to the age of fifteen / she was to be given a husband / And many times he had been required by many noble princes, but because he had only one daughter and no more sons or daughters, he would not consent. In discussing her marriage, Paris heard some things that greatly displeased him, and he thought, \"Why should I not have this noble lady, who is so desired by many noble princes and barons, and who has brought such harm upon herself? I will speak to Venus and say, 'O sweet Venus, where is your fair and agreeable promise that you made to me when I left you? How can it be that your father intends to marry you?'\n\nWhen Venus heard Paris speak in this manner, she said to him, \"Paris, if my father speaks to me of marriage, it is no great wonder, for I cannot prevent him. But I have not consented to any marriage yet. And you know well that marriage is nothing without the consent of both parties.\".You are to be content. I promise you that I shall never marry anyone but you. I wish it to be accomplished soon, if it pleases God, honestly and justly, not in sin nor in disorder. Therefore, I will ask one thing of you, which will be very difficult to do and most painful: I, Paris, honorable lady, ask that you command me to do it, and I will accomplish it with a good heart, even if I should die. Then Vienne said, \"I will have you tell your father that he go to my lord, your father, and request him to give me in marriage to you. And let there be no objection. When Paris heard Vienne's will and desire, he was almost abashed and said, \"Right honorable lady, why do you wish that I die thus? If it pleases you, let it not be done. Then Vienne said, \"Set yourself a little by me, that you will not undertake this. Alas, where is your understanding? It must needs be done. Inconvenient Paris..answered/worshipful lady, it pleases you. I shall accomplish your commandment, though I should die therefor a hundred thousand times. And thus I took leave of Venus and went to my father Incontinence. I said to him, \"Dear father, you have always shown great love to me. Wherefore I beseech Almighty God that He reward you as I desire. Dear and honorable father, I would pray you one thing, and because it is doubtful I will only ask it of you if you promise it to me before I say it to you, for otherwise I will not say it to you. His father said to him, \"My son, there is nothing in the world that I may do for thee but I shall accomplish it by the grace of God. Therefore, say to me your pleasure and will.\" Then Parys told his father a part of the private matter and promised that he had with Venus, because he would require him to do it with the letter. Then Parys said to his father, \"The prayer that I pray and require you is that it pleases you to say to the dolphin that he gives to me.\".his daughter to wife and in marriage / I humbly ask you that herein you will not fail me / & Messire Jaques hearing his son speak thus, was almost taken aback by the great folly in what he said to him / & he replied in rebuke, saying that he should never speak of such a thing again / for he would not die for his daughter / and that he should ask him for some other thing / for it was great folly to speak to him of such a thing / And Parrys said, worthy father, as pitiful as it is to me as to you / therefore I am not ashamed though you refused to do it / But love compels and constrains me so strongly / that I am half confused / and am as well content that he does not do it / as to do it / but that you do your duty only / and so long Parrys prayed her father / that he promised her he would do it.\n\nThen Messire Jaques went to the dolphin, all changed in color, and said to him, My right revered and sovereign lord, a certain request is made to me, which I must tell you / the which me....The dolphin, of little reason, is at your mercy. If you find displays of folly in me, please pardon me and disregard my great folly. The dolphin, trusting in the great wisdom of Sir Jacques, granted him permission to say whatever he wished. Then Sir Jacques said, \"My high and sovereign lord, your son has begged me so much that I must ask you for permission to marry your daughter to him. This is not only something to be said, but also to think a great presumption and folly. But the love of my son constrains me so strongly that I must tell you this. Suddenly, the dolphin was moved to great felony and would not allow him to finish his words. Vassal and servant, how do you keep my worship? By God, I will well chastise you that you shall never think such things again. I commanded him that Incontenent should depart from there, and that his son should never come..in his sight, therefore Master Jacques departed, much rebuked, lowering his head, and returned to his house. He told his son Parys all that had been said and done between him and the Dolphin. Parys thanked his father much for it.\n\nThe Dolphin went through the halls with great indignation and anger, so much so that none dared speak to him or come in his way. In this manner, he sent for his daughter Vyenne and made her come to him. He said to her, \"We have had words of great displeasure. This foolish knight Jacques has said that we should give you to wife and in marriage to his son Parys. Advise me what folly it would be, by God, for me to do it. I would rather make you a nun or a servant. It will not be long before you are hastily married, so that you will be compelled to behave accordingly.\" Vyenne said to him, \"Edward, it is true that my father is very angry with Master Jacques and Parys, of which I have great concern.\".The speaker doubts that his father will harm Paris and advises him to keep secret. Paris speaks to Vienne under a low window on a dark night. Vienne tells Paris that his father intends to harm him..I live in great melancholy, for in all the world, there is nothing I love as much as you. If by chance you die, I will not live. Paris said, \"Lord, may your father be more at peace and may his evil will have passed. But it will be a very sorrowful thing for me to withdraw from you. My life will be very heavy. Nevertheless, I shall command myself, whatever may come of it. And yet, seeing the good will of Paris after many words, she said to him, 'Paris, my friend, I know well the great love you bear to me. Since that is so, I swear to you by my faith, that you shall never depart from this city without me. For it is my will. Therefore, as soon as you can, make ready all things necessary, and find the way that we may escape from the kingdom of France, and that we may go to some other lordship where we may live joyously and securely. Before we depart from here, I will that Mary be married.\" (The second is Isabeau.).In all the goods that we will have, and other things I will not ask for at this present time, but only that our departure may be shortly completed. I will procure some jewels and money for our necessities. Paris promised this to her, and each one departed from the other to address such things as were necessary to them.\n\nWhen Paris was departing from Vienne, he went to a man named George and said to him, \"George, my friend, I have always trusted in you and have always loved you. Therefore, I pray you now that you fail me not in this matter, for I promise you that you will not lose out on anything by it. George promised him that he would do all that was possible with a good heart. Then Paris said to him, \"Know for certain that I have wrath and rancor towards a man of this land as I have killed him. I will depart from the kingdom of France. Therefore, I pray you go to Aigues Mortes and make ready a galley fitted out with all things necessary until we arrive.\".Arrived there as we would be, and I pray you order horses from Aigues-Mortes to Agde, one mile to the next, good horses ready to attend us, so that we may refresh ourselves if needed, and do this as secretly as you can. Here is enough money to provide these things. George said, I shall do all this gladly. Incontenent made him ready, and when he came to Aigues-Mortes, he hired a galley and established all the passages, and did well all that Paris had charged him with. He came back and told Paris how he had carried out all that he had charged him with, whereof Paris was much joyous. Then Paris went and told Vienne that all the things she had commanded were done. They then concluded that the next night following that each of them should be ready. Then he took leave of her and went home. He ordered George to take two horses out of his stable, saddle them, and remain with him without the city in a certain place..When Edward the fellow of Paris learned that all this had happened, he was greatly distressed and very angry when he found out. When Paris was overflowing with money and all other things necessary for them, he went alone in the most secret way he could and reached the place, surprised at the hour taken. He made a sign which only Vienne knew, and immediately Vienne and Isabeau put on men's attire and entered the castle through a false door. The two damsels came to the place where Paris was waiting, and he hid himself upon their arrival. They left incontinently and went where their horses were, took them, and rode as fast as they could. George rode in front to know the way well. While they rode, a storm arose with a great rain that lasted until the morning, and then they arrived near a small town, but they did not enter because they did not want to be recognized, and they lodged in a little church nearby..In a town, they found a chaplain who welcomed them warmly and received them the best way he could. When night came, Paris and the chaplain slept in a small house near the church. George and Paris served in the stable with the animals, while Viviane and Isabeau slept in the church. In the morning, they rode lightly towards a river that had risen high due to the rain. Paris grew angry when he saw the danger and told George to find and secure a safe crossing place. George rode ahead and chose a spot, leading his horse into the river's midst. However, his horse fell, drowning both George and the horse. Paris, seeing George drown, was deeply saddened but didn't show it, fearing that fair Viviane would be unhappy..After Vyenne asked Paris where George had gone, and Paris answered that he had gone to find a good passage, and they would turn back into the church again until George had come. Vyenne replied that it pleased her well to do so, for she had great doubt and fear of crossing the water.\n\nAnd when they were in the church, Paris was much afraid to stay long in that place, for he saw that it was not certain, so he demanded of the chaplain if they could in any way pass that water. And the chaplain said not in three days until the water had decreased and abated.\n\nParis said to him that he should go into the town to seek and see if he could find any men who would make a bridge so that they might pass, and that he should spare no money. For I shall pay them as much as they will have. The chaplain said that he should do his best.\n\nThus did Paris do nothing but think how they might cross the river.\n\nNow leave us Paris and turn we to..The dolphin, who had lost his fair daughter Venus, on the morning that Venus was lost and departed from her father's house, and the dolphin knew it, he supposed to have gone out of his wits, and the entire court was troubled, and they sent men hastily on horseback and on foot by various parties, the most secretly they could, and begged them to bring Venus back to him quickly, dead or alive. It happened by chance that one of his men on foot, who was sent to search for Venus, came into the town where the chaplain was coming to seek men to make the bridge. The footman demanded of every man if they had seen two damsels who had fled from the dolphin's court. Then the chaplain said to him that it was not long since such two had departed with other men. And the man supposed that the chaplain had said it in jest or mocking. And he said that the Dolphin was very angry and had sworn that if any man or woman knew where they were and showed it not, he would make them pay dearly..lose their heads. When the chaplain heard these words, he remembered those hiding in his house. In great fear, he told him to stay a little while, and for the love of my lord Dolphin, he would gladly search for them. As soon as he could find news of them, he would let him know. And so he departed from them and returned home again. He told Parsons all this and what he had heard in the town, adding that he suspected it was for the men of his company. Therefore, he said to him further, \"Sir, I pray you that you depart from here. Do not let me lose my life. But take the best counsel you can.\" When Parsons heard this, it was unnecessary for him to ask if he was heavy and melancholic, and for the great sorrow he had, he had changed all his color. Parsons prayed the chaplain to stay a little while and assured him. Then Parsons went to Vienne to tell..To her, I bring this news, and when Venus saw him enter, she changed in his color and said to Paris, \"What news do you bring, which makes you so pale and your complexion changed? I pray you, as earnestly as I can, tell me. Then Paris said to her, \"The news I bring is bad for you and for me. For our adventure will soon be accomplished, and therefore, come, playing. O God, how sad and heavy is my life to have brought this excellent lady into such danger. O good God, why did you not give me death before or let me take her from her father's house? O my good friend Edward, why did you not counsel me before or I had done this folly? And after he returned to Venus, saying, \"What will fall upon you, my lady, when your father sees you? Certainly, I think that he will be very cruel when he sees your noble person. His heart will not...\".You harm me only, O almighty God, grant me the strength to bear this fate and no other. O unhappy lady, that day was a sad one for you and me when, for the first time, you took notice of me. Paris had finished his complaint, and he told Vienne all that the chapelain had said to him. Despairing, he took his sword and threatened to run it through his body. Vienne, noble and valiant, took to her heart and took the sword from him, comforting him and saying, \"O free knight, my joy, my life, and my solace, what will you do? Do you not know that he who kills himself intentionally kills both soul and body? And if you die, I assure you, I will die as well. And so you will be the cause of my death as much as your own, O Paris, where is your wisdom and your prowess? Now when you should have been strongest and most courageous, you are afraid. O my knight, this is nothing new. People who live in this world have troubles.\".of what sovereign lineage they be / Certes this is not the courage of one so valiant knight as you are / For now, whoever it is that you ought to comfort, she must now comfort you / And therefore, my fair brother and friend, I pray you as much as you may / that Inconveniently you depart from here / and that you go your way / and if you do not, I shall kill myself with your sword / For your departing is as grievous to me / as mine will be to you / but it behooves us to avoid two evils the worse / And also you ought to consider one thing / that notwithstanding the great fault and transgression that I have made to my father / yet therefore he shall not put me to death / considered the great love that he has had toward me / and if you were taken, I well know that we both would die / And yet I have good hope / that my intention will come to a good end / For be you sure though he never pardons me / I shall never have another husband but you / and that I promise you by my faith / But all ways of one thing I pray you /.that for no other lady forget me, and when you shall be in another country, write to me of your adventure. And to remind you of me, here is a ring of gold with a diamond. I pray you will keep it for the love of me. After much other business, Paris kissed Venus with great signs and thoughts. And she comforted him the best she could in praying our Lord Jesus Christ that in short time she might see him, like as her heart desired most of anything in the world. And then Paris departed from Venus with great sorrow and heaviness. And he took his way with his servant until he came to the river passed. And as despairing, he doubted nothing but entered and the water was so allured that they passed without any peril. And they rode two days without any food, for they dared not pass through any town. And they passed until they came to the Aigues Mortes. And there he found the galley that George had hired. Which he took immediately..long stayed and rowed until they reached Genoa. Paris made marvelous faces in the galley that all who were there had supposed him a fool, for he was always penitent and unwilling to speak or say a word. Then, when he was in Genoa, he hired lodgings and lived there in great heaviness and sorrow. Now let us speak no more of Paris and return to Venus, who remained in the chaplain's house.\n\nWhen Paris was departed from Venus, she remained alone, making the greatest sorrow in the world, a great pity to behold, as if she had as much life to die as to live. And when she was well weary of weeping, and it was necessary that she must return to the mercy of her father, the dolphin, she composed herself. And anon the chaplain went to seek the footman and brought him into the room. And when Venus saw him, she knew him well, for she had often seen him in her father's house. This man told her all his charge and that many knights..The man went to find her, and Vincent told him to tell the knights that he had found her there and to bring them to her. The knights, upon hearing this, hastened to her. Before them, Vincent and his companions greeted her and told her that the dolphin had sought her in various countries. After comforting her, they assured her that she need not be afraid of her father, for he would show no displeasure towards her. Instead, he would be filled with such joy upon seeing her that he would forgive her and appease his anger.\n\nThen, the inconvenient ones went to mount their horses and brought the chaplain with her to speak on her behalf before her father. They declared her pure and clean of body.\n\nNow Vincent spoke harshly and adversely towards her..Vyenne knelt down on both knees to the earth, saying and weeping, \"Revered father, I see and know in myself that I have transgressed and failed toward you, for which I have great despair. Yet foolish love has compelled me to love him, who is worthy to be loved by the most greatest lady of the Kingdom of France, always, for I believe that in all the world there is none like or equal to him. And I think that I am not the first to have strayed for apparent reasons. Revered father, I am in your mercy, and take vengeance upon me such as will please you, and chastise me, an example to others. Never again let me be clean of my body as I was the day that I departed from him. And behold, here is the chaplain who can speak to you of the matter. Then the chaplain told how she came with men, one of whom was a very fair young and courteous knight, whom I believe is drowned in passing a river. They were in my house.\".And the two damseles slept together in the church, and the knight slept with me. The other two slept in the stable with the horses. Then, when the dolphin heard these tidings, he took great pleasure, showing no sign of it, and gave much money to the chaplain and bade him return.\n\nAfter the dolphin took Venus by the hand in reprimanding her severely, he led her to her mother's chamber with Isabeau, for her mother was sick with the great sorrow she felt for her daughter. And the mother blamed both of them. And Isabeau said that Venus was as pure and clean of body as she was the day she departed. Alas, said the dolphin, you have put us in the greatest shame of the world. I promise that all who have consented to this shall be well punished. And if ever I may have him, I will make dogs devour him, and both the two of you shall suffer great penance.\n\nThen Venus wept, saying, \"I see and know that you have.\".\"I endure harm and I see well that my life shall not last long. Therefore I swear to you in good faith that there is no man in the world whom I love as much as him whom you threaten. For in him I have my thought and passion without ever failing him. And if you grant me my penance soon, my death will be imminent. But if you allow me to endure it for a long time, I will bear it more and my soul will be more certain before almighty God, and know for certain that for his love I am ready to die. Then the dolphin issued out of the chamber in great indignation and commanded that the father of Paris should be put in a foul prison. All his goods should be taken from him. And also Venus and Isabeau should be enclosed in a chamber. And very little food should be given to them. He threatened and threatened them severely, and they remained in that chamber for a long time. And continually Venus dreamed of Paris.\".Ony space to speak to Edward Fellow of Paris, she required him that he should search if he might have any tidings of Paris, and that he should let her know of them. In this manner Venus passed her time in great sorrow and deep thought, desiring to hear some tidings of that noble knight Paris.\n\nWhen Venus had been in this manner for a long time, the dolphin thought that then his daughter Venus had been well chastised. And then the Dolphin, father of Venus, ordered that she should come out of prison. He then proposed to give her a husband and set her in her first estate, and all the court was much joyful, and in particular Edward Fellow of Paris. And after certain time the dolphin wrote to the Earl of Flanders that he would marry his daughter Venus, and he required him to give counsel in this matter, for it was to him chargeable. During the time that Venus was out of prison, her heart was never at rest, but ever she was..He is and sorrowful for her sweet and faithful friend Paris, whom she could not see, and knew not whether he was dead or alive. And when the dolphin saw her so sorrowful, on a day he said to her, \"My sweet daughter, why are you so sorrowful? Give yourself to playfulness. For as for me, I remember nothing of the things past. And there is nothing in the world that you ask me to do but I shall do it for you. And then, who had not forgotten Paris, said to him, 'Honorable father, if I were sure of the things past that they had been forgotten by you, I would be more certain than I am. But I believe firmly that you have them yet in your remembrance. For you always keep Jacques in prison, the father of Paris, who is not guilty of any part of this deed nor cause. And if you would do me so great a grace as to pardon him and restore to him all his goods and possessions, I would be very joyful. And the dolphin, for the amusement of his daughter, said to her, 'That pleases me well, and'.Inconsantly, the dolphin delivered messages to Jacques, releasing him from prison and returning all his goods and possessions, which brought Jacques great pleasure. However, all the consolation of Venus was ineffective, as she could not speak with Edward about her love in Paris. Instead, she spent her time in great pain and sadness as best she could.\n\nWhen the Earl of Flanders had read the letters of the dolphin and understood that he intended to marry his daughter Venus, who was fifteen years old, he plotted that she should have one of two suitors: the king of England's son or the duke of Burgundy's son, who at that time had great renown due to the great prowess that was in him. The Earl made this arrangement and sent word to the dolphin that the duke's son seemed the noblest knight and of great prowess. And when the dolphin had.received these letters from the earl of Flanders. He sent word to the king of France regarding the two princes mentioned before, stating that he would prefer to have his daughter for whom the king had great pleasure and considered it a great honor. The king sent word back that it would please him best if the earl married the son of the duke of Burgundy, and in doing so, he would bring him great pleasure and would do as much for him when the time and place required it. The dauphin, on behalf of the king of France, sent word that he had consulted with his barons, and it was the will of the king of France that his daughter should be married to the son of the duke of Burgundy. The earl labored so much in this matter that he was able to bring about an agreement on the part of the said son.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of this matter and return to Paris, who was residing in the city of Geneva..Paris dwelt outside of all joys and held great sorrow in his heart. He always remained alone in his lodgings and became so devout and humble towards God that it was a great marvel. Moreover, the good countenance he made was much loved by all the people of the city, and they considered him a noble man. Paris, in this manner, had great desire to know Venus' adventure. And immediately, two letters were written: one to his father and the other to his friend Edward. The letter to his father read:\n\nRight dear and honorable sir and father, please be informed that I am greatly sorrowful and heavy-hearted about my cruel adventure, and I endure great sorrow, grief, and affliction. I suspect that for my sake, you have suffered great pain and tribulation. I inform you that I am at the gates and dwell in a lodging alone, deprived of all joys..and console my Monday self: for my intention is to serve God and our lady from henceforth, and purpose that you shall see me no more, for I will depart and go through the world to seek holy pilgrimages. And if by adventure I shall die before you see me, I pray you that it may please you that I die not in your evil will, but humbly beseech you that it pleases you to pardon me, and to give to me your blessing. Also, sir and father, I pray you, and supply that my dear brother and fellow Edward will take in my name and place, and that he be recommended to you as your son in stead of me, as well in your heritage as in other things. And the grace of the holy ghost be with you. Recommend me to my mother and [illegible].\n\nAnd the letter of Edward said:\nDear and special brother and singular friend Edward, the peril of my adventure is proved by all evil and cruel fortune. I commend myself to you as much as I may speak or think. Nevertheless, like as we have been accustomed to write letters..of love and chivalry\nNow I must write letters full of sorrow and woe, for alas, I am unhappy, all alone in a foreign land, exiled from all joys and pleasures, and out of all worldly delights. I think that for me, the reason for this has been the cruel Beloved Venus. The why, I believe, that for me she has suffered mortal sorrow. And I say to you that if I knew that for me she suffered pain and sorrow, I would be in despair. For I am worthy to be punished cruelly for that deed, and none other for that reason. I pray God and all His saints that she may be kept from all evil, and grant her grace to prosper in all good and honor, as she is worthy, and my heart desires.\n\nMy dearest brother and fellow, the most dear things that I love in this world are first the fair and sweet Venus, and next you, to whom I pray, if it may be in any way that you will tell her in my name, how that I am living in grief, passing my life much heavier and sorrowful for the absence of her noble person, and for the cruel and evil..I am unable to output the entire cleaned text directly here due to character limitations. However, I can provide you with the cleaned text in a text file or share it with you via a messaging platform if you'd like. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"Fortune that has favored me and tell her that I beg for her mercy, and it may please her to forgive me if by me she has suffered any displeasure, and God knows my intent and the troubles I live in. Since it has not pleased our lord that we fulfill our desire and will, we must bear it patiently. Also tell her that I pray and offer what I can that she yet takes no husband until she sees the end of our adventure. And after this, I pray you, dear brother of the consolation of my father and mother, and that you be to them as a son. For showing the love that we have always had for each other, I have written to my father that in my place he takes you as his son, and after his life, he will leave his heritage to you. For so much brother and fellow, I pray and request that you be humble and obedient to them, and the better part will be yours. And if by adventure you write me any letter, let the letter be kept.\".In my father's house, you holy ghost have you in his keeping. This letter was delivered to a courier who within a few days was at Venice. He secretly delivered his letters to Edward the good knight. When Edward had received these letters and knew that Paris was alive, he had as great joy as any man could think or believe. Nevertheless, he kept the courier secretly in his house to prevent the dauphin from learning of it. And when he had read the letters, he went to the house of Master Jacques, the father of the noble Paris, and said to him, \"Master Jacques, I bring to you this letter.\" When Master Jacques had read the letter, he took great pleasure in it. After reading it at his leisure, he urged Edward to write him a detailed answer about all that had happened since their parting. Edward departed from him and went to find heavy-hearted and sorrowful Beaujeu, Paris's friend and lover, in Venice. Edward said to her, \"Honorable.\".lady: \"And how is it, that you are so heavy, and Venus said to him, 'Alas, fair brother Edward, I have good reason and cause to be heavy. For my heart abides with your knight Parris day and night, and I do not know whether he is alive or dead. I greatly desire to know, for if he is dead, I am the cause of it. And truly, if he is dead, I may not live after him. If our lord would grant such grace, I would know in what land he is, to send him a little money, so that he has no need for his person.' Edward said to her, 'Lady, what will you give me, if I tell you good news and am sure of it?' Venus replied, 'There is nothing in this world that I have, which I may give with my honor, but that I will give it to you.' Edward then said, 'Behold, here is a letter which he has sent to me.' When Venus saw the letter, she opened it and read it all alone. And when she had read it, she had such great joy.\".that she seemed god had appeared to her, and the joy that she had in her heart she showed well in her face, for truly since she departed from Paris, she had not such a good face or cheer as then, and when the solace had endured enough, Edward said to her, \"Madame give to me again my letter, that I may make to him an answer,\" and Vyenne said, \"It pleases me much that you make to Paris my sweet friend an answer,\" but surely the letter shall remain with me, then he said, \"Madame have you not proposed to give to me that thing which I shall demand of you?\" Yes, she said, \"Then Edward said, 'I desire and will have nothing other than that you give to me my letter, for as soon as I give to you my life, but if you will demand anything else, I will willingly give it,'\" then Edward said, \"I am content that the letter remain with you,\" and after he ordered another letter to Paris which said in this manner:\n\nRight dear brother friend and fellow Paris, your father and your mother greet you well, the which have suffered for you..\"much disease and suffering, and in particular your father, who has long been in prison, and all his goods were taken from him. I certify you that, by the grace of God, and at the request and prayer of Venus, the dowager, has pardoned him for all his evil will, and delivered him out of prison and restored to him all his goods again. Fair brother, I inform you that Venus has had so much joy and great pleasure when she learned that you were alive, it is wonderful to believe. For all her consolation was to have news of you, and she commends herself to you as much as she can, and has great desire to see you and also prays that you do not withdraw from her nor from that country. She sends to you an exchange of three thousand florins, of which she wills that you take your pleasure and joy, for all her hope is in you. Also, you shall understand that she has been kept in prison for a certain time, but thank God she is now out.\".To reply to your letter, which she keeps, and after she had read it, I could never get it back again, but she said that she would rather lose all that she had than the said letter. You should know that the duke of Burgundy's doppleganger is arranging a marriage for her, and he hopes every day that it will be accomplished. Nevertheless, I trust so little in Venus, since she has told me that she will never have another husband but you. Therefore, live joyously in hope, dear brother. I thank you as much as I can or may for the presentation you have made for me. May your soul be with God; I pray that He keeps you in His holy ward and protection.\n\nThis letter was written when he delivered it to the courier, who made hasty journeys and arrived at Genes, where the noble Paris dwelled and abided.\n\nWhen the noble Paris had read the letter and knew that Venus had been in prison almost out of her wits, he was cursing..His evil fortune, and after he cursed the day that he was born, and much discomforted himself, and also he cursed the dolphin saying, O cruel father and uncaring, how may your heart endure to put in prison her who is so noble a creature, full of all virtues, the fair Venus, who is no cause of this fate? For I myself alone have done it, and ought to bear all the punishment alone. Alas, and why did not God grant me so much grace that I had been taken in her place? O fair Venus, what have I done for you, who have suffered so much pain for me? Thus he made a great while his sorrow wept strongly. After Venus was returned to her first estate, Paris was much joyous, and when he had received the exchange that Venus had sent him, he hired a very fair house and clothed himself honestly and richly, and took acquaintance and friendship with the greatest and best of the city. In so much they did him much good and honor, and thus Paris lived..The story relates that the earl of Flanders, always remembering in his heart his love for Vienne, saw that his love grew continually. They wrote letters to each other every month, but this is not mentioned further. The story continues that when the earl of Flanders had arranged the marriage with the duke of Burgundy, he prepared his son and equipped him with companions and horses. He informed the dauphin that he would make all necessary preparations and that he should send his son as soon as possible. When the dauphin heard this news, he was greatly joyful, and in his excitement, he prepared many great and marvelous feasts. During these feasts, he also made ready the duke of Burgundy's son, horses, and people to accompany him. It was a sight to behold when he was sent to the earl of Flanders, who received him with great joy..Ioye and welcomed him with great honor and kept him two days, delivering to him his son in his company, and sent him to the dolphin. And when the dolphin knew of their coming, he made ready to receive him. And when they were near Venice, Iojne rode out with much great chivalry and received them with much great joy and play, and each made great feast for the others, which were too long to recount. Before the dolphin came to the son of the duchess of Burgundy, he and his wife entered into the chamber of Venice, to whom the dolphin said, \"Fair daughter, it was the play of God that I and your mother were together for seven years without having any child, and in the seventh year our lord comforted us with you, in whom we have all our affection. For we have neither son nor daughter but only you, nor do we ever suppose we will have, so we trust that by you we have one. It is true, and it has ordained that we will assemble you for a most honorable marriage, which pleases us greatly.\".I assure you, the daughter of the King of France much desires this man, whom you are to have, for God has endowed him with so much good and honor as a knight's heart may desire, to the pleasure of God and the Virgin Mary. Therefore, we have arranged the marriage of the son of the Duke of Burgundy and you. We pray you, therefore, to give your good will and pleasure to this matter, and also to make the marriage agreeable.\n\nVienne answered her father: Honorable father and lord, I know well that what you intend is for my good and profit. But notwithstanding, I am not yet of an age to marry, and in this marriage I should receive more honor than I am worthy. Nevertheless, I shall not yet marry if we do not have this man. If it pleases God, we shall have another as good or better. And my lord, do not think that I say this for any excuse, but it has been fifteen days since I have been ill and the lady who has caused me to take no pleasure..for to be married / I have sworn to God never to marry this man nor any other / as long as I shall be in this malady / \u00b6Then the dolphin, who was Venus, said in shame-fastness / Nevertheless, he traveled with her every day with fair words, trying to persuade her to this marriage / but it availed him nothing, for her will was more in Paris than in any man in the world / \u00b6Then, on the morrow, the sons of the duke of Burgundy and the earl of Flanders entered the city of Venus. The dolphin took great joy and pleasure in this, and this festival lasted well for fifteen days / during which they did nothing but dance, sing, and engage in various other pleasurable activities / and during this festival, the dolphin said to the son of the duke of Burgundy, \"Fair son, I pray you and beg you to take pleasure and joy, and do not be troubled by this long stay here.\".for certain my daughter is so sick that unless she may speak, which causes great distress and shame for her, she would like to be out of her chamber. And then the son of the duke of Burgundy, as he meant it well, believed it lightly. Nevertheless, the dolphin did nothing the night before or the day after, but admonished his daughter once in fair words and another time in threats. But in no way could he make his daughter consent. He commanded that she should have nothing but bread and water, and the dolphin remained one day in this manner, and all this did the dolphin, in order that she should consent to the marriage. And he always did more harm and pain to her, and Venus was always harsher and further from his desire. The dolphin was greatly distressed by this, and not without cause, and seeing the Dolphin that his daughter was so obstinate, he thought that by some good means he would send the son of the duke of Burgundy home again, for he doubted that if he remained long, this situation would not improve..The duke may have discovered this, gave him fair jewels, and afterwards said to him: \"Fair son, I will that you take no displeasure in what I shall say to you. It seems to me well that at this time this marriage may not proceed from you and my daughter. For after I see, and as it seems to me, the will of God is farther than I would at this time. He wills not that the marriage of you and my daughter take effect now. Therefore, I have great disappointment in my heart only for the love of you. Then the son of the duke of Burgundy, seeing that at that time he could do nothing, took leave of Dolphin and returned to his country because Vienne was not well. He promised that as soon as he knew that she would be healthy, he would return to accomplish the marriage as Dolphin had promised him.\"\n\nAfter certain days that the son of the Duke of Burgundy had departed from the city of Vienne, Dolphin, for great disappointment that he had caused, came before him to the master..Iyler imprisoned her in a small, dark and obscure cell within his palaces. He ordered Vyenne and Ysabeau to be confined there, permitting them only bread and water. A maidservant, in whom the dolphin trusted, was to bring their sustenance. In this manner, Vyenne and Ysabeau spent their time in great sorrow. Yet, the heart of Vyenne did not yield to her father's will in any way, but rather grew stronger towards her dear friend Paris. With sweet words, she comforted Ysabeau, saying, \"My dear sister, do not despair for this darkness. I have faith in God that you shall yet have great wealth. For my fair sister, it is just and right that for the noble knight Paris, who endures so much pain on my account, I should suffer this in turn. And I tell you, all the pains of this world are nothing to me when I think of his sweet face.\" In this way, she comforted her sister..that other day, in speaking all day of the valiant knight Parys,\n\nWhen the son of the duke of Burgundy had lingered long in his country,\n\nOn a day he had great thoughts of Venus,\nand that was for the great beauty of her,\nand it displeased him much that at his being there,\nhe had not seen her,\nand so he concluded to go and see her,\nand it was not long after that he came to the dolphin,\nand the dolphin received him most gladly and with great honor,\nThen he prayed the dolphin that it might please him to show to him Venus also, seeking as she was,\nFor in the world there was nothing that he so much desired to see as her,\nAnd the dolphin, seeing his will and desire, no longer hid his courage,\nbut said to him,\n\"My fair son, by the faith that I owe to God,\nI have had great desire that this marriage should be made,\nbut my daughter, for this present time, will take no husband nor be married,\nwherefore I have great disappointment and that for your sake.\".I swear to you that she has departed from this town. I have had her kept in a dark and obscure prison, and she has eaten nothing but bread and water alone. She has sworn that she will not leave the prison until she consents to marriage with you. I pray you not to be displeased if at this time you see her not, for you will not fail to have great marriage if this fails you, and then he answered, \"Honorable sir, I pray you most heartily, since that is so, that before I return, I may speak to her, and I will pray her as much as I can and see if by any means I may convert her from her will.\" Then the dolphin was content. He sent clothing and vestments to dress her, and also food to eat, for in two months she had eaten only bread and water, of which she was much weakened, and this showed well in her appearance, and he did this so that she would consent to the marriage. And then it was concluded..The duke of Burgoyne's son should come see her and speak with her. When Venus saw this and had finished her deceitful meal to distract me, but God forbid that I should do so. She then took the hen and said to the one who brought it, since the duke's son is expected to come and speak to me, tell him not to come for the next three days. And when he comes, tell him to bring with him the bishop of St. Laurence. The one who brought the hen told this to the dolphin and Dame, and held them under her arms until they strongly reeked.\n\nOn the third day, the bishop of St. Laurence and the duke of Burgoyne's son came to see Venus. Before they entered, they opened a trellis that provided light into the prison.\n\nWhen the duke's son saw Venus in the prison, he said to her with great pity, \"Noble Venus, why do you wish to die of hunger so pitifully?\".And know you not well that your father has given you to me to have as my wife? Therefore I live in great pain and much sorrow because of your disobedience, which you do rightly sin. And do not doubt that God punishes you for your disobedience to your father and mother. Wherefore I pray you, fair Vyenne, tell me for what reason you will not have me as your husband. Do you not think that when you are with me, you may serve God as well as you do now, enduring this pain? I promise you by my faith that you shall have pleasures and liberties in all the ways that you shall desire. Then I pray you not to die so recklessly, and if you will not do it for my love, at least do it for the love of your father and mother, who live for you in great sorrow and great heaviness. Wherefore you ought to have pity on them.\n\nWhen Vyenne had heard these words, she was almost abashed and said, sir..I am married. You do not know him whom I have in my heart. I know and grant that you are worthy to have a much greater and higher lady than I am. I endure more pain than I feel. Therefore, I pray you to speak no more of this matter to me from now on. I am so ill disposed in my person that, if it continues, my life will not be long. If it were honest, I would show it to you, and then you would see how it stands with me. The son of the Duke of Burgundy and the Bishop of Saint Laurence approached Venus. From her armpits under the two quarters of the hen, a great stench issued forth. Unable to endure it, they said to her, \"Lords, you now know enough about the adventure in which I am involved.\".Then they took leave, showing great concern for her. They told the dolphin that Vyenne was half rotten and that she stood still, and they believed that she could not live long. It would be a great loss for the sovereign beauty that was in her. Inconten\u00e7 the son of the duke of Burgundy took his leave of the dolphin and returned to his country. He recounted to his father the life of Vyenne, and all who heard him felt great pity in their hearts.\n\nWhen the dolphin saw that the marriage was broken by Vyenne's default, he swore that she would never depart from there, but only if she would consent to his will. And so she remained for a long time in that prison where she had great thought and sorrow for her sweet and true friend Paris. Her desire was for nothing but to hear tidings of Paris, but in her state, no man could bring her tidings. Edward, her lover, seeing that Vyenne remained in such a state,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, and there are some minor spelling errors and abbreviations. I have corrected the spelling and expanded the abbreviations to make the text readable while preserving the original meaning as much as possible.).Grete Payne had fallen ill, and no one dared approach her. He harbored great sorrow and was deeply moved by great pity, as well as his great love for Paris. He decided to build a chapel in the church that touched the dolphin's palaces. In a corner, he dug so deep that it was nearly at the foundation, where Vienne was. He refused to allow them to dig any further, and when the chapel was completed and adorned, Edward alone dug himself so far that he made an opening. Through this opening, he spoke to Vienne when he wanted to know why the construction had been done so secretly. One day, Edward peered through this hole and saw Vienne. He saluted her, and when she heard him and recognized him, she took great joy and consolation, seeming to have risen from death to life. The first things Vienne asked him were if he knew any news from Paris, and Edward told her..that it was not long since he had received a letter from him, written at Genes. Then she said to him, alas, when shall the day come that I shall see him? I would be content that God should have his will with me, for none other thing I desire in this world. Alas, fair brother, what seems to you of my life and of this fair chamber in which I dwell? Certainly I believe very truly, if Paris knew it, that for his love I endure so much sorrow. That the heart of him should be consumed by sorrow. After she told Edward the parliament about the son of the duke of Burgundy and the hen, and prayed him to send word of all this to Paris and to recommend herself to him, and also that she had no other hope in this world but in him. Edward brought to her every day from thence forward food and drink and all that was necessary for her, for her life. And he comforted her with fair words as well as he could. Edward wrote plainly to Paris how..She should have been dead or he would not have been, daily providing for her all that was necessary. He wrote to him all that Venus had held with the son of the Duke of Burgundy. This fair lady Venus desired nothing in this world but to see him alone. Moreover, she prayed him not to depart from the country he was in.\n\nWhen the noble Paris had received the letter from Edward and knew that Venus was in prison, it was unnecessary to ask if he had great delay and was almost in such a case as to land. On that other side, he had great fear that she would be married in order to avoid the great harm and pain she suffered. He was thinking about this night and day, saying to himself, \"I see well that I cannot escape but that Venus must necessarily be married, and by that means her love and mine will fail. Alas, now I see well that there is no hope or trust for me. Alas, captive and unhappy, what will become of me? I shall go so far...\".From her I have never received tidings, nor she from me, and after this he began again to complain, saying: \"O God of heaven, why have you not granted me such grace that in her place I might endure the pain she endures for me? O cruel fortune full of cruel torment, and what has she suffered or caused that she must endure such great pain, while I, who have done all this evil, bear the punishment? Yes, indeed.\"\n\nAfter he had made his complaint, he wrote a letter to Edward, informing him of his deep sorrow for Veyne, who was in prison, and he thanked him for his kindness and diligence towards her. He begged him never to abandon her but to continue aiding and helping her.\n\nAnd after he wrote this, he intended to go to some strange country, and from then on he should send no more letters to him, and he should not long for any tidings from him, except for news of a deed..When Edward received letters from Paris indicating that the king intended to travel to a foreign land, Edward became very angry and distressed. Incontenance, a Parisian, informed the king and queen of this news, causing them great sorrow. They believed they had lost their wit. After Edward shared the news with Yvonne, her grief was so profound that if Edward had not comforted her, she would have died. Yvonne lamented to Isabeau, expressing that she never wished to hear news of her love for Paris again. She was content to die and would never again find pleasure in anything in this world. Isabeau comforted her continually.\n\nAfter Edward's departure from Geneva with his servant, he went to Vienne where he secured shipping and sailed so far that he reached Alexandria..In that country, he stayed for a while, and afterwards he learned the way to the mount of Calvary and Jerusalem, and how to pass safely. Paris then decided to go on a pilgrimage to that country, but before he set out, he learned to speak the Moorish language. When Paris could speak Moorish fluently, he and his companions began their journey toward India. They stayed in the land of Priest John for a long time, during which Paris grew a beard and took the habit of a Moor. He also learned all the customs and manners of the country. With the Lord Jesus Christ and the glorious Virgin Mary, his sweet mother, always by his side, he had a strong desire to go to Jerusalem to see the holy sanctuaries and complete the pilgrimage. Once in Jerusalem, he set aside all his courage in devotion, and became so devout that it was remarkable..and prayed continually our lord that by the merits of his passion he would give to him salvation of his soul and consolation for his body, and also for fair Venus. And after he departed from there and went into Egypt, and arrived in the country of the Sudan, his money began to fail, and he hired a little house where he dwelt mournfully and sadly. For his misfortune, he also had great displeasure when he saw other triumphs and processions. Now it happened one day that Parris went to play and amuse himself outside the town in the fields, and there he met the falconers of the Sudan, who had come from hawking. Among them was the falcon that the Sudan loved best of all the others. Then Parris asked, and the falconer said to him, \"You are a wise falconer to me. I pray you tell me what I should do, for I truly assure you that if you can tame him, it will be more advantageous to you and me, and I promise you, for the Sudan would rather lose the best city.\".In this time, a much holy pope named Innocent reigned. He was pleased and gave out a crusade against false heretics and heathens, so that the name of our lord might be exalted. The falconer, seeing that by Paris' means he had obtained this lordship, played merry games with him and showed him great amity and friendship, as if he had been his brother. He brought him into the sultan's grace and was received into his court. The sultan loved him so well that he gave him great office and maintained him in great honor. After Paris had healed the falcon and made it whole again, the sultan was very joyous, and for love of the falcon, he made the falconer a great signet in his court. The falconer, seeing that by Paris' means he had obtained this lordship, played merry games with him and showed him great amity and friendship, as if he had been his brother. He brought him into the sultan's grace and was received into his court. The sultan loved him so well that he gave him great office and maintained him in great honor..Ihesus Christ was more sanctified and enhanced throughout all Christendom. Therefore, a great council was convened among the cardinals and prelates, and it was concluded by their parliament that this cross should be sent to the king of France and to other Christian kings, dukes, earls, and other great lords. It was done.\n\nWhen the king of France had received the letters from the pope, he summoned the duke of Vienne. He came at his commandment. Then the king said to him, \"Sir Godefroy, we have summoned you here because you are one of the wisest in our court, and also because you are of our lineage. We inform you that our holy father the pope has written to us that he has given a cross against the heresies. Therefore, we have decided to go there ourselves. However, we have also decided that you should go first, and we pray you for the love and reverence of\".god that you take on you the charge to spy out the countries and also the passages. Then the dolphin said, I am ready and appointed to carry out your commandment with good will. But how shall I do it to pass surely among the heathen people? For if they perceive in any way that I go to spy out their country, I shall not escape, but that I must die by cruel death if God keeps me not. Then the king said, you may go and your company safely, clothed in pilgrim's habit. For you know well that this is not the first time that many Christian men have been in the holy land. Therefore, I pray you yet once more, in the name of Jesus Christ, that you make yourselves ready to go there, and take with you as many knights as it pleases you. Then the dolphin, seeing the will of the king and that he must depart, sent letters to his wife that he would go into the holy land to seek the holy shrines and pilgrimages, and prayed her that she would be wise..goerne his land / and that Venus his daughter should not escape from prison until he returned, for in a short time he would come again /\nAfter that the dolphin had taken his ship / and passed into Syria and Damascus / to Jerusalem and in many other places / and had explored and observed much wisely and well the whole country / and had inquired of the Christian men who dwelt there many things / without discovery of his will and intent / Nevertheless, some evil Christian men, to get money, told it to the sultan of Babylon /\nThen, when the sultan knew it, he made no feigned show / but immediately he made all the passages to be guarded where the pilgrims went by, in such a manner as the dolphin and all his company were taken and brought before the sultan / and he ordered that the dolphin should be tortured and impaled / The dolphin, seeing himself in such a plight, said that they should not torture him / and he would tell them /.The soldier recounted to the sultan how the Pope had granted a pardon against them, and how he had discovered the country. When the sultan saw this, he said he would advise him of what death he would do him, so that all others would take notice. He commanded that he be brought immediately to Alexandria and put in a harsh and strong tower, and that none should give him anything but bread and water. Then the dolphin was brought to Alexandria and put in a harsh and strong tower, where he suffered a miserable life and had keepers watching him day and night. The dolphin was in great sorrow, thinking never to escape from the prison but to die. Nevertheless, the Pope and the King of France caused great pain to have him released by finances, but they could not have him. For the sultan said that he would do such punishment to him that all others would take notice and return to Paris, knowing nothing of these tidings..The story goes that Paris was in Babylon, unaware of this fate. Two religious brothers happened to arrive in Babylon to seek the land's indulgences and saw the sovereignty and power of the sultan. The sultan held great power in Babylon. These two brothers belonged to the same factions, and as they went through the town, they encountered Paris. Paris greeted them and asked, \"After I have heard that you are Christian men, you have a pope who is very powerful and mighty. You also have many kings, lords, and great towns, cities, and castles. I am amazed that we, who are not of your law, hold the sovereignty of the holy land, which should rightfully belong to you, as you claim. When the brothers heard Paris speak in this way, they were greatly afraid..One of them answered in the language of more. For they knew none other but Paris was a more. And so did all the country. He said to him, \"Sir, I believe well that you have heard say, that in our parties have assembled great companies of people and men of war, to come into these parties. Because our holy father the Pope has granted a crusade, and in the meantime, our men of war have assembled. The king of France, who is the greatest of Christendom, sent a noble baron named the dauphin of Vienne to spy and observe these parties. Then, being in these parties, the sultan set men in such places where the pilgrims were accustomed to pass. And suddenly he did take one named Raymond, and after sent him to Alexandria. And there he set him in an evil prison. I suppose that he is dead. And thus, for this reason, the fate was disrupted. Then Paris asked, \"What is the name of that lord?\" Then the friar replied, \"He is named Godfrey of Anjou, dauphin.\".When Paris heard this, he was greatly dismayed, but he showed no sign of it. In his heart, he thought that his adventure might yet turn out well. Then he demanded many things from them and said that he would speak to them again. He asked them where they were lodged, and they told him out of fear rather than love, for they thought he would do them some harm.\n\nWhen Paris was departed from the friars, he was deeply pondering how and in what manner he might go to Alexandria to see the dolphin and how he might get out of prison. He thought so much about his fate that he decided to go to the hostel where the friars were lodged. And when the friars saw him, they were greatly afraid. Then Paris took them by the hands and led them through the city, speaking to them constantly in a friendly manner, and said to them, \"I have great desire to see that Christian knight who is in Alexandria.\".I have always had good will towards the Christian men, and if I might, I could still help him. If you will come with me, I promise you by my law that I will give you good cheer, and do not doubt anything. And when the friars heard him speak thus, they were unsure what to answer. They trusted in the mercy of God and promised him that they would go with him, even if they should die. And they prayed to God in their courage that He would grant him the grace to come out of prison. Then Paris was greatly pleased with the answer of the friars and never expected to see the hour when he might be with the dolphin to see the end of his adventure. And so he departed from the friars and went straight to the falconer of the sultan with whom he had great knowledge. And he said to him, \"Sir, I thank you for the great honor, courtesy, and gentleness that you have shown me. And please know that I will depart from here to Alexandria. I promise you.\".for your love I shall not tarry long, but that I shall return hither again. And because I am unknown there and have never been there before, I humbly pray that you will grant me a mandate and require that you will command me humbly to the good grace of my lord the sultan, and forthwith the falconer went to the sultan and made his request for Paris. The sultan granted him all his desire, saying that it greatly displeased him that Paris was departing, and if he would abide and dwell in his court, he would make him a great lord. Then the falconer said, \"Sir, he has promised me that in short time he shall return.\" Then the sultan did make the mandate as if he would devise it, charging all his lords, officers, and subjects of towns, cities, and castles of his land that they should do him great honor, and that they should give and deliver to him all that would be necessary to him without taking any money or..The sultan gave Paris many rich clothes and vestments of cloth of gold and silk, as well as great treasure, urging him not to delay but to return hastily. He also promised to make him a great lord and delivered his mandate, sealed with the sultan's own seal and signed by his hand.\n\nWhen Paris had received all these things from the sultan, he took leave of him and his court and went with the friars to Alexandria. After coming in, he showed the mandate to the admiral, who immediately did great honor to Paris and provided him with a fair lodging supplied with all necessary things. He also delivered something to the friars. The admiral came every day to see Paris in his lodging to do him honor and keep him company, and went and rode through the city. Because Paris was richly clad, every man made a show of respect to him..Once upon a time, Paris demanded of the admiral which tower was so beautiful. The admiral replied that it was a cruel and terrible prison where the sultan held a great lord and baron, who had come to spy on these lands. Paris then asked to see him, and the admiral agreed. They dismounted from their horses and entered the prison. When Paris saw the dolphin, he felt great despair in his heart due to the miserable and sorrowful life he endured. Paris demanded of the keepers who the man was, and they replied that he was a great baron from France. Paris then asked if he was mourysshe, but they replied that he would only speak to him if he returned another day..The parties of the west requested that Admiralty give command to the keepers, that whenever he comes, they should show him to them. Inconveniently, he complied as they had desired, and then they departed. A few days later, Paris returned and came to the prison and brought one of the brothers with him who could speak Moroccan. When they were within the prison, Paris said to the brother that he had come to visit him. He loved Christian men well and was in the favor of the sultan, and trusted him as much as any man in his country. The brother demanded many things from the eunuch in Paris' name and said he would gladly do them if he could.\n\nWhen the eunuch heard the religious brother speak in the name of the more important person, he was greatly abashed..Paris asked the dolphin if he had a wife or children. The dolphin wept and replied that he did, a daughter considered the fairest in France, whom he kept in prison because she refused to marry. Paris, speaking through the friar, comforted him, urging patience and faith that God would deliver him from prison. Moved by these words, the dolphin seemed to believe that God had answered his prayer. He told the friar it was a pity the moray eel was not Christian and begged the Lord to grant him the strength to remain patient. The dolphin then departed, leaving Paris greatly comforted. Paris told the keepers that he had found great pleasure in the prisoner's company..\"Paris often came to dispose of things, and when it played its part, he should return and be welcome. Paris then said to the brothers who were there, \"If I thought I could trust you, I think it is a good idea to find a way to bring this prisoner out of prison.\" The brothers were greatly surprised by this, which Paris had said to them. They said to him, \"By the faith that we owe to our God, you need not doubt us. And if you are willing to try us, but it must be done secretly. For you see well how many keepers there are continually.\" Paris then said, \"I will give you good counsel and a remedy for all this. But I want two things. The first thing is that you go with me. The second is that he will give me my living honorably in his country. For I am in great doubt when I have delivered him, and I will be in his country where he may set nothing by me, and I have no use nor craft, and so I might be deceived.\" Therefore, if he will assure me, & that he\".give to me such a gift as I shall request of him when I am in his country; I shall deliver it to him and leave my country for love of him, and you may see in what state I am,\n\nIn the morning Paris and the friars came into the prison, and the friar related all this to the dolphin. When the dolphin understood this, he thought that God was taking him away, and said, \"I thank God and this more of the good will that He has toward me. For I never served him nor played wherefore he ought to do so much for me. Nevertheless, I hope that it is the pleasure of God that he will deliver me out of prison. I am ready to swear by the body of Jesus Christ or I ever depart from here, that as soon as I am in my own land, I shall maintain him in a greater estate than he is here, and I will that he do all his will of all my land, for it shall suffice for me only that I have a castle and my wife, and I shall do all that he will, and tell him this on my behalf.\" Then the friar told all this to Paris..that the dolphin had said and promised to do, and to ensure that Paris should be more secure, he said to the friar that he should bring before him the body of our Lord Jesus Christ, and that before him he should swear to keep all that he had promised. The friar told it to Paris, and the dolphin swore it before Paris to fulfill all that he had promised. And when he had sworn, to ensure Paris would be the better content, the dolphin received back the precious body of our Lord Jesus Christ, saying that it should be to the damnation of his soul if he failed to keep all that he had promised when they should be in his land. And when this was done, Paris and the friars departed from the dolphin, and went to the gate to wait and see if any first came that way. And by chance they found a first one, and Paris with the friars spoke to the patron and promised him a MB of gold if he would let them have passage for five persons. The patron, seeing the\n\n(Note: MB is likely a typo for \"mark,\" so the correct translation should be \"five marks of gold.\").\"Paris said to them that he was content, but he wanted half at the gate. He told the lords, \"Make yourselves ready. For if the motions of this land find us, we shall all be dead. Paris, make yourself ready. This night at midnight, I will come. After Paris returned to his lodgings and made ready much victuals and the best wines he could get, he and the brothers made provisions of all other things and towels. When all was ready, Paris went to the keepers of the prison and said, 'I thank you many times for the pleasures you have done to me. I will now depart from here to return to my lord the Sultan. But for your love, I will sup with you this night and pray that we may sup together.' They answered that it pleased them for his love. Then Paris sent for the victuals and the wine, and after it came, they suppered together. The keepers, who were not accustomed to drinking wine, drank it.\".so much that they all were drunk / and incontinent, they could not awaken them / and when Paris saw that, he said to the brothers / that they should unfetter the dolphin / and that they should open the gates of the prison / and if any of the keepers awakened, I shall kill him / Then the brothers began to unfetter the dolphin with great fear, praying God to be their aid and help / And when the dolphin was loose, he clad himself like a monk. After Paris slew all the keepers one after another because if they awakened they should not come after them /\n\nThe dolphin, with Paris and his varlet, and the two brothers came to the gate / and hastily entered the first one, which was already ready / and they wonderfully hoisted up their sail / and by the help of God began to sail so fast that within a few days they arrived at a place that was then called Christian, and there the dolphin went ashore because he was much grieved and annoyed, both by the sea and the harm he had suffered in prison / and there he borrowed money..and from then on came the dolphin to Cyprus, where was a king who had dwelt in the court of the king of France. The king, as soon as he knew that the dolphin of Venus was coming, went to meet him and prayed him to come and lodge in his palaces. The dolphin went there, and the king took great joy in this, and there he made him great cheer, for they had seen each other often in the king's court of France. After the king demanded his adventure from him, and the dolphin recounted it all to him. Because of the coming of the dolphin, he made much great feast, and received him much warmly, and made him to stay there as long as it pleased him. And when the dolphin had stayed there at his pleasure, he took his leave of the king and of all his court, thanking him much for the great pleasure he had done to him. The king, seeing that the dolphin would depart, gave him great gifts, and armed two galleys which accompanied him, and brought him upon the sea..And they had such good wind that within a few days they brought him to Aigues-Mortes.\n\nWhen the dolphin arrived, the knights of the dolphin heard it right away and made themselves ready. They went to their horses and met him at Aigues-Mortes. There they received him with great honor and set out for Vienne. And for the joy of his coming, all the people of the city made a very noble and magnificent festival that lasted for fifteen days. The play and joy were so great among them because they had recovered their lord, that no man should or could have thought otherwise. Paris did not change his clothing or vesture but continued to go to mass. And by the command of the dolphin, the people showed him great reverence and honor. Paris was ashamed of this and said nothing but mourned. He had a great beard and showed himself to no one. After a while, the dolphin kept his promise to Paris..The friar said to Paris and demanded if he would have the seigniorage of his land and country. Paris made him an assurance that he would keep his land. Then the dolphin demanded him his daughter Vivienne, and Paris made the friar ask for her. This pleased him, and then they went to her.\n\nThen, before Vivienne, the friar spoke first. \"Madame, you know well that your father has been in prison for a long time and would still be, or had been, saved by this more than once, putting his person in great peril and danger for the love of your father. Thus, you may well know how much he is held to him, and because of this, your father prays you that on all the pleasure you will do for him, you will take him as your husband. He will pardon all the displeasures that you ever did to him.\".When the friar had finished his words, Vyonne answered him, saying, \"The bishop of St. Lawrence knows well that I have been married for a long time. If I had consented, I could have been married with more honor to my father than to this man, for the son of the Duke of Burgundy had espoused me. But God has put me in such a malady that I may not long live in this world, and every day my malady increases and torments me so much that I am half rotten. Therefore, I pray you to tell my father that I am excused, for at this time I will not be married.\" Then they took their leave of Vyonne, and the dolphin told the friar that he should tell it to the man. And so the friar told it all to Paris, and Paris, who was afraid of losing the love of Vyonne, went to see her in prison with the friar and the bishop of St. Lawrence. When Paris saw Vyonne in that condition, he had great pity..sorrow and great mercy; then he made the sister sell herself to him in his name. Vincent answered him courteously, and the brother said in the name of Paris, \"Lady, you know well that I have delivered your father from prison, for which you ought to have singular pleasure, and he would still have been there if I had not helped him. He pardons you with a good heart and good will for all the displeasures that you ever caused him. I pray that you take me as your husband, and will that we have the lordship of the dolphin, and therefore I pray that neither you nor I lose this honor. And yet more, even if this were not the case, you ought not to disobey your father's commands. And then Vincent answered the brother as if speaking on behalf of Paris, \"I know well that you have delivered my father from prison. Not unwillingly will my father hold this against you. I know that you are a man of great.\".\"The bishop of St. Lawrence, who is present, knows well that due to my illness, I cannot live for long. The friar then spoke in his name, saying, \"This is because I am a coward that you refuse me.\" I promise you that I will become Christian, but if you knew who I am and what I have left to bring your father out of prison, you would praise me more than you do. Your father will be pardoned, for he has promised that you will be my wife, which will bring you blame. Therefore, if it pleases you, grant him his wish. Then Vienne said, \"Lord, I have heard good things about you and that you have done so much for my father. But in the lady in whom I am, none should counsel me to take a husband. For my life may not last long, and so that you may know that I speak the truth, come closer to me, and you will feel and smell in what condition I am.\"\".I am of my person. They approached her closely. Vyenne had placed two quarters of a hen under her two armholes, and there arose such a great stench that the shop and the friar could not endure it. Nevertheless, the stench was a good odor for him, for he did not smell it and said, \"I do not know what you smell.\" I felt no evil odor. They marveled strongly because he did not feel the odor. The friar said in Paris' name, \"For this odor I will never leave you. I assure you I will never depart from hens until you have consented to that which your father will.\" Vyenne answered angrily and said, \"By the faith that I owe to God, I will rather renounce my head against the wall than return to the morning for an answer from you. You shall take counsel of your fellow, and I pray to God that you may be well counseled.\" The friar said all this to Vyenne in the name of Paris. And after they took their leave of Vyenne, they said all this to the dolphin..He was then much displeased and told the friar to tell it all to Paris to excuse him and not lay the blame on him. And when they had departed from Vyenne, she said to Isabeau, My fair sister, what do you think of the wisdom of my father, who thinks that I should take this more as my husband and refuse the son of the Duke of Burgundy? But God forbid that in my life I have any lord other than Paris as my husband, whom I still hope to have. Isabeau said, Indeed, Madame, I do not know what to say about your father who would give you to another in marriage. I have given it much thought, for he has said that he will return in the morning to see you and has said that you should remember and advise yourself.\n\nAnd in the morning Paris dressed himself much more richly than he was accustomed and came to the prison with the friar. The friar said to her, Madam, we have returned to know your good answer and your intention..Vyenne answered, \"lords, my intention is that I shall never break my promise that I have made. For I have avowed that I shall never marry nor leave this prison, but rather give him to whom I have promised, and therefore return you in good time.\"\n\nThen the friar said, \"by my faith, I do not know what to say. It is great damage that you suffer so much sorrow and pain, and since it is your will and that you will not do otherwise, may it please you to do him this great grace, that since you will not marry him, you will wear this ring for the love of him.\"\n\nThis ring was the same ring that Vyenne gave to Parris when he departed from her in the hours of the chaplain, and Vyenne, because they should no longer come together, took the ring. When she had received the ring, Parris said to the friar, \"I pray you, tarry a little without.\" For I will see what counsel she will make of the ring. And the friar said gladly..Despite the challenges, I will do my best to clean the text while maintaining its original content as much as possible. Here's the cleaned version:\n\nNevertheless, he marveled much, and the friar went on with his sermon. Vienne began to behold the ring, and when Paris saw that Vienne held the ring so strongly, he began to speak in plain tongue and said, \"O noble lady, why are you so greatly admiring of this ring?\" Then Vienne replied, \"Indeed, to my sight, I have never seen a fairer one.\" Paris then said, \"Therefore, I pray you, take pleasure in it the more that you behold it the more you shall praise it.\"\n\nWhen Vienne heard the more speak thus, she was more admiring than before and was as a person abashed. \"Alas, am I enchanted?\" she said. \"What is this that I see and hear?\" In saying these words, she would have fled in fear from the prison, but Paris said, \"O noble lady Vienne, marvel you no more, have no doubt; lo, here is Paris, your true servant.\" Vienne was then more abashed than before. \"This may not be,\" she said..but by works enchanted / and Paris said / Noble lady, this is no enchanted work / For I am your servant Paris, who left you with Ysabeau in such a church / and there you gave to me the diamond which I have now returned to you, and there you promised to marry only me / and be nothing astonished by the beard or the clothing that I wear / for they take away the knowledge of me, and many other words said Paris to Venus / by which she clearly knew that it was Paris, and for the sovereign love that she bore him / and for the great joy that she had / she began to weep in his arms / and to embrace and kiss him most sweetly / and there they comforted each other with sweet words / and so remained a long time / Venus could not enough kiss him and embrace him / and also Paris demanded from her about her adventure / and she told him all / And Ysabeau had heard nothing of this / for she was fast asleep by cause she had watched all the night before / and for the great joy..and she awakened to find Paris and Venus embracing each other. She asked, \"Madame, what is this that you do? Have you lost your wits, embracing this man so intimately? Has he enchanted you that you suffer him so familiarly with you? And is this the faith you keep to Paris, for whom you have suffered so much pain and sorrow? Venus replied, \"Sweet sister, say no such words, but come and take your share of the solace that I have. For you have found good fortune as I have. See here my sweet Paris, whom we have so desired. Then Yseabeau approached him and beheld him closely, recognizing him as Paris, and she went and kissed him. Great joy ensued between the three, so much so that there is no person in the world who might say or think otherwise. They remained in this joyful state for a long while, until at last Paris spoke, \"Sweet Venus, it seems we should go before my lord the dolphin, your father.\".for it is necessary that he know all our faith / Nevertheless, I pray you to say nothing / until I desire you. And all three came out of the prison. The brother marveled greatly and they all went together to the dolphin, who was merry when he saw them. And nevertheless, he was much distressed that his daughter had come in such a way. Then Paris said to the brother, \"Say to the dolphin that I have converted his daughter to his will and to mine. And it pleases him that she be my wife.\" The brother said so. Then the dolphin said to his daughter, \"Will you take this man for your husband, who has delivered me from prison in great peril of his person?\" Then Vienne demanded of Paris if he would allow her to speak. Paris said, \"Yes.\" And then Vienne said to the dolphin, \"Father, I am ready to do your commandment and his. And pray you to pardon me and give me your blessing.\" When she said this, her father pardoned her and gave her his blessing..His blessing and kissed her. Then Vyonne said, \"Here is my good friend Paris, whom I have so much desired, and for whom I have suffered so much pain and sorrow. This is he who so sweetly sang and played the lute, and who vanquished the Jeousts in this city, and bore their shield of crystal and my garlonde. This is he who vanquished the Jeousts in the city of Paris and won there the three banners with the three jewels, and went away with them without the knowledge of any man. He has also delivered you from prison, putting his life in jeopardy for you. And when the dolphin understood all this, he was marvelously glad and joyous. Afterwards, Paris went to his father. When he saw him and knew that he was his son, Paris, whom he had so long desired to see, he embraced him and kissed him. And for the joy that he had, he could not speak a word. After all the other lords and knights ran to embrace and kiss him. And after this joy, Paris' father said to the dolphin, \"My son,...\".lord plays it you that I may borrow my son home to my house, so that he may see his mother and his friend Edward.\nThen said the dolphin, \"It pleases me right well, only for today.\" For tomorrow I will that the marriage of him and my daughter be made and solemnized here. And then, messire Iaques went with his son to his house. And when he was there, truly his father, his mother, and his friend Edward did not know where they were, for joy and play that they had, and that was no wonder, for they had no more children but him, and he was to wed the daughter of their lord. And at that time, Parris had become a valiant knight, and full of all beauty, and for many reasons it was no marvel that they had great joy and play in him. Edward demanded of him his adventure, and many other things.\nThen on the morrow the dolphin gave his daughter in marriage to Parris. And the feast was much noble and sumptuous, For much people had come there to see the marriage..Feste lasted fifteen days, and the pleasure and entertainment given for the love of Paris and Venus was so great that it is hard to believe. Paris and Venus lived together in great consolation and pleasure for a long time. But after the consummation of the marriage, the father and mother of Paris did not live long in this world. Paris had three children by Venus: two sons and one daughter. The dolphin arranged a magnificent wedding for them. After the death of his father and mother, Paris wished that Edward, his dearest friend, should inherit all the goods that his father had left and given to him. He gave Isabeau to his wife, who lived with Venus for a long time in great love and harmony. The dolphin and his wife died soon after, and then Paris became duke and had possession of all the lordships. They lived together in this world for forty years and led a good and holy life, as some testify..men they are said in heaven, and they both died in one year,\nEdward and Isabeau both died in two,\nTherefore, let us pray to our Lord that we may do such works in this world,\nthat in such a way we may accompany them in the eternal glory of heaven, Amen,\n\nThus ends the story of the noble and valiant knight Parris,\nand the fair Vienne, daughter of the dolphin of Venice,\ntranslated from French into English by William Caxton at Westminster, finished on the last day of August in the year of our Lord 1485,\nprinted on the nineteenth day of December the same year,\nand the first year of King Henry VII's reign.\n\nExplicit {per} Caxton.", "creation_year": 1485, "creation_year_earliest": 1485, "creation_year_latest": 1485, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "When I reflect upon and consider the conversation of those who live this wretched life, in which there is no certainty or stable dwelling. And also the continual busyness of every man, who is occupied and daily labors as though his habitation and dwelling here were permanent and should always endure. And also practices how he may acquire temporal possessions, goods, and riches. Of which they are never content or satisfied, but continually intend and labor by many subtle means to increase their said possessions and riches, in order to come and attain to worldly honor and estate. In which they believe they are true felicity and blessedness. And when I have well observed and examined these things and this life, I find nothing in them but vanity of vanities, and yet I marvel much at learned wise and noble men in the law, who, notwithstanding their riches and secure living, continue in spiritual as well as temporal matters..Labor to be enhanced and promoted to high dignity and offices, as if therein were perpetual felicity. In which you may see that all is but vanity. And they who are reputed as the wisest and greatest about princes are overthrown and brought to nothing in a moment, notwithstanding for the most part. They of the spiritual and also of the temporal intend more to gain worldly honors, riches, and possessions to satisfy the appetite of their inordinate desire in this transitory life, which will depart from the corruptible body anon and hastily. Then to the end that every man remembers himself that he is mortal and shall without fail depart out of this life hastily and soon, and ought while he is here living to prepare and order for the perpetual life to come, and so to live according to the law and commandments of our Lord and occupy himself in virtuous pursuits, eschewing all vices and sins and all the braunches of the same..They may after this short life attain and come to the everlasting life in heaven. I purpose and intend, by the suffrance of Almighty God, to translate a book recently delivered to me and reduce it from French into common English tongue. In which every man may be informed how he ought to keep the law and commandments of God. To follow virtue and flee and eschew vices, and to provide and order for himself spiritual riches in heaven, permanent and everlasting. This book was made in French at the request of Philip the Fair, king of France, in the year of the Lord MCClxxix. And reduced into English at the request and special desire of a certain friend of mine, a merchant of London, in the year of our said Lord M.iiij C.lxxxiiij. This book is entitled and named in French, Le livre royal. That is to say in English, The royal book, or a book for a king. In which book are comprised the ten commandments of our Lord, the twelve articles of faith, the seven deadly sins with their works, and the seven..petitions of the Lord's Prayer, the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost, the seven virtues and many other holy things & matters good and profitable for the wellbeing of the soul. I exhort and urge every person who intends to profit and save their soul, to peruse this said book, in which they shall find good and profitable doctrine, enabling them to attain everlasting bliss. And always, I humbly beseech learned men to correct and amend whatever is amiss.\n\nFirst of the two tables of the law which God delivered unto Moses to preach to the people, Chapter 1,\nOf the first commandment, Chapter 2,\nOf the first commandment of the law, Section 3,\nOf the second commandment of the law, Chapter 4,\nHow one ought to love his neighbor, Chapter 5,\nHere follow the ten commandments of the law, Particular 6,\nOf the third commandment, Particular 7, and the first thing that a subject oweth to his Lord, Chapter 8,\nOf the second thing that a subject oweth to his Lord..Of the third thing that a subject owes to his lord:\nOf the seven other commandments concerning the love of one's neighbor (CAP. IX).\nOf the twelve articles of the faith (CAP. X).\nOf the beast that St. John the Evangelist saw in the Apocalypse (CAP. XII).\nThe division of the seven deadly sins (CAP. XI).\nOf the branches of the sin of pride (CAP. XIV).\nOf the first branch and the first bow (CAP. XV).\nOf the second bow of the first branch (CAP. XVI).\nOf the third bow (CAP. XVII).\nOf the second branch of pride (CAP. XVIII).\nThe third branch of pride (CAP. XIX).\nThe fourth branch, which is ambition (CAP. XX).\nThe fifth branch, which is vainglory (CAP. XXI).\nThe sixth branch is hypocrisy (CAP. XXII).\nThe seventh branch of pride (CAP. XXIII).\nThe second head of the beast (CAP. XXIV).\nThe third head of the beast of Hell is Wrath (CAP. XXV).\nThe first war of the sin of wrath (CAP. XXVI).\nOf the sin of sloth which clerks call acedia (CAP. XXVII).\nOf pusillanimity of delaying and weariness (CAP. XXVIII)..Of the sin and vice of negligence, chapter XXIX.\nOf forgetting and the vice that comes thereof, chapter XXX.\nOf the vice of sloth, chapter XXXI.\nOf the sin of avarice, chapter XXXIV.\nOf diverse manners and species of usury, chapter XXXV.\nThe second manner of usury, chapter XXXVII.\nThe third branch of the sin of avarice, chapter XXXVIII.\nThe sin of challenge, chapter XXXIX.\nOf seven manners of the sin of challenge, chapter XL.\nThe fifth branch of avarice, chapter XLI.\nOf the sin of simony, chapter XLI.\nOf the first branch of Simony, chapter XLIV.\nOf the sin of malice that comes from avarice, chapter XLIII.\nOf merchandise, chapter XLV.\nThe ninth branch of avarice, chapter XLVIII.\nOf the sin of lechery, chapter XLIX.\nOf diverse states of lechery, chapter L.\nOf the sin of gluttony, chapter LI.\nOf the sin that is in idle words, chapter LII.\nOf the sin of avowing, chapter LIII.\nOf evil speakers of other things, chapter LIII.\nOf the sin to speak lying words..Of the sin of fornication, Chapter 51\nOf the sin and peril that is in chopping and changing, Chapter 52\nOf the sin of murmuring, Chapter 53\nOf the sin and peril that is in rebellion, Chapter 54\nOf the sin of blasphemy, Chapter 56\nThat this life is not but death, as it appears, Chapter 57\nHow a man ought to live holy and to learn to do well, Chapter 58\nOf three manners of spiritual goods, Chapter 59\nOf the goods of fortune, Chapter 63\nOf the goods of nature, Chapter 65\nOf the goods of grace, Chapter 66\nWhat virtue is an honorable good, Chapter 67\nOf true wisdom or sapience, Chapter 68\nOf the prowess of the knights of Jesus Christ, Chapter 69\nOf the true seigniory that gives grace and virtues, Chapter 70\nOf true frankness, Chapter 71\nOf true nobility, Chapter 72\nThat charity is most greatest of virtues, Chapter 73\nOf two manners of good things delightful, Chapter 77\nOf virtues in special, Chapter 75\nThe seven petitions and requests that are contained in the holy father our Lord's prayer, Chapter 82.The sixth petition and request of the Our Father lxxxvi\nThe three petitions and requests of the holy Our Father lxxxvii\nThe fourth petition and request of the Our Father lxxxix\nThe fifth petition and request of the Our Father lxxx\nThe seventh petition and request of the Our Father lxxxv\nOf the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost lxxxvj\nThey are called gifts for three reasons lxxxvii\nWhy the gifts of the Holy Ghost are called gifts lxxxviij\nWhy there are seven gifts. And no more or less lxxxix\nOf the seven virtues. Of which three are theological. And four cardinal lxxxiv\nOf the four cardinal virtues lxxxv\nOf the virtue of temperance. Capo. lxxxxi\nOf the virtue of strength. Capo. lxxxiii\nOf the virtue of justice. Capo. lxxxv\nHow a man ought to renounce from himself the seven deadly sins.Chapter 752: Of the gift of holy fear 753: Of the four roots of the sin of pride 759: Of the virtue of humility 759: Of the root of the virtue of humility C: Of one who is truly humble 701: Of one who is humble in heart 701: How a man ought to hate pride 703: Of diverse states of pride 705: Of the teaching and doctrine of our Lord 705: Of the private gift that God has to the soul 705: Of the comparison of the mustard seed to the love of God 707: Of the gift of holy fear and pity 707: Of seven manners of spiritual love 708: Of the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost and first of the gift of wisdom 709: Of the second degree of equity and righteousness 709: Of the third degree of the virtue of equity 710: Of the fourth and fifth degree of the virtue of equity 711: Of the sixth degree of the virtue of equity 711: Of the seventh degree of the virtue of equity 712: The virtues against the seven deadly sins.How to Live in Mean Estate: On the Division of Virtues (according to the Philosophers)\n\nChapter Cxix: Of the First Virtue of Magnanimity\nChapter Cxx: Of the Virtue of Generosity or Trust\nChapter Cxxj: Of the Virtue of Security\nChapter Cxxij: Of the Fourth Degree of the Virtue of Valor: Fortitude\nChapter Cxxiij: Of the Fifth Degree of the Virtue of Valor: Justice\nChapter Cxxiij: Of the Sixth Degree of the Virtue of Valor: Temperance\nChapter Cxxv: Of the Spiritual Battle Against Sin\nChapter Cxxv: Of the First Battle Against All Vices\nChapter Cxxvij: Of True Repentance of Heart\nChapter Cxxviij: How a Man Ought to Confess\nChapter Cxxix: Of the Virtue of Counsel and the Good and Merit that is in it\nChapter Cxxx: The Degrees of the Virtue of Mercy\nChapter Cxxxj: The Branches of Mercy and Alms\nChapter Cxxxij: The Seven Branches of Mercy on the Left Side and the First Branch\nChapter Cxxxiij: The Second Branch\nChapter Cxxxiiij: The Third Branch\nChapter Cxxxv: The Fourth Branch.[Chapter Cxxxv] The fifth branch of mercy\n[Chapter Cxxxvi] The sixth branch of mercy\n[Chapter Cxxxvii] The seventh branch of mercy\n[How a person ought to do alms] [Chapter Cxxxix]\n[Of the active life and of the contemplative life] [Chapter Cxl]\n[Of the virtue of chastity. The first degree] [Chapter Cxlj]\n[The second degree of the virtue of chastity] [Chapter Cxlij]\n[The third degree of the virtue of chastity] [Chapter Cxliij]\n[The fourth degree of the virtue of chastity] [Chapter Cxliiij]\n[The fifth degree of the virtue of chastity] [Chapter Cxlv]\n[The sixth degree of the virtue of chastity] [Chapter Cxlvj]\n[The seventh degree of the virtue of chastity] [Chapter Cxlvij]\n[Of the first estate of those who have been whole and chaste of body] [Chapter Cxlviij]\n[The second estate of those who have been corrupt] [Chapter Cxlix]\n[The third and fourth estate] [Chapter CL]\n[The fifth estate of chastity] [Chapter Clj]\n[The sixth estate of the virtue of virginity and chastity] [Chapter Clij]\n[The seventh estate of the virtue of chastity] [Chapter Cliij]\n[Of the gift of wisdom] [Chapter Cliiij]\n[Of the first degree of sobriety and].Of the second degree of sobriety and of measure, Chapter CLV.\nOf the third degree of sobriety and of temperance, Chapter CLVJ.\nOf the fourth degree of sobriety and of measure, Chapter CLVII.\nThe fifth degree of sobriety and of measure, Chapter CLIX.\nThe sixth degree of sobriety and of temperance, Chapter CLX.\nThe seventh degree of sobriety and of temperance, Chapter CLXJ.\n\nFor attaining and coming to the knowledge of the ten commandments of the law, which every rational creature is held to keep for a lasting life, it is to be known that since the creation of the human creature, four laws have been given:\n\nThe first law is called the law of sin against Inobedience. This law was given to our first father, that he might obey God and not disobey Him by sin. The body was subject to the soul and to reason entirely. But as soon as he had disobeyed God, the body began to disobey reason through concupiscence. It often happens that the creature, by the first law of nature, knows the good to be done and the evil to be shunned..The law of concupiscence, leaving reason's judgment, is inclined to do the contrary. Saint Paul found a law in his members, that is, the law of concupiscence, which opposed the law of reason in the soul. None escaped this law of concupiscence, set in the creature, except only Jesus and the glorious Virgin Mary. The law written is said to be the law delivered. It was delivered for the creature, which by the law of concupiscence would incline him against the judgment of reason to do evil. To withdraw him from doing sin for fear of punishment. This law was delivered to Moses and to the children of Israel. The law of love and grace is said to be, which is nothing but to love God and one's neighbor. It was delivered because the law of scripture, which for fear of being punished withdrew the creature to do evil, was not sufficient, for however it checked the deed, as concerning the work. Nevertheless, it.Empress yourself not to the creature the will to do evil / which thing is deadly sin. As often as it is concluded in the thing that should be, to the deed. And this four law of love is in two commandments primarily composed. The first is this: Thou shalt love thy God with all thy heart, with all thy soul, with all thy mind, and with all thy strength. The second is that thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. And these two commandments are so connected that one cannot be accomplished without the other.\n\nFor to have the knowledge of the said first commandment ought to be known that two things incline us to love God. The first is to hear gladly to speak of Him and often. For naturally, when we hear of any person said great good, we are inclined to praise and love him. And therefore, to go often to holy church to preachings and sermons / is to a creature great utility and profit. The second thing is to think often and to have in mind the great benefits that a creature has received..Receives every day of God, for naturally we are inclined to love those who do us good. This love of God is acquired and obtained by two things in a creature and is kept and multiplied by two other things. First, to withdraw and take away the heart from the love of temporal goods; for the heart cannot be perfect in divers things. And therefore, none can love God and worldly things together perfectly. Secondly, to have steadfast peace in tribulation and to suffer it for the love of God. For the thing for which love has most trouble and is obtained by most pain is most to be loved and most worthy to be kept. This wisdom is much necessary and profitable to all who will go with God. For thus says holy scripture: \"By many tribulations we are entered into the kingdom of heaven.\" And this manifests and shows us the lives of saints, which for coming to God have suffered and endured so much. After this, it is to be known that to accomplish the said commandment there are four things:.The first reason is to continually keep in mind the goods that the creature has received from God. For when the creature considers the body and soul, and all other goods that he has received, temporal and spiritual, the parallels also which he has escaped, the glory of heaven which he has been shown - how may the creature judge that he owes to love God with all his heart? The second reason is to consider the great power, excellence, and nobility of God, and with that, the great insignificance and poverty of ourselves. By this consideration, the creature shall judge that when he loves God with all his heart, he shall serve Him with all his might, which yet he does little towards the regard of His great excellence, nobility, and power. Therefore, the human creature ought always to enforce himself to love, to serve, and to honor God. The third reason is to take away the love and affection of worldly things, as said before..To forego loving God sufficiently with all one's heart, considering His great excellence, nobility, and power as previously stated, he who places the love of temporal things, which are but filth and ordure in God's sight, in his heart, seems to show great disrespect to God. In such a case, he does not truly love God with all his heart, as commanded. For the more the heart of a creature is set on loving other things than God, the less it loves God.\n\nThe fourth reason is to keep oneself and put away all sins, and in particular deadly sin. For no creature in deadly sin can love God. By committing deadly sin, the creature offends God and is driven out of grace, which is contrary to its love.\n\nWe ought then, according to the first commandment, to love God with all our heart. This occurs when the creature's intention is rightful and in accordance with God's will in all its works. The creature's intention is of its very nature..Such a virtue that he renders his works and his operations according to God's will, good or evil; and therefore whatever work the creature does with an evil intention, its entirety is without merit and converted into evil. It is said in the gospel by our Savior Jesus Christ, \"If the eye is evil, the whole body is full of darkness.\" That is, if the intention is evil, all works are dark and sinful and without merit. Therefore, it is necessary to render the creature's work good and meritorious, and that his intention be righteous according to God's will. But because the creature grows deadly sin through consenting, it is necessary that the creature put and employ all the strength and power that he has in good works. Just and virtuous works are to be done to honor God and for the salvation of himself and his neighbor. It is further said in the same commandment that the creature ought to love his God with all his might and strength..put and employ all their might and strength in the works of sin, doing contrary to the said commandment and sinning mortally. It is clear that to accomplish the first commandment principal, the creature ought to give to God attendance, will, and all his strength in the manner aforementioned.\n\nTo know the second commandment principal, concerning the love of one's neighbor whom the creature ought to love as himself, it is to be known that to the love of our neighbor there are four things that should move us. First, because we are all children of God by creation. And naturally, brothers and sisters love one another. And thus we are all members of Jesus Christ, who is our head. One member loves another naturally. Secondly, to this we ought to bring the love and obedience that we owe to God, who commands us to love our neighbor. Thirdly, to this love ought to bring us the communion which is among human creatures. For one man's love should move another man..The Lord has made and created all for us, and suffered death for us. He has adorned the heavens with glory and beauty for us, if we do not lose it through sin. Naturally, every creature of one kind, one form, and one semblance loves and ought to love another. This is evident in beasts and birds, each loving one another and their kind. Therefore, every creature that does not love its neighbor transgresses not only against divine law but also against the law of nature. The fourth thing that should bring us to this love is the profit that comes from it. For when a creature loves another well, it desires its prosperity, its honor, and its salvation, and pursues it gladly. By these four things it is clear that we ought to love our neighbor as ourselves. This love is in five things. First, when one loves its neighbor truly, that is, for its well-being and not for one's own profit..Knowledge of which thing is to be known among reasonable creatures. There are three manners of love discovered:\n\nThe first is when a creature loves another creature for the profit that he receives from it, and this love is not true. For when the profit fails, the love fails. The second is when a creature loves another creature for its beauty. And the natural one does gladly what he thinks ought to please him or her that he loves. By this it appears clearly that when any creature leaves off doing the works, which according to God he is held and bound to do, and does other works contrary to the creature's pleasure, then he loves that creature more than he does God. In this doing he transgresses against the two commandments aforementioned and sins mortally.\n\nThirdly, the aforementioned love is when the creature loves its neighbor by deeds, not by words only. But in fact and in deed to procure its profit and to mitigate and lessen its damage..This power is demonstrated in four ways when a creature loves its neighbor in all times. That is, in the time of adversity and poverty as well as in the time of prosperity and riches. In particular, in the time of adversity and poverty, the true friend is proven.\n\nFifthly, when the creature loves its neighbor holyly, that is, it should not love another to draw him into sin or be his companion in evil works. For after reason, you should not judge that you ought to do such things. After the five things that every creature ought to render to its neighbor according to the second commandment, it is to be known that two things primarily show love when it is in the creatures:\n\nThe first is to have patience and compassion in misfortune and adversity of others. For one excuses:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete and may require additional context to fully understand. However, based on the provided text, the cleaning process involves removing unnecessary line breaks and formatting characters, and preserving the original spelling and grammar as much as possible.)\n\nFifthly, when a creature loves its neighbor holyly, it should not love another to draw him into sin or be his companion in evil works. For after reason, you should not judge that you ought to do such things. After the five things that every creature ought to render to its neighbor according to the second commandment, it is to be known that two things primarily show love when it is in the creatures:\n\nThe first is to have patience and compassion in the misfortune and adversity of others. For one excuses the neighbor's faults and bears with them. The second is to do good to the neighbor, to help and support him in need. These two things are the most evident signs of love when it is in the creatures..And one pardons readily and lightly the fault or offense of the person one loves. These are signs of great love. The second is humility, which causes patience. For commonly, when a person is proud, he knows not his own faults but despises the other through presumption. He cannot endure the faults he perceives in them. But he is impatient. And without further cause, he shows and frequently manifests anger and disdain. But because the said commandment, to love one's neighbor as oneself, was wickedly misunderstood by the Jews and Pharisees, and may still be by many others. For they believed they ought to love those who loved them and hate those who hated them. And for their neighbor, they understood only their friends.\n\nIt is to be understood that when love or hate is in a creature, two things must be considered: the nature that he has and the sin or fault of him. Every creature of God, according to his nature, ought to be loved. But his sin and fault ought to be hated..And after this exposure, the commandment that Jesus Christ made to his apostles was to love your enemies. For the human nature we ought to love, and do good to those who hate us, and pray for those who do evil to us and persecute us. But we always owe to hate their sins and their faults. Nevertheless, we may also rightfully desire the destruction of a creature obstinate in evil and in sins, and one who destroys holy church and harms and hurts others. For the desire of this is to desire the good of others and nothing evil. To the end that he may cease to do evil and persevere in evil. And not only for his destruction. Such people whom we have desired according to the aforementioned intent are called after the apostle the ministers of God.\n\nNow it is to be known that these two principal commandments aforementioned were given to Moses, when God delivered to him the law in ten commandments particular. Every reasonable creature is obliged to these commandments..bounden to kepe for to haue the lyf & glorye perdurable. The thre fyrst haue regarde to the dylection and loue of god accordyng vnto the pryncipal commandement tofore sayd. And the seuen other partyculer apperteynen to the loue and to the dylectyon obhys neyghbour. accordyng to that other comandement pryncypal after ensyewyng / And of the same x comandements there ben tweyne affyrmatyues onely whyche enduce the creature to do wel / and viij other negatyues whiche defende to do euyl / The cause is for so moche as for to kepe hym from doyng euyl / is in the puyssance of the creature for the free wylle that he hath to the which he may not be constrayned. but to do wel is not in the puyssance of the creature. but it is the special grace of god.\nFOr to haue the knowleche of the iij fyrst comandeme\u0304tes apperteynyng to the loue & dylectyon of god. It is to wete that a veray subgette oweth to his lord thre thynges / the which the creature oweth to god soueraynly / The first is feyth or fydelyte. that is to say that.Thou shalt honor and serve, and show obeisance that the subject owes to his lord. And the seignory which he ought to have over him should not be delivered to another, for in such a case he would be held for a traitor and false and evil. And this was given by God to Moses as the first commandment, which is such: Thou shalt have no other gods before me. That is, thou shalt honor and serve the creature as it is due to God, in no way doing unto any other than to God.\n\nAgainst this commandment, all people who enter into divinations, fortunetelling, and sorceries, are mortally sinful. For, as Saint Augustine, such things cannot be made or done without having any or some pacts with the devil. By these pacts all such things are said and done, and therefore all such people are cursed and excommunicated by the holy church.\n\nThe second thing that the true subject owes to his lord is....Owe to your lord and, in particular, to God, is that you neither speak nor do anything that may be to your wickedness, injury, or dishonor. And upon this was delivered the second commandment, pertaining to the love of God, which is such: Thou shalt not take the name of thy God in vain, that is, to swear falsely and believe what you say or do, you shall not swear by the name of God, but only for things certain and good and just causes. And this is ordained to set an end in contentious and debatable matters. This was restricted to Christians, which was granted to the Jews; for it was permissible for them to swear and not to be perjured. But to the Christian people is not only defended to perjure and forswear oneself, but also to swear, except in cases of necessity as said is. And therefore it is said by our Savior Jesus Christ: \"If thou wilt swear, swear by that which is true.\".Affirm or deny your word be. It is thus, or it is not thus. And if you make an oath of abundance, but in cases of necessity, it is evil, and it is a sin.\n\nThe cause of this restraint or defense is because the creature has no member so weak nor can it be less set by a creature than in the tongue.\n\nAnd for this purpose, Saint James the apostle says that all the nature of beasts, of birds and of serpents, can be tamed and taken by the human creature, but none can refrain its tongue or keep itself from evil speaking or excessive speaking.\n\nTherefore, says the holy apostle, Sweet Saint James, that the man is perfect and wise who sets such a guard to his tongue that he does not sin in his speaking. And because of this frailty, the creature that uses or becomes accustomed to swearing perjures or forswears itself lightly.\n\nThis thing of itself is deadly sin when the perjury is made in earnest and deliberately, and the greatest sin..That is after [it is] to adore strange gods. This is called a sin of idolatry, and therefore not to take the name of God in vain in the manner that was the second commandment given to Moses, as before stated. The third thing that the true subject owes to his lord and solely to God is service. And upon this, the third commandment was delivered to Moses, concerning the observance and love of God. It is such as follows: Thou shalt hallow or sanctify the Sabbath; that is, thou shalt cease from all worldly works and in especial from the works of sin; and that day thou shalt employ and occupy thyself in the praising and in the service of God. In knowing the benefits and the grace that thou hast from him. And God willed that the Sabbath day should be employed in his praising and his service among the Jews. In mind of that which he had made and formed all things, and the seventh day he had ceased and rested to make new creatures. And by the Christians..The day of Sunday has been designated in mind for the resurrection of the rational creature, which occurred on such a day. And similarly, the feasts of saints and the solemnities commanded by the church are to be kept, just as every creature should employ itself in the praying and praising of God and his saints, and rest and abstain from all earthly and worldly works, and especially from sin.\n\nA creature ought to cease from all temporal and corporeal works, except in four cases. The first is for the necessity of one's own life. The second is for the necessity of one's neighbor's life. The third is for the necessity of the church. The fourth is for the sake of one's sovereign and for his commandment. When a creature is commanded to work on such days for just and reasonable causes, it is permissible to do so in these four cases..A creature ought to cease certain things on the said days: doing sin, and especially deadly sin. Sin is more grievous on these days than others. A creature should also keep himself from idleness during these days. Idleness leads to much evil and sin, especially on these days. A creature should occupy himself in three things: first, making sacrifice to God from himself and all that he has, and a creature ought to give himself to God through devout prayers and repentance of sins. Secondly, a creature should occupy himself in the length and praising of his maker and creator. Since praying is not pleasing to God in the mouth of a sinner, every creature ought to cleanse his heart from it..A person should repent bitterly for sins through deep confession and penance. Thirdly, a creature ought to occupy himself in those days in doing alms for the love of God of such goods as God has given to him, to those who have need and necessity. And more generously should be given in those days than in others. Also, in the days of the feasts of saints, a creature ought to turn his intention in the consideration of three things. First, the creature ought to consider the great liberality and generosity of God that the saint of whom the feast is, for a little service that he has done to God. God has so greatly rewarded and honored him that he has given him glory and joy everlasting with him. And with this, God wills that of his creatures he be honored and prayed for in this world. By this consideration, the creature ought to be entirely toward God and desire with all his heart to doubtlessly love and serve him devoutly and persistently, such a lord who pays his servants so well. Secondly,.A creature ought to imagine and think in his heart of the glory and joy that the saint experiences with God, which is so great that a human heart cannot think, speak, or express with mouth. By such consideration, he desires to have such well-being. And through this, a creature desires with all his heart to serve, love, and fear God, who bestows such well-being upon a creature.\n\nThirdly, a creature ought to consider in these days the great misery of himself, the various trials, afflictions, maladies, and evil incidents. fortunes, and servitudes, and many more that are every day in this poor world. And by this consideration, a creature ought to hold the world in contempt and not to praise worldly things, but to serve God with all his power. And to desire to be out of this misery, for the great joy and glory of heaven which the saint has with God.\n\nAfter the three commands mentioned before, concerning the love and delight of God, follow the seven others concerning the love:.of his neyghbour accordyng to the second commandement pryncypal aforesayd / For to haue the knowleche of them. is to wete. that the creature that loueth\nhis neyghbour after the sayd comandement / ought to haue ij thynges. that is to wete not to do euyl / & for to do wel. And therfore of the sayd seuen comandementes partyculer. the fyrst enduceth and excyteth the creature to do wel. But how be hyt that euery creature is bounden to doo wel to his neyghbour / Neuerthelesse he is moost bounden by especyal to doo good to tho persones that to hym be moost nygh and moost conioyned And therfore the sayd fyrst comandement of these vij enduceth and admonesteth the creature to do wel. and comanded to ho\u2223noure serue and ayde fader and moder. whiche ben the persones moost conioynt to vs / and to whome we be moost holden af\u2223ter god. And it is suche. honoure thy fader and moder. to the ende that thou haue good and longe lyf vpon the erthe / The cause wherfore we ought to honoure our faders and moders / is for the grete.Children receive benefits from their father and mother in three primary ways. First, a child receives their being from father and mother. For this reason, a child should give them greater honor and obedience than to anyone else, after God. Secondly, a child receives nourishment from their father and mother during their childhood. And therefore, a child is obligated to govern them in their old age and administer to their necessities from their goods if they have need, according to their power. Thirdly, a child receives teaching and instruction from their father and mother. And therefore, in all things not against God, a child owes obedience to them. In doing this, the child is promised grace in this world and eternal glory in the next. Secondly, a long life, which should not be counted in the number of years but in the number of good virtues. And in a life without sin. Thirdly, joy and the delight of children. Fourthly, fame or reputation worthy of love. Fifthly, riches. After this..Some are called father not for the cause of carnal generation, but for many other reasons. Some are called father, and to each of them we ought to bear honor and reverence. Firstly, some are called father for good and holy doctrine and good example that they have given and shown of good and holy life. Like the apostles and other saints. Through their holy doctrine, they have made us children of Jesus Christ by faith. And to them we ought to bear honor, reverence, and obedience, not only with the mouth but by observing their works and their good and holy lives and doctrine. Secondly, some are called father for the administration that they have from God. Like the prelates of the church. To whom we ought to give honor in obeying them and their commands. As to the ministers of God. Thirdly, some are called father for the guard and defense that they ought to do for their people. Like the king, the prince, and other lords who have the people to govern and keep. And to them we ought to love and honor..Obey those in authority. For their power comes from God. Fourthly, some are called \"father,\" and are to be honored for the good we receive from them, such as those who comfort the poor in their need, or a father through pity and compassion. Fifthly, some are called \"father,\" and ought to be honored for their old age. These are the people who have been of great age.\n\nAfter the first commandment concerning the love and delight of one's neighbor, which inclines and even compels a creature to do well, follow the other seven which forbid a creature from doing evil. And among all the evils that a creature may do to another, the greatest evil is to kill him. This was given to Moses in the second commandment of the ten. And to the knowledge of this commandment it is to be known that according to holy scripture, reasonable creatures have been killed in many ways. First, by striking in the body and injuring..Such a manner that death ensues from it, and this is not only against the second commandment principal aforementioned, which commands to love his neighbor as himself. But it is against nature. For naturally all things like and similar love each other. Secondly, by giving counsel, favor, or aid and tendance to a creature to kill another bodily. Or to make him fall into deadly sin. Thirdly, in making comfort and aid to a creature for to kill another corporally, which man and woman promise their truth to each other. By virtue of which, the body of the man belongs to the woman, and the body of the woman is to the man, and ought not to be abandoned or delivered to another by carnal combination. Always, however, even if in the things aforementioned they sin mortally as said is, the sin of the woman is greater who abandons her body to another man than her husband through carnal company and mixture, is greater than that of the man. For with the sins aforementioned, she commits theft. In giving..A woman is to inherit for her husband's succession from another man instead of him, and by this act, she commits sacrilegious treason and theft. In other cases, the sin of the man who has committed adultery is to be regarded more severely than that of the woman. This is because he should have greater knowledge and be stronger to keep himself from sin, whereas the woman is frail and easily deceived by concupiscence. A man is ordained and constituted as the head and master of the woman, and in committing this sin, he sets a bad example for his wife. Furthermore, the commandment forbidden not only adultery between married man and woman, but all fornication, unlawful coition, and fleshly company between man and woman is deadly sin. To hold the contrary is heresy.\n\nTo take away from God what is given and consecrated in the holy sacrament of baptism, and to give it to a creature, is a greater sin..Injury and misprision, and greater sins than to take it from a creature, are such vile acts that those who have the willingness to deliberate and conclude without the deed being done or following it, are committing deadly sin. Similarly, all holdings and touchings, and kisses made by deliberation for the purpose of carnal union and fornication, whether by man or woman, outside of marriage, are deadly sin, and are defended by the said commandment. The third commandment defends against doing evil and harm to another in their temporal goods. Thou shalt not steal. Misprision and sinning deadly are those who privately and secretly take another's goods with the intention of retaining them against his will. This manner of taking is theft. Also, those who openly or violently take the goods of others, and this manner of taking is called robbery. Robbery is a greater deadly sin than theft. In this sin have fallen:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end.).Princes and lords who without reasonable leave and reason harass their people with taxes, aids, and inducements, and who make evil and wicked ordinances against their people, are, according to St. Augustine, called \"the great tyrants.\" All those who retain the wages and salaries owed to others are also against justice. This is because it is right that to every man be rendered that which is his. All those who, in the name of trade, deliberate and in deed commit fraud or harm to others. Also, tavern keepers and sellers of wine who put water in the wine they sell or put in less valuable or priced wine than that which is in the vessel and sell it all at one price. Against this commandment disregard and sin all those who use usury, which is committed and made in many ways. Sometimes openly, that is, when a creature lends money to another and by..A certain covenant shall have profit in various ways: first, when a creature lends to another gold or silver or other thing and for greater security is delivered something in return that comes from the same, such as meadows, vines, or other heritages. If he receives the profit without intending to return anything of what was lent, secondly, when for greater security to have again what was lent, a person has received a pledge, such as horses or other beasts, and intends to return nothing, therefore, as before is said. Thirdly, when a hostage is delivered to someone for the payment of some fines, and he takes his expenses on the said hostages during the time. Fourthly, when any fine is due to any person, and of the payment of the said fine, he gives a delay for certain profit that is made for that cause. Fifthly, when a creature is in possession of something..A person is accustomed to keep goods or other things by such condition that if within an uncertain time his money is not returned or paid back to him, he shall have that thing, and during the said keeping he buys it for less than its worth. And he sees clearly that he who has sold it will not have the power to pay or render that which is lent at the term. And if he does not have the power in this hope and will, he gives him time for redemption or buying back again, at which time he shall have the profit of the thing, and with that he shall have back all that he has lent without anything being subtracted from it. Also, when anyone gives a term of payment for the thing that he has sold, and for the delay of his payment he sells it cheaper or of less value. Also, when a person buys anything that is to be delivered to him at a certain time to come, and for the delay of the delivery he buys it for less than its worth. Also, when a person accompanies him..Another instance in the fate of marauding. And he delivers his money by such covenant that he shall be fellow and partner in the gain, and bears nothing in the loss. And upon this case of surety is comprised the manner for delivering beasts to dealing that shall not die. Which are called beasts of iron. That is to say, supposed that they die or perish, he who takes them to pasture or dealing shall deliver them again, and he who has delivered them shall not bear any part of the loss, but in the gain he shall have his share.\n\nAlso, when a creature buys any rent, revenue, or other thing that shall be paid to him at certain term by such condition, that if he is not paid at the said term, he shall give for every day or for every week some thing for the delay, and for the default of payment the buyer relinquishes and receives the said payment or thing.\n\nAlso, when one is to await the payment of that which is lent to him by such person,\n\nAlso, by the said commandment is defended.All lies and falsehoods come in many forms. Sometimes they undermine the faith of the Church and cause spiritual harm to another, going against its truth. Sometimes they damage another's temporal goods. In both cases, all lies are deadly sins. Sometimes a lie is spoken in one's own deed through humility. Some people falsely confess to things they have not done. From such a lie, a creature ought to be extremely cautious, for such humility is wicked. As Saint Augustine said, \"A creature ought not to conceal or deny in confession what he has done. In the same way, he ought not to say what he has not done.\"\n\nSometimes a creature lies in his own deed out of shame. That is, when he says:.Some things which he wishes to be true, and in saying it, he assures himself and knows within himself that it is not so. Nevertheless, for shame, he dares not withdraw what he has said. According to the truth.\n\nAnd sometimes a creature lies to gain some profit or to escape some peril. Sometimes to do profit for another. Or to deliver or keep himself from some peril. Or to suppress his profit. Or to let his damage:\n\nAlso sometimes creatures make falsehoods or lies in jests or plays, and for the pleasure of the people with whom they are in company, they do this.\n\nAnd from all these falsehoods, according to the saying of Sweet Saint Augustine, a creature ought always to keep himself. For every falsehood is sin. And the first two are deadly sins. And the others, by evil custom, may bring a creature to deadly sin.\n\nAfter these four commands said above, which defend doing evil by deed and by word, follow the other two, which defend the will of liberty to harm and do evil to another..fyrst deffendeth the wylle to hurte another in his goodes temporel / And that is this. Thou shalte not coueyte the thynge of thy neyghbour Ayenst this comandement mespryseth and synneth a creature somtyme mortally or dedely. that is to wete as ofte as by de\u2223lyberacyon he coueyteth & wold haue the goodes of another & ayenst reason. Somtyme venyally that is to wete whan he coueyteth the goodes of another. But he wold not haue them but by reason as for the prys that they be worthe. and by the good wylle of hym or them that owe them / The second com\u00a6mandement defendeth the wylle delybered or concluded to co\u2223ueyte the wyf of another man. for to haue carnal companye wyth hir. For to haue the knowleche of the sayd comandeme\u0304t it is to vnderstonde that in iij maners concupyscence carnal is in a creature / Fyrst in the herte whan it is by consentyng de\u2223lybered & concluded. To this purpoos sayth our sauyour Ihe\u2223su Cryst / that he that byholdeth a woman by carnal concu\u2223pyscence / that is to say by a wylle concluded to.He has fleshly desire in his heart. He has committed fornication and sins mortally. Secondly, in speech, expressing and declaring their desire that is in the heart through consent. This consent is called mortal sin. Thirdly, in action when the evil purpose or consent is carried out. It is to be known that four things primarily keep a creature from falling into the sin of concupiscence.\n\nThe first is to flee evil company and all occasions that give and offer cause of concupiscence. As for frequenting and seeing women often and hearing them speak. The second is to put out and not remember in his heart the evil thoughts and temptations that come from the things that he has seen. And to chastise his body and hold in penance and affliction. The third is to have recourse to God by devout orisons and prayer when fleshly temptation comes, requiring His help devoutly.\n\nThe fourth is also in occupying himself in good works according to God. And always to flee idleness, which is the enemy of the soul..A creature that loves God has necessary obligations. First, he must love and worship only one God, according to the first commandment. Second, he must not take God's name in vain, according to the second commandment. Third, he must honor God, according to the third commandment. A creature that loves his neighbor has necessary obligations as well. He must: first, honor and show respect to his neighbor, according to the fourth commandment; second, do no evil or injury to his person, according to the fifth commandment (regarding his neighbor); third, respect the goods of his neighbor, according to the sixth commandment; fourth, not cause damage to his neighbor's goods with his words, according to the seventh commandment; and fifth, not covet his neighbor's wife, according to the ninth commandment..coueyte his thynges after the x commaundemente / The whyche god gyue vs grace to accom\u00a6plysshe Amen.\n\u00b6 Thus enden the commaundementes of the crysten lawe whyche eche man ought to holde & kepe entyerly for to haue the lyf and glorye pardurable / Deo gracias.\n\u00b6These been the xij ar\u2223ticles of the crysten fayth whiche euery man ouzt to byleue fermely. For otherwyse he may not be saued. yf he haue vnder\u2223sto\u0304dyng & reason in hym self. & they ben xij articles after the nombre of the xij apostles. which esta\u2223blysshed theym to holde & kepe. of whome the first apperteyneth to the fader The second to the sone. & the iij to the holy ghoost. For this is the founde\u2223ment of the fayth to byleue in the holy trynyte / That is in the fader. and in the sone\u00b7 and in the holy ghoost one god in iij per\u00a6sones. Al these artycles ben conteyned in the grete Credo and in the lytel credo. the whiche the xij apostles made. of whyche eche of them made & sette a clause of whome the first is thys / \n\u00b6The fyrst artycle of the fayth capitulo.I believe in God the Almighty Creator, Father of heaven and earth. This article is attributed to St. Peter, saying, \"I believe in thee, O Father, Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth. And in the Son as touching his deity, that he is God; and this is what I believe in our Lord. The Son is consubstantial and equal to the Father, and to all things that pertain to the deity. He is one thing with the Father. The person who is other than the Father, as touching his humanity, this article is attributed to St. Andrew, saying, \"And in Jesus. That is, he was conceived by the Holy Ghost in the Virgin Mary. And born of the Virgin Mary. And remained a virgin before and after. This article sets in St. James the Greater saying, \"Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary.\"\n\nThe fourth article pertains to the passion of Jesus Christ. That is, he suffered under Pilate's passion. The which Pilate was the prefect..I. In Jerusalem, Jesus Christ was judged unfairly by the Romans at the behest of the deceitful Jews. He was crucified, died, and was laid in the sepulcher, descending into hell.\n\nII. The fifth article is about the resurrection of Jesus Christ. That is, on the third day, he rose from the dead.\n\nIII. The sixth article is about the ascension of Jesus Christ. That is, he ascended to heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Almighty Father.\n\nIV. The seventh article is about the coming of Jesus Christ to the throne. That is, from thence he is to come to judge the living and the dead.\n\nV. Saint John the Evangelist said, \"Passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, & sepultus descendit ad inferna.\"\n\nVI. The third day he rose from the dead, as Saint Thomas said, \"Tercia die resurrexit a mortuis.\"\n\nVII. He ascended to heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty, according to Saint James the Less, who said, \"Ascendit ad celos. sedet ad dexteram dei patris omnipotentis.\"\n\nVIII. Saint Philip said, \"Inde venturus est iudicare vivos & mortuos.\".Article II. I believe in the Holy Spirit. This article was made to be believed in the person of the Holy Spirit. Saint Bartholomew said, \"Credo in spiritum sanctum.\"\n\nArticle IX. I believe in the holy Catholic Church and the communion of saints. This article was made to be believed in the holy church of Rome and in its ordinances. Saint Matthew said, \"Sanctam ecclesiam catholicam.\"\n\nArticle X. I believe in the holy sacrament and in the forgiveness of sins which is granted by it. This article was made by Saint Simon to be believed in the communion of saints as the means of forgiveness of sins. \"Sancto{rum} communionem remissione{rum} peccatorum.\"\n\nArticle XI. I believe in the resurrection of the body. This article was made by Saint Jude, brother of Saint Simon, to be believed in the resurrection of the body. \"Carnis resurrectionem.\"\n\nArticle XII. I believe in life everlasting. This article was composed and made to be believed by Saint Matthew, and he said, \"vitam eternam.\"\n\nThus end the twelve articles of the faith.\n\nThe holy apostle Saint John the Evangelist, in the book of his Revelation which is called the Apocalypse, says that he saw a beast rising out of the sea..The beast was described as fearsome and terrible. Its body was that of a leopard, its feet were of a bear, and its throat was of a lion. It had seven heads and seven horns above. Above the seven horns were seven crowns. Saint John saw that this cruel beast had the power and might to fight against saints and to overcome them. This beast, so cruel, so cunning, so diverse and so terrible, signifies the devil of hell. Which is full of sorrow and all bitterness.\n\nThe body of this beast appeared to Saint John like that of a leopard. For just as a leopard has various colors, in the same way the devil has various engines to deceive and draw people into sin.\n\nThe feet of the beast were of a bear. For just as a bear has the strength and might in its feet and arms, and holds strongly, and binds fast whatever it has under its feet and embraces, in the same way does the devil those whom he embraces and has brought down by sin.\n\nThe throat of the lion was in him for his great power..The five heads of the beast are the seven deadly sins. By which the devil draws to him as it were the whole world. It often happens that many people fall into one of these five heads, that is, under the seven deadly sins. And therefore Saint John says that the said beast had power against the saints, for in the earth there is no so holy man who perfectly escapes all the manners of sins from these five heads and the seven deadly sins without special privilege and grace of God, like the Virgin Mary, who never sinned, or any other saint after the special grace that he had from God, like the glorious Virgin Mary had special and singular grace of God above all creatures. The ten horns of the beast signify the breaking of the ten commandments of the law of our Lord. Which the devil pursues as much as he may that the creature breaks them. In the same way, he purchases that the creature falls into the seven deadly sins..The sins mentioned above are represented by the crowns of the beast. In some of its branches, the six crowns of the beast signify the victories that the devil has obtained over sinners. Because they have caused them to break the ten commandments of the Lord's law.\n\nThe first head of the beast is pride. The second is envy. The third is wrath. The fourth is sloth. The fifth is avarice. The sixth is gluttony. The seventh is lechery. Out of these seven deadly sins all manner of sins descend, and therefore they are called chief of vices. For they are the chief of all vices and of all sins, whether deadly or venial. Each of these seven deadly sins is divided into many parts. And first, we shall speak of the sin of pride. This was the first sin and the beginning of all evil when the angel Lucifer, because of his great beauty and his great understanding, wanted to be above all other angels and compared himself to God, who had made him so good and fair. And because he took such pride in himself, he fell from heaven into hell and became a devil. And all his company with him..All proud men resemble Lucifer,\nwho will be above the others,\nand be more praised. More allowed and more honored than the others,\nwho have been better and of more value than they,\nThis sin of pride is extremely dangerous. For it blinds man and woman,\nso that they do not know or see the peril in which they are by sin,\nThis is the right strong wine of the devil, and the most especial of which he ensures or makes drunk the great lords and ladies,\nthe burghers, the rich,\nthe noble and valiant persons,\nand generally all manner of people. But especially the great lords and ladies, in such a way that they do not know themselves,\nnor see their faults,\nnor their folly,\nnor their sins. This is the most dangerous mistress and sickness of all the others.\nCertainly he is in great danger to whom all tragedy turns to poison.\nLike doctrine and chastisement does to the proud.\nFor the more men chastise and blame them for their faults,\nthe more they are angry and defend them.\nPride is.The first daughter of the devil. And she who has the most greatest part in his inheritance / Pride wars against God and His goodness and all graces, / and against all good works that are in the maiden. Pride makes alms-giving sin, and virtue vice. Thus, pride is a thief to God, / and with the goods that one ought gain heaven, he makes himself win hell. This sin is the first. For it assaults the knights of our Lord and leaves them last. When the knights of God have overcome and conquered all other vices and sins, then assaults them most strongly the sin of pride and vain glory.\n\nThe sin of pride divides itself and departs into so many parties that they cannot be numbered. But there are in this sin seven principal parties, which are like seven branches that issue and grow from an evil root. Of these, the first branch of pride is disloyalty or untruth. The second is contempt, / The third is surrendering or presumption. The fourth is haste, which is called ambition..The fifth branch of vanity: The seven forms of shame in well-doing. To these seven branches belong all the sins that grow from pride. But each of these seven branches has many small shoots.\n\nThe first branch of pride is disloyalty, which divides into three branches:\nThe first is evil. The second is worse. The third is worst. That one is treacherous, That other is mad, The third is renouncing. Treacherousness generally is present in all sins, for no sin is without treachery. But the treachery that we speak of here specifically, which is a part of disloyalty, is called ingratitude by clerks, that is, unkindness. In other words, forgetting God and His gifts, men do not thank our Lord nor give Him praise for them. But he forgets and renders evil for good and treachery for courtesy. This treachery does every creature to God when he forgets His goodness, grace, and gifts, and does not therefore give Him praises and thanks accordingly..But often people fight against the will of God in evil custom and usage. This is great vilony when a person receives great bounty and goodness yet does not once say thank you. Yet it is greater vilony when one forgets. But sloth is over great when a person receives all ways the bounties and renders always evil for good. Who then thought well and took heed often of the bounties and goods that God has given and done to him and does continually from day to day. For he has no goods. But God has given them to him: not goods of nature, as beauty, health, strength of body, clear understanding and natural wit from the party of the soul. Not goods of fortune, like riches, honors, and beauties. Not goods of grace, like virtues, grace, and good works. Such a person should praise and thank God and doubt and love him with all his goods, for one bounty requires and asks for another.\n\nThe second branch of....Disloyalty that arises from pride is folly. He who is held in contempt for being out of his wits, and reason has departed from him, is a great fool. Such a person may be called out of his wits and wood, and in earnest wastes and destroys the goods that are not his, but belong to his lord, whom he must strictly account for and give an accounting.\n\nThe third form of disloyalty that arises from pride is treason. He is well renowned who holds the lord's office in the hand of his enemy and does him homage. Those who sin mortally or deadly in this way do homage to the devil and become servants and captives of the enemy, rendering to him both body and soul, and all other things that they have, in service to the devil. And yet, such people call themselves Christians. They renege on God through their deeds and show that they are not His. But in three ways:.A man is called a renegade or renounced/and falsely Christian, or because he behaves not as the bogeyman or heretic does. And the apostate who renounces his faith. Or because they break the faith they believe in, like those who are pariahed. And lie they swear, or because they believe more than they should, like deceivers, sorcerers, and charmerers who work through the devil's art. And all those who believe and set their hope in such evil works are against the faith. Therefore, the holy church defends and protects against them. These are the manners of the disloyal, which is the first branch of pride.\n\nThe second branch of Pride is contempt. which is a great sin, & indeed, deadly sin is not without contempt of God. Yet, after we speak of this contempt specifically, one can sin in three ways. Or because a person does not respect another rightfully in his heart, as:.He ought to show respect and honor, or because he does not return it as he should. Or because he disobeys those to whom he should obey. Now think carefully and diligently in your heart how often you have falsely flattered and despised, and the better despised and disdained, and the worse flattered, and think how often you have despised in your heart those who are of greater worth than you, and how you have despised them for some foreign grace that God has given them, or for nobility, or for beauty, or for prowess, or for strength, or for lightness, or for any other good that it may be, by which you have flattered yourself more than you should, and the other less than you should. After thinking, consider how many times you have borne little honor and respect to those whom you ought to honor first, to God and his sweet mother and all the angels and saints of heaven. For there.You are none but I, yet you have disrespected or shown irreverence, in that you have often poorly kept the feasts and holy days. Consider how many times you have served evil our Lord Jesus Christ. Or in that you have not gladly heard his service, nor said his hours nor listened to his sermons. And when you think to hear the mass in the church or the sermons, you dawdle and loiter before God, and let others do well. Consider how little honor you have done to the body of Jesus Christ when you see him or receive him. In this, you are not worthily appareled or made ready by confession and repentance. Or perhaps you have received him in deadly sin yourself. Such a thing is as great a disrespect to God as to crucify him. Consider how great contempt you hold towards your sweet friend and good keeper, which you cannot recount or tell.\n\nThe third branch of pride is arrogance, which is called surquedry or presumption..This text describes the sin of pride and its manifestations. A man commits this sin when he believes himself to be of greater value or worth than he truly is, or when he knows more or is more powerful than others. Pride is the devil's fortress, nurturing all great sins. It reveals itself in several ways, primarily in singularity. The proud and surquidrous man refuses to act as others do, who are worth more than he is. He is also singular in his works. This is the first way pride reveals itself in deed or work. The second folly of pride is the enterprise of great disparities, seeking to be praised and renowned, desiring to be held in larger and more courteous esteem. The third evil that grows from pride is foolish enterprise of lewd strife. As Solomon says, among the proud men there are always strifes.\n\nCleaned Text: This text describes the sin of pride and its manifestations. A man commits this sin when he believes himself to be of greater value or worth than he truly is, or when he knows more or is more powerful than others. Pride is the devil's fortress, nurturing all great sins. It reveals itself in several ways, primarily in singularity. The proud man refuses to act as others do, who are worth more than he is. He is also singular in his works. This is the first way pride reveals itself in deed or work. The second folly of pride is the enterprise of great disparities, seeking to be praised and renowned, desiring to be held in larger and more courteous esteem. The third evil that grows from pride is the foolish enterprise of lewd strife. As Solomon says, among the proud men there are always strifes..The fourteenth branch of this tree bears the fruit of vanity. He who displays it is like the cuckoo that can sing nothing but of himself; this sin is foul in him. He who flatters him is like those who follow and praise vainglorious men, and suffer them to boast and lie, and cry out their falsehoods.\n\nThe fifth topic of this branch is contempt. For it is the custom of the proud and surly, for it is not enough for them to despise the other in their hearts, who does not possess the grace they believe they have, but they make their mockeries and contempts. Worse still, they scorn and mock the wise and good men they see, which is a great and perilous sin. For by their contempt, they drive away the very help they need..The evil tongues let many people do well. The fifth branch of this tree is rebellion: when a man is rebellious to all who would do him good. If one reproves the proud surly one, he defends himself. If one chastises him, he is angry. If one counsels him, he believes it not but his own wisdom. This is a dangerous malady that cannot tolerate being touched. And to whom every medicine turns to poison. It is an evil thing to murmur. But much worse is rebellion. Rebellion is a vice of the heart which is hard and forward and diverse, that always wants its will to be done and its sentence upheld, and wants all others to bow and incline to him, and he will not bow nor humble himself to any person. This is the hard heart of the word of Solomon, which may not fail to come to an evil end. And like murmuring is against God and against man. Right so is such a heart that is rebellious against God and against men. This sin and this vice, which is called rebellion, departs and..A heart such as this divides into four branches. Such a heart is reluctant and rebellious towards counsel and suffering chastisement, and receiving doctrine from any of their friends who would advise and show their profits or defaults. He does not heed it or listen to it, but because they have spoken, he will all the more gladly do the opposite. And on the other hand, they are extremely rebellious to the counsel of our Lord, as to the counsel of the holy gospels and other holy scriptures. To which they are bound to do and accomplish the will of God for eternal glory. The devil places impediments before them, such as impotence, youth or age, or other evil reasons, so that in the end they do nothing. After men reprove and chastise them, they defend themselves like a boor, so that they will not know their folly. And the more they excuse themselves, the greater is their sin. Also, God chastises, corrects, or smites them to the end that they may cease..They should know their sins and their faults. And that to the end they repent and amend them. They condemn him whom they should thank, saying, \"What have I transgressed? What will God do with me?\" And thus they murmur against God. Such things should be trial and purgation for the soul, but they find it venom. And the medicine finds them death. After they are of diverse dispositions, they know no good doctrine but always defend their own sentence, whatever it may be, and in this way they frequently fall into error and false opinions, heresies and blasphemy. Blasphemy is also called what one believes that which he ought not to believe, as Saint Augustine says. But especially we call blasphemy what one speaks of God or of his saints, or of his creatures or of his sacraments made in holy church. This sin of blasphemy is done in many ways, as in speaking it in the mind or thought. As do the heretics, or when it is spoken out of a desire for winning. As done.The enchanters or sorcerers. Or when it is said in disgust, as do these great swearers. who swear so falsely by God, by his blessed mother, and by all his saints. Which is a most horrible thing to hear and to endure. Such people are like an enraged hound that bites and knows nothing of their master or lord. This sin is so great that God punishes it sometimes openly, as we have said before. When we speak of the evil and wicked people. Of this sin says God in the Gospel, \"it shall never be pardoned or forgiven in this world or in the other. That is to say, it shall never be forgiven unless he repeats himself. Or perhaps, he may never repent.\"\n\nThe fourth branch of pride is ambition. That is an evil desire to amount and rise high. This sin is the pit of hell in which the devil fries his followers. This branch reaches out in many ways on the right side and on the left side. For those who desire to become high and rich.Some people play the game, and from this, many sins arise, as it were on the right side - that is, Lusangerie, flattery, seduction, adulation, folly in giving, and folly in spending. They will make others weep and grieve, and from this come the sins on the left side. For he who wishes to grieve another for the sake of ten pounds, and gives that person blame, is this - he desires the death of him who holds that thing for which he intends and desires. And from this branch grow strife, Traition, evil counsel, and conspiracies.\n\nThe fifth branch is vanity. This is the vain play of vanity. When anyone feels in his heart a rejoicing of that which is in him or which he thinks is praised by someone, and would be praised by that, instead of praising God for it, vanity takes away from God what is His for all manner of goods whatever..They should have the honor and glory, and we the profit. Vanity is the great wind that brings down great towers and steeples. Great castles and fortresses, and drives forests to their destruction, and makes mountains quake and shake. These were the proud men and the most valiant, the great princes and lords. This is the devil's penny with which he buys all the fair wares in this world. These were good works. And because a man has three kinds of goods from God, and the devil will buy them with his penny, this branch departs from him in three ways, out of which spring innumerable sins that no clerk can number. These three kinds of goods that a man has from God are the goods of nature, the goods of fortune, and the goods of grace. The goods of nature are those that a person has by nature, whether in body or soul. The goods of fortune are those of external possessions..The body is composed of health, beauty, strength, and prowess, good faculties and lightness of body. The goods of the soul are clear, with a clear wit to understand and retain, subtle ingenuity to find good memory, and the natural virtues by which a man is more courteous than another or larger or taller. He has raised a man and set him in the highest degree of her wheel, as a windmill does. And to the highest mountain, and all the twelve winds blow marvelously with the wind of vanity. For when he is so high raised in prosperity, he thinks in his heart of his great dignity, after his prosperity, after his riches, after the great company that follows him, after the fair men that serve him, after his fair manners, after his fair horse, after the plenty of his fair robes, after the apparition of his lodging in vessels and in beds, and in other manner of finery that is fair and noble. After the great pomp and show..The presents and at the great feasts that were made for him everywhere he went. After his great renown and his great liberty and praises which flee all around him, he rejoices and glorifies the true captive in his heart, not knowing where he is. These are the fourteen winds of vanity. That is to say, manners of temptations of vanity which they have who are in this high estate or in the world or in religion or clergy or layman. The goods of grace are virtues and good works. Against these goods blows sometimes the wind of vanity and often throws down the mightiest trees and loftiest. These are the wisest men. And it is to be known that in good virtues and good works, the devil tempts in three ways through the sin of vanity. The first is in the heart when a person enjoys himself in the good that he has done privately. as in prayers and orisons or in private good works, and thinks that he is better with God than he is. The other is when he suffers a foolish gladness to come upon him..The third is when he desires and seeks and purchases praise, singing loose and good fame. In this intention, he does his good deeds and works nothing for God properly but for the world.\n\nThe sixth branch of the sin of pride is hypocrisy. This is a sin that shows good deeds without the corresponding truth within. Then they are hypocrites who counterfeit the wise man before the people. They are nothing within. For they do more in the intention to have the name of a good man than the truth and the holiness. And this is divided into three parts. For there is one hypocritical foolish, one foul, and one subtle.\n\nThey are foul hypocrites who do the ordures and filth of sin secretly in hidden places and counterfeit good men before the people. Our Lord calls them in the gospel sepulchers painted and gilded. They are foolish hypocrites who keep themselves clean..Such people are insufficient in their actions towards their bodies. They do much penance and good works primarily for the praise of the world. Because they wish to be reputed and held as good and holy. Such people are foolish. For of good metal they make false money. They are subtle hypocrites who wish to mount in high estate and take away dignity and offices. They do all that a good man ought to do so subtly that no man may know it until it is achieved and obtained. And then they show their vices, their hypocrisy, which was within them all along. That is to say, pride, avarice, malice, and other evil works by which their wickedness and hypocrisy can be clearly known. And that the tree was never good. And that all the work and deed of such a person was feigned and hypocritical of that which they had shown before.\n\nThe seventh branch of pride is false humility and shameful fear, which is when one refrains from doing well for the world..The person who is not reputed and held as a hypocrite and papalist. Fears and doubts the world more than God. This shame arises from evil company, when one pleases the wicked and evil. And therefore is she the daughter of pride. The seventh branch principal makes a person sometimes leave doing well. For the purpose of pleasing wickedly the world.\n\nThe second head of the beast of hell is envy. This is the serpent that envies all. Envy is the mother of death. And by the envy of the devil came death to the world. \u00b6This is the sin that most rightly makes a man resemble the devil, his father. For the devil hates nothing more than the well-being of another. And loves nothing but the harm of another. \u00b6And by this sin, the envious man may not see another's well-being any more than the old may see the clarity of the sun. \u00b6This sin is divided into three principal branches. For this sin poisons first the heart of the envious person. And then the mouth. And then the works..The heart of the envious is so poisoned and overturned that it cannot see another's good, but instead feels a grudge within. It judges evil in all things it sees or hears. It always takes the worst, and in all this it does its own harm.\n\nThe heart of an envious person has so many venomous thoughts and false judgments that they cannot be numbered. After this, when the envious person hears or sees any evil of another, it brings harm to his body, as evil of death or sickness, or of poverty or spiritual harm. For instance, when he hears that those who have been held as good men have been blamed and defamed for some vices and faults. Of these things the envious person enjoys in his heart. Afterward, when the envious person hears and sees the well-being of another, then comes to him a sorrow and a heaviness to his heart that he cannot be eased or make good cheer or fair semblance. Now you may see that.The envious person's heart sins generally. In malice, in joy and pleasure at another's harm, and sorrow at another's well-being. Such is the way of the envious, for as necessity requires, such wine must come out of the vessel that is within. And because the heart is full of venom, it behooves that such issue come out of the mouth. Then, by the mouth of the envious person, three kinds of venomous words issue forth. David speaks of this in his Psalter, that the mouth of the envious person is full of malice. For of the good and well-being of another, he speaks ill and detracts as much as he can. Of harm, he seeks and searches for it, and shows it to his power. Of treason, he perverts all that he sees or hears to his power, turning it to evil and judging it falsely.\n\nAfter the envious person has three kinds of venom at work within him, like as he has in his mouth and in his heart. For the nature of the envious is to quench the good qualities of others..and to destroy his power. All goodnesses, be they little or great, middle or perfect. Then he is of the nature of a basilisk that may suffer no verdure near him. Neither herb nor bush nor tree. Then, after the gospel, the good or well-being has in itself three estates. For it is first like the herb in the earth, and after it is full of grain. Then, some who have a good beginning come forth well and prove well and are like the herb. The envious think of destroying them if they can. Others are like ears of corn that flourish and produce well for God and the world. And them the devil cries out to destroy and to shame to his power. Others are perfect in great estate and do much good to God and the world. For to trample down their good deeds and to minimize their good works. The envious devise all their engines. For as much greater the goodness is, so much more sorrow he has. This sin is so perilous that none can overcome it unassisted..One who commits a right to veracious repentance. For this sin is contrary to the holy ghost, which is the foundation of all goodnesses. And God says in the gospel that whoever sins against the holy ghost shall never have forgiveness nor mercy in this world nor in the other. For he sins of his own malice. And it is truly understandable that there is no sin, however great it may be, but that God forgives and pardons in this world if a person repents with a good heart. But it rarely happens that anyone repents of this sin. For such a one wars against the spiritual good of another by wielding his power in that. In like manner, the Jews warred against our Lord Jesus Christ for the good that he did. And you ought to know that there are seven deadly sins specifically against the holy ghost. That is to wit, presumption, which enlarges one's self to sin and disregards the justice of our Lord. And therefore, many people sin in this regard..The second sin against the Holy Ghost is despair, which takes away from God His mercy. Like presumption, it takes away His justice. The third is obstinacy. This is hardness of heart, when one is so ensnared in his sin and in his malice that he cannot be humbled, made meek, or bowed, and will not repent or amend. The fourth sin against the Holy Ghost is spite of penance. This is when a man purposefully in his heart intends never to repent of his sin. The fifth is to wage war against the grace of the Holy Ghost in another. The sixth is to wage war against truth in earnest, specifically the truth of the Christian faith. All these sins are against the bounty and goodness of the Holy Ghost, and they are so great that they cannot come to true repentance. Therefore, they are not forgiven and pardoned.\n\nThe third head of the beast is Ire. But you ought to know that there is an anger which is virtuous, that good men have against this..synne why causes virtues against vices: There is another sin, which is a great vice, that is felony of the heart. From this sin originate many branches. And in particular, there are four wars that the felon has:\n\nThe first war of the sin of wrath: When wrath overpowers a man, it torments the soul and body so much that the man cannot sleep or rest. Sometimes wrath takes away eating and drinking. It makes one fall into a fever or into such great sadness or melancholy, or despair that he takes his own life. This is a fire that consumes all the goods of the house.\n\nThe second war that the felon has against God: Wrath and felony sometimes surpass and extinguish all people, either through temporal adversity or illness and suffering, or through the death of friends, or in any way that his will is not done. He grumbles and murmurs against God our Lord and in spite of God and all His Saints. He swears and blasphemes against God..The third war of Ire that the felon has, against those under him: it is towards his wife and his men, and he breaks pots and cups as if he were out of his wits, and so is he. The fourth war is without, towards his neighbors and dwellers around him, and from this branch grow five bows. For when Ire rises between two men, there is then strife, discord, words, vilony, wrongs, and after rancor which dwells in the heart, comes hate, mingling and battle. After desire for revenge, at other times homicide and manslaughter. After comes often mortal war among friends. Out of which issues often evils in various manners, and many that cannot be amended.\n\nThe fourth head of the beast of hell is sloth. Which is called by clerks accident. This sin is grievous to do well. This sin is an over evil root, and casteth down..The following text describes the seven vices of sloth:\n\n1. Fewness of love for God: A person who loves little and faintly is slow to do well. This happens when one is flaccid, lazy, and reluctant.\n2. Tenderness: This is the bed where the devil rests and tells the man or woman, \"You have been ever tenderly nourished; you are of over feeble constitution. You may not do great penances; you are too tender. You should immediately go up the staircase or the degrees to escape and leave.\"\n3. Paucity of will: In this vice are those who have fear and dread of nothing and dare not begin to do well, for they fear that God will fail them. This is the fear and dread that some people have of their dream. They resemble him who dares not enter the path or:\n\n\"For this sin causes a man to come to evil amendment and to begin and end in evil. The slow person has evil beginning by seven manners of sins. The first vice is fewness of love. That is when a man loves little and faintly our Lord, whom he oweth to love ardently, and this happens when he is flaccid, lazy, and slow to do well. The second vice of sloth is tenderness. That is the bed where the devil rests and says to the man or woman, 'Thou hast been ever tenderly nourished, thou art of over feeble complexion, Thou mayst not do great penances, thou art over tender. Thou shouldest anon be to go up the staircase or the degrees for to escape and go his way.' The seventh vice of sloth is paucity of will. In this vice are those who have fear and dread of nothing and dare not begin to do well, for they fear that God will fail them. This is the fear and dread that some people have of their dream. They resemble him who dares not enter into the path or the way.\".Way of the snail that shows his horns / And resembles the child who dares not go in the way for gagging and sitting\nThe first vice is delaying. For when God puts in the heart of a man the will to do well, then comes the devil that says to him, \"You shall recover well enough. You are young and strong, you will live long enough.\" By this means, the devil troubles a man to do well.\nAfter delaying comes negligence. For he who makes delaying is not surprising that he does a thing negligently. This is a vice of which all the world is ensnared if it is well heeded. For there are not many who are diligent to do that they ought to do before God and their neighbor.\nAfter negligence comes outright forgetfulness. For whoever is not reaching and negligent often forgets. By these two sins of negligence and forgetfulness, it often happens that some person cannot well confess or shrink himself. For when a man is not remembering or reaching and negligent to confess himself, he.A person forgets his sins at great peril. No one can obtain pardon without true confession, and one cannot have true confession without repentance in one's entire heart for all sins. Knowledge of one's mouth and obedience in works are required for this amendment and satisfaction. None, no matter how good and wise, escapes this if he does not find enough to confess in his confession. Negligence and forgetfulness blind the people, making them see nothing in the book of their confession and conscience. Afterward comes fear or dread, which arises from one's default of heart and from evil custom that binds a man so that he puts himself to do well. Sometimes this comes from a lack of discernment and foolish fervor, by which a man torments himself with fasting, wakefulness, penances, and other works, falling into weakness and such sickness that he cannot..A laborer in the service of God falls into such ferocity that he has no savour of devotion left to do well. Afterward comes slothfulness, which makes a man lazy and appears from day to day, so much so that he is all recalcitrant and failing. This is the sixth vice that seizes a servant when he fails before reaching the end of his term, and it is commonly said that he who serves and fails before reaching the end loses his reward.\n\nHowever, there are seven evil points in the sin of sloth that lead a man to his end. The first is inobedience. When a man refuses to do what is charged to him in penance or is commanded to do something that seems hard to him, he finds an excuse not to do it. Or if he receives or accepts it, he does little or nothing. The second point is impatience. Just as he can do nothing by inobedience, so he can suffer nothing by impatience. No man dares speak to him about his profit..The third point is murmuring, when he is spoken of his profit, he immediately becomes angry and murmurs, seeming that he is despised. Then he falls into sadness, regarding all that is said to him, done to him, and all that he sees as displeasing to him. Thus, he falls into lethargy, and it annoys him to live. He himself desires death. After all these grievous signs of sloth, the devil deals the mortal blow and casts him into despair, by which he himself purchases his death and kills himself, or else he plays with himself like a desperate man, abandoning or giving himself to all wickedness. Fearlessly and without dread, he does any kind of sin.\n\nThe fifth head of the beast previously mentioned is avarice, which is otherwise called covetousness. This is the mistress who has such great power that all go there to study it. As the holy scripture says, \"For all manner of people study covetousness.\".A prelate, a cleric, or an avaricious man is characterized by disorderly love of wealth and riches. This disorder manifests itself in three primary ways: acquiring excessively, hoarding unwillingingly, and spending scarcely. The three main branches that grow from this root are specifically and properly called avarice's offspring. However, many other sins, which are great deadly ones, originate from this root of avarice. The first is usury. The second is theft. The third is robbery. The four challenges are the fifth sin, sacrilege. The sixth, simony. The seventh, malice. The eighth, merchandising. The ninth, wicked devices. The tenth, evil and wicked plays. Each of these sins branches out into many forms.\n\nThe first branch of usury branches out into seven twigs. For there is one manner of usurers lending openly, who lend their money for other money and above the castle take and leave their gain. Or in money. Or in horses. Or in wheat or in wine or in fruit of that there, which they take in gain without reckoning..Fruits in payment, and yet it is worse. They will reckon twice in a year or thrice for raising their usures. And they will yet have bonuses or rewards above for every term, and thus they are helped above that they lend primarily. Such people are usurers, crafty and covetous. But there are other kinds of usurers. lenient and curt, who lend their money without making any covenant; nevertheless, they intend to have profit and rewards therefore, in money or in cargo. or in gold or in silver. or in gifts or in presents. or in robes or in tons of wine or in fat swine or in services, or in labor of horses or of oxen or asses or of carts or wains, or in prebends for their children, or in other things. And in all these and such things is usury, when it is lent for occasion to have some profit.\n\nThis is the first manner of usury. which lends its good wickedly and shrewdly.\n\nThe second manner of usury is in those who do not lend the money in their own person, But that.Those who possess land or property that their fathers, mothers, wives, husbands, or predecessors have obtained by assurance and will not render or yield it again. The third manner is in those who do not deign or will not lend by their own hand. But they make their servants and other people lend for them, though the usurers, masters and users of these sins, are not only the great and high lords who keep and sustain the jews and lombards of Piemont and other places, destroying the country and taking the rewards, great gifts, and sometimes the ransoms or redemptions, which belong to the cattle and chattels of the poor people. The fourth manner is in those who lend other men's money or borrow it at little cost. Such people are disciples of usurers, who learn this foul and wicked stinking craft. The fifth manner is in merchandise. When one sells any manner of thing whatsoever for more than it is worth for the duration of the term than he would..For ready money, a seller is more dishonest when he sees people in great distress. He will sell his wares the more dearly. Such people do great harm. For in the long term, they destroy and impoverish knights and high men who follow assemblies. The wars and tournaments they deliver to them cost their lands and heritages. And lying in debt, they die and never quit or pay. The other sin in buying things like corn or other things at less than half their worth before paying. And after they sell the same thing three or four times more dearly than it was sold and delivered to them before. Other merchants buy the things when they are at no prices and good cheap. For example, wheat in harvest. wine in the vineyard or other merchandise / to sell again when they will be more dear / The other way of avarice is theft /.This is to take or retain other people's things without their knowledge or against their will. And this sin may be committed in four ways according to the thieves' methods. For there are some thieves who are open, some covertly, some privately, and some by stealth. The common and open thieves are those who steal in such a way that there is jurisdiction done on them when they are taken. And among them there are various manners, as well at sea as on land. The converters are those who take things away secretly and convertibly, great or small, by their wit and cunning, through treason or by subtle means. The private thieves are those who take nothing from strangers but from their neighbors and known ones, and among them are both great and small receivers, sheriffs, provosts, escheators, bailiffs, sergeants, and others who have taken the amends. And they restrain the rents for their lords and account much in costs and expenses and less in receipts and rents. Thus do the great ones..Officers who have been in the houses of great lords and rich men, spending greatly and dispensing their lord's or master's goods without their knowledge and against their will, sin in this: the wife who, through her sin, allows the child she knows is not her husband's to inherit and possess what belongs to her husband instead. In this sin also sins the wife who takes away her husband's goods to spend and put to evil use. The other thief is the little thief who takes away from the houses wine, beer, and other things, or from neighbors chickens or hens, or the fruit from their gardens or other things. Such are those who keep things they have found and know belong to someone else. They should not keep them but should, according to the counsel of the holy church, or that of their confessor, return them. The thieves who are companions..They are those who participate in theft. be it through composition or by gift/or by purchase or by other means. Also, those who consent to the theft, or counsel it, or command it to be done, Also those who counsel the thieves or defend them or sustain them in their malice, or receive them into their houses or into their land, or gather together the thieves. Also, the wicked justices who suffer them for gifts, or by prayers or by other evil reasons and will not or dare not do justice,\n\nThe third branch of avarice is Ravine. which has many bows. The first is an evil executor of testaments. Such people rob those who are dead. which is over great an untruth,\n\nThe second is in wicked and evil lords. be they knights or other lords or burghers who eat and flee the poor people by tallages, aides, impositions, amendments or by other means, whych seek and purchase that which may grieve their subjects. and they ought to keep and defend them..These are the sins of the great princes and barons, who by their might have taken away from the poor and others what they could subdue, their castles, their rents, and their baronies, and also other rich men who take by strength from their neighbors' lands, vineyards, and other things, and have taken hold of everything so that nothing can escape them.\n\nThe third are robbers of evil hostelries or inns which rob pilgrims and merchants, and others who pass and walk through the country.\n\nThe fourth is in those who will not pay what they owe and retain wrongly and without cause the wages of their servants or those who do their work.\n\nThe fifth is in these great prelates who oppress their subjects and extort them by excessive procurements or other exactions and extortions that they do in many ways.\n\nThese are the vices that destroy the sheep that they should keep.\n\nThe sixth is in bailiffs, sheriffs, beadles, sergeants, and other officers, who do the following things..The fourth of January is challenged: that is, to run on another wrongfully. This sin is accompanied by all manner of deceit and falsehood that occurs in pleas. In the clergy, Dame January has many scholars. And in particular, there are seven types of people who study under her.\n\nThe first are false pseudos who create false parties and demand false judges and false witnesses and false advocates, and false letters to trouble and travel the people wrongfully in the spiritual court or in the temporal court.\n\nThe second are those who put aside and disregard what is right. They seek bribes and delays to take away from others their judgment.\n\nThe third are false and unfaithful witnesses. For they make false and unrighteous judgments..They took away heritages. They cause so much harm and damage that none can amend it, and this they do for their great covetousness. The fourth are the false advocates who sustain evil causes, impede and let the good people be, for the hire and fees they take on both sides. They make good causes to be lost and the quarrels of good men to be wrongly made right, and of right wrong, like those who are masters of the court and of trickery. The fifth are the false notaries who make false letters and instruments, falsify seals, and make false labels and many other untruths. \u00b6The sixth commit false judgments that are more favorable to one party than another for fees, promises, properties, or love or hate or fear or favor. If they delay the causes and the quarrels wrongfully, they make men incur great costs..Disputes and taken great fees and sometimes from both parties. They sell their justice or leave doing justice, and do great damages and hurts to such an extent that they cannot be repaired or amended. The sixth are the evil accessories who give evil counsel to judges and cause causes and quarrels to be lost through the offices and services they have. All these persons before mentioned are bound and obligated to render and yield again all that they have unjustly taken and also all the costs and damages that the other has suffered on their account.\n\nThe fifth branch of Avarice is sacrilege, when one breaks, hurts, or betrays sacred and blessed things or the persons of the holy church. Or else the holy places, which are appropriated or belonging to the service of God. This is the sin of covetousness in many ways. First, when one treats sacrilegiously the body of the Lord, like the heretics, sorcerers, or wicked priests do..\"winning in the same way I speak of other sacraments. Also when one breaks, takes away, or treats disrespectfully the sanctuaries, the crosses, the chalices, the ciborium, the vestments, and other church mysteries. When one burns and destroys churches or monasteries or holy places. Or clergy or houses of religion. Or draws out those who have sought refuge or succor in monasteries or churches for their safety or protection. When one makes disturbances or battles in the church, causing bloodshed. Or when the sin of lechery is committed there. When hands are laid in anger and evil on priest or cleric or any man or woman of religion. When one steals or takes away by any reason anything holy and blessed or unholy from a holy place. Those who spend the goods of the church, the patrimony of Jesus Christ, in evil use are not absolved of this sin. Nor are those who retain it.\".by Augustine. When they should give it to the poor people in holy church or put it to good use, instead, those who take it away or retain it unjustly or by force, are withholding things that belong to the poor in holy church. Or those who pay evil, like rents, offerings, dues, and other rights and duties of the church.\n\nRegarding this same sin, those who break the Sabbath and other festivals commanded are not absolved. For the holy days have their sanctity, just as do the holy places. These are the shoots that grow from the branch of sacrilege.\n\nThe seven branches of avarice are: Symony. Symony has taken the name of an enchanter named Symon, who sought to buy from St. Peter the apostle the grace to perform miracles. And therefore, they are called Simoniacs, all those who sell or buy anything spiritual.\n\nThe first branch of avarice is Simony. Simony derives its name from an enchanter named Symon, who attempted to buy from St. Peter the apostle the grace to perform miracles. Therefore, all those who sell or buy anything spiritual are called Simoniacs..This text appears to be written in Middle English, and it seems to be discussing the sins related to simony in the context of the Church. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThe text is in those who sell or buy things halowed or blessed, or the body of our lord, or other sacraments of the holy church. \u00b6The second is in those who sell the word of God and primarily preach for money. The third is the sin of those who, by gifts or by promises, or by friends' prayers, promote some to the dignity of the holy church, such as bishops, abbots, deans, or others. The fourth is the sin of those who, by gifts or by promises for prayers or by force of arms or for dishonest services, give the prebends, cures, or other benefits of the holy church to the clergy. The fifth is the sin of those who, by covenant, enter religion and of those who receive them in such a way. There are many other diverse sins in simony, but it pertains more to clergy than to laymen. And this book was more made for the laymen than for the clergy who know and have the books. Nevertheless, it is necessary and fitting for laymen to know this..They keep them from this sin in three ways. One is when they help and aid their kin and friends to rise to dignity in the holy church. The other is when they give the prebends and benefices.\n\nThe third is when they set and place their children in religion. If they give or receive gifts or prayers unlawful or evil service, they may soon fall into the sin of simony. For, as the law writes, there are three manners of unlawful gifts: gifts of the hand, like gold or silver or other jewels; gifts of the mouth, as prayers; and gifts of dishonest service. I call gifts dishonest where the sin is done principally for spiritual things.\n\nThe seventh branch of avarice is malice. When a man is so wicked that he fears not to commit a great sin, deadly and horrible, or to do great harm to others for little gain for himself.\n\nThis branch has many boughs. The first is when any person, out of fear..This text appears to be written in an older English dialect. I will make corrections as necessary while preserving the original content.\n\nThe text discusses three sins:\n\n1. The first is the sin of poverty or covetousness, which leads a person to renounce and forsake God or deny the Christian faith. Such a person becomes a heretic, a Jew, or a Saracen. This sin is also associated with those who, for money, call upon the devil and perform enchantments, looking in swords or crystals, or in the angle or nail of a finger, to find stolen items or other lost things. People in marriage who hate each other and cannot live together are also included in this sin.\n\n2. The second sin is cursing, which involves speaking evil through treason or detraction. A person commits this sin for gain or for a woman and causes another person's death through various means, such as the sword, poison, or other methods.\n\n3. The third sin is for those who, to win, burn houses, towns, castles, or churches, or destroy them..The fourteenth and fifteenth are the sins of those who frequently engage in pleas, debates, and wars in chapters or among other high and great men, as they believe they will gain and win more in war than in peace. The fifth is the sin of bailiffs and such officers who accuse and challenge the poor people, subjecting them to reasonings and tortures for a little gain. This sin is also associated with the sin of false judges, false men of law, and false advocates, and false queries and witnesses, of which we have spoken before, and in many other ways is the sin of malice. But it would be too long to write it here. Each man may better read and consider his sins, and many others, in his conscience than on the skin of a sheep or in paper.\n\nThe eighth branch of anxiety is merchandise, in which men sin in many ways for temporal goods, and specifically in seven ways. The first way is to sell as:\n\n(Note: The text seems to be incomplete at the end, so it's not possible to clean it fully without missing information. However, the provided text is readable and doesn't contain any major issues that require a caveat or comment.).The second is to lie and swear more to sell merchandise. The third is the deception and fraud done in weighing and measuring, and this can be done in three ways. The first is when a person has various weights and various measures, and by using a greater weight and longer measure, sells by a lesser. The second is when one has a true weight and true measure, but weighs or measures untruly and falsely, like the taverner who fills his measure with scum and foam. The third manner is when those who sell by weight purchase and do so much by deceit and fraud that the thing weighed seems to be of greater weight than it is. The fourth manner to sin in merchandise is to sell the worse for the term. We have spoken of this before. The fifth is to sell otherwise than the sample is and in a worse condition, like these scriveners and writers who at the beginning show and write well, but afterward make worse and shabby all. The sixth is in:.hidings and concealings the truth of the thing that is sold. And so do brokers and dealers of horses. \u00b6The seventh is to make and purchase to make the ware or thing that is sold seem much better than it is. Like merchants and drapers who choose and make the places dark where they sell their cloth and ware. And in many other ways, men sin in merchandise. But it should be overlong to say here:\n\nThe ninth vice of avarice is prevalent in many trades or crafts. In this sin, many people sin and in many ways, like common women. Who for little winning abandon themselves entirely to sin. Also, hazard-takers, bawds, keepers of forbidden games, and many others.\n\nThe third sin is to multiply lies and vain words. & that is a great blasphemy against God and his saints. The anger and wrath oftentimes have been taken to correct and chastise the other. For sometimes their visage has been tormented backward and behind. Sometimes some have lost their eyes. Some their speech..A knight took an oath by God's eyes, and instantly his eyes popped out and fell upon the chessboard. There was also an archer, having lost at play, in spite drew his bow and shot up towards heaven. And on the morrow, when he was set again at his play, the arrow fell upon the chessman, covering it with blood and thrusting out his eyes.\n\nThe fourth is an evil example for those who give games to watch.\n\nThe fifth is to waste the time that should be employed in good works and in many other ways.\n\nOne thing should not be forgotten: he who wins at such games may not keep his winnings. But if it were in such a manner that he played for another or by deceit or by force, like one who compels another to play with him by force, in this manner he ought to render it to him who has lost it. In like manner, I say of that which is won at dice..The practices of avarice. There have been enough of other things, but they seem to pertain more to clerks than to laymen. This book is made more for the laymen than for clerks who know the scripts. One thing you should know: the avaricious man has a devil to whom he serves. This devil is called Mammon in the Gospel. And that devil gives his servant six commands. The first is to keep well what he has. The second is not to diminish it in any way, day or night. The third is to increase it always. The fourth is not to give or do anything for God's sake, nor to curtsy to any other. The fifth is not to lend or give anything to the poor and needy, nor put it in peril. The sixth is to restrain himself and his household from food and drink to save it.\n\nThe six heads of the beast of hell are lechery, which is outrageous love and disordered in fleshly delights. Of this sin, the devil tempts with:.A man is deceived in various ways, as Saint Gregory says. First, in foolish and false perceptions. Afterward, in foolish and lewd speech and words. Afterward, in false touches. Afterward, in false kisses. After this, death comes. For from foolish perceptions comes communication and speech, and from speech comes touching, and from touching comes kissing, and from kissing comes death. Thus subtly does the devil bring one to the other. This sin is first divided into two forms. For there is lechery of the heart and lechery of the body. Lechery of the heart has four degrees. For the spirit of fornication, which is the fire of lechery, first embraces the heart and makes the thoughts, figures, and imaginations of sin appear in it, and in consenting. After the heart delights in foolish thoughts, and yet he delights in them so much that he still does not want to do the deed, and in this thought he abides, and this delight is the second degree. This degree may be a deadly sin, as great as the delight can be. The third degree is the one in which the heart is fully committed to the sin and consents to it..Consent of the heart and reason, and these consents have been deliberately deemed deadly sin when the deed follows. After the consent comes the desire, and the great burning of the flesh that they have for this sin. They commit many sins in a day in seeing the ladies and damsels richly and freshly appareled, who often entice and adorn themselves proudly to make fools and minstrels gaze and behold them.\n\nAnd truly they sin greatly, for by their covetousness, pride, and vanity, they lead many souls and much people to death and sin. For, as the proverb says, \"dame Temptress is the greatest temptation to the tour.\" For she has not a member in her body but it is a green of the devil. As Solomon says, accounts must be given for these at the day of Judgment of souls, which occurs because of them and their causes. That is to understand when they are occasion and cause for others to sin through their enticements and labors. Lust of the body is:.The sin of lechery enters the eyes of the eeries, the mouth, the hands, and all the five senses of the body, and particularly the vile deed and work. To this sin belong all things of the flesh that are more prone and desire to commit this sin. Such outrages and excesses of food and drink, of sweet beds and soft, of delightful robes, and in all manner of bodily excess without necessity.\n\nThe sin of lechery has many forms and is committed in many ways according to the persons who commit it. It progresses from degree to degree and from evil to worse. The first form is that of a single man and a single woman who hold no bond of vow, marriage, order, or religion, nor anything else. This is the first sin of lechery. The second form is of common women, and this is more foul and abominable. For such women are sometimes married and have left their husbands, or are of religion, and refuse no man, brother, or cousin..The third sin is between none other. The fourth is a man with a widow, or the reverse - a widower with a single woman. The fifth is defiling a virgin. The sixth is with a married woman. This is the sin of adultery, which is grievous because faith is broken that one ought to keep from another. Afterward, there is sacrilege when the sacrament of marriage is broken. And sometimes disorder and false marriage result from this sin. This sin doubles when it is of a married man to a woman married to another man. The sixth sin is when a man uses his wife in things defended and disordered against the order of marriage. A man may kill himself with his own sword. So a man may sin mortally with his own wife. For this cause, God struck Onan, the new son of Jacob, with an evil death. And the devil, named Asmodeus, strangled the seven husbands of the holy damsel Sara, who afterward was wife to young Tobias. For all the sacraments of the holy church ought to be treated cleanly and holy..The seven deadly sins: 1. Have carnal company with your goddess or goddaughter. This is not permissible, nor is it allowed by marriage. 2. With your kinswoman. This sin increases and decreases according to whether the kin are near or far. 3. With the kin of your wife, or vice versa. This is highly dangerous. For a man who has had company with such a woman cannot afterward marry her kinswomen. If he takes her in marriage, it is not valid according to the law, and if he takes a wife after her, he loses the right to his own wife. She may not require it beforehand. 4. A woman to a clerk. This sin arises and persists in an orderly fashion according to social standing. 5. A man of the world with a religious woman, or vice versa..A woman of the world with a man of religion. This sin increases and decreases according to the states of the persons who commit it. The twelfth is of the prelates. Who ought to be examples of cleanliness of chastity and holy life to all the world. The last is most foul and abominable and should not be named. This sin is against nature, which the devil entices and tempts a man in many ways that are not to be named because of the matter, which is overmuch abominable. But in confession, it ought to be confessed if it is he or she to whom it has happened. For the greater the sin, the more the confession avails, and the greater the shame a man has in confessing his sin is a great part of the penance. According to the holy scripture, this sin displeases God so much that he rained fire burning and stinking sulphur upon the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah and sank five cities down to hell. The devil himself that.purchased this sin. has felt shame and abhorred it when it is done.\n\nThe seventh head of the beast of hell is gluttony, otherwise called the sin of the mouth. This vice and this sin is divided into two parts primarily, that is to say, in the sin of gluttony, which is in eating and drinking. And in the sin of the shrewd tongue, that is in foul and foolish speaking.\n\nFirst, we shall speak of the sin of gluttony, which is a vice that greatly pleases the devil and displeases God. By this sin, the devil has great power over a man, as we read in the gospel that God gave permission to devils to enter into swine. And when they were entered, they drowned them in the sea. This signifies that the gluttons who lead lives of pigs and swine, the devils have left to enter into them and to drown them in the sea of hell. And make them eat so much that they burst..The champion drinks so much that they drown. When the champ ion has overthrown his fellow, he holds him by the throat because he should not release. Just as it is with him that the devil holds by his sin in his maw, the devil rushes to his throat like a wolf to a sheep to strangle it. This is the fish of hell which takes the fish with the greens by the throat. This vice displeases much. The glutton does great shame when he makes his god of a sack full of dung. That is his belly which he loves more than God and doubts and serves it. God commands that he should fast. The belly says no. thou shalt not, but thou shalt eat long and by leisure. God commands to rise early. His god, his belly, says thou shalt not. I am over full, I want to sleep. The church is no harbor, he will not flee away, and it is not yet open. It will well abide and tarry for me. And when the glutton arises, he begins his matins and his..prayers and say: O God, what shall we eat this day? Shall we not find something worthy, after these matins come the lords and say: A lord God, how well drank we yesterday the good wine. And how good meat ate we. Then, after this, the glutton speaks and says: Alas, he says, I thought well this night to have died. The wine yesterday was over strong, my head aches. I shall not be eased till I have drunk. This god of gluttony is evil, For first he becomes a tavern-goer and frequents taverns. After he plays at dice. And after he sells his good away. After he becomes a roisterer, a lecher, and at last he hangs on the gallows. This is the sad and the shameful consequence paid for the sin of gluttony. This sin is departed after St. Gregory into five branches. For there is sin in five manners in eating and drinking. Therefore, some drink before time, or without reason or measure, or over eagerly or over plentifully or over..The curious practice of this sin is to eat before the due time. Overeating is a foul thing for a man who has age and decrepitude, when he cannot abide by a reasonable hour for eating and drinking. By great excess of gluttony, it often happens that a man, who is whole and strong of body, drinks and eats without cause, before the appointed time. He comes to the meal as does a dumb beast, and much sin and maladies often follow from such customs. And thus it comes about that this glutton says that he cannot fast nor do penance. For he says he has an evil head and an evil heart also. And certainly he speaks the truth. And to break the fasting days and vigils commanded is a great sin. For he damns himself and also wants company with him, and withdraws and lets them do well. And leads them with him into hell. For he makes them break their fasts and commit gluttony, which they would keep if it were not for the evil companionship and fellowship. For these gluttons and others..These let them among all others commit a sin that is truly the craft of the devil. That is when they let and entice all them that they may from well doing, and mock and scorn all those who love to do well. \u00b6These gluttons say that they may not fast. But they lie. For little love of God causes them to say so. For if they loved as much the true glory of heaven as they do the vain glory of the world, as often as they fast for their worldly occupation and temporal goods unto the night, they might fast for nothing for God's love if they loved him. And if they desired their salvation. But they are like unto the child that all day wants to have bread in his hand. \u00b6Truth it is that like one sins by eating and drinking over early, rightly so one sins by over late supper. These people who so much love to wake by night and waste the time in idleness, and go late to bed, and arise late, sin in many ways. First, in this, that they waste and lose..The time and torn it. When they make of the night the day and of the day the night, God curses such people through the prophet. For men ought on the daytime to do good and occupy himself in good and holy works. And in the night to praise God and to pray to him devoutly, and to yield him thanks for his gifts. But those who then lie in their beds when they should be up and rising must necessarily sleep when they should pray to God and worship him. And thus they lose all the time, and the day and the night.\n\nAlso in these great wakefulness, many sins are committed. Such as to play at chess tables and at dice. And then there is spoken many foolish words and corrupt, of which many sins follow and ensue. And also the citizens waste their bodies, their time, their soul, and their wit.\n\nThe second branch of gluttony is to eat and drink excessively and without measure. Those who do so are like an unquenchable gulf that swallows all in, like an abyss. It is over great..Wisdom is essential in eating and drinking. Many people die prematurely due to excessive eating and drinking. Such excesses and outrages lead to numerous maladies and sicknesses. But he who wants to know and practice moderation should be aware that there are various ways to live in the world. Some live according to the flesh and the body's pleasures. Some live according to their lust. Others live according to their hypocrisy. Others live according to their physical needs. Others live according to their honesty. Others live according to their sins. Others live according to their spirit. And others live according to the love of God. Those who live according to the flesh, as Saint Paul says, kill their souls; they make their belly their god, and they neither retain reason nor measure. Therefore, they will have pain and torment in the next world without measure. Those who live according to their lust will keep company with fools. Such people cannot, will not, or are unable to keep or practice moderation or reason. Those who live according to hypocrisy are:.They that be masters to the devil. Such hypocrites have two measures. For the two devils that torment the hypocrite are much contrary to one another. One says, \"Eat enough, so that thou be fair and fat.\" The other says, \"Thou shalt not, but thou shalt fast, so that thou be pale and lean.\" To the world, this hypocrite appears as a good man, and it may seem that he does much penance. Now it behooves the hypocrite to have two measures. One little and one great, which they use the little measure before the people, and the great measure they use so that no man sees them. They do not retain the true measure that are avaricious. In such a manner, the belly and the mouth have three disputations. The belly says, \"I would be full,\" the mouth says, \"I will not be full,\" the belly says to it, \"I will that thou eat and take enough & spend freely.\" The mouth says, \"I shall not,\" I will that thou restrain it.\" What shall the sorry captive do?.A servant to his two evil lords. Two measures make a peace. The measure of the belly in another man's house is good and large. And the measure of his mouth in his own house sorrowful and oversized, as the holy ghost signifies and teaches them to hold and keep measure, reason, and order. They have the lordship and signeory over their body, which is so disciplined and indoctrinated by punishment and so well chastised that he demands no outrage. And does that which the spirit commands and without contradiction. Now you may see by what we have here said that the devil has many engines for taking people by their throats and by their gluttony. For first, he shows them the wines and the meats which are fair and delicious, like as he did to Eve with the apple. If it is not worthy, he says to him, \"Eat and drink, as such one did.\" You must necessarily keep company if you want men to mock and scorn you and will be held a populard. Or he says to the, \"You must necessarily keep the health of your body,\" who..You have not [it] good health. Do not be an enemy to yourself / You owe your body its sustenance / Or he says otherwise Consider and reflect on the good that you do and can do. You do not eat for the pleasures of your body, but to serve God / You ought to keep your strength for God, as David the prophet says. Of the reasons stated above, the most wise men were sometimes deceived and misled. The third branch of this vice is to run and eagerly take in food, like a hound after its bait. And the greater the greed, the greater the sin / For just as it is not a sin to have riches justly acquired and truly, but not to love them excessively or use them evil, so it is not a sin to eat. But that it is not greedily or disorderly. All kinds of food are good for good people, to those who use them reasonably and without excess and outrage / And we ought always to praise God and render thanks..The god of his goodness and of his gifts, and by the sweetness of the food we ought to think on the sweetness of God and that celestial and sweet mete of glory that fills and accomplishes the desire of the heart. Therefore, men read in houses of religion at meals, because when the body takes its refreshment on one part, the soul should take its spiritual refreshment on the other. The four branches of this sin of gluttony are those who over nobly will to eat and drink, and who squander and waste what an hundred poor men might be sufficiently fed with. Such people sin in many ways. First, in great expenses they make. Next, in excessive greed and delight. Next, in vain glory. But this is not only the excess of the throat, but it is often for boldness and great pride, and for the praising of the world that they seek such dear meals and multiply so many messes, from which often grow many sins. The five branches.Of gluttony is the curiosity of gluttons, who think of nothing other than delighting themselves in food. They are properly lecherous, seeking only the delights of their throat and mouth. In three things lies the sin of such people: first, in the great effort they put into procuring and preparing their food; second, in the glory and great pleasure they take in seeing and beholding it; and third, in their ability to recall the diligence they put into ensuring that the food is well-arranged and that each person has their right and proper share. They wish they had the long necks of cranes and the great bellies of cows, so that they might yet devour and swallow more food. Now you have heard the sins that come from gluttony and lechery. And because these sins originate frequently in the tavern, which is the font of sin, I will touch briefly on the sins committed and done in the tavern. The tavern is the school of the devil where his disciples study..and his proprietary chapel, where his service is done, and that is the place where he shows and does his miracles both day and night. Such things belong to the devil for doing. At church, our Lord God has a custom to show His virtues and to perform His miracles, as you may see in many places. The blind to see, the lame and crooked to be made whole, to mad men their wits, to dumb men speech, and to deaf men their hearing. But the devil in the tavern does the opposite. For the tavern is his chapel, as was said before, where men do him service. When a man goes there, he goes right. And when he returns, he has neither foot nor hand. By which he cannot bear nor sustain himself. And when he goes there, he speaks well and hears and understands. But when he returns, he has lost all this, like a man who has neither wit, reason, nor memory in himself. Such are the miracles that the devil works in the tavern. And what lesson is read in the tavern, I shall tell you. There is.redde lerned herde & seen all fylthe and ordure of synne. that is to wete glotonye lecherye sweryng forsweryng lyeng myssayeng renyeng god & his sayntes. mysherkenyng brawlyng & many other synnes. The\u0304ne sourden & comen stry\u2223ues homycides or manslaughter. there is lernyd to stele and to hange / the tauern is a fosse & a pytte of theuys. and also it is the fortresse of the deuyl for to warre ayenst god & his sayntes & the tauerner that susteyneth suche peple dysordynate ben par\u00a6tonners of alle theyr synnes that they doo in theyr tauernes.\nAnd certeyn yf a persone sayd as moche shame to hys owne fader or to his moder or to his knaue / as suche manere peple do to theyr fader of heuen and to our lady and to the Sayntes they shold be moche angry. and fynde and sette other remedye than god dooth.\nWHo that wyl knowe and thynke of the synnes of the tongue. hym byhoueth to thynke and acounte to thynk what the tongue is and fro whens she cometh & what harme and euyl she doeth / For it happeth that somtyme the worde is.Synne is in oneself, as it is evil and happens because it is a sin. The word itself is great sin because it does harm. Yet, it can be fair and well-polished. Now you must know that the evil tongue is the tree that God cursed in the gospel, for He found nothing but lies there. As it is difficult and hard to count the lies of trees, so it is impossible to count and number the sins that grow from the tongue. But we shall set and put ten chief branches that grow from this tree. And these sins may be named idleness, avuning, lust, detraction, lies or falsehoods, forswearing, contentions, murmuring, rebellion, and blasphemy.\n\nThose who abandon themselves to idle words suffer great damage and great peril, which they do not perceive..And yet they may never recover. In doing so, they also forfeit the good deeds they could and should do for their own salvation and health. They diminish the joy of heaven and the treasure of their heart, replacing it with vanity and sin. They discover the pot and the flies entering it. They call them idle words, but they are not. For they are costly, damaging, and perilous, just as avoiding all goodness and filling the heart with vanity is. For they will render an account and give a strict reckoning to God at the Day of Judgment, as God says in the Gospel: \"This is not a small thing or a small matter, when it is necessary to render reasons and accounts at the Day of Judgment for a small thought. And in such a high court as stands before God and all his saints.\" In these idle words, men sin in seven ways. There are some vain words, of which some tongues are so full that they speak much before and after, resembling the clatter and clapper of a mill that can never rest. And some words are:.Those who are eager to hear tidings are often suspected of setting traps for those who listen to them. The encounters have frequently been deemed foolish and false. After comes the rehearsal and the fair words, in which there is much vanity. Those who can subtly show and say them make the hearers laugh, after the boundaries and lies are filled with filth of ordure and sin, which are called idle words. But they are not idle, for you are like an assassin if you withdraw from your tongue a man or a woman or a child from doing well or from doing a good deed. And God will reward you as well as the king would for having slain his own son or stolen his treasure.\n\nAfterwards, the entertainments and plays are not pleasurable. They sometimes speak ill of good men and those who would willingly do well, in order to draw from their hearts the goodness they have conceived and intended to do. These are not idle words; for you are like an assassin if you withdraw by your tongue a man or a woman or a child from doing well or from doing a good deed. And God will reward you as well as the king would for having slain his own son or stolen his treasure..The sin of avowing is great and foul, false and deceitful. He who avows himself is hateful to God, for he takes away His glory. As we have said before, this is a false sin. For all the world considers him a fool and a deceitful, nice person. This branch has five leaves. There are five kinds of vainglorious people. One is of the past time, the sin of those who gladly remember their works and their prowess, and what they believe they have done well or said well. The other is of the present time, the sin of those who do nothing gladly, nor do they pain to do well or say well when they are not seen or heard. They boast and sell themselves for nothing, giving away all that they have and do. To this type belongs the sin of those who boast and brag about the good that they have or possess..of that whyche they wene to haue of theyr no\u2223blesse or of theyr rychesse. They ben lyke to the Cuckow / that can not synge but of hym self. \u00b6 The thyrd is of them that ben surquydrous and that thynke and say in them self. I shal auenge me herof. I shal make hylles & valeyes. The fourth is more subtyl. that is of them that dare not preyse them self for shame But al that euer that other doon & say they blame and despyse lyke as no thynge were worth / but that whyche they can doo or say \u00b6 The fyfthe is yet more subtyl. that is of them that wyl whan that men preyse them. and they dare not saye it openlye / they make it all contrarye and make them self humble and say that they be no thynge worth and synners thre tymes wers than they be. by cause they wold be preysed and for that men shold holde them for wel humble & meke. Alas sayth Saynt Bernard that this is a sorouful auauntynge. They make theym selfe deuylles by cause they\nshold be reputed for aungellys / and fayne them self to be euyl. to thende that men shold.Repute them for good, but certainly a man should not anger them more than to say the truth. This pertains to the sin that seeks advocates to praise them and cry their falsehoods through whose mouths they speak more harshly. Lusangers are the nurses of the devil that give succor to children and make them sleep in their sins through their fair singing. They enjoy the way of hell with the honey of flattery, causing sinners to go there more readily. This sin is divided into five parts, which are like five leaves on this branch. The first is of these flatterers who, when they see that he or they whom they see dispose themselves to speak well or do well, immediately show and tell it to him. They do this because he should have vain glory from it, but they will never reveal his faults to him. The second sin is that the little good that children do, they double. That is, those whom they praise and feed with flattery, they increase and double, and they add to it..therto soo moche that it is more lesyng than trouthe. and therfore been they callyd false wytnesse in holy scrypture \u00b6 The thyrd synne is whan they make a man or a woman to vnderstonde that he hath in hym many good vertues and moche grace / where as he hath none And therfore holy scrypture calleth suche flateres enchau\u0304tours for they enchaunte so moche the man or the woman / that they byleue them better than hem self\u00b7 and that they byleue bettyr that they here than that whiche they see / and that they saye to hem better that they knowe and fele / \u00b6The fourth synne is whan they synge alwaye the placebo of flaterye / That is to say / my lord or my lady ye say trouthe. my lord doth wel. and\ntorneth al thynge by flaterye what someuer he doeth or sayth be it good or euyl. and therfore ben they callyd Ecko / That is the so\nLOsengiers and myssayers ben of one soole. These ben the ij seraynes otherwyse callyd mermayde\u0304s. of whiche we fynde in the book of the nature of beestys whiche is a mon\u00a6stre of the see that is.Called serpents. These have the body of a woman, the tail of a fish, and wings or claws of an eagle, and they sing so sweetly that they make the mariners sleep. And after they devour them. These are the sirens and flatterers who, with their fair speech, make men sleep in their sins. There have been some serpents called serpents that run more swiftly than a horse. And sometimes they flee, and their venom is so strong that tritacle may not avail against it. For death comes sooner than the biting of the serpent is felt. These are the misers of whom Solomon says, \"They bite in treason like a serpent.\" With this three are slain: he who says it, he who hears it, and he of whom it is said. This is the right cruel beast that is called hate. Which finishes, destroys, and brings out of the earth the bodies of the dead men and eats them. These are they that bite and eat the good men of religion who are in the world. Such manner of people..People are crueler than hell, which devours the wicked, but these people run upon the good and devour them. Such people resemble the sow. When she has fattened herself, she gladly bites a man clad in white clothes. They are like the huppe, which makes its nest in human ordure and rests there. And like the dormouse or wasp that flies from flowers. And they love dunge and ordure. This branch has five leaves. The first is when they construct lies and speak evil to harm and defame others. The second is when they have heard the blame and harm, they spread it and associate themselves with it. The third is when they quench and set at naught all the good that a man has done, making it appear evil. They devour the man entirely. The others do not eat him all. But they bite him and carry away a piece. This is the fourth leaf of this branch, which is properly called detraction. For it always withdraws and cuts off a piece of good that it hears..Spoken of others. For when anyone good is spoken of anyone before him, he always constructs something to say to his respondent, and gives it to him with a but: he is truly a good man & I love him well, but there are certainly defects in him for which I am sorry. This is the scorpion which stings with its face and pricks with its tail. The fifth is when he perverts and tears all to the wrong party / and the good into evil. And therefore he is a false judge and untrustworthy.\n\nLying falsifies a man. Like one who falsifies the seal of the king or the bulls of the pope. And because such men falsify the money and bear forth false letters, he shall be judged at the day of judgment as a false man. The liar is among the good true men as the false penny is among the good. & as the chaff is among the corn. The liar is like the devil who is his father. Like as God says in the gospel, for he is a liar and the father of lies as he who forged the first lie. And yet he forgets and teaches them forth..The devil shows himself in various ways and forms, and transforms himself into many guises to deceive people. Just like the liar. He is like the plowman who lives off the wind and the air, and has nothing in his dealings but wind. And to every color he sees, he changes his complexion. In this branch there are three types of lies: one burning, another playing, and another noising. In all three, there is sin. As Saint Augustine says, \"He who lies and with his lying brings good and profit to another, nevertheless inflicts harm and damage on himself.\" Therefore, the persistent lies are sins, but the playing and noising lies are greater sins. Like the lies of jesters, flatterers, and minstrels. Of truth-tellers who tell entertaining lies and jests to amuse the people. And it is no doubt a sin to heed and listen to them. But the lying, burning, and noising lies are greater sins..\"dedely sin / when they are said earnestly with a forethought to harm and hurt any other / This branch pertains to all the falsehoods, fallacies, deceits, and guiles that are done and said throughout the world to deceive and hurt any other in soul or body in honor or fame /\n\nIt is an evil to lie / But it is much worse and greater sin for a man to forswear himself. It is a perilous thing for a man to forswear himself. And therefore our Lord defends it much. Not for the reason that one may in no way swear without sin. For often swearing makes a man often to forswear himself and often to sin. For a man can sin in seven ways in making oaths. First, when one swears reluctantly / this is by spite and gladly / it seems that he delights or that he is from himself. /\n\nTherefore, St. James not only defends swearing when it is necessary. But the will to swear. Also when one swears for no reason, it is for no reason. When one swears lightly without cause and without sincerity.\".This is defended in the second commandment of the law. Which God wrote in the tables of stone with his blessed finger and delivered them to Moses the prophet, to preach them to the people. After one swears accustomably, as many do who have been evil taught and can say nothing without swearing. For to swear is nothing but to call God to witness - the cause ought to be great, reasonable and true. Whereas one should call or dare call so great a lord as God is to witness, his glorious mother and his saints. Also when one swears foolishly, and this happens in many ways, such as swearing by fire or suddenly. Of which, when he is reproved, he repents at once. Or when one swears for a thing which he cannot keep without sin, such swearing ought to be left. And of them do penance for the foolish oath. Or when one swears certainly of the thing of which he was not certain how well it is true. Or when one swears certainly of that which is not..He knows not if he cannot comply or when one swears by the creatures, such as the sun that shines or by the fire that burns, or by my head or by the soul of my father, or such like things. God defends all these oaths in the gospel. I ought to confirm only to that which I should, not to anything the pure creatures which are nothing but vanities. For when men swear earnestly by them, they dishonor God. For God's honor ought always to be kept in all things. But when one swears falsely by the holy gospels, men swore by him from whose words they are written. And when one swears by the holy relics or by the saints of heaven, they swore by them and by God who dwells in them. After one swears falsely by God and his saints, these are the Christians worse than the Saracens. They neither swear in any manner nor suffer anyone to swear falsely before them..Iesus like Christians do, and he who swears by Mohammed as his god shall be stoned. Christians have been more cruel than the Jews who crucified Christ. For they broke none of his bones. But those who swear by him rend and make more pieces of him than is made of a beast in the butchery. And there are many false Christian men who in the same way break in pieces our blessed lady and other saints in vile swearing. It is marvelous how Christ endures this.\n\nAfter one swears falsely or bears false witness in any manner, whether covertly or openly, by art, color, or sophistry, the law written says, / God who loves simplicity and truth in such a thing receives it and understands the word as they who simply and without hypocrisy understand it. Much is the great debonairness of God when such men swear, knowing well that it is not true, or promise a thing which they will not..holde. that the deuyl stran\u2223gle them not anone. For whan they say as god kepe me. or as god wyl me helpe / he putteth hym self out of the grace of god and of his ayde & helpe. Now ought they of veray ryght to lese wytte and mynde / & alle that they holde of god. \u00b6The last braunche of this synne is whan one breketh the feyth that\nhe hath promysed & creanted. by his fayth or by his oth. For fayth lyed and oth broken is alle one / \nSAynt Austyn sayth that there is none so lyke to the de\u2223uyl as is the chydar. Thys crafte wythoute doubte ple\u00a6seth moche the deuyl / and dysplayseth moche vnto god whyche loueth aboue al other thynges pees & concorde. This braunche departeth hym in to vij bowes / of which the first is to stryue The second to chyde The thyrd ledenger. The fourth to curse / The fyfthe to reproche or to repreue / The sixte to menace or to threte. The seuenth dyscorde and to r\nthat other. And this is so grete a synne as the scrypture sayth that who curseth his neygbour. he is cursed of god. \u00b6And Saynt poul.Such people cannot have God's kingdom, according to Solomon. Solomon says their mouths are like a pot boiling and casting out scalding contents on all sides, burning those around him. Following the reproaches, which are even greater sin than when a man reproaches another's sins, faults, or folly, his poverty, or other defects he has within himself, he becomes angry and sins. Then come the threats and menaces, and they begin the meddling and wars. But above all the sins named, the sin of those who, by their wicked tongues, incite and stir up discord, deceit, and evil will among those who were friends, and who disturb and prevent peace and agreements, God hates greatly, as the scripture says.\n\nIt often happens that those who dare not answer or retort begin to murmur and grunt with their teeth. Therefore, after the sin of retorting, we set down the sin of murmuring. How much this....synne is grete & how god taketh vengeaunce and correction of it we shalle shewe / For god oftymes hath taken vengeaunce on suche / lyke as the holy scrypture recordeth. For. for this the erthe opened and swolowed in dathan & abyron. and they descended all quycke in to helle / And for this synne god sente a fyre from heuen that brente chore and al his felowes / that is to wete ij hon\u2223dred and xl thousand of the grettest that were in the hoost of our lord in deserte. For this synne loste the Iewes the londe of promyssyon whyche god had promysed. So that of vj.C / thousand that god had delyuerd and put out of seruage of the\nkyng of Egypt pharao. and that had nourisshed them xl yere in deserte wyth the manna of heuen / Of al them there entryd in to the holy londe of promyssyon but two persones onelye. whiche were named Caleph and Iosue. but al deyed wyth sorow in deserte. This synne hath two braunches. For so\u0304me murmure ayenst god. and somme ayenst man / The synne of murmure ayenst man is in many maners lyke as.seruau\u0304tes ayenste theyr lordes and maysters. and chamberers & wym\u2223men ayenst theyr ladyes and maystresses. chyldren ayenst fa\u2223der & moder / The poure ayenst the ryche. The vylaynes ayenst the nobles. The laye peple ayenst the clerkes & ayenst the pre\u00a6lates. And the cloysterers ayenst thabbottes. pryours and the o\non suche folke whan they wold take fro hym his seygnorye. his sapyence and his puyssaunce.\nEVyl thynge is it of murmure. but moche more euyl is it of rebellyon. Rebellyon is a vyce that cometh fro the hert. whiche is harde. froward. & dyuers / & alwaye wyl that his wylle be doon & his sentence holden / & he that wyl that o\u2223ther humble and bowe to hym. & he wyl not bowe ne enclyne to no man. This is an herte dyuers of which salamon sayth that he may not faylle of an euyl ende. & lyke as murmure is ayenst god & ayenst man / Ryght soo is suche an hert rebelle a\u2223yenst god & man / This vyce hath iiij braunches. for suche an herte is froward & rebelle to byleue counseyl. & taccomplysshe and do the.commands of God / and to suffer chastisement / and to receive doctrine. Of this vice you have heard in the chapter of pride. Blasphemy is, as Saint Augustine says, as much as it grows. Seek all the conditions in the chapter of pride written in the rubric of arrogance at the end. Now we have shown ten manners of sin of the tongue; of which the first is idle words, and the last is blasphemy. And this is what Solomon says, that the beginning of the evil tongue is folly. And the end shall be wickedness. Here follows the deadly sins and all the branches that descend from them. And know for truth that he who should well study this book might well profit and learn to know all manner of sins and to confess himself well. For none may confess his sins well if he does not know them. Now you ought to know that he who reads in this book ought to think and take heed diligently if he is culpable of any of these sins aforementioned. And if he finds himself culpable of any, he ought to.Repent and confess him diligently, and keep him from other sins in which he is not culpable. You ought also to praise and thank God humbly, and pray to Him devoutly that He will keep you by His sweet grace.\n\nGracefully dies he who has not learned to die; learn to die then, if you will live; for no man shall be able to live who has not learned to die. He is called a captive who cannot live or die. If you will live freely and surely, learn to die wisely. If you ask how it can be learned, I will tell you. You ought to know that this life is but death. For death is a departing; this every man knows. And therefore it is said of a man when he dies that he departs, and when he is dead, he has departed. This life is nothing but a departing. Indeed, it is a very short departing. For the whole life of a man, if he lived a thousand years, is not only a moment to be considered in regard to that other life which always endures. In torment or in bliss..I. Durable. This witnesses to us The kings, The dukes, The earls, The princes, and the Emperors, who at one time had the glory of this world,\n\nNow weep they in hell. Cry and howl, crunch and say, \"What thwarted us power, honor, nobility, beauty, and all riches? Soon is all this departed and failed as a shadow or smoke. And much faster fled from us than birds flying or quarrels out of a crossbow. Thus departs all this away from us. Now we were, and anon we are dead. And all our life was not a little moment. Now we are in perpetual torments. Our joy in weeping, Our carols and feasts in sorrow. Robes, hoods, feasts, dignity, games, riches, and all wealths have failed us. Such are the songs of hell, as holy write recounts,\n\nTo show to us that this life is nothing but a departing. And this death is nothing but a departing. And to live is nothing but to depart. Then the living in this world is nothing but to die. And this is true as the Our Father..For when you began to live, you began to die. And approached the death, and all your age and all your time which is passed, the death has conquered and retained. You say that you have forty years. That is not true; the death has them. He will never yield them back to you again. Therefore, the wisdom of the world is folly. And certainly, the clerks seeing, see nothing at all. Day and night you die, as I have said to thee. Yet, in another manner, I shall teach this clergy how to know well to live and well to die. Now take heed and understand, the death is nothing but the deceiving of body and soul. This knows well every man and understands. Now Cathon the wise man teaches us: Learn he says, to depart and deceive your soul and spirit from your body, like as did many of the great philosophers who so hated this life and despised the world so much..Desired to die that they slew themselves by their own agreement. But it availed them nothing. For they had not the grace nor the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ. But the holy men who love God and fear Him from three deaths have passed the twain. For they are dead as touching sins and dead as touching the world. Now abide they the last death that is the third / & that is the deception of soul and body / Between them and heaven is but a little wall. for they pass it by thought and by desire. And though the body is in this world on this side, the heart and spirit are on that other side in that other world. there where their conversation is in heaven. Like as Saint Paul says, \"Their solace is in purgatory. In purgatory you shall see more torments than any may endure / In heaven you shall see more joy and glory than any may desire. In hell shall be shown and signified to thee how God avenges deadly sin. Purgatory shall show and signify to thee how God purges deadly sin. \u00b6In heaven thou.To see virtues clearly, understand how they are rewarded and why. In these three things, be mindful and do not be disturbed or grieved. Therefore, to know and will to hate sin, forget your body once a day and go into hell living. To avoid going there at death, good men and the wise do this often. There you will see all that the heart hates: cold heat, hunger, and various torments. Wailing and weeping, so that the heart may not think or tongue devise, and all ways will endure without end. This pain is rightly called eternal death, which is always death in living and life in dying. When you see that this one deadly sin must be so dear, you would rather be quickly slain. After going to purgatory, there you shall\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in Middle English. No significant OCR errors were detected, but for the sake of clarity, I have added some modern English words where necessary to improve readability without altering the original meaning.).see the pains of souls. which have had true repentance of their sins in this world. but they were not perfectly purged. Now make they the remainder of their penance unto when they are clear and neat, like as they were at the time and hour when they were baptized. But this penance is much horrible and hard. For all the pains that women ever suffered in travail and delivery of their children, and also St. Bartholomew suffered to be flayed alive, St. Stephen to be stoned with stones, St. Lawrence and St. Vincent to be burned and roasted on burning coals. These martyrdoms and torments are not but as a bayn in cold water according to the witness of scripture, regarding the torments of purgatory. Whereas souls burn unquenchably until they are purged of all their sins. Like as gold and silver are purged and refined in the fire. Until no more is found to be purged. For this fire of purgatory is of such nature, that all that is found in the soul is of dead deed and thought that has corrupted..All sins, be they little or great, are burned and purged there. All venial sins, which we often commit like foul thoughts, idle words, lies, and all other vanities, are purged until the soul has nothing more to be purged and is so clean, pure, neat, and worthy that it may be sanctified to enter heaven. No one may enter but if he is right fine, right clean, and right clear. This fire dreads all those who keep themselves from mortal sin to the extent of their power, and who keep their bodies, their mouths, their eyes, and all their five natural senses from all sins. And since no one can live without sin, as Solomon says, \"The righteous man falls seven times in a day,\" and therefore, by holy confession, by tears, by penance, by alms, and other good deeds, every man ought to be relieved and freed from sin..And amend his life. And judge himself of his sins, to the end that he abide more surely the last judgment. Also, to learn to know evil and to flee it and all sin, great and small. And that he then be in great fear of God. Which is the beginning of all good and of good life.\n\nIt is not enough to leave all sins and all evils. But that it be learned to do good. And if we learn to acquire the virtues by which we may cast off and put away the vices and all sins without which no man may live well or rightfully. Then, if you wish to learn to live well according to virtue, learn also to die as I have before said to the deceased, to separate your spirit from your body by thought and desire. And go out of this world dying. And go into the land of living, where none shall die nor ever grow old. That is in heaven. There is learned to live well. And all wisdom and courtesy enter not. There is the glorious company of God and of the glorious Virgin His mother, Saint Mary, and angels..In this place saints abound all good things. Beauties, riches, honors, strength, light, science, franchises, virtues, wit, glory, and joy, perpetual. There is no point of hypocrisy, trickery, loseliness, discord, envy, hunger, thirst, heat, cold, evil, sorrow, or fear of enemies. But always feast and royal espousals, song and joy without end. This joy is so great that he who shall have tasted but one drop of the smallest joy that is there, he would be inflamed and so enamored of God that all the joy of this world would be to him stench and torments. And riches, dungeons, and honors but filth and vileness. The desire to come thither will make him a hundred thousand times more ardently to hate sin and to love virtues and to do well. For love is stronger than fear, and then is life fair and honest, when a person flees from all evils and sins, and enforces him to do all the good that he may, not only for fear..damaged, but for the desire of eternal glory and the love of God, and for the great cleanness that virtues have and good life, those who are led by the love of God come much more hastily and ardently to this. And it costs less than those who serve God out of fear. The hare runs, and so does the wretch; one out of fear, the other out of desire. One flees, the other pursues; the holy man runs to God like a hound. For he always keeps his eyes and his desire on heaven, where he sees the prayer he pursues. And because he forgets the goods of this world, just as the gentle hound forgets its prey, this is the way and the life to the five good and true lovers of God, to gentle hearts that so much love virtues and hate sins. If they were certain that they would not know sin, nor that God would not punish them, yet they would not deign to do or consent to sin, but all their thought and pain of their heart is to keep them clean..I have showed you how one should learn to die and lead a good and holy life. And to obtain virtues, so that a man knows clearly and evidently what is cleanliness, what is sin, what is alms, and what is virtue. One should also know well and certainly what is evil, what is sin, and what is good. And to distinguish the true good from the great good from the little. For a thing not known is neither this nor that. The world is sometimes deceived. For they give the great goods for the little, or the great for the middle. This world is like a fair one, where there are many foolish merchants and fools who buy glass for sapphires, lead for gold, and bladders for lanterns. But he is a good merchant who knows clearly the truth and the true virtue, like the Holy Ghost teaches us. And another master teaches us to know the great things from the small, the precious from the base, the sweet from the bitter.\n\nThey call the small goods the goods of fortune. Lady Fortune, however, is unpredictable. She bestows her favors on the undeserving and takes them away from the deserving. She is a capricious and fickle goddess. But he who knows the true value of things and seeks the eternal good, rather than the transient, will not be deceived by her. He will not be swayed by her whims and will not be enslaved by her charms. Instead, he will focus on the development of his soul and the attainment of eternal happiness. He will not be distracted by the fleeting pleasures of this world, but will strive to live a virtuous life and to serve God.\n\nTherefore, my dear friend, let us not be deceived by the illusions of this world, but let us seek the true and eternal good. Let us not be like the foolish merchants and fools who mistake glass for sapphires, lead for gold, and bladders for lanterns. Let us instead be like the wise and virtuous, who know the true value of things and seek the eternal good. Let us not be swayed by the capricious and fickle goddess of fortune, but let us strive to live a virtuous and godly life. May God grant us the grace to do so. Amen..\"These are the processional stones that fools have bought for rubies, sapphires, and emeralds. These are also jewels, and young children which God gives to us for solace and to draw our love to Him. And because He knows well that we are tender and give these worldly goods to our friends, but He gives them more largely to His enemies. If these were true goods, then fools would be all the saints, all the good clerks and the wise philosophers who fled from such worldly goods and despised them as dung. If these are true goods, then the holy scripture fails that calls them lies and vanities. Nets and greens of the devil, and this is as true as the Our Father. For these are the devices of the devil, by which he deceives souls in a thousand ways and binds them, takes them, and holds them. But the wise merchant, who is the wise man, whom the holy ghost calls him.\".enlightened by true knowledge. He who overalls knows and can discern what every thing is worth. Doubt him for the perils that they be in. And the more humble they make themselves when they see and consider their sins and their faults. When in sharp and narrow ways of penance they dare not go, yet for God's sake they will suffer and give, which so much suffered to save them. And would endure twenty years in this world to enrich them in heaven. They save them well but it is hard to do. For it is a more light thing to leave all the goods atonement. than to retain them and not to love them.\n\nThe mean or middle goods are the goods of nature and of doctrine. Of nature, like beauty of body, prowess, force or strength, vigor, lightness, debonairte, clear wit, and clear engine for finding. Good memory for retaining well. And good wisdom for singing well. All these goods aforementioned nature brings in the nativity or birth of a person. Doctrine, clergy, and all other goods are obtained by.\"Study or become accustomed to good virtues, manners, and other virtues. But these are not yet truly rightful. For many a philosopher and great clerks, kings, emperors, and other lords who had many of these goods have been damned in hell. Also, our lord has given these goods to his enemies as well as to his friends. To Saracens, Jews, false Christians, just as he has to good men. Furthermore, this is not truly good if it fails at need and can be lost, even if thieves do not take them and rob them. The true goods always aid and never grieve, but certainly such goods and such graces have often harmed and grieved those who have them if they do not use them according to God. For some exalt themselves and despise the others to whom God has given such graces and such goods as I have.\".Before saying and naming [it], if they use it not well and justly according to God, they shall be in greater torment in hell and strictly they must account and yield a reckoning at the day of judgment for what they have done. And without standing they have received goods that God has lent to them for multiplying and increasing.\n\nNow I have briefly shown the little good and the mean good. Now I will show to you what is the true, rightful, and perfect good. This is he who has the good with right and understanding. For without this, there was never any good with right. This good is called the grace of God and virtue and charity. Grace is called such because it gives life and health to the soul; for without that, the soul is dead. Likewise, the body is dead without the soul, so is the soul dead without the grace of God. It is called virtue because it adorns the soul with good works and good manners. It is called charity because it joins the soul to God..Do everything as if with God. Charity is nothing else but a dear unity/That is the perfection and the benefit to which we ought to attend. Many were deceived, the ancient philosophers, who so carefully disputed and inquired who was the sovereign good in this life. And never could they find or know it/For some set their study and their wit in the delights of the body, others in riches, others in honesty/But the great philosopher Saint Paul, who was rapt up to the third heaven and passes all other philosophers, teaches us by many reasons that the sovereign good in this life and that the queen of virtues is to love God and to have true charity in himself/For without this good, none of the other goods rightly exist/And he who has this good of charity has all other goods/& when all other goods shall fail, this good shall not fail. Above all the great goods that are, charity is lady/Then the greatest good that is under heaven is..Charity. After causing you to will and desire this good, which rightly is called virtue, and desiring to love it most above all other goods, I will yet show you its value. It is customary to distinguish three kinds of goods in the world: honorable goods, delightful goods, and profitable goods. There are no other goods, real or good or fair, but these three kinds, and you see this openly in the world. For no one desires or loves anything except that he believes it to be honorable or delightful or profitable. \u00b6The proud seeks honorable things. The covetous seeks profitable things. The delightful seeks delightful things. And when they seek these things in vain, every man ought to know that virtue, which is the source of good honorable virtues, is: beauty, wit, prowess, power, frankness, and nobleness..Beauty comes and fades, a plant of vanity. Beauty is much loved, for it is something honorable. Yet beauty, which the eyes and body see and love, is false and vain. It is false because he or she is nothing fair, but our eyes are vain and weak, seeing nothing but the skin without. Who could see as clearly as a beast called a lynx, which sees through a wall, should see.\n\nWisdom and learning are much honored and praised. But if you wish to be wise, truly and learn genuine wisdom, have true good - that is grace and virtues. That is the true wisdom that enlightens the heart of a man, like the sun enlightens all the world. This wisdom surpasses and exceeds all the wisdom of the world. Like the sun surpasses the brightness of the moon, for the wisdom of the world is folly. Like the scripture says, and childhood and foolishness. Folly is in them that so..They much loved the world and its beauty, unable to distinguish day from night, or judge between great and small, or precious and vile. They believed the moon to be the sun, for they regarded the world's honor as true glory, and a small apple as a great mountain. They believed the world to be a great thing, but in heaven's regard, it is but poverty. They believed a glass to be a sapphire, and their strength and power to be great. However, this childish wisdom of the world makes them wise, as they prioritize and ease the body, living as children who seek nothing but their own will. Reason is dead in such people, and they live as beasts, for their intellect is entirely torn and corrupt, like the taste and savor of a sick man or a woman heavily pregnant. They find more savor and appetite in a sour apple than in.bread made of wheat. And they may not believe that there is more joy and delight in loving God and serving and honoring Him, than in doing the will of their carnal bodies. For they cannot truly judge between sweet and bitter. I also say that the wit of the world is folly in those who are so subtle in finding malice for gain and deceive others, whether by strength, pleasure, or flattery. And they think and study only to advance and enhance themselves and to harm others. This wit, as St. James says, is the wit of the devil. Which always pays the price of doing harm to others. But the true wit that the Holy Ghost signifies and teaches to the friends of our Lord is in knowing without misprising what every thing is worth. He shows that the world is vain in being foul in valor, in loving it and savoring it. The riches are vile and transitory. And the delights are bitter. After he gives feeling that the.Love of God and virtues is a very precious and sweet thing. It is precious because it fills the heart, nourishes and sustains it. It is sweet because it is the manna that makes all things sweet. Labor, sorrow, weeping, shame, tribulations, adversities, martyrdoms, and all things that one may think to love, make it taste like sugar.\n\nAfter I say that virtues and charity give true proof, then there is no true proof but in the knights of God whom the holy ghost dubs and arms with virtues and charity. In prowess there are three parties: Hardiness, Strength, and Stedfastness. There is no one noble by right if he does not have these three things: but if he is hardy, prudent, and enterprising of great things, and strong and steadfast to pursue them. But without wit and without pursuit, nothing avails.\n\nAs the book of the art of chivalry says, \"Error without battle.\".For it is not amendable. Folly is where little profit lies, great expense and great pain and peril. These are the enterprises of those called wise and hardy in this world, who put their bodies and souls in sin in peril and pain to gain a little loss and praise, which is vain and of little endurance. But virtue makes a man of great heart and wise enterprise. When she makes a man who is nothing but earth so hardy, that he dares to enterprise to conquer the kingdom of heaven and to vanquish all the devils of hell that are so strong.\n\nThis enterprise is good and highly profitable / For there is little peril and little pain, but there is glory, honor, and inestimable and perpetual profit. Whoever has no virtue has no great heart. But he is like him who is afraid of nothing. Such are they who doubt the evils, adversities, perils, and trials of the world, and have fear..They have no great heart that give it away for nothing. Like those who give their hearts for the goods of fortune, which in truth are nothing but filth and ordure to the regard of the goods and glory that is perdurable. Then such people are like a child. who loves better an apple or a mirror than a kingdom. But virtue gives a great heart truly. For virtue makes them conquer heaven. despise the world and bear great deeds of penance. And to support and gladly suffer all the evils of the world and to endure them for God's sake, and also to withstand and resist all the assaults of the devil, Like the wise and prudent Seneca says, weeping, misfortunes, sorrows, troubles, harms, shames, perils, and all that evil fortune may bring. And do [have] no more power against virtue than one drop of water should have in the sea. Virtue makes a man hardy as a lion, strong as an elephant, firm..And durable as the sun, which always runs and is never weary. Then there is no prowess or strength but in virtues. Thus, there is no true lordship but in virtues. A great lord is he who knows all the world. Such a lord gives to a man such virtues and grace. For he sets a man in his right estate, in which he was first set and made. The man was made in such honor and in such lordship that he was lord over all creatures that were under him. To whom all things obeyed. And to whom nothing could displease or grieve. And this is the right estate for the man and for his lordship. But he lost this lordship through sin. And could not recover it again but by virtue. But virtue sets a man on high. And sets the world under his feet. And makes him to converse in heaven. Virtue makes a man, by good right, greater lord of the world than the king is of his realm. For of the goods of the world he has as much as his heart desires. He has his usage and his sustenance. And as much as.He may have more sufficiency and more satisfactorily than the king has in his realm. For all that he has, good and evil, is his. Therefore, of all that he does, he profits and praises God and thanks and loves him more, and doubts and serves. In this, he sees and knows that every creature is made to serve him. There is also another great lordship, without which there is none rightfully a lord. For he is emperor and lord of himself. That is, of his body and of his heart. Which he justifies and holds in good peace and does his will. For his heart is so joined to God's will that of all that God does, he thanks him. And it pleases him well. This is the lordship that virtue gives to him who has it. Of this speaks Seneca and says that greater honor is given to God when thou art lord and emperor of thyself than a king has, having lords, cities, castles..A man who does not possess this seignory is not a lord of his heart. For it often torments through wrath, malice, covetousness, or desire, preventing him from accomplishing that which he wishes. After this, I say that there is no true fruitfulness if one does not have grace and virtue. To know what true fruitfulness is in a man and a woman by right, one must understand that a man has three kinds of fruitfulness: one of nature, another of grace, and the third of glory. The first is free will, by which a man may choose and do good or evil freely. This fruitfulness holds every godly man so firmly that no man can do it wrong, nor can all the demons of hell enforce a man against his will to commit a sin without his accord and consent. For if a man did evil against his will, he would have no sin, as St. Augustine says. \"This freedom and fruitfulness belongs to every man,\" but this freedom is not in children..A man is not in wood or a fool because they lack the use of reason, by which they can choose the good from the evil. A man sets aside this frailty in great part when he sins mortally. For he sells himself to the devil for the delight of his sin and becomes his servant, so that he cannot cast himself out or turn from his will. For he has deserved the death of hell if God's grace does not help him. The second frailty is such that the wise man possesses in this world, whom God has freed by grace and virtues from the service of the devil and from sin. They are not bound to gold or silver, nor to temporal goods of this world, nor to their bodies, which are corruptible, nor to the goods of fortune, which death may soon take away. But they have lifted up their hearts and given themselves to God. Therefore they praise nothing in the world, neither goods nor honors, nor vanities, nor king, nor duke, nor power..They feel no shame. They have been given over to the world and have had their hearts so deceived and taken away from the love of the world that they desire death. This is like the worker his payment for his journey or days' labor, and the laborer his hire. It is also like those in the torment and fortunes of the sea, who desire to come to port salvation. And like the prisoner, who desires good delivery. And like the pilgrim, who desires to return to his country. If they are perfectly free in this world, like a creature may be, then they fear nothing but God and are in great peace of heart. For they have their hearts in God and are in heaven by desire. This frailty comes from grace and virtue. But all this frailty is but service to the regard of the third. They have that frailty who have been in glory, for they are truly delivered from all perils and torments, from fear of death and of death, from the greens and emptinesses of..The world is from mystery, poverty, and all pain of heart and body without returning. Of this thing, none is free in this world, how perfect that he be. Whoever shall have the second fruit of which I have spoken shall come to great nobility. True nobility comes from a gentle heart. No heart is gentle unless he loves God. There is no nobility but to serve and love God and to keep Him from all sins and from the servitude of the devil. There is no villainy but to anger God by sin. There is no man rightly gentle or noble of the nobleness of his body. For as concerning the body, we are all sons of one mother. That is of the earth and of the filth from which we have all taken flesh and blood. Of this part, there is none gentle or free. But our sweet father Jesus Christ, who is king of heaven, formed the body of the earth and created the soul to His image and likeness, and all in the same way as it is of the carnal father. That is much glad and joyous when his son\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English. I have made some corrections based on context and grammar rules, but I have tried to remain faithful to the original content.).Resembles Him; just as our Father Jesus Christ does. According to the holy scripture and His messengers, He teaches us to strive to resemble Him. Therefore, He sent His blessed Son Jesus Christ to us as an exemplary model, by which we may be reformed to His image and likeness, like those who dwell in the high city of heaven - the angels and saints - where each one is of so much more height and nobility. As He bears this fair image more properly, and therefore, the holy men in this world strive to know God and love Him with all their heart, and purge and cleanse themselves and keep themselves from all sins. The purer and cleaner the heart of a creature is without sin, the more clearly and more evidently it sees the precious face of Jesus Christ, and the more ardently it loves Him, and the more properly it resembles Him, and the greater is its glory. This is the.A very nobleman that God has given us, and therefore says Saint John the apostle and evangelist rightly, that then we shall be the sons of God, and we shall resemble Him properly. What we shall see Him evidently like as He is, this will be in His glory. When we shall be in heaven. For no man sees so discovered nor so clearly the beauty of God, like as Saint Paul says, but then we shall see Him face to face properly and clearly when we shall be in glory in His joyous company. The true nobility of a man then begins with grace and virtues, and that is perfect glory. This nobility makes the Holy Ghost in the hearts that He purges and perfects in truth and in perfect charity. These are the greatest goods that God has done to angels, as Saint Denis says, by which they resemble their Maker. Thus works the Holy Ghost by grace and virtue in the hearts of good men, by which they are reformed to His image and to the likeness of their Maker, Jesus Christ, as much as it is possible..In this mortal life, those who raise themselves up in God and embrace Him with the love of God, and direct their intention, will, and memory towards Him, join and unite their hearts with His. They desire nothing but what God wills, for there is but one will between them and God. He then has their image and the semblance of God as much as can be had in this world. This is the greatest nobility and highest gentility to which one may attain or aspire.\n\nHow far removed from this nobility and this gentility are those who make themselves noble and clever in this way! Of this poor nobility that they derive from their mother Earth, which nourishes hogs as well as emperors and kings, they disdain their gentility. They believe they are of a more noble lineage than others. And of this..\"Kings and paragons acknowledged and recounted him well, but that other side and that other nobility observed nothing at all. Of which comes the true nobility and gentle paragon. They should observe and take heed of their true example, Ihesu Christ, who loved and honored his mother more than any other man. And yet, when one said to Ihesu Christ, \"Sir, your mother and your cousins stand outside to see you,\" he answered them and said, \"And who is my mother and who is my father and cousins? Whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my brother, my father. My sister and my mother. For this is the noble side and the gentle kinship, by which comes and grows true glory. And of that other grows vain nobility and pride.\n\nI have sufficiently shown this to you, that there are no goods honorable by right but virtues and charity. This is the fair love of God, for there is no other good profitable without this virtue of charity. This bears witness.\".If I had as much knowledge as I could know all clergy and languages, spoke as well as men or angels, knew all scriptures and God's councils, and delivered my body to martyrdom, gave all I had to help people, and performed miracles causing mountains to leap from one place to another, yet lacked the virtue of charity, all these things would not avail me. Now consider and take heed that Saint Paul, whom we ought to believe, has listed the greatest things and most profitable ones that one can do. These are penances of the body: to suffer martyrdom, to aid the poor, to convert sinners, and to have knowledge of languages. And the apostle says that these things do not avail without charity. If such and so great goods do not avail, how could less good avail? Consider this proverb commonly said: \"As much is a man worth as his land is of value.\" This is as true..True as the Our Father, who ever stands under [it]. A man is of no value, or more or less. And this is certainly the case that he who has love and the charity of God is most valuable. And he who has the most is worth the most, and he who has the least is worth the least, and he who has nothing is worth nothing. For well that a man has temporal goods, like gold or silver or other riches, or spiritual goods or natural ones, like art, engineering science, clergy, strength, prowess, or other goods. How shall I say that they profit? For they are mostly more cruelly damned because they do not use the goods that God has lent to them to multiply and to win, than are those who have nothing.\n\nAlso, if he does bodily works, like laborers, minstrels, and other workers. Or if he does spiritual works, like fasting, watching, clothing the poor, and so on. If this is without charity, it profits him nothing. But he who has virtue and charity..Parfit charity, of all that God sends him in this world, he makes his profit, and with all conquers grace and glory. Charity is good and sure merchandise. For it wins and never fails; she buys all the good wares and makes all her own. And she always has her penny in hand. This is the love of the heart which is the penny / with which she buys all the goods of the world. And it remains always in the alms. The love of charity has sales in all places. Charity wins in all quarrels and has victory in all battles. She does so much that it is as much worth her to give a penny as another a hundred pounds. And also charity does so much that it avails one as much to fast one day as another all the lent. And to say one Pater Noster as another to say a psalter. And this is for no other reason but because as much is a man worth as his land is in value, and so much are his works worth. For as much as a man has true love in God..Wynneth more every day. The love that a man has for God is the poise and weight of St. Michael. For no other thing may not weigh, when one takes every day his wages. But the love and charity. And therefore I say that there is no good profitable, properly to speak but fair love and charity.\n\nIn like wise as God made man of body and soul. Right so hath he given two manner of delightful goods to draw his heart to him. And in whom is all the true delight / The sum delightful goods come without and by the five wits of the body / by seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. These five wits are also as five conduits / by which the delightful goods of the world enter into the heart to delight him and draw to the true delights which are in God to serve love and honor him. For all the delight of this world that the five wits have / been not but a drop of dew to the regard of the fountain. That is Ihesu Christ / But of the great sea of these goods, the great sea descends..The dew drop, when it appears like a precious stone to one. But when one attempts to take it, it falls to the ground and becomes nothing. Such are the delights of the five bodily senses. When one thinks or imagines or wishes or desires them, they appear precious. But when a man has and holds them, they are lost and become trifles and dreams. Consider the delight of the last year and of your nightly dream. You will see that all is one. They pass and come again, and in no way can they fulfill a man's heart. And if in a drop there is as much sweetness that it is the sweetness of all the fountain, then that is a delectable good. And therefore, the wise and holy men in all that they saw in this world, tasted of the delightful goods of the world, and most desired the love of Him. And the more they saw the drops' sweetness, the more they desired to come to the celestial fountain. And it is well known that.The more one forgets the drop, the more he loves the fountain. And the reverse: The more one loves the drop, the more he hates the fountain and forgets it. And the more the sweetness of the world delights a creature that so much desires it, the less he has of the sweetness of God. Therefore, good men take the least of the sweetness of the world as much as they can and will not use the fleshly delights or the deductions that come from the five bodily senses. A good Lord, God, how much they are fools. And more than beasts. Those who know well that the body of a man is the most foul thing that can be and that the soul of a man is the most noble, precious, and noble creature that can be. Therefore, they should not think that the goods that come from the body are more delightful and sweet than those of the spirit, which are true, pure, and enduring, and can fill and replenish the heart. Such goods gives God to a man in this world..When he gives to him peace of heart and victory against his sins and against the enemies of hell. And gives to him glory of conscience and an appeasable heart,\nwhen he replenishes or saturates the heart with love and spiritual joy,\nof such joy or such delight, no semblance or comparison may be found.\nIn the joys of the world, or but drops to the regard of the fountain of sweetness which is Jesus Christ. This is the fountain of sweetness of which our Lord speaks in the gospel. Whoever shall drink of the water that I shall give him, he shall become a living fountain. Which shall make him leap into the life everlasting.\nThis is the fountain of joy of sweetness and of charity. Which may fill and replenish the heart. And none other thing whatsoever may fill it.\nOf this fountain has tasted David the prophet, who says in his Psalter: \"O Lord God, how great is the multitude of thy great sweetness, which thou keepest for thy servants, and departest to thy friends.\" And certain who..Had one truly tasted and savored this sweetness that God has given to His friends, he should despise all the delights and all the joys of this world and should choose and retain the spiritual joy. And he should act like those who sift the meal and separate the flour from the chaff, and like those who make oil, who take the clear pure fat and leave the gross matter. For the joy of the heart that comes from God to love, to serve and honor Him, which is perfect joy, is like the proverb says. That none has perfect joy if it does not come from love. And therefore this joy is called oil in holy scripture. Like our Lord says through the prophet, \"I shall give them the oil of joy for weeping.\" This is the joy of the pure heart for weeping of penance. Of this oil are anointed those whom God has made kings and lords of the world, and then a man is perfected as a Christian when he is anointed with holy chrism. For from chrism is said Christ, and of Christ is said Christian..Of one anointed with Christ's oil, who is this? He that lives in joy and love of God. He dwells in God, and God in him, as the apostle says. This is the life of a Christian, one who speaks truthfully. This is the life of a man. It is a good life and blessed, which all Christian men ought to seek and desire to obtain the eternal life. You know well that he is not in life but in weakness, which always lives in pain, in thought and anguish. This is not a thing. Now weep, and then laugh. Now there is ease. Now he is at peace. Now in joy. Now in sorrow. Whoever wishes to lead a good life and live justly without sin, seek him who has the true good. Then he shall have an honorable, delightful, and profitable life. And then he shall live as a reasonable man, that is, holy, orderly, wise, joyful, and merry, without anger and error, and joyful without sorrow. This life has one source by grace and virtue..None otherwise / Now I have shown to the general audience before the dignity and value of the virtue of charity. And therefore one ought to acquire it. For great profit comes from having it. as joy, honor, and glory everlasting. But because men do not know the thing so well in general as they do in particular, therefore is my intention to speak of virtues in particular. In such a manner that every one who will study in this book may order his life by virtue and by good works. For otherwise little would avail knowing the good if he does not. For like as says St. James the apostle, he who knows the good and does not do it / he sins and transgresses / he is a fool who knows the right way and earnestly goes out of it. The holy scripture says thus. The wise man or woman has a fair garden full of verdure and fair trees and of good fruits, of which God says in the book of love to the holy soul. My sister, my friend, you are a garden enclosed of two closures. That is of the grace of God and of angels..This garden was planted by the great gardener, that is, God the Father, when He softened and made sweet and pleasant the human creature. He made it good earth well cultivated and worthy that good fruits should be planted in it. These fruits are the virtues which the Holy Ghost bestows with His grace. The blessed Son of God, who is the true Son, makes them grow tall and prosper through the virtue of His clarity. These three things are necessary for all things that grow in the earth: earth capable of producing, nourishing humour, and reasonable heat. Without these three things, spiritually, the virtues may not grow nor bear fruit. These things make the grace of the Holy Ghost in the heart of the person grow green, flourish, and bear fruit. They make Him a delightful garden full of good and precious trees. In the same way, God planted in the terrestrial paradise an abundance of good trees..And in the middle, he planted a tree, called the tree of life. Its fruit had strength and power to keep alive those who ate of it without decay or sickness. Spiritually, it resides in the heart of a person. The great gardener, God the Father, planted the trees of virtues, and in the middle, he set the tree of life, which is Jesus Christ. He says in the Gospel, \"Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life.\" This tree nourishes and embellishes all that is in paradise through its power. In this tree is all good, as much as there is. This tree is to be praised and loved for many reasons. For the root, for the fruit, for the stock, for the flower, for the fragrance, for the leaves, and for his fair shade. The root of this tree is the great love and the outragious charity..Of God the Father, because of whom He loved so much, He gave His right blessed Son and delivered Him to death and to torment. The prophet speaks of this matter and says, \"A rod shall come forth from the stem of Jesse; this word is as much to say as 'embracer of love.' The stock of this precious tree is the precious flesh of Jesus Christ. The heart of this tree, which was the holy soul in which dwelt the precious root of the wisdom of God. The bark of the tree was the fair conversation without. The droppings of this tree and the body were three precious things and of great virtue, which issued and dropped out of the precious members of Jesus Christ: the water, the tears, the sweet and the blood. The leaves of this tree were the precious and holy words of Jesus Christ, which healed all maladies. The flowers were the holy thoughts of Jesus Christ, which were fair, honest, and fruit-bearing. The fruit were the twelve apostles, who fed [the people]..All the world nourished it with their holy doctrine. By their examples. By their good works. And with their benefits. The branch of this tree in one sense was all the chosen that ever were, and that are, and that shall be. For like as our Savior Jesus Christ said to his apostles, I am the vine, and you are the branches. In another sense, his branches were his fair virtues and glorious examples, which he showed by work and taught with his mouth. These were the perfect virtues, full of true beauty and blessedness, which Jesus Christ showed to his pure friends, the twelve apostles. Whom he led into the mountain, and there he sat, as the gospel says. And his disciples were about him. Then the debonair Jesus opened his mouth and said, \"Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness.\".And thirst for justice, for they shall be fully fed. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall find mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the sons of God. These are the seven branches of life of the blessed Son of God, Jesus Christ. In the shadow of this tree, fine and good heart should dwell, and see and behold these fair branches which bear the fruit of life everlasting. In these branches and in these seven words is enclosed all happiness, all perfection of grace, virtue, and blessedness, as much as may be had in this world, and to have and attain in that other. For these are seven rules of holy life which Jesus Christ taught to his children. This is the true philosophy that the master of angels ensigned to his disciples. In these words is enclosed all the sum of true perfection of the new law of love and sweetness. And it is well said new. For it may well grow old, like as it did..The old law for the Jews is made new again by these said words. It is a new and distinct law, for it binds while the other binds and this releases. The other grants life and is more blessed in that other. You have heard what the tree of life is, which is in the midst of paradise, planted in the holy soul in the shadow of this tree grows and produces fruit. The tree of virtues, which God the Father, the great gardener, planted in this garden, and watered with the fountain of grace, making it grow, produce, and remain in virtue and life. This fountain is divided into seven rivers. These are the seven gifts of the holy ghost, which irrigate and water the entire garden. Behold the great mystery of God, who came into this world to seek and save that..whyche was loste. by cause that he knewe wel our po\u2223uerte and our feblenesse. by whych we may falle in to synne But by our self we may not relyeue vs ne yssue out of synne ne gete vertue ne do none other good / but yf it be by the grace of god / or that it come of hys yefte. and therfore he cesseth not to excyte vs that we praye and requyre hym of these yeftes. And promyseth moche to vs / that yf we requyre & demaunde hym ony thynge that is good for vs / and that it be ryghtfull we shal haue it. And yet the debonayr Ihesus dooth vnto vs more of his curtosye. For he is our aduocate that formeth for vs our requeste and our petycyon. For we haue not the wytte yf he formed it not to vs. \u00b6 The petycion. the requeste or oryson that the swete Ihesus enformed and taughte vs wyth his blessyd mouth / is moche fayr. moche good / and but shorte by cause we shold reteyne it wel / That is the pater nos\u2223ter. wherin been vij petycyons and requestys. by the whyche we requyre our good fader Ihesu Cryst. that he gyue vs the vij.When a little child is set to school, at the beginning he learns the Pater Noster, and with its help, the petitions of the Holy Ghost, which are contained in it. After I intend to speak of the gifts of the Holy Ghost, then of the seven virtues, and against the seven deadly sins. The seven petitions and requests are like seven fair maidens who never cease to draw living waters from seven rivers to water and awaken these seven trees that bear the fruit of eternal life.\n\nWhen a little child is beginning his education, he learns the Pater Noster..Whoever wants to learn about this clergy and understand it must be little and humble, like a child. Our good master Jesus Christ teaches his scholars this clergy, which is the most profitable and the most fair. Whoever truly knows this doctrine understands and retains it.\n\nFor those who think they understand it, nothing is known about it by the bark or rind without further study. That is the letter, which is good. He shall give to all their requests and demands.\n\nFor Saint Bernard says that the orison (prayer) that begins in the right name of God the Father gives us hope to implore and obtain all our prayers and requests. This sweet word \"Father,\" which makes all the remainder sweet, shows us what we ought to believe and what we ought to do. And these two things save a man when he believes well and does what he ought to do..When you call him Father, you know that he is the lord of the house, of heaven and earth. He is captain and beginning, and foundation from whom all creatures and all goods come. Thus you know this about him: his power and might. After I say this because he is a Father, he is an ordainer, governor, and provider for his household, and especially for his children, those whom he himself has created, made, and formed to his likeness. In this you know his wisdom. And yet also see that he is a Father by nature and right. He loves those whom he has made. As the Book of Wisdom says. And he is kind and loves and nourishes his children, and does their profit better than they can devise. And he beats and chastises them when they misbehave for their profit, as a good Father. And gladly he receives them into mercy and pardon when they have strayed and return to him with great repentance. By this we know his bounty and his greatness..\"debonairtee Now I have shown you this word. When you say father, his priesthood, his wisdom, his kindness and debonairness / On the other hand, you remember yourself. Your nobility, your beauty, and your riches. Of greater nobility you cannot be son to, nor to such a great king, nor to such a mighty or powerful emperor as God. For greater riches you cannot have than to inherit all that he has. Greater beauty you cannot have than to resemble him rightly. This beauty is so great that it surpasses the beauty of man and angels. Then this word \"father\" reminds you that you are his son, because you strive to resemble him as a good son should, in all good virtues and in all good works. That is, you be wise and noble, vigorous, strong, and powerful to do well, to keep yourself from all sins, and strongly resist against the temptations of the\".And thou be wise and virtuous. large, courteous, sweet and debonair, clean without vices and without sin, like thy father our Lord Jesus Christ. And that thou hate sin and filth and all evil, as does thy good father Jesus Christ, so that thou forsake him not. This word then, father, remember the times that thou sayest it. If thou art his good and true son, thou oughtest to resemble him by nature, by commandment, and by right. For thou owest to him love, honor, reverence, and fear, service and obedience. Now think when thou sayest thy Pater Noster, that thou be to him a good son and true, if thou wilt that he be to thee a good father and debonair. It is said to a knight. Think who thy son thou art, for to give him the greater courage when he enters into the tournament. Here see thou how this first word when thou sayest \"father,\" how sweet it is, and how it admonishes thee to be valiant and noble, and teaches thee what thou shouldst be..Demand I why you say \"our father\" and you say not \"my father.\" And to whom you accompany when you say \"give to us and not to me,\" none ought to say \"our father,\" but he who is his son by nature without beginning and without ending. That is the blessed son of God, Jesus Christ. But we are not his sons by nature. But as much as we are made to his image and to his likeness, so are the Saracens and the Jews. We are his sons by grace and adoption. Adoption is a word of law, for the law of the Emperors. When a high man has no children, he may choose the son of a poor man if he will, and make him his son and his heir if he will by adoption. This is by adultery. And by that he shall be his heir and his heirloom.\n\nThis grace has given to us the son of God the Father without our merit. Likewise, when he made us come to baptism, where we were poor and naked, and all sons of wrath and of hell..Then we say \"our Father,\" and we say \"give us,\" we accompany ourselves with all our brethren by adoption. These are sons of the holy church by the faith they received in baptism. Now we show by this word our. the generosity and courtesy of God our Father. He gives more gladly and freely to many than to one. As St. Gregory says, the common prayer is much worth and profitable. In like manner, the candle is more effectively employed and profitable when it serves and lights many men than when it serves and lights but one man alone. This word \"Father our\" admonishes us to render thanks with all our hearts for the grace which God has bestowed upon us. By which we are His sons and heirs. And much more ardently we ought to love our brother and Father Jesus Christ, who has accompanied us with Him to this grace.\n\nThis word \"our\" admonishes us to keep in our hearts the Holy Ghost, who is our witness of this adoption.\n\nAnd like as He, who is the Father of mercies, is bountiful and kind to us, so we ought to be the same to our brethren and to all men, and to pray and beseech Him that He would make us partakers of His mercy, and enable us to do good works, and grant us the grace to grow in holiness, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen..\"were a gauge or wedge. This says the apostle Saint Paul. By whom we are sure that we shall have the inheritance of our father our Lord Jesus Christ. That is the glory of our father in heaven. \u00b6This word \"father\" teaches us and says that we are all brothers, both great and small, poor and rich, high and low. That is, of one father and one mother / That is, of God and of holy church. And no man ought to despise or disrespect another, but to love him as his own brother. And one ought to aid and help another, like the members of one body / \u00b6And also we ought to pray for one another, as the blessed apostle Saint James says, and in this our profit is great. For when you say your prayer in common, you have a part in the commonality of holy church. \u00b6And for one Our Father that you say, you win more than a hundred thousand. \u00b6This word \"ours\" teaches us to hate three things in particular. Pride. Hate. and avarice / Pride puts a man out of.\".company when he will be above all other people. Hate puts him out of company. For when he hates and wars with one, he wars with all the others. Therefore such people have no part nor company in the Lord's Prayer. This word \"our,\" shows that God is ours, if it is not in our default, if we will. The Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. That is, if we keep his commandments as the gospel says.\n\nWhen I say \"who art in heaven,\" I say two things. I say that he is, and that he is in heaven. It is found in holy scripture in two books of the law that God appeared to Moses the prophet on a mountain and said to him, \"Go thou into Egypt and say to Pharaoh on my behalf that he deliver my people.\".Children of Israel, from where you are in servitude. Wherein He holds them, Syrians asked Moses, \"If it is demanded of me, what shall I say? I am that I am,\" said God. Thus shall you say to the Children of Israel, \"He who sends me to you.\"\n\nThe holy and good clerks said among all the high names of our Lord, this name is the first and most proper. And it most clearly teaches us what God is. For all His other names either speak of His bounty or of His excellence or of His wisdom or of His power or that He is such and such. The right good, the right wise, the right fair, and the right powerful, and many other words have been said of Him to His praise and glory. We, who are crude and unrefined in speaking of such a lofty thing, speak of God as one speaks and deals with a man whom he does not know well. Thus, as it is said, He is a king, He is a duke, He is an earl, He is so great, He is so fair, He is so rich..I. Is so large. And many of such properties and accidents. How and by what manner one may know what he is, and what manner of man, but he says not his proper name rightly, \u00b6 But thus, as we speak of God, we find many fair and sweet words. Which show unto us something of him, \u00b6 But there is no word so proper, as this same word following, qui est. which so properly is shown to us and so subtly. In as much as our understanding can stretch and comprehend, \u00b6 For our blessed Lord Jesus Christ is he. Who is only.\n\nLike as Job says, he is only. For to say truly, for he is only enduring without beginning and without ending, \u00b6 But this may not be said of none other thing. After he is very truth. For he is way and truth. All things created, that are creatures, are vanity and emptiness, as Solomon says, and are nothing to the regard of him, \u00b6 And to nothing shall they come from whence they came if he sustains them not and keeps them by his virtue. Yet also he is only establishment and foundation..Steadfastness. For he is always himself, and in one point without trouble, without changing himself in any manner. This says Saint James. All other things are more changeable in some manner of their nature. Therefore, he is properly called the unchangeable one. For he is truly without vanity, established without beginning, without end. He was, and he shall be. For in him there is no departing. Now you should understand here that he is God, and that there is nothing that may be better known than this.\n\nFather, who art in heaven,\nTruth it is that he is omnipresent.\nIn earth, in heaven, in sea, and in hell,\nLike as he is in heaven,\nBut it is said that he is in heaven,\nBecause he is more seen there,\nMore known,\nMore beloved,\n& more honored.\n\nAfter I say that the debonair Jesus is in person..Spiritual and devoted are those in the pure and holy hearts, who are cleansed and purged from all sin, such as heaven. In such hearts, He is seen, known, honored, and loved. Now you have heard these four words: \"Pater noster qui est in caelis.\" The first word summons you to honor God. The second to love God. The third to revere God. For He is always just and immutable, our Father. The fourth word summons you to engage yourself with Him and to encourage and strengthen yourself.\n\nNow you have heard the prologue of the holy Our Father, which is like an entrance into a town. A Lord God, who could well sing this song, would find many sweet notes in it. For it is certain that in the prayer and song spiritual, which the wisdom of God made, He who taught the birds to sing, has many subtle and sweet notes and words in His holy song and prayer of the Our Father. How well it contains little letter. In this song and excellent orisons, there are seven notes, which are:.The seven petitions and requests of the Holy Father Our Father. Which obtain and implore the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost, which put away and destroy the seven deadly sins, the capital vices of the heart. These are the seven deadly sins: Pride, Envy, Wrath, Sloth, Avarice, Gluttony, and Lust. And they plant and nourish the seven virtues. By which one may come to the seven blessings. Of these seven petitions and requests, the first three make a man holy as much as he can be in this world. The four following make him perfectly just. All the holiness of a man that is conformed to the image of the Holy Trinity is accomplished in three things that are in the soul: memory, understanding, and will. In this, the soul is perfectly purged, and the will perfectly enlightened, and understanding perfectly confirmed in God, and with God in the memory. The more the soul receives of God these three things, the more abundantly and properly she approaches his right beauty, that is, to the likeness of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost..This is what the text says: \"ghost. That is when God the Father confirms to him his memory. God the Son enlightens to him his understanding. God the holy ghost purges in him his will. These three gifts we require in the first three petitions of the holy father our Lord. When we say \"Sanctificetur nomen,\" we show to our good father curtly our principal desire. Which we ought always to have. That is, that his glorious name be sanctified and confirmed in us. Then, when we say \"Sanctificetur nomen tuum,\" we show to our good father Jesus curtly our desire, that is, \"Sir, this is our sovereign desire.\" This we require above all things, that thy blessed name be sanctified in us, that is, thy good reputation, thy knowledge. Thy faith be confirmed in us. In this first petition we require the first and principal gift of the holy ghost, that is, the gift of wisdom which makes steadfast and confirms the heart in God. And joins him so to him that he may not be desired nor deceived. Wisdom is said of savour and taste.\".For when a man receives this gift, he tastes and savors it, and feels the sweetness of God, like the sweetness of good wine tasted is better than seen. But for those who understand better what it means to say, Your name be sanctified. You ought to know that this word, Sanctified, is as much to say as pure, as gold, as earth dyed in blood, as confirmed. In these five ways is the holy ghost of wisdom sanctified in the heart of a man. First, he cleanses and purges, like fire purges and takes away from the earth, that is, from all carnal affections. And makes all that which he was accustomed to love loathsome to him, like water is hated to him who is lecherous to the good wine. Afterward, he consecrates himself to the service of God. For he leaves all charges and puts himself to think on God and to love, serve, and honor Him, like the church and the monastery is consecrated to the service of God. So,.He ought to do nothing but serve and honor God. After he dies in blood for himself, he puts himself in such a strong and ardent love and in such a sweet love of Jesus Christ and of devotion. When he thinks of him and his passion, he is as if drunk from the precious blood that Jesus Christ shed for him in his holy passion, like a sop in wine. This is a new baptism. To die and to be baptized is all one. After he confirms himself in God so strongly that nothing may dissuade or desire him, now then you may say this word. That is, give us the gift of wisdom by which we may be refined as gold and silver in the furnaces, and cleansed from all orders of sin. By which we are drunk with his love, and all other loves are bitter to us, by which we are so given to him and to your service that we never reject any other charge. To the end that we be not..Only one remains penitent for all sins, baptized anew and renewed in the precious blood of Jesus Christ through devout love. May the blessed name of our good father Jesus Christ be confirmed in us, making him our good father, and we his obedient sons and servants, following all his commandments in such a way that nothing whatsoever may hinder this fasting or this grace. Much is great the grace of God, who wills the human will to be so rooted in Him and confirmed that it may not waver or move for any temptation. Much greater still is this, when one is so affirmed in the love of God and so drunk in His sweetness that no souls, no comfort, no pleasure may be had but in Him. Then the heart is perfectly confirmed in God, when the memory is so fixed and joined to Him that it can think of nothing but Him. This we ask when we say, \"Sanctify your name.\" That is to say,.Your name be sanctified in us. ADuemat reign over you. This is the second petition and request in the Lord's Prayer where we pray and ask that the kingdom of God come in us. Our Lord says in the gospel to his disciples, \"The kingdom of God is within you.\" Understand well how this may be, when God gives to a person in his heart the spirit of understanding. Just as the sun takes away the darknesss of the night and wastes the clouds and mists in the morning, so the spirit wastes and takes away all the darknesss of the heart, revealing to him all his sins and faults, great and small. Likewise, this spirit of understanding not only shows that which is within it, but that which is under it - hell - and that which is above it - heaven - and all the fair creatures, who praise God and witness how God is fair..A good, wise, pleasing, sweet, and great one is most desirous to see God, but let him consider that he is not pure or worthy to see Him. Then the good heart, true and devout, chafes him and is angry with himself. He begins to enter into his heart and to examine himself. There he finds so many sins, vices, weaknesses, defaults, troubles of heart and thoughts, and evil will, that he is angry with himself by great contrition and despair over his sins. And then he begins to cleanse his heart and purge himself of all the filth of sin through bitter repentance and deep confession. Afterward, through sharp and fitting penance, he finds peace and rest and consolation. And he treasures God so much that it seems to him that all the world is hell to him in comparison to this clarity and this peace..That he finds in his heart. And this we ask of God when we say, \"Advent regnum tuum\" - that is, \"Fair father, please grant that the holy ghost will enlighten in us the heart, and cleanse and purge it from all sins. And that he promises to come and dwell as a king and lord, governor and commander in our hearts. So that all the heart be his, and that he be king and lord, and always that we may see him. For it is a lasting life to have the kingdom of God within us. Therefore says our lord in the gospel, \"The kingdom of God is as a treasure hidden in a field. That is in the heart of a good man. Which is greater than all the world.\"\nFiat voluntas tua sicut in celo et in terra.\nThis is the third petition and request, where we pray our lord that his will be done in us, like as it is done in heaven - that is, in holy angels who are in heaven, who are so enlightened and confirmed in God that they may will none other thing but that which God wills. We may not have this petition..This perfection we have been given the gift of counsel, the third gift of the Holy Ghost. Which teaches us to do His will, and to convert our captive and frail will, so that in us grows no proper will, but His will be solely lord of the entire heart, and do in us whatever He wills, like as His will is done in holy angels of heaven, who cannot sin. And that we always do the will of God without hesitation or reluctance.\n\nNow you have heard the three petitions and first requests of the Holy Father. Which are the highest and most worthy. In the first we petition the gift of wisdom. In the second the gift of understanding. And in the third the gift of counsel. As I have shown before, these three things we do not request because we would have them perfectly in this mortal life. But we show to our good Father Jesus Christ our desires, that they be always in heaven where they ought to be, to the end that these three petitions and requests be done..\"accomplished in our lasting life / we demanded them in this present life \u00b6In the other four petitions that come after, we speak another language. For we say to our good father Jesus Christ: Give us this day our daily bread. Fair father, give us this day our daily bread. What does the Son ask of his father, if not only bread for passing the day? He asks for nothing more: not wine, not flesh, not fish. But he asks for bread and nothing more, not for a year, nor yet for a week, but only for the day. This seems a little thing that we demand. But certainly we require a great thing, when we require of an abbot the bread of our sustenance.\".an abbey or require the fraternity. The company and the right in all the goods of the abbey. Rightly is it of him who demands of God this daily bread, he has fraternity, part, company, and right in all the goods that are in heaven. This is the blessed bread of heaven. The bread of the blessed, The bread of angels, the bread delectable, the bread of life perpetual. For it gives life understanding, never to die, and preserves a man, of whom God says in the Gospel, \"I am the bread of life which came down from heaven.\" Whoever shall eat of this bread shall live without dying. This bread is truly good meat. For it stays all the hungers of the world and fills a man and replenishes him. This does not other meat. This is the bread and the meat that thou takest at the sacrament of the altar. And this meat thou oughtest to take with great ardor and great devotion of heart. And this is to understand that thou oughtest to believe faithfully..That which is so precious to you is the true body of Jesus Christ and his soul, all together without error and without asking for more. God understands more than man. After a man ought to understand and ponder this precious food, like an ox that feeds on grass and chews its cud, and then takes it in, this means that one ought to remember devoutly and often the bounties and graces of our Lord. And all the sorrows that Jesus Christ suffered on earth for us. Then the heart finds the savour of this blessed bread and causes a great ardour of the love of God in great desire and will to do and to suffer all that he may for him, and more than he may. And all this does the virtue of this blessed bread give to his priests and religious people every day, who do his services and sing his masses and hours. That is to all good Christian men and women who every day by true devotion make remembrance..Of the dolorous passion of Jesus Christ, who suffered for us. The fruit of this bread of angels we gather in harvest. That is in heaven when we shall see the sweet Jesus Christ discovered in his right great beauty, like Himself. Therefore it is said daily, that every day is necessary for us. And every good Christian man or woman ought to take Him by right faith, This bread is precious. Noble and well adorned. This is real meat in which are all manner of delights and all good savors, as the Book of Wisdom says. This is not earthly meat that ought to be given to the unworthy. But to hearts gentle and noble which are purged and cleansed from all filth of sin by true repentance. By devout confession. And by heartfelt satisfaction and penance.\n\nOf the virtue of this bread of angels, St. Matthew the Evangelist says and calls it the bread..\"Substantial/This is to say, it passes and surmounts all substance and all creatures of praise and virtue, of all dignity, and in all ways of value. None can name it or describe it more sufficiently than to call it substantial breed. It is said that a mete is substantial when there is enough substance and nourishment in it. And for so much more as it is nourishing, so much more it is said to be substantial. And in this precious bread of Angels, there is more nourishing of virtue and good than can be thought or said. It is not only said that it is substantial between understanding and supposing, but it is said to be super-substantial. This bread we ask of our good father Jesus Christ, and we pray him that he will give it to us in this day, that is, in this present mortal life, to those who may make a good journey and endure more gladly our reward, that is, in the end of our life, the perpetual glory.\".We request and petition you, our good Father in heaven, that you will pardon and forgive us our sins and transgressions. Just as we forgive those who have transgressed against us or transgressed against us. Then we say, fair Father, forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. Our debts are our sins which we have increased upon our souls. This is the best and most dear wage that we can find. For the sinner, for one deadly sin which is so soon passed as to the delight or as concerning the deed, is bound to such a great usury that he has no power to pay or to finish it. That is the pain of hell which is without end. After he owes to God whom he has displeased so greatly, he is bound to make such amends that he has no power to pay it. For all his life, if he lived a hundred years or more, he might not be able to make satisfaction for one deadly sin only. If God would use His righteous justice. It should never be..\"For in bitter and great repentance, the wicked sin return to the mercy of the debonair and blessed Lord Jesus Christ. And that he cry out for mercy and pardon and forgiveness. For by the right of the court of Justice, the sinner shall be judged and condemned to eternal death. And therefore, our good Father Jesus Christ, who is soft and debonair to forgive and pardon, large and courteous to give, we pray that He will pardon and forgive us our sins and transgressions. But consider well how you pray, for you say, 'Pardon us our sins and our transgressions, as we forgive those who have trespassed against us.' God will not forgive nor pardon us as He Himself says in the Gospel, 'If we do not forgive and pardon those who have trespassed against us.' He who says his Father's prayer, if he keeps rancor and malice in his heart, prays more against himself than for himself, for he prays to God that He not forgive him.\".When he says, \"Forgive me as I forgive.\" Therefore, every time you recite the Our Father before God who sees your heart, you ought to forgive all evil talents and cast out of your heart all anger and rancor. Otherwise, your prayer is more against them than with them. If it seems hard and grievous to forgive and pardon those who hate you and wish evil, or have greatly transgressed against you or spoken falsely, think that God pardoned his death to those who crucified him, giving an example for you to forgive. And moreover, pray for those who have transgressed against you, that God may forgive them. And moreover, do good and help them if they need it. For as he says in the Gospel, \"It is not a great thing or great merit against God to do good to those who do good to us, or to love those who love us.\" For so did the tax collectors and Saracens, Jews, and other sinners. But we, who are the children of God by faith and grace,.I have cleaned the text as follows:\n\nI, Crysten, named by our blessed Lord Jesus Christ, and heirs with him of the heritage of heaven, ought to forgive each other. And we ought to love our enemies. That is, their persons and pray for them, and do good to them if they have need. For so commands God in the gospel. We ought only to hate the sins and love their souls. Like the members of one body, we ought to love and support each other. If one member injures another by accident, and the injured member does not retaliate, and we who are all one body in Jesus Christ, as the apostle says, we ought to love and support each other and not to hate or harm. Whoever does otherwise is an enemy of himself. This says the scripture: \"Such are those who can say their 'Our Father.' It would be better for them and more accessible if they could say it correctly.\" For whoever does not pardon or forgive from the heart and with the mouth moves his judgment against himself. In this prayer that we make to God, we ask of him:.This spirit of science makes a man wise and cunning. It reveals to him what he is, where he comes from, where he goes, and what he has done and transgressed. How much he has lent and how much he owes. When he sees that he has nothing to pay, this spirit makes him repent. To weep and to sigh, and to cry \"God have mercy and pardon my debts. That are my sins, for I am greatly indebted to thee. For the evils and sins that I have committed and done. And for the good deeds that I have forsaken and left undone, which I ought and could have done, and for the goods and benefits that thou hast bestowed upon me, and the great bounties which I have received every day and misused them. And because, Lord, I greatly fear and doubt to make my payment, I beg thee to pardon me that which I owe to thee. When this spirit of science has thus enlightened him, he knows his faults and sins. Then he.\"He should cast out of his heart all hate and rancor, and pardon all evil will and anger if he has any. And if he is willing and intends to pardon and forgive, then he may say, \"Fair father, forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who have trespassed against us.\" ET ne nos inducas in temptation. That is, \"Fair, sweet father, suffer not that we enter into temptation, and that we do not consent to any sin. The devil is the tempter of sin. For it is his craft, in which he serves in God's house to prove us.\"\".\"new knights of God, and if temptation were not good and profitable for good people, God, who does all things for our profit, would never allow it to come. But as St. Bernard says, when our temptor strikes us on the back, he forgets our crowns of glory, just as he who strikes the back of a good knight forgets his praises and his glory. The devil tempts a man directly to take him away and separate him from the love of Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore, St. Paul the apostle and his disciples pray and ask that they may be established and rooted in charity and in the love of God, so that no temptation may move them or make them stray. And therefore, in this petition and request, we ask and demand the aid and help of God in our battle against the devil, that he may give us the gift of pity, that is a grace that stirs and moistens the heart and makes him\".Sweet and pleasant, and makes him render and grow, and bear fruit enough of good works without and within, and within make his roots steadfast and firm in the land of living people. That is like the good fruit of which these Saracen walls were made, which cannot be broken or defeated with picks or hammers when we say then. And do not lead us into temptation. That is, make our hearts firm and stable, so they do not move or question for any temptation that comes to them through the grace of the gift of pity. We do not pray that we be in no way tempted, For that would be a foolish and shameful prayer, like the son of a lord or another nobleman who should be addressed as a new knight, and he should say to his father: Fair father, I pray you grant me leave or forbear and keep me from seeing battle or tournament. We ought well to be tempted. For it is our great profit in many ways. For we are made more humble and more doubtful and the like..The wiser and stronger in many cases. And the better proved and the more hardy. For as Solomon says, he who has not been tempted knows nothing rightly, but like one who knows of the battle of Troy only by hearsay. He may not know himself or his infirmity, nor the strength of his enemies, nor their subtlety. Nor how God is true, and the diverse temptations of the devil, without the help of our Lord. And when He fails to aid and help us, we enter into temptation. And when He helps us, we resist and we fight and conquer the devil our enemy when we do not consent to sin.\n\nEd libera nos a malo. Saint Augustine says that all other temptations come to us either to do well or to leave doing well. But all the gifts and all the good that a man does or can obtain is for putting away and destroying pride and all sins and evils. And therefore, certainly, when God has given to a man this that he has required of God in the seven requests above said, then it is of true need that.\"God deliver him from the power of the devil. From all his engines and from all his temptations. Therefore comes last this petition and request, as the Rituale says: \"Sede libera nos a malo amen\" / that is, \"Fair father Jesus Christ, deliver us from all evil / from all sins and from all dangers, present and to come. And from the devices of our enemy, the devil. That we may not lose by pride the goods that thou hast given us.\"\n\nIn this petition we pray to God that He give us the gift of fear. By which we may be delivered from the devil and from his temptations, and from all manner of evil / from all dangers and from all sins in this world and in the next. So be it as we have said / so much is it to say this word amen.\n\nNow have you heard it all contained and comprised in the holy Our Father. Keep well what you say it with heart and mouth. For great good will come from it if you do so.\"\n\nThus ends the..Seven petitions of the Holy Father, our Lord\nAfter the petitions and requests contained in the Holy Father, our Lord, the Pater Noster. He bids us speak with great reverence regarding such a high matter as the holy gifts of the Holy Ghost. As He Himself will reveal and teach us. And we shall first say which are the gifts of the Holy Ghost.\n\nWhy are they called gifts? And why are they called gifts of the Holy Ghost? And why are there seven gifts of the Holy Ghost and not more or less? After we have spoken of the goods that the gifts of the Holy Ghost bestow.\n\nIt is a custom, reason, and courtesy for a man, rich, valiant, and noble, when he wishes to go to his beloved spouse with all his heart, to bring to her of his jewels. The prophet saw in spirit the glorious espousals that were made in the belly of the blessed virgin Mary, when the blessed Son of God espoused her and took from us our blood and our flesh, our humanity and our nature. Thus, he recounts to us..The prophet of the Jews spoke, bringing fair gifts for his espoused and her parents. The prophet said, \"From the root of Jesse shall come a rod that will bear the flower of Nazareth. That is to say, from the great charity and the great enfolding or burning of the love of God will come to us a rod bearing the flower of flowers. For Nazareth means flower, and Jesse means enfolding or burning. Upon this flower shall rest the holy ghost, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of strength and counsel, the spirit of science and pity, and the spirit of the fear of God. These are the graces with which he was filled from the hour of his conception in the precious womb of his mother, just as the great sea is filled with water, well and fountain of all fresh waters and salt. Rightly was he called, as it is said..Saint John the evangelist, full of grace and truth. From his plant we take these seven spirits and these eight gifts, which God gives corporally to children in wisdom, in understanding, in strength, and in other graces. He shows them little by little, just as a child grows and comes forth. In spiritual graces, it is the same. After each one profits and grows in good works, and gives all his heart and thoughts to God, God gives him more of His graces, and these gifts are shown by works, some in one way and others in another, at the pleasure of the Holy Ghost, as Saint Paul the apostle says. In the beginning, these graces and virtues are low and rise up, that is, from the spirit and gift of fear to the gift of understanding. For holy fear is the beginning of wisdom. As David says and Solomon says: \"But in the beginning these graces and virtues were low and rose up, that is, from the spirit and gift of fear to the gift of understanding. For holy fear is the beginning of wisdom.\".Iesus Christ was never solely endowed with all graces and virtues without measure. Therefore, the prophet sets them in descending order, each gift after the dignity of its giver. Just as the petitions and requests of the holy Father our Lord are set forth in order, the greater before the lesser.\n\nWhat manner of graces have to be named gifts for three reasons and for three reasons. First, for their dignity and for their worth. If a man at the king's court gives a robe to a child or a dish of weight to a poor man, this is not a thing that ought to be called the gift of a king. Therefore, St. James the apostle calls all other temporal goods that God gives not gifts but little gifts that are more movable and passing. But these graces above-mentioned he calls perfect gifts,\n\nbecause God gives them to no creature but to Himself. The second reason is because He grants them to us for us to use them in this life..These seven aforementioned gifts are true gifts without recourse, for when all other gifts shall fail, these eight gifts shall remain in their firm estate. They are so properly ours that we may not lose them against our will. Likewise, we may lose the others. The third reason and principal one is that the selfsame gifts are given purely for love. And you know well that a gift loses the name of a gift when it is not given purely for love. For when he gives any gift for his own profit, that is not a gift. But it is merchandise. When he beholds bounty received or service, that is not a gift. But it is bounty and courtesy, received to be rendered and returned. But when the gifts are given freely and liberally without intention to have profit and without fear and without any doubt, then it is rightly called a gift. Therefore, says the philosopher, a gift is a gift without giving in return or without expecting any reward but..onely for to gete loue. In this maner. god gyueth to vs these yeftes purely for the loue that he hath to vs. and for to gete our hertes and al our loue to hym.\nNOw for what cause been they callyd yeftes of the holy ghoost. and not the yeftes of the fader & of the sonne. for al theyr werkys and their yeftes ben comyn. To this purpoos ben two reasons. That one lyke as the werkes of puyssaunce and myght ben appropred to god the fader. and the werkes of sapyence to god the sone. ryght soo ben the werkys of grace & of bounte appropred to the holy ghoost. For bountees ben lyke as sayth saynt denys. to spende and to gyue hym self / For yf a man yeue that. whyche coste hym nought / that is not grete bounte. But by cause that the holy ghoost by these seuen yeftes expendeth and gyueth hym self in our hertes. Lyke as sayth saynt poule. lyke as it were by seuen stremes / therfore ben they callyd proprely yeftes of the holy ghoost. For he is the fontayn and they ben the stremes \u00b6That other is by cause that the ho\u2223ly ghoost.The love between father and son is properly the love that is given. Since love is the first and principal gift that a man can give, in this gift are given all other gifts. Without this gift, no other gift is truly or rightfully given. Therefore, the Holy Ghost is a gift. And He gives Himself in every one of these seven gifts, which He gives in order to confirm our love for Him, so that it may be fruitful, fine, and clean.\n\nA man is saved from fleeing evil and doing good for two reasons. Hating and fleeing evil causes the gift of fear. The other six gifts cause us to do good. The gift of fear is the outer watch at the great mass, that is, at the great sentence of God and the pains of hell, which is always ready and arrayed against sinners. This is the watchman of the castle which never sleeps. This is the weeder of the garden that weeds out all evil herbs..tresourer that kepeth the hert and alle the goodes that ben therin / These be the other vj yeftes that make vs to do al the good dedes. Now oughtest thou to know that lyke the clerenes of the sonne\u00b7 which thou seest with thyn eyen yeueth clerenes to the world & vertu & enuygoure & strengthe al the thynges that growe and come in to the world / Ryght so doeth the holy ghoost whyche enlumyneth in heuen & in erth al them that ben in grace / men. wymmen. and angellys. and al in lyke wyse as there beu in heuen thre estates of aungellys as saynt denys sayth of whome one is moost hye. that other moyen or myddle / and the thyrd more lowe. The moost hye ben lyke them that ben of the kynges cou\u0304ceyl. They be alwaye wyth god more nerre to hym than the other and see hym and here hym and his secretes. The moyen or myddle ben as ba\u2223rons and bayllyes that gouerne loue and kepen al the royam and gone & comen. & lerne of them of the cou\u0304ceyl that whiche they comande\u00b7 & make it to be done to other. the lowest ben lyke as.seruauntes & offycers whiche haue theyr craftes / and done their offyces & messages as is sayd to them. By this maner & ensaumple there ben iij estates of the chyldren of god in erth\nthe whyche the holy ghoost ledeth & conduyteth as sayth saynt Poul. The one estate is of them hat ben in the world\u00b7 & ly\u2223uen after the commandementes of god. and of holy chyrche. & after that they here and byleue of theyr prelates. The other es\u2223tate is of them that ben parfyte. that al haue theyr hert out of the world & of this mortal lyf. & haue theyr conuersacyon in heuen and theyr body in erthe. and theyr herte wyth god. The thyrd ben in the myddle estate whyche gouerne them self wel & other. and lyuen after the counceyl of the gospel. and not o\u2223nelye after the commandements. These thre maner of people techeth the holy ghoost. and ledeth & gouerneth by these vj yef\u2223tes. and departeth to them his graces. to eueryche after his be\u2223nygne volente and wylle as sayth thappostle. The two fyrst of these vj yeftes apperteyne to them that.Ben of the first estate, the gift of science teaches them, and the gift of pity makes them work. The two middle belong to those of the middle estate. The gift of counsel governs them, and the gift of strength accomplishes the works. The two last belong to those of the highest estate. The gift of understanding enlightens them, and the gift of wisdom confirms and rejoices them with God. Another reason why there are seven gifts: the Holy Ghost, by his seven gifts, takes away the seven deadly sins and vices from the hearts of persons and plants and nourishes contrary virtues, making a man perfectly honorable. But before I descend to the virtues which are contrary to the seven deadly sins, I will briefly speak of seven other virtues. Of these, three are called divine, and the other four are called the four cardinal..The first virtues divine. Saint Paul the apostle calls them faith, hope, and charity. And they are called divine because they make the heart godly and dispose it to God. Faith, as Saint Augustine says, sets us under God and makes us know Him and acknowledge Him as our Lord, to whom we hold all that we have of good. Hope enkindles us towards God and makes us strong and courageous, and impels us to undertake the love of God, which surpasses the virtue and strength of man. Charity, as Saint Augustine says, is nothing other than Christian unity. It makes the heart and God one, as Saint Paul says. Faith holds in God sovereign unity, hope in God sovereign majesty, and charity in God sovereign bounty. These three virtues are divided into three degrees of love, for a man is loved by three things: either because he has heard or learns of great good from Him, or because he has received great good from Him, or because he intends to return love to Him..The three manners of love are in these three virtues: Love of faith feels and works. Love of hope senses and desires it. Love of charity takes and sees it, and tastes and holds it.\nThe ancient philosophers spoke much of the four cardinal virtues. But the holy ghost gives and endows them a hundred times more, as Solomon says in the Book of Wisdom. The first of these four virtues is prudence. The second is temperance. The third is strength. And the fourth is justice. These four virtues are called cardinal virtues because they are the most principal among the virtues, through which the ancient philosophers spoke. A man governs himself in this world by these four virtues, just as the pope governs the whole church through his cardinals.\nPrudence keeps a man from being deceived by any engine of the enemy. Temperance keeps a man from being corrupted by any evil love. Strength keeps him from being vanquished or overcome by wrath..This is that which keeps a man in good estate towards himself. Justice sets a man in right order and right estate before himself and others. It renders to each man his due. These are the four tours at the four corners of the house of the good man, making it strong. Prudence garnishes it towards the east with providence, for perils. Temperance garnishes it towards the south against evil desires. Strength garnishes it towards the north for evil coldness. Justice garnishes it towards the west against evil rain.\n\nThese four virtues have diverse offices and have been much diverse in their workings. As an ancient philosopher named Plato says in his book about these four virtues, he divides them most subtly and says that prudence has three offices. By this virtue, all that which a man says and thinks is ordered, led by line, rule, and reason, and he uses them in all his workings..The Thorndance of God, who sees and understands all, should be a great lord, in my opinion, one who possesses this unique virtue. This virtue of temperance has three offices for the heart that desires and does not shrink from doing anything for which it ought to repent. It does not break the law disproportionately, but always places itself under the yoke of reason. It doubts nothing of the world's desires and is not corrupted by the three things that foul and shame the world.\n\nThe virtue of strength also has three offices. A man who has this virtue in his heart lifts himself up above the perils of this world and doubts neither fear nor sin. He bears adversity and prosperity and suffers without bending to the right or left. Much good would be the knight of God who is well proven in these three things. These three virtues arm him..Order your actions concerning the three parts of the heart, called reason, love, and vigor. Prudence keeps reason from being deceived. Temperance keeps love from being corrupt. Strength keeps vigor or might from being overcome.\n\nJustice makes a man live ordinarily among others. As Plato says, this is the virtue that makes a man do to every man what he ought. He renders reverence and honor to those above him. Friendship, peace, and concord to those like him. By these four virtues, says the said philosopher, a man is then worthy to be governor of himself, and afterwards of others. In these four virtues, the ancient philosophers studied, who despised the world for its distractions and sought wisdom and knowledge, and were therefore called philosophers, which is as much to say as love of wisdom..vs. Fearful that those who were pagans and without law wrote and knew nothing of the true grace of God nor the gifts of the Holy Ghost. And nevertheless they ascended into the mountain of perfection of living by force and by their own virtue. They did not heed the world nor do evil, nor consent to sin. And we, who are called Christians, who have the true faith and know the commands of God, and have the grace of the Holy Ghost if we will and our sins do not hinder it, can profit more for our health before God in a day than they could in a year. We defile ourselves and lie here beneath as a swine in mire, and in the filth and dung of the delights of this world. Therefore says Saint Paul that the pagan who is without law will judge us at the day of judgment. We, who have had the law here, neither hold nor keep it. And because they had not right faith nor the grace of the Holy Ghost nor any virtue nor quick nor very faith, they cannot well know how these things work..Virtues are good and fair. As much difference as there is between a burning coal and a dead coal, and a living man and a dead man, so much difference is there between virtue without charity and virtue with charity. Which is the bound, the value, and the life of other virtues. Of these four virtues, Saint Augustine speaks when he speaks, and he divides them by the four kinds of love and by the four things that true love does. And he says that the virtue of prudence is the love of the heart, which truly and wisely refuses all that which may harm and displease him, and desires all that which may help to have that which he loves, which is God. The virtue of temperance is the love of the heart. By which he gives himself entirely and without corruption to that which he loves, which is God. The virtue of strength is the love of the heart. By which a man serves only that which he loves, which is God, and for him sets all other things under his foot, and despises them. Then the virtue of justice sets a man..In his right estate, above all things, and under God, no one can ascend to the mountain of perfection without these four virtues. For whoever wishes to ascend so high, he must first have prudence, which makes a man despise the world, and with it the virtue of strength. This gives him great and stable heart, strong and courageous to undertake and pursue great things. On the other hand, he must have the virtue of temperance, so that he is not overwhelmed nor easily carried away. And he must have the virtue of justice, which leads him by the right path and keeps him without sin. And by a good and just way, he will show him how to conquer the kingdom of heaven, as God did to Jacob, according to the Book of Wisdom. Whoever has these four virtues will be well-equipped and blessed in this world, and more so in the next. For he will be at peace in his heart and in spiritual joy, and nothing will fail him..but he shall have in the grace of God that is with him. In whom he shall delight.\nNow let us return to our matter. And pray we with all our heart to the holy ghost that he will inspire and enlighten our hearts, that he be our advocate. And teach us to show how, by the seven gifts of the holy ghost, he pulls out and takes away the seven deadly sins from our hearts, and that he will pledge to plant the seven virtues in their place.\nThe gift of fear is the first of the gifts. For he casts out of the heart all sins, as we have said before. But properly, this gift of fear pulls out, takes away, and destroys the root of pride, and plants in its place the seed of humility. Now observe and understand well how the sinner, who holds him and sleeps in his sin, is like a riotous man who sleeps and is drunk, and has lost all at the tavern. And is all naked and so poor that he feels nothing and complains not. But thinks himself a very great lord..When he has slept and comes again to himself, and is out of his drunkenness, then he feels his harm and knows his folly. Now he laments his loss and damage. This is the first good that the holy ghost does to a sinner when he visits him. For he gives to him again his wit and his mind, and brings him again to know himself. So that he advises and sees what goods he has lost and in what poverty and in what peril he has been for his sin. Like the son of the good man who wasted and dispersed his inheritance in dissolution and riot. In such confusion and misery he became that he was obliged to keep swine and feed them, and to live from their relief and food. Like our Lord Jesus Christ shows us by example in the gospel. Yet also the sinner is like him who sleeps in the midst of the sea and is in great peril and torment. And he feels nothing nor has any fear of it. But when the holy ghost awakens him, he feels and sees..This person. And he begins to fear himself. Yet the sinner is like him who is imprisoned, fettered in irons. And he is in bonds and has many keepers. Like Saint Peter in the prison of King Herod. And the captive sinner thinks nothing of the provost, nor of the justice, nor of the gallows that wait for him, but he sleeps and dreams that he goes to a wedding and to a feast. But the grace of the holy ghost is like the angel that awakened Saint Peter. And it delivers him from the hand of King Herod. For the grace of the holy ghost awakens the sinner and delivers him from the hand and from the power of the devil of hell. Yet the sinner is like him who thinks himself strong and whole. And he has death under his teeth. For he has the humors evil and corrupt within his body. Then he dies within a month. Likewise, Eluans says in the verses that speak of death and say:\n\nGo away, you white-faced ones and gaping ones. For.But those who are covered under their clothes and are supposed to be whole and fat will not make it to the march. But the holy ghost is like a good physician who reveals to him his ailments and sicknesses. And moves him from his humors. And gives him a bitter drink which heals him and restores his life. Just as our Lord troubles the sinner with bitter contrition, who heals him from his sins with the bitter drink, as the prophet says in his Psalter. And comforts him and brings him back to know himself, as Adam our first father did. When he hid himself among the trees of paradise's earth. And then God said to him, Adam, where art thou? The angel made three demands to the guardian of Abraham's holy wife, who was named Hagar, when she fled from her mistress. The angel said to Hagar, \"From where do you come? Where are you going? What are you doing?\" These three demands make the holy ghost trouble the sinner when he awakens him from his sins..\"hym opens his heart to you and gives to you again his wisdom and mind. Where are you, he says. In other words, behold captive, in what sorrow and peril are you in this world. For you are like him who perishes in the sea, sleeping in a ship. He feels neither feels nor understands nor perceives his peril. In other words, captive, behold your life from now backward. For you come from the tavern of the devil. Where you have wasted your life and lost all the goods that God has given you. What do you have? In other words, consider how you are faint and weary and slow towards your body and your soul. You think to be whole and strong, but perhaps you have corrupt humors in your body which will lead you to your death. And in your soul you have evil manners which will lead you to the death of hell if the grace of God keeps you not. After that, go you, captive. In other words, captive, consider and understand that you are going to your death.\".thou shalt fall into the hands of Herod, who is the devil of hell and of his men. Thou goest to the Judgment where thou shalt see the justice of God so cruel, so strict, and so powerful. Thou goest into hell where thou shalt find fire and stinking sulphur, and more than a thousand torments that shall never finish tormenting thee. Thus does the holy ghost show the sinner his eyes and make him behold above him and beneath him, and before him and behind him. [These are the four strokes of death which fear the sinner and make him tremble and have fear. And these four beholdings and considerations properly are the four streams of the root of the virtue of humility that the gift of fear plants in the heart of the sinner when God appears to him.]\n\nThe three thoughts and considerations aforementioned draw out, take away from the root out of the garden of the heart the four roots of pride. That is, the proud man thinks he knows much or is of the valor of much or that he.These are the four horns, that is, the four cowardices that shamed the country which God showed to Zachariah the prophet. But the four things that he showed him properly after these four horns came to trample down these four horns were the four thoughts and considerations previously mentioned. For when a man thinks about whence he comes, and understands and knows the power, the vileness, and the frailty of his birth, in what poverty he was born, in what great power he was nourished, and in what labor he has lived, and how he has wasted his time, he sees and considers the great number of his sins, and knows clearly the good deeds which he has left undone through sloth and negligence. Then the grace of the Holy Ghost makes him feel, judge, and know in his heart that he is of no value nor anything worthwhile. Afterward, when he thinks about where he is and sees this world which is nothing..but an exile. A desert full of beasts and leopards. A forest full of them and engines. A sea full of tempests and perils. A journey burning and encamped with fire, and of all sins. A field of battle and of angels. Where always dwells to live in war and fight against the devils, which are so subtle and so sage. \u00b6 Then the grace of God makes him feel and perceive that he felt nothing to govern him concerning his salvation. Yet again, when the sinner thinks and knows his sins and his faults that he is full of sins and wide of all good deeds and works. Then the holy ghost makes him feel and know his power. And that he has no spiritual good in him /\n\nAfterwards, the sinner sees before him which way he goes and sees death. To whom no man may gain say. On the other side, the sinner sees Justice and the mercy of God, so Just and so rightful. Why which is so much to be doubted. By whose hands he must pass. He sees and.Know the pains horrible of hell. From whom the sinner may not escape. Then God gives him to know that the power of a man and of a woman is nothing, and that they can do nothing without the special grace of God. Then the sinner begins to have the spirit and gift of fear. In these thoughts and considerations are the branches of the root of the tree of humility. This tree is planted beside the fontain of the fear of God. Of which it is always aroused and watered as well in winter as in summer. Now you ought to know that these seven virtues, of which I intend to speak, have each of them seven degrees by which it profits. Arranged. And grows in the heart of a creature. And his good works by which it shows outwardly. For virtue grows on high, like the palm tree, the cypress, or the cedar. And after spreading and casting its branches on all sides.\n\nOf the virtue of humility speaks Saint Anselm, and says that it has seven degrees by which it mounts up high before it comes..The first degree of humility knows his power, sins, and defects. Humility is the virtue that makes a man contemptible and despise himself when he knows himself truly. This knowledge arises from the four roots previously mentioned. However, there are some who know their faults and sins, yet do not feel them. Therefore, the second degree of humility is to feel and endure one's sins, defects, sorrow, and malady. He runs gladly to the healer who feels himself hurt by a wound and in danger of death. He runs quickly to the physician who is sick and has bad humors in his body to regain health and recovery. He is very happy and joyful when he can purge and cleanse them. Therefore, the third degree of humility is to confess devoutly and often one's transgressions and to be sorry for one's sins with great contrition..Repentance and purge his heart from all sins. But some know well their faults and feel them, and are truly sorry, yet they will not confess them to any man. Therefore, the fourth degree of humility is considered vile and despised. However, there are some who know, feel, and confess their faults. They say, \"I am wicked and a sinner, such and such.\" But if another said the same to them, certainly that is true, and they should be displeased and strongly angered. Therefore, the fifth degree of humility is to hear gladly the truth spoken of oneself and for one to say to him his defects. According to Saint Bernard, the truly humble person would be considered vile and would not be pleased if prayed to be humble. Therefore, the sixth degree of humility is when a man endures patiently being treated unfairly and as a despised person, like King David, who sweetly endured a servant named Sem\u00e9, who threw stones at him..And said to him great humilities, and all that he knew of evil and harm. Yet there is a degree in which there is some of this perfection and of this virtue of humility: that is, a will and desire of the heart without feigning, to be reputed vile and to be held simple and lowly, to be treated. That is a right power of spirit and humility of heart. Much loved this power in this world the righteous King of heaven, Jesus Christ. Much loved he it when he bought it so dear, which would and vowed to be born in a stable horrible and abominable with the oxen and asses, and would have forty years in poverty. The sweet Jesus Christ much loved humility. When he himself, who never did sin and never had default, came among the tax collectors and sinners. And the sweet Jesus Christ clad himself with the clothes of a sinner and malefactor, because he was lowly treated. Then he said to his apostles at the night of his supper or cenacle with great desire: \"I have desired\".This is about Pasch (that is, this death). That is to say, this shame and this departure. May no tree grow higher than this in humility. And who shall be raised to this degree of humility? Without a doubt, he shall be well blessed in this world and the next. For he who says this is God cannot lie. For he is the perfect and sovereign truth who speaks with his blessed mouth in the gospel: \"Blessed are the poor in spirit, and how he teaches and shows us when he says, 'Learn from me and not from others to be meek and humble of heart, as I am.' And you shall find rest for your souls. This rest and this blessedness are known to none but those who learn it. If you want to know what it is, strive with all your heart to vanquish yourself, and then you may be lifted up to the seventh degree of humility. Then you may gather the fruit and eat of the tree of life, as it is said in Revelation.\n\nOf the root of humility grow seven branches. For this virtue shows itself in seven ways. First, in:.Honoring God in praying other. In adoring and praying God. In loving poverty. In gladly serving. In fleeing from praising and trusting all in God. The truly meek and humble honor God in three ways: He believes in him simply, he praises him truly, and he prays devoutly to him. He first honors him in this: that he believes in him simply and steadfastly in all that is said in holy scripture, like a little child believes his master. And for this reason, our faith merits honor. Whoever believes well, it does him great honor, like he does great honor to a man when he believes him upon his simple word. And this is the beginning of good doing, which is necessary for all who wish to save themselves. As Saint Paul says: \"That is to believe God on his simple word, that all is true that is said of him alone, without seeking other reason or requiring other proof.\" Therefore, heretics and proud men are condemned, for they would not believe God without good wages. That is to say, they would not believe God without some reward or gain..Understand. If they do not see quick reason in all that God says, but only to their quick reason they hold themselves, like a usurer holds himself on his pledge or wager, and will trust no person by his simple word. And from this have come all evil heresies and unbelief. For the proud Angels that would not believe that God said, but if He showed them quick reasons or good open miracles. But we that keep the true faith believe a hundredfold better. This that He says which cannot lie - that is God - than we do miracles or reasons or those which we see. God says that every person shall be judged according to his works. God says that of every idle word, we are bound to give accounts at the day of judgment. But the meek and the humble who hear this and believe and fear and doubt and do penance to keep his heart, and so his mouth and all his works, shall not be judged. [After the true humble pray to God truly for all the goods].that he has done to him and that he does to him daily, and that he yet shall do, just as we have shown before in the pride's tract. The humble person is like a poor man. Who, from a little alms, has great joy. And he thanks with all his heart his benefactor. Then, when the humble one sees nothing in himself by which he is worthy to have good or bread or other thing of which he is accustomed, he understands, believes, and doubts not of all that God sends, gives, and lends him. And because the very humble draws nothing to himself of his lord's goods that pass by his hand, therefore he is a true servant, as Saint Bernard says. After the very humble adores God and prays him devoutly, that is, with very tears which come from the grace of God and the right feeling of the heart. For he seems to himself like a child who is naked before his master and cannot learn his lesson, or like the poor man entangled in debt..And he who has not what he may fine or pay his debt, or is like a thief proven who is taken with a hundred trespasses and has the cord about his neck, or is like the lame man who lies at the church door - who has no shame to show his malady and sores to those who pass by - for each body should have pity on him.\n\nIf you will then learn to pray to God, pray and adore him aright. These four things aforementioned shall signify and teach the one who is to know: the child, the man in debt, the thief, and the lame man.\n\nThe custom is of a very meek and humble man to praise another and to give him leave, to put him before, to allow him with his mouth, and by works to bring him honor. He is like the little bee that makes honey, which avoids stenches and seeks flowers of the field and sucks the dew and the substance of them, and makes honey to garnish with his house. Thus does the true humble one, who takes no heed of the stenches, the sins and the defaults of others..The good that others do, he holds dear and cherishes, relishing the sweetness of devotion in his heart, which is replenished by his conscience. The very humble man sees no evil thing, no hard thing, no sinful thing, but that he can draw matter to allow and praise God in his heart. In his heart, he values another's wit more than his own, desiring the will of others to be done before his own. The meek and humble man praises and values others by word. He enhances and praises the good deeds they have done, and excuses and makes less the evil deeds. The meek man turns the meanest things into good and understands them always in the best light. This is contrary to the evil teachings of the misinterpreters, who enhance evil deeds and minimize the good, and the proud presenters who turn the worst into the best. The meek man's humility..A humble person sets himself aside by his works and honors every one as he ought, without wrongdoing. The proud man does not. As we have said before in the treatise on the sin of pride.\n\nThe custom of one who has a humble heart is that all his good deeds he has behind him, and all his evil, his sins and faults, he always keeps before his eyes. And the good deeds of others he always keeps before his eyes, and the evil faults and sins of all others he sets behind him as in oblivion or forgetting. And it often happens that the truly meek and humble man the more he praises and honors, the more he displeases himself. The truly humble and meek person of heart is like the avaricious and covetous woman who always has her eyes on the goods that others have. And it always seems to him that he has no spiritual good in himself.\n\nJust as there is an evil proud man, so there is a truly meek and humble one..He who is truly humble of heart is like a little child who is the son of a king and heir to the kingdom. He weeps and cries, and knows nothing of his highness or riches. He is also like the simple sheep. In whom all is good and profitable. The wool, the fleece, the milk, and its dung, and the sheep knows nothing of it, nor thinks about it. And in this manner says the great patriarch, holy Abraham, of himself, that he was nothing but ashes and powder. And holy Job, who was so great and rich in the world, said in the same way. And Saint Andrew, who also said of himself, \"What am I but ashes, dust, filth, rottenness, a worm, wind, shadow, and leaves that the wind bears away. And dry stubble, which is nothing but for the fire.\" And like the truly humble person of the heart, who prays and honors others with his heart and mouth and also in deed, as we have said, so he despises himself in these three ways. It seems to him like Saint Jerome says of himself..When I eat or drink, or wake or sleep, I always think that the fearful trumpet of the Day of Judgment blows in my ears, saying, \"Come to your Judgment. Come to your reckoning.\" And because he will not be judged for his sins, he sees nothing but every day purges himself, keeps and cleanses himself from all sins, and judges. He confesses and repents, poises and counterpoises, and reproves, for he finds more chaff than grain. That is, he finds more sins than good deeds. And because he will not be judged at the death of Justice, he will not leave, but that little and great will be examined and said, and also judged in the court of mercy, that is, in holy confession.\n\nBut in the court of Justice, which will be at the Day of Judgment, whomever he owes, he must pay. Never shall he be acquitted. And therefore he shall be perpetually damned, for he must render or render an account..Whoever hates pride, loves poverty; and sets his heart allow and in:\n\nA humble and meek person, who truly understands and feels these things, should hold and keep himself from all sins. And should withdraw himself from mockeries and lewdness, which they continually oppose to the true humble and meek persons, who fear and love God. For they will keep themselves clean without the filth of sin and confess them gladly and often. But little avails confession without repentance and without penance. And true justice is not done unless it is carried out. Therefore, in the same way, a humble and meek person makes true judgment of himself in bitter contrition of heart and in true confession of mouth. He judges himself as a thief and puts himself truly on the gallows of penance without hypocrisy..A humble person loves poverty for three reasons: for the perils in riches, for the goods in true and genuine poverty, and because God loves poverty so much. As Scripture testifies, Jesus Christ says in his Psalter that God hears the prayers and desires of the poor and provides them with sweet sustenance. He is their refuge and savior. Job says that God is the Father of the poor and has given them the power to judge others. Our Lord begins his fair sermon by blessing the poor and cursing the rich who have their heaven here. But the celestial heaven, God has given to the poor, so that they may give it and sell it; and the world will not believe that God speaks the truth..But God says in the gospel, \"Fair father, I pray thee and thank thee that thou hast hidden these things from the wise and hast revealed them to the humble and meek. The humble and poor in spirit have seen thee and believed in thee well, and they love a hundredfold their poverty rather than the covetous man loves his riches. In three things a man shows that he loves poverty. When he loves and holds gladly the company of the poor, and loves them and holds them company as Jesus Christ did as long as he was in this world. For naturally lambs flee from wolves and withdraw from them, and children withdraw from them and flee the company of great people. And the humble and meek people withdraw gladly from the proud people. The life of a poor person is little and poor. For he requires not and demands not precious foods nor outrageous clothing nor clothing nor baubles, nor pride in robes nor in riding nor in household nor in meadow nor in mine.\".A poor person is not in company, and it is sufficient for the true poor that he has only his sustenance. The true poor person suffers in patience hunger, thirst, cold and heat, wearisomeness and temptations, and many bitter tribulations for the love of Jesus Christ and his passion. And all these evils the wretched poor man endures against his will. The true humble and the true poor endure gladly all evils and adversities for the love of God. Yet it is the custom of a poor man, if he has nothing and cannot get or win anything, he is not ashamed to ask and demand. And the true humble begs all day and requests the prayers and intercessions of good people and of the friends of God. And the true humble trusts more in their aid than he does in his own good deeds.\n\nPride loves the high place above. Humility loves the low place beneath. This is the diamond of the noble nature that does not deign to sit in gold but in poor metal, like iron. In the same way is the wheat sheet beaten..grayne is under. And the chaff is above. But our lord shall sell his wheat at the day of doom, just as the Gospel says. & he shall cast the chaff into the fire of hell. & the grain into the garner of heaven. How much more gold is fine and pure, so much more is it heavy. & the more it weighs, the sooner it goes down to the bottom. & the more that a man is meek and humble, the more he loves the lowly place. Like Jesus Christ and his sweet mother. Who gave us an example to serve and to obey, not only to the greatest but to the least. And how much more the service is vile and despised, so much gladly does it the humble and meek. Therefore our lord Jesus Christ taught his apostles to wash the feet by humility. Then humility is properly the mother of obedience and nourishes it. teaches and keeps it from being corrupted by vain glory, heavenliness, nor murmuring. nor by proud wit. nor by pride. nor by adversity. nor by any other manner. & it is to be known that there be..The first to obey anyone, gladly, simply, purely, and vigorously. The humble is poor before his eyes and has not to do for himself. Therefore, he is always ready, like mariners in their ships who obey anyone as soon as they hear the voice of their governor and run as if enraged. The humble obeys gladly, receiving the pains, perils, and death with great joy for the love of obedience. Therefore, David the prophet in the Psalter said that he loved the commands that God made better than gold, silver, or precious stones. The humble obeys simply, like a horse or a sheep that the shepherd leads wherever he wills, and never says, \"Why should I go here rather than there?\" One of the most honest daughters of humility is holy simplicity. The humble is truly righteous to God, like a good wife to her husband, who wills to none..A man ought only to obey his husband, and therefore none obey as justly and in such good entreatment as the truly humble man. Who hates not but desires only to please God. After the truly humble man is very vigorous, swift and open when he bears the virtue of obedience and the love of God and does it to his prelate. But when his own will leads him, then he is heavy and slow to do well, like the star named Saturn, which runs as much in one day with the firmament when the firmament leads it, as she does in thirty years in her own conduct. And the longer it lives, the more it grows in force and vigor. Now you can clearly see how humility teaches one to serve and obey God perfectly.\n\nJesus Christ, the great master of humility, when he had preached and fed his people and healed the sick and lame, then he fled from the people into the mountains to be in prayer and give us an example..Example of one who flees from the world's praising and therefore the true, humble heart, just as he is wont to do well when he obeys. Rightly, he flees from the world's praising and hides himself to keep himself from the wind of vanity. And fixes himself in the shadow of the rock. As the prophet says, from the tempest of evil tongues, \"This rock is Ihesu Crist himself. Whych is the refuge and the charity to the humble and meek.\"\n\nTo this rock, that is Ihesu Crist, flees the humble heart beset with thorns, like the yrchon, that is of the sharpness of penance. This is the dwelling place into which they flee for refuge, the dwellings of our Lord. Those are the meek, humble, and simple hearts that flee thither to refuge from the fouls of pride or ruin. Those are the devils who always seek to drown the souls when a humble heart has done so much that it has entered this rock, as into a dwelling, that is, when it remembers well the life of Ihesu Crist and his blessed Passion..Passion then forgets all sorrows, and delights in little that the world has and is worth, and may be of value. A good heart desires nothing so much as to be forgotten by the world. The world is a charge to him. And the wise man says, A good man is never more secure than when he is alone. Nor more busy than when he is idle. For he is then with two of his best friends: with God and with himself. A devout heart deals with its great quarrels and complaints by which all other works seem trifles and nothingness to him. And it counts with God, and God with it, through holy thoughts and fervent desires. Then it selects the great sweetness of consolations and comforts that God gives to those who fear Him and love Him. And like David the prophet says in the Psalter, \"Then all languages and all words annoy and grieve him if they are not of God, to God, or for God.\" Thus begins the soul to love solitude and silence. And then.The humble and devout person feels a holy shamefastness, one of humility's fair daughters, when he is spoken of and he hears it. Like a damsel in love with paramours who is greatly ashamed when she is perceived and hears it spoken of, so the humble person seeks his corners and hides himself, requiring nothing but to be rapt in God, as Saint Paul was.\n\nOf this acquaintance and this precious thing, this holy soul begins to have between it and an holy pride. For when the holy soul is rapt up to heaven, she beholds the earth from afar, as Isaiah the prophet says. And she sees it as little to the regard of heaven's greatness, so foul to the regard of that great beauty, so troubled to the regard of that great splendor..Regard that great clarity. So wide to the regard of that great plente, then he despises and disdains certainly all the riches of the world. beauties, honors, and nobilities. Then it seems to him that it is but a play of children that play in the way, and much toil themselves and win nothing. It seems that all is but wind and dreams, as Solomon says. Then he begins to die to the world and live to God, as St. Paul says. Then the soul is so poor of spirit that it has nothing. For God has taken his spirit from him and raised it up, and replenished it with his gifts, as he did to the apostles on Whitsunday. Then the holy ghost gives to him so great a heart that the prosperity or adversity of the world he sets nothing by. And with this he gives to him so holy and so firm a conscience that he dares hardly face death. And he has in God so great faith, and hope, and love, that there is nothing but he dares to undertake it for the love of God. For he has that faith..of which god speaks in the gospel, the one likened to the mustard seed. By which he can command rocks and mountains, and they shall obey him.\nThe seed of mustard is very little. But it is very strong and sharp. And it is hot in the fourth degree, as the physicians say. By the heat is understood love.\nThe first degree of love, as Saint Bernard says, is when a man feels nothing of love but for himself and his own profit. The second is when he begins to love God. The third is when he knows God best and loves Him properly for His bounty. The fourth is when he is so inflamed with this holy love that he loves Him neither himself nor anything else but God or with God. And to this love brings him true humility.\nNow you can clearly see that the poor of spirit are blessed. For they are so humbled and emptied of their spirit that God has taken it all. And the Holy Ghost has filled the house of His heart and is there Lord..The enhanched are those who have been poor in spirit. These are the meek and humble whom he makes to reign in heaven by holy hope and by holy conscience. And therefore says our Lord in the gospel that the kingdom of heaven is theirs. Not only by promise, but by fine, certain. Like those who once began to receive the fruits and rents, they shall be blessed in that other world. That no man knows until he is there. For the heart of a mortal man cannot think it, nor express it with the mouth, nor hear it with the ears.\n\nThe first gift of the Holy Ghost makes the heart humble, fearful, and doubtful of God and hates all sins. And therefore it is named the gift of fear. \u00b6The second gift of pity makes the heart sweet, debonair, and pitiful. And therefore it is named the gift of pity. And that is properly a dew and a balm against the venom of felony, and in especial against the venom of the sin of envy, of which we have spoken before. For this gift of pity takes away and plucks out..The heart that receives this gift and feels a dew within, makes it generate a sweet root and rise well tempered. That is good love. Out of which grows a fair tree bearing great fruit. That is a fair virtue and good, called in Latin mansuetudo. That is to say, sweetness and debonairness of heart. Which makes a man sweet, debonair, charming and amiable. For this virtue makes a man to love his neighbor perfectly and himself after God. This tree has seven degrees by which it ascends in height. These seven degrees show us St. Paul, where he admonishes and prays that we do pain to that, that we be all one in God. The first reason is that we have one heart, high and low, poor and rich. That is, we have one Father in heaven. That is God, who made us all communally to his image and to his likeness, and by cause that we all have one creator and maker, who made us all of one..We are all one in him, with one purpose: that we be all in him, as he says in the Gospel, \"It is great reason that we love one another, for every beast loves its kind. The second reason is that we are all Christian and baptized in the sacrament of the Lord, who is God of whom we hold body and soul and all that we have. He has made us all and formed us, and has redeemed us all at a like price. He will judge us all and reward generously to all who have kept and observed his commandments and have truly loved one another.\n\nThe fifth reason is because we are all fellows in the host of our Lord, and we are all his knights and soldiers. We all abide one reward: the glory everlasting, and love and company of all saints.\n\nThe sixth reason is that we all live of one spiritual spiritually, just as we all live of one air corporally. By this spirit we are all sons of God by adoption, that is, by the Spirit. And sons of holy Church..brethern germayn of fader and moder. a spyrytuel fra\u00a6ternyte. whyche is better worthe than a carnal fraternyte. lyke as the spyryte is of more value than the body. \u00b6The seuenth reason is by cause that we been al membres of one body / of whyche Ihesu cryst is the heed. & we been the membres which lyuen al of one mete. That is of the precyous flesshe & blode of Ihesu Cryst. whyche so moche loueth vs / and vs holdeth so dere / that he gyueth to vs his precyous blood to drynke. & his precyous flesshe to ete. Therfore remembreth vs so ofte saynt Poule this loue whyche he sheweth to vs. For a more quycke reason ne more fayrer example may he not shewe to vs of veray amytye and frendshyp. yf thou wylte thynke wel on these reasons. thou shalte fynde vij degrees of amytye and frendshyp whyche comen of the yefte of pyte.\nOF this stocke and oute of this rote growen vij braun\u2223ches / For this vertu sheweth hym in seuen maners. lyke as loue is knowen. whyche is emonge the membres of\na body in vij maners / Fyrst the one of.The members keep and regard one another, doing no evil to him, nor failing him, nor doing him any harm or damage to his power. In this we understand our innocence, which we ought to keep towards one another. For this commandment is written in the heart of every person: that you do to another as you would that he do to you, and that you should not do to another otherwise than you would not want to be done to you. And that your right hand should not strike your left hand. Also, one member should suffer patiently if the other does it no harm, nor take revenge, nor feel wrath. But if one member has harm or hurt, the other members feel it. And in this we perceive debonair, which has three degrees: the first is that he does not avenge himself; the second that he does not retain wrath or anger; the third that he feels no more stirring of hate or anger towards his neighbor for anything that he does. Additionally, the members obey all to theirs..sovereign. For they do all that which their heart commands them, and the eyes enforce it upon them. In this sense, we understand the virtue of obedience, which we have spoken of before. It should be apparent in love and charity, as Saint Peter says. One member helps and serves the other without danger or contradiction. And in this, we understand the virtue called charity. A man then helps and supports another gladly with the power that God has given him. Or he signs or counsels with his wisdom. Or he gives and distributes generously for God's sake the goods that he has. He is then called very charitable, and Saint Peter commands us: \"that we administer the graces that God has given us to our neighbors.\" Of this, Tully the philosopher says: \"we ought to feel all that is in the world and grow.\" All is made for the service of man. And men are made to be one to another..aid and help one another. For one is generated from the other. Let us then do that which nature instructs us and seek common profit. For thus, as Saint Paul says, we are all members of one body. All the members feel and draw to themselves that which is done to each one, be it good, be it evil, be it joy, be it anguish, when one strikes the foot, the mouth cries out and hurts me. By this we understand the virtue of true pity, which we ought to have commonly. Which has two offices, as Saint Paul says, that is to say, to rejoice in the good that others do and have, and to sorrow for the evils that others feel and make amends for. Also, if a member is hurt or injured, all the others help it to heal and be whole. In this sense, we understand the virtue of justice and correction, without which the body of the holy church cannot endure. For the rotten members corrupt the others that are whole. Who then will?.Chastise your brother and neighbor, and reprove and punish your subject. Be mindful of yourself when a member is missing or hurt. The heart has great compassion and feels great sorrow, and that is for the great love it has for it. Reach out to it most sweetly and often. Just as Seneca says, \"like all the members of the body aid and support each other, so every man ought to support his neighbor and correct and remove the wounds of sins that are in his heart. First, lay the ointments and sweet admonitions upon it. Also, if this is not effective, lay sharp powders and pointed reproofs upon it. And if that helps not, then let the sword decide. Or for excommunication, or banishment from the country, or withdrawal from him.\" Also, honor and keep one another, and do worship as Saint Paul says, \"we owe to bear and do.\".reuerence one to another. and specyally they that haue grete nede to be supported\u00b7 These been the moost folysshe and moost feble. Them ought men moost to supporte. Thenne the wyse men and sage beren and supporten alwaye the fooles and the feble. lyke as the bones beren the feble flesshe. and as the py\u2223ler bereth the hous / This is ayenst the myssayers. that so glad\u00a6ly cryen and sayen the deffaultes and the synnes that they see in other. Also that one membre deffendeth that other at nede and put hym tofore to saue that other. for at nede is seen who is a frende\u00b7 whan that one fote slydeth. that other helpeth it a\u2223none. wha\u0304 that one wold smyte the heed. the hande put hym tofore. In that vnderstonde we parfyght and pure amytye wherof god sayth in the gospel / who may doo gretter amytye or frendshyp. than to sette his lyf for his frende / This frend\u2223shyp sheweth vs Ihesu Cryst the veray frende. whyche for vs sette his soule and hys body to deth shameful\u00b7 And that dyd be to gyue to vs example. lyke as sayth Saynt.Peter. and also Saynt Iames. that god hath sette his soule for vs / And ryght so we ought to sette our soules for our brethern & for our neyghbours. yf we be aryght the membres of the body of Ihesu Cryst. whyche is our heed / who that hath thys ver\u00a6tu a ryght / I shal say appertly that he is wel blessyd\u00b7 Thys is the vertu that our good maystre Ihesu Cryste enseygneth vs. whan he sayth in the gospel\u00b7 blessyd be the debonayr. For they shal possesse the londe of them that lyuen in glorye wyth\u2223oute ende / \u00b6Now vnderstonde wel thys blessyng that the de\u00a6bonayr hath in thys world. For the parfyght debonayr been now in possessyon of therthe. That is to vnderstonde in iij ma\u00a6ners. Fyrst of the erthe of lyuyng peple. That is god hym\nself. whyche is the herytage of theym that lyue perdurably that is of the sayntes and of good peple. in lyke wyse as the erthe is habytacyon of beestys and of men. And by cause that god hym self is the erthe of lyuyng men. he hath the debonayrs in his possessyon. For they do noo thynge but.that why such pleases God. Therefore it is right that they have God in their possession, like David the prophet says in his Psalter. The debonair says he shall have the earth in possession and inheritance, and also they shall have delight in multitude of peace. And St. Anselm says that no man shall have God in his possession, but that first he shall be in His.\n\nAlso, the debonair has in this world the land of their heart in possession, for they are by right lords of their heart. The felon is not lord of his heart. And the debonair has the mastery of his heart and of his evil manners.\n\nAnd Solomon says that he is more valiant, who masters his heart well than he who takes a strong castle and cities.\n\nAlso, the debonairs are lords of there, that is of worldly goods, for if they lose them they shall never be troubled or angry therefore. But they that are angry when they lose worldly goods are not lords of them nor of their heart. But are servants to them, and therefore it is right and just..The first gift of the Holy Ghost is the gift of knowledge. Which makes a man humble and fearful. The second makes him sweet and pitiful. The third makes him clear-sighted and understanding. And therefore it is called the gift of knowledge. For it makes a man wise and understanding in all things. When this gift descends into the heart of a person, he expels and casts out the root and sin of anger and malice which trouble the heart. And makes a man like one who is from himself, so that he sees nothing for himself or for anyone else. But this gift enlightens the heart on all sides so that he may not be deceived by anyone, like the gift of\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English, but it is still largely readable and does not contain any significant OCR errors. Therefore, no major cleaning is required. However, I have corrected a few minor errors for clarity.).pyte makes the man innocent, so that he will not deceive. Therefore, Saint John says in the Apocalypse in spirit, that the holy man who was entirely filled with this spirit was entirely filled with eyes before and after. And an angel showed to Zachariah the prophet a stone in which were seven eyes. These are the eyes that the good men have. For they see clearly within their heart and all around them, that is, beneath and above, on the right side and on the left side. This gift of knowledge is the master of works, and that is to say, of the virtues of the soul. For he makes all just to a point by line, rule, and plumb. He first takes his boundary and his point. And that is what the wise man says, \"In all that you begin, consider the end, and to what end you shall come.\" Afterward, he holds the line. For he goes by the right way before and by the right intention. \u00b6 Afterward, he makes all plain and by measure. For he loves the common way of good people without finding faults. Afterward, he proves his sight and.This work by Plome: he takes care that his body does not incline towards the right side through prosperity, nor towards the left side through adversity. This gift of wisdom is like the prior of a cloister of the soul, who keeps order and makes it kept overall. First, in the heart, there are two sides and two things: the understanding and the will, the reason and the affection. When these two sides and these two things agree to guide, they make much sweet melody and beautiful service. That is when the will wills all that the understanding signifies to be good, and that affection feels all that which reason understands. If they understand well in these two sides which are in the soul, when and how they ought to agree, In one side there are four locks, and in the other side four, for reason has four offices: to inquire, to judge, to remember, and to show that which it understands by word. This gift signifies the reason that he possesses..ought to learn and inquire. And in what order, manner, and end. This is a great craft. For the peril in these things is great. It behooves one to understand the reason and to learn that which is necessary, profitable, and honest. And to withdraw from the contrary. O God, how a creature wastes his time and dispenses it for things of no value but vanity and sin. But the holy ghost signifies lightly and makes a man learn orderly that which is most necessary for the profit of the soul. This leads him most rightly unto the love of God for the health and profit of his soul. And to help his neighbor.\n\nAlso, it behooves reason to inquire into the truth of things. And how one ought to believe. Well to believe is: when a man believes simply and steadfastly all that God says and commands without much inquiry, and without consulting God's counsel..The profoundness of his judgments. The height of his majesty. And the reasons for his sacraments are worth believing, if one believes not too hastily or too late, not to every man or to none. For one and the other is a vice, as Seneca says. After good inquiry comes well to judge. It is fitting for a judge to affirm nothing until he has inquired into the truth of the matter and is well informed, and he should not judge that which pertains to none. Such things as secret matters and hidden intentions, the things that cannot be turned on the right side or the left, should be understood to the better part. Of these, the spirit by this gift makes the reason to judge well and to know the right, and to determine between good and evil things between the little things and the great things. For he must praise every thing according to its worth. Also this spirit makes the reason remember. For he remembers a man..all that is necessary for him. Likewise, as God says in the Gospel, he must remember and bring back to memory the things that have passed. He must understand and remember the things that are present, and prepare and adapt for the things that are to come. These are the seven parts of the virtue of prudence. Afterward, the philosopher makes reason speak measuredly and gladly, and not speak until it is necessary. So the word should be well advised and well thought out before it comes to the tongue. And the word should be weighed and balanced as good money, and proven like Solomon says. So that the word is in accordance with God and without sin of good matter and good form. That is, it should not have too much or too little, and it should be well employed. For good money or a good word should not be given for nothing. Therefore, God says in the Gospel, we should not cast precious stones before swine. That is, to understand, the precious words..Our lord God speaks to those who do not work for their health but live in the mire of their sins. Holy scripture refers to them as hogs. This gift mentioned earlier arranges and agrees upon the other part of the heart, which has four parties: love, fear, joy, and sorrow. That is, the love which he owes, as much as he owes, and not fearing what he owes, and having no joy or delight except in what he owes to God, and as much as he owes. And having no sorrow or sadness, but in what he owes, and as much as he owes. When these four parties are in agreement, it is said that a man is well-prepared when he is not excessively cold, hot, dry, or moist. In the same way, the body of a man is afflicted by many maladies due to the imbalance of these four qualities or humors. Similarly, to the heart..A man is ordered within himself by the concord and arrangement of his reason and will. There are two springs of this virtue, which is called equity. Equity is properly that which is done by good and true judgment, neither too soft nor too rude. Without bending or inclining towards one party or the other. When one goes forth rightly, as a line, equity is nothing but unity. That is equality. Whoever has this virtue is a true judge and wise. For he does nothing unless it is examined and inquired into as a good judge ought to do.\n\nThe first degree of this virtue is that a man be a good judge of himself. He ought to enter within himself and behold his conscience, and well examine his thoughts and his wills, whether they are good or evil, and order them all according to reason. So that will and reason be in accord..For, according to Saint Bernard, virtue is nothing other than the presence of reason and will. That is, a will that says and does, and also puts into action what reason shows and signifies.\n\nThe second degree of this virtue is that a man be a righteous judge and hold the right line of equity between himself and that which is subject to him. That is, his body, which he has in keeping, that he should nourish here, so that it may serve and be disciplined and chastised in all things, obeying the soul like a good chamberlain obeys his mistress and a good disciple obeys his master without complaint. For reason ought to be like a true arbitrator between the soul and the body. Which ought to keep the right of either party. In such a manner that the spirit be a good lord, and the body a good servant and faithful subject and obedient to the soul.\n\nNow it is of great necessity to hold in this..A person should excel in drinking and eating, in clothing and in arranging himself. For it inclines more to excess than to deficiency. Afterward, he should possess the five senses of his body well to conduct and govern by reason and equity. Therefore, each one serves in his office without sin and without disdain, like the eyes to behold, the ears to hear, the nose to smell, the mouth to taste and to speak, the hands and all the body to touch. When these five senses are kept from sin, then the castle is secure and firm. For these are the gates of the soul. These are the windows through which death enters often into the soul. This testifies the prophet.\n\nThe third degree of the virtue of equity is that a man be a good judge and that he practice equity between himself and that which is before him. These are the temporal things, which often destroy body and soul, as when a man sets his love excessively on them, like the avaricious..The covetous men, and all who exceed measure, love worldly things, for they have their hearts ensnared in the nettles of the devil, as Job says. That is, pleasures and quarrels, and foreign works, in which they occupy themselves so and in such a manner that in the spiritual life they can neither do nor intend anything else, so blind and bound are they in their sins. Therefore, it happens that what Seneca the wise man says is true: \"By this we sin and go astray.\" Regarding the bodily life, every man thinks and is concerned, but regarding the spiritual life, to arrange it for eternal glory, no man thinks or studies. Therefore, there is great necessity that a man not set his heart too much on foreign things, for he who does so falls into charges and the allurements of the world, which is the root of all vices.\n\nThe fourth degree of the virtue of equity is that a man sees clearly on his right side, that is, that he takes heed and:.Take example from the good to govern him. These are like his right-hand men. But on this side, one must exercise discernment and equity. For not all people go by one way, nor do all the good and wise have one self-grace. Like the members of a body, they do not have one self-office. And from this come many persons deceived in their hearts. As the Book of Collations of Holy Fathers treats of the perfection of virtues, for who sees a man well-perfected in one estate and in one grace, they intend, desire, and will to resemble him. And when they see another who also does much good in another estate, they cry and run after him, and also to the third and fourth, and with none do they abide nor rest. They are also like the young hound that is yet all young, running after every beast that he sees before him, doing nothing but making himself weary and wasting his time. From this..Aesop tells a tale of a little hound and an ass. The ass saw the hound, which greeted his lord whenever he returned home. The lord played with him and made him great feasts. The ass thought, \"My lord should make feasts for me, who serve him all day, rather than for this dog that serves for nothing.\" It wasn't long before the ass saw his lord arrive at his house. He ran towards him and cast his forefeet about his neck, strongly licking and fawning him. The lord's servants, who saw this, ran with great haste and beat the ass severely. From this, the ass had expected grace, honor, and profit. Instead, he experienced shame and damage.\n\nThrough such fables, the wise were accustomed to signify and teach themselves. By this example, he shows that no one should desire such graces as they cannot attain or come to. Solomon also teaches this, saying, \"Do not cast your pearls before swine.\".A man needs to look towards riches, that is, the graces he cannot attain. Therefore, he has great need of discernment, to see in whom he finds an example. It is necessary that a man see clearly on his left side. This is the fifth degree. One ought to behold the fools and shrews who are on the left side, for they are on the worse side. One should take heed of them first, for a man should have pity and compassion. One should not envy their folly or their pride. As the wise Salomon said, \"I passed by the vineyard of the slothful fool, and saw that it was full of thorns and nettles. And by this example, I have learned wisdom and prudence.\" One should love most God by whom he is freed of such sins and perils. But he should keep discernment and equity on this side. For when I see a fool and a sinner, I ought to have pity and compassion, and not make fun of him or despise him. I ought always to hate the sin..Love the person, and much I ought to keep myself from feeling grief or harm towards any person or from condemning him. Do not compare myself to another who is evil. For he is evil today and tomorrow good, and such is this day good that tomorrow will be evil. Also, as much as I can without wrongdoing, employ myself in the service of others. Be humble and condescend in works and words, to win him to God and withdraw him from sin. For, as Seneca and St. Gregory say, we can relieve those who have fallen no better than by the means mentioned above. Let us not will ourselves to be like this.\n\nThe sixth degree of the virtue of equity is the sixth eye that the wise man possesses. That is, he sees clearly behind the net and the devices of the devil, which are hidden from us. For the devil, our enemy, who is much stronger, wiser, subtle, and busy in deceiving us, never ceases day or night..Always, in a way, is ready to deceive us in more than a thousand ways. And, as Saint Augustine says, the devil sees subtly the state of a man and his manner. His complexion and to what sin or vice he is most inclined. A man is drawn to that part where he inclines himself. The devil assails most strongly in that regard. The colic man to wrath and anger. The sanguine man to jollity and lechery. The phlegmatic man to sloth. And the melancholic man to envy and sadness. Therefore, every man ought to defend and keep himself from that part where he sees his house is most vulnerable. And against this vice and this sin, one ought to fight and resist most. And the more one resists strongly against all sins, the more merit one will have in paradise or in heaven. Understand well that the enemy of hell spares no one. He is bold and cruel..He who assails our Lord Jesus Christ in tempting Him. Do you know, says our Lord to Job, in how many forms the devil disguises himself and speaks to him? No man knows but I alone. For just as St. Denis says, all angels discern the good and the evil, and all the spirits of men are like a spiritual mirror. Then, just as a spiritual mirror receives all forms and impressions that come before it, so does a man's spirit. Be it in sleeping or waking. Now then, take a mirror and set it against another. Immediately, all the forms that are in that one, you shall see in that other. In such a way it is said that the devil shows a man such figures and such forms as he wills, and the soul receives harm to itself sometimes in thought and in imagination, as if against my will. I am bound to see and receive in the sight of my eye the form that comes before me.\n\nNow is it a great grace of God and a great gift of the Holy Ghost to.Understand well all the languages of the devil and to know all his temptations and engines. For just as Saint Bernard says, \"It is over subtle a thing to know and to discuss between the thoughts that the heart conceives and brings forth, and those that the devil plants.\" The devil shows a man how sins appear pleasant and delightful. A discreet and reasonable man may barely know this, but when the devil comes to tempt a man in the guise of an angel and shows him good to draw him to evil, then the temptation is strongest. And therefore Saint John says that one ought not to believe all spirits, but they ought to be tested and examined well before one believes them and to consider whether they are of God's party. Just as those who have good and holy confessors do, to whom they confess their sins, both good and evil. For just as Solomon says, \"Likewise, confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another, that you may be healed. The effective prayer of a righteous man can accomplish much.\".Blessed are those who doubt not that they sin not. And he says in another place, \"Do good counsel to all that you shall do, and then you will not repent it.\" The seventh degree of Equity is the seventh eye. He must have this virtue who will have this sight: that he looks upward and has God all ways before him. Our Lord says in the Gospel, \"If the eye is pure and simple, all your body will be clear and shining. But if the eye is dark and turbid, all your body will be dark and obscure. That is, if the intention of your heart is pure and simple, and goes forth the right line after God by all the degrees that we have named before, all the mass and substance of your works and virtues will be fair and pleasing to God. But if the intention is not good but backward and evil, and turns back, all the work will be dark and obscure. For without good and rightful intention, almsdeeds are nothing.\".bycometh sin and virtues' vices. Intention is simple when a man makes his works good right for God's love. It is obscure and dark when a man does his works to please the world or for vain glory. It is crooked and not right in two things. When one holds one part to God and the other to the world. Intention returns backward when a man seeks his own profit in all things that he does. Now you have heard the seven degrees of\n\nThe branches of this tree are the seven virtues principal, which answer to the seven deadly sins. Like meekness or humility does against pride. Friendship or love against envy. Debonair and patience against anger and grudges. Proves and diligence against sloth. Generosity against avarice. Chastity against lechery. And sobriety against gluttony. These seven virtues keep and conduct much right the spirit of science which leads and conducts them by the way of Equity, as Solomon says. By the way of Equity..Discrection and reason are the charioteer and conductor of virtues, as Saint Bernard and the governor of the soul's ship leads and guides them, ensuring they do not deviate from the way, neither to the right nor to the left. And thus, they prosper and bring forth fruit abundantly.\n\nThen the virtue of Equity. It reveals itself through discrection in all the works of other virtues. Without this virtue, the name of the virtue becomes vice. I say this in another sense. These seven virtues mentioned before are the branches of Equity, and all the fruits and good works that grow from this tree belong to this virtue.\n\nNow understand well how the great master of virtues speaks to us about this virtue. He does not say in his rule, \"Blessed are those who hold equity overall and in all things have discrection and measure without mistaking.\" For there is none who does not sin in many ways. Therefore, our Lord Jesus Christ comforts us when He says, \"Blessed are those who sin not.\".\"not and I do not. But he says much curiously to comfort the sinners. Blessed are they that weep, for they shall be comforted. That is to say, they have been and shall be blessed who know and understand well their sins and their faults in all the points of equity which we have named here. And therefore this world is called the valley of tears. That none in the world may live without tears. It has received the gift of science, of which we have spoken before. But it seems, as Salomon says, that he who knows and sees the evils and sorrows of the world most, he has most sorrow at heart. Tears and weeping.\"\n\n\"Thus began the world to grieve and annoy. And to whom this transitory life most grieves and annoys, he most desires that other life which is without end. Now, therefore, thou art asked\".To take here six manners of tears which an holy man had here in this world by the gift of science. The first tears come from that. Which a man has often angered God. By thought, by word, and by deed. \u00b6 The second tears come from that. Which one holds the great torments, horrible and enduring of hell, which thou hast deserved by thy sins. Of which each person ought to have great fear. \u00b6 The third tears grow from the evils. That a man sees the good suffer. Of whom we ought to have pity and compassion. \u00b6 The fourth tears come for the sins that the wicked people do. \u00b6 The fifth tears come for this life which is perilous, and for that other life which is without end in glory. That we tarry so long therefore. \u00b6 The sixth tears come from devotion and from a great abundance of spiritual joy in the presence of Jesus Christ. And from the feeling of the holy ghost. These are truly blessed who weep. For they shall be comforted, as the gospel says. Like as the nurse comforts..The child that weeps and cries. For she dries their eyes and kisses him, making him laugh by force. Just as our Lord will do to them who weep bitterly for their sins, as I have said. The debonair Jesus will dry their eyes. They shall never weep more, nor shall they feel harm or sorrow again. But they shall always be with our Lord God in peace, in laughing and in joy everlasting.\n\nNow we have spoken of the gifts and virtues that govern those who live in this world in the lowest of these three states, which we have spoken of before. Now, with the aid of the Holy Ghost, we shall speak of the gifts and virtues that most properly belong to those who despise the world and tend toward the mountain of perfection. The holy man Job says that a man's life on earth is like a knighthood. For a man's life in it is laborious.\n\nNow behold and take heed of a young burgher and of a young knight. These two kinds of men.Men have many thoughts and intentions. The burgher intends to merchandise: to buy and sell, to win and to get good; and the end of his intent is all for him to be rich and noble and honored in his city or town.\nThe new knight goes all another way. For he desires and intends to do courteous and truthful deeds. It is said that he who might achieve these three things should be more than an emperor.\nThis is a great thing. But there have been few who dare take this enterprise. But when God gives to a man this grace and this gift, which is called the spirit of strength, He gives him a new heart. A noble heart. And an hardy heart. Noble for despising all that the world may take and give. And of this hardiness speaks our Lord in the gospel, when He says, \"Blessed are those who have hungered and thirsted for righteousness.\" Solomon says that he is just who despises his damage for his soul or for his friend. And St. Bernard says that he is not just who sees not that his..\"He who truly desires with all his heart to render this debt to God, are they whom our Lord speaks of in the Gospel when he says, 'Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness.' He does not say, 'Blessed are those who do righteousness.' But this righteousness cannot be held nor openly rendered in this world, but in this world it shall be desired and in the other world paid. Therefore our Lord does not say, 'Blessed are those who shall render and yield this righteousness,' but more briefly, 'As he who knows our poverty. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst after this righteousness.' For Jesus Christ requires not that we pay him his debt here, but it suffices to him if we have a good will and desire to render and yield.\".Desire when it is true in the heart, he should show it by work. Just as Solomon says, no man can bear fire in his lap unless his garment burns. This demonstration cannot be without virtue and power.\n\nFor witness, neither by pleading nor by prayer may one be a good knight, but by many good deeds of arms and by much suffering and enduring of tribulations and mischief. This is the fourth virtue that the holy ghost gives to a man to extirpate and pull out all the fourth deadly sin. That is the sin called in clergy acetyclide. That is sloth. This virtue aforementioned is of such great dignity that among all other virtues, this alone bears the name of virtue properly. For virtue and power are one. God gives this virtue of power to his servants when he suffers and wills to make them knights, like as he did his apostles at Pentecost or Whitsuntide. Of whom we read that they were so cowardly before they had received this..virtues of prowess. They dared not leave their lodgings until they were imbued with this virtue. But after they had acquired this virtue of prowess, they endured gladly all martyrdoms and all manner of torments.\n\nMagnanimity. is haughtiness, greatness, and nobleness of courage by which a man is bold as a man of great ambition. This virtue has two aspects: the first is to despise great things or to value nothing, and to undertake and choose greater things. Of the first aspect, Saint Augustine says, \"Prowenesse is when courage despises all that it does not have in its power, that is, all that it can lose against its will.\" And Seneca says, \"In worldly things, there is nothing great but the heart which despises great things.\" Of the second aspect, the philosopher says, magnanimity is reasonable ambition for great things and fearful. He who possesses this virtue holds the world at a distance, as the prophet Isaiah says..Thus it seems that the entire world is a little thing, just as a star seems small to us. Then the entire world, and all its charges, great works, and necessities appear meaningless to him. Solomon said this after he had thoroughly explored the world and debated with fools and wise men. He spoke in this manner: \"Vanity of vanities, and all that I see is vanity.\" That is, the entire world is vanity, and full of vanities. And a man himself, for whom the world was made, is in every way a vanity. For David says in his Psalter, \"Vanity by mortality. For his life flees away like a shadow. Vanity by curiosity. For his heart is as a dream. Vanity by wickedness. For sin makes him held and reputed as nothing, less than anything in the world. Now this is the first part of this virtue that has caused him to despise the world. As some have done in times past..The philosophers, the paynems, the Sarasins, and holy Christian men are of the former party, who choose the way to perfection and select the life that is openly sharp and dreadful. This is the way that leads a man to the montage of God, in the state of perfection. This is the way of the private council of our Lord Jesus Christ, which He showed in the montage to His apostles, of whom this treatise speaks. They chose this way to those who it suffices not only to keep the commandments of God to which they are bound by true debt, like them, but also to leave all for God's sake and abandon themselves to die for His love, who died for them on the cross. That was sweet Jesus Christ. Or to go to the holy land or elsewhere, as they leave and despise all for the love of God, both friends and themselves, and make themselves servants of others and pour out themselves on those who were rich and mighty in the world and subject themselves to great sufferings!.Why the world had great ease and great delight, and all these things are done with good intent by those in religion, little avails it if the heart is not there. For habit does not make the monk. Nor arms the knight, but good hearts and perseverance and the courage for good works.\n\nThe second degree of this virtue is perseverance. For whoever has embarked on a good way or any good works, it behooves him to hold firmly to his purposes and to achieve what he has begun. This virtue is called perseverance. Perseverance is necessary against assaults from the world, the flesh, and the devil. Which much strongly assail a man at the beginning. The flesh says to him, \"I cannot endure this life. My life has become accustomed to live such a life. The world entices him to withdraw from doing well, like one who entices a prisoner to escape.\" When he escapes from prison. The devil says to him, \"What will you do, captive?\".The first assaults that the new knights of God suffer are those that intend and draw to conquer the kingdom of heaven. When they intend and abide with God by good will, they do not recoil, for he is the right true friend who can, may, and will keep his friends. And whomever God will aid and help, none can harm or grieve.\n\nThe third degree of prowess is certainty. Certainty, as the philosopher says, is a virtue by which a man does not dread or fear the evils and perils that are before his eyes. And this is the third good and well that the gift of strength makes. For when the holy ghost arms his knight with his virtue, he first gives him a noble heart to undertake great things. Afterward, he gives him great ardor and desire to pursue it, and great assurance to bring it to an end. Lastly, he makes him sure and bold as a lion, so that he has no fear of peril, pain, or death..Among the torments, the holy martyrs desired them as much as the new knight desired the tourney. Thus did the holy martyrs behave, as it appears in their lives. Among other things, we read of St. Agatha, who had great joy when she went to the torments. Likewise, she seemed to be going to a wedding or a feast. And in the same way, her holy apostles and other martyrs, without naming them.\n\nJust as the holy ghost makes his knight certain to endure the torments and sorrows that are to come, so does he make him strong and patient to suffer them when they come. This is the fourth degree, which is called patience. By this virtue, a man overcomes his enemies - the devil, the flesh, and the world, and all that they can do and say. For these are the shields of gold to him, which, for the love of God, cover him on all sides, so that no stroke may harm him. This virtue has no one unless he has been tempted. For tribulation forgets wisdom, as St. Paul says..Like the fire makes the tiles hard. Without this virtue is none proven. Thus without patience no one may come to perfection. Without patience no man has victory. For he that lacks patience is vanquished. Of this we see example in all the crafts that have been made by hand. Many a stroke of the hammer suffers the cup of gold before it is set on the table of a king. And also a chalice or it is blessed and set on the altar. Much suffers the tons and pipes many great strokes before the wine is put in them. Much is defiled with the feet of the fullers the fine scarlet cloth before the queen is clad with it. And as many examples may you find, as there are in London crafts.\n\nBy this virtue a man is strong as iron. Which all other metals soften and master. And he is made precious as gold. Which the more it is in the fire, the more it is pure and clean. Clear and tranquil. As the salamander in the fire. And as the fish that lives in the water of tribulation in which he dwells..The virtue and is nourished. The degree of the virtue of prowess is called the virtue of constance; this is a true virtue that makes the heart strong and stable, as a tower founded upon a firm rock. And as a tree rooted in good ground, that neither moves nor wavers. That is to say, for no event or temptation that may happen or come, good or evil, comes to virtue or victory without this virtue. For when the knight of God has performed some prowesses, then the devil assails him with vanity. And then the battle is in the heart alone to conquer, lest he fall by vanity. This virtue is much praised by Seneca the wise man, who says that there is no virtue but that which goes before proudly between one and another..The sixth degree of prowess is magnificence. This virtue expresses and declares the philosopher, saying \"Magnificence is a great work and a happy achieving.\" Our Lord Jesus Christ, the supreme philosopher, calls this virtue perseverance. By this virtue, the good knight of God endures evils to the end in the high way of perfection that he has embarked upon. Of this virtue, Saint Paul says, \"All virtues flow from it, but this virtue wins the sword. All fight, but this has the victory and the crown.\" All work, but this virtue bears away the reward and the merit. For our Lord Jesus Christ says, \"Whoever shall persevere to the end, he shall be saved, and none other.\" The philosophers could go no further in declaring this virtue of prowess. But the disciples of our great master Jesus Christ saw much further. For just as Solomon says, \"When they have all remembered and performed,\" then it seems to them that all is to nothing..The virtues and prowess of philosophers were all meant to vanquish sins and vices, and to gain virtues. But a saint's prowess was not only to vanquish sins, vices, and to gain virtues, but primarily to uphold justice and truth towards Jesus Christ. He is not true or just who does not render what he owes to His power. And certainly, it is a very rightful and reasonable thing that I give my life and my death for Him who gave His life and death for me. And as much as He is of more value and is worth more than I, so much more am I more indebted to Him by righteous justice. Likewise, Saint Anselm says, \"This justice I owe to desire, but I may not here render it or pay it fully, as we have said before.\" Therefore, the seventh degree of this virtue, which our Lord Jesus Christ has bestowed upon us, is that to which a philosopher could never attain. When He said, \"Blessed are those who have hungered and thirsted for justice,\" they are then blessed who are mounted into it..These seven degrees of prowess / and have hungered and thirsted and great desire to their power to mount unto the seventh degree. In this like manner, as in the other, we find seven branches, for in seven ways the virtue and the prowess of the good knight of God shows him. For by seven ways of battle, there come seven ways of victory. And by seven manners of victory, he conquers seven manners of crowns of glory. These are the rewards and the seven merits of which speaks St. John the apostle and evangelist in the Apocalypse. For as St. Bernard says, \"Much is he a fool who without victory aspires to have the crown and who without battle thinks to have victory.\" St. Paul says, \"He shall never be crowned in glory who fights not truly against sin and vices, which is the champion of battle in this world.\"\n\nThe first battle that a Christian man has / is against deadly sin. There is none overcome or vanquished in this battle / but if he wills..For whoever refuses to consent to sin, he yields the battle, which is easy for a vigorous and courageous heart, but difficult for one who is slow and reluctant, and ill-encouraged to do well and serve God. This is not strong through fear, nor does he pray to God and do good as Saint John says.\n\nFor whoever falls and is yielded in this battle, has much to do and is harder for him to relieve himself and defend himself, than he who is in a high spiritual state. For he has no power to relieve himself, unless it is by the grace of God. Just as the fish enters the net by itself, yet it cannot escape or go out, a man falls by himself and of his own will into sin, but he cannot escape or go out without the grace of our Lord and his aid and help, as when he gives him repentance to do penance for his sins. And that is the armor that Saint Paul commands to take in this battle. Now you ought to know that.When a man is armed to vanquish and overcome hardly sin, it is in penance that he must have three things: the first is penance of heart; the second is confession of mouth; the third is satisfaction and penance. If one of these three fails, the confession is worthless.\n\nRepentance requires great sorrow and deeply felt contrition in the heart for what one has angered and displeased God. The greater the sin, the greater the sorrow and repentance should be. Thus, King David repented when he said in his Psalter, \"I have labored and toiled in my sorrow; I have washed my bed and my couch with my tears.\" He who has displeased God by mortal sin ought to weep and wail in the depths of his heart, and with great sighs cry out, \"God, have mercy on me, like the thief, the murderer, and the traitor who has deserved to be hanged on the gallows of hell.\".The sinner is the thief to God. For he has stolen and misused the goods of his lord, which were only lent to him to win with. These goods were of nature, of grace, and of fortune, of which he must render a strict account and reckoning. He has foolishly dispersed them and put them to evil use. Also, he is a murderer of the king's daughter, that is, of his own soul. Whom he has slain and put to death by deadly sin. Also, he is a traitor. For the castle of his heart and body, which God has given him to keep, he has yielded to the devil, his mortal enemy. He ought to show great sorrow in such peril and ought often to wash his bed, that is, his conscience. These tears chase and drive away the devil from his heart. Likewise, scaling hot water drives a dog out of the kitchen. After repentance comes confession. That is the good chamberlain who makes clean..A man ought to confess wisely, as Saint Augustine advises. This involves two things: first, taking care to confess to the appropriate person and in the correct order. According to Saint Augustine, one should avoid both the death of the body and the damnation of the soul. A person seeks health and the best physician, so one should also seek a wise confessor who can bind and unbind, and who knows sin and counsels sinners..The person has the power to absolve him and impose penance for his sin. According to his sin, he ought to have penance. Anyone who wisely confesses him should diligently remember his sins beforehand or confess him and search his heart and conscience. He should remember how he has displeased God and His blessed mother and all the saints. He ought to remember all his life in great fear. Like the good king Hezekiah, who said, \"I will remember all my years in the great bitterness of my soul and my heart.\" The sinner ought to enter into the house of his heart and not pass through like a minstrel who does not willingly abide in his house. For he has no worse home than his own. But in his own heart, a man ought to dwell and consider all his sins and faults. For which he ought to render an account and give a true reason to God and to his confessor. He ought to remember to arrange his account well, like one who is summoned before his lord to render an account of all his receipts and payments. And also,\n\nCleaned Text: The person has the power to absolve him and impose penance for his sin. According to his sin, he ought to have penance. Anyone who wisely confesses him should diligently remember his sins beforehand or confess him and search his heart and conscience. He should remember how he has displeased God and His blessed mother and all the saints. He ought to remember all his life in great fear. The sinner ought to enter into the house of his heart and not pass through like a minstrel who does not willingly abide in his house. For he has no worse home than his own. But in his own heart, a man ought to dwell and consider all his sins and faults. For which he ought to render an account and give a true reason to God and to his confessor. He ought to remember to arrange his account well..Welcome heed before writing of his conscience, lest he fail to account for all his life. For if he fails in his account, God shall not fail in His. When a man has diligently remembered his sins and considered how and in how many ways he has displeased God, and how often and greatly he has sinned, and how long he has dwelt in sin, then he ought to confess himself immediately and hastily.\n\nThis is the second condition that ought to be in confession. The king David rose at midnight for confession, as he says in the Psalter, and never remained for a month or to the end of a year. And the wise man says thus in another place, \"Do not delay in converting to God. Do not withdraw yourself, nor seek any delays from day to day.\" For in delaying is much peril for many reasons. First, for the condition of sin. Sin is a fire burning. It can only be quenched by heartfelt confession. Foolish indeed is he who sees his house burning and would not hastily run to save it..fetch water to quench the fire.\nIt is a great malady and sickness to dwell in sin, and the true medicine is confession. A little prayer sets one's health on the right path. He who sees himself seeking death and desiring not to be healed and comforted,\n\nAlso, the death which is near and all around to spy upon sinners, should move and excite him hastily to confess. For he knows not the day, the hour, nor the point or minute when death shall come. This suddenness often surprises sinners, who take no heed. And certainly, he who knew what day he should die, he should make himself ready in the best and most hurried way that he could,\n\nAlso, if a sinner saw clearly the pitiful state in which he was, for he is in the hold and prison of sin and in the throat of the lion of hell and the dragon that would devour him, he should hastily go to confession, & that as soon as he could.\n\nA sinner ought to see what he has lost by his sin. The enduring goods and spiritual goods..During his time and himself, who could recall all by heartfelt confession. He was indeed a fool if he did not hasten to recover what he had lost.\n\nThe mercy of God that remains for sinners and knocks at their door, as the Apocalypse says. For this reason, he ought to hasten to be confessed, since God remains so long with the sinner. The more justice He shows, the harsher and crueler it is when He sees him slow and negligent. Just as the archer bends his bow more, and the crossbowman strikes it the harder and stronger, so God has His bow bent and ready to loose, as the Psalter says, to slay the sinners if they will not convert. And if they do not take good heed,\n\nThe sinner who tarries excessively to confess himself forgets often his sins. Therefore, it often happens that neither is he well and truly confessed nor\n\ndoes he remember many sins which he shall never remember again. And so, he will never repent or be free from them..A confessant should reveal to the confessor why it is harmful to him. When a sinner is before his confessor, he ought to express and say his sins clearly, so that the confessor can see evidently his heart and his intent. For the sick man must disclose his ailment to the physician. Else, the physician cannot work, nor the surgeon heal the wound unless he sees it. Therefore, the wise man says, if you want the surgeon to heal you, you must reveal to him your wound or sore.\n\nThe traveler and the lame, who always put the fairest outward and tell their good deeds while hiding their evil deeds, accuse others of those. They see little fault or blemish in the eyes of others and do not behold the great beam or block in their own eyes, that is, the great sins that are in them. Such was the Pharisee of whom the Gospel says that he remembered his good deeds and despised them..A publican humbly striking his breast in the temple cried, \"God have mercy and pity on me, poor sinner. Thus a sinner should judge himself before God and not only confess but also repent and recount clearly without lying. The confession should be whole and not divided among various confessors. God does not love such departing. A man should not only mention the sins but also the circumstances that aggravate them. Sins may be greater in one person than another, as in a religious person more than a secular one, in a prelate than in a simple person. Sins are greater in one place than another, as in a monastery or any other holy place, more than in an unconsecrated place. Sins are greater in one time than another, as during Lent or on festive days. When one sins willingly and in earnest, the sin is greater..than one sins ignorantly. Also, one should specify the condition of the sin. For it is greater sin with a wedded woman than with a single one. Or in a man or woman of religion, or in a person ordained a priest or a deacon. After that, the order and the estate is greater, so the sin is greater. Also, if the sin is against nature and how long time he has dwelt in the said sins. Also, he ought to say if he had little or no resistance and withstood temptation, or if he had succumbed to temptation. Also, he ought to say the cause and the enticement that moved him to do the sin, and all the other occasions of the sin. Also, a man ought to think and consider by all his members how he has sinned. First, he ought to go to his heart and say all his sins, whatever they be, carnal or spiritual. Spiritual, such as against the faith or of vain glory, or of envy, or of avarice, or of rancor, or of other kinds. The sins of the flesh and the sins of the spirit..Carnal or bodily appetites that pertain to the delights of the flesh, or if he has not kept himself well in all thoughts. In such cases, consent or long dwelling in these thoughts can be as much a sin as the consent itself. A person should confess all these thoughts. One should also beware if they have sinned through the members of their body. For a man sins in them in many ways. First, in the head, when one spends great care and great costs on it, as these ladies and women do. They curiously adorn their heads with precious adornments for pure vanity and to please and draw men to sin. In such vanities, they often sin gravely. And specifically, those who make high horns of their heads or other things that resemble women. There are many vanities surrounding the head. In washing, combing, dying, and pouring into a mirror, of which God is often displeased with this vanity and folly, men are not all free. For they adorn their heads like women..A man should make it yellow if it is black, and by craft, make them look more like women than men. This is a sign of great evil and pride. A man should confess his sins in the five senses of his body: by the eyes in foolish seeing and beholding; by the ears in gladly hearing lies, messengers, liars, and other foolishness; by the mouth in foolish speaking, excessive drinking and eating; by the nose in overly delighting himself in sweet or foul odors; or by foolishly touching himself or his wife, or others, whether male or female.\n\nA person should confess any outrageous attire of his robes and garments in washing and cleaning, and of all other defects of which he has thought..The confession should be good and whole. When one confesses all his great and small sins, this is the fourth condition that should be in confession.\n\nThe fifth condition is that one ought to confess humbly. The sinner speaks to God who sees all his heart. Then the confessor is but an ear for God and one who hears. He knows not as a man but as God. The sinner ought to tell his sins with great fear and ought to open his heart and pour it out, like one emptying a full pot of water, for when the water is poured out, there remains no color, as with milk or odor or taste or sweetness. Thus nothing should be retained of the sin. Since it has been said in confession, \"Neither the color,\" it is an evil manner of speaking or holding onto/following anything that has the appearance of sin. Also, one ought to leave the savour and taste of sin. He retains the savour of sin who thinks on it..The sins that he has done / And delights in the remembrance of them and pleases him / But he ought to think upon them in great fear. That he never falls again in them. And also he ought to remember them in great sorrow. And he ought to be confounded in himself / and have great shame before God for his sins. And he ought to have firm purposes that he should never return to his sins, though he should be dismembered. / Also he ought to leave and flee the odor. There are some who leave their sins well. but yet they gladly speak of them. but he who truly repents himself / will not gladly speak of them\u00b7 but he ought to have great abhorrence for them. The sixth counsel is that one ought to confess oneself for many reasons. First, to obtain greater grace and more merit against God. Like the linen cloth which is often washed / is the more white. Also for the venial sins that one falls into often / he ought to wash himself. Also to chase and drive away the devil from himself..The bird withdraws him and departs gladly from the place where his nest is broken and defeated, and from thence where his eggs have been taken away. Also, to learn how to confess well. For the usage makes a master. Likewise, it appears in these crafts. Furthermore, because one does not know whether he has truly repented, therefore he ought to have recourse to his confessor and confess all things sufficiently. The little glewe makes a hound dumb and quiet when it is put in its throat. But the sinner ought to think that the shame he has to tell his sin is a great part of his penance and atonement. Furthermore, the sinner ought gladly to endure and drink a little shame to escape the great shame that all sinners shall have at the day of Judgment when the whole world shall see all their sins. The two who shall judge..The amendments for transgressions: In fasting, almsgiving, or prayers, or other good things after the sin requires it. And the sick man ought gladly to obey the physician to have health. And the good son ought gladly to do the will of his spiritual father for the salvation of his soul. Now you have heard three things that hold together the habits of penance. With these are armed the new knights of God to vanquish the battle against sin. And he who shall vanquish this battle shall not desire the second death. Likewise, Saint John says in the Apocalypse, \"but he shall have real rest. That is the perpetual glory.\" The first death of the soul is to love sin, which is vanquished by penance, by which one escapes the second death, that is the death of hell, where one may not die. This is the first branch of the tree of prowess in those who vanquish sin. After this battle comes another. For when a man repents of his sin, then comes a new..A man wrestles with his heart. What penance he may do, and what life he may lead, and there are many of them who in this battle are recanting. For just as God says in the gospel, \"Now they believe, now they do not believe, now they will, now they will not.\" Now they purpose, Now is all nothing. For they are not firm nor stable, nor persistent. But when a man joins himself to God and affirms his heart and his good purposes to Him, then this battle is good and gained, and then God makes him firm and stable, as Saint John says. This is the second victory and the reward that answers to him. After this wrestling comes the third wrestling that a man has with his flesh. Which much complains when it begins to feel the harshness and sharpness of penance. And it reinforces itself to return to its old customs. The flesh is an evil wife, whom Salomo says, \"He who most does the will of the flesh, it is his.\" And he who suffers his flesh to..Overcome him. He enters and puts himself in great service. For there is none so foul a thing as to be overcome by his flesh, who conquers this battle. God promises him a new crown, white of chastity and innocence, and brings him to rest, which is the glory, perpetual, as he says in the Apocalypse. After this battle comes this world and Lady Fortune with her wheel, which assails a man on the right side and on the left side, two strong battles. Whereas many are conquered, and more are conquered on the right side than on the left side, like David says in his Psalter. For the temptation that comes from the right side is stronger. Than it that comes from the left. As David says in his Psalter. For the temptation that comes from the honor of riches and delights which the devil offers and sets before, is stronger than that which comes from adversity. Like porters and the sicknesses and afflictions that God sends, and he that overcomes them..Vainquish and he despises with his heart the prosperity of this world. God promises him honor and happiness in glory. For he shall make him sit with him on his throne, as it is said in Revelation. To him who shall vanquish that other battle which is on the left side in the adversaries of this world, God promises glory which no man may take from him. The sixth battle is very strong. It is against the wicked who are in the world, who are the members of Antichrist, and who wage war against the good men by their might. None shall dare to claim him as Christian for the strength of Antichrist and his members. This is the beast that John saw that waged war against the saints, of whom we have spoken before. The members of this beast show themselves in wicked princes and evil prelates. They defile and devour their subjects, so that the good men who are under them have enough to suffer and many diseases..\"And greet my friends. But those who take all in good patience without murmuring, as Job did, and trust all to God, they shall conquer this battle and the one who will overcome it, God promises to give him power over his enemies, as St. John says in the Apocalypse. After all these battles comes the last, which is the strongest. For the devil, who is malicious and most subtle, when he sees that a man is mounted upon the mountain of perfection and has overcome all the battles mentioned before, then assaults him with vanity and presumption. For it seems to him that he is a very good man and a great friend of God, by which he falls somewhat from high to low, as Lucifer did. Therefore, it is of great necessity that a man be wise and keep himself from the sin of vanity, which makes one proud. For in the tail lies often the venom and then comes the sting. And sometimes the ship that is near the port\".Perishes he who went surely in the high sea. Then he must tarry and address his sail. That is all his intention and all his heart at the portal of health. That is to Jesus Christ by the wind of fervent love and of great desire of God. This is the justice's hunger of which we have spoken before. Which comes from the gift of strength and of the virtue of prowess. As the good Knight who is noble and hardy, who has a good heart, and who has been in many pressures. Who has great talent and great hunger to show his strength in tournaments or in battles, to get to him praise and renown. And certainly, whoever has great love for God and great hunger and desire for his health, he overcomes easily this last battle. He will not desire nor will he wish in this life. But he who conquers this battle shall win the reward. Of which St. John speaks in the Apocalypse where our Lord.He who shall conquer [him], he shall give to him to eat from the tree of life, which is in the middle of paradise. This is Jesus Christ himself who gives eternal life, of which all the saints live in the glory of heaven. And they were all fulfilled and at rest. This is the blessing which the debonair Jesus Christ promises in the gospel to his good knights when he said, \"Blessed are those who have hunger and thirst for justice, that is, to serve God and to love him, for they shall be filled from the fruit of the tree of life. This is the end and the perfection of this virtue which is called prowess. It leads to the gift of strength.\n\nLike the Holy Ghost gives strength and vigor to empower great things, so too does he give counsel by which a person comes to a good end of that which he empowers. This is a great grace that the Holy Ghost gives, which is called the gift of counsel. By which a man has great prudence and great deliberation and advice in all things..That he embraces endeavors and is not hasty in them. For great things are not made and done solely by strength or arms, but by good counsel. Another philosopher named Socrates said that hasty counsel leads men to regret. Therefore, Solomon advises doing nothing without good counsel, and after the deed, one will not repent. This grace reveals itself in a man in three ways. First, in delighting in good counsel. Thus, Tobias counseled his son. Fair son, he said, you should always ask counsel from a wise man. Solomon states that where there is no good governor, the people perish at once and are destroyed, but it is safe when there are many good counsels. And the wise Tully says that little is worth arms without counsel within. But keep away from evil counselors and do not counsel with fools. For they love nothing but what pleases them..Them. And not that which pleases God. The Scripture counsels that one should ask and seek counsel of the old and ancient men, not of the young men who have not been proven in the works. For in the ancient men, who have seen and proven many things, there is good wisdom and good counsel. Because Roboas, the son of Solomon, left the counsel of the old and ancient men who were wise, and took the counsel of young men, he lost the most part of his kingdom. Also, he who has this gift should examine and consider the counsels given to him. And think with great advice whether he is well counseled and truly, not lightly to believe in the counsel of one man or of two, how well they are of his private friends. Therefore Seneca says that a wise man examines his counsels and does not believe them lightly. For he who believes lightly, he finds that he is often deceived. Also, he who has this gift obeys good counsel when he finds it. For he asks counsel for nothing..The wise man welcomes good counsel. The most profitable counsel a man can have is from our good master Jesus Christ, who is the source of all wisdom. He says in the holy gospel, \"If you want to be my disciple, go, sell your possessions, and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. And come, follow me.\" For he is, as I say, the source of wisdom, the true God who came to teach us the way to paradise. That is the path of poverty of the spirit, by which the holy ghost leads those whom he enlightens with the gift of counsel. In another way, a man can be saved..One may be saved in marriage or in widowhood, or in riches of the world, when they are well used. But the holy ghost, by the gift of counsel, leads and conducts more rightly and more surely by the way of true poverty of the spirit. By this gift one despises and puts under foot all the courtesies of the world for the love of God. This gift takes away from the heart the sin of avarice and covetousness, and plants the fair tree of mercy. This tree of mercy has seven degrees, like the others, by which it grows and profits. These are seven things which move and draw a man to mercy and compassion for others' harm. The first thing that moves a man to mercy is nature. For, as the book says which speaks of the nature of beasts, no bird eats another bird of its own nature, nor does a beast eat another..A beast of its own nature, as well as the same book states, nourishes the foal of another beast when it is dead. A mare has often been seen and purchased that has nourished the foal of another mare and defended them from other beasts. Therefore, a man ought to have pity and compassion for another's evil and harm, which is similar to his nature. For we are all made of one matter and one form and one image. The second thing that should draw a man to mercy and compassion for another man's harm is grace. For we are all members of one body, that is, of the holy church by grace, and one member helps another naturally and has pity and compassion. Also, we are all boasted and redeemed with one price, that is, with the precious blood of Jesus Christ, who hung on the cross to redeem us from eternal death. When our savior Jesus Christ was there so pitiful and merciful toward us. Therefore, we ought then to have pity and compassion for one another and to aid and succor each other..Brothers and sisters in faith and grace, for we are all children of God and of the holy church. One brother ought to help the other when he sees it is needed. For need reveals who is a friend. The third thing that should move a man to mercy is the commandment of the holy scripture, which encourages and commands the works of mercy above all other things. Wise Solomon says, \"A head without oil will not hold out.\" For just as oil nourishes the fire and the lamp, and is understood to be mercy, which should always be in our hearts. For in the same way that oil surmounts in the lamp above all other liquids, mercy surmounts the other virtues. And just as oil nourishes and keeps the fire in the lamp, and when the oil fails the fire goes out, mercy keeps the fire of the love of God in the heart, and when mercy fails, the love of God fails. As Saint John says, \"He who does not love his brother whom he has seen cannot love God whom he has not seen.\".\"Necessity necessitates closing the door of his heart. That is, he has no pity or compassion. He does not help himself if he can. How can he have the love and charity of God in him, when it cannot be? The oil of mercy is lacking in the lamp of his heart. The good thief taught his son and said, \"Fair son, be merciful as much as you can. If you have plenty of goods, give freely and generously. If you have little of the same, give generously to the poor. And the Lord says in the gospel, 'Give all that you have and give it to the poor.' This is the virtue that holy scripture praises most generally. It is the virtue that pleases God, as scripture says. God says through the prophet, 'I will say mercy, not sacrifice.' And Saint Augustine says that there is nothing that makes a man more pleasing to God than pity and having mercy on others.\" Many people serve and sacrifice to God in fasting or in\".People who perform penance for their sins through acts of charity are few and far between. Those of great estate, to whom God has given abundantly in temporal goods, sacrifice and serve not to God but to the world or the devil, in their excessive spending on vanities and outrages. But to give alms for God's sake to the poor, they are hard as adamant. Just as mercy pleases God, so it displeases the devil. For it is the armor and the virtue by which he is most swiftly vanquished, as is said in a gloss on the Psalter. He cannot endure the good odor of such an ointment. Nor could Judas smell or feel it when the holy Magdalene anointed the head of Jesus Christ with the precious ointment. It seemed to Judas that it was a wasted thing, and he preferred the money that it cost him out of covetousness. Of such people.A covetous and avaricious person is called a devil named Closepurs, whom an holy hermit saw. He had the office to close and shut the purses of covetous men, so they should not be opened for alms. The fourth thing that should move a man to mercy is the great generosity of our Lord, who gives largely to every man after he is [given]. And makes his Son shine upon the good and the evil, as it is said in the gospel. Since the generous Jesus is so large to us, giving us all that we have that is good, we ought to be generous and courteous one to another. For so commands God in the gospel when He says, \"Be ye merciful, as your Father in heaven is merciful.\" He ought to resemble his Father and ought to imitate Him when He is good and wise. Or otherwise he forsakes Him. Therefore says the wise man in Scripture, \"Be ye merciful and pitiful to the poor and to the orphans.\".thou were their father or their mother / be thou as their husband. And thus shalt thou be called the son of God.\n\nThe fifth thing that should move a man to mercy is the honor of God. For, as Solomon says, he honors our Lord who does well to the poor. For what is done to the poor, is done to God, as he himself witnesses in the Gospel. That which you have done to one of the least of my servants, you have done to me, says God. The poor are the little ones of our Lord. Who honors them by the works of mercy, honors God. For who honors the poor, honors the Lord. And who despises the family and servants, despises the Lord.\n\nWe have here a fair and good example of the holy saint Martin. To whom God appeared in the night. After he had departed and given his mantle to the poor man. And he was covered with the said mantle. And God said to his angels, Martin has clothed me with this vestment.\n\nThe sixth thing that should move us greatly....To move a man to mercy is the fear of judgment. For as St. James says, judgment without mercy will be given to him who does not perform the works of mercy. Likewise, God says in the Gospel, when the day of judgment comes, a sentence will be given against those who have not in their power done and completed the works of mercy. For God will place a deaf ear to those who now place a deaf ear to the poor. It appears in the example that He relates of the rich man who gave no alms to Lazarus, and because he refused to give to him alms, God refused him a drop of water when he was in the fire of hell. In the same way, He did to the foolish virgins who had no oil in their lamps. God closed the gate to them at the wedding and said to them, \"I do not know you.\" And so they remained outside and did not enter in. Similarly, it will be done at the day of judgment to the avaricious and to the covetous men who have not the conduits of mercy, which leads souls to heaven..and makes a right way for them to come before God, as holy scripture says. Like a way is made and the gate opened to him who brings a present. Certainly, accursed shall he be to whom pity and mercy turn their backs at the day of judgment. When God shall give sentence so firm and stable and dreadful. It will be so established by Justice and confirmed that it will never be repealed. And then God will do as a sovereign pope, bishop, and king cast out his great excommunication. For he is king and bishop, as scripture says. For he took over the kingdoms and the hardships when Ihesus Christ shall chase them out of his company. Such a harsh departure ought much to be doubted.\n\nThe seventh thing that much moves a person to mercy is the fruit and the good that grows from this tree. First, in that mercy grants pardon to sinners. Of which mercy have the letters of pardon and indulgence. For God says in the gospel, \"Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.\".Mercy is forgiving for they who will have mercy. Afterward, in the same letter, he says, \"if we have not done that one thing, the other, God will not pardon us.\" Mercy is the merchant's pursuit, which wins over all and never fails. As Saint Paul says, \"mercy reconciles all things.\" A precious stone should be much valued, which is good for all things. That is mercy, which wins the temporal goods, the spiritual goods, and the eternal goods of glory. Of the temporal goods, Solomon says, \"honor God with your wealth and your temporal goods, and God will replenish your granaries with wheat and your cellars with wine.\" But understand well this word: that he speaks of your wealth and your temporal goods, and not the goods of others, as some do who perform acts of charity with that which they have taken from others by force, by raiding, by usurpation, or by other evil causes, and make the large tongues of others' leather. But of your own proper goods which you hold truly, honor God..that other you are bound to yield and render again. He also says that you give to the poor and not to the rich, and God will give you a hundredfold in return, as it says in the Gospel. Mercy is a seed that bears fruit better in the lean land than it does in the fat. How mercy multiplies temporal goods we have many fair examples of, which I will remind some here. It is said of St. Germain of Auxerre that when he came from Rome, as he was leaving Melane, he asked his deacon if he had any money. He answered that he had but three pence. For St. Germain had given all to poor people. Then St. Germain commanded his deacon to give those three pence to poor people. For God had enough to feed them that day. The deacon with great pain and reluctance gave two pence, and kept the third penny. As they went on the way, a servant of a rich man brought to St. Germain from his lord some sheepskins, called shearlings. Then St. Germain called his deacon and said,.The knight told him that he had stolen a penny from the poor. If he had given the third penny to the poor, the knight would have given him 300 shillings. In the way to Saint Germain, a gentleman came to Saint John the Baptist, who had been robbed and had nothing. He had great pity and compassion on him and commanded his dispenser to give him 15 pounds of gold. His dispenser, out of greed, gave him only 5.\n\nA noble lady then sent 5 pounds of gold to the said Saint John. He called his dispenser and demanded how much he had given to that man. The dispenser answered that he had given him 15 pounds. The holy man said no, and that he had given him only 5 pounds. When he knew the truth from the one who had received it, he said to his dispenser, \"If you had given that 15 pounds, our Lord would have sent it to you through the good woman M. and asked you how much.\".She had given and left to him in her testament. She answered that she had ordered a thousand and five hundred pounds for him. And when she saw the .M pound missing and struck out of the writing, she thought that God willed that she should send him no more than five hundred pounds.\n\nAlso, St. Gregory recounts the story of St. Boniface. From his childhood, he was so pitiful that he gave his shirt and gown to the poor. Yet, his mother beat him often because of this.\n\nNow it happened that the child saw many poor people suffering from disease. He saw that his mother was not at home. He ran to the granaries and gave all that she had stored for the year to the poor people. When his mother returned and saw what he had done, she was out of her wits. Then the child prayed to the Lord, and the granaries were full of wheat.\n\nAlso, there was a poor man who had only one cow. As it is said, his curate spoke of this in his sermon, quoting the gospel that God said: \"a man gave all he had to the poor and followed me.\".A man should have two hundred fold for all that he should give for God's sake. A good man, by the counsel of his wife, gave his cow to his curate in hope of receiving two hundred coins for his cow. And when he had long waited, and the promise remained long after, he thought that his curate had deceived him and intended to steal from him. He rose on a night to steal from him, but on the way he found a great mass of gold. Then he thought that God had rendered and repaid his promise and returned in peace.\n\nAnother poor man, having heard that God would give so much for one, gave his cow to his curate, who was rich. The priest gladly accepted this cow and sent it to his pasture where his other cows were. And at evening the poor man's cow came home again and brought a calf longing to the priest with it. When the poor man saw this, he thought that God had kept His promise according to the gospel. The calf was judged before the bishop..Pour mercy against the priest. These examples aforementioned show well that mercy is a good commodity, for it increases temporal goods. Mercy also seeks and obtains spiritual and enduring goods from God, of which St. Paul says it avails for all things. For it grants life and grace in this present life, and the life of glory without end in the other. Therefore David says in his Psalter that God loves mercy and truth, for it grants grace in this world and glory in the other. Mercy and almskeep a man from all perils and deliver him from spiritual death, that is, from sin and the death of hell. Many dead men have been raised to life by the works of mercy that have been done, of which there are many examples in the writings of saints, that is, of the death-perduring hell. Therefore Tobit said to his son, \"Be thou pitiful and merciful as much as thou canst.\" For alms deliver and keep from all sin and the death of hell..And it defends the soul from entering the darkness of hell. Now you have heard the branches and degrees of mercy, by which it grows and profits. Now behold the branches of this tree, by which it mounts and by which it descends. This tree has more branches than the others mentioned. For it extends further than they, of which there are branches on the right side and on the left side. On the right side are the spiritual works of mercy, which touch the soul. They are the works of mercy on the right side. On the left side are the corporal works of mercy, which pertain to the body. On the right side are seven branches. The first is to give good counsel to those who have need, and only for the love of God, not seeking anything temporal in return. As do advocates and men of law who take hold of both hands, and of one party and of another, and give many evil counsels to have money or gifts or out of fear or favor of the rich..men, but those who have God before their eyes and counsel the sinners to leave their sin and save them. Or those who are out of sin, to keep them from falling into it again, like confessors should. And all men, in whatever state they are, do the first work of mercy spiritually. This is the first branch of the right side. The second branch is to teach and instruct those who have authority to govern. A prelate his subjects, whom he ought to feed with good doctrine and good example. In the same way, a master should do so to his disciples in doctrine, science, and good manners. Also, fathers and mothers should keep their children from sin and vices, accustoming them to do well and keeping them from lying, swearing, evil plays and games, and evil company. Children, especially those of great lords and rich men, should be best informed in good manners. They will always hold to them..The first form: And therefore they should be informed to do well. The third branch is to reprimand and chastise fools and wicked people of their folly. This pertains specifically to prelates and princes, who ought to chastise their subjects when they know they are wicked. For when they suffer sins that they could amend and will not, they become partners in the wrongdoing. No prince or prelate ought to suffer any wickedness in a man if he can know it. If he has evil and wicked men about him and knows it or suspects it, and does not remedy it, it is a sign that he is not a good man. It is commonly said, such a lord, such servants, and often it happens that the lord is defamed by his evil servants. Therefore, a lord ought not to hesitate to take away the sins that are about him. He ought to doubt God more and love Him more than any man..A mortal should love people and hate sins. Every prince, prelate, and lord should know that ignorance in this matter will not excuse them. They are bound to know how their people govern them in their houses and offices. They ought to inquire by good and true men and fear God and love Him. They will not be excused at the Day of Judgment for saying they did not know.\n\nThe fourth branch of mercy is for the comfort of the afflicted: those in trouble, adversity, or sickness. It is to help them regain their strength and to comfort them with good words, so they do not despair or lose heart. Saint Paul commands, \"Comfort those who have a weak heart,\" and Solomon says, \"A person delights in good smells in the same way the soul delights in great comfort.\".The sweetness of good counsel and in the good words of a true friend, that is he who loves well in adversity as in prosperity. For it is seen who is a friend, and in adversity is the good and true friend proven. And thou oughtest to know that four things much comfort a man, who is in adversity: in tribulation or in sickness. The first thing is to think on the pains of hell. which are so harsh, sharp, and horrible, that it is but a shadow and an enjoyment of all that may be suffered in this world in comparison to the pains of hell. Whereof St. Augustine says to our Lord: \"O good Lord, burn me here and hew me in pieces. Rather than thou condemn me eternally.\" Also, St. Augustine says that the torments of St. Bartholomew, who was flayed alive; of St. Lawrence and of St. Vincent, who were burned and laid on gridirons; and of St. Stephen, who was stoned to death, are but a trifle to the consideration of the pains of purgatory..The rod of chastisement of our lord must be endured to teach the enduring pain of hell. God shows great apparent love to them to whom he sends temporal adversities. For he says, \"I chastise those I love.\" Note this example. The ox that is to be slain should be well kept and fattened. But he who is kept and lives is put to the yoke to labor the earth. A great sign of love shows the king and great honor does he bestow upon him to whom he sends his cup to drink from. The cup of our lord, from which he drank, were tribulations, adversities, and the deceits of this world. This is the first sauce. With this one ought to eat such food. That is, to think on the pains of hell.\n\nThis is a sauce of vinegar. Which takes away the savour of wine from the delights of this world. The second thing that greatly comforts in suffering patiently tribulations is to think on the reward of heaven that one gains..For like Saint Gregory says, it is much easier for a person to endure hardships and troubles when they have hope for great reward and profit. The third thing is to think about the passion of Jesus Christ, who suffered death to redeem us from the pains of hell. There is nothing that more effectively alleviates and soothes the pains and tribulations of this world. This is vividly symbolized in holy scripture. For instance, when the children of Israel came to a bitter water that they could not drink, God showed Moses the prophet a staff of tree and told him to put it in the water. And when he had put it there, it became sweet. The bitter waters represent the tribulations of the world. The staff of tree that made it sweet is the cross on which the noble Jesus was hung for us. Whoever remembers well this sorrow that he suffered on the cross, there is no pain or adversity or tribulation temporal. but it is.The fourth thing is to think on the spiritual goods that tribulations do to those who suffer them patiently, for tribulations prove the knight of God. A knight does not know his strength until he has been in battle and in the press. As St. Paul says, \"patience proves a man,\" and an angel of heaven said to Tobit, \"because thou hast been patient to God, it is fitting that temptation should prove thee.\" Also, tribulations purge the soul as fire purges gold in the furnace. They refine the corn as the flail beats it, and hammer the iron, as St. Gregory says. Moreover, tribulations are the medicines that heal the maladies of sin. For, as the holy scripture says, \"the grievous malady makes a man sober.\" Whom sin has made drunk often, St. Gregory says, \"let it not be hard for thee to suffer disease on thy body when thou art healed of the malady of sin within.\" By tribulations is won the crown..When one has good patience, as Saint James says, \"Blessed is the one who endures temptations. Trial and tribulation are like a good knight who suffers blows. When he is well tested and proven, he will receive the crown of glory.\" These four reminders provide great comfort to those in tribulation. The spiritual practice of mercy is to pardon and forgive every person's wrongdoing and ill will. As Saint Gregory says, \"He who withholds forgiveness and refuses to pardon harms himself. Whenever he says the Our Father, he prays that God pardon him as he pardons the ill will of others.\" It is said of Emperor Theodosius that he considered it a great shame if someone reviled or injured him and asked for forgiveness. Even when he was most angry, he forgave most quickly. For he would rather draw a tree of mercy, which has seven branches, than harbor anger..The right side has seven branches on the light side. These are the seven corporal works of mercy, which sustain the body, similar to how the others sustain the soul as mentioned before.\n\nThe first branch is to feed the hungry and the needy. That is, he who can should give them food. Tobit taught his son, \"Cover the naked with your garment,\" and Ysaye the prophet says, \"When you see the poor naked and cover him, you shall clothe him.\" For such work, St. Peter raised the good woman named Dorcas. For she clothed the poor people, as the scripture says. The garment or vesture or whatever alms one gives to the poor is a memorial to them who pray for him who has given it. It is represented to God by his angels.\n\nThe third branch is to give alms to the poor. To each poor person to whom you have given, or to whom you owe, or who owes to you..The text does not require cleaning as it is already in a readable format. Here is the text with minor corrections for spelling and punctuation:\n\nThe three branches of mercy are to show, comfort, and aid the seeking people. This is a work that much pleases God, and more than traveling, or fasting, or other bodily penance. We find in the lives of the fathers that an hermit demanded of one of the ancient fathers the which was of greatest merit, that he who fasted for six days in the week and traveled and labored with his hands, or that he who served the sick. The good father answered that he who fasted and traveled, and labored was a good work, but greater is the mercy of him who forgives. And so our Lord will do if we forgive not each other.\n\nTherefore, the commandment in the gospel is, and the Lord says, \"If you forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.\" And He gives an example of an evil servant to whom his lord had forgiven his debt. And because he would not forgive him that owed him, the lord replied the curtsey and bounty that he had done to him, and did distress him and held him till he had rendered all that he owed. Right so shall our Lord do if we forgive not each other..\"This work greatly helps one to avoid sin and is a great remedy against it. Job says, \"Present yourself as if for judgment.\" Those who are like you in nature are men, and if you do this, God will keep you from sin to do such a good work. And Saint James says that it is a holy and pure thing before God to present yourself to the orphans, the widows, and those in distress, as is recounted of a great sinner who went to the island of Rhodes and put himself in a hospital to serve the sick. It happened once that he had great abhorrence for a sick man whom he saw. Immediately, against his heart, he drank from that man's full draft. And when he had drunk, he felt a right sweet and good-smelling odor. This was a great token and sign that his sins were forgiven.\".Pardoned by this good work, and through this work great perfection in holy living is obtained. The wise man says in holy scripture, \"Do not be displeased to visit the seeking people, for by this you will be confirmed in the love of God.\" Through this, great reward is gained, as is said in the gospel. A lady named Mary, who was a very holy woman, converted her husband so much that they left all they had and went to the monastery to serve the sick. After it was shown to the same Mary that her husband, who had been her companion in humility in serving the sick men and women, should be her companion in the glory of heaven. Our Lord gives us an example of this in the gospel, as he touched the sick and healed them. A servant should not have despair nor shame to visit or serve the sick. When the Lord of heaven came into this world to serve and visit them, he took on this form..The appearance of his servant. This says Saint Paul for us, who were sought by sin, to serve the poor, the fifth branch of mercy is to harbor travelers. This is one of the works of mercy that pleases much to God, as it appears from examples in holy scripture. First, Abraham received the angels in the guise of poor travelers, and they promised him that his wife Sarah, who was old and barren, would conceive a son. Because he received the poor and kept hospitality, he received the angels who kept him and delivered him from the peril of Sodom. Therefore, says Saint Paul, let us not abandon hospitality. For many good men have been much pleasing to God and in His love and in His grace, for they received angels in place of the poor. It is not surprising if such people receive angels, For they receive Him as He says in the Gospel. For whoever receives them receives Him, and he who receives them receives Him..A good man, much pity and gladly received the poor into his house, as Saint Gregory relates. On one day, he received a poor man as he was accustomed, and when he thought he would give water to a thirsty man present. As soon as he turned away, the man in the likeness of the poor man vanished, and none knew where he had gone. The good man marveled greatly. And the night after, the Lord appeared to him and said that on other days he had received him in his members, but on that day he had received him in his own person. Hospitality is better and more valuable than abstinence or any other labor, as is found in the writings of the Fathers in Egypt. An holy father there received all those who passed by and had need, giving them what he had. It happened that a man of great abstinence was lodged in his lodgings, who fasted and refused to eat at the good man's request. Then the good man, instead,.that had spoken to him said, \"Late, good brother, under that tree there without, and pray with us to our lord that this tree incline and bow down at the prayer of him who pleases God most. And when they had made their prayers, the tree inclined down to him who received the poor people. And not to him who made the great abstinences. There have been many more fair examples of hospitality, but it would be too long to recount.\n\nThe six branches of mercy are to show comfort and aid to those in prison and to deliver them if you can. For this admonishes us, as the apostle Paul says, \"Remember those in prison, as if you were bound with them. That is, show them compassion, comfort and help, as you would want to be comforted, visited and helped if you were in prison as they are.\" Thus did Tobias, who went to those in prison, and comforted them with good words. And Salomon says in his proverbs, \"Deliver those who are being taken away to death, and do not hide yourself from those in trouble.\".men lead to dye. In such a way delivered Daniel:\n\nThe second thing is good entreaty that he bow not nor incline more on one party than on the other. Neither for prayer nor for gift. Nor for favor. Nor for love. Nor for hate. And this is to understand in that which I Jesus Christ wrote, he held himself still in the place. The third thing is good life and to keep him well from sin. For he that judges others ought to be of good life and of good conscience. And live justly. For if he be otherwise, he ought to have great fear of the judgment of God, who says in the gospel, \"that judgment you do to others, shall be done to you.\" And St. Paul says thus of evil judges: \"In that you judge others, you condemn yourself. For you do the same, for which you judge others.\" Whereof our Lord said when he arose from writing, \"he among you that is without sin, cast the first stone.\" And when they heard this sentence, they departed and went away, each one without taking leave. For they were greater..The fourth thing is to have pity and compassion. The judge ought to have it on him who is to be judged. For he ought to incline more by humanity and mercy than to harsh him by rigor for doing justice. Justice without mercy is cruelty. And mercy without justice is lewdness. Therefore, one of these two virtues often keeps company with the other in holy scripture. But the scripture always says that mercy surpasses justice. And St. John with the golden mouth says that on the day of judgment, it will be worth more to render account of doing mercy than of the rigor of justice. And St. James says that judgment without mercy will be done to him who has done no mercy. Therefore, our Lord, after he was released, inclined toward her. And after delivering the woman, the judge ought to incline by pity and compassion toward him whom he ought to judge. He ought to have great fear, and also against his will..For if he behaves wickedly, he shall be judged at the day of judgment. Now it is great alms to visit the prisoners and redeem and deliver those who may. And therefore our Lord Jesus Christ descended into hell to deliver the souls of the saints who were there.\n\nThe seventh branch of mercy is to bury the dead bodies. Of this work is much praised in holy scripture Tobit, who buried the dead bodies and left his food. And our Lord praised Mary Magdalene for the ointment that she shed on his head. Whom he said she had done in sign of his sepulcher. Also Joseph demanded the body of our Lord and buried it diligently. The others were very busy with their sepulcher and had great bewailing and great devotion to the holiness and good and holy life of their fathers. And therefore they would be buried with them. Of whom Jacob said to his son Joseph, \"Bury me not in Egypt, but with my fathers.\" And therefore it is good to be buried among good religious men to have company..Their prayers should move a man to this good work. As recorded in the nature of beasts, dolphins, when they see a dolphin dying, assemble to aid and carry him to the bottom of the sea. There they bury him. If nature and pity move and stir the Jews, Saracens, and other heretics to do this, much more ought pity and compassion move Christian men to do so. For by our faith, see that bodies are raised and rewarded with souls. Therefore, he who loves the soul of his neighbor should love the body and bury it when it is dead.\n\nYou have heard the branches of the tree of mercy. These are the works of mercy, corporeal and spiritual.\n\nThere are many people who neglect their alms and other good deeds that they do, because they do not do them as they should. Therefore, I will now briefly show how alms should be given and how it is profitable and pleasing to God. First, I will briefly explain how alms should be given..A person should perform alms giving, and of what kind he should give. A man must do it from his own good, and not of another's, and of such good that is well and truly got. God sets nothing by evil gifts. Alms which are made from theft or taking away another's good, are not for evil but for pity and compassion, for their poverty or for their wives or children if they have any, or for their fathers or mothers, or for any other good cause or reason - as for withdrawing them from sin he does well. Then the alms ought to be given to the poor, and more to those who are truly poor in heart and will, who have left for God's sake what they had. Much more than to others who are not poor with their will, but sometimes of pure necessity. And some are true penitents and slothful for doing any good, and could get their living if they would. And some are hypocrites and feign injuries and deceive the world. To such persons..A man should give alms, but it should be given to the poor orphans, shamefast people, poor widows, the sick and lame, and to seek out the poor where it is needed. And if one may do it, and if a man is bound to give to strangers, he is much more bound, without comparison, to his father and mother than to any other, for nature teaches it. And God commands it.\n\nIt is read that storks nourish their father and mother when they are old and cannot purchase their own food. Then nature teaches that one ought to do good to his father and mother. And therefore it is right and reasonable that misfortune falls to all those who do evil to their fathers and mothers, as it often happens.\n\nA person ought to take care how he ought to give alms and the manner of giving. For three conditions ought to be had in giving alms: the first is that a man ought to give gladly and with a good heart, for God has more regard for the heart than for the hands. Whereof God, in His sacrifice..Saint Gregory says not only what is given, but with what heart one offers it, as the poor woman in the gospel did who had only two mites, which she offered in the temple. And the Lord said that she had offered more than all the others who had offered great things. For a penny plays a greater part in God's sight when a poor man gives it gladly for God's sake, than if a rich man had given a hundred marks of silver grudgingly. And the wise man in the scripture says, \"Be ever cheerful in all your offerings.\" And Saint Paul says that God loves much the ear that is glad and courteous. There are some people who are very rich and are so rude and ungracious to the poor that when they ask them for alms, they answer them so ungraciously that they call them traitors. Such alms do not please God, and therefore the wise man in holy scripture says, \"Bend your ear and bow your head to the poor man without delay.\".Heunesse/ And answer him sweetly. The second thing that pertains to doing alms is that it be done immediately and hastily. Solomon says, \"Do not tell your friend, 'Go and come again to me tomorrow,' but rather, 'When you may give immediately, I will give to him'\" (Prov. 3:27 NIV). God also says, \"Do not delay in giving to him who is in need. Do not say to him, 'Bid me come later,' when you have the ability to give\" (Deut. 15:11). This is against many rich men who make the poor cry out to them, keeping them waiting and forcing them to beg and ask before they will do anything. They sell their kindness and courtesy dearly, doing so only for a price. Seneca says, \"Nothing is so dear bought as that which is demanded.\" Therefore, every man should act hastily for his own soul, as long as he is alive and whole. The wise man says, \"It is good that a man should do well to himself as long as he lives\" (Eccl. 11:8)..Offer worthy offerings to God as long as you live, for death will not delay but will come. In another place, he says, \"Do well to your friend before your death.\" That is, to your soul, to whom you ought to do well before your death, as to your true friend, which is to Jesus Christ, to whom you ought to do well before your death, in alms for the love of him to the poor people. For what is done to the poor people is done to Jesus Christ, as he says in the gospel. Then, the alms given in a man's life and in his need are much more available than that given to one of his servants. And the servant thought the gift was too great a thing for him and would have refused it. Then, Alysaunder said to him, \"I have no regard for what is convenient for me to take, but to me what I ought to give.\" The fourth condition is that the alms be given in humility and devotion, so that there is no vanity or pride therein, nor that the poor people to whom the alms are given may be dishonored..You shall not be despised. Nor give alms with another's goods, nor give to sin, nor presume thereby to be sued. Some people there are who, when they do alms, wish that every body know it. But the scripture says that alms should be put in the bosom of the poor. For as Saint Gregory says, \"It is not sufficient for a good man that he sees the reward of him whom he attends. Therefore, our Lord says in the gospel, 'When thou shalt give alms, say he, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth, so that thine alms be hid. For to shun the praise of the world, and thy Father in heaven, who seeth in secret place, shall reward and yield it to thee.' That is to say, when thou shalt do thine alms, keep the evil of vanity, which is understood by the left hand, unmingled therewith. But do thy alms in true intent, that is, understood by the right hand. I do not say but that one ought to do good works sometimes openly before the people for to glorify God..You should do good works before people, for God may be praised and glorified, as God says in the Gospel. We should not do good works before people for their praise, as hypocrites do. A good servant ought not to be ashamed to serve his lord before people, for the purpose of honoring him. Our Lord says, \"Whoever will be ashamed of me before people, he will be ashamed of me before angels, and I will be ashamed of him.\" This is good for those who leave doing well openly, for they would not be called hypocrites. Therefore, Saint Gregory says, \"He who does his works openly and the intention is right before God within, and he does it to please God alone. Also, he who wishes to do alms should not despise the poor to whom he does alms. Therefore, the prophet says, 'Do not despise your flesh,' that is, the poor man who is similar to you in flesh and blood, and of the same filth as you.\".Some people who despise the poor and do not speak to them. If they speak, they speak rudely and proudly. Thus did not Job, who said that he never despised those who passed by for anything they did. But gave mercy to the merciful who had not pitied his own soul. How well that he had pitied others. I do not say that he is pitiful and merciful who has no pity on his own soul when he knows that it is seeking death by deadly sin. Now I have shown enough about mercy. its degrees, branches, fruit, and spiritual good that comes thereof in this world and the other. Of the fruit of this tree David speaks to us in the Psalter in this way: \"Blessed is he who intends to help the needy and the poor, that is, he does not wait long for the poor to ask him, but that he gives to them when he shall thank them for the works of mercy. And he shall give them the glory that is everlasting.\" And therefore he says in the Gospel: \"Blessed are the merciful.\".For they shall have mercy, for they have extended the life of the poor people through their alms. Therefore, those who have had pity on the members of Jesus Christ and have sustained them in this world, and have comforted and helped them in their adversities, it is right that He does mercy to them. He who delivers from all adversities and from all misery. And so He will do when He shall give them life.\n\nThe holy scripture teaches and instructs us about two kinds of well-being and good:\n\nAnd for the love that He has for God, He sets aside all else\n\nThis gift is called light. For it purges the understanding of a man from the darkness of ignorance and from the spots and filth of sin. Just as bodily light takes away darkness and makes bodily things clearly visible, so spiritual light purges the understanding to which one may see clearly and know certainly. As a man may know in this mortal life God, his maker, and spiritual creatures.\n\nNeither [missing text].A man has no reason within himself. Of this, David speaks in the Psalter, that a man to whom God has done such great honor, making him His image and His reflection, by which he may know God and have Him. If he forgets his maker and the bounty that he has done for him, he becomes like a fool to the bees.\n\nThe first degree is pure conscience. This is the root of this tree. For without pure conscience, chastity cannot please God. This purity, chastity, and purity require that the heart be kept from evil thoughts, so that the heart consents to no sin. For whoever consents to evil thought and to the evil desire of his heart, he is not chaste. Even if he keeps himself from the deed, for the consenting alone, he should be damned if he died in the same state. Three things greatly aid in keeping the purity of the heart.\n\nThe first is to hear gladly the word of God and the sermons, of which the Lord says in the Gospel to His disciples, \"Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.\".Disciples, you are all cleansed by the words I have said to you. For the word of God is like a fair mirror in which one may see the spots of the heart. The second thing is true confession. As the scripture says in the book of Kings, Elisha the prophet commanded Naaman, who was a leper, to wash himself seven times in the waters of Jordan to be clean and healed of his affliction. And when he had washed himself there, he was all whole and clean. The waters of Jordan signify the devil. Let him behold the serpent of brass by true faith, that is, let him have in his heart perfect mind of the passion of Jesus Christ. And straightway he shall be led and delivered from the temptations of the enemy, that is, the devil.\n\nThe second degree of the virtue of chastity, by which this tree grows and profits, is to keep his mouth from vile words.\n\nThe third degree of the virtue of chastity..The fourth degree of chastity is sharpness in penance, to subdue the flesh which rebels and make it subject to the spirit. Saint Paul says, \"He that will quench the fire of lechery, he ought to take away the fuel and all things that nourish it.\" These are the delights and easements of the body which quickly and lightly fan the fire of lechery and corrupt chastity. Therefore, he who will keep himself from burning must take away by abstinence and by the sharpness of penance all the occasions that may arise..The fifth degree of chastity is to avoid evil company and the occasions of sin. Many people have fallen into sin through evil company, just as leaven corrupts the dough and draws it to a savory taste. Evil company corrupts a good reputation in the same way that a rotten apple corrupts good apples if it lies among them for a long time. A burning coal sets fire to a heap of coals when it is laid among them. As the Psalter says, \"With the holy you shall be holy, and with the wicked you shall be perverted.\" Therefore, if you want to keep chastity and cleanliness, follow the company of the good. But if you love the company of evil and shrews,.thou shalt be evil as they are. For he who loves the company of a fool, it behooves him to be like him. According to that scripture says, \"Thus it behooves it to flee all occasions of sin. As to speak secretly with a woman, and in suspicious places, one alone to one. Such things give occasion to sin, when there is place and time. We read in the book of Kings that Amon, who was the son of David, had his sister Tamar in his chamber and corrupted and defiled her. The wife of Joseph, when she found him alone, she would have made him sin with her, but he fled as a wise man and left her. Therefore says Saint Paul, \"Flee fornication, that is, all the occasions that may bring or lead a person to the sin of lechery. For one may not better overcome the sin of lechery nor keep chastity than by fleeing the companies and the occasions of this sin. And the angel said to Lot that he should issue and depart from the city of Sodom and from all [unclear].\".The sixth degree of chastity is for one to be well occupied and set to work of good and honest deeds. For the devil, who never sleeps, finds a man idle and slow to do well and puts himself to labor, making him fall lightly into sin. Scripture says that idleness, that is, negligence and sloth, is the mistress of many evils and the enemy of the soul. Therefore, Saint Paul says, \"Give place to no evil, that is, be not idle.\" For whoever is idle to do good works gives room and place to the devil to tempt him. Therefore, Saint Gregory says, \"Do good works always, so that the devil finds you not idle.\" For he who occupies himself not always in some good works is easily taken by the devil..The seventh degree of chastity's virtue is devout prayer and orisons. Which greatly helps to overcome all sins, and specifically the sin of lechery. Saint Ambrose says that prayer is a good shield against all the burning darts of the devil. And Saint Isidore says that it is the remedy against all temptations of sin. A man should run to prayer as soon as the devil tempts him into sin. The custom of devout prayer quenches all the assaults of sin. Devout prayer is mighty before God when it is under six conditions as if of four pillars.\n\nThe first is true faith, of which the Lord says in the Gospel, \"All that you ask and request in your prayers, believe that you have received them, and you shall have them.\" And Saint James says, \"You ought to ask in faith without doubting, for he who doubts is like the wave of the sea, driven and tossed by the wind.\".Thy doubtful heart gets nothing from God. The second thing required in prayer is hope, as David in the Psalter requests, \"Have good hope in God, and he will do what you ask.\" And he also says in another place, \"Lord, but with great presumption they asked you, yet you answered them harshly and said, 'You do not know what you ask for. You who pray to God, let him keep you from presumption, lest you suppose great things in yourself, as the Pharisee did, who despised others in his prayer.' Humbly, a person should pray to God in confessing and accusing himself before God, who sees every heart and knows the maladies of sin and our needs. Therefore, our good master Jesus Christ teaches us to ask wisely and forms our petition when he says in the Lord's Prayer, \"And give us this day our daily bread.\".If you're asking for the cleaned text, here it is:\n\n\"if you ask anything of my Father in my name, he will give it to you; he who asks in my name asks of me, and I will grant the request of him whose need is apparent to my soul. And what we should ask and pray for, he teaches us when he says in the gospel. Seek first the kingdom of God and his justice, and all temporal things will be given to you. For it is said, to the one who has need, one must always run. We have need of two things, spiritual and temporal. But we have the greatest need of spiritual goods. And therefore we ought first and primarily to request them, and God will give them to us and grant us the temporal goods as a consequence. We ought not to make the temporal goods the primary focus, as the covetous do, who seek not to have any other life but this present life, which flees and escapes from them. Whether they will or not, but the kingdom of God is eternal life.\".ought we to require of God and desire by merit of good prayer. And that is that God says: Seek first the kingdom of heaven and His justice. That is, do good works, by which we may come to that kingdom, which shall never fail. Whoever seeks in this way, God grants him advantage of temporal goods. For nothing lacks to them that fear God and love Him. Likewise, the holy scripture says. But the avaricious people of the world, the more they have, the more they lack and fail. And St. Jerome says: that to the covetous man, what he has fails him, and what he has not.\n\nNow think then, when you would pray God, to demand wisely, diligently, and perseveringly. And He shall give to you all that is necessary for the prayer not to be enhanced before God if it does not come from the heart. Like an messenger who brings no letters or has no knowledge, enters not gladly before the king. Orison or prayer..Without devotion is like a messenger without letters. Whoever sends such a message to the court injures his errands. He ought to cry to God from the depths of his heart, as David did, who said in the Psalter: \"Lord God, hear my voice; for I cry to you from the depths of my heart. The fervor of love is the cry from the depths of the heart. This says Saint Augustine. Such a voice and such a cry please God much, and not the noise of hollow words. Whereof Saint Gregory says that very fervently to pray to God is in the tears and deep groans of the heart's contrition. This cry drives away the thieves, those devils who lie in wait to trouble and rob us. Therefore, we ought often to cry and pray to God that He will keep and defend us from the thieves of hell. Thus, we ought strongly to cry out to God against the fire of covetousness or lechery, that He give us the water of tears to quench such fire that does not inflame our hearts. Also, we should..ought to cry to God against the evil thoughts that come to the heart, lest the heart and soul perish by consenting. Therefore David cried to God and said, \"Lord, save me. Keep me from the peril of waters. Why these three things have I said? One ought to cry to God for salvation from these three perils: that is, from the threats of hell, from the fire of covetousness, and from the floods of evil thoughts and temptation. Now you should know that in all times and places, a person can pray to God. But one should especially and most devoutly pray in the church on Sundays and feast days, which are established for praying to God to praise and honor Him. Therefore, then, they cease, and one should pray as long as I play. I think none evil to that. To this I shall reply. All the.In the time you spend on frivolous pastimes and vanities, and on work not ordered in any way to God, you lose it. For you ought to know that all the time you think not of God, you must account for as lost. This is what scripture says. That is, to understand what you think about in vanities and in things not in any way ordered to God. And certainly he loses a great deal who loses his time. This says Seneca. For he loses the good works he might do in as much as he loses in plays and in vanities. And this is not without sin to spend time in evil use. For God requires reckoning at the day of Judgment. This says Saint Anselm. Therefore, one ought always to well employ his time as long as he lives in this world. And the time is short, as scripture says, \"No man knows how long time he has to live. No man knows when he shall die. No man knows how he shall depart from this world.\" Who then will keep the holy days as he should?.A man ought to keep himself from displaying disrespect towards God and His saints. He should employ his time well in serving God through prayer, praise, and giving thanks for His blessings. He should attend sermons and engage in other good works and necessities that are pleasing to God.\n\nIn the church, a man ought to behave honestly and show reverence to God and His saints devoutly. The church is ordained for prayer to God and His saints, not for idling, laughing, joking, or speaking idle words, or engaging in secular matters. Our Lord says, \"My house is a house of prayer.\" Therefore, a man ought to do nothing in it other than what it was established for.\n\nSaint Augustine adds that he who comes before the king in his chamber to request and obtain grace ought to keep himself from saying anything that would displease the king. Much more should he beware of coming into the church..Why is the chamber and the house of God. He speaks and does before God and his angels, specifically what should displease Him. Then God will not have a man make of His house a market nor an hawthorn. In the same way, a man is a vile and pitiful thing, bringing nothing when he enters this world and taking nothing away when he leaves. Naked he entered, and naked he shall go. Saint Bernard says, \"What is a man but foul semen, a sac of dung, and food for worms? He is very foul and made of foul seed in his conception, a foul sac of dung in his life, and food for worms after his death.\n\nAdditionally, the great ladies who have been so adorned with gold and silver, precious stones, and robes, ought to take example in the church before God of the good queen Hester. Who, when she came to pray to God, took off her precious robes and her garments and humbled herself. And acknowledged her poverty and her faults before God. And said to Him,.Lord, you know that I hate the sin of pride, and the glory of paraphernalia and jewels which I am bound to set down from my head in great abhorrence, for those who trust in such things delight, gloryify, and show them to please fools. God has no dealings with such paraphernalia in His church. But of a clean conscience and an humble heart. St. Paul teaches and shows rightly how women ought to array themselves when they come to pray to God. He says they should have honest attire without any outrage. That is to understand, what is outrageous in one person is not outrageous in another. Some is fitting for a queen which is not becoming for a bourgeois wife or another simple woman. The apostle also teaches that women of whatever estate they be, they should be simple, humble, and shamefast..A woman should not display her face openly, as common women do, who go with their necks stretched out like hearts in the land and look a side or a traverse as a proud horse in the field. He also wants them not to be curious about arranging their heads with gold, silver, or precious stones. And yet he wants them to have their heads covered in church, so that no man is stirred by them to evil or sin through beholding them, but they ought to be adorned as devout and good women, who show the bounty of their heart through good works. Therefore, says Saint Ambrose, he who wishes to be heard in prayer should remove from himself all signs of pride and incline himself to God with a true confession and penance in depth, for the sake of increasing his prayers through good works. And the apostle says that he who lifts up his pure hands to God in prayer lifts them up in pure and clean conscience without sin, for God does not accept the prayer that comes from a conscience filled with filth..Of sin. Whereof he says, through the prophet, \"When you shall multiply your prayers, I will not hear them. For your hands are all bloody and full of sin. Who are they that have their hands bloody, but those who distress the poor people under them and take away from them their good by force? They have the hands full of the blood of the people. For they take away from them their life and their sustenance by covetousness and their cruelty. And they do great outrages. And they eat the morsels with sin. Therefore they shall pay the score in that one.\"\n\nFor it lightly gets from God all that it needs, be it in body or in soul, as scripture says. Whereof Saint James says that much avails the earnest prayer of a righteous man. For it avails to heal all maladies of body and soul. And he says that the prayer that comes from faith heals the sick person, \"if he be in sin, it shall be pardoned.\" The holy scripture says that Moses the prophet conquered Amalek and his host, not by battle, but by the holy..The prayers of a saint are more effective than the fighting of many thousand sinners. The tree of seven states in the world represents those who belong to the first estate, which are the healthy and chaste in body, who have kept their virginity but are not bound to it, as they may marry. A person in this estate should keep chastity, which is cleanness and purity of heart and body. Therefore, the children of rich men should have good keepers and be diligent in teaching them, keeping them from evil company and sin. Evil company often corrupts children and teaches them evil games and shrewd words of lewdness, leading them into the sin of lechery, which is against nature, as we have spoken of before in the treatise on vices. Therefore, it is unnecessary to repeat it again..for suche matere is abhomy\u2223nable. And therfore the chyldren ought to be chastysed & well drawen forth in good maners / and holde & kepe them nyghe that they do no harme ne synne. as longe as they be yonge / and to accustome them to kepe thenseynemens. For also as sayth salamon. that whyche a chylde is lerned in his yongthe that wyl he holde in his olde age / And the phylosopher sayth that it is no lytel thyng taccustome wel or euyl in his yongthe for that is all. For it is sayd. that which is lerned in yongthe is mayntened in age / Suche forme as the shoo taketh at the begynnyng. the same holdeth it / forth alwaye in suche estate. Thenne hath chastyte nede of good kepyng / for ellys it shold be sone loste.\nTHe second estate is of them that been corrupte of body & haue loste theyr chastyte and maydenhede. and yet were neuer maryed ne bounden wyth bonde that myght lette them to marye. And neuertheles they be confessyd and repentaunte of theyr synnes. In this estate ought a persone to kepe chas\u2223tyte / For he that.A person in such a state of repentance should have steadfast purposes, never falling back into that sin again. He should dedicate his entire life to keeping himself in check, except that he may marry if he wishes. He or she who keeps him chaste in such a state is required to discipline his body through the harshness of penance. This is the second branch of this tree.\n\nThe third estate is of those who are bound by marriage. In this estate, they must keep chastity, except for the act of marriage. For they ought to keep their bodies united. This requirement is imposed by the law of marriage, which demands that each gives faith to the other of their bodies. Since they are joined together carnally by marriage, they become one body, as Holy Scripture says. Therefore, each should love the other as themselves. For just as the two become one body, so they should be one heart through true love. Neither should they ever part.\n\nThis state is to be kept clean and holy for many reasons. It is a state of great authority. God ordained it and established it in paradise..The terrestrial estate in the state of Innocence belonged to it before man ever sinned. Therefore, it ought to be holyly kept because God established it and for the holy place where it was ordained. It is also a great estate of dignity, as God was born in marriage through the virgin Mary, who was married to Joseph without losing her virginity. The virgin Mary made her mantle from marriage under which was concealed and born the blessed Son of God. Therefore, it ought to be honored and cleanly kept.\n\nA man has right in the body of his wife, but he who renders that which he owes does well and rightfully when he does it in good intention. Justice moves him to do so, and this is neither sin nor lechery. The third case is when a man requires his wife for such work to keep her from sin. Also, when he sees that she is so shamefast that she\n\n(The text appears to be complete and does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content, nor does it contain any modern additions or translations necessary. Therefore, the text is output as is.).A husband who does not require his wife of such a thing and doubts that she would easily fall into sin if he did not, does not sin, but may deserve mercy from God. Out of pity, he is moved to do it. In the three aspects of marriage, there is no point of sin in the works. But in other cases, there may be venial or mortal sin. Specifically, in three cases:\n\nFirst, when this work is required only for his delight and lechery, and in this case, one may sin venially and mortally. Venially when the delight does not pass the bounds of the body and the terms of marriage. That is, when the delight is so subject to reason that the one in this work and in such a state would not do this thing unless it were to his wife. But when the lechery and delight are so great in his wife that reason is dead and so blind that he would do it to her if she were not his wife. In such a case, the sin is mortal, for such delight passes the bounds of..marriage / where God is often displeased with people and gives great power to the devil to drown and torment them, as we read in holy scripture. For example, of Sarah, daughter of Raguel, who was wife to young Tobias. And she had / had seven husbands before. And all were slain by the devil the first night that they would have lain with her and known her. Of whom the angel said to Tobias that he should take her as his wife. I will tell the same to the said, he replied. In what people does the devil place his power and have control over those who put God out of their hearts and minds, so that they do not intend anything but their pleasures and wicked desires, just as a horse or a mule does?\n\nAnd God takes away from them sometimes their lineage and their fruit, so that they may not have children by their sins.\n\nYet they may sin mortally in another manner, that is, when one treats another against nature or otherwise than the nature of man requires or the law of marriage grants..Such people sin more grievously than the others mentioned. But those who keep the fear of the Lord in their marriage and keep it cleanly and holy do please God.\n\nThe second case of sin:\n\nThey both ought to spare and abstain from the work of marriage in holy times. That is, during great solemn feasts. For the better to intend to pray to God and to serve and honor Him. And in the times of vigils, of Lent and fasting commanded by the Church, they ought to suffer and endure such work. Not because it is sin to do such a thing in that time,\nFor in a good intention, he may do it,\nbut sometimes they ought to suffer from that they may do. For the sake of getting the better of God that thing which they have dedicated to Him, as Saint Augustine says. Also in the time when the woman lies in childbirth or near the time of childbirth, a man ought to keep him from the work of marriage for shame, and also for the peril that might come thereof. It is found in the book..that speaks of the nature of beasts. An elephant shall not endure staying with the female as long as she is conceiving and bearing. And a man, for reason, should be better prepared than a beast. Therefore, a man should withdraw in such a time. But I do not say that it is a sin to perform the work of marriage in such a time for a good cause and true intention, by which God is a judge. The third case is when one can most grievously sin in marriage. This is in a holy place. For in a holy place, as is the church, which is ordained for praying to God and serving him, one ought not to do lechery or any other sin. For such a thing is a sin in one place and at one time that is not in another. The four estates are of those who have been in marriage. But death has separated them. And he or she who is abandoned should keep and live chastely..Long as he or she is in the widowhood, this is an estate which Saint Paul highly esteems and tells widows that it is good for them to remain in such a state. If it does not please them, they may remarry. For it is better to marry than to burn. If he burns with desire so much that he consents to sin, he sins. For he puts his heart there willingly and by desire to the fire of lechery. It is better and more advantageous for him to marry than to burn himself in the fire. This is to be understood by those in simple widowhood and not those in the state bound by vow. They may not marry without deadly sin after their vow. But if the vow is simple and made privately without solemnity, how can they sin mortally after they marry? Nevertheless, they may continue in their marriage if there is no other hindrance. And is bound to do penance for the vow broken, but when the vow is solemn or by the hand of a prelate..pro\u2223fessyon of relygyon. or by holy ordre that he hath receyued. as subdeken. deken or preest. Thenne the mariage is none. but they must deceuere & departe that so ben assembled by mariage for they may not be laufully in suche estate. To byholde the state of wydowhede. ought to moeue the example of the turtle for lyke as sayth the book of nature of beestes / Neuer after the turtle hath lost his make she shal neuer accompanye hir with another. but is solytarye & fleeth the companye of other. Thre thynges apperteyne moche to them that b\nbut that he lose hys lyf. That is the grace of the holy god by whyche the soule lyueth in god / In suche estate also apper\u2223teyneth humble habyte and not proude ne curyous. After the example of Iudith whyche lefte hir ryche robes and hir ryche paremeutis / whan hir lord and husbond was dede. and took the habyte of wydowhede symple and humble whyche was more sygne of wepyng & of sorowe than of Ioye ne of vayn glorye. and by cause she loued the vertu of chastyte / and that she wold.Keep all her life. She clad herself with it and fasted every day except the festivals. Yet she was fair, young, rich, and wise. The fifth degree of chastity and virginity is the fifth estate that belongs to those who keep and have always kept and yet always keep and purpose to keep their entire life uncorrupted for the love of God. This estate is much to be praised for its dignity, for its beauty, and for its bounty. For he who keeps himself in this estate is like angels of heaven, as the saints say. But the virgins of glory and mercy have much more than the angels. For the angels live without flesh. But the virgins have victory over their flesh, that is their own body. And that is a great marvel that they keep so weak a castle as the body against such a strong adversary as the devil, who seeks all things that he may take the castle to rob the treasure of virginity. This is the treasure of which our Lord speaks..The gospel speaks of a kingdom in heaven, likened to a hidden treasure in a field. The hidden treasure in the field is virginity hidden in the body, which should be revered, labored, and cultivated through good works. This treasure is similar to the kingdom of heaven, for the life of virgins is like the life of angels, as our Lord says in the gospel, that in the general resurrection there will be no marriages as there are in this world, but they will be like angels in heaven. I also say that this estate is to be praised for its beauty. It is the most beautiful estate on earth, except for virginity carefully kept. Solomon says in his Book of Wisdom that he would not be a servant of Jesus Christ. It is a sign that he will not please the world, that his heart is set entirely on God, and he who has excessive adornment and is overly concerned about his body is not so. No person seeks beauty never..The Curiosity of robes. One who wears such, if he does not intend to be seen by the people, and he who seeks most such beauty, loses most the beauty of his soul and conscience within. For these fair and precious robes, Saint Bernard speaks to those who seek them for the world and to show them. The daughters of Babylon are in confusion for their glory shall turn to confusion, to shame, and to perpetual damning. If they are not well aware and keep them well, they clothe themselves with purple and fair precious robes, and under those fair robes is often the conscience poor and foul. Naked of good deeds and virtues, and full of sins, they shine outside with precious stones, of owches of gold and silver. But they are foul before God and abominable. And Saint Bernard says that those who array themselves in evil intention and do more than their estate requires, sin gravely.\n\nThe white robe of chastity and virginity. That is when.Gladly they here or welcome foul words that may move them to sin, for thus says St. Paul, and we have said it before. The evil words corrupt good manners. And therefore Seneca says, keep far from evil words and dishonest ones. For he who is so accustomed fears no shame and falls more easily into sin. And therefore, he who will keep the white robe of virginity clean, him behooves to keep him well from saying and hearing such words as thereby he might burn. The cat burns often her skin and so does not the wild cat. Virginity and the reward of virginity, of which St. Lucy, virgin and martyr, said to the tyrant, \"if you corrupt me against my will, my chastity shall be doubled as touching the merit of the crown of glory.\" The second leaf of virginity is cleanness of heart. For, like St. Jerome says, nothing avails to have virginity of the body who has the will to marry him or her. He speaks of those who have professed chastity. For whoever has professed it, he fears no shame and falls more easily into sin. Therefore, he who will keep the white robe of virginity clean, him behooves to keep him well from saying and hearing such words as might burn him..To keep virginity or chastity. He ought to keep his heart clean and chaste. The third leaf of virginity is humility. For virginity with pride displeases God, and therefore Saint Bernard says that it is a most fair thing to combine humility with virginity. The soul much pleases God that in humility gives praise of virginity, and virginity embraces humility. I dare well say that without humility, the virginity of our Lady Saint Mary would never have pleased our Lord. The fourth leaf of the lily of virginity is fear of God. For those who are true virgins are accustomed to be timid, fearful, and shamefast, and this is no marvel, for they bear a most precious treasure in a very fragile vessel. Then our blessed Lady the Virgin Mary was always hidden and had fear when the angel appeared to her. But the fear of God is the treasure that keeps the treasure of virginity. Which the devil may not take away, for it keeps the gates of the castle where the treasure is enclosed. The gates of the castle..The heart where virginity's treasure is, contains the wits of the body. These women keep the fear of God, lest they be opened to the enemy of hell through seeing or hearing, or smelling, or speaking, or tasting, or going in evil company. Curiosity of seeing or hearing the vanities of the world are ways and causes of the sin of lechery, of which it is said in scripture that Dinah, daughter of Jacob, when she went wandering by curiosity to see the women of the land, was there ravished and corrupted by the son of the lord of the town. Therefore, he who would keep virginity must draw and keep his five wits bodily from all vain curiosity. This ought to be done by holy fear, for a person always owes fear to anger God. This is the sense of the five virgins whom our Lord speaks of in the gospel when he said that the kingdom of heaven is like ten virgins, of whom five were wise and the other five were fools. He calls here the kingdom of heaven..The holy church, which is in this world, contains both good and evil. Its members are the fools and the wise, who have received faith in baptism. The five wise virgins signify those who keep and govern the five senses of the body, which we have spoken of. The five foolish virgins signify those who foolishly keep them.\n\nThe virtuous life is sharpened by the life of penance. For whoever will keep chastity must greatly chastise the flesh and subdue it through penance, and the body do the will of the soul through fasting, wakefulness in prayers, and other penances. Sharpness of life is like a strong hedge to keep the garden of the heart. It prevents the evil beasts from assaulting it, those beings of hell who intend and strive to steal and take away the treasure of chastity. Therefore, this treasure must be well enclosed and well kept so that it is not lost. For he who loses it can never recover it. No more than the lamp that is broken can be mended..The fifth life of virginity is perseverance, which is to have firm purposes to keep that which is promised to God. Saint Augustine says in the book of virginity, addressing his words to the virgins: \"Follow the Lamb,\" he says, \"that is, I Jesus Christ, in keeping strongly what you have vowed to God. Do it resolutely as much as you can, so that the virtue of virginity does not perish in you. For you cannot regain it by that thing through which virginity may be lost, as we have shown by the example of a lamp. Saint Bernard says, 'Study the virtue of perseverance, for it alone wins and obtains the crown of glory.' The aforementioned life adorns and makes the virtue of virginity very beautiful. But it requires within three graces of gold, which signify three ways to love God.\n\nFor virginity without love is like a lamp without oil. Therefore, foolish virgins, because they did not fill their lamps with this oil, were shut out..For the wedding, and the wise virgins who filled their lamps with this oil entered in with the spouse. The three manners for loving God, signified by the three graces of the lily, Saint Augustine signifies when he says, \"Thou shalt love God with all thy whole heart, with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.\" In such a manner is the image of God perfect in a man according to the three dignities that are in life. That is to say, understanding, memory, and will. When these three things are well ordered to God, then are the three graces of the gold of the lily, of the gold of charity, which gives bounty, beauty, and value to all virtue. For without this gold no virtue is before God neither fair nor precious. Otherwise, Saint Bernard says of the manner of loving God and says, \"O thou that art a Christian man, learn how thou oughtest to love God. Learn to love Him wisely, sweetly, and strongly. Wisely, that thou be not deceived by appearances.\".\"Not moved by prosperity or overcome by adversity, the state of virginity is fair and the second reason for its beauty. The third reason for the praise of virginity is its bounty and the profit it brings. Virginity is a treasure of great value that cannot be exhausted. As scripture says, \"Nothing is worthy to be compared to a chaste heart, to the chastity of virginity.\" For virginity above all other states bears the greatest fruit and the greatest profit. Those in marriage who keep it well have thirtyfold fruit. Those in widowhood have sixtyfold fruit. But those who keep virginity have one hundredfold fruit. As our Lord says in the Gospel, \"The seed that falls on good land makes thirtyfold fruit.\"\".The number of 12 and a hundred belong to three estates mentioned before. The number which is called \"whiche is of three times\" signifies 12 and a hundred, and it pertains to the state of marriage. Where it ought to be kept are the ten commandments of the law in the faith of the holy trinity. The number 12 is greater and is of seventeen times. For six times 12 make 72, and it pertains to the state of widowhood. In such an estate, the ten commandments and with them the seven works of mercy, of which we have spoken before, ought to be accomplished. But the number a hundred, which is the greatest and most perfect, represents a round figure. This figure is most perfect and most fair among the other figures. For just as the round figure returns to its beginning and makes it round like a crown, so the number a hundred joins the end to the beginning. For ten times ten make a hundred, which signifies the crown that the wise virgins had. And how is it?.In marriage and widowhood, one can win the crown of glory, and have more merit before God than many virgins. Many in heaven are those who have been in marriage and widowhood, who are closer to God and have more merit than many virgins. However, virgins have a special crown above the crown of glory, given to all saints, because virgins have a special victory over their bodies. The four states that are meant to preserve chastity are in the clergy, ordered to serve in holy church, including subdeacons, deacons, priests, prelates, and religious. All people are bound to keep chastity for many reasons. First, for the order they have received, which requires them to live holy lives. Since the holy sacrament of the Mass is so high and so holy, those who receive it are bound to keep chastity as they cannot marry after having promised to serve God. They are appointed to serve God..his church. And at his altar, they treat and touch with their hands the things sanctified as the chalice and corpora. And that which is greater in worth compared to the body of Jesus Christ, which the priest consecrates, and to them it behooves to give it to others.\n\nNow then, they ought to be much clean and live righteously. For the reason of the high Lord to whom they serve\u2014that is, the saint of all saints and lord of all lords. Who hates all filth of sin. Whomself He says, \"Be ye holy as I am holy.\" For such a Lord, such men. For the reason of the place where they serve. This is the church, which is dedicated to serve God. It has been found among the pagans and Saracens that the priests of their law, who serve in the temple, keep chastity. And have been divided and separated from the others because they should not lose their chastity. Much more ought the priests of Christendom to be clean without comparison and more chaste, who serve God in His temple, which is.Sanctified and dedicated, approved to serve God. Yet they ought to be more holy and clean, as they serve at the table of God, of His cup and of His meat. The table of God is the altar. The cup is the chalice. His bread and wine is His proper body and His proper blood. Much ought to be holy all who perform such service to God. Of which St. Paul says that it becomes a bishop and other ministers of the holy church to be chaste and without sin. This virtue of chastity was signified in the old law. There where God commanded those who were to eat the lamb without spot. Which signified the body of our Lord Jesus Christ, they should be girded with their robes. The girdle of the ministers of the holy church ought to be girded. That is with the virtue of chastity, which restrains and quenches the delights and vices of the flesh. Wherefore God commanded Aaron, who was priest and bishop of the law, that he and all his sons should be clothed with linen clothes of chastity. And girded above..With white linen girdles. Aaron and the children who served in the tabernacle signified the ministers of the holy church. These ought to be clad in linen robes of chastity, signified by the white linen. For just as the linen veils the body before it is well white, it must be beaten and often washed. In the same way, the flesh must be beaten and corrected by penance, and often washed and confessed the heart and conscience by true confession and repentance, so that they might have the white robe of chastity. But this robe ought to have above the white girdle. That is, chastity must be strictly kept and restrained by abstinence as much as reason allows, which is the buckle of this girdle. Otherwise, it may be said that the linen robe signifies chastity of the heart. The girdle above signifies chastity of the body. This ought to restrain the desires and will of the flesh to keep the chastity of the soul. This is signified to us in the apron and in the girdle..Minsters of the holy church are supposed to wear clothing when they say mass. They are supposed to be chaste in heart and body. Sin is a very foul thing, and especially so in the ministers of the holy church. They are supposed to be the eyes of the church, as the scripture says. Just as the eyes guide the body and show it the way it should go, so too should prelates and all other ministers of the holy church show the way to health to others. The spot of the sin of lechery is particularly foul and dangerous in them, as the spot in the eye is more foul and painful than in other members of the body. Similarly, the spot of the sin of lechery is more foul and more dangerous in clerks, prelates, religious, and all other people of the church than in other people. Furthermore, all people of the holy church are supposed to be mirrors and examples for others, in which the lay people ought to look for guidance..To take good doctrine from a good example, but when the mirror is rusty and foul, men can see the spot and corruption that is in the mirror. But he who looks into such a mirror sees not the spot that is in himself nor what is in the mirror, which is so foul and troubled.\n\nBut when the mirror is well clear and clean, then one can see oneself in it and know one's spots. Also, when the prelate is of good life and good fame, one ought to take example of good life. Moreover, the people of the holy church ought to be pure and clean of all filth of sin, and ought to be very holy. For, as Saint Gregory says, \"The hand that is foul and filthy may not well take away the filth from another.\" And the scripture says, \"He that is foul may not cleanse another.\" That is to understand as touching his merit. For the sacrament that is made and ministered by the hand of an evil minister is of no less value to him nor worse. Nor is he less mighty or less able to sanctify and consecrate..The sixth estate in which virtue should be kept is chastity. It is more virtuous to sanctify and cleanse those who receive it than if they received it by the hand of a good minister. The minister's evil does not affect the sacrament or his bounty, but his evil example can harm others. Therefore, those who sanctify and cleanse in the role of minister should be more holy and clean than others. If they are evil, they will be more punished than others. This is the sixth state in which chastity should be maintained.\n\nThe seventh state in which chastity should be kept is religion. Those in this state have promised and sworn to God that they will live chastely. Once they have been professed, they are bound by this oath and may never marry. If they marry after they have been professed, they break their vow..marriage shall be none / And therefore they should set great pain and diligence in keeping well their chastity, and for their estate, which is the state of holiness and perfection. For the more holy the state, the greater and fouler the sin of them that fail in it. And also as the spot is greater and fouler and more apparent in a white robe than in another cloth. He that fails most from the highest place hurts himself most grievously, and to vanquish their adversary, that is the devil, who much pains him to tempt and make fall into sin, them of religion. And the more joy he receives when he may overcome one of religion / than many of other people. Likewise, the angels of heaven have great joy of sinners when they repent and do penance and confession of their sins. / Rightly do the devils enjoy when they may overcome a good man and make him fall into sin. And when he is in great estate and perfect, so much the more does the foe rejoice whom he may deceive..Like how the fisher has greater joy to catch the large fish than the small. We read in the book of a father's lives that an holy man recounted how he became a monk. He said that he was once a pagan Saracen who was a priest of Thyatira. And when he was a child, on a time when he entered the temple with his father, he hid himself. There he saw a great devil that sat in a chair, and many devils about him. Then came one of his princes and worshiped him. Then he who sat on the throne demanded of him whence he came. He answered and said that he came from the earth and that he had waged and purchased many wars and much evil, so that many people were dead and much blood was shed. The master devil demanded of him for how long time he had done this. And he answered in thirty days. Then he commanded immediately that he should be beaten and ill-treated. After him came another devil who worshiped him, as did the first..The master asked the first man when he had come. He replied that he had come from the sea, where he had caused great tempests that had broken many ships and drowned many people. The master asked him how long it had taken. He answered in twenty days. The master then commanded that he be beaten, as the other had been before, because he had caused no more harm in such a long time.\n\nThe third devil appeared next, and the master asked him when he had come. He said that he had come from a city where he had stirred up strife and debate and had purchased poison, resulting in many people being killed. He had also killed the husband of a bride.\n\nThe master devil asked him how long it had taken. He answered in ten days. The master devil then commanded that he also be beaten.\n\nLastly, another devil appeared who served the master devil. The prince of devils demanded of him when he had come. He answered that he had come from a hermitage, where he had remained for forty years to tempt..hym which was a monke in the synne of lecherye. & he had so moche laboured that that nyzt he had ouercomen hym & had made hym to falle in the synne of lecherye. The\u0304ne the maistre deuyl e\u0304braced & kyssed hym. & sette a crowne on hys heed. and made hym to sytte by hym. and sayd that he had doon a grete thynge and a grete prowesse. \u00b6Now sayd the good man the monke that he had seen thys and herde it. and thought that it was a grete thynge to be a monke. and for thys cause and vysyon he was bycom crysten & a monke / In these wordes a\u00a6forsayd may appyere that the deuylles haue grete Ioye / whan they may make a man of relygyon to falle in to synne. for af\u2223ter that a ma\u0304 is in relygyon. he is lyke to hym that is entred in to a felde of batayl for to fyght ayenst the deuyl and all hys temptacyons / whan our Lord wold be tempted of the deuyll\nhe went in to deserte. For the deserte of relygyon is a felde of temptacyon\u00b7 Relygyon is called deserte. For lyke as deserte is a place sharpe and drye and ferre fro people. So.A person in a religious state should possess sharp piety and lead a holy and perfect life, which serves as a strong defense against the demons of hell. The sharpness of penance is the remedy for lechery. Anyone who wishes to quench the fire of lechery within himself should remove and withdraw from himself all fleshly pleasures, easements, and comforts of this world. Religious people ought to take away and cut from their flesh and body all pleasures and worldly easements through fasting, wakefulness, and other forms of mortification. A person in a desperate state, such as one who is hanged or crucified for his transgressions, flees the world and hates it - that is, the covetousness and shrewdness of the world - and feels nothing by love or desire. Therefore, his conversation is in heaven, as Saint Paul says of himself and those in the state of perfection: \"Our conversation is in heaven. For if the body is on earth, the heart is in heaven through love and desire.\" A good religious person ought to have:.In the earth there is no propriety, but he must make his treasure in heaven. As our Lord says in the Gospel, \"If thou sayest he will be perfect, go and sell all that thou hast and give it to the poor. And thou shalt have thy treasure in heaven, which shall never fail. The treasure of a religious man is true willing poverty. For the true poverty of the spirit and of will is the money with which the kingdom of heaven is bought. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Certainly, whoever is poor in spirit, that is of the will of God, seeks not in this world any reward for themselves. Those who, after they have left the world and entered into religion, return backward by will and desire, have their body in the cloister but their hearts in the world. They are like salt men, which have but the likeness or semblance of a man, and are as hard and cold as a stone. Right so are such people cold of the love of God and hard without humor of [sic] compassion..They spoke only of the habit of their religion and nothing of the observances and works. The symbol that signifies salt in scripture writes and distinguishes. For just as salt gives savour to the him. For he always had intention and desire towards God. But many of the religious set the plow before the oxen, for there are many of them. And those are blessed who have not seen me bodily and have believed me certainly. But this blessing will be perfect in the life everlasting. Where he that is clean of heart, who here sees him by faith, is always darkly. There, in his glory, he shall see him face to face clearly, as Saint Paul says. That is the blessing for angels and saints who see him in his precious face. To know one God in three persons / to behold clearly in that mirror where all things shine. Angels and all the saints look therein and marvel at them. And take their glory. And never may they be filled..For to look therein. For there is all beauty, all bounty, all sweetness, and all formality shall be transformed into the image of glory. Whereas he shall see God as He is. This sight is glory and crown without end. And all the reward and merit of saints, This shall be all the good of man. This says Master Hugh of St. Victor. The one who made all and formed, For this reason God became man. Who made in Himself all men blessed in body and soul, By cause that the man saw Him with the eye of his body in His humanity.\n\nThe last gift. the sovereign. & the most high. is the gift of wisdom or of holiness. which is a grace that the Holy Ghost gives to the contemplative heart. By which he is inspired of the love of God. That he desires or seeks none other thing but to see God. to have Him. to delight in Him. to love Him. to honor and serve Him. and to dwell with Him. This is the same of perfection. and the end of contemplation.\n\nThe gift of understanding of which we have spoken before..Making God known and spiritual things discernible through sight and simple understanding. But the gift of wisdom makes one feel and know God through taste. Wisdom is nothing other than a sound understanding, which is with savory and great delight of the heart. For otherwise, one does not know the wine that drinks it in a fair vessel or glass, if he drinks it and does not savor it. Many philosophers knew God through scripture and creatures. Like a mirror in which they beheld His might, beauty, wit, and bounty. In these creatures they saw Him, great, fair, and well-ordered. Then they knew Him through simple understanding and natural reason, but they never felt Him by the taste of right love or devotion to the earth. In another way, the angels descend. The good men who lead the life of angels on earth through their holy lives, when they are raised up into the sovereign degree of contemplation, receive the gift of wisdom..\"Sapience leads and says this: Of the glory of paradise shall all be drunk, says the prophet to God, of the great plant that is in your house. And you shall give them drink of your sweetnesses and of your delights. For with you is the fountain of life everlasting, which fails not. That is God himself, who is the fountain of life, who may not die. Whence proceeds and descends upon all the saints that are and shall be in heaven a flood of joy, of delight, and of peace so great that all who drink thereof are all drunk. That is the peace and the belle their God, as Saint Paul says. Certainly he puts himself in great filth and in foul servitude, serving such a foul lord as is his belly. From which nothing can issue but filth and stench. After this reason enlightens and teaches, by the grace of God: For in these temporal goods, that which is overmuch to one is little to another. That which should be outrage to another.\".A man should be little often with a rich man, but sobriety and temperance should be set above measure. This virtue is of sobriety. This virtue keeps measure, for my heart may not be at peace until it remains in such love, which comes not from an earthly heart nor from the vanity of this world, but it descends from that high rock upon which is set and founded the great city of heaven and of the holy church. That is, Jesus Christ, who is firmly set and founded by true faith that are the holy hearts of good men. From this high rock descends that fountain of love into the heart that is well purged and taken away from the love of the world. This well is so clear that he knows himself and his maker, like one sees himself in a clear and clean fountain. Upon this foundation he rests and the heart clings fast..After the toil of good works. So, as we read of our Lord Jesus Christ. When he had gone so much that he was weary, he sat down and rested himself upon the well. This is the fountain upon which a good heart that will save itself rests in the love of God. This fountain is so sweet that he who drinks of it forgets all other sweetnesses and all other savors. And therefore it is so sweet and good to drink. For as much as the fountain feels better than the earth, it is that much more wholesome and better to drink. This is the fountain of wit and of savour. For he who drinks of it knows, feels, and savours the great sweetnesses that are in God, and that is the sovereign wit of man: to know well his maker and to love, fear, serve, and honour him with all his heart. For without this philosophy, all other wit is but folly. Such wit sets the holy ghost in the heart when it gives the gift of wisdom, which feeds and nourishes the heart with spiritual joy and makes it drunk with his..The holy love. That is the witte which the holy ghost setteth in the heart that is well purged and cleansed from all orders of sin, as before is said. This spirytual witte that comes from the perfect love of God makes the heart sobriety and tempered in all things by measure. Therefore, the heart that is in such a state is at peace as it may be in this mortal life. For in this world, none can live without tournaments and battles of temptation. Which God sends for to prove His knights, and because they can use the arms of virtue, for otherwise they might not be good knights. If they were not proved how they can resist temptations. And men are wont to make tournaments in times of peace, but when a good knight has overcome the tournament, he returns home to his house. And there he rests himself at ease. Right so does the good heart when he has well fought and overcome the tournament of temptations and well strongly resisted them. Then he comes again to himself and rests in God. Which comforteth him after his..The first degree of sobriety is that a man should set measure in his understanding, particularly in the points of the articles of the faith. He exceeds measure, who will seek reason that is above reason and above a man's understanding, as do heretics and miscreants who measure their faith according to their understanding, but they ought to measure their understanding and reason to the measure of the faith, as good Christian men do. Therefore, Saint Paul says that a man should not be wise in his own eyes..more than faith retains. But after the measure of the faith that God has given us, Solomon says to his son: \"Fair son, I say to you, put measure in your wit, that is, do not be so fixed in your presumption. But that you bow and incline yourself to believe good counsel. And leave your own wit to obey him who is wiser than you. And in particular, in the articles of the faith, a man ought to leave his own wit and understanding to bow and incline. And also put himself in the service of the faith. As Saint Paul says, and not to search or inquire natural reason where there is none. As do melancholic men, who are like him that seeks muscles among frogs. Or he that seeks here in the egg. Or under the hide.\n\nThe second degree of sobriety and measure is that one puts measure in appetite and in the desire of his will, so that he does not let the reins of the bridle run too loose, that he does not run after the desire of his will..\"Flesh not to the countries of the world. The wise man says in the scripture, \"Do not desire thy carnal desires or the flesh, and keep that thou dost not accede to thy will. For if thou doest to thy heart his desires, thou shalt rejoice the demons of hell. Like as he that does to his adversary whom he must fight when he yields him victory, he yields him overcome by the devil that consents to evil desires. Therefore says Saint Peter the apostle, \"I adjure you as strangers and pilgrims. That ye make abstinence from fleshly desires and keep you well. For they make their battle and war against the soul. He that is a pilgrim and a stranger is out of his land and country. And is in the country where there are many thieves and robbers that lie in wait in the ways. Wherefore he ought to keep himself that he fall not in their hands. Think how he may go surely. All the good men in\".This world is full of strangers and pilgrims. They are strangers because they are out of their country, which is heaven - the inheritance of good men. They are pilgrims because they think not of staying here but of performing their journeys. Until they come to their inheritance, that is the city of heaven, which good pilgrims seek, as Saint Paul says, who have not yet attained, nor do they intend to have any inheritance in this world. Such pilgrims as will go surely should ensure that they put themselves in good company and in sure conduct. The good company which leads the right way and conducts surely is faith and love. Faith shows the way to pilgrims, and love is that which should not abandon him nor give him entirely over to vanity and the allure of the world.\n\nThe third degree of the virtue of sobriety and temperance is to set and keep measure in words. Solomon says that the wise and well-tempered measure his words. And Saint Jerome says that by the points of words is life procured. That is to say, after the..A person who cannot balance his words and control his tongue with reason, falling easily into the hands of his enemies. They are the devils of hell, who daily watch and spy on us. When the enemies who besiege the castle find the gate open, they enter lightly. Similarly, the devils who besiege the castle of the heart, when they find the gate open, that is the mouth, take it lightly. Therefore, David says in the Psalter, \"I have set a guard to my mouth against my enemy, that is, against the devil.\" Likewise, a person should keep measure in listening and understanding, for as much harm can be done in evil listening as in evil speaking. He who gladly listens to speak evil of another is a partner and fellow in his sin..For none should happily speak evil of another, especially to a great man, if he seems to delight in hearing it. An holy man says there should be no mis speaker or evil speaker if none would listen to him. These great and high lords ought to keep this in mind and be careful what they hear and believe. For they find few who tell them the truth, and flattery and lies are great in their courts. The greatest danger that surrounds these great lords is deceit and falsehood. And therefore they are often deceived. For they gladly and believe lightly what pleases them. Seneca says that there is nothing lacking for great lords but true speakers and truth tellers. For they have great abundance of liars. Here is the flaterer, the liar, and evil speakers, who often enchant the rich men. He who would stop one of his ears with the earth and the other with his tale, should not recoil at being enchanted by the devil or evil..The fourth degree of sobriety is to stop one of your ears, thinking it belongs to the earth and will return to it. A man remembers his infirmity and vileness, humbling himself and praising nothing before humbling himself to his own tail. Who could and would stop his ears, he would not gladly hear, remember, or listen to words that displease God. Thus, he will be well measured in hearing in this degree of sobriety and temperance.\n\nThe fifth degree of the virtue of sobriety is to keep measure in attire and costly robes where a man or woman frequently passes and commits great outrage. The making of them is often excessive, proud, or excessive in expenses, and it is a great sin frequently and causes many others to sin in such things. Therefore, one should keep measure. If our precisions and curiosity exceed..\"are not honorable. Our lord would not have spoken so harshly in the gospel against the evil rich man who dressed himself so proudly with soft byssus and precious purpur. And certainly he is much a fool and a child of wit who, of a gown, robe, or whatever precious clothing it be that he is proud of, for there is none of such high estate he is in but that he is clad and arrayed in dead beasts. And all becomes ordure. Certainly he or she should well be held a fool who would be proud to bear the habit or the vesture which should not be but as a sign and a memorial of the shame of his father and of his sin. This is the usage of clothes. Which was never found but for the sin of Adam our first father and of Eve our first mother. For who see a bier of a dead corpse which is covered and appareled above, it is a sign that there is within a dead body. Right so it happens often that\".Under these fair robes, the soul is dead by sin. Especially in those who glory in them and are proud. If the peacock is proud of its tail, or the cock of its crest.\n\nThe sixth degree of sobriety and temperance is that each one keeps measure in a good manner. Seneca says, \"if you are sober and temperate, take care that the movements of your heart and body are not foul or displeasing. For disorder of the heart comes from disorder of the body. Some are so childish and of such nice manners that they make themselves seem a fool. It is fitting for a man of value who is in great and high estate to be well ordered and well measured in all his desires and all his sayings. And of fair and good countenance before all people. So that none take evil example of him, and he is not held for a fool. For as a philosopher says, \"a child of age, and a child of wit and manners are all one. And the scripture says that a child of a hundred years will be cursed. That is,.He who is of great age and lives like a child shall be cursed. Saint Paul says of himself, \"When I was a child, I spoke as a child, but when I came to the age of a parishioner, I put a check on my drinking and eating. For excessive eating and drinking harm the body and soul, as I have said before. Therefore, the Lord says in the Gospel, \"Take heed that your hearts are not grieved or troubled by gluttony or drunkenness.\" That is, do not engage in excessive eating and drinking. Sobriety keeps measure in eating and drinking, doing no harm. Of the excesses a person commits in eating and drinking, I have spoken before where the sin of gluttony is treated. To this virtue of sobriety and temperance, which I have here spoken, I will now say no more.\n\nNow you have heard how this tree of sobriety and temperance grows..Should he receive the blessing that God promises in the Gospel to those who keep this peace entirely without breaking, when he says, \"Blessed are the peacemakers.\" For they shall be called the sons of God. They are peacemakers, says Saint Augustine, who order and set all the movements of the heart. Under the sign of the Lord, one may not think, nor tongue express, nor even hear the peace and the glory that God keeps for his friends. Therefore, I cannot say that which may be sufficient to thee.\n\nThis book was compiled and made at the request of King Philip of France in the year of the incarnation of our Lord 1529. Translated or reduced from French into English by me, William Caxton.", "creation_year": 1485, "creation_year_earliest": 1485, "creation_year_latest": 1485, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "In the west end of great Britain, now called England, lies the province named Wales. This said province was once inhabited by saints of many and diverse merits, and adorned and decorated to this day with innumerable prerogatives in various ways. Among them was a holy and devout man named Bunow, a man of high merit, who lived a religious life and was a monk in England. He founded churches and ordained certain brethren and priests to serve God in many places. It happened by divine providence that he was warned and admonished to ask a mysterious man named Theuth for a certain place to build a church for his health. The seer granted him gladly and with goodwill, and she also requested that the holy man make a sermon and treat of her spouse, Jesus Christ, and show his works worthy of praise and piety.\n\nIt happened on a Sunday that his father and mother were present, as he began to make a sermon to the people..The blessed virgin had gone to the church and was left there, as she was at home. A man named Cradoke, son of King Alan, entered and saw the holy virgin sitting by the fire. As soon as she saw the king's son, she humbly addressed him, asking what his pleasure was. He replied, \"You know well that I am the king's son, rich in riches and honors, and I will generously bestow some of them if you consent to my petition and desire.\" She felt ashamed that he had found her not properly dressed or adorned and asked him to wait a while, as her father might come and she would return without delay. The young man granted her request and she went into the chamber. By a side door of the chamber, she left and ran quickly towards the church. The young man, being angry because she had fled from him due to her desire to preserve her virginity, followed her with a sword..\"you desire the now know for certain that either you will allow me to have my way in this present time or I will be forced to take the sword and behead this blessed virgin. And as the head of the virgin fell to the earth, in the same place a bright and fair well began to spring up, abundantly giving out water and plenty which continued, making a lamentable noise and sorrowfully saying that they had hoped she would have been a servant of God and lived a holy life. And when Benone heard this noise and rumor, he came and saw; this head of the holy virgin had committed such a great sin, he vowed to Almighty God to take back the ground and pray more devoutly and constantly in faith. After this long prayer, the holy man Benone rose up, holding his hands up to heaven, and said, 'O Lord Jesus Christ, for whose love this holy virgin has forsaken all worldly things and desired heavenly things.'\".we humbly beseech you with all our might and devotion that you at this time grant to us the effect of our petition and prayer, and for what cause this virgin has suffered death we do not know, but that she is in everlasting joys, having no need of our company; yet most debonair father, grant to us your sons; meekly we beseech you, that it may please you to give your assent to our petitions and prayers, and command that the soul of this holy virgin may be brought again to her body, and that she may be restored to her first life, and by the grace of your mercy may magnify your name, and after a long life of living, she may return to her spouse, who is the only son of God the Father with whom and with the Holy Ghost lives world without end, and when all had answered \"Amen,\" he set the head to the body, and the holy virgin arose, as she had risen from sleep, wiping her face, and cleansing it from the dust, and sweetly refreshing herself..The assistants stood with wonderful admiration and joy. Nevertheless, in the place of her neck where her head had been struck off, and after a divine operation was set right and resolved, a small thread-like mark went around the neck and showed the place where it had been cut. And she always remained in the same manner, and the place where her blood was shed was first called the dry valley. After her head was cut off and touched the ground, as we have previously mentioned, a well of spring water gushed forth abundantly, which has endured to this day and heals all languors and sicknesses in men and beasts. This well is named after the virgin and is called St. Wenefred's Well, because much of her blood flowed into the well and the descent of the hill. The stones yet in it..to this day appears, both in the well and in the river, running down all bespattered with blood. This is remarkable. For even to this day, the drops of blood are seen, like the first day. And the moss that grows upon the said stones smells like incense, which well and of great renown, and well known, endures as it did the first time. And the stones, as we said before, are yet daily bloodied, showing openly that by the said virgin, all those who call on the Lord shall be saved and delivered.\n\nThen, to know how this holy virgin lived after she was parted from this world, you shall hear hereafter following, as after and intended with and to all things good, desiring with one mind and informed according to her master's humble request to be professed and consecrated in the\nwhich blessed virgin, after taking that vow,\nflourished in all virtue and\ndevoutly studied how she might best observe the rules..The disciple of Relygyon, in a short time, acquired and was fully instructed in the observance of all that pertained to it. After this, this holy man was admonished in a vision that he should depart thence and go dwell in another place, so that he might help and profit many people there. And on this account, he called the father and mother of the blessed virgin and said to them, \"You shall understand that I must depart from you and may no longer be here with you. For God has called me to another place. Therefore, I exhort you to be attentive to the admonitions and examples of your daughter. Knowing for certain that she is not ordained as an example only for you, but also as a very example of health for all people who are to come after her. Then he turned to the holy virgin and said to her, \"Our almighty Lord God has commanded that you succeed and follow my labors and teachings.\".exercises this site / and to honor this dwelling / to follow the way of life / as I have shown you / And the same you shall show to others / Your charge from now on, for the love of God, is to inhabit and dwell in this place / and to gather and guide the / But one thing you should know for certain / that you shall not amuse yourself in this place / For when you have served God here in diligent abstinence of the body and affliction of the spirit / by the space of seven years / it is fitting for you to go to another place / which shall be shown to you by our lord / and he shall assign you there / where you shall enlighten the darkness of many hearts / And retain well / that your memory and remembrance shall be clearly spread in this world / & as much / the more you shall be rewarded / so much more shall many be healed /\n\nWhen this holy virgin understood the departure of her master and teacher / she was much sorrowful and heavy..wepte sorowfully for his departynge and absence / Thenne the\nholy man Beunowe ladde her by the ryght honde to the welle\nwhiche sprange at the place where her hede fylle / whanne hit\nwas smyten of / wherof we haue to fore remembryd / and\nmade her to sta\u0304de vpon a stone / which lyeth there on the brynk\nof the sayd welle vnto this daye / and is callyd the stone of\nsaynt Beunowe of them that dwelle there / And he sayd to\nher these wordes folowynge / Beholde sayd he andsee here the\nsteppes of thy passion / loo these stones here besprynct with thy\nblood shewe that thow hast for goddes loue suffryd here marblood of whiche\nthey ben besprynct / fresshe and rody / Now therfore with a dy\u2223lygent\nand good mynde reteyne and kepe my wordes / that\nthey maye come reuerently to the knowlege of many and / graunted\nto the of almyghty god / whiche shall be shewed to the tytle of thy lawde and praysynge / And\nshalle be arettyd to the loue of thy deuocion in the myndes of.them that shall come after / The first is this: that he who shall come after, will always enjoy what he has demanded and asked for, if it is granted to him and follows after his retirement. / Know this for certain: if there is anything more godly for the health of his soul than that which he has demanded, it shall follow and come to him for his good. / For often we ask and desire things which, in the providence of God, should bring more harm than good to us. God knows what is best for us. / The place standing by the sea side, which God in His benevolent grace has granted to me, and though I shall be far from it, yet Almighty God has commanded me to remember you every year with your gifts. / Whenever you shall address such a thing to me, make it accordingly..Ready for me / thou shalt hastily come with thy gift to this present well / And whatever it be / commit it first to God / and after put it in to this well confidently / and thou shalt see anon that thing so put in be taken up from the well / and be led forth by the might of God by the course of the water into the great flood unwounded / And by the wyle through the floods of the sea / it shall come unto the yard of my little lodge or dwelling by the torrent of the waves undefiled / And this thou shalt do, if thou wilt that I shall live / for God commanded it so / These three things are granted to thee from our Lord God / assigned specifically / and given to thee by divine prerogative / And as long as the world magnifies thee in the sanctifying and glorying of thy lord / by the telling and expressing and departing from her / For which cause / lived he in the manner as is afore said / \u00b6And though so it be that the space between them / and the distance.was more than fifty miles, yet nevertheless, in the space and time of one night, by the rolling of the waves and streams, it was brought to the jetty of his monastery, and was found on the gravel of the river. The first gift she sent him was a chest of her own making, which was found undamaged, as previously recounted.\n\nIt happened that after this holy man, Beverley, having grown old, departed from this world and died. When his death was told to Saint Winefride, she left for sending more gifts to him. And she remembered his words that she should go to another place to dwell after seven years. And after seven years had passed, she departed from that oracle and place, just as she had been warned by the holy man. And she went to Saint Dalfinus. This man was a holy man and great in serving our Lord, keeping his commandments, and not departing from his justifications. And after she had come, he was in the night engaged in his prayers..prayers and persevering in devotion / A voice from heaven sounded in his ears, saying, \"Say to my most dear daughter Wenefryde, that she go to the place which is called Henthlacus. For there she shall obtain the desire of her vow. And when he had told this to her, she took leave of this holy man and bid him farewell. Gladly she went unto that place. And there she found Saint Saturninus, who, by divine revelation, knew the purpose of her journey and said to her, \"There is a certain place called Withyacre. There is an abbot named Elerius, a man of great virtues. He will tell you what you must do. As soon as she had understood this, she took her way and went to that holy man. The coming of the holy man, having knowledge of her devotions, took her by the hand and led her, for God had ordained this despised one to keep her chastity.\".And she, whose conscience persecuted her and chased after the striking of her head rather than lose her virginity and consent to sin, has now come to you to dwell among you and remain here until the day of her departure from this world. Therefore, be joyful for her coming and receive her with all your enthusiasm. Following her, this place will be renowned by great fame as long as the world endures.\n\nAfter these words, he turned to a lady who was his own mother and held authority over the other religious women. He said to her, \"O thou, my most dear charge of this virgin, who is well beloved to God, therefore follow her steps and works. And take charge of all things that pertain to her. Do and execute diligently and without interruption whatever you may know that will please her.\"\n\nThese words having been finished and said, the holy confessor..And Saint Wenefride remained, abiding from thencewith the maidservants of God. She kept a great abstinence, leading a good and holy life, with persistent prayer and humble conversions. Other virgins took her example of patience and obedience. They found in her all things necessary for their health, making her a forerunner and example to them. In her were found all things plentifully that were of honesty and virtue. As for her abstinence, the anguishes or pains she suffered in her body, or the scarcities or penances she exercised, it is overlong to tell. But briefly, I shall say that she left nothing undone that she knew might benefit her soul or serve as a good example to others. Diverse and many of devout people came to her by companies, desiring to see this blessed virgin and to behold the place where she dwelt..The woman had a mark in her neck where her head had been struck for the love of Jesus Christ, and by the prayer of the holy confessor, she was raised from death and returned again. The place was held worthy of reverence where she dwelt. Some were content with merely seeing her and speaking with her, but others were so persistent that they would not be satisfied unless they could see the place on her neck where her head had been cut off. They humbly asked her to show it to them. To whomsoever's devotions and requests she hesitated to warn or deny, lest their devotion be lessened or that they might make it a source of pride for her. When they saw the skin and the place of the cutting in her neck, they were filled with great wonder and amazement.\n\nOn a certain day, the blessed Elerius the abbot entered the cloister of the nuns to visit Saint Wenefrede. Then, for a reason to show her this, the holy abbot entered her dwelling..oft had remembered in his mind, he said to the holy virgin St. Wenefride, \"I rejoice greatly, he said, for God has provided you to come to this place, to help bring my body to burial, and after my death, remember and have me in your prayers.\" To this, the holy virgin answered, \"Father, it shall not be, neither is it predestined or ordained by God. But it is your duty to live after me, and first, bring to the earth my lady, your mother, after she has departed, and after certain years have passed, to bury my body. For thus God has ordained. And when this holy man had heard these words, he departed from her, and soon after departed from this world. And at last, our sweet Lord Jesus Christ, desiring and willing to take her as his servant, brought her to the rest of perpetual bliss.\".night, as she was in her oratory, the Lord allowed her to have a knowing and hurried departure from the threshold. And immediately, as she understood and felt herself called and seen by the grace of God, she began with holy devotion to prepare for the joys that she was called to. Then continually in the nights, she prayed in the Church, and in daytime she virtuously occupied herself with all things concerning her care and charge. And when this rumor reached the knowledge of Saint Eferius, he was greatly distressed and weeping for the departure of this holy virgin, whom he entirely loved, knowing certainly that she was endowed with special grace. And he desired to see her, and this he desired with great devotion.\n\nThen after this, the blessed virgin began to suffer great sicknesses in her entire body. And as the languor and malady were vehement and increased daily, she knew very well that she approached..Then she lifted her mind towards almighty God, and humbly prayed him to have mercy on her and be the keeper and warden of her soul, and that the devil should have no prayer from her. Then she called for the holy confessor Saint Erasmus, who had comforted her with the blessed body of our Lord. Then, on the day of the calends of November, she began to grow weak due to the dissolution of her body, but she did not rest for all her pain and sickness to preach and instruct those assisting her with holy and blessed exhortations.\n\nWhen she was greatly weakened by excessive pain and grievous sicknesses, and felt well that on the morrow she would depart and finish her bodily life, she let them call for Saint Erasmus, and prayed him that my body might be buried and put in the sepulcher by the body of Saint Theony, his mother, whom she had requested the holy man granted benevolently. And then the holy virgin, with all her strength,.Her heart in prayer to Almighty God on the third day of November, she commended her spirit into the hands of her Maker to be associated with the celestial company of saints. Then the holy man commending her soul to God began to procure things quickly and make all ready that he saw appropriate for the execution of the blessed virgin's funeral service. And when all was done that pertained to her funeral, he buried her in the place she desired. Her body was laid in the sepulcher with great wailing and lamentations. And in the same place, her body lay until the time of King Stephen, king of England. In whose time, by divine revelations and miracles before going, the bones of the blessed virgin were translated to the abbey of Shrewsbury. Many coming by the suffrages and merits of the saint asked for remedy from infirmities and sicknesses and have been healed and made whole.\n\nThus ends the martyrdom of this blessed saint. Saint.Wenefrede, her passion and decapitation were on the twentieth day of June. And after her decapitation, she lived for fifteen years. Her departure from this life was on the third day of November. Afterward, by the grace of God, the translation of this blessed virgin St. Wenefrede will follow. Her bones were brought to the abbey of Shrewsbury, which translation is solemnly celebrated on the nineteenth day of September. These three festivals are celebrated in the above-mentioned abbey in praise of Almighty God and this blessed and holy virgin, St. Wenefrede. To whom we late pray to be a special and effective intercessor.\n\nAfter St. Wenefrede showing innumerable virtues, she was taken from this life into the celestial realm and bliss, many years after the reign of King William, who was the first Norman king in England. One Roger Earl, a nobleman, was then..A man, in all honesty, endowed an abbey with his own resources and established a brotherhood of monks to serve God. Over time, the place became profitable and was renowned for its virtues, attracting many in the surrounding country. The brothers, known for their virtuous lives, often entertained each other and dedicated their devotion and diligence to acquire and purchase relics. They had heard that many saints' bodies were retained in Wales, and they sought ways to obtain some of them, believing that the intercession of these saints would aid them in their service to the Lord..and keep the better from all adversities, who should daily serve them here in this world, so that he should be a patron in heaven for them. For which to obtain, they diligently endeavored. And truly, there were many holy and excellent confessors in the said country. They began to doubt whom they might specifically desire and have. It happened afterward that one of the brothers of that abbey was oppressed by great infirmity. And the other brothers, having great compassion on him, were sore troubled for his health. They prayed devoutly with the inward devotion of their hearts to God. And they sent to other houses of religion, praying them that they would recommend their sick brother in their special prayers. And specifically, they let them know of the grievous infirmity of him to the Monks of the church of Chester. And then they, in their astonishment, went into the Church..A brother in our order is ill and prays devoutly before the holy altar, reciting the seven psalms with humble devotion. One of them, named Randolf, a man of good life and simple courage, falls asleep. He sees in a vision an excellent and fair virgin standing before him. She speaks to him, saying, \"What is this? For whom do you prostrate and pray?\" The monk answered, \"It is for a brother of our order who is suffering greatly. We pray here to offer our prayers to God for his health. To whom she said, \"I know that the brother suffers from a loss of mind, but if you truly desire his health, go one of you to the well of St. Wenefrede, and in the church there, say mass in her remembrance. The sick brother will then be delivered.\".The monk awakened and recalled what he had seen and heard in his mind. He did not wish to reveal his vision to his brethren, fearing they would dismiss it as a fantasy. Forty days later, the sick man continued to be distressed and remained in bed. The vision was shown again to the monks of Chester, who were greatly moved by the monk's great suffering. This gave occasion to the monks of Chester. After much discussion, the monk who had seen the vision gained courage and told them in detail what the holy virgin had said to him. Those who had previously heard of her and knew that many miracles had been done through her merits, believed what was said and gave faith to the vision. They were warned to go..To her well and in her honor, they went to say mass in the church. They were summoned there by St. Wenefrede, and they said that she had appeared to the said brother. Taking counsel, two monks were sent to St. Wenefrede's well and to say mass in the church nearby. And it was at the same hour that the mass was sung there that the sick monk at Shrewsbury was healed. He thanked the said monks for his health. A little while later, the brother who had been sick was brought to the same place to give praise and prayer to God and to the holy virgin for his health. Upon first making his prayers in the church and then drinking from the well and washing with its water, he was miraculously healed and returned to his monastery in good health. From then on, the memory and remembrance of this event remained..This virgin began to serve more devoutly in the hearts of the brethren, in such a way that they esteemed them blessed and happy. If they could have obtained and received even a little part of her most blessed body, they believed. Though this seemed hard and difficult to them, and they supposed it should pass their power, yet they arranged to test and prove it. They knew that there is nothing that can resist the will of God. Praying that He would be gracious and helpful in bringing their purpose to fruition, they believed that all things difficult, impossible without a doubt, could be easily brought about by His might. And they had no doubt of this:\n\nDuring the time that King Henry the First, a high and excellent prince, and friend of peace, governed the Kingdom of England, by whose authority the entire isle obtained security and peace. So much so that every man might go and ride peacefully wherever he would. Because of this, the said brethren sent messengers to Wales to learn where the most excellent and magnificent [person] was..The monks rested, particularly to seek where the tomb of the blessed virgin Wenefrede was. When they had found the place where the bones of the blessed virgin rested, they were glad and filled with great joy. With the bishop of Bangor's consent, in whose diocese the place was, they gained the princes and noblemen of the country's consent. This proceeded daily, giving great courage to the brethren that they should come to their desire. But the sudden death of King Henry suddenly oppressed all Britain with great strife and trouble, forcing them to leave their endeavor and desire for a certain time. And in the second year of King Stephen, the troubles ceased, and the land was restored to tranquility and peace. The abbot of the aforementioned monastery, by the counsel of his brethren, sent Priors Robert and Richard as messengers to Wales..was more diligent in the procurement of this thing than the other messengers had been. He sent his letters and messages in the country and received answers in return. If he came himself, he would be received joyfully and given audience for what he desired.\n\nThen he went and first came to the Bishop of Bangor. From him, he was sent to the Prince of that country. He was received benevolently by him. When he had shown to him by order the cause of his journey, he said to him, and he answered in this way: \"I suppose that you and your fellows have not taken God or the Blessed Virgin into consideration - perhaps because they were not shown due reverence by those dwelling in this country. Therefore, she desired to be honored by and through you and gain favor.\".of I am compelled to suffer her indignation. And though I am in it and am the worst of all other men, yet nevertheless, concerning her holy and visions manifest and showing that transported you to such great labor, I shall send a messenger to those men in whose patrimony the body of the blessed virgin rests. This messenger shall inform them of my intentions and make them somewhat more reassured, granting them leave to go in peace. Then they went strictly to the place where the body of the venerable Winifred was laid. There were among them seven persons: the prior, and with him the prior of Chester named Wulmare; a priest, a man of great virtue named Idoneus, born of the same country; a monk whom the prior took with him; and three other men. As they went walking and speaking of the matter they were going to, they met a man of the same country, asking them which of them was the prior of Shrewsbury. To whom, when he inquired,.He was shown and said these words: I have an errand to the men who dwell in the place where the bones of St. Wenefrede, who is called Wytheryake, rest. Let them know that they are moved against you with great indignation, because you labor to have the bodies of saints buried by them removed. To whom they have committed themselves and all their goods. And know for certain that neither the fear of the prince nor the threats of his lords nor your covetousness of any money will make them consent to you in this matter. And he said, he went his way. Then the priest and his fellows were heavy and sorrowful for these words, and they knew not what to do or why. They turned to almighty God and prayed to Him with all the devotion of their minds that it might please Him to send His spirit of counsel to them. And he who alone commands by His commandment..The word appeases the tempestues of the winds and the sea, pleasing him to appease these enemies and confederate the minds and courages of these men. They humbly prayed. Having great confidence in the holy ghost, they set forth their journey as they had begun, when they came near to the place where the bones of the holy virgin were contained. The prior sent two of his fellows \u2013 that is, the prior of Chester and the aforementioned priest \u2013 before them. These were well known throughout the country for procuring and solacing all things that would be necessary for them. He kept his fellow with him and remained that night in a thorp because of the message he had heard, and was therefore sore troubled. And when he had said the laudes of his matins and an honest person in the likeness of a woman appeared to one of his servants, saying, \"Arise at once, and tell your lord to put away his heaviness and sorrow that he bears.\".The priory's porter was oppressed, and he lifted up his hope in God, knowing for certain that he would soon leave with great joy and fulfill the effect of his desire. In haste, he would have that for which he would joyously return home, and would glad all his fellows in his coming. Another vision happened to the same porter that same night. There was an Abbot, a man of great devotion, who had before been the father of that same Abbacy of Shrewsbury. Having grown old and full of virtues, he departed from this life, named Godfrey. He said to him, \"Be not of faint heart but have faith in God.\" On the morrow, early, they told what they had seen the day before and said that they could surely come. Warned by them, they came there, and first their prayers they said. They called the world \"good will,\" and because I was only a little able to rest, I saw a vision which was more..A young man with an angel's countenance stood before me and called out, \"Arise.\" I thought he wanted to rouse me to begin my nocturnal office and answered, \"It is not yet time to begin. I will not arise.\" He went away. The same young man came a second time and called out, \"Arise, arise,\" but I paid no heed to his words and answered as before. I covered my head with my mantle and fell into a sad sleep. After a little while, the same young man came back and, with great strength, drew away the mantle from my head and said to me for the third time, \"Arise, arise, arise,\" and I thought I arose and followed him..sepulcher of the blessed virgin Saint Wenefride, who showing this place to me with her finger said, \"Mark this place carefully and remember the words I shall say. If anyone comes here this year or the next who will disturb this stone and remove the earth, do not hinder him in any way. And if he intends to carry away the bones of this blessed virgin, do not oppose him, but help him in all things you can. If you are negligent or found to be a despiser of my words, which are given to you by God's commandment, you will be punished with miserable and long suffering and soon after lose your own life. This said, the angelic vision vanished away. Therefore, be assured that I will help further your purpose and diligently minister to you according to my ability. Therefore, of me be you sure, and call the other to you whom you may apply to your desire, for I will with all my study and industry..I may and can execute your play/ The right of this town is mine, I shall do my best to bring them to your will. They are present here, so tell them what you will, for they are ready to hear you. Then the porter, by the means of the priest or his interpretation, spoke to all the company of men who were there. He revealed the reason for his journey and requested that they give their consent, showing them nothing of their visions or recounting what had happened to them, but only for the sake of the virgin they had taken on themselves. After many words and causes were laid, and after innumerable incidents and reasons were alleged, they were all agreed. They desired that they be kindly sent off, and the porter and his companions gave thanks. They requested that they be shown the place..The place where much treasure was retained is a church yard, at a good distance from the churchyard where the bodies of the dead men are buried. In that churchyard rest the bodies of many other saints. And when the said Monks with their priory and God, without going out of the blessed virgin, stood admiringly, a divine revelation within, that blessed virgin, and there desired, then they came, the chosen ones, and stood by. The people being removed, two of the monks, with picks and spades, began to dig in the ground until they reached the desired treasure. And the other said and read their psalms. And when the body was found, they gave and returned thanks to God. And they took out the bones from the earth. And as they thought that was the best time for them, they bound them fairly in their mantles and honestly laid them there. They began to take their leave, commending those who were there to God..They returned homeward with great joy and went forth with the same. They spoke amongst themselves about the great treasure they had obtained, which was better than many and great riches, and did not know what form it took. They begged Almighty God that they might have some token of it. It was not long before God granted their wish and desire. The day began to fail and grow dark, and they were lodged in a good man's house. There, in the inner part of the house, they found a sick man groaning and giving out a terrible voice. Then the porter demanded the cause of his illness, and it was answered that there was a man stricken with great sicknesses. If he survived, he would give a great reward. The priest blessed it and took it and gave it to the sick man, who slept after receiving it, and awoke all well and blessed..And by this miracle, they were confirmed in faith and were gladder than they were before, more devout in worshipping the virgin. And many other signs and miracles they had by the way which affirmed that it was a godly gift they bore. And when they came to a place ten miles from Shrewsbury, they remained and stayed there. And when they should have departed, they could not remove the bones; therefore, they counseled that the bones should be washed at that place. And then there was no water, but suddenly a fair well sprang up. Which yet runs a great course continually to this day, like the other well. In this well they washed the bones of the blessed Saint Wenefrede. And ever after, the stones that lie and rest in that water are besprinkled as it were with drops of blood in so much that for certain, there have been certain devout persons who have been beleived to have been healed..Certain white ashen apples in this said well / And when they have been in the water for seven days or thereabouts / they have appeared, as it were, with blood. And this is daily shown / which is a great miracle /\n\nThen they sent messengers to the town of Shrewsbury / from whence they had departed / and sent word to the monastery / that they had that / for which they were sent /\n\nThe congregation, hearing these tidings, were right joyful and thanking God / concluded / that the bones should be set in the church of St. Giles / which is outside the town / saying / that so holy a treasure ought not to be received into the monastery without authority, and be, with the great concourse of the people of that province /\n\nThis counsel pleased them all / And then they sent again the prior to the bishop / for him to confirm by his authority what they should do with the bones..The Monks were departed to sing the office of the blessed virgin and the merites of the holy virgin Saint Wenefrede. There was in the same place another man, who in no way could lift up his head. And when he heard the noise of the coming of this holy virgin, he made ready a horse. With the help of his friends, he was brought to the church where the relics of Saint Wenefrede were contained and kept. He remained there in prayer, and was afflicted with much grievous pain. And on the morrow, when the day began to grow clear, and as the priest began the Mass, he began to amend. And at once he was restored to his first health. And when the Gospel was read, he left his bed and went hastily to the elder to make his offering to God and to the blessed virgin Saint Wenefrede, and returned, whole and strong..his feet to the house of his father and mother, who the day before were brought there on a horse by the hands of others. This great miracle gladdened the hearts of all who were gathered. And soon after, it was shown and told throughout the province, exciting much the minds of those who heard it toward the devotion and reverence of the blessed saint.\n\nThe name of her disease grew greater every day, and the memory of her. Then the priest returned from the bishop, bringing his authority. He decreed that all who were devoted to the worship of the holy virgin and her honor should have God's blessing and his. And then a certain day was named and announced to the parishes nearby. They were warned that all who wished to attend the translation of this holy virgin should come on that day.\n\nThen, on the day assigned, the monks went in procession with crosses and candles. An innumerable multitude of people came to fetch the holy body of the virgin..The blessed virgin Saint Wenefrede: every man kneels with his knees, and many, for joy, could not restrain themselves from weeping. The brothers who went out to receive this holy jewel received celestial benefits through the merits of the blessed virgin Saint Wenefrede. It rained heavily around the fields there. The brothers who had gone out clothed them with precious ornaments of the church to meet the blessed body. They were not a little afraid that the ornaments and monies would be severely damaged by the falling rain, but they had begun in no way to leave, meekly praying to our Lord that, by the prayer of Saint Wenefrede, they might be kept dry and preserved from the falling rain. In all the procession of those who went out of the monastery and in the receiving of the holy relics, you would have seen the water of the showers nearly touching the earth..hanging over them, and the drops ready to have fallen by the might of God were retained, so that none fell on them. And all the people who were there, being greatly afraid, should have stumbled and fallen. Yet by the might and power of God, and by the merits of the holy virgin, they were withdrawn, which caused them to give more worship and praise to the merits of her. And at last it pleased all the people that the priest, who had brought her there, should preach and inform the great multitude of the people about what virtue and merit this holy virgin was of, whom at that time there was made the translation. And when he had told them, they should have seen the showers fall around them, and flying in the air, and wetting the entire country by the infusion of the water, except only the monastery and the altar, which was made in her honorably..Thus ends the decollation, the life of Wenefred, translated into English by me, William Cayton.\n\nGaude, Wenefred, pure virgin, giver of the laws of God's obedience.\n\nGod, who rejected the chaste Wenefred, the virgin and martyr, for thee, for many years in this world didst adorn her with gifts. Grant us, propitious one, that we may obtain the sustenance of this present and future life fittingly. Through the Lord.\n\nTo the praises of the king's glory, this is memorable: that from the spring's scantling, at the riverbank, the stones turn red with blood, which cannot lose the sign of blood at any time. This is evident throughout the ages. Wenefred's praises, whose glory we invoke through her patronage.\n\nGod, who adorned this day with the translation of thy blessed virgin Wenefred, grant us, propitious one, that we may worthily celebrate her solemnities..veneramus in officijs eius continuis mumamur suffragijs, per dominum et cetera.\n\nAt the mass, Office for the Feast of the Passion in November,\nGaudeamus et cetera under the honor of St. Wenefred the Virgin.\nDomine, probasti Gloria et cetera. Oratio. Deus qui beatam virginem martyrem tuam Wenefredam, post capitis et reterarum, Epistola. Domine deus meus exaltasti et cetera. Alleluia.\nGaude, virgo Wenefreda, te decollavit et ad teram, quae fons de tellure, quae te coaptavit, caput truncat et sanavit. Cunctis intuitus, resuscitata, statu agis ut beata. Fac ru velum induas, es ancillarum eritis factae plorimus, mater illas, quae te devotis, ibi cetus monochorum celatas.\n\nEvangelium. Simile est regnum celorum thesauro et cetera. Offertorium. Offerentur minus. Secret. Oblam, Domine. Quod et omni tempore, fontis scaturigine et in riui margine, petra rubent sanguine. Rediviva itaque virgo hec beata..Before cleaning: / pestquam multis claruit signis decorata / tandem celos a\u2223dnt\na Cnsto voeata / A quo cum virginibus sanctis coronata\nnobis poscat venidm qua & impetrata / iungat nos celiculis in\nsed\n\nSimile est regnum celorum decem virginibus / Offertorium / Offerentur\nregi virgines post eam proxime eius offerentur ti\nbi / Secret /\nOremus\n\nAfter cleaning: Before the many were enlightened by her signs, she at last ascended to the heavens. A Constancia, crowned among the holy virgins, asks us to come to her, so that she may join us with the celestial ones. It is fitting that the kingdom of heaven offers ten virgins. An offering is made. The virgins are offered to the king after her. [Secret.] Let us pray.", "creation_year": 1485, "creation_year_earliest": 1485, "creation_year_latest": 1485, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "First I will write the tokens of this infirmity. Four things ought to be noted: The first is when, on a summer's day, the weather often changes. The first sign is when, in the morning, the weather appears painful, then becomes cloudy and finally windy to the south. The second sign is when, in summer, the days are all dark and resemble night, yet it does not rain, and if this continues for many days, it is a sign of great pestilence. The third sign is when a great multitude of flies are upon the earth; then it is a sign that the air is venomous and infectious. The fourth sign is when the stars frequently fall; it is a sign that the air is filled with much venomous vapor. The fifth sign is when a blazing star is seen in the element; it is a sign that great things will soon follow..The pestilence or great slaughter in battle. The sixth sign is when there is great lightning and thunder, mainly from the south. The seventh sign is when great winds pass from the south. They are foul and unclean. Therefore, when these signs appear, it is to fear great pestilence, but God, in His mercy, will remove it.\n\nThe pestilence comes from three things. Sometimes it comes from below, other times from above, so that we can feel it sensibly. And sometimes it comes from both, as well from above as from below. As we see, a siege or prey next to a chamber or any other particular thing that corrupts the air in its substance and quality, which is a thing that can happen every day. And from this comes the ague of pestilence. And around the same time, many physicians are deceased. Not supposing this to be a Pestilence, sometimes it comes from dead carrion or corruption of standing waters in ditches or sloughs and other corrupt places..These things sometimes affect universally and sometimes particularly, according to the text above: it often happens that the causes of the bodies above those by whom the spirit of life is corrupted in a man or in a beast: In like manner, as Avicenna says in his fourth book / by the form of those above / the bodies beneath are lightly infected: For the pressures above corrupt the air and so the spirits of a man are corrupted. This infirmity comes also from the text above and below: when of the pressures above / the air\nis corrupt and of the putrefaction or rottenness of the foul places below an infirmity is caused in a man. And such an infirmity sometimes is an abscess, sometimes a putrefaction or a swelling, and that is in many things. Also, the inspired air is venomous and corrupt, hurting the heart, so that nature is grieved in many ways and he perceives not his harm: For the green apperars fair and deceitfully shows the patient is like to die / wherefore many physicians, seeing the green of their patients, speak specifically and are..\"Therefore it is necessary that every patient provides himself with a good and experienced physician. The reasons for this are the causes of pestilence. But it is to be noted that one place or another is more affected than this place or this place, and the patient is more disposed to die than another. Therefore it is noted that bodies are more disposed to be hot and open through pores than bodies that have pores stopped with many humors, where bodies are of resolution or opening, such as those who abuse themselves with women or frequently take baths, or those who are hot from labor or great anger. To the second question, I say that pestilence sores are contagious because of the infectious humors of the body and the reek or smoke of such sores is venomous and corrupts the air, therefore it is to be fled from such persons. In pestilence time, no body should stand in great proximity of people for some may infect. Therefore wise physicians visiting sick people should stand far from.\".The patient should face the door or window, and so should the servants of sick people. It is good for a patient to change his chamber every day and often have the windows open towards the north and east. The south wind has two causes of putrefaction. The first is that it makes a man become ill or weak in his body. The second is as written in the third of Amphorasmie, the south wind harms the ears and hurts the heart because it opens the pores and enters into the heart. Therefore, it is good in times of pestilence for a sick person to remain inside the house all day when the south wind is prevailing. If it is necessary to go outside, let a sick person remain in his house until the sun is up in the east passing southward.\n\nNow it is to be known by what remedies a man may preserve himself from pestilence. First, see the writing of Jeremiah the prophet that a man ought to forsake evil things and do good deeds and meekly confess his sins..The best remedy in times of pestilence is penance and confession, preferred to all other medicines. Nevertheless, I assure you, it is also a good remedy to void and change the infected place. However, some may not profitably change their places. As much as possible, avoid causes of putrefaction and stinking, especially every fleshy lust with women. Also, the southern wind, which is naturally infectious, should be guarded against by closing windows against the south until the first hour after midday, then opening them against the north. Likewise, avoid every foul stinking field, ways or streets, and especially stinking dead carcasses and most of stinking waters where water is kept for two days or two nights, or else there are gutters of water cast under them which cause great stink and corruption. Some die in a house where such things happen, while in another house none die, as it is said before..In a place where writings and colors putrefy, it produces a foul and offensive smell. Just as a sweet balsam fragrance revives the heart and spirits, so do bad smells weaken them. Therefore, keep your houses clean and make clear fires of burning wood. Let your house be made with fumigations of herbs, such as bay tree, juniper, violet, and the best is aloes wood. The smoke taken in by the mouth and ears opens the inward pores of the body. It is also a remedy for all great replications because heavy bodies are easily infected, as Avicenna says in the fourth Canon. Those who burden their bodies with replications shorten their lives. Comfrey baths are to be avoided because a little crust corrupts the entire body. Therefore, as much as possible, people should be avoided..In the morning, wash a little with water and one or two clean filberts or bread or a toasted piece soaked in vinegar, especially in troubled and cloudy weather. In times of pestilence, it is better to avoid the company of people if possible. However, if this cannot be avoided, use the following remedies: wash your hands often with water and vinegar, wipe your face with your hands, and smell the vinegar and roses or leaves of the vine tree. It is also good to use sour things. In the midst of pestilence, I could not avoid the company of people because of my duty to visit the sick, so I took bread or a sponge soaked in vinegar with me, holding it to my mouth and nose because all sour things stop the ways of humors and suffer no venomous exhalations..Things to enter into a man's body and so I escaped the pestilence, my fellows supposing that I should not live. These things I have produced by myself.\n\nThe comforts of the heart are these: fennel, Canifex plantain with other herbs, thy oregano mixed with vinegar. If you have no oregano, take vinegar. Use these things and you may go safely among the people. Also, a natural laxative is a great remedy. Else, provoke a laxative by a suppository. Use pipille pestilentiales for they are good. They are in apothecary shops. Also, keep fire always in your house. For it lets much thin passion of the bodies above and clarifies them. It is also profitable for both healthy and sick people to drink triacle. Therefore, take it twice a day with clear wine, lymph, or clear rosewater or clear ale: Take a quart of triacle of a pes and 2 spoonfuls of clear wine or rosewater or ale. Dissolve the triacle in the cup and drink it. Do not till the middles of the day so that the triacle may have effect..his operation chose a good dish with clear meat and drink, wine clear and often times drank in the day but not much for more abundance of drink putrefies the humors. Also beware of hot things in food, such as pepper and garlic, though it purges the brain from phlegm and specifically the members from viscous humors, it makes much heat and heat falls into putrefaction. Bitterness is more pleasing than hot odor or sauce. Also garlic, though it purges flame and puts out evil humors and produces an appetite to eat and suffers no dry air to enter: yet it troubles the eyes and makes the head hot. Therefore it is not good to eat garlic. The pestilence grows ten times from a hot cause, therefore all foods the lighter they are in digestion, the better. In the morning eat boiled food, at even roasted, forbidden broth and potage without eggs. In the time of pestilence, eggs foods are much better than others. Also forbid all fruits but if they are eggs as cherries or pomes..\"Garnet a little of a pear or apple as medicine because all fruit induces putrefaction. Use convenient spices such as ginger, cinnamon, comfrey, and saffron. This is the best sauce that can be made for rich people. For the poor, take rue, sage, filberd nuts, parsley with vinegar, mustard, and gider. These are good and prevent putrefaction. Be merry in the heart is a great remedy for the health of the body. Therefore, in times of pestilence, do not fear death: but live cheerfully and hope to live long. Letting of blood can be done once a month, but age or other things forbid it for pilgrims or weak persons who have the flux and are suffering from it. Let the wine called basilica be on the right or left side before eating and after its incision. Be merry and drink wine or ale temperately: do not sleep that day when basilica is cut. If you feel yourself grieved to be infected, then avoid sleeping and be walking and moving. For by sleep, heat is introduced towards the heart and to other special members that under no herb may take away.\".A person should not engage in frequent travel if they wish to sleep, but some may ask why sleep should be avoided. I say that during a time of pestilence, if a body desires to sleep, such desire should be postponed by taking a walk in the gardens or fields for a while, then allowing for a natural sleep for an hour. According to Avicenna, if a person wishes to sleep, they must drink a good draft of ale or wine beforehand because a man, while sleeping, draws many humors, and the evil humors are put down by the humors of a good draft. However, some may ask how a person can tell if they are infected. I say that a person who is infected eats little food that day because they are filled with bad humors and, immediately after dinner, they have a strong desire to sleep and feel great heat under cold. They also have great pain in the head, but they have this feeling throughout the day and night. The venom within the body bothers the spirit of life, causing the person to always want to rest and sleep. Additionally, a person can recognize and feel these symptoms in themselves when infected..If a body will not believe this or endure the midday and then he shall feel a swelling underneath the arm or around the ears. Therefore, see a high and good meal. Forbear sleep because of the things said before and he will be swooned. Then stop the wine. A little letting of blood moves or stirs venom: and if it is so that a man will not have many veins cut to gather, then let him suffer the vein to run until the blood withdraws for a little bleeding strongly moves the venom as it is said before. Also, a man, whether infected or not, if he lets blood, let him forbear sleep all that day until midnight following and always let blood on that side of the body where the swelling appears. Therefore, if a swelling appears under the right arm, let blood in the middle of the same arm in the vein called mediana. If it appears under the left arm, let him bleed in the middle of the same or in the vein of the live which is about that little finger. And if it is about..If a swelling appears on the body, let him bleed from the vein called Cephalica on the same side, be it in the neck or in the vein named Mediana in the same arm, or in the hand on the same side about the little finger. If the swelling appears near the ear, let him bleed from the Cephalica vein on the same side or the vein between the long finger and the thumb to prevent many venomous veins from entering the brain or let blood from the Basilica vein. If a swelling appears in the shoulders, lessen it with leeches first, then lessen the Mediana vein moderately. And if the swelling grows, do not be afraid of death, for such a swelling expels all evil and makes a true hole. To make a swelling ripe sooner, take the following medicine: Brose the leaves of an elder tree and put ground mustard to it, making a plaster from it..Put it upon the swelling [some surgeons will put triacle upon the swelling, but do not do so for triacle puts out venom: therefore drink triacle for that puts out the same]. There is another medicine [take sanguine hylwort, otherwise called wild time, maudelyn grass, pletern and a little rye flower. Crush all these together until you see water come out of it]. Medeleyastig laude and pray [world without end]. Amen.\n\nCleaned text: Put it upon the swelling (some surgeons will put triacle upon the swelling, but do not do so for triacle puts out venom; therefore drink triacle instead). There is another medicine: take sanguine hylwort (otherwise called wild time, maudelyn grass, pletern), and a little rye flower; crush all these together until you see water come out of it. Medeleyastig laude and pray (world without end). Amen.", "creation_year": 1485, "creation_year_earliest": 1485, "creation_year_latest": 1485, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "Saint Paul doctor of virtue says to us that all things which are reduced by writing to our doctrine, and Boce makes mention that the health of every person proceeds truly. Then such it is that the Christian faith, through the doctors of the holy church, reduces things diversely for remembrance. For the works of the ancient and old people are to give us good and virtuous operations worthy of health, and to eschew the evil. And also in recounting of understanding is better content to the imagination than to simple authority, to which it is subject. I say this gladly. For often I have been excited by the venerable man, Messeire Henry Bolomier, canon of Lausanne, to reduce for his pleasure some histories as well in Latin and in Romanese as in other fashion, written. That is to say, of the right mighty, virtuous, and noble Charles the Great, king of France and emperor of Rome, son..of the great Pepyn and his princes and barons, as Rolland Olyuer and others, touching some works confusing to the hand miscopiers, this work is worthy of consideration. Henry Bolomyer, who has seen this matter, and the histories disordered without order, at his request, after the capacity of my little understanding, have ordered this book following. It might have been that, if I had been more thoroughly informed and clear, I would have made it into a letter. For I have not said anything informed by anything but an authentic book named Mirour History, as well as the annals and some others following. And for the profit and pleasure of the reader, there will be found in the table all the matter of which the person shall have desire to hear or read, without great labor. With the pleasure of God to whom I submit all my endeavor to writing, that it may be blamed not but that it is for the health and salvation of every person..The following book completed in print is that of the noble and victorious King Arthur, first of the three most noble and worthy Christian kings, and also that of the noble history and life of Godfrey of Bouillon, king of Jerusalem, last of the said three. Some persons of noble estate and degree have requested me to reduce this story and life of the noble and Christian prince Charles, the great king of France and emperor of Rome, the second of the three worthy, so that the stories, acts, and lives may be had in our maternal tongue like they are in Latin or in French. For the greatest quantity of the people do not understand Latin nor French in this noble realm of England. And for the satisfaction of the desire and request of my good singular lords and special masters and friends, I have undertaken and concluded in myself to reduce this said book into our English, as you may plainly read and see in this following book. I beseech all of them..That which shall find fault in the same, I shall correct and amend, and also pardon me for the rude and simple reducing. Though there be no elegant terms, I have reduced it, after the simple conjuring that God has lent to me. For which I humbly and with all my heart thank Him. And I am bound to pray for my father and mother's souls, who in my youth set me to school. By whose suffrance of God, I gain my living. I hope truly, and I beseech Him to grant me of His grace, and so to labor and occupy myself virtuously, that I may come out of debt and deadly sin. After this life, I may come to His bliss in heaven. Amen.\n\nThe first part of the first book contains five chapters, and speaks of the beginning of France and of King Clovis.\n\nOf King Clovis, who was a paynim, having a wife Clotilde, the daughter of the king of Burgundy, & marvelously, Chapter 1.\nHow King Clovis, being a paynim, had as wife Clotilde, the daughter of the king of Burgundy, & marvelously, Chapter 2..How the king was admonished by Queen Clotildis to believe in the custom of faith and other matters (Chapter I)\nHow King Clovis was victorious over his enemies because he believed in Jesus Christ (Chapter II)\nHow the king was baptized by Saint Remigius, and in his baptism, the holy ampule was brought by an angel from heaven, with which all kings of France are anointed at Reims, Chapter V\nHow Pepin was chosen king due to his prudence, Chapter I\nOf King Charles, who made many constitutions with Pope Adrian, and was made Emperor of Rome, Chapter II\nOf the corpulence of King Charles and the manner of his living, Chapter III\nTo whom King Charles and his sons and daughters were dedicated, Chapter IV\nOf King Charles' study and his charitable works and other matters, Chapter V\nHow the patriarch of Jerusalem sent to Charles to give him support after he was cast out by the Turks, Chapter I..How Charles and a great company went to conquer the holy land and other matters:\n\nOf the relics which tempestuous Charles brought from Constantinople and from the holy land, and of miracles there done, there are three accounts.\n\nI. How Charles encountered firebrands:\n\nCharles, chapter II.\nHow Richard of Normandy spoke to the emperor about Fierabras, chapter III.\nThe answer of Roland, chapter IV.\nHow King Charles and Roland were repulsed by the giant and excused somewhat in the debate, chapter V.\nHow Oliver was disposed to fight against Fierabras, notwithstanding that he was hurt, chapter VI.\nHow Oliver was required by his father that he should not fight with the giant, but for all that he went forth, chapter VII.\nHow Oliver spoke first to Fierabras, chapter VIII.\nHow, after many disputations, Oliver aided Fierabras in arming himself..Chapter and of the nine marvels,\nthe swords of Oliver and how he named himself,\nOliver and Ferabras began to fight, and of Charles' prayer for Oliver, and other matters, Chapter X\nHow Oliver made his prayer to God when he felt himself hurt,\nChapter XI\nHow after a great battle Oliver gained the upper hand,\nHow Ferabras and Oliver fought together on foot marvelously, & the prayer that Charles made for Oliver, Chapter XII\nHow at this battle Ferabras was vanquished by Oliver,\nafter he had recovered one of Ferabras' swords, XIV\nHow Ferabras, being vanquished, lived in God, and\nhow he was carried by Oliver, & how Oliver was assailed by the Saracens and tormented, Chapter XV\nHow Oliver was taken, & his eyes blinded pitifully, which could not be healed by the Frenchmen, Chapter XVI\nHow Ferabras was found by Charles and after baptized and healed of his wounds, Chapter XVII\nOf Oliver and his companions cruelly passed over in prison, Chapter XVIII\nOf the prison where the Frenchmen were lodged, and how they behaved..The French men were visited by Fair Floripas,\ndaughter of Thadmiral, and of the beauty,\n\nHow the French men were released from prison,\nand visited by Fair Floripas and her beauty,\nChapter II,\n\nKing Charles sent to Ballata\nThadmiral seven men of France,\nwho were unwilling to go there,\nChapter V,\n\nThadmiral sent fifteen Saracen kings\nto Charles to have peace with Firebras,\nwhich were reported by the men of France,\nand put to death, C.V,\n\nOf the marvelous bridge of Mantra,\nof the tribute that must be paid for passage,\nand how, with fair words,\nthe French men passed over, Chapter VII,\n\nHow the barons came and spoke to Thadmiral,\nand the message they made to him, Chapter VIII,\n\nThrough the means of Floripas, all the French men were saved,\nand lodged together, and recognized by her,\nand reasoned with, and the relics were shown to them,\nand other matters, Chapter IX,\n\nLucifer, new of Thadmiral,\nviolently entered the chamber,\nand was afterwards killed by Duke Naymes,\nin the blowing of the coal, Chapter X..How the French men displaced Thadymal from his palaces strongly, by great battle, and how a girdle was taken from his daughter Cayitulo XJ. How the barons were besieged in that tower with Thadymal and his maids, who suffered great hunger, & how the gods were confounded CA XJ. How the peers of France emerged from the tower, & what great battle they made, in which they met and recovered XX summers with vitaille Capitulo XIJ. How Guy of Burgoyne was taken with the Sarasins, beaten viciously, & examined by Balant, Thadymal, and the complaint. How the Painters had planned to hang Guy of Burgoyne, signing the Christian men, who came to his aid puyssantly. How the peers of France were pursued.\n\nHere begins the third part\nof the second book, which contains\nxvj chapters, & speaks\nof the confusions among the barons of France and the painters.\nOf the might of the peers of France to send a show..the affairs of King Charles and how Richard of Normandy was ordered to go to him at the council, firstly. How after Richard's departure, King Claude the Righteous rode after him, who was slain valiantly by Richard and other matters at the second council. How Richard of Normandy passed the river of Flagoth by miracle, the fourth council. How Charles was intending to return without going, fifth council. How after Charles' complaint, Richard of Normandy came to him, who relieved the great necessities of the people of France and in what fear they were, sixth council. How by Richard of Normandy's means and the help of three other barons, the strong bridge of Montrebee was won, not without pain, and what manner of man was Galafre, seventh council..How Charles entered Martinique after Galafre's defeat, contrary to his allegiance and many other matters, Chapter X.\n\nHow Amyot, the governor, and others were assaulted more strongly than expected, and how the tower was fortified, and other matters, Chapter X.\n\nHow the French men in the tower had news of Charles' host and admiral, and how Ganellon behaved mercilessly when sent forth alone, and what he did, Chapter XI.\n\nHow Charles the emperor fought eight battles, and how they were counted, the battles of Puyss\u0430\u043dce, of Ballant, the admiral, where Charles showed mercy, and other matters, Chapter XII.\n\nHow, in the following battle, Sordes the king was slain by Reyner, father of Olivier, and how afterward the admiral caused great annoyance to the French, Chapter XIII.\n\nHow the French in the tower came out when they saw the host of Charles, and how the admiral was taken, and.holden prisoner for forty-two\nHow Ballant the admiral, despite all the admiration shown to him, would not be baptized but was slain. Floripe's daughter was baptized and afterward married to Guy of Burgoyne. Guy was crowned king, and the queen of that country held a council of fifteen. How Floripe gave the relics to the emperor and how they were tested and proven by miracle. Of Charles' return and the end of this book, forty-five. How St. James appeared to Charles. By the means and guidance of the stars, he went to Galicia. The cities he subdued there, first one.\n\nThe cities taken by Charles in Spain, and how some of them were cursed, two.\nOf a great idol in a city that could not be defeated, and of the signs and conditions they showed, three.\nOf the church of St. James in Galicia, and of other churches he founded there, four.\n\nAfter Agolant the giant had taken Spain and destroyed and put to death the Christians, Charles recovered it..Chapter V: How Agoland summoned Charles to come to him with little people to make just war, and how Charles disguised himself and spoke to him, and other matters.\n\nChapter VI: How Charles, accompanied by a large crowd, returned to the aforementioned place and took the city of Ag. Of the virtuous deeds that Charles did when he was returned to France, and which barons were with him, and of their power.\n\nChapter VII: Of the trials of Charles and Agoland, and of the death of his people, and why Agoland was not baptized (CA IX).\n\nChapter VIII: Of the death of Agoland and his people, and how many people of the Christian army perished.\n\nChapter IX: How Roland and Ferrugus fought on the morning, by what means Ferrugus was slain by Roland (CA XII).\n\nChapter X: How Charles went to Cordoba, where the king of that place and the king of Seville were, and how the church of St. James was consecrated and made sacred by Turpin, archbishop of Spain, and how it became the principal churches (XIV).\n\nChapter X: How the treason was suppressed..by Ganellon / The death of the Christian men & how Ganellon is reproved by the Tournament master\n\nOf the death of King Marfuryus\nand how Roland was wounded\nwith four spears mortally after\nthat all his people were slain\nChapter II\nHow Roland died most holyly\nafter many matters and orisons\nmade and prayed to God\nmost devoutly / and of the complaint\nmade upon his sword\nDurandal\nChapter III\nThe vision of Roland's death\nshown to the Archbishop\nTurpin & the sorrow of Charlemagne\n/ & how he comforted him\n\nHow Oliver was found slain\nand the death of the Saracens\n& the death of Ganellon whyche\nwas hideous\nChapter V\nHow after the things aforementioned\nCharles gave thanksgivings and praises to God and to\nSt. Denis / And of the constitutions\nhe made in France\n\nChapter VI\nHow Charles went into Almayne /\nwhere he died holyly\nand of his death shown to the Archbishop\nTurpin / and of his\nImperial burial\nChapter VII\nThe recapitulation of all this work / and of his death..In this text, there are some issues that need to be addressed to make it clean and readable. Here's the cleaned version:\n\nThe excuse of the author Ix\nThe reason for the author's ca x\n\nExplicit\nAs it is recorded in the stories\nof the Trojans / After\nthe destruction of the\nnoble city of Troy / there was a\nking, very noble, named Francus\nwho was a companion of Aeneas /\nwhen he departed from Troy came\ninto the reign of France / and began\nFrance / and so following, the entire\nregion was called France / and after\nFrance was established and reduced\nto magnificent royal Pramus was the\nfirst who ruled over the French men\nfor five years / The second was Marcurius,\n34 years / The three Pharaohs who ruled\nover the French men after the Incarnation\nof our Lord 1484 years ago\nof whom I intend to make a little\nmention of his\n\nIn that time was king of the Burgundians\nGuyddengus / who had\nfour sons all of good age / that is to say /\nAgabondus / the second Godogesylus / the third Hyspericus /\nand the fourth Godamarus / The first, Agabondus,\nwas put to death by the sword of his brother Hyspericus..This text appears to be in Old English, so I will translate it into Modern English while adhering to the original content as much as possible. I will also remove unnecessary characters and line breaks.\n\nhence his wife and put a stone about her neck and drowned her. This Hyspericus had two fair daughters; the eldest was named Throne. Agabondus, her uncle, banished her from his country and sent her forth in disguise, instructing his messengers to inform the king of her great beauty. In those days, King Clovis had a subtle man with him named Aurelius. By his command, Aurelius went to the place where Thias and Dysymyl were displeased and lived with his companions in a wood. Before the mother church of that place on the day of a great feast, Aurelius set himself among the poor people to receive alms, like other beggars. When the office was completed, this maiden Clotildis, as was her custom, began to give alms to the poor people. When she came to Aurelius, she gave him a piece of gold in his hand. He was glad and well contented, and he kissed her hand and sent for more..A servant of King Clovis, when he came to her joyfully and held in his hand the ring of King Clovis, humbly presented himself before her. The maid began to speak to him, saying, \"Why do you dishonor yourself by resembling the poor people, Aurelianus?\" Aurelianus answered, \"Madam, I am truly a messenger of the noble King Clovis, King of France, who has sent me to you. Informed of your beauty and wisdom, he desires you to be his wife and queen. He immediately presented to her the ring of King Clovis, which she took and put into the treasury of Agabondus, her uncle. She asked him not to reveal this to anyone and promised to do only as the king wished. Aurelianus then showed all of this to King Clovis, whereupon King Clovis, the following year, sent his messenger back to her..anrelian{us} to agabo\u0304dus vn\u2223cle\nof Clotildis for to haue hyr\nto his wyf / whan Agabondus\nknewe thenansuerd to the messager\nSay hardyly to the kyng thy\nlord that he hath lytel to do in de\u00a6syryng\nto haue my nyece to wyf\nbut the bourgoynons wyse cou\u0304\u2223seyllours\nredoubtyng the puys\u2223saunce\nof kyng Cloys / by good\ncounceyl whan they had wel ser\u00a6ched\nthe tresour of Agabondus\ntheir kyng / & fou\u0304de the rynge of\nkyng cloys which clotyldis had\nlayed therin / wherin was graue\u0304\n& portrayed his ymage wente &\nconcluded to performe the wylle\nof kyng clois / & vpon this aga\u00a6bondus\nful of yre delyuerd Clo\u00a6tildis\nto aurelianus / he brou\u0292t\nhir with his peple with grete Io\u2223ye\nto kyng cloys which had grete\nplaysyr to see thys fayr mayde\nAnd forthwyth with al solem\u2223nyte\nafter the maner royal he\nespoused hir after the custome\nof his lawe / \nTHe fyrst nyght after the\nespousaylles atte houre\nthat the kyng and the\nquene shold slepe to gyder / Clo\u00a6tyldis\nenbraced wyth the loue\nof god by grete knowlege of\nIhesus our lord went and said.To the king, my right dear lord, I require that it please you to grant me a little request before I enter into your bedchamber with thee. The king said, \"Demand I,\" he said to him. Firstly, I demand and admonish you to believe in God the Father Almighty, who made heaven and earth, and in Jesus Christ, His glorious Son, King of all kings, by whose passion He redeemed us, and in the Holy Spirit, Confirmer and Illuminator of all good works proceeding from the Father and the Son. To Him alone ought to be given all honor and all power and belief. Believe you in this holy Trinity, and leave idols made with men's hands, a foolish and vain thing, and think for restoring the holy churches which you have burned. Secondly, I require that you demand my part and portion of the goods of my father and of my mother, of Abandoned, my uncle, whom you falsely put to death..Without occasion, but when she had finished speaking, the king answered: \"You have asked me for a favor and a passage which is overly difficult for me to grant. You ask that I forsake my goddesses and worship only the god you have spoken of. Ask for something else from me, and with a good heart I shall do it. Clotildis replied as much as was possible to me, beseeching and asking that you will worship the god of heaven, maker of all, to whom alone is due all honor. The king made no other answer but sent Aurelian his messenger immediately to Queen Clotildis. When Aurelian had completed his message, Agabondus angrily addressed the messenger: \"Why should I have all my kingdom as soon as anything of mine? For this reason, Aurelian said to him, 'Your king, Sir Agabondus, give to your niece of your goods as reason dictates. It is right, and we can take pleasure in it.'\".Have good caring, and with all the French people, to those who attended that they, and upon this point Agabonterus, constrained by the council of the Burgundians, sent a great party of his treasure to Aurelian, the messenger of King Claude. In a little time after King Claude had visited his realm, Queen Claude was soon thereafter great with child and was soon after delivered of a son, whom she had baptized. And continually she requested that he would believe, as before said. But he in no way would listen to her or do so afterward. And when the child was baptized, it immediately expired and died. The king was greatly pleased with this and said to the queen, \"If you had given him and died with him for my gods, he would now be alive.\" The queen answered for this thing, \"I am no longer troubled in my courage, but I render and give thanks to God my creator because he has made me so worthy that it pleased him to take the first fruit of my womb into his royal realm in heaven.\" Afterward..the year following she had another son named Lodomyrus. When he was baptized, he immediately became so sick that it was supposed he would die. And when the king saw his weak condition, being ill-contented, he said to the queen, \"It shall not be of this child but as it was of that other his brother, for against my intent you do your will in baptizing them.\" Then the queen, out of fear for her child, devoted herself to God for his health. And immediately he was healed and made whole.\n\nKing Cloys, after certain time, began to make war against the Alans. And so, persisting against them, all the Alans were defeated and slain in such a way that they were overthrown. Then when Aurelian saw the destruction of the king's people, he began to behold the king, his lord, and said to him, \"Sir king, see before your eyes the mortal destruction of your people. I require you that you believe in God almighty, who made heaven and earth, him whom I mean.\".my lady the queen adores and believes, when the king had heard Aaron speak thus in great affection, he began to lift his eyes to heaven and wept much, and with great pity said, \"O Jesus Christ, Son of the living God, with all my heart I adore and beseech you to give remedy to those in tribulations. I beseech you for aid and succor, that I may be victorious over my enemies by experience. I now believe in you, and in your name I shall be baptized. I have asked my God for help, but they have done nothing for me. And I say they are of no value or comfort to me when they cannot help those who require them. Therefore, to you, as the true God and Lord, I require that I may be delivered by your high power from my adversaries with a loud voice.\" The Germans, his enemies, began to flee in such a way that their king was dead. Therefore, those who remained surrendered to them..To King Clovis / and bind all under his obedience and power, the annual tribute was paid. After this victory, obtained by the power of God, he came into France. He recounted to the queen, his wife, how by divine invocation and the might of God Almighty, he had obtained victory. After that, she had great joy, and Incontence sent after St. Remigius, bishop of Reims, a very holy man, who came to her to preach to the king and give him his salutation. He had well informed the king, who began strongly to excite the people of France to believe in Jesus Christ. And the people replied, \"Sir king, it is best that you forsake idols; and adore the Immortal God, whom the queen adores and reveres; and so let us all do.\" Incontence showed this to St. Remigius, who was greatly joyful and came to them diligently, as a good shepherd..A herdsman who takes great pains to keep his sheep from their adversary and receives great pleasure in coming here, for the benefit of his coming and his preaching, brought such great profit that it caused the people to be regenerated after the ordinance of holy baptism, without which no man may enter heaven. The necessity of the salvation of this king, enlightened by grace, disposed to believe, was joined in good intention. The king was baptized and believed in Jesus Christ and his commandments. All the people subject to him were commanded to do the same.\n\nAnd when Saint Remigius had come and had come to the king, touching his salvation, he began to prepare the place for him to be baptized honorably and repaired the places reverently.\n\nAnd on that other day, he prepared and founded churches for the king. The king was ready to receive the holy sacrament of baptism from Saint Remigius, to whom the friend of God, Saint Remigius, began to say in a solemn manner:\n\nSir king, it is time that you receive the holy sacrament of baptism..you ought with pure intention to forsake the false goddes to whom before this time you have given faith. Then the king was ready to receive the holy sacrament of baptism. To whom Saint Remy began in fair manner, Sir king, it is time that you, with right humble heart, ought to believe in one only god almighty, the father, the son, and the holy ghost, one only and pure essence, which has created heaven and earth, to whom one only ought to give faith and creance. And in Jesus Christ his son, whych for the salvation of human creature, would take humanity conceivable, to repair the obedience of our first father Adam. And that was conceived in the belly of the virgin Marie by the work of the holy ghost, whych after was set on the cross, and took death dolorously to redeem us, was buried and rose from death to live, and after ascended in..To heaven and sits upon the right hand of the Father, and from thence shall come and judge the living and the dead.\nAlso, you shall believe in the holy church, our Catholic mother and her ordinance. And when St. Remy had informed the king and the people of our faith and they believed, he baptized them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost.\nAnd when he came to anointing, according to the custom of the holy chrism, which no man brought incontinent, by the pleasure of God and demonstration miraculous, they all stood suddenly coming down from heaven a doublet left it in the same place where the holy chrism was, with the king's cloak first anointed in great devotion by St. Remy. This ampulla of the same holy chrism that is therein, the kings of France only anointed one in their consecration.\nIn that time were baptized the sisters of the said king and a thousand men of his household, and so after all the people of France..in great joy and exaltation of glory,\nThe book of King Clovis, the first Christian king of the lords of France, from whom succeeded twenty kings, who was the king and the king who was the twenty-first after King Clovis and of his being devout and contemplative without cure to exercise royal flesh, a king, put himself in reliance to lead a solitary life, \u00b6In that time was Pepin, valiant in person and noble, and because all the kings of France succeeded from this said Pepin, and in particular Charlemagne, his son, for whom this work is composed, I will here begin to treat the matter, the which I intend to speak of superficially. That Pepin the prince takes on himself great pain and trouble in a land battle, or else he who retreats from nothing and is abandoned and given to all sloth, and is content with the name only of king..The pope had heard this demand. He reminded Pepin that, by right reason and equity, he ought to be called a king, one who governs and rules his realm for the common good and continues it. For this reason, the Frenchmen considered their king, Hildrych, who lived a solitary and contemplative life in a monastery. Nothing should be an obstacle for those who live solitarily, even if a king ought not to be solitary himself. For as the king is, so is the realm. Salmon says, \"If the king is negligent, the people do not know what to do, and blessed is the land that has a noble prince. All the Frenchmen being well informed of the conditions suitable for a king, according to an author who says: The prince, when ordained, ought not to have superfluous horses or make his people more subject than they ought to be. He ought not to take but necessary servants without superfluity..To nourish over many hundreds\nno other beasts unwisely / \nbut take them in measure / \nAnd he should eschew multiply-cation\nof men, should not\nbreak his espousals, he should\ngladly read in books & should\nhave by him people well lettered,\nAnd should judge without favor / \nAnd before all things\nhe should adore and serve God, he\nshould not gladly take gifts &\nought not gladly to accept the position as king of France the noble Peter,\nand from that time forward\nthe lineage of King Clovis regulated\nno more upon the French\nmen. And he was consecrated by\nSt. Boniface,\nand by the apostolic authority,\nand by St. Stephen, Pope with his two sons\nCharlemagne and Charles the Great,\nwas confirmed and approved\nand ordained all the kings of\nFrance in great council.\nThe said pope gave his benediction to all those who were opposed and against\nthese things aforementioned /\nThen after this noble king Pepin made great war against the English men,\nand in the Roman manner he ordered the..service in the churches of France, and many other matters meritable, of which honor is attributed to him by good right, obtained through victory; and was buried in the church of St. Denis in France. He left his heirs his two sons, whom he had obtained from the noble queen Berte, daughter of the great Caesar Herculanus of whom the lineage of Romans, Germans, and the Greco-Romans had concurrence. Therefore, by good right, in the following time, King Charles was chosen and made Emperor of Rome. And the said King Pepin reigned for eighteen years in dignity of salvation. After that, his brother of the said Charles had reigned in his part of the kingdom for two years, he died. And then, after all the government of the kingdom of France, the said Charles remained, as will be more clearly shown later.\n\nThis noble Charles, otherwise called Charles the Great, the one who, for the greatness of his body, power, and virtuous operations, is called the Great by merit..as I have said, after the death of his brother, he was only king of France. A little while after that, Pope Adrian ruled and showed great diligence in strengthening and supporting the Christian faith. He annulled heresies and established images for the representation of saints in churches. To many laborious meritorious works in the service of God and the holy church were added. King Charles, instead of confusing them, had victory over them in various ways. And Pope Adrian, who was well informed that this Charles was a strong defender of the church and protector of the faith, sent for him to come to Rome. When he came to pay his respects there, he stayed and set up camp for a little while. Afterward, with a few of his people, he departed and went to Rome. He was received affectionately and visited many devout places. Afterward, when he had finished his leisure, he returned to Rome. With the Pope..King Henry assembled many bishops and abbots, numbering over a hundred, in a synod. In this synod, they ordained many constitutions concerning the universal church. In this synod, for the great holiness of Charles, the pope and all the cardinals granted him the power to ordain bishops and archbishops in all his countries and provinces. He was to confirm those who were ordained and curse those who opposed them. This noble Charles, with his two sons, one named Pepin, and the other who had promised fidelity to each other for the Christian faith, lived during a time when many mortal wars occurred during the reigns of King Pepin and Charles. After that, the kingdom of Lombardy was destroyed and delivered from the heretics. Peace was not made without great trouble for King Charles to come from France into Lombardy due to the dangerous country. When all this was terminated to his pleasure, he reduced Italy..under the tribute of the kingdom of France, in such a way that when Italy was thus destroyed, he went to Rome to give thanks and praise to God most devoutly for the victory he had obtained and for the execution done upon the enemies of the faith. And there, with Pope Adrian, he made many constitutions, which, by right, ought to be observed. After being thus victorious in Rome, his son Pepin was ordained and consecrated king of the Italians. And his son Louis was ordained and consecrated king upon Grenoble. This was not well in the favor of the senators and other Romans. When they were at this point, after they had taken deliberation of great counsel, seeing the great value and nobility of King Charles, who was so perfect in all nobility, hardiness, prudence, and other virtues, as I shall touch upon later, they chose him by the consent of all as emperor of Rome with great joy and exaltation of innumerable joy..And by the hand of Pope Leo, he was crowned emperor with all honors that could be comprised, And with one voice, they gave him laud and honor, And called him Caesar and Augustus By a symbol of valor, in contemplation of great plays they had made him king of Italy,\n\nCharlemagne, King of France, after he was emperor, did many marvelous works, And he reigned as emperor for thirteen years, And had then ruled over the French for twenty-three years, And in the county of Rome, he edified many cities and restored good towns, & many other things which cannot be fully recounted due to his marvelous works. Nevertheless,\n\nTo know what man he was, his works witness as much as pertains to the essence of his person. Turpin, the holy archbishop of Reims, who lived at that time, and was often in the company of King Charles, says that he was a man well-faring of his body & great of person, And had his eyes and regarded the faithful and magnanimous.\n\nThe length of his person contained eight..This man had feet that were remarkably long, fat, and massive, with no discernible belly. His arms were ample and broad. He had a nose raised upon a roundness. His face was fair and his countenance pleasing. He had the eyes of a lion, sparkling with fury, inspiring fear and dread as he looked at people. The girdle of which he was girded was eight feet long, outside of that. With one stroke of a sword, this knight, fully armed, would be struck down from the helmet to the saddle. If there were four horses between his hands, he would easily pull them out and break them in pieces. With one hand, he could lift a knight fully armed and hold him up to the height of his breast effortlessly. He possessed three honorable qualities: first, in giving, he was as large as Titus, emperor's son..Vaspasian, who was so prodigal that he was unable to fulfill his promises. When it was demanded why he promised something he couldn't deliver, he answered that a person should not depart from a prince in a desolate or heavy state, nor without obtaining something.\n\nSecondly, Charles was so confident in his judgment that no one could contradict him. He was also pious and merciful towards Christian men, according to the quality of the person and the occasion of the transgression. In his words, he was well-advised and thought deeply about what he said. He remembered the manner in which to comprehend the speaker's intentions.\n\nDame Bertrode, mother of Charles, was full of great knowledge in great prosperity of life and honor. She grew old and finished her days. And she ordered books to exercise the liberal arts. Of these, Charles took pleasure in studying from his infancy. In the time of his infancy, he made:.science to be taught to sons and daughters, and when they knew their belief, he made them study the seven liberal arts. And when his sons were old enough to ride on horses in the French style, he made them bear arms and practice for tournaments in war, when it was necessary, and when they did not, he made them hunt wild beasts and engage in other chivalric pastimes. Continually, after this, he made his daughters spin and sew, and occupy themselves with other honorable works, lest they have occasion to fall into disordinate thoughts and have inclination to sin and vice. And when he was not occupied in matters of charge and weighty importance, he would employ his time in writing something new to benefit himself, so as not to be idle according to the pistle of St. Paul, which admonishes us to do something good always, lest the enemy hold us not in idleness to follow his enticement damable. And he did make in his..In Acon, Almayn, there stands a church of our Lady, composed of marvelous beauty and richly ordered and wrought, and greatly honored, as a sign of a perfect Christian man. For he who loves the Lord and is given to him the works desirable to do, should likewise make others do the same, and should persist in the amplification of his country. Therefore, the death of his father Pepin was doubled in the realm of France.\n\nAfter Charles was instructed in grammar and other sciences, and by ardent desire frequented books and visited them in the mornings and evenings, and on the nights often of good feasts did not fail to do greatly his devotions and oblations. He also gave largely in alms for the remission of sins and was always ready to succor the poor people of his own and silver and provide according to the necessity of the place, as in Surrey, Egypt, Africa, and Jerusalem, and other countries, as he said, with gold..and silver is not mine / To every man he desired amity and\npeace / Of body he was much ample and boisterous / of stature well-appearing,\nthe cup of his head round / the hairs in great reverence, and the visage joyous,\nhe had the boys clear and of great force / and at his supper he ate not, for the most part, save roasted venison, which above all other flesh he loved and used at his supper / Always he loved redars / to read chronicles or other things contemplative / as one who would as well feed the soul, which is perpetual, / with spiritual food / for maintaining it in unity with grace toward God his maker / as with refreshment for the body / to conserve the life / And among all other books he delighted strongly / in the books of St. Augustine / especially in that which is named \"The City of God\" / and he drank not often / For at supper he drank not but three times / In summer time gladly after midday\nhe would eat a little fairy and drink once / and would go to rest himself naked in his bed two hours..Charles preserved in felicity, royal and imperial, and sent messages and great counselors throughout his empire to inquire about the governance of his provinces and good towns, doing justice and reason in each. He made constitutions and laws according to the places and commanded them to be observed and kept upon pain. Charles also sent throughout the world to know the marvelous events that were done in it, and to learn the lives of saints, whose feasts were celebrated, and made books for their remembrance. Every day he had what he did written down, and after the writing that he found, there were found more than three hundred saints' feasts in a year..He exercises his spiritual works. In that time, Aaron the king of Perse sent to him an elephant magnificently great as a singular gift and many other precious things, for the magnanimity of Charles. This Charles, for his great holiness and no blessings, was in such renown for honor and virtues. In a time, Aaron the king of Perse sent among other gifts the bodies of Saint Cyprian and Saint Speratus, and the head of Saint Pantaleon martyrs, into France. It is read that in the time Charles was emperor of Rome, the patriarch of Jerusalem was so oppressed by mortal war that he could not save himself. And thus, when he knew not what to do, he had in remembrance the noble Charles and, being formed of his holiness, he sent to him the keys of the holy sepulcher of our Lord Jesus Christ of Calvary and of the city..The patriarch brought the standard of the faith to Constantine and his son Leo. He was accompanied by John of Naples, a priest, and another man who called himself David. Two more men, named Isaac and Samuel, were also part of the group. The patriarch delivered to them a letter, written in his own hand, to carry to the chariot of Constantine. The letter read, \"On a night, as I was standing, the king of the galley, protector of Holy Christ and defender of the Church, appeared to me and prayed for help.\" After this, the same lady showed me a knight fully armed, holding a shield with the words \"gyrde with his sword\" inscribed on it, wearing a purple sleeve and holding a large spear. The helmet on his head was cast into the air, and great flames of fire erupted. He held a golden basin in his hand..shining, and he was ancient with a long, fair herd of a horse, of handsome countenance and long of body. He had eyes shining like two stars, and his hairs began to grow white. O thou August, who never refusest the commands of God, enjoy yourself in Jesus Christ, and in your mind always yield thanksgivings enclosed in justice, as you have been recalled in honor, Jesus Christ. Give the grace to preserve and keep always the commands of God as you ought to do, humbly. And as it is written, Emperor Constantine in his time had driven the pagans out of Jerusalem seven times. Therefore, when he could no more, he sent his messengers to King Charles, who at that time was in Paris. And when the messengers had presented the letters and he had seen them, he began to weep greatly in contemplation of the pitiful tidings of the holy sepulcher of our Lord, so held in the hands of the pagans. After this, he sent for Archbishop Turpin, and made him publicly preach the pitiful tidings..After the publication of that which I previously mentioned, the king made an edict and cried it through the country that every man who should be ready to go with him against the paynims, and he who would not come should be fined for a substantial sum of money for hiring soldiers. This had never before been seen in such a short time, with so many people assembled.\n\nAnd when they were all departed, in the name of God, full of one great faith, in great hope to obtain victory under the conduct of Charles, captain of the faith, and when they had ridden a great distance, they came into a great wood of bushes, in which they could not pass through in two days, and yet with great effort. Charles thought to pass it in one day, so he and his host entered within the said wood..which was full of diverse wild beasts: griffons, bears, lions, tigers, and others. In that great wood, and the night came on, they were all afraid and troubled without knowing which way they should go. Charles commanded that they should look for any habitation, but they were far from any and out of their right way. By force, they were driven to dispose themselves to sleep in that state. And when they were all at rest, King Charles, in his dormitory, trusting in the aid of the Lord in great devotion, began to say the Psalter. And when he came to the point where he should say the following verses, \"Lead me, Lord, in your law, for I have sought you with my whole heart,\" a bird came to his ear in the presence of everyone about him, who said with a loud voice, \"King thy son is heard.\" Then all those present were much troubled, and notwithstanding this, the king continued to say the Psalter..vnto me is entrusted my care and all this while he said, the bird began more strongly to cry and say, \"O Frenchman, what sayest thou? O Frenchman, what sayest thou?\" And after that, the king and his company followed the bird, which conducted them to the right way they had lost the day before. Some of the pilgrims said that in the same countryside were such birds doing the same thing. But when Charles and his great power were near their enemies, they were much troubled by their coming. And the Christian lords were greatly rejoiced by their coming. For without ceasing, he rested not until he had traversed the country of Christian men, and expelled all the pagans who much revered him, bringing great honor and victory. In returning, he demanded of the emperor of Constantinople permission to depart: of the other patriarchs and archbishops, And the said emperor granted it for the honor of the king and silver and precious stones..When Charles knew of this, he consulted with his people about taking the precious and rich gifts or returning to France without taking anything. His barons advised him not to take anything for his labor, as he had done nothing but for the love of God. When the emperor of Constantinople and the patriarch of Jerusalem learned that Charles would take nothing of the aforementioned goods, they were advised to take something for him. When this was demanded, it was commanded that every man fast for three days to make it more appealing..enclined to devotion and to view the holy relics, in particular were ordained twelve persons by grace, who should treat and see the relics when it came to the third day. The noble Charles, by great compunction, confessed himself to Archbishop Turpin. After much weeping, they began to sing the litany with some psalms from the Psalter. Then Charles, full of awe and very fervent in faith, knelt down on the ground and strongly prayed our Lord that for the glory of His name, He would renew the miracles of His holy passion and glorious resurrection. As soon as he had prayed, the crown began to flourish, and a marvelous sweet odor issued forth from the flowers so rightly that each man supposed his vestments and clothing had come from heaven..After Daniel took a sharp knife to cut the crown, it grew more and more flourished in cutting, and the odor became more abundant. Charles put a part of the flowers in a repository, and in a little coffer he put the thorns, weeping so abundantly that when he intended to give the flowers to Archbishop Ebroin, he drew back his hand and supposed that Ebroin held them in his hand. They were hovering in the air miraculously and remained there for a great hour. After he had given the thorns in keeping to the said Ebroin, he saw the offal in their place, which was full of flower-converted into manna, and in this manner they brought Saint Denis in France. It has been the opinion of many that this was the manna that God sent to his people in the desert. Then there were shown miracles, for all the people present were healed..all their maladies by the odor of the flowers aforementioned, and the people who entered the church by great violence of the press of people cried out that day. It was a day of health and resurrection, for by the savory scent of the fragrant flowers, all the city was purified and replenished with grace. Three hundred and one people were healed and cured of their maladies. Among them was one who was twenty-four years and three months old. He was blind, deaf, and mute. But when the thorn was drawn from the crown, he regained his sight, and when it was laid against him again, he recovered his hearing. And in the flowering of it, he was restored to his speech. After this, the said Daniel took a nail, one of which the precious body of our Lord had been pierced with in his passion. He showed great reverence and put it in an alabaster box, which was dry and impotent from his side, and he ran hastily to the church and cried at the hour of none and said that.he beyng in an extasye was he\nled and guarysshed / and tolde\nthe manere / \u00b6Also there was\ngyuen to the kyng Charles a\npyece of the holy crosse and the\nholy sudarye / and therwith the\nsmocke of our lady / & the clothe\nwherin our lord was wrapped\nand also the arme of saynt Sy\u00a6meon / \nand al reuerently in pre\u00a6cyous\npyxes & and in\npassyng by a castel / there was\na chylde newe dede / whom kyng\ncharles touched with the reliques\nthat he bare / & anone the chylde\nwas reysed to lyf / And whan\nhe come to Acon in Almayne\nwhyche is a moche fayr cytee / \nwhere as kyng charles had made\nhis paleys moche fayr & ryche\nand a ryght deuoute chapel in\nthonour of our lady / wherin / hym\nself is buryed / There atte laste\nwere guarysshed & heled blynde\nmen / and seek men of the feures\nwythoute nombre / & xij demo\u2223nyaks / \nviij lazars / of the pale\u2223scy\nxv / of mysharen xv / backed lij / of the fallyng seke\u2223nes\nlxv / of the gowte many of\nthem of the same place / & many\nof other maladordeyned that in the moneth of.Iul at Acon in the city that all people might come and see the aforementioned relics which King Charles had brought from Jerusalem and Constantine noble. And it was established that one day of the week of the Lenten days and in the month of July should be made this demonstration and notification. In this constitution were Pope Leo, Archbishop Turpin, Bishop Achilles of Alexandria, Andrei, and Theophyle of Anthyoche, and many other bishops and abbots, whose work was much virtuous and full of health. I have spoken before in the first book superficially of the first king of France, baptized; concerning whom it is not easily reckoned the value of him and of his barons, who were named and called peers of France. Of whom and of their behavior, I shall make mention after that. I must now more closely recount, but this which I have before written, I have taken from an authentic book named Mirror of History, and from ancient chronicles..And have only translated them out of Latin into French. The following matter, which will be the second book, is a romance made in ancient fashion without great order in French. Of this romance, I have been encouraged to reduce in chapters, which book, after some and most commonly, is called Fierabras. Because this Fierabras was so marvelous a giant, as I shall make clear, he was vanquished by Oliver. And at last baptized, and became a saint in heaven. In effect, it speaks of that battle and of the conquered relics which had been taken at Rome and were in the possession of the admiral, who was the father of Fierabras. In the following book, I intend only to reduce ancient rhythm into prose and to divide the matter by chapters in the best order I can, without adding anything that I have not found in the book, and in the same way, I shall reduce..And this book is applied to the honor of Oliver, one party, notwithstanding that there have been many other matters. For I suppose that of each of the barons principal, named Charles, who is commonly called XJ or XJIII, and the peers of France who were captains of the exchequer and much strong and valiant of their persons, and were great lords and noble, the number of their valiant captains was more than thirteen. First, there was Roland, Earl of Cognac, son of Milton, Earl, and of Dame Berthe, proper sister of King Charles. After him was Oliver, Earl, son of Reyner of Genes, who was also at the exchequer of King Charles. After him, Richard of Normandy, Garin duc of Loraine, Geoffroy, Lord of Bourdeaux, Hoel Earl of Nantes, Oger the Dane, King of Denmark, Lambert Prince of Bruges, Naimes Duke of Beauvais, Thierry duc of Ardres, Basin of Benevento, Guy of Burgundy, Caudeboy, King of Frisia, Ganellon, who did the [deed]..At the end of the third book, there was Treson, Duke of Bourgoyne, and Ryol du Mauns Alory, Guyltermet the Soot, and many other subjects of Charles. Notwithstanding, they were not always with him. The admiral of Spain, named Ballan, had a son named Fierabras. He was the most marvelous giant ever born, for the greatness and hugeness of his body, and also his strength were unlike any other. His mother was queen of Alexandria, who held Babylon under him up to the red sea. He was lord of Rossy and Coullege, and moreover under him was Jerusalem, which retained the holy sepulcher of our Lord Jesus Christ. Cryst's great power entered once into Rome, where he did much evil, and took away the holy crown and the holy nails and other relics enough. This book shall recount the details of this in the following..They were recovered, and he was called Fyerabras of Alexandrye. After many wars and battles were made in Mormyonde between the Paynims and the empire of Charles, this Fyerabras, much disolute, came riding in great fury to find some Christian man to fight against him. He went to the presence of King Charles, much enraged and eager for battle, fully armed and well prepared with weapons. He was very displeased that he found no one to whom he could fight. Nearby, he went to behold the arms of Emperor Charles, which were most shining. He swore by Mahomet, his god, and by his might that he would never depart until he had fought and made battle with some Christian man. Seeing that no man came to him, he began to cry out with a loud voice: \"King of Paris, coward, send some of your barons of France to me, the strongest and the most hardy, such as Roland Olivier. They received me, and if...\".thou make this refusal to me, that I of the plaintiff promise thee, that before or it be night, thou shalt be assaulted and discomfited by me, and I shall strike off thy head as merchant without any failing, and after I shall lead with me Roland and Olivier, unhappy merchants and captives. For outrageously and foolishly, as evil and old, hast thou entered this country. Wherefore thou shalt have cause hastily to depart. These words or similar ones were spoken by Firebras. Firebras went unto the shadow of a tree and laid there and disarmed him of the arms with which he was clad and bound his horse to a tree. And when he was thus at his ease, he began to cry with a loud voice, \"O Charles, king of Paris, where art thou now, whom I have this day so often called without more leniency? Send Roland or Olivier against me, of whom thou makest such great account and art so valiant, or against the Danes whom I have heard preyed upon.\" And if perchance one of them dares not come alone, hastily..Late come two or three or four of the most valiant, and let them be courageous and well armed. And if the four dare not come, let five come. For to the number of six of the most valiant of thy exercise I shall not refuse. And I think not to return until they are confused and destroyed by me. For be ye sure that it shall never be to me reproach that I am a fugitive from any Frenchman living. I have before put to death by the valor of my person ten kings of great pomp, and they could not resist against my strength in any way.\n\nAs soon as Firebrace had finished speaking, Emperor Charles, who had heard him, marveled much at his language. He demanded of Richard of Normandy what was that Turk who had spoken with such a high voice on the valor of his person. For King Charles said, \"I have well heard what he has said, that he shall not fail to fight against six of the most valiant of my exercise.\"\n\nTo whom Richard, Duke of Normandy, replied..normandye ansuerd / Syr kyng\nthys is a man meruayllous / \nryche / and one of the strengest\nborne of moder / And he is a sa\u00a6rasyn\nof so grete fyerste / that he\nne preyseth kyng ne erle ne none\nother persone of the worl /\n\u00b6Whan Charles vnderstood\nhym he began to clawe his \nAnd sware by Saynt Deshold not ete ne\nneuer drynke tyl one of the pye\u2223res\nof fraunce shold goo Iuste\nageynst hym / And demaunded\nof Rychard of Normandye how\nthys Popnyt / was named /\n\u00b6Rychard answerd syr Em\u2223perour\nhis paynym nameth hym\nself Fyerabras / Which is moche\nto redoubte / and hath done moche\nharme or crysten men / He hath\nslayn the Pope / hanged abbot\u2223tes\nmonkes and nonnes / and\nhath deffuled chyrches / \n\u00b6And he hath robbed & taken\nawaye the holy crowne of but\nlord and many other rely\nfor whome ye take grete payne\nAnd he holdeth Iherusalem in\ngrete subgectyon / And the holy\nsepulcre wherin god was bury\u2223ed /\nwherupon Charles ansuerd\nof thys that thou hast sayd to\nme I am more a\u0304gry than I was\nbut knowe thou for certayn I.\"shall never have joy until my desire is accomplished and he is vanquished, and of that fate all the French men were summoned and troubled. And there was not one who presented himself to go to him. When Charles saw that no one was of courage to go and fight against this giant Firebrand, he said to Roland: My dear new knight, I pray thee that thou dispose thyself to challenge this Turk and do thy duty there.\n\nWhen Emperor Charles had spoken thus curtly to his new knight, Roland foolishly and without reason answered him: \"Fate uncle speak never to me of that, for I had rather be confused and dismembered than I should take arms or horse to justify myself like you say. For on the last day that we were so near taken by the Paynims, that is to say, of more than fifty thousand, we young knights bore the burden and suffered many mortal strokes. Of which Oliver, my fellow, is barely recovered to the point of death. If you had not been saved by us.\".hole destruction had been of us\nand then, and when we repaired,\nand were in our lodgings for to take rest at evening,\nwhen you were well drunk you made Antoine openly,\nthat the old and ancient knights which you had brought with you for to aid us,\nhad much better borne them in the face of arms,\nand had a stronger battle than the young knights,\n\u00b6And every man knows well, how I was,\neven though weakened and weary from the labor that I took that day,\nAnd by my father's soul,\nthat was ill-spoken of you,\n\u00b6And now it shall be known,\nhow the old and ancient knights shall bear themselves,\nfor by God,\nwho ought to have all in his subjection, there is no young man in my company,\nwho ever shall be in my favor and love,\nif he takes upon him to justly engage against the Paynim,\nAlso soon as Roland had spoken that word,\nTamerlane his uncle, having much indignation thereat,\nstruck him across the face\nwith his right gantlet-bloodless and undaunted,\nThen Roland, in a great fury, set himself..When he saw his blood on his sword, and Roland his uncle was present and would have intervened, had not those who were present restrained him. And when Charles saw the audacity of Rollo, he was astonished and said, \"O God in heaven, who would have thought that I would have such an enemy as Roland, who was bound to me in one faith against our adversaries. He who is closest to my blood and lineage, who is present here, and who should have suffered the Passion on the cross before me, that this day he be punished as he deserves. In great fury, he commanded the French men and said to them, \"Take him; for I will never eat until he is delivered to death.\" When the French men understood Charles' command to be carried out, one looked at the other to see who would be the first to lay hands on him. And when Roland saw the outcome, he drew back a little with his sword in hand..\"crying with a high voice and saying to them, \"if you are wise, hold your peace. For I make a vow to God that if any of you moves to come to me, I shall make his head into two parts.\" Therefore, not one dared or was so bold to move against him in malice, but were right sorry and ill contented with their debate. And then the noble Ogier came sweetly to Roland and said to him, \"Sir Roland, it seems to me that you do not well for angering thus your uncle, the emperor, who defends and also supports you.\" Roland answered, \"Why was his anger refrained from me?\" \"Sir Ogier,\" I promise you for a little faith, I was determined to a great outrage without advice and incited by which I am now sorry and repent.\"\n\nOn the debate between them, Perour and Roland, he spoke first to King Charles, who is just and full of manners worthy of commemoration in all senses, who knew the constancy of the ancients and the mutability of the young people, why did you say this?\".thou, on the even that the ancient and old knights in the war of that day had borne themselves better than the young knights,\nAnd thou knewest well that Oliver was greatly hurt by his valiance in such a way that he keeps his bed,\nAnd also Roland thy new, had borne the great burden of the battle,\nAnd if he had spoken folly, thou oughtest to have supported his first moving,\nwhich is not in the power of a man, if thou hadst taken advice at the word that says,\nVindicatam differ donec pertranseat furor,\nThat is to say, thou oughtest to delay thy vengeance,\ntill the fury be passed.\nThou shouldest not have smitten Roland,\nSince when he said evil it was without great discretion, thou smote him,\nseemingly without advice,\nhe drew his sword against thee,\nAnd though thou hadst not smitten him, thou mightest well have reproved him for his offense.\nThou oughtest to remember Ecclesiastes,\nwho says, \"Riches and iniquity are like a precious stone in the lot of one who has no wisdom.\".A man receives wrongs and injuries. It is not good that he does this. Also, when a person has well done his duty, and of him from whom he ought to have thanks and praise is blamed, he is all the more evil-contented and angry. For his fate is reputed for nothing. In like manner, Roland thought that he should have been allowed and praised for the great duty that he did, rather than to hear that the emperor said that old knights had done better than the young. But now I will return to Roland, who has been so noble. From whence comes in such audacity to speak against his uncle, who has always done so well to him, and whose works are worthy of being remembered? To him who is emperor, king of France and lord of such great power, and to his uncle, who took debate and answered outrageously, was it not reason that you ought to suffer him and he not you, if he struck with his gauntlet?.by manner of correction, thou art to draw thy sword to him. Thou hast not in remembrance the obedience of Isaac, which he had to his father. Thou were not advised of this. The apostle says, \"You young men keep your courage and put not the fury of your youth in exercises.\" Yet he did not say that thou hadst not done well. St. Paul says in his epistle, \"A man should not reprove him who is older than himself, but a man ought to entertain and support him as his father. But the deed is such that a person regards it not as an injury to him, if he is hurt, that he be patient. Therefore, it is good to think before speaking it, and gladly to do or say nothing but if it is good.\" Much anger was Charles with Roland his new, and said to his Peres of France, \"Lords, how I am in diverse ways distressed by my new Roland, who would have injured my person. To whom I had more affiance than to any man.\".I have never met anyone I ought to love or hate. Yet, there is no man present before me now to justify myself against this Paynim who has challenged me. Then the Duke of Bavaria rose before him and said to the king, \"Emperor, I pray you and request that you leave these words behind. All shall be well. Another shall go and justify myself against the Saracen. But nevertheless, the king was deeply troubled. For there was no one who would go or take it upon himself.\n\nIncontinent, the tidings of Charles and Roland's debate were brought to Olivier, who was in another place seeking in his bed. And also, how Fierabras had come, and that there was no person present with the king to justify himself against him. Therefore, the noble earl Olivier, with noble courage and ardent desire to please the king, heard these tidings and began to stretch and strain his arms, feeling if it was possible..To him I brought arms,\nAnd he thus doing his wounds,\nbegan newly to open, from which\nthe blood sprang out in distress.\nAnd not unwillingly,\nall that were present did the same,\nfor the great love and desire\nthat he had for the king, did he bind his wounds as well as he could, and afterwards said to his squire, \"Bring me my arms,\" for he would arm him to go to justice against the Saracens. To whom Garin said, \"Sir Oliver, in the name of God, have pity on your own person. For I think you will unwillingly slay yourself.\" Oliver said to him, \"To my commandment, no man ought to delay in seeking his honor and advancement and renown. And with good right, I may employ myself to serve my prince and lord. Since I see that no other man advances him, I shall not fail at the point. The proverb says, 'At need a man knows his friend.'\" Now bring me my arms without further delay, and so Oliver did arm him..\"Garyn, the squire, with his harness, hawberk, helmet, and necessary harness, was fully furnished. He then took his sword named Hautrelere, which he much loved. Afterward, he brought him his most special horse, named Ferraunt. Displeased, Ferraunt was brought before him, all saddled and bridled. The noble and gentle Oliver sprang into the saddle without setting foot in the stirrup, and set his shield at ease. In his hand, he held a mighty spear and a sharp one. Garyn took it and struck the horse so hard with the spurs that in the leaping, he made his horse bow beneath him. It was a good sight to see Oliver on horseback with a much-fired countenance. Those present begged Jesus Christ our redeemer to take him in keeping, for on that day he would fight against the most strong and most fiery pagan who was ever born of mother or in this world - Ferabras.\".of Alexandrye, son of the admiral Ballant of Spain,\nwhom we shall see, by the play of God, the termination after, / He being\nthus on horseback in great point on his face and on his body he made the sign of the cross in the name of Jesus,\nand commanded himself to the will of God, which that day should be to him in comfort and aid after his good intention,\nAnd of every man he was seen and known that he had first resolve in his body to do great feats of arms, &\nso rode forth unto the lies of Emperor Charles, with whom was the Duke Naymes, Guyllam de Scot, Gerard de Mondydyer, and Ogier the Danoys with other barons of France, & among all others there was Roland, much sorrowful of the words that he had against his uncle the king, for gladly he would have done the battle, if he had not before the king when he was required. Thus, Olivier being seen before Charles was much allowed and prayed for by one and all, & most affectionately held by all..Oliver put down his helmet and beholden the king. And reverently came and saluted him. And after said to him: \"Noble emperor Pius, revered and my singular lord, I beseech you to hear me. You know well that there have been three years past that I have been in your service and have had from you no reward nor wages. I, with all my heart, pray now that you will reward me with a gift that I shall desire. To whom the king answered: \"Oliver noble earl, I assure you by my faith that I shall do it with a good will. And as soon as we shall be in France, there is neither city nor castle near nor anything else that you will have that shall be denied to you. Sir king said Oliver: I have not come to you for to demand such a thing. But I demand and require of you the battle against the pagans so out of measure. And at this house I grant to you all my goods and services. And for this gift to be quit of them when the Frenchmen have heard.\".They were all ashamed of his prowess, and each looked on another and said among them: \"A saint Mary, what has Oliver found that is hurt, almost to death, and yet he will now go to fight and battle.\" Oliver answered Charles: \"Thou hast lost thy wits. For thou knowest well that with a sharp and pointed spear, thou hast been hurt and mortally wounded. And now thou wilt abandon and take thy rest. And Andrew, the traitors who did the Anjoullon affair, said: 'Sir King, you have ordered in France that it which is ours to judge is being held. And so it is that we two judge and order that Oliver shall go and do the battle.' Therefore the king, full of malice with color, changed his answer: \"Ganellon, thou art of evil disposition. Without speaking of that which is honorable, surely it is so; he shall do the battle, and it may none otherwise be, but that he be dead. But I swear to my truth that if he is taken or put to death, all the gold of the world shall be thine.\".\"Sir Emperor said Ganellon, \"You shall not save yourself, but you shall die a disgraceful death, and I shall destroy your lineage. Sir Emperor said to himself secretly, 'God forbid that Everol return, but that he may have his head smitten off.' When the emperor saw that he could not prevent Everol from leaving and going to battle against Ferabras, he said, 'I pray God of the firmament to grant us success, and may you return in joy.' He took his right glove and threw it to Everol, who received it with great desire and thanked him humbly. Taking leave of all, Everol was licensed to go and prepare for battle. Reyner, his father, came to the king and, with great compassion, knelt at his feet and said, 'Sir king, I beg your mercy, have pity on me and mine. You will bring me great discomfort when I see my son going to his death, seeing the danger.'\".that his person is in it. I also pity his presumptuous youth, his desire being overly covetous and dangerous. A man who is injured so severely and has lost blood cannot endure battle well. But Reyner endured his pain. For the king had given him his glove as a sign of license. And notwithstanding these words, Reyner doubted nothing but that he would do his duty valiantly.\n\nAgain Reyner asked the king and said, \"Sir king, in honor of him who died for us on the cross, suffer not my son to injustice. Alas, when I shall have lost my son, where shall I go? And you may well find others to take up this battle.\"\n\nTempero or Charles answered Reyner, \"You know well that I cannot revoke what I have granted to him. In sign of license, I have given him my glove. And Olivier, being content, said with a loud voice before all the people, 'Sir king, and all you barons.'\".I beseech you all, who are present, that if I have offended or wronged any one of you, in deed or word, that in the name of God you pardon me. When the French men heard him speak thus, there was none but that he wept tenderly. Taking his leave with his standard raised, the king blessed him, making the sign of the cross, and weeping he commanded him in the keeping of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. Oliver departed and rode forth until he came where Fierabras was, who was unarmed and lying in the shadow. And when Oliver had addressed him, Fierabras turned his head away from him and shrank back, for he set no value on him because of his small stature in comparison to Fierabras. Then Oliver said to the Saracen, \"Awake, thou, thou hast often called this day upon us, and I have come hither. I pray thee, tell me thy name.\" Fierabras answered him, \"By Mahoun, my god.\".I am the most rich man in the world, named Ferhabras of Alexandria. I am he who destroyed Rome and showed the Pope and many others the relics I found there. You take great pains and labor to receive them. I also hold Jerusalem and the sepulcher in which your god rested. I have gladly granted this, and if it is true that you have said, then you may consider yourself well-reputed, but unhappy and disgraced. Without further ado, make yourself ready and say so, and I will be well-prepared from whence this presumption comes. I know who you are and of what lineage. Once you have told me your name, you shall see me armed. Oliver answers for the truth. If it is not night, you shall know what I am, by me sending the Emperor, my revered lord, the charters for the consecration of your body and the salvation of your soul..thou soul/ thou leave the creation of thy god Mahoun and other idols, which are but superstition and decay; why therefore that thou incline thee to consent and think henceforth to believe in God almighty, the holy Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the holy ghost, three persons in one essence and of one will, who hath made heaven and earth and all that therein dwelleth, and who for our salvation was born of the virgin Mary; and when thou shalt have this belief with the holy sacrament of baptism, which is upon this established, thou mayst come to the glory eternal; and if thou dost not like as I have taught thee, I am here ready to do battle again against thee; for thou must do one of two things: first, depart from this country as overcome and hear nothing from it or come and fight against me; for tenancy thy body and to sustain thy false sword. Whatsoever thou art god in whom thou believest, say to me what..man is Charlemagne / For it is a long time I have heard of him first spoken of and renowned in many lands, and also that I may have tidings of Roland and Oliver of Ogyges the Danes, and of Gerard de Montdidier. For by my truth, I would gladly be acquainted with them. Oliver answered, Paynim, concerning what you command me:\n\nCharles the emperor is so great a master that there is no man in the world who can compare to him, not for the beauty of his person, nor for his council, nor for his manners, nor for his pomp and innumerable riches. Of his new Roland he is without peer, Oliver is little less than he, and as for the other French men, among all human beings, they are bold men; but these words have no place here. Depart from me and arm yourself. For by the God on whom I believe, if you do not yield, I shall strike you with this sword of steel.\n\nFierabras began to lift up his head and said, By my God Mahomet, if I did not think otherwise..that it should be my dishonor\nI should now strike off thy head\nOliver answered I pray thee, leave this pleading / For or it be even\nthou shalt know what I am /\nFor certainly I have intention to\nplunge my sword in thy belly /\nwhere upon Ferabras was not\nwrath / so noble was he /\nand rested his head upon his shield / and said to Oliver, I said to him, my name is Gawain and can bear arms for a man called Athalas / who came that other day into France / where I was knighted by the noble king Charles / and am ordered to defend his right / & also to fight against the / wherefore conclude without more delay / & arm thee and take thy horse / for I am ready to do the battle / if thou art so bold to abide me /\nFerabras would not consent to the battle / For him thought\nthat Oliver was too little to justify\nagainst him / and said to him,\nGawain I demand of thee, why\nhas not come hither Roland\nnor Oliver / or Gerard or Ogier /\nwho are of such great renown.I have heard Oliveranswers say,\nThe reason why they have not come is because they set not by the law & they have contempt to come, but I have come as one who takes no regard for their intention, and shall do battle against you if you will abide it. But I swear to you by St. Peter the apostle of Jesus Christ, that if you arm not I shall strike you to death with this dart that I hold in my hand. Garryn answered Fyerabras, I shall say to him then, I was once doubted knight, I trusted never but against a king, an earl, or a baron of great value. And you have departed from a bow house. For to say that I should have joined with you, it would be great dishonor to me if you were put to death by me. But for the good will which I know in you, which is much noble, I am content that you strike me and I shall fall down to the earth. And take you my horse & my shield and go you to King Charles and say to him that you have conquered me. And if I do live..For the sake of the great amity, I do this, and thou oughtest to be content. On which woods Oliver could not have patience but that he said to him: Thy saying lies in nothing but in words full of foolish presumption. I am of this intention: before even song time I shall make thy head free from thy shoulders. I am none harrier nor wild beast to be afraid. And thou knowest the common proverb that says: there is a time for speaking and a time for being still. And of one and that other, one may be reputed a fool, now come off and depart from it. Of that I have said to thee, or else I shall slay thee.\n\nFrollo answers: I desire nor pray thee of anything but that thou send me Roland or Oliver, or one of the other knights of the round table. And if one of them is not hardy enough to come late, let two or three or four come instead. For by me, they shall not be refused in making these despatches. Oliver, who was sore hurt the day before, had his wounds opened by the force of riding..and of chopping and bleeding so much that Firebras saw the blood running down by his knee. And he demanded of him from where came the blood that ran down there. I think you are hurt. Olyuer said, I am not hurt, but my horse is exhausted and hard at the spur, whence it is bloody. Firebras beheld and saw it was not from the horse, and answered, \"Nonsense, you say not the truth, for you are hurt in your body, and I know it well by the blood that comes down by your knee. But see what I shall do for you. There were two flasks hanging on the saddle of my horse, full of the balm that I conquered in Jerusalem. It is the same of which your god was anointed when he was taken down from the cross and laid in his grave. Drink it, and I promise you that Incontinent you shall be whole, and then you shall be able to defend yourself without danger.\" Olyuer answered that he would not, and that he said it was folly. Then Firebras answered that he was a fool without reason..And it might happen to repent him! When Firebras had long lain hiding without any confession for Oliver, he rose up and said, \"Garin, Demande, without hiding, what strength is it that Roland and Oliver possess, who have been so much doubted for penances, and what greatnesses are they, Oliver answered concerning Roland, he is a little less in body than I, but of courage he is right hardy to fight, and so valiant, that there is no man living in the world like him. For he never fought against any man in the world but he conquered him. And as for Oliver, you may well perceive that he is a man much resembling and like me, and of the same greatnesses that I am. Then Firebras said, \"By the faith that I owe to my god Apollon and to Termagant, you tell me a thing whereof I am much ashamed. For if they were such four as you tell me, I would not refuse them nor leave them until I had put them to death with my sword. Oliver could no longer endure nor hide..patience with the delays of Ferabras, but made ready to fight him. Therefore, Ferabras said to him, \"thou wilt have no patience with thine own person. By my life, if I arise and take my horse, Charles thy king nor all thy goods shall redeem thee, but that thou shalt be inconsolable and be slain. For only if thou seest me before thee on my feet, thou shalt be much courageous, if thou tremble not for fear.\n\nOliver answered, \"thou hast long been hesitant to do things which thou hast never seen in thy life. It is better to speak truthfully, for excessive speaking otherwise may bring about mischief. Ferabras was strongly despised, and he rose on his feet in great fury, which was fifteen feet long. And if he had been baptized and believed in Jesus Christ, there never would have been seen a man of his valor.\n\nWhen he was afoot, he had great displays of anger because he had not a valiant man to oppose him and said to:.In truth, I have great pity for your affair due to the nobility of the courage I see in you. I am content for the present time that you return and send Roland or Olyuer or Ogyer or Gerard de Mondydyer to me, and expressly tell Olyuer that I shall not pass this avant-garde until I have conquered him. Olyuer could no longer endure the pagan, for if it had not been for his honor, he would have surrendered unarmed several times. And when he needed to fight, Fyerabras called Olyuer and begged him to help arm him. Olyuer demanded if he could trust him. Fyerabras answered, \"Help me boldly. I am living.\" And upon that promise, Olyuer did his duty and armed him. He first took letters from Araby and cladhim with them, and after his coat and his habergeon of steel. He was well boucled and polished, and after that set on his head a helmet garnished with precious stones richly. But he considered the fashion of this pagan and this Christian man carefully. There was great toyalte..Curtisies between them/ why which were assembled for to make mortal war and each to flee other, and yet they did each to other singular service. First, the pay had great pity for destroying Oluer/ For he was not his peer nor equal to the regard of his person. And on the other hand, when he saw him hurt and the blood descend there, he would have given to him of the precious balm. Semblably Oluer, when he found him disarmed, he would have slain him without great pain if he had willed, and after he was so courteous that he aided to arm him who should fight against him. O what great loyalty of noblesse was between them which were of faith and creance contrary. I suppose that God should be well pleased/ if there were such confidence among Christian men and so full of natural noblesse. But I return again to my matter when Ferabras was well armed/ he then thanked Oluer/ And after girded his sword named Plourance/ and in the arming of his sadyl he had two other..Three brothers, of one father born, were named: the eldest Galaus, the second Munyfyeans, and the third Agnisax. They forged nine swords, each making three. Agnisax created Baptesme, with a gold-and-enameled pommel and plourance; after Gram, these three swords were famed. Munyfyeans made Durandal, which Roland wielded; he was also called Sauuagnye. Agnisax also forged Cortan, which Oghad possessed.\n\nGalaus, the other brother, made the sword named Floberge. Another was called Haute Clere, which Charlemayn owned for a great specialty. These three brothers were smiths..And he forged the said swords. At this point Fierabras mounted on horseback and took his two barrels full of bows. He put on his shield, which was heavy and bent with iron and steel by marvelous strength. In the middle of the same shield was painted his god Apollo. After he had commanded him to his god, he took his spear in his hand, which was sharp and mortally headed with steel. It was marvelous to see the corpulence of the said Paynim, who sat on his horse named Feraunt of Spain, great and pompously, with a special condition. For when his master in fighting threw his adversary to the ground, this horse made greater war without comparison than his master. And they being on horseback, Fierabras said to Oliver: \"O Garin, gracious and courteous; yet I admonish you for the gentleness that you have done to me. That you will return without fighting. For I have pity for your valiant courage.\" Oliver answered:.Always you speak of great folly, for I shall not depart to be in danger to be dismembered. I am not he whom you think to make afraid. By the help of the blessed Jesus, this day shall you be yielded, either dead or living, to Charles the emperor. When Oliver had spoken, Fierabras was marvelously abashed by this man who would not yield to his menaces but would have the battle against him. He said to him, Thou art a Christian man and hast great faith at the mysteries ordained by you. But I conjure you by the three fonts in which you were baptized, and by the faith that you have given to the cross where your God was hanged and was nailed, and by the loyalty that you owe to Charles, Roland, and the other peers of France, tell me the truth about your right name and your lineage. Oliver answered, Certes, Payne, he who induced you to speak to me in such a way has well taught you. Greater harm could scarcely have befallen you..Not addressed to me, why do you know that I am Oliver, the son of Reyner, Earl of Genes, the most especial fellow of Roland, and one of the twelve peers. In faith, Fyerabras said, I always thought well of you. I believed that you were not the one who spoke to me. I saw your fearless courage and could not make myself afraid on the faith of battle. And, Sir Oliver, you were all bloody from that stroke. Oliver was moved and troubled, for if his saddle had been there, he would not have fallen. He was bound afterward, that he was all to pieces. His horse began to halt from the stroke. And when he came to himself, young boys began to mock, \"Oh, what an evil stroke have I received!\" O Virgin Mary, Mother of Jesus, have mercy on me. For over fiercely cuts the sword of this pagan. Grant me grace that I may once have him. And he made the sign of the cross upon himself and said to him, \"Oliver, by Mahoun my god, with this stroke I made you afraid. Now may it be well with you.\".I feel how I can play and I have no marvel though you command it to your god, but I am well content that I have hurt him sore with your stroke. Nevertheless, be sure that you shall not see him go to rest, for you begin now to change color and your fierce manner. Nevertheless, I am content that you return, and that will be for the best before we know more fully my strength. I warn you of one thing: when I see my blood issue out of my body, then my might and strength are doubled. I know well that Charles loves me not much when he sends you to me. If he had lodged you in a fair bed and white sheets, you would have been much better. When Oliver heard him, he was replenished with a fierce courage and began to lift up his head and said, \"Paynim, you underestimate me; all day you have been wanting to bring me to the end of my days. I pray to God Almighty that He will rejoice in my courage; keep me well; I defy you. We have long pleaded enough.\".upon these words they ran, to strike mightily with their helms, each other, in such a way that boucles, nails, and crochettes, precious stones, orfaueries and flowers were broken and fallen to the ground; the fire issued out largely, making great noise with the swords upon their helmets. In this while Charles was in great meditation, and thought that the quarrel of Olivier was true and just, and that God ought to preserve him. And when he thought that Olivier might die, as Impetuous of a perfect faith he said, \"O glorious God, for whom we take pain, I pray thee to preserve Olivier, that he be not slain nor taken. For I swear by the soul of my father, that if he is now slain by this pagan, never in fraud in any church shall clerk nor priest be requested nor inhabited, but I shall do burn monasteries, churches, altars, and crucifixes. Alas said Duke Naymes, Sir king, leave these vain and idle words, and pray for Olivier, that he be in peace.\".his aid for his holy mercy,\ntwo champions continued fighting and striking each other in such a manner,\nthat Hercules, with his sword, broke the circle of Oliver's helmet,\nand made him fall on his face. His horse would have been slain,\nif he had not leapt aside. Oliver, the noble earl, in this malady,\nfinding comfort in this manner:\n\nO glorious God, cause a beginning of all that is above and beneath the firmament,\nwhich for your pleasure formed our first father Adam, and for his company gave to him Eve,\nby whom all human generation is conceived, granting them license to eat all manner of fruits,\nreserved only one of which Eve, by the moving of her body, touched..The serpent caused Adam to eat, therefore they lost Paradise. And by the seduction of the fiends of hell, many have been deceived and damned. Have pity on the perception of the world and came to take flesh in the womb of the gloryous virgin Mary, by the annunciation of the holy Angel Gabriel. And were born as it pleased you. And after the three kings came to adore and make obeisance, and with gold, incense, and myrrh made presents to you. After Herod made you to be slain, many children who now rejoice permanently. And when you were in age, by your own Jews, you were hanged on the cross. In which long hanging, the knight, by the instigation of the Jews, pierced your side. And what he believed in you, and washed his eyes with your precious blood, he recovered his sight fair and clear. And cried out to you for mercy, thereby he was saved. After by your friends..were laid in the holy sepulchre the third day after his crucifixion and took life again. He descended into hell and took out Adam and Eve and all who were worthy to have paradise. And the day of your marvelous ascension, you ascended into heaven in the presence of all your angels. As this is truth, and I believe it truly and firmly, may I vanquish him in such a way that he may be saved. And this said, he blessed him with his sword in making the sign of the cross in the name of God the holy Trinity. And he smote his horse upon the hope of the help of God. Firebras said to him, \"O fair friend, I pray thee not to hide from me the orison that thou hast said now. By my god Termagant, I would gladly hear it. Now may God of heaven say to thee that thou art in such grace that thou shouldst believe it also firmly as I do Roland.\" And Firebras answered..To thee, by my god Mahoun, and Termagant, you speak now of a great folly,\nFierabras being wrathful of Oliver's words, said to him, \"Keep thee from me, for I defy thee. I am ready,\" said Oliver. \"To God I commend myself,\" and so they related, recounting their deeds so sharply and so hard blows they gave, that the fire might abundantly be seen spring out of their harness. Their horses bowed under them, and the earth trembled from the fruit in the meadow beneath them. Fierabras took his sword in hand and struck Oliver there where he was badly hurt in the breast beneath his armor. From that stroke, his eyes turned in his head, and all his face was changed. Again, he cried on God and on the virgin Mary, that he would save his soul. Fierabras, with great cruelty, said to him, \"Oliver, yield to me; descend down surely and take of the balm and drink at thy ease; and anon thou shalt be all healed and whole.\".better defend against me / and thou shalt recover new strength / But only for nothing that he could do / though he should die he would not / For by true fighting he would have it / And immediately came one against the other and struck in such a way that Firebras was hurt dangerously / For Oliver's sword entered into his thigh an half foot deep / and of the blood that issued out all the grass was red / And when he saw him so hurt / he drank of his bane / and was immediately whole / whereas Oliver was more sorrowful by cause of this / And the French men who saw this / made to God their prayers devoutly that he would conserve that day Oliver / And in especial Charlemagne, who among all others loved him most earnestly / But when Oliver saw the pagan whole / and for the bane so comforted / by the aid of God he came to him and struck him upon the helmet so hard / that the stroke descended upon the saddle and cut the cord..by why these barrels were bound and fastened, and the horse of Firebras was afraid of the stroke, and made a little course by the play of God. Then Oliver or the pagan took only head, bowed to the ground, and took up the barrels and drank at his ease and largely. And anon he was all whole and confirmed in new strength. And he thought that if by chance Firebras were more hurt by him and might again have his barrels, it might badly happen to him. Wherefore he, being near a great river, took the barrels and threw them therein, which were immediately said to Oliver: O evil man that thou art, thou hast lost my barrels, which were more worth than all the gold in the world. But I promise thee that or it even be they shall be there sold. For I shall not cease till I have smitten thy head. And this saying came against him again, but Oliver, who did not doubt him so much as before, did not avoid him, but put him at the defense..With his shield to avoid the stroke, yet Firebras struck him so hard that his helmet was dismayed and broken, but he was not hurt. The stroke descended so unexpectedly that he cut aside the neck of Olivier's horse and fell to the ground. Olivier was then on foot, but it was a great miracle that the horse of Firebras made no semblance to charge upon him as he had been taught before, but held itself still, above its own custom.\n\nMuch sorrowful were the French men when they saw Olivier on foot. They would have armed themselves to support him, but Charles would not consent to maintain his honor and truth.\n\nAnd then King Charles knelt down to him and made his prayer to God that He would comfort Olivier, who was thus dismounted from his horse. When Olivier saw himself on foot, he was much sorrowful, and came four paces near to Firebras and said to him, \"King of Alexandria, you have borne the foul deed this day against me. In the morning, you have...\".so much praised yourself that you have said, if knights came against you, you would abide and conquer them. You know that the king who sleeps on a horse should have no part of their inheritance. Fyerabras answered, I know well that you speak the truth, but I did not do it willingly. Nevertheless, to keep you from being ill-content with me, I shall dismount from my horse and give it to the groom. I promise you will be well horsed. And know that never in my life have I been so abased as when he saw me at the earth. He strangled him not for I never put man to the earth, and this horse present, but that immediately he was slain and dead. Olyuer answered, I promise you that I shall never take your horse but if he is first conquered by me and justly won. Therefore, Fyerabras was so noble that for the valor of Olyuer, I will do that which I never did for my mother. I will dismount from my horse and stand..a foot / and was content to fight against him, for he had no horse of his own / and the said Fireabras was much more hale than Oliver / and by one agreement they joined foot to foot, that one against the other so marvelously / that it was a wonder that both remained not in the field swooning from the trauma they took / Thus continuing the battle which could take no end, they spoke many reproaches and despising words to one another / The king Charles seeing all this had great pity on Oliver / Then the Earl Reyner, father of Oliver, who was much sorrowful, came and knelt at the feet of Charles and said, \"O noble emperor, in honor of God take mercy on my son / whom I see likely to die anon / At least make prayer to Jesus our maker that he be in aid to him, that I may see him near me in health.\" / Charles saying this said, \"Lord God, if you allow Oliver to be overcome, and if my right at this time is lost and defiled, I swear.\".All Christians shall be destroyed. I shall not remain in France, in church or monastery. No image nor alter. I knelt down with both knees to the ground and prayed in this manner. My Creator, who for our saucyness was born of the glorious virgin Mary in Bethlehem; I truly believe that from your glorious birth, the whole world was enlightened, which dwelt in this world for thirty-two years and more. And there, by you, were all formed; and your hands and feet were mortally wounded. Longinus struck you on the right side to the heart, which was blind; and after that, he placed on your precious blood his eye, and he saw clearly. And after you descended into hell and took out your friends, and since then rose from the dead, before all your apostles, you ascended into heaven. And left as your lieutenants, Saint Peter the apostle on earth, and ordained baptism for the regeneration of us and to make us..\"Cristen, I pray for your salvation, O Lord, as I truly believe this, be Thou on this day in aid and succor to Oliver, that he not be slain nor vanquished. He speaks and other devout words in his secret oratory. Lord, you sent an angel from heaven to him, who said to him, \"O Charles, Emperor of nobility, know for truth that I am sent from God to tell you that you should have no doubt about Oliver. Without fail, he will win the battle, though it be late, but he will vanquish the pagan. This said the angel and departed. Charles thanked God devoutly for his glorious mission. Nevertheless, after many battles between Fireabras and Oliver, and great menaces with great fury threatening to give Oliver a great stroke out of measure, but Oliver, seeing the stroke coming, defended himself in such a way that he gave two evil strokes to Fireabras, of which Fireabras was very angry.\"\".upon Oliver and Oliver,\nstanding face to face, neither of them willing to depart, until one was vanquished and destroyed. At that time, Oliver was so courageous in striking that his hand, in which he held his sword, was asleep and swollen from the pain of striking. Desiring to strike his enemy in turn, his sword flew far from him, out of his hand, causing him great dismay and embarrassment. And it was no marvel,\nand much to the shame of Oliver,\nthat he took up his shield to protect his head. But notwithstanding, the pagan struck him twice so mightily that he broke his shield in several places and his hauberk, leaving Oliver greatly astonished and doubtful of his enemy's strength. And the Frenchmen, seeing Oliver thus disarmed, armed themselves immediately and were preparing to charge the Saracen to support Oliver. But Charles would not consent..that only one man should go and say to them that God is almighty, for to save and maintain him in his good right, for if he had not gained it, more than twenty-four thousand men were then ready to have rescued him, and notwithstanding all this, the pagan did but laugh and said to Oliver: In truth, Oliver, I have obtained on the little of my intent, but why do you not take your sword I know now well that you are vanquished, since you are so afraid that you dare not stop for all the treasure of the world, and I am well content to appoint myself with you, that is, that you renounce the faith that you hold, the baptism that you have received, and the God in whom you believe and for whom you have had all this pain, and believe in Mahoun my god full of bounty, and I shall suffer you to live, and moreover I shall be content to give to my sister for marriage, her name is Floripes the fairest of mothers born, and after we shall conquer France or this land..\"You there be past; and of one of the realms I shall crown the king Oliver. Oliver answered him Paganim, thou speakest to me of great folly, for God forbid that ever I should be of intention to forsake my god, who has created and formed me, and his holy sacraments, which have been established. Thou art ever most obstinate, that neither for pain nor for torment wilt thou deny thy faith, and of one thing which is greater, thou mayest well avow it. For never was I of a person so troubled or grieved as I am by it. Thou oughtest well to be praised. I am content that thou takest thy sword boldly and surely, for without competent weapon thou mayst not prevail against it more than a woman. Oliver answered, Paganim, I cannot say the contrary, but that thou offerest to me service and bounty. But for the value of ten thousand marks of gold I will not take it, nor for that reason. For if I had recovered my sword by thy courtesy, and it happened that thou\".Under my jurisdiction, and you demanded of me loyalty and friendship, and then put yourself to death. It would be disgraceful and reproachful to me. At this time, my life and my death are in the will of God, to whom I have given myself over. But if I may win my sword, you shall have it dearly, and here die. For other things you shall not have. By my faith, said Ferabras, you are very cunning and glorious; therefore, be sure that shortly you will be confounded, disgraced, and defeated.\n\nWhen Ferabras heard that Oliver was so full of faith and courage, he was greatly astonished. For he would not let go of his sword unless he could conquer it through just war. Therefore, the pagan force came against him, and held in his hand the sword's hilt. It was no marvel that Oliver was afraid to face his enemy, for he was deprived of sword and shield. But, as it pleased God, he looked beside him and saw the horse of Ferabras..on the altar were two swords, of which I have spoken before. And then Olpherus ran right quickly and took one of the swords, which was named Baptism, whose blade was very large and shone marvelously. He came again against the pagan and put part of his shield aside. When he was near him, he began to say, \"King of Alexandria, now is the time to reckon. For I am avenged by your sword, which I shall make you angry and keep you from me. I have defied you. Then, when Ferabras saw it and heard him speak thus, he changed color and said, \"Good Baptism, I have kept you many a day for one of the best that ever hung by my side or by any man's who is living. And after Olpherus said, \"By my god Mahoun, I know thee, the one of great first, I would that thou wouldst take thine own sword and let me have mine. And then let us fight as we have begun.\".I. neuer before I make any pact with thee, I shall test and approve this sword upon thy person. Keep thee far from me. For we have long debated this and other matters. Oluf came as a lion against Fireabras and struck him first, but he could not reach him on the head, but instead he recounted first the shield of the pagan. Whyche he broke and all to pieces, evil flying in the field. Then Fireabras was greatly afraid of that stroke. For above all this, the sword entered nearly half a foot within it. Then Oluf blessed him who had forged that sword and so well tempered it. And after many threats they were discovered from their helms.\n\nII. And when Oluf saw the pagan Fireabras in the face, fiery and courageous, he said, \"O Lord God of heaven, maker of heaven and earth, that this pagan is noble and full of cruelty. Now would God that Charles had him in his power, and if he would be baptized, Roland and I should be his.\".\"pray fellowes, O glorious Virgin, Marie, mother of God, pray our lord Jesus Christ, thy son, that he give grace to this sinner, that he may believe in the Christian faith; for by him it may be much enhanced. Fyerabras answered in this manner: Olyuer, leave such words; tell me if you will fight as you have entered. You said, Olyuer, keep the evil from me and ran upon him; and Olyuer was struck first upon his shield by such ferocity that he shattered it near his fist. It was marvelous that he did not cut it in two. Wherefore Fyerabras said that he had put him in such a case that he should not long live in this world. Olyuer said nothing but came with his sword against the pagan Fyerabras, much furiously. Then the pagan who saw the stroke come threw his shield against Olyuer. Therefore it was immediately quarreled, and he was so astonished that the eyes in his head were all troubled by the pain; and the fire was seen to spring out of the swords and shields most abundantly.\".And thus in smiting, Fyerabras said in this manner, Now is the hour come that thou shalt never have aid from thy god Jesus in whom thou trustest. That anon thou shalt be dead. Syth thou feelest thyself overcome. And Oliver answered, Iesus is well mighty to show his power. But anon thou shalt know that Mahoun and Termagant shall not aid thee nor be so mighty but that thou shalt be dead. I will surely give thee the knowledge. And thereupon came one upon the other. And Oliver was struck on the helmet all the way to the flesh in such a way that all that the sword touched it shared and passed through. Then he said to Oliver, I swear by my god that I have well struck thee and smitten. Never shall Charles nor Roland see thee well. Oliver answered, O Fyerabras of Aleyandrye, be not thou so proud. For, or I depart from thee, I shall render thee dead or vanquished. And God grant to me that which I have always desired..therupon eche smote other so mer\u00a6ueyllously\nthat the bodyes of\nthem bothe swette for anguysshe\nand payne / Fyerabras smote o\u2223lyuer\nvpon the helme soo harde\nthat the stoke came to the flessh\nand yf god had not wrought\nhe had be slayn at that tyme / \nwherfore Olyuer as a man enra\u00a6ged\ncame ayenst the paynym / &\nthe sarasyn lyfte on hyghe hys\nshelde so that he was al dysco\u2223uerd\nvnder the arme / and hys\nflanke was there vnarmed /\nOlyuer was wyse & took good\nhede / and came lyghtly & smote\nfyerabras in hys fla\u0304ke so mygh\u00a6tyly\n/ & contynued in suche wyse\nthat he thrested his swerde in\none of hys flankes wel depe / &\nhys swerde / hym self / & the place\nwas alle bybled of the blood /\nThus was Fyerabras hurte in\nsuche manere / that almoost hys\nlowellys yssued oute of his be\u2223ly / \nFor thenne at that stroke o\u2223lyuer\nemployed al his strengthe\nfor to make an ende of the ba\u2223taylle\nso longe foughten / \nAFter that the Paynym\nwas smyton and hurte\nmortally as I haue sayd / And\nhe seyng that he myght nomore.The text appears to be in Old English, and it seems to be a dialogue between two individuals, Tesyste and Olyuer, during a trial or a confession. I will translate it into modern English and remove unnecessary characters and line breaks.\n\ntesyste against Oliver, by the verdict of God he was enlightened in such a way that he had knowledge of the error of the paynims and lifted up his eyes to heaven and began to write the holy trinity and the grace of the holy ghost. And after looked on Oliver and said to him, O noble and valiant knight in the honor of God on whom thou art dependent, and to whom I consent, I cry mercy, and require that I may not die until I am baptized and yielded vanquished to Charles the Emperor, who is so much revered. For I shall believe in the Christian faith, and shall yield the relics for which you are assembled and have taken so much pain. And I swear to you that if by your default I die, Sarasyn is culpable for my damnation. And if you do not take me into your care, I shall lose my blood. You shall see me die before your eyes. Therefore, in the honor of God, have pity on me, Olyuer. Had Oliver so much compassion for him that he sore wept, and after he laid him in the shadow..under a tree and he sat, his mortal wounds in such a way that he stopped the bleeding. After the pagan prayed to him, asking that it might please him to take him away, for he could not go himself, but only Over saw that he was heavy. He said it was not possible for him to take him. Firebras forced himself near and said, \"Noble and revered Earl Over, in the name of God, lead me to Charles or I will die, for I am near my end, and for all my body bleeds.\" Take this horse and mount, shown and come as near to me as you may, and if I may lie flat before you on the ground, you may lead me and take my sword by your side. Now you have four who have been worth much and high and deeply wound. This day in the morning I left in the wood that you see here, fifty thousand men, all my subjects, and commanded them that none should move until I returned from the battle. When Over understood this, he was afraid..and was ashamed for nearly, but not withstanding, he said, \"Sir king, if it pleases you, I am content, and took him across the horse as it was said, and went forth on the way in great sorrow. And suddenly, they departed out of the wood, where were the subjects of Ferabras, a Moorish paynim named Bruyllant of Mommere. After him were Sortybrant of Nonymbres and the king of Mantryble. After them were Maradas, Pynan, & Te\u0301nebras, and well fifty thousand Sarasins. When Oliver saw them come, he struck the horse with the spurs, but the charge was so heavy that he could not go as fast as his enemies came to him. When the French men saw the Paynims come in such great numbers, they armed themselves anon. Among others were Roland, Gherard of Montdidier, Guyllam the Scot, names of Bauyere, Ogier, Rychard of Normandy, Guy of Burgoyne, Geffroy Lantiguy, Basyn the Dude, Thyery of Ardeyne, and Aubert. And apparently, Ren\u00e9 of Genes, father of Oliver, did not fail.\" Oliver saw them alone..the medieval knights came before other knights of Mother Mary, who rode on a horse as swift as a greyhound and made great commotion among the others. It seemed as if it had thundered and tempested, and in his hand he bore a false dart with a great lead of steel, square and sharp, all envenomed with the blood of a cripple and right dangerous. When Oliver saw him, he was all amazed and abashed, and said to Firebras in this manner: \"Sir king, you must needs descend; I may no further conduct and display; for I know that I must needs be oppressed. You see it well. And if they may attack, I shall be conquered by them. To you I am given and yielded; it shall not be reported noblesse determined when I am yours and you forsake me. Alas, poor sorrowful and pitiful that I am, if I die, what will become of me? Virgin Mary, mother of God, have mercy on me, unworthy that I am to return to you. And after he said to Oliver, I am conquered by them and have promised to give myself to them for baptism.\".thou oughtest little\nto praise me / Oliver, you are assured\nFyerabras speaks as a knight / But I swear to God and the court of heaven\nthat I shall not leave him / I shall take the battle in hand for him\nand defend him as long as I live / you may well trust this\n& thereupon he took the hauberk of the Saracen /\nand with such as he might have / he armed himself / & promptly he donned\nhim a hat of fine steel / and held his sword drawn named Haultele\nwith which he could well help himself / & hereupon came immediately\nbrutal with his false lance and struck Oliver in the breast and gave him a cruel blow\nso that the lance broke / then said Fyerabras / Sir Oliver, you have done enough for me /\nFor you are badly hurt, descend down and lie apart from the way\nto prevent me from being defiled by these Saracens or taken and destroyed /\nTherefore, Oliver had great compassion and laid Fyerabras in the shadow of a pineapple tree\nfor him to be out of the way..and when he wanted to flee,\nhe saw around him well over ten thousand Saracens and said, \"Alas, God Jesus my creator, you know my intention. I ask you to grant me that I do not die at this present time, but rather until the time comes for the exaltation of your faith, that I may be with Roland my companion. And in the name of Jesus, I drew out Haultes clear sword and came to the way, and the first one he encountered was the son of the greatest lord who was there, and gave him such a stroke that he cleft him to the breast and fell down dead. Olifuer was able and delivered him his shield, which was all new, for in the battle beforehand he had lost his. He also had his spear and let his horse run among the miscreants. He reached Clorgys first and struck him to the heart. In return, he slew three Saracens, and they ran before him like sheep before a wolf which is hungry.\n\nThen came upon him Mara, Turgis, Sortisbrand of Conimbres, and King Margaris..and they cried with one voice to Mahoun, our god: \"Thou fresh man, thou shalt not escape us. Keep the well for by us thou shalt die. And then came Oliver among his enemies and struck and slew them all around. The Saracens struck him in such a way that it was a great marvel that he was not slain and overcome, but by force and shot and strokes his horse was slain beneath him. And he, being on the ground, as soon as he could, he arose, and being on foot set his shield before him, which he had obtained, and held fast Haultclore, who was all his comfort to support him. And whoever he reached, fell down and was slain. It is not recorded in any book that any man was hurt as he was, or displayed such great prowess in arms.\"\n\nOliver was alone on foot, facing the Saracens against whom he made great resistance and marvelous deeds, but it is not possible for him to have escaped their hands. For with gladness they came at him with swords and false darts..of iron they pressed him so hard that his shield was pierced in more than XXX places / and when his hauberk was broken and pierced with four sharp darts / they pierced and wounded him marvelously in his body / therefore, by very force and for weakness he fell to the earth / & there they took him most outrageously / and after blinding his eyes and binding him tightly so that he might not see nor know where he was / & they set him upon a good horse & bound him securely\n\nAnd when this valiant knight was thus dispossessed of all help, sight, bond, hope and comfort, it is good to know that he was in great despair\n\nFor he knew not\nwhat they would do with him /\n\nThen with a loud voice by a company of heart he said:\nO Charlemagne, king of noblesse,\nEmperor of valor, where art thou now / & knowest thou not where I am / seest thou not what I do / rememberest not me / Noble fellow Roland, art thou deaf / or how I may not hear thee / is there none of you?.Cristina, who remembers me, /\ncomplained about these and such other things,\nmaking King Maradas say, \"Frenchman,\nwhatever you are, you speak of folly.\nI shall not eat until you are hanged. /\nThese Saracens ran with Oliver,\nstrictly bound in the guard of four false tyrants. /\nThen, in particular, came Roland,\nThierry and all the peers and Charles himself also. /\nBut it was too late for Oliver's salvation. /\nWith great cries they cried to God /\nand to all the saints of heaven. /\nAnd with great anger, Roland struck Corbuccle in the breast. /\nGerard of Montdider came against Turgis. /\nOgier smote Asena. /\nRychard Amancis /\nGuy of Burgundy attended Brullant. /\nThere was none of the French peers but that he had more than three men. /\nAnd they made such great disorder among the Saracens /\nthat they were all in disarray and had to hold them in check /\nand go their way. /\nBut the other infidels who conducted Oliver went on. /\nIn this battle, Guillaume Gaultier and others were slain..of Valiant people, and many others of the common people and lay, lay on the ground. Gherard de Montdider, the son of Duke Thierry, and Geoffroy Langarn, they bound diligently to their horses and rode hastily away. But when Charles saw them, for anger he almost lost his wits. And with a loud voice he cried, \"Save and protect the barons! O knights, disloyal, be slow if you lead away the barons, never shall you fare well. When the Frenchmen heard Charles thus moved, enraged, they smote their horses with their swords and went down from a mountain. And there was Roland first, who drew Durandall his sword to defend himself fiercely. And him that he reached was sure to pass by the death, for he was all enraged because they led away his fellow Oliver. And Roland struck a pagan, cleaving him to the middle of his body. At that time Roland was mightily engaged, because of the multitude of the pagans he could not pass forth to succor the barons' prisoners..and chased them more than myle ferre / could not approach them / and thenne were many good knights deed mourned and weary / And not withstanding, Rolland swore that he would never return / till the barons of France were taken from the hands of their enemies / But he might not do it / For the night came on / & Wyst never knew whether to go / The Saracens that were before went fleeing always at their pleasance / \u00b6Thus Charles knew not what he should do or say / For he doubted that the Paynims made a watch and a strong guard to close them in / \u00b6And therefore by force they had to leave the field in great disorder and anguish / and so all they returned /\n\nAfter that Charles knew\nthat he might not have\nagainst Olivier nor the other prisoners / it was necessary for him to return with his people / for the night was approaching for them / and in returning they found firebrands under a tree / languishing to whom the king said / O unhappy Paynim, I ought well to hate thee / for by the benevolence of my men, thou art a prisoner and a boast..thou hast taken from me Oliver one\nof the best beloved that I had. He was singular in maintaining my good name, and in the end, instead of joy, you gave me sorrow. When Ferabras understood him, he deeply regretted it and said, \"O rich emperor and noble, the mightiest of human lineage, in honor of God I cry for mercy and pardon. It is true that Oliver has conquered me. I will not hide it, and I have promised him that I shall be christened. I have left and forsaken all my gods and yielded myself to Jesus, the creator of the world. I request that I may be baptized, and if I were freed from my wounds, I shall enhance my power with the Christian faith, and many Saracens shall be made Christian by my means. And for this great pain and trouble you take, I make an oath to you by God in whom I now believe, that I am more heavy and sorry for the noble knight Oliver, who is taken prisoner, than I am for myself..for my body, which is morally wounded, we shall have him once, therefore, conclude that I am christened. For if I die Sarasin, it shall be to you reproach. And upon this Charles, who had great compassion on him, made him be brought into his leading by his barons. And when they saw him so hugely meek, they were all abashed of his greatness and largesse. For when he was unclothed, part of his wounds opened, and he began to bleed. Whereof his heart failed, and fell down in a swoon. And Roland lifted him up at once. And in all haste, they made ready a font, and sent for the bishop Turpin and Naimes, who were much joyous that the pagan should be christened. And after that the baptism was ready, the godfathers gave him another name and was named Florian, but as long as he lived, he was called Feribras../ and thenne he was layed\nin a bedde honourable / And at\nthe laste ende of hys dayes he\nwas a saynt / and god shewed\nfor hym myracles / and is now\ncalled Saynt Floren of Roye / \nAnd thenne anone charles made\nhym to be vysyted by his me\u2223dycynes\n& surgyens wel expert\n& serche den al his woundes / and\nas god wolde / they fonde none\nof his bowellys e\u0304tamed ne hurt\nwherfore the leches were sure for\nto delyuer hym al hole wythin ij\nmonethes next after comyng /\nIn makyng this vysytacion the\nEmperour charles was present\n& sayd to fyerabras / yf now o\u2223lyuer\n& the other barons were\nhere present tofore the / we shold\nwel be contente / And charles\nwas thenne al pencyf and heuy\nmoche thynkyng vpon hys ba\u2223rons\nprysoners but he maad no\nmore semblaunte / \nTHe sarasyns after they\nhad the barons of frau\u0304ce\ntofore named for pryso\u2223ners / \nthey taryed not but ranne\ntyl they came in to a ryche cytee\nnamed Agrymore / and at the\nentre of the sayd cyte they sow\u2223ned\nand blewe vp trumpes ma\u00a6kyng\ngrete bruyt / whan ballant.Thadmaryral, father of Fyerabras, found them and came to them. He found Brutus, to whom he said, \"O Brutus, my respected friend. Your French forces are discomfited. Brutus replied, \"Sir admiral, the tidings you bring have not been all otherwise and of lesser value. We have been almost defeated and discomfited. For his power is a marvelous thing. Fyerabras, your son, has been vanquished by one of his barons, and made a cristian. He was taken, vanquished, and discomfited in loyal batteal, without doing any treason. When Thadmaryral understood this, he flew there in a trance. And before he came to his mind again, it was a great while for the sorrow that he had for his son. And when he was relieved, he cried out with a loud voice, \"O Dolabus, unhappy that I am, poor captive, what shall become of me, O Fyerabras, my right dear son and heir, where art thou gone, from whence comes this trespass, why?\".thou taken whyche never in battle were wary nor had reproach\nO what evil tidings brought to me, if he be Christian I am sorry that he lives\nI had much rather that he were dismembered and put to death & then as a man weak for sorrow, fall down to the ground and cried, O brutal of mother, what is the meaning of the noble king of Corduba and of my new brother, since my son Ferabras, the leader and captain of all, if it is true that he is lost, I shall strike out the brain of Mahomet the god who has promised me so much good to whom I have given myself and yielded, Thus saying, in a rage he tormented himself grievously upon the ground. And when Admyral was a little calmed of his great anger, he demanded of Brullant, who is the knight that has conquered Ferabras my son? Brullant answered, Sir Admyral, your son has been conquered by a knight named Oliver, who was so fair and well-formed & had among other his eyes bent..\"anyone said that Admiral of Spain,\nhey you and bring him to me, / I shall never eat until he says, My lords and brothers, you know our necessity, if the Admiral might know that we are of the party of France, our lives will soon be ended, for he shall take no right over us, but that we shall die shamefully. Therefore, I pray you that we all say as I shall begin to whom all the other French men consented and would say and do as he counseled them. After that the Paynims (Variances in the text: Paynims, Paynards, Paynims, Paynards) had commanded them to come before him, the Paynims (Variances in the text: Paynims, Paynards) bound their hands, / and blindfolded their eyes; whereof they were much grieved and dangerously hurt. And anon the Admiral furiously demanded over, Frenchmen beware that you lie not but tell me the truth, how do you call yourself and hide it not. Olyuer answered and said, sir, I am named Engines, son of a poor lineage, and was born in Lorraine, and came at a time to the court of Charles, Emperor, who gave me arms.\".& after I was dubbed a knight, and the same poor knights you see before you, adventurous and have undertaken pain to serve our king, because by our service we might be advanced and have some good reward. O Mahoun said the admiral. Now I am greatly deceived. I had supposed by my God that I had five of the valiantest earls of France and the greatest, and thought I had the keys of France by the means of these barons. And immediately called Barban and said to him, \"Take these French men and despoil them. Bind them hard to that pillar, and after bring me my darts well sharpened with iron. I shall shoot at them and strike them at my pleasure. Then Brullant said, \"Sir admiral, I pray you that at this time, you do not enter this enterprise. For it will not be well done. You see well that it is in the evening, and it is over late to do justice. And so you might be blamed. Therefore, your lordship and your lords are not here now present..I pray you do nothing to harm them until tomorrow at the hour each man knows, and my judgment will be better approved. I know well they have deserved it evidently. On the other hand, if Charles the emperor would yield back to you Ferabras his son with good will, you might seemingly remedy to him these fresh men that you now have. I, Thadmiral, am content, and I sent for Brutamont, who was keeper of the prison, and gave him great charge to keep the French men, and that he be well found that he sets them in such a place to learn how they have acted foolishly for coming into his keeping. After that Thadmiral of Spain had commanded that the French men were set in grievous prison, Brutamont the jailer made Olivier and his fellows descend into a dangerous prison, which was so deep and narrow in the ground that no light might be seen. In which were put and nourished serpents and crocodiles..and other venomous and detestable beasts in which place all stench was compressed, and there passed a stream of the salt sea which had entry without conduit. By which water one might pass when the tide was passed, or the keeper of the prison went he would blind them and shut the door above them. And they being in this filth and stench, the water came so habitually that the poor fresh men were in the water up to their shoulders. Then the woods of Oluer began to smart due to the salt water which pierced his heart. You may well think the pain was great. But especially for Oluer who was mortally hurt in many places and had great need of remedy, and he was in a place where all his pains were renewed and his wounds opened. For immediately as he felt himself bathed in the salt water, he fell down and would have been dead at that time had not the monk sustained him. And you may ask how they were not drowned, seeing that the water grew continually..You shall understand that in that prison of adversity there were two great pillars, well over fifteen feet high. Upon which, by great force they raised Oliver, who it might not help him. And when Oliver was set upon it, in great agony he wailed and said, \"O poor man and unhappy one, under false fortune, Reyner my dear father, for God's sake, what do you know? Think you what I make? Know my sorrow? You shall never see me. This saying, and other lamentable words of desolation, the valiant man Gherard said to him, \"Sir Oliver, be no more. To such a knight as you are, it grieves me that now we, who were above at large, armed and each with a good sword in his hand, should be put in this pit of unmanliness. I make a vow to God that if we should be put into this pit unwillingly, I would put to death in Caesar's name or more, the Frenchmen standing on these pillars of marble, speaking in such a way and other words.\" Floripes, the sister of Ferabras and daughter of Thadmiral, heard them and had great compassion..of complaint that Oliver made, this daughter was young and not married, was well composed of body, reasonable in length, with rosy cheeks as in May, her heir shining as fine gold, and her visage of little length, her face laughing, her eyes clear as falcon's, and sparkling like two stars, her visage had a modest appearance, her nose straight and seemly, the two brows above the eyes casting shadows, her checks round and white as flour delicately tinted with red, and under the nose was her round mouth, enhanced in sufficient space from the chin, all well proportioned to the head, with little shoulders, straight and equal, and before the girdle her papases were raised after the fashion of two apples, round and even as the rim of a small mountain, and she was clad in a robe of purple marvelously richly filled and powdered with stars of fine gold, made of one of the fairies, and it was of..A person who possessed great virtue could never be poisoned by herbs or venom. Florypes was so beautiful with her adornments that if a person had fasted for three or four days without eating and saw her, they would be replenished and filled, and she wore a mantle made in the isle of Colchos of a fair woman. This mantle had such a sweet scent that it was marvelous. Because of the beauty of this damsel, each man marveled. As I have said before, she had heard the complaints of the French men in prison, and in particular of Olivier, of whom she had great pity. She left her chamber with twelve maidens, her subjects, and entered first into the hall where the paynim men were much desolate due to the firebrands that had been taken and many other great lords who were dead. When the daughter had demanded news, they told her..Her brother, Fyerabras, was taken and vanquished. Immediately, she made a great cry and signed with anguish. Then, the sorrow was renewed among them for her sake. When she had cried a little, she sent at once for Brutamont and said to him, \"What are those men I have heard speak in the prison who are so sorrowful?\"\n\nMadame replied the porter, \"They are fresh men longing for Charles the King. He never ceases to destroy our law, reproach our people, disregard our gods, and aid in the death of Fyerabras, your brother. Among them is one of great value, one of the best made men ever known, and has been so mighty that he conquered Fyerabras in loyal battle.\"\n\nFloryres grew envious to hear him speak and said to Brutamont, \"I will speak with them. Come and open the prison for I will know their fate.\"\n\nBrutamont answered and said, \"Madame, you shall pardon me. You may not see them because of the filth and dishonor of the place.\".place does not belong to you and on the other side, your father has defended me so that no person shall approach the prison. I remember now well that I have known some women who have been shamed and deceived. Once, when Floripes stood there, she was almost angry with herself and said to him, \"Evil, contemptuous glutton, do not give me such a pledge. I promise you that I will make you pay soon. Call her chamberlain, who gave her a staff, and she made a show of opening the prison. Brutamont gained entry and suddenly, seeing the porter standing by, she gave him such a stroke on the face that his eyes flew out of his head, and he fell down. She then showed him and threw him, without knowing it, into the prison where the Frenchmen were. They were greatly afraid and ashamed when they heard him, thinking it was the devil who would have tempted and deceived them. Then Floripes did this..light a torch and did open the prison, and put it before her to see the prisoners. She came near to the pillar and said to them, \"Hide nothing from me, Over. Over answered and said, \"Fair lady, we are from France and men of Charles Mains. We have been brought here to the admiral, who has commanded us to be here in this cruel prison. It would be better for us if he had commanded us to be dismembered and die than to remain in this place. The courtesans' flories did not hinder her, but she was not baptized. She had such great nobility and compassion and said to them, \"I promise you that I will get you out of this prison.\" So you promise and swear that you will help me with what I will tell you. Over answered, \"Madame, I assure you, and that you will find us all such things as you desire, and faithful and true. Never were we other, nor shall we ever be, and be sure that we will never fail you as long as we have life in our bodies. See, we are armed.\".above I shall meddle with the Sarasans, I shall make great discomfort to them, a vassal said the daughter, you may announce yourself too much, yet you are there and well far for being out, and yet menace those who are at their liberty. It is better a man wisely to be still, than foolishly to speak. Gherard said to the lady, Damsel, I shall say to you one word, he that is detained and strongly impassioned sings gladly to forget his pain and melancholy. Floripes held Gherard the curtois whych excused Olivier of that which he spoke over hastily. But this was not great marvel, for of the joy that Olivier had when the lady said to him that they should be put out of prison, he thought then to be out and armed at his free will. But the lady said to Gherard, \"In truth, sir, you can well say and excuse your fellow readily. And I believe very truly that you can well play with maidens of age in some chamber under courtesans and disport yourself in love. I believe you know.\".When Fair Florypes had spoken at her play with the baron prisoners, she called her chamberlain and made him bring a cord and a staff bound together. After letting it down, the Frenchmen first made Olivier go up, and the lady and her chamberlain drew him up by great force. Then the others went up lightly. She led them by an old gate and secretly, without the knowledge of any paynim, made them enter her chamber. Above the chief gate was made, by great art, the heaven, the stars, the sun, the moon, the time of summer and winter, woodlands, mountains, birds, beasts, and fish, all painted in marvelous fashion..The chamber made by Matthias stood upon a black rock enclosed by the sea. In one of the quarters was a garden paradise, marvelously fair, where flowers and fruits never failed, and in it was found comfort and good help for all maladies and sicknesses, save only for the sickness of death. Within it grew mandragore. And with the fair Floripes were in the gallery the ladies Clarmondyne, flores, Florymonde, and many other fair virgins. Her mistress, named Maragonde, said to Floripes, \"A lady I know well these French men. The good man you see there is Oliver, son of Renier of Genes, and brother to Aud\u00e9yne, one of the fairest born of a woman. It is he who has vanquished Ferabras, your brother. And there is Gerard of Mondidier, who is often praised and honored. And there is William Scot, and the camus, who is the hindmost, Geoffroi Langemain.\" But I pray to my God Mahomet..that he curses me if I ever eat or drink until I have told your father, my lord Thadmiral, Floripes. Immediately, Floripes changed all her color when she heard these words. And very secretly, she retained her anger and called this woman to her by the window. She gave her such a great stroke that she fell to the ground, and called her varlet who came to her promptly. She threw the woman into the sea. For Floripes feared her father and his malice greatly. And when this old woman tumbled into the sea, Floripes said to her, \"Now go, thou old and despised wretch; thou hast thy reward. I am now sure that the French men who are here will never be encumbered nor in danger by the barons.\" And the barons made great joy from this. Then Floripes, the noble lady, came to the French men and kissed them sweetly. When she saw Oliver, who was all bloody and knew well that he was hurt, she said to him, \"Sir Oliver, do not doubt it; for I will render you whole and in good health again.\".went to the manor and took a little, and immediately, as Oliver had used it, he was whole and in good health. The barons, being in this noble chamber, had good fire, and after were seated at the table and well provided with all good viands and delicious meals, of which they had great need because of the great hunger they had endured. And after the meal, they had the business conducted, and then they bandaged and treated their wounds at their ease. And upon coming out of their bandages, they were well received with rich mantles of silk and gold, bound around. Then Florence said, \"lords barons, you know well how I have put myself in great danger to bring you out of prison, mortal. And you are here in safety, as far as no man has heard us. For if by chance it were known, it would turn us to evil. I am not in doubt, Oliver, who is present here, has overcome my brother, to whom naturally I ought to render reparation. You know well that you have promised that my secret\".I shall be hidden among you, and after the said Florypes said, I shall tell you about a knight in France whom I have long loved. He is named Guy of Burgundy, who is the most godly man that I know, and is of the lineage of Charlemagne and of the mighty Roland.\n\nOnce, when I was at Rome, I saw him, and at that time I gave him my heart. When my father, the admiral, destroyed Lucius of Badas, who was much revered among the Pannymons, Guy of Burgundy intervened. But the said Guy valiantly struck him down from his horse, which greatly pleased me. He took the holy relic of him in such a way that if I had not taken him as my husband, I should never have married. For the love of him, I will be baptized and believe in the God of Christian men, with these words the fresh men were much joyous, and gave great thanks to God for the good will of this fair maiden. Gherard de Montfaucon said to her, \"Madame, I swear to you,\".if we now were armed and in the hall among the Sarasyns, we would make great disorder upon them. But Florypes was wise and said, \"Lords, let us now think wisely about our affairs. And since you are in safety, take a little rest. Behold here six maidens of great blessing. Each of you take one for himself, so that we may pass the time more easily and rest. I shall warrant you. As for myself, I shall never have to do with any man but Guy of Burgoyne, to whom I have given my heart. Nevertheless, consider this chapter well. When first Florypes, the pagan, desired to speak with the French men, all this touches upon the desire and will of women to learn new things and news. But as much as concerned the work that she did against the keeper of the prison and how they were taken out, that was the work of a man well approved. It would have caused great damage if those barons had not intervened..had Abyden in prison, but the faith of persons greatly increases torment, for the saints of heaven, by their holy faith, have obtained heaven, and many other terrestrial men, victory over their enemies, and he who fights for the faith, and it happens that he is detained, the mercy of God is near to deliver him. The cause why they were delivered from prison came from far off, that was of Rome, for Guy of Burgundy whom she had in love, and was content to be baptized and believe in God for the sake of the said Guy in marriage to her husband; therefore, it may not well be comprehended how love in this damsel was fixed and composed of long affection, which was the cause of saving the prisoners, who were, as I have said, in great danger.\n\nThe Duke of Genoa's father, who was Olivier, could not sleep, eat, or drink for the sorrow he had for his son. When he could no longer endure his grief, he came to King Charles and said to him, \"Sir Emperor, for the love of God, have mercy.\".pyte on me, you know my sorrow,\nshould I lose only my son,\nfor whom I am in continual anguish,\nif I have no other tidings, I shall die, or in two days,\nof melancholy, or of force I must,\nput myself on the way, there,\nwhen Charles understood him,\nhe was moved and full of compassion for Reyner's melancholy,\nand sent for Roland, and said to him, \"Fair new Roland, understand me.\nTomorrow in the morning, you must go to Aygremore,\nand say to Ballant the admiral, without any hindrance,\ndeliver to the crown of Jesus Christ and the other relics,\nfor which I have taken great pains.\nAnd afterwards ask of him for my barons,\nwhom he holds in prison.\nAnd if he says this, tell him that I shall have him drawn,\nunjustly, & afterwards hang him,\nby the neck, his eyes bound, as a thief,\nwhen he had said this,\nRoland answered, \"Sir king and fair uncle, have mercy on me.\nI am sure that if I go, I shall never see you.\"\nThe duke was there,\nwhych said, \"Sir emperor, take.\".\"He said what you do/ Rolland is your new one, you know of what value he is/ if he goes there, he shall never come back again/ And I assure you, said Charles, that you shall go with him and bear my letters that I send to Thadmiral/ This said Bazyn the Genoese came forward and said to him/ And how, sir, will you thus disregard your knights/ I am certain that if they go as you have said, there will not be one returning/ Charles swore by his eyes in his head that Bazyn should go with the other two/ and so there shall be three/ Thierry duke of Ardenne said likewise, therefore he was ordered to go also/ and Oger the Danes seemingly said they ought not to go/ and therefore he was ordered to bear them company/ Richard of Normandy came to the emperor and said/ Sir king, I am deeply ashamed how you have no pity for your knights/ who willingly you will make to die/ I know well if they go there, you have lost them/ by the god on whom I believe, said Charles, you shall go with the others.\".And then you shall be my messenger to Ballant, Thadmiral, whom I hate so much. After he has seen Guy of Burgoyne and said to him, \"Come to me. You are my cousin and of my next lineage. You shall be the seventh to deliver my message to Thadmiral of Spain. And you shall say to him that I intend to baptize him and that he holds from me his realm, towns, and cities. He is to deliver to me the reliques for which I take on myself great pain and trouble. If he complies, tell him that I will hang him and make him die cruelly. Alas, said Guy of Burgoyne, right dere sir and emperor, I now well know that you will betray me. If I go, I am sure I shall never return again. And then, in the evening, they all went to supper. On the morrow, as soon as the sun rose, the seven barons aforementioned came before Charles. Sir Naymes spoke for them all, \"Emperor, noble in all places, we have come here to carry out your command. We pray that you grant us permission and license.\".\"Connie for departing, and if there is anyone here or in existence who has wronged us, we pardon him, and seemingly if we have offended anyone. In honor of God, may it be pardoned to us with these words. All the French men present began to weep for pity. And Charles said to the barons, \"Right dear and well beloved to God in heaven, I command you, and the merit of his holy passion and of the holy cross be in your aid and comfort. And so they departed hastily, transporting them to the strange country. In Aygremore was then Ballant the admiral, just as sorrowful and angry. He had sent for fifteen kings as counsel, who came at his commandment. One Maradas, the most fierce of the fifteen, spoke first to Ballant and said, 'Sir admiral, why have you sent for us? Ballant answered and said, \"Boards I shall speak the truth. Charles of France requires great folly of me. He wants me to be subject to him.\"\".I hold all my lands from him, but this shall not be, and he is a foolish man, I think, to enterprise such folly. It were better for him to take his pleasure to sleep and rest in his chambers, his old body, and pray God in his churches, and eat such as he has. Nevertheless, I counsel you that you go to him tomorrow where he is lodged, and tell him that I command him, old dotard, to believe in Mahoun, our god, without delay, and above that, to send and yield to me again my son, Ferabras, for whom I am deeply distressed and sorrowful. Furthermore, I will that he holds from me all France and its regions, and if he does not do as you shall decide, I shall go and fetch him with a hundred thousand men armed. And if by chance you find in your way any Christian man, strike off his head without mercy. When the admiral had said this, Maredas answered, \"Sir admiral, I now well know that you will have us destroyed, for the fresh men are much given to felony. And if by chance...\".we say that you have purposed he shall soon make an end of us for we shall be dispersed but believe not that I say this for cowardice or to eschew your commandment but that I will accomplish it. And if I do not as I have said, I will that you strike off my head. All his fellows should do as well as Mam Terry. Wherefore, without further deliberation, they went back to horse, well armed and great spears in their hands, raised pennons proudly, and journeyed forth on their way, and rested not till they passed the bridge of Mantible. And the French men named before came and recounted those Saracens. And first Duke Names espied them and said to his fellows: O lord God of heaven, what enterprise have these Saracens made? See you not them how they come against us with great power? Advise us what is best to do. Roland said, my lords, do not doubt anything. Behold and see them. They are..Not passing, XX or XXX, late ride straight to them. They all were of his opinion and rode forth quickly against them. Of the Sarasyn party was Maradas, well armed. He went and said to the French men, \"How are you so informative and cursed to come and meet us? And you are Christian. Duke Naymes answered, \"Whatsoever thou art, thou speakest rashly and foolishly. We are men longing to go to the renowned emperor Charles. And we go in his name to do a message to Ballaut the admiral.\" Maradas said, \"You will be in danger if you defend yourselves or do otherwise.\" Naymes answered, \"We will defend ourselves by the help of Ihesu our maker.\" Maradas said, \"Which of you dares face me? I am all ready. Naymes replied, \"I am.\" Maradas said, \"Thou art much presumptuous. For if I had such ten as thou art, I would have conquered them all with my sword and brought their heads to the admiral. Without greatly wearing me. And afterwards he said to his fellows, \"Listen here, sirs. I will that no person of you move.\".For I alone will conquer them all, and after, I shall present them to Balanthar, Thadmiral, when Roland had heard he was almost arrested for anger. And after, he said to Maradas, thou hast foolishly spoken, and thought what thou shalt never see, or it will even be known what we can do. Keep thee from me, for I defy thee. And when he had thus spoken, he mounted his horse with his spurs sharply. They recounted so harshly with their spears square and sharp that it was a great marvel that both were not dead with that stroke. Their harnesses were all broken. And with their swords, they struck the richly wrought helmets. Roland was so furious that he held Durandal and struck Maradas upon his helmet, which he desecrated and departed it. And after, by great force, he recovered his stroke upon his bare head and cleft it into under his brain, and killed Maradas. When the others saw King Maradas dead, and that Roland would have borne away his head, they..looked on each other / as all allegedly shed / and concluded to take vengeance on the French men / and ran upon Roland / to have put him to death / but he defended himself overwhelmingly / And thereupon that one party came upon that other / and held them in battle so valiantly / in especial the French men against the Saracens / and all the Paynims were slain / and none saved of the fifteen but one / who fled when he saw his fellows dead / and went to show how they were destroyed by the French men / and never ceased till he came to the admiral / To whom the admiral said, Sir king, you are welcome back / tell me now how you have done / That other said to him, Sir admiral, by Mahoun it goes badly beyond the bridge of Man-Trible / we recorded seven gluttons of fraud who were men of King Charles, enraged / and said that they came in his name to do a message unto you / & after they ran upon us / and have done their deed so greatly against us / that all are dead save I..Why I am escaped with great pain to come and show you, when the admiral understood this, he was almost dead from sorrow for the death of his kings forementioned. When the French men had put to death the Saracens, they were all troubled and weary, and went and rested them in a meadow all green and full of sweet flowers. Then the duke Namues said to him, \"my lord, I and we have done so-and-so, and I well know that he will be well pleased when he shall know how we have governed ourselves.\" Then Roland answered and said, \"Sir Namues, speak you not of returning, speak not of that. As long as I may hold Durandal in my hand, by the pleasure of God I think not to return. For we will do our message to Baldemar the admiral, however it may be, and let us do one thing, of which each man shall speak, let each of us take one of these heads, and we shall present them to Baldemar.\" Namues said to him, \"Sir Roland, it seems to me that you are out of your wits.\" If we do so..we shall be slain / Theyery and the other were of Toppington of Roland, and so each of them took a head and rode forth on their way. Duc names was the first that went and beheld the bridge of marvel, as you shall here; and he said to his fellows, lords, you shall understand that beyond the bridge is Aygremore, where we shall find Thadmiral. Ogyer said he should be the first to pass by this bridge, which is much dangerous. There are thirty armed men with halberds and cement, and with great bars of iron upon the bridge. Towers with fair pillars richly ornamented rise from the bridge, and the walls are of great strength. At the lowest, it may well be measured ten ell's a breadth; it is so broad that twenty knights may go arm in arm at their ease. And there is a drawbridge to draw up, which descends with ten great chains of iron. Above on high is an eagle of gold, much resplendent and shining, that it seems that it were a sun..A flame of fire, seen a mile afar, and the river that passes under it is named Flaxborough, which is arch by measure fifteen feet wide and runs so violently that neither log nor galley can pass over for the great current of the water. Beyond this bridge is kept with a guard for the admiral, who guards it named Galahad, one of the most terrible of human people, and he holds a great axe of steel to destroy those who would act against his will. And whoever wishes to speak with the admiral must pass by him. Seygner's Roland said, \"Do you not fear anything, I pray you, for crossing the bridge? I swear to you that as long as it pleases God to keep my body alive and that I hold Durandal in my hand, I shall not doubt any paynim the toll of a penny, whatever he may be. And by God on the cross, I shall strike the porter if he comes before me, whatever may happen. Duc Names..of Bayvere replied to him / Rolland, you speak not wisely. It is not good to give a stroke in return, therefore fifteen. Let me do it, for by the pleasure of God and of His saint and other things that we shall pass without danger, when the French men came before the bridge, the porter took a hundred knights and came with as many guysarms and other defenses. The first one who went before was Doonames, with his white herald's staff, for he was older than any of the others. Anon, the porter passed over and took Doonames by the hand and drew him over, and after said to him, \"Why do you want to go?\" Doonames answered, \"I am going to Aygremore to do a message to Ballant the Damsel, but truly he has left his country of false people, for it is not long since on the field we found fifteen gluttons, who would have taken from us our lives and our horses. Nevertheless, we have governed them in such a manner that here they are.\".behold them well, if you don't believe me, when the porter heard him, he was almost out of his wits from anger. The porter to Namas, my vassal, you must pay the passage of the bridge before anything else. Namas said, porter, demand what you have a right to, and we shall pay you. The porter said it is not small. For I ask of you two couples of hounds, a maiden chaste and of good manners, a falcon married, a palfrey in good point and rested, and for every foot of the horses a mark of fine gold. And at last I must have two summers charged with gold and silver. Thus you ought to pay, or else Ellys will not come here, and he who cannot pay the tribute beforehand, he must lose his head without other excuse. Namas was not intimidated, notwithstanding that he knew the occasion the porter sought that they should die, because it was not possible to pay that which had been devised, and he answered the porter in this manner..Sir porter if I owe no more than you have said, you shall be contented or midday be passed. Our baggage comes after us and no more in name than a hundred thousand. Where there be maidens fair & gentle, falcons & great dogs, and many other jewels noble and rich, take of them as it pleases your will.\n\nThe porter supposed that he had spoken the truth and was well contented. He let the bridge down and after they passed over lightly, Roland, who could not bear lingering, said, \"In truth, sir Duke Naymes, you have well spoken. By lies we pass this bridge, and Roland came behind all the others. When they were a little forth upon the bridge, Roland encountered a Turk. And he said in his courage, 'A lord God of paradise, let me do a thing whereof thou mayst be honored and all things happen well.' And without saying any word to his fellows, he lightly dismounted from his horse and took that Turk by the middle and threw him bastely into the river.\"\n\nDuke Naymes..Naymes looked behind him and saw, I believe, the god of heaven in the body of Roland. He has no patience in him. If God helps us not, he will cause us all to be slain and viciously die. For Roland was so fiery of courage that he took no heed of the time or place to mourn him, but always avenged himself on his enemy wherever he might find him.\n\nThe barons had said that when they had passed the bridge and were near Aygremore where Ballata was, they entered the town in good order. With the countenance of fieriness and nobility, they saw in the streets falcons and other birds of prey perched. Great oxen and cattle slaughtered and hung fair. And they recalled a Saracen whom they demanded where Adhmar was. He showed him to them, sitting under a tree in the shadow, and then they alighted and Duke Naymes said, \"My fair lords, I shall bear the letter and shall speak first, and you.\".after Roulland was there and presented him without any temperance, and Duke Naynames said to him, \"Say not one word for you are all from yourselves, but God grant us great grace. You shall make us all die or the day pass. And thereupon they entered and presented all before the admiral without any reverence. Duke Naynames spoke first in this manner: \"The maker of all the world, to whom alone ought to be given complete creation and honor, save and keep the noble king Charles, the strong and wise emperor Rolland and Oliver and all the other peers of France, and confound them from the top of their heads to the soles of their feet. Here present, as much as before yesterday, your subjects were poured out beyond measure, we found fifteen gluttons on the field who would have taken from us our horses and do us villainy. But God in heaven be thanked, they bought it dearly. When the admiral understood this pledge,.The admiral might keep himself from engaging, and before him came the king who escaped, of whom I have spoken before, and said to Thadmiral in this manner: Right directly, sir, think to avenge you. These are the seven gluttons of whom I told you, who have slain your kings, and have done such wicked things to you.\n\nThe admiral Ballant answered and let them be for a time, and then said to the duke: He should finish his message. And the duke answered that he would do so willingly, and said in this manner: The great noble king of France commands you to render to him the crown with which the blessed Jesus Christ was crowned, and the other relics for which he has taken great trouble and pain, and also his knights whom you hold imprisoned frivolously. And if you do not do as I have devised, Charles shall make you hang by the neck on a gibbet and strangle you villainously.\n\nThadmiral Ballant replied concerning an entreaty much..The duke of Nantes said to you, \"You have greatly defiled me with your outrage, and I have willingly heard the Goode depart and sit down by yonder pylar. Mahommet, my god to whom I have given myself, give me an evil death if ever I eat or drink until I see your head flee from your shoulders. The duke Nantes answered, \"If it pleases God my maker and his blessed mother, you will have made a false claim. After him spoke Richard duke of Normandy and said, \"Understand me, sir admiral, King Charles with his lords commands me to have you baptized for taming your wicked life, and to send to him the relics that you have in your possession, and also to render to him the knights whom you hold without reason as prisoners. If you do not do as you have heard, Charles will have you hanged by the neck on a gibbet and strangled.\" Thadmyral, supposed to have known him, said thus..Mahomet, whom I curse, you resemble well Richard of Normandy, who slew my uncle Corsabe. Mahoun would that the god were here; he should never eat until he was dead. Go and swift down before I, I have heard of your fellows. After this, Basan the Genoese stood before Balant and said, \"Balant, admiral, the noble Charles above all human creatures revered, commands you to render to him the requisites which have been required of you or Ellys, he will do hang and strangle you as a thief proven. When he had said this, he went and sat with the others. Then there came the Duke of Ardaine and disdained his countenance in a manner. Admyral was much abashed when he saw this and supposed that he had been a devil. And after they said, \"listen to me, admiral, and retain well my words, Charles the noble emperor revered commands that you send to him the requisites which you bore away from Rome.\".\"also send to him your barons, or else be certain that he will dismember and hang the villains by the neck. Thadmaryal answered, vassal I pray thee to tell me and hide it not, what man is Charles and of what force and strength is he, the one I have heard much praised and haunted? Then the duke Thierry answered, tell the admiral and let him know, that Charles is noble and hardy, courteous and of good life. And be certain that if he were present here with his army, he would soon give you a buffet on your face. And on the other side, he sets no store by the threat of an old house decree or of a rotten apple. Thadmaryal began to laugh for felony, and after said to Thierry, 'My friend by your faith that you owe to the god, tell me now the truth, if I were now in your will and subject to you, as you are in mine, by my faith, what would you do with me?' Thierry replied, 'I shall not.'\".I shold change the by the neck and strangle the vileains, on a gibbet or it were yet night. Vassal said, the Admirall, thou hast spoken great folly. By Mahomet, my god, in like wise shall I do to thee, as thou hast done to thyself. Goo thou and sit by thy fellows.\n\nThenne after him came the good Ogyer the Danes before him and said, O Admirall of Spain, understand what Charles the most noble of humankind and richest without comparison demands of thee: render and yield to him the relics which thou hast borne away, or else he shall dismember thee and do thee shameful death. Thadmiral, being very angry, made him sit with the others. After him rolled in Ballant the courageous and came before Ballant, doing him no reverence, and said to him: Thou Sarasin, unhappy and cursed, heed my words. Charles the noble king and Emperor doubtless sends to thee by me: believe in God Ihesu Crist, the maker of all the world..In the glorious Virgin Mary, her son is to be baptized, and consider rendering the reliques which you occupy and oppose him. Ensure that his barons are rendered and delivered whole and in good point. If you do otherwise than I have said, Charles the valiant shall make you hang as a thief. Thadamiral said to him, you have rebuked and blamed me proudly, but I swear by Mahoun my god and by Termagant that I shall not eat until you are hanged and strangled. Then Roland answered, for truth, if you abide to that hour, you should fast overlong. You shall not do so. I do not doubt the valor of an old dead hound and drowned.\n\nGuy of Burgoyne came after him before Ballant Thadamiral and said to him in this manner:\n\nCharles commands that you make obeisance to him and restore the reliques and his barons. Then shall you do as a wise man. And if you will believe me, I will well counsel you..In the name of Jesus Christ, who is almighty and without beginning. If you believe in my counsel, you may be in his grace. And as for what you should do, take off your robe, hosen, and shoes, and put on a saddle of a horse, and do not rest until you come before the face of Charles and humbly present yourself to him, and cry for mercy to God your maker for your errors and outrages. Cry mercy in the honor of God almighty. If you do not do as I have said, he will have you hanged, burned, or shamefully to die.\n\nThe Admiral was further detained and arrested. He immediately sent for Brullant de Mommyere, Sortybrant, and the others of his council, and demanded their advice and counsel regarding these matters. Sortybrant said to him, Sir admiral, I counsel you that they be dismembered and slain, and after you may go and ride..with your strength, come to Morocco where Charles is pensive. If you may take him, you shall put him to death. After you have descended into France and been crowned there as king by Mahoun said, Balant you have well said. Now let it be done according to your desire. Go into the prison and bring with you the other their companions, to carry out the enterprise. Thadmiral was of intent to make the Frenchmen aforementioned do as before decided. Floripes the courtesan, after she had secretly heard all the debate, came out of her chamber and asked her father what these knights were set there for. Thadmiral answered, \"They are born in France. The whych have said to me words of great importance full of reproaches, and have blamed me and greatly offended, more than I can tell you or say. What cause have you given me that I ought to rejoice with them? The daughter..I shall tell you, my father, that without further delay, you should strike off their heads; they have truly earned it. And strike off their hands and burn them in a fire without mercy. My daughter said the admiral, \"You have spoken rightly.\" Right so it shall be done. Go, you, into the prison; and bring me the other one. Good father Ansurd, the daughter, it is time to dine. And if you will begin to do justice, you may not eat until midday has passed. This daughter sought nothing but occasion, by fair words, according to her father's will, for the admiral to bring all the French men together with those who were prisoners. And afterward, she said to her father, \"Give to me these French men. I shall make them well kept. And after your dinner, you shall do justice with less tardiness. And then, your people shall be assembled.\" To this, the admiral consented. He was content that his daughter should have them in keeping. Always sort-of-brave, which one knew the mutability of women..Thynconstant said to Ballant, \"Sir Admiral, it is nothing capable that upon this fate you ought to trust in a woman, because of their mutability, and you have often heard examples of this and also know the truth of how many have been deceived by women. Much anger and evil content was Floripes of the words of Sortybrant. And he said, \"Horson Traitor, despicable pariahed. If I did not think it would bring me too much blame, I would give such a buffet to your face that the blood would abundantly come down. And after these words, Thadmiral was ill contented with this debate. And thereupon she took the Frenchmen and led them away. Sir Names the duke said, \"A god of heaven, king of eternal glory, who is he that ever saw a fairer lady in his life? Much rejoiced should he be, inspired by the grace of God, that shall have her in his love. Rolland was ill contented and said to Names, \"What hundred thousand of devils have made you speak now of love? It is not now.\".Due Names said, \"Sir Rolland does not displease you? I was once amorous, the daughter said to them that they were not assembled to plead one against the other. And as they were within the chamber, the daughter made haste to shut the doors. Rolland met Oliver and embraced each other, and they kissed with frank and tender hearts. All did the same, and Rolland said, \"Alas, Oliver my faithful fellow, how are you since I last saw you? Right well answered Oliver, and each asked of others about the countries and their lords and tidings. Now you may think that they were glad to be all together in good point, by the means of Florypes, the fair lady, who did great service to Christianity, when by her wisdom and discretion, the captain of the Christian faith, as much as concerns the exercise of battle to destroy...\".The Myscuaunts and Paynims were founded together in security. Whych first came into the hands of their enemies mortal. But it is great science to avoid the will of a woman, when by effect she puts her intent to a thing that her heart directly draws her to, and takes no regard to the end of her intent, but only that she may achieve her enterprise and determination.\n\nFlorypes regarded nothing but tidings certain of Guy of Bourgone, to whom she had given her heart and was content to be christened for the love of him. This fair Florypes, when she saw these barons gathering, said to them, \"Lords, I will that you all of one and help me in that, I shall demand of you, and toward me you shall truly bear and endure yourselves. Right gladly answered they, and also you shall assure us, that we shall be here in security without any doubt of any man living. She was content and they were content, and promised fidelity to each other. When this.The daughter came to Duke Naymes to know what he was called. She demanded his name, and the duke replied, \"Madame, I am called Naymes of Buoyer. Man and counselor to Charles the Emperor, revered Alas said the daughter, your king is sorry for you. After she came to Richard and demanded his name, he answered her, \"Dame, I am Richard of Normandy. The daughter said to him, \"Mahomet, curse thee, thou hast put to death on a time my uncle. But for the love of these others, thou shalt be in no danger. Floripes came after to Roland and prayed that he would tell his name. \"I am named Roland,\" he said. \"Soon to Duke Millon, and I am new to Charles, son of his sister,\" answered the daughter immediately. She cried him mercy and knelt down to his feet. Roland took her sweetly up. After the daughter said, \"You know what you have promised to me, I shall tell you my intention. It is true that I love a knight of the French world, named Guy of Burgundy, of whom I would speak.\".Rolland said I swear to you by my head, he is here in your sight, and there is not between you two the space of four feet of measure. Seymour said, I pray you that I may know him, and he be given to me; for of him is all my pleasure. Rolland answered, Sir Guy of Burgundy, come here to this maiden and receive her joyously. Guy of Burgundy answered, God forbid that ever I should take a wife. But if she were given to me by Charles the Emperor, then Florys understood him, and she changed color and swore by Mahomet, if he granted it, she would make them all hang by the neck on a gibbet. Rolland urged Guy that he should do as she wished, and upon that he advanced him and granted it. Then Florys said, The Son of God of Christ be praised and honored. For I have before my eyes the greatest pleasure that ever my heart desired. For his love, I shall believe in Jesus Christ, and I shall be baptized, and afterward..She approached to him to treat a little of her heart's desire and dared not kiss him on the mouth but on the cheeks and chin because she was a pauper. Then Florype rose joyously and with great love came to a chest and opened it before the barons. She displayed a fair silk cloth and after she revealed and wed the relics, among which I have spoken before, including the glorious crown with which Jesus Christ was crowned during His passion, and the holy nails that pierced His holy hands and feet. She said to Roland, \"Behold here is the treasure that you have so much desired.\" When the French men saw these relics before them, they wept tenderly, one after another went and kissed them, kneeling humbly, and after they were laid in the chest where they had been before. Balathar, being much angry and sitting at the table, a pagan, a proud friend of Balathar named Lucifer of Lucania..bandas said to Thadmiral affectionately, /\nSir, is it true that your son,\nFirebras, my right dear brother, has been taken and vanquished? He was the best knight that ever lived. Thadmiral said to him, By my faith, I shall not hide it from you. A Frenchman has conquered him; may Mayoun confound him. Brullant of Momyeres made great defense, and the king of Sully has taken him from the said Charles, who have vexed and blamed us greatly in reproaching and despising my gods. Floripes, my daughter, has conducted them into prison. Sir, you do great folly, Lucafer, women are changed and turned from their thoughts every day for little reason. Nevertheless, for greater security, if it pleases you, and by your commandment, I shall go to them and shall know what they are and of what condition.\n\nGo forth, said Thadmiral. You speak rightly. And make my daughter return with you. Upon this, Lucafer, much proud and repleten with great fervor, came..In the chamber where the daughter was, the French men, without asking to open the door, lifted up their right foot and struck it so forcefully that the bars and locks flew to the ground. When Florype saw this, she was utterly ashamed and said to Roland, \"Sir noble knight, I am most unwillingly content with the violence that is being done to me. This is the man who should be my husband against my will. I implore you, as much as you will do me a favor, to avenge this dishonor.\" She complained without making overly loud or offensive sounds. Roland answered, \"Do you not doubt, madame? Before he departs from here, he will know that he has done wrong. I promise you that he will never buy a lock as dear as the price he will pay for this.\" Lucifer then entered the chamber and held the French men armed, without any doubt that he had come to them. He first came to Duke Naymes, who was discovered..and he took him by the beard and drew him to him so boisterously that almost overthrew him, and then said to him, \"Whence are you, Lancelot of the Lake? Hide yourself not from me. The Duke of Namur answered, \"I am from Beauregard and that is my country. I am a special counselor of Charlemagne. And all these barons who are here have been earls and great lords, and have come to show the admiral a message from the said Charlemagne. Because we have not spoken to his intention, he has made us prisoners. But take your hand from my beard, you have held me long enough. And be sure that I do not say all that I think.\" The Paynim answered, \"I pardon your folly. But I demand of you by your loyalty, what kind of people are they of France, and of what enterprise, and what games do they play when they are in your realm?\" In truth, said the duke, \"when the king has dined, whoever will.\".may play where they please\nSome ride out on horseback and\nsome go into the fields and\nsing / or make good cheer\nat tables / at the chess / & other pleasant games / and in the morn every man goes gladly\n& hears mass at the hour when it is said / and is generous in giving alms to the poor\nlargely / and customarily\nAlso when they go to battle\nthey are fierce and hardy and\nare not easily vanquished\nSuch were the people in the countryside of Christendom / Lucifer began to laugh and said / by my god\nMahoun / you old fool / that you speak foolishly /\nIt is no thing of your feat / nor are heathen men of no value /\nbut if they can blow at the great coal / In truth, said the duke, I have never heard of that /\nThe Paynim answered, I will teach you the manner / and he approached the duke near by a great fire /\nAnd Roland made a sign to the duke / that he should bear himself well /\nAnon Lucifer took the greatest brand that was on the fire /\nAnd blew so hard..The fire flew abundantly about, and after the Duke named, he must also blow. The Duke took the brand and knew well the man who intended to harm him. Approaching him, the Duke blew the brand so powerfully that it flew alight and came to the pagan's face, bringing him to the ground. The Duke said, \"False creature that thou art, whom I beseech God to confound, thou wendest to have made me to muse in thy folly. Now and blow, cole, blessed be that arm that gave that stroke.\" The Lords said to Duke Naymes, \"If I have made him understand his folly, you ought not to blame me. You have soon seen how he trifled with me.\" Floripes, the courtiers, came near to Duke Naymes, and said, \"Sir, you are worthy to be honored. I see well that Lucifer has no more charge to play with you at the cole; he is now at his ease. I see well that he remembers it not, and I wot now that he never shall have great desire to espouse me. For by force.\".he would have had me and my father had given me to him, but never would I have suffered it, but father had struck off my head or suffered violent death. Florypes was wise and had consideration that Lucifer, who was dead, was well beloved by the admiral and said to the French men, \"Know for truth that my father loves this man more than any man living. He awaits for him to come to dinner and will not be at ease until he is returned. And if by chance he knows what is done, you shall be here encumbered and assaulted, and all the gold of the world shall not redeem you but that you shall be dead. Therefore I advise you that you arm yourselves and put yourselves in a ready state. Take lightly your helmets and your shields. For people who are armed are much dreaded by other unarmed, therefore I will not that you be closed in or shut in here when you come into the palaces where the admiral is. See that you bear yourselves and behave yourselves so that you are masters and lords of the place and then shall you be well lodged..When the daughter had spoken, they were right well content and quickly armed them, girding their swords about. Two and two issued out of the chamber and went courageously, boisterously as wolves hungry, in such a way that those who would have faced them would have greatly feared. They went out at the time that the sun went down, between night and day. The first of them on the way was Roland, and the other followed him closely to fight. Roland cried to his companions that each man should do his part and slay all the Saracens and Sarasyns they found in the palaces. This did not fail, Roland struck down Corsuble mortally. Oliver put to death King Coldroe. There was not one who did not avenge themselves well. The supper, which was well appointed, none was turned up so down and cast to the ground. Cups of gold and silver were slain and shattered in their place. Saracens went to there slain and dismembered. Others leaped out of the palaces..windows / which were found broken / Others were all shattered / shoulders and legs smitten / of Thadmiral / All arranged / He put himself to flight out of / a window / and leap down into the deep ditch / Roland went after him, who had greatly angered him / and supposed to have struck him / And reached the marble stone of the window in such a way that his sword entered a foot deep / Brother said / Olivier the admiral is escaped from you / Certainly answered Roland / Therefore I am ill pleased / Yet they made such a great commotion and bore themselves so well / that they were lords and masters / of the chief tower of the castle and palaces / And after shut the gates / and were all secure / except they might have no food / This passed a little while / The Admiral was in the ditches, all afraid / and if there had not been some to draw him out / he would never have departed / and began to cry to his men that they should come to draw him out / Brullant of Mommyere / and sorrowfully..Tybalt of Conymbres drew him out and after that said Sortybrant, Sir Admiral, believe me another time, always attend to an old dog's keep you. Thadmiral answered, I pray you scorn me no more, I shall surely avenge myself or two months be passed. Do sowne to assault for Tassalle the tower. Sortybrant said it is reasonable that your will be done, but the night is over near. By my advice, it is better to wait till tomorrow. And then your exercise shall be assembled to work more surely. Thadmiral was content and said by great displeasure, Fair Lucifer, never shall I see you more. I have lost, accursed one, be you, you have taken him away from me. But by Mahoun, my god to whom I have given my life, tomorrow shall the siege be laid before the tower. And I shall never depart for any reason whether that shall come. He for his part, will do what may be, till the tower is taken and the walls laid on the earth. And I shall make the French men to be drawn at the tails of my horses..And after I make flowers the palisades to be burned in a fire openly, and I am well sure that they shall yield them. For they are not prepared, and of that other part I know well they may have no succors from any man, whosoever he be. For we hold the strong bridge most firmly, and they may have no succors but if it comes over that bridge. And Charles shall have no tidings of his barons; nor shall he know whether they are dead or alive or in liberty or in subjecthood. And hereupon they concluded and went to their lodgings till the morning. And on the morning early, Thomas Seymour concluded to lay siege and swear to hold it for seven years long, but if he had their will. Then came there so many payments in the country that their lodgings held four miles of space. You may think in what danger the French men were, who were but twelve persons only, and had no other conduct nor comfort but to be within besieged in great peril..of famine, nevertheless always\nwhereas the Sarasins greatly\ndesired to enter, yet they could not, for nothing could please them.\nThadamiral called one Marpyn,\na very false thief among all human creatures, and said to him,\nMarpyn, by the beard that I bear on my chin, if you can do\nso much as to steal away the girdle that Florype bears,\nI will reward you richly with my gold and silver,\nand you shall be my great friend.\nFor if I may have it, I am sure that the Frenchmen will soon be\ndone for hunger, and then they may no longer trouble me.\nThat girdle was of such virtue that as long as it remained within the tower,\nthose within were undefiled.\nSir said the thief, wait till it is night, and I swear to you that\nbefore tomorrow or the sun rises, I will show it to you and deliver it to you.\nAnd when it was night, he entered secretly into the ditches, which were full of water,\nand passed over, and after he was at the foot of the tower, he went very quietly..with his engines he mounted up into the windows and entered into the tower. He took a candle and came to Florype's chamber. Finding it fast shut, he falsely and diabolically opened it. When he was within, he saw that all the barons were fast asleep. He made such enchantments that for nothing they might awake. Then he came to Florype and searched her privately, taking the girdle and girding himself with it. After this, he beheld the daughter, who was very fair, and was inclined at once to defile her. He began to take her about the neck. Suddenly, she awoke and began to cry out loudly, calling her maidens and the barons. The maidens came at once, abashed and afraid. When they saw Marpyne the thief as black as a moor, the most hardy of them began to flee. Guy of Burgoyne heard the boys of Florype. He came to her with his naked sword in his hand and exhorted her not to be afraid..And he came so close that if he had not come, the thief would have defiled Florype's bedchamber. But as soon as the thief heard him, he sprang out of the bed with great haste. Guy of Burgundy recounted him and gave him such a great blow that he cleft him in two at the middle and cut off the girdle and the candle. The other barons came after. When they saw the deed and the thief was dead, they threw the body into the sea with the girdle. And when it was known that he had stolen the girdle and was lost with it, there was much sorrow for the loss of such a noble jewel. Florype wept sore, saying that the loss of the girdle might never be recovered. Nevertheless, the barons comforted her with fair words, and they were all content.\n\nWhen the day came and Tamurlane did not see Marpyns Tours return, he was much abashed and demanded advice from Brullant, Sortybrant, and his other lords on what he should do. Considered:.That Marpyn was not returned. Sorrybrant said, \"Sir admiral, know for certain that the thief is dead. He is not returned and comes, but I counsel you that you sound your trumpets to assemble your subjects. For to tell the tour and confound the Christian men. And with slings and other engines they cast stones: darts envenomed. But blessed be God, the Frenchmen doubted them nothing. After they had continued the siege a while, bread and wine began to fail the barons and maids. Such was their plight that they had nothing to eat. Then the sorrow of the maids, who were so fair and full of compassion, was overwhelming, and they were all desolate. Among them, the noble Florypes showed great distress, for her own sake and for her damoiselles. Often times she swooned and fell to the ground as if dead. Guy of Burgundy, her intended spouse, took her up most sweetly and comforted her to his power. & said..To my brethren and lords, you see our necessity. It has been three days since we had any bread. And yet it grieves me more for these damoiselles than for myself. I speak to you truthfully: I can no longer endure this if we do not act otherwise. And be assured that I would rather put my body in danger to be hurt and mortally wounded than remain here in this melancholy state. Therefore, I say, let us go out to get some victuals. It is better for us to die with honor than to live with shame. All the Frenchmen were of the company of Guy de Montfaucon. Upon Florype's words, my lords, I say truly that your god is of little power when he gives you no aid or comfort. And I say truly that if you had worshiped our goddesses, they would have provided for you food and drink. Before she finished her words, Roland answered and said, \"Madame, I pray you, show us your goddesses that you speak of, and if they have the power.\".The power you speak of, they may give to us for food and drink, and they do so much that the French forces come here to support us. We shall believe in them without wavering. The maid said at once, \"You shall see them, and after that, they will be inconinent.\" After she had taken the keys, she led the barons under the earth and showed them the gods of the Saracens, who were in a very noble, precious, and rich place. There were in great majesty Apollyn, Mahoun, and Termagaunt, the god Margot and Iupyn, and many others. All were made of fine gold from Arabia, adorned with many jewels. Odoraunt of evil and incense, and many other treasures were assembled there. Guy of Burgoyne said when he saw such great treasure, \"Lord God, who would have thought that in this place there would be such great riches assembled? Would that Richard of Normandy had now Aupyn in his city of Rouen. For he would certainly accomplish it with it, the church of the Holy Trinity, and that King Charles.\".Had other gods / he should repair again to the Church of Rome, which is destroyed, and with the remainder, he should make men rich and set them in good position. Florype answered and said, \"Sir Guy, you speak vilely against the gods. Cry for mercy and adore them, to the end that they incline them to you for comfort. Guy said to her, \"I cannot pray to them, Madame, for I see their eyes all asleep. And you shall see that they cannot hear or see, and therewith he smote Iuppiter and Ogier Danois smote Mars and Mercury. They flew to him and were all broken there. Therefore Roland said to the daughter, \"In truth, Madame, I see that you have gods that are not worthy of those who have fallen to them. I see not one of them move or make a semblance to relieve him. From thenceforth, Florype had all their gods in contempt and believed in Jesus Christ, saying, \"I see, Sir Roland, that you speak the truth. But if I ever believed in them, I will that my body be given to them.\".come to an evil end. With good heart I request that God, born of a virgin whom you have informed me about, send succor from France, and that we find a way to obtain victuals to satisfy our hunger.\n\nWhen Floripes had spoken, she fell down to the earth, weeping with sorrow and anguish. Guy of Burgundy wept sorrowfully for her love. Therefore, Oliver the courageous came before them and said, \"My lords, I assure you by the God who suffered death for human creatures, I would rather that my body be quartered and my pieces be smitten with a sword than that I should quickly fight against the Paynims. But Rolland, why without further deliberation do they set their shields in good position and mount their horses? They have made themselves ready. And when they were all before the marble tower, Rolland said to the others, \"Sir Nameless or Sir Oger, it is displeasing to me that we may enter surely.\".The Duke Naymes could not endure but that he drew an sword. Sir Roland think not that I am so unhappy of person or lineage, that I should be reproached and that I should be your porter. I will not do so in any way, though I am old yet I can still mount my horse. I am hardy enough to strike upon my enemies whenever the time requires. Do not doubt anything about that. Roland answered, \"Sir, you speak truly. You shall come with us. Thierry or Geoffroy, one of you two shall remain. But it was not their pleasure to remain enclosed. Nevertheless, at Roland's request, Thierry remained with Geoffroy. Thierry shut the gates securely after the other barons were outside. Each with his shield before him and sword in hand went mustering them before the castle. Thadmiral looking out from a window knew the Frenchmen. Hastily he sent for Brullant and Sortibrant to come to him with others..to whom he said my barons and subjects, the French men have come to me, it seems they will fight, if they are not all slain, I shall be well contented. Therefore sound your horns, assemble your people. And as soon as they had done so, a great multitude of Saracens were assembled and came to assault the French men. But Roland, who held Durandal in his hand, came upon the main Saracen force with his companions, and in a little while more than a hundred were killed. For unhappy was he who came to support the Saracens. Then came Clarion, who was new to the admiral, with fifteen thousand fighting men. And know for certain that at that time in Spain there was no Saracen more doubted than he. When the barons saw him come, Roland cried out, \"Gherard, Oger, and Guy, noble knights, in honor of God, each of you do your duty, so that at this time with victory we may obtain spoils for the maidens in the tower.\" That said, Roland struck his horse..With his spear and Durandal, they smote a Paynim named Rampin so mightily that he cleansed his body at a stroke. Those present were astonished, and then the Saracens doubted so strongly that Roland was not a man, for none dared put himself before him unless he thought to die. Gherard of Montdider said, \"My brothers and lords, who wish to have pleasure and be honored hereafter, it is the battle that was finished for that day. As God would have it, the barons found by the aforementioned tower a great avenue. For they saw pass by the castle twenty sommers laden with victuals - that is, bread, wine, and other victuals - and a Paynim conducted them from Margot to the Saracens. But Incontene, the leaders of the Saracens and their victuals, were slain immediately by one of the barons. And Roland and the others came and avoided the place in such a way that they were driven into the tower. But this thing was not done without danger..and great pain, as I have said before, the barons of France, as they went in their repair, and loaded the summers before, said, there came such great habundance of men-at-arms of the party of King Charles that it was marvelous. There was then a hard and strong country in so much that due basin was slain and Aubery his son. For when he saw his father die, Incontene saw fit to fly upon him and there he was slain and remained. And yet this was not the most harm. For the noble guy of Burgundy, after he was menaced by King Charles, he challenged him to fight, and the horse was slain under him by the pagans. Suddenly, he was surrounded by more than a hundred Saracen knights who took him and took his helmet from his head. And after bound his eyes, he led him forth, and when Guy saw himself thus detained, he began to cry out with a loud voice: \"Oh, Iesus, true God, why have you made and formed me?\".me whyther go I now, that am euyl fortuned, O Jesu comfort me, O noble Charles, right noble emperor and my uncle, thou shalt never see me. The king Clarion said to him: Fair friend, nothing shall hinder thee; thy crying or thy braying. I shall deliver the alive one to the admiral of Spain. This day, and tomorrow thou shalt be hanged. But now you may well think how the other peers of France, his fellows, were ill-contented when they saw the Earl Guy so prisoner. Nevertheless, they did great feats of arms or were constrained to be in the tower. And as soon as they were descended and the gates barred, each went to dinner. Then Floripes came anon to Roland and said to him, sir Roland, I require you that you say to me where is Sir Guy of Burgundy, my husband, become? I well know that when you departed then, he went with you among the others. You ought to bring him to me again. I shall never be joyous at heart till I know where he is. Roland answered, \"Floripes:\" sir, I will tell you where he is..\"lady in him you trust no more, for certes you have lost him. You shall never see him. The paynims have led him away. And we know not what they will do with him. Florypes, hering these words for sorrow and anguish, fell to the earth all in a swoon more than four times as she did. But Roland, weeping for her, often comforted her. And when she was risen, she began to cry with a loud voice: O barons of France, by that God that made heaven and earth, if I had not given myself to Bourgoyne, to whom I ought to be married, I would yield this tour or the next day passed. O holy virgin Mary, I should be espoused to him and for love of him be baptized and christened. Alas, our loves have soon failed. This sorrow has made me forget the hunger that I have had these three days. Alas, I am unhappy. Roland could not see the melancholy of this Florypes, but promised her that within two days she would see Sir Guy at her pleasure. And that she should have nothing to doubt.\".for you know surely, Roland said, I'd rather be quartered than he should come again, and he shall be rendered to you or his death shall be sore avenged. Madame, you know well that your sorrow and weeping may not bring him back, and you know well that it is three days since we ate. We have purchased victuals for us and these damoiselles, of whom you see the pitiness. Late us take patience of the little quantity, and be we content to entertain the life, for you ought to know that they might not recover the summers with victuals because of the trouble of Guy of Burgundy, who was detained prisoner. After that Roland had said this, the barons and damoiselles thanked God and fed them sufficiently in praying and praising God devoutly. Now let us speak a little of Guy of Burgundy, who was led before the admiral, much troubled, discolored, and changed in countenance because he had not eaten for three days beforehand, and for the danger that he was in..he felt himself in the hands of his enemies, and before that the admiral had been dispossessed of his arms. Then appeared his body well maimed, and balled demanded what was his name and who he was. The baron answered, \"Admiral. I fear not to tell the truth. I am called Guy of Burgoyne, subject to the crown of France, and cousin to Roland the valiant, who is the man that ought to be doubted. Ballad answered, \"I know him well enough. It is more than six months since my daughter has had him in great love, which greatly displeases me, and I know well that she loves him more than any man living. And for that I have lost many men of great renown, and have been put out of my tour, the chief strength of all my country. But if it is told to me again shortly, you shall be quartered in short time and dismembered. And moreover I demanded that you tell me the truth: who have been they that have been enclosed in the tower, from whom we have been assaulted so dangerously? Guy answered..Gladly I shall say to thee,\nBe thou well sure that Roland,\nthe valiant, is there, Oliver,\nhis fellow, right courageous,\nThierry, duke of Ardenne,\nRichard of Normandy, Gherard\nof Mundyder, Naimes d'Anjou,\nand Basyn the Geneway,\nwhom you have slain, but by the\ngrace of God and help of Charles,\nhis death shall be dear sold to you.\nThadmaryl was right ill-contented\nwith the menaces of Guy,\nwherefore a much fiercer Saracen\ntook his fist, and smote Guy\non the face so violently that\nblood issued out of his nose and mouth,\nhabitually, with that stroke, Guy was set a-fire\nfor anger and fury, and left not,\nexcept that he took that same Saracen\nby the hair with one of his hands,\nand with the other hand he struck\nbehind the neck, and without moving hand or foot,\nhe fell down dead before the admiral.\nBallant was so ill-contented with that blow,\nhe was entirely enraged for the death\nof the pagan as for the misprision..That guy had done in his presence, crying with a loud voice that he should be taken. As soon as he had said the word, the Saracens, enraged, beat him with their feet and hands in such a way that he did not know where he was. They would have killed him if the admiral had not commanded them not to put him to death in such a manner.\n\nAfter that guy of Bourgoyne was well bound and tightly, The Admiral sent for Brullant of Mommyere, Sortybrant of Conymbres, and many others of his council, and said to them, \"My friends, I pray you give me counsel what I ought to do with this prisoner, who causes me such great reproach and disdain as you see and know.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said Sortybrant, \"I shall give you good counsel if you will listen to me. Raise a gallows tree near to the ditch of the tower in which are the prisoners of France. Tomorrow you shall do hang this prisoner, and ensure that you have in a secret place near to it.\".\"Galows and a thousand Turks, well armed and in good position. I am sure that the fresh men are so bold and out of measure that when they see their fellow for to be hanged they shall come out to support him. Your people who shall be hidden in the bushes shall come out upon them and take them. Then you shall have them all surely for your playthings. This counsel was approved by Thadamiral to be good, and was therewith well content. Wherefore, without taking any other deliberation, the galows were made as afore said, and right near to the place was a little wood. Let put there secretly 20/M/ fighting men and commanded them to be governed by the king's clerk and other captains. After Thadamiral made Guy of Burgoyne to be led with 30 saracens unto the galows. Whych ceased not to beat and strike on him with great staves which grieved him sore. And they bound his hands behind his back tightly. And when he felt a great cord about his neck and his.\".\"eyen bounden and saw thee not, whyther thou wente; this thy king, with a high voice he began to cry: O redeemer of the world, my maker and my god, for whose name I am in pain and go to die an evil death; the merit of thy passion take my soul into thy keeping; for the body takes its end. And like as I have need of thy help, so I beseech and require thee to counsel and comfort me. O noble barons of France, ye shall never see me, if ye suffer me to be hanged; it shall be to you great shame. O Rolland, fair cousin, remember me; or else ye shall never see me alive again. He thus saying and other pitiful words, Roland was in a window and beheld over a little rock and saw the gallows raised. Wherefore he came to his fellows and said: I marvel much what this means, that I have seen the gallows set upon the dikes; I never knew to what purposes it is done, when the others had seen it. Duc Naymes said to them: that without fault they were made to hang on Guy of Burgundy.\".They saw him coming, despised and led towards the gallows. They knew that if he were not sourced and rescued, he would be hanged and put to death. After she saw the gallows raised and her love, her coming husband, shamefully led, you may think in what state she was reduced. She began to cry, \"Noble knights, shall you allow Guy of Burgoyne, your fellow, to be hanged before your eyes? Trust none other. If he dies, by the same God that formed me, I shall leap out of the window and shall die in despair. Afterwards, she came to Roland and kneeled down on both knees, kissed his feet humbly, and said, \"Sir Roland, in the name of God, I beg of you to take the pain, to rescue and succor my love, Guy.\" I will arm you, and I shall go and make your horses ready. The time is too short, so that by God's grace, you shall be there in time. Then..Rolland and his companions armed themselves hastily and girded their swords and shields. They went out of the tower and sprang on horseback. Rolland said, \"Lords, at this hour lies our death and life in such a way that if we have not good conduct and loyalty, we shall never return. We are but ten, and the pains are innumerable and of great force. In honor of God, I pray you that we always hold together, and that each takes heed of the other as much as he may. For if we are divided, we shall soon be taken and hanged. And on the other hand, if one of us falls to the ground, let him be raised promptly, and not leave him for life or death. And let none fail the other. I shall be the one who brings you together by God's help. I swear to you by my life that as long as I may hold Durandal and keep the life in my body, you shall have from me a good defense and warranty. And in the same way, all the others spoke. Florypes answered, \"Lords, you may.\".tarpe went into her chamber and opened a coffre in which was the crown of Jesus Christ. They kissed it reverently and placed it on their heads. With good courage, they issued out, fearing nothing of the pagans. Floris and her damoiselles lifted up the bridge and shut the tower. The noble peers of France, fair and in good order, went towards the gallows. The pagans were under the gallows, busy bringing up Guy of Burgundy who had his eyes bound and his hands also, as well as a great cord about his neck. When Roland saw this, he hastened his horse and the others after, and began to cry out to the pagans, saying, \"Traitors, masters! It shall not be as you think! You have begun such a thing, of which you shall repent!\"\n\nOf these men they were so hastily pursued that twenty of them were slain. Here upon, those in the wood came out making a great clamor. And all beforehand..\"Came Cornyfer, a marvelous paynim, upon a morel of great fashion. And he began to cry, \"French men, come to succor him who is urged by the admiral to be hanged. You have entered a great folly. For all of you shall be hanged with him. When Roland heard the paynim speak thus, he was much angered and held Durandal in his hand. He came against him like a wolf enraged. Nevertheless, the paynim struck him on the shield dangerously. But after that he was recovered, he attacked and struck the paynim so powerfully that he cleft his head down to the body. And after that he was dead, Roland came running to the gallows. Unbefittingly and unbound, he found Sir Guy of Burgundy and bade him hold him until he was armed. And after Roland had slain another paynim, Guy, being in the same situation as the other peers of France, armed him with the arms of that paynim by the help of his companions. But this was not done without great pain and marvelous strife.\".The defenders made a strong stand for all the Sarasins in the wood against the French barons. Despite causing great inconvenience to them, the barons, who were of good governance and immense courage, defended mercilessly and put many Sarasins to death. Among them was Guy of Burgundy, who performed marvels after being armed by his companions. He declared to the Sarasins, \"O treacherous dogs, I will show you in this journey that I have escaped from your hands. By this fighting, the Sarasins drew back a great bow draft. On the other side, more than ten thousand Sarasins were ready to block their passage, preventing them from withdrawing. Rolland, holding Durandal in his hand, called out to his companions and said, \"Lords, it is not the time.\".Now to withdraw us, but of necessity we must announce ourselves for our own conservation, if we may get the bridge. Doubt we nothing, and then we can well save ourselves. Roland said, Guy of Burgundy, you know well that in the tower we have nothing to eat, and if we were within, how should we live? Yet I'd rather have my body dangerously wounded in fighting against the Saracens than to die for hunger here within and without danger. And if it be the will of God that in this day we should die, all be it at His pleasure, and we shall take it as good and true knights of God. At the other barons were of His opposition and went forth in great purposes to bear them valiantly. Being in these purposes to bear them valiantly as said is. Florippes was in a window of the tower and saw Guy of Burgundy, her love, of whom she was much joyous, and cried to him with her voice that if she served for the prowess of the barons,.Your father, Thadmiral, should be in danger, that's why the Danes said, \"Lords, have you not heard how nobly she speaks? She is well worthy that we do for her. And know that I shall not be at ease if we thus return without more language. Then, with little further ado, the French men ran upon the Saracens. Roland was always foremost, making great ruin and discomfiture of the Paynims, causing them to flee before him like birds before a falcon. Guy of Burgundy came with a great retinue against a Paynim named Rampier. He attacked him so fiercely on the summit of his head that he cleft him in two from the middle of his body. When Roland saw his great valor, he said to him, \"Fair cousin Guy, I have well seen how you have menaced the Paynim. You have done so that Floripes the fair lady ought to love you and hold you right dear.\"\n\nWhen Floripes and her damosels were in the tower, they saw the barons of France being assured..before the castle she cried to them\n\"O ye lords, I pray you,\nto remember to get some victuals\nor you come in herein,\nso that we do not die for famine.\nOliver understood well\nthe damsel and Roland also,\nwho said that she had spoken well\nand in time. For if we\nenter into the castle, we may not depart with our lives,\nand therefore all the barons, with one courage,\nwent against the sinners\nand struck them,\nbreaking their armor in such a way that they made them flee\nand withdraw and go back.\nAnd as they returned to the tower,\na right good adventure came upon them.\nFor twenty someyers passed by,\nled by certain pagans,\nall charged with wine and flesh,\nbundled up.\nAnd immediately, those who led them were slain and put to death.\nThen the barons forced them to lead them hastily,\nand so conducted them until they brought them in\nto the tower.\nAnd on the way back, they found the body.\".of Basyn, who had been slain the day before, they took up and brought with them into the tower, and were there surrounded and entered. Afterward, they drew the bridge and made it fast and securely. And thus they were well prepared for two months and more. You may well know that Thadmiral was not overjoyed when he saw that Guy of Burgundy, who had been in his subjection, was with his fellows. And also when he knew that they were furnished with abundant vituals. Wherefore, right angry and ill contented, he called his council and demanded brutally of Momyere and Scotybrant to tell them: My lords, you know that these French men have ruled us badly. They have garnished the tower with bread and wine and other vituals. And if by chance it comes to the knowledge of King Charles, we shall be oppressed, for he will come and support them, and we shall come to make continual resistance. For his power is over great, you know it well. Therefore, I am in:.\"Sir Admiral, I counsel that every man be armed and in great readiness to set up engines to assault the tower and break it. Afterward, let us sound a thousand trumpets and horns impetuously. When the French men hear them, they will be so terrified that we shall more easily enter the tower. Brullant of Mommyere answered and said, \"Sortybrant, friend, you speak of a great folly. Do not believe that the French men within the tower are in such feeble condition that you can terrify them with blowing and sounding of horns. Certainly, you have nothing to fear from them. I will tell you the reason: The flower of the barons of France is within, the most powerful and the most noble. Roland is there, who is so powerful and courageous that whoever joins him puts himself to death. And there is the count Olivier.\".You are not familiar with his great fierceness,\nwhyche conquered And I swear to you by Mahoun that he is in their company. For I have also heard that there is the count of Mondydyer Gerard,\nwho has done great damage to us. Also there is Thyerry, the duke of Ardaine, and another false old knight named himself Namelessdugan.\nAnd there are others whom I have not named. There are but eleven, for one of them was slain. And you know well they were all of great resistance.\nRolland the new of Charles is of such great fierceness that he doubts no man living, no stroke or shot given him. And doubt not that if they were all such as he is in the castle, they would chase us out of this realm or they would kill us. I know well that their god wakes for them, for he has right well kept them. Our gods are accursed and unhappy. For it is long since they have helped us.\nOf these words that Brullant thus said Thadmiral was passing angry and said:.To you, you have spoken evil and foolishly, and he would have struck Smith with his staff, but King Sorisbert withdrew the stroke, saying, \"Sir Admiral, leave your anger,\" and we had thought to assault this tower, and we would have done so that these false French men be vanquished and Smith in pieces. And thus, as he had said, Admiral made come horns, trumpets, and other instruments to make noise and uproar in such a way that all the Saracens were assembled there, holding a space of a mile long around the tower. After Admiral made come a man ingenious and enchanter, named Mahon, who made two marvelous engines and with coverings kept those who were there hidden, so they might not be hurt by the French men. And by the means of these engines, they conquered the first wards of the castle. Therefore, the French men, furious and mad as lions, came to the gates of the tower, and the maidens also, all armed, who with them..The barons acted so fiercely that the man captured by them was terribly injured. For they were above him and threw down great stones, darts of iron, and other deadly engines, making continuous resistance. The Paynims, pursuing the assault as previously mentioned, approached. Thachautour came before the admiral and said to him, \"Right there, sir, I have made all my engines ready. By means of which I will deliver to you the French men. Make your men of arms go to one side, and let me have some to wait on me. And when they were all ready as he had planned, he set them around the tower. By his craft and art, he made a flame of fire so terrifying that the marble pillars and other stones began to burn and make fire at the outskirts. Therefore, the French men were so perturbed that one said to the other, \"We must yield the tower. We have no means to save our persons with these flames.\" With these words, they yielded the tower..lords esmaye you nothing yet, until you see more. And she went and took some herbs and other medicines and tempered them in wine. For she knew the manner in which fire effectively burned the stones. Thus she made this beverage, and when it was cast upon the fire, it burned no more. Wherefore the admiral was of the intention to have his daughter die of an evil death. The king Sortybrant said that he should do as he pleased with his horns and trumpets and renew the assault. And at that time, by force, the French men should be vanquished. For I am sure, he said, that they have no more to cast out upon us. For they have no more shot nor stones, but all is failed to them. And this assault was made as it was ordered. Impetuous, it seemed dark for the shot of arrows, darts, stones, and other engines, in such a way that..The great quarters of the murals and walls fell to the earth. The barons of France were greatly dismayed and said to one another that they must now be vanquished. They saw part of the walls and the principal of the castle fall down. Being in great fear, Floripes said to them, \"Lords, be not dismayed, and on the other hand, we and they may have and even better the treasured places. After she went and opened the tower and the place where there was a great quantity of it, they went to the butchery of the tower. And throwing upon the enemy, seeing the gold fall upon them in such abundance, they ceased their fighting against the fresh men. For the concupiscence of that gold they found, each one slew the other. Therefore, Adymral was so displeased and angry that he thought he would die and began to cry out with a loud voice, \"O ye Saracen barons, leave this assault which causes me great damage innumerable. For I see that my\".The resource I had gathered and recommended to my godson, whom I had entrusted with it, has been lost. But if I can take him back and bring him to my hold, I will make him weep. The king Sortybrant, Sir Admiral, be not displeased or angry with Mahon, for he can do no more harm. They may take it from him, for he is asleep. I believe none other, for in the past he has well watched and kept it. But those French men are so cunning that they have stolen it from him subtly.\n\nThadmaryl, angered because the night had come on, returned with his people towards his supper. Roland, who was in the high tower with his fellows, lay in a window to ease himself. Thinking and lost in thought, he saw Thadmaryl sitting at the table through the window. After this, Roland went to the other barons and said to them,.my lords and brethren, I see that the Admiral is with his principal barons at supper, and thinks to keep them well at his ease. It seems great honor and prowess to us to make him lenient with his repast. The other barons, his companions, were of his accord, and acted hastily. They armed themselves and put themselves in readiness, and fairly issued out, coming to the place where the Admiral was. But the Admiral, who was subtle, perceived their intent, and sent hastily for a pagan, who was fierce and new, and called him Espoulart. He said to him, \"Cousin Espoulart, perhaps the Frenchmen intend to disturb us at our supper. Therefore, hurry up and be ready at once, and do so that they are taken and destroyed.\" And immediately he was ready. And forthwith Espoulart took his horse and came against the barons, holding in his hand a javelin of steel. He first encountered Roland and hit him in his shield in such a way that from the shock he was all astonished, but it came to pass that it touched not his flesh, nor did he fall..After Rolland struck the pagan, he overthrew him from his horse. But the Turk was so bold and of great might that he easily remounted. Rolland came to him and struck him with his sword in such a way that the pagan did not know where he was. And as he was falling down from his horse, Rolland most promptly caught him and laid him across his own horse and carried him away. The admiral, seeing this, in a rage ordered his people to support their new lord, but they did not know what to do. For in defending them, many were slain and injured without number. Therefore, the other pagans had to retreat. Rolland did not cease to run until he reached the tower. And when all the barons of France were within, they shut the gates securely and had no fear of any attack.\n\nThe people of France, as I have said before, being thus besieged and detained, had taken a Turk..\"friends and great friends of the admiral whom they gave to please her, and they demanded of her what man he was and of his estate. Florypes answered he is my aunt's son, new to the admiral, and he is rich and has great power. And if you wish to do great dishonor to my father, put him to death. The duke of Namur wisely said to her, Madam, it is not necessary to put him to death, but since he is a man of authority and has audience with your father, we have been the more joyous. I will tell you why, if perhaps one of us were taken by our enemies through this man's means, he might ransom and change places for him. And all the peers of France are content with this conclusion. Then Richard of Normandy called the others his fellows and said to them, you know well how we are here enclosed in this tower. I am sure that at last we must necessarily fall and die by these Saracens. We have no means by which we may save our lives, and I think that\".it should be good that we should\ngreet grief and annoye\ncome to the gates of France\nwhen Richard of Normandy\nshould depart to go\nto King Charles, on the morrow\nwhen they came to the gates of\nthe tower in which they were in,\nthey found a great multitude of people\nSaracens, who kept the passage,\nnone of the French men should issue out,\nso for two months they could not find the means to issue out,\nbut on one day among other,\nwhen the admiral was hunting a little way off,\nand that on a night the guard of the bridge was forgotten,\nthen the barons armed them and mounted\non horseback and went out rushing\nto their lodgings, but\nas soon as they were seen by the Paynims,\nthey blew up horns and trumpets,\nand began to sound so terribly that immediately\npeople innumerable were there assembled\nfor to run upon the gates of France,\nand thus when they were all enclosed with their enemies,\nand every man was busy for to fight,\nThe duke Richard, in weeping, commanded..To God and his fellows, and secretly departed, taking his way at adventure, before his fellows were at their lodging, many Sarasins were hurt and slain in this manner they reentered into the tour safely, and mounted into the baruchard which then had passed beyond all the host, and in weeping they recommended him sweetly to God many times.\n\nRichard of Normandy\nRiding alone, Richard of Normandy had fear ever present that he would be assaulted, when he had ridden far unto a top of a mountain. His horse was sore heated and bled abundantly. Then he doubted entirely that he would be impeded and lifted up his mind to heaven and said, \"O Lord God my creator to whom all my will is ordained, this day preserve my body from my enemies, in such a way that I lose not my life, and blessed himself with the sign of the cross many times. He being in that place, the day appeared clearly, and first brutus of Moorish appearance appeared to him, and afterwards Sortisbrant of Conymbres..royches were both to guide / the whych went hastily to King Claryon, a much mighty paymaster and new admiral. And brullant said first to him, \"Sir Claryon, see yond messenger, one of the prisoners of France, who is departed from his fellows & goes toward Charles, for succor. And if you do not see him, there may come harm to us, for if he recovers their affairs for King Charles, it may happen to return to us great damage.\" As soon as Claryon heard these tidings, he armed himself & mounted on his horse, the most marvelous that ever was seen. For to run twenty legues he would not grow weary, & took his shield & his sword of steel square & sharp, & ran toward Duke Richard as he had been enraged & other Saracens followed after him. Richard mounted on his horse without knowing that he was pursued & said, \"O my creator, holy Trinity, give to me consolation & grace that I may see Charles the mighty Emperor, to whom I am sent for the rescue & comfort of my.\".felaws who were with him were sorrowful and greatly distressed, and in his thoughts he looked behind him and saw the Saracens coming after him in great numbers, more than fourteen thousand. The king Clarion, new to the admiralty, came before the others, a great distance away. Nevertheless, Richard, being on a small hill, observed the host of the pagans approaching him with great courage. You may well imagine what state his heart was in, what he might think they would do to him, and what tidings his companions would have of him when he was left alone to face and endure the fury and malice of so many. Thus, imagining that he could not escape, Clarion was suddenly upon the said courser, which ran faster and more swiftly than a greyhound. The courser was all white on one side as flour delights, and on the other side as red as fire enflamed. The tail was fashioned after a peacock..the crowd surrounded and dropped as small as a party's throat and great thighs and shot feet and plates, round with little bridles entwined with fine gold stroppes of finely woven gold, the royal wel enswathed much melodiously, and the paynim struck him with the spurs more sharply in such a way that the horse made a leap more than thirty feet long. And after, he cried out \"Duke Richard the noble knight,\" saying with a high voice \"By Mahoun my sovereign god, thou messenger shalt never achieve thy enterprise. For without going any further thou shalt here end thy life. When Richard understood him all the blood in his body was moved and changed, and he answered, \"Saracen, why art thou of such intention against me? What have I transgressed against thee? I never offended thee, nor robbed thy treasure. I truly promise thee by love, that thou disturb me not, and if thou allow me to pass I shall take it as a great service, and I promise to thee that one it shall be rewarded by me.\" The paynim answered, \"Certainly, thou speakest with a Frenchman.\".of great folly / and of Mahoun\nBe I cursed if I do anything for thee. I shall not suffer thee to pass for half the treasure of the world. As soon as Richard knew his entreaty, he challenged him, and the pagan came to Richard and with his sword he struck him hard upon the shield. But it was so hard that it did not go through. Upon Richard, who was filled with great anger against the pagan, death came to him with his sword, which was sharp, and as the horse leapt forth, the pagan lifted up his head, and Richard struck through the neck so rightly that he severed the head from the body. It flew far from the body. A spear's length, and he thrust the true body to the earth, dead. And forthwith he descended from his horse, and mounted upon that, the good courser of the pagan. Which was the best horse in the world. Then Richard might well say that he was never so well provided with a horse. For he was so mighty that if he had borne eight knights armed upon it..he would not have a drop of water, and to swim myself, and pass a deep river. There was no horse like him, and after that he was mounted at his ease. He said to his own horse with much good affection, O gentle horse, servant, for I am sorrowful that I cannot conduct you to some place at my pleasure. I pray to God of heaven that he draws you into such a way that you may come into the hands of Christian men and serve them. In many great battles and evil passages, you have well served me, and of your great service, as much as pertains to me, I thank you greatly. And hereupon he went and rode forth his way. And immediately the Saracens who followed after found the king Clarion dead, their master, of whose death they were so surprised by melancholy and sorrow that they could do nothing but first run to take Richard's horse. But there was none so bold to approach him or set hand on him, but the horse made great defense and took its way running..Richard of Normandy, with sword in fist, rode hastily back to the place from which he had departed. The Sarasians, who pursued him, found their king slain on one side of the way, with his head, and on the other side, his body. It is not fitting to recount the sorrow they felt when the chief of all the Sarasians in power and nobility was defeated and killed. And although they could do nothing, they could not keep Richard's horse. The first to see the horse coming was Thadmiral, who called out to King Gerier and Sortyrant of Conymbres. He said, \"By my god Apollo, when I well advise and remember, I ought to love my new Clarion and hold him dear among all others. I see well that he has put to death the messenger of the French men. It is true that you may see his horse that is coming yonder. Thadmiral commanded that he should be taken hastily, but when the horse saw that they would seize him\".He ran and struck out, not until he came to the yard of the castle where the barons of France were enclosed. And when the French men saw the horse coming, which was lingering near Richard, they were all afraid and moved, and came and opened the gate. He entered in, and afterward they arranged themselves around the said horse for companionship, weeping pitifully. Duke Nantes spoke first and said, \"Richard of Normandy, I pray to God that he be in your comfort, and may he have pity on your soul. I know well that for your death we shall never have such a leader. Nor shall any of your party have any help. Roland and Oliver hearing these words, and also the others, wept bitterly. Then Floand came and said to them, \"Lords, in the name of God, leave your lamenting and sorrow. We do not yet know the truth of the matter.\" Thus, as they were in these great thoughts, the Saracens came, who had left Richard to ride on. And in great sorrow,.\"Sir Tormet brought the body of King Claryon. When the admiral saw them come, he was in his intentiment and cried out, \"And how is it? Is my new king in good point? The Sarasins answered, \"Sir admiral, we may not lie to you. Claryon is dead. It needs not to be demanded of him. Thadmyral, hearing those words, fell down to the ground in a trance and fainted more than four times, as if he were dead. Among all the Sarasins was great weeping and sorrow. The Sarasins, making this lamentation, the French barons heard and understood them, and especially Floripes, who knew the language better. After that, she knew the cause of their sorrow. She came to the barons and said to them, speaking to Roland, \"Sir, know why the Sarasins mourn such. It is true that Richard your messenger has slain King Claryon and won his horse. To whom is none like or in the world. And as much for Claryon's death as for the losing of his horse.\"\".The horses they tame and make all this sorrow and torment that you see and hear. Therefore, I pray that every man leads a good life and makes good cheer. Oliver said to Roland joyously. O my fellow in arms, you do not know how glad I am about these tidings that we hear here. I assure you by my soul that I am as sure to pass this danger that we are in as though I were in the strongest castle of France. Blessed be Richard of God, for he has borne himself nobly and bravely said all the other his fellows. After Richard rode thus, Thadmiral made a man come to him named Orages, and made him take a dromedary hastily and commanded him to bear his letters to Galahad, who kept the strong bridge of Matabele. I charge you to rene as fast as the dromedary can bear the man to Galahad. And say to him why he suffered the messengers of Charles to come over the bridge. The whych have done to us so much grief and annoyance as you can well tell. I swear by Mahon my sword..god that he did a great folly, and indeed, on the other side, the messenger of the French men goes there. If he recovers his message to Charles, it might happen that he would put me in subjection. Therefore tell Galahad to keep the bridge so well that no one passes, and tell him moreover that if he does otherwise, I will put out his eyes and make him die shamefully. Sir Admiral said, \"Orages, I shall do your commandment, and I assure you I shall ride as much way in one day as that other can in four days. For to ride a hundred leagues continually, I shall never tire.\" And thus he departed from the admiral upon a dromedary and tarried not till he came to Mantrible, and spoke to Galahad, saying, \"Galahad, I will not hide from you that the admiral is not content with you because you allowed the French men to pass over the bridge. They have caused him great damage, for they are lodged in the chief tower and hold it in subjection.\".goddess with flower-feet her daughter, and has slain many of the most valiant of Thadmiral's court. The reason why I have come so hastily is this: After me comes a messenger who is one of the barons of France, going to fetch aid for their king, who has killed King Clarion. Therefore keep this passage well, lest he pass through it; for if you do otherwise, you shall not find the means to save your life, but that you shall die in vain. Of these words, Galahad was greatly disturbed and, filled with anger, began to make threatening gestures. He took a staff and was about to strike the messenger if they had not held him back. Nevertheless, he mounted upon a hastily assembled company of fifteen men-at-arms, who were all on horseback and passed the bridge. When they were over it, they rode here and there to recover the messenger of the French men if by chance they might find him..Richard of Neomandy, messenger of the French prisoners, rode in great doubt and imagination, how he alone could pass the strong and dangerous bridge. In riding, he beheld behind him and saw the entire country covered with men-at-arms. Holding them off, he was sore troubled in mind, began to cry, \"O Jesus, King of glory, at this time be Thou keeper of my body and conservator of my soul. For I see well the decline of my life. If I put myself to fight, I shall have my head smitten off, and if I enter into this hideous river, I shall not be able to connect and pass over. Thus at this time I must necessarily die. And if I, by force, returned to my fellows, I would make a great defect to their lord Roland, to whom I have faithfully promised to do my devout duty for the message.\" Therefore, my God, my maker, I do not know what to say but that Thy will be fulfilled and done through me. Thou knowest my intention. Govern me accordingly. Near the river, the Sarasins..made a great cry in coming to him among whom a new one of the admiral urged him to run against him and cried out with a high voice, \"O messenger, whatever thou art, think for to die; thou hast now ridden far; now is it the hour that the death of King Clarion shall be avenged.\" These words, heard by Richard, were not pleasing to him, but he suddenly drew a sword in his hand, sharp and square, which he had conquered from Clarion, and came to him. He struck him so dangerously against the breast that it pierced through the shield into his body, and he fell there dead. Afterward, he took his horse by the bridle, which was richly adorned with gold, and went to the riverbank. He held it back so that it ran like a quail out of a crossbow, and roared like thunder in such a way that no gallant or other engine could approach it.\n\nThen, with great contrition of heart, he commended himself to our Lord that He might preserve him from death until he....Had said his message to Emperor Charles. Then God of heaven, who never leaves his servants at their need, showed him a great token of love for Charles. Richard of Normandy, being in meditation and intending to cross, God sent a white heart which passed before Richard. In coming, you ought to be aware that the river's waters were high. You could cast up a stone with your hand, and the river began to rise so high that it flowed over the bank. The heart entered the water, and Richard looked behind him and saw many Saracens coming in a great multitude to put him to death. He recommended himself to God with a good heart and made the sign of the cross on his body, having in his heart the holy name of Jesus, that he might persevere from fear in such a way that he might cross the river. And so he took the water and followed the heart. The Saracens, who were all abashed and troubled, were there none..One who dared follow him - Frode, Incontenent the water surged and returned to his former state. Then the Paynims made great duel and sorrow because they could not have the messenger. Galafre, who was most wrathful and displeased, came to the bridge and surged the chains and commanded the Paynims, on pain of death, not to cease until Richard was taken, or else they would all be in the indignation of that moral and in danger of being lost.\n\nRichard of Normandy came over in good time and thanked God for the grace He had sent him. He dismounted from his horse to ungird and lose his saddle. After remounting and taking his horse, he rode forth at his ease and led the other horse on his right side. Doubting no more, he supposed to find the site of King Charles. The Paynims saw his return and sorrowfully went to arm themselves. For other things they could not do.\n\nAs much as Richard..The emperor Charles was passing, much pensive and sorrowful, because his barons, who were detained with Admiral Thadmiral, had no news for him. He sent for Ganellon, Geoffroy Dantesuyle, Aubert Machayre, and many others, among whom was Renier, father of Olivier. To them he said, \"Lords and friends, I am in great tribulation. The cause is clear enough. These are my special barons who were sent as messengers to Balant Thadmiral. No one reports or brings any news from them. Therefore, know that of my deed that I did, I despise myself. Then, by stronger reason, you ought to despise me. I assure you that I shall never reign again, but will leave all. Take, therefore, the crown of majesty. Take it. I renounce myself from this point forward.\n\nGanellon was there, who appeared joyful, whatever it seemed he feigned, and said, \"Sir emperor.\".If you believe me, I shall give you good counsel. Anyone command that our lodgings and habitations here be taken up, and every man trust his gear upon the summers, and think to return. For if you go any farther, you shall never return. The country of Aygremore is strong. And since Balant the admiral is of great fierceness and with that he has all the paynims and saracens captains in his aid, and because Firebras his son is detained by you and made Christian, so much more is he inclined against you. On the other hand, your barons are not alive. I assure you, return we to France. We have left there many of our children and parents who will grow up, and within twenty years they shall bear arms. And then they with us shall come to Spain to conquer the lands and signories that we have entered, and shall recover the holy relics of whom I have great pity. And moreover, you shall avenge the death of Rolland the noble earl for whom you..\"have thou this melancholy, for certain you shall never see him. When Charles heard these words of Ganellon, he was struck with such great sorrow that afterwards he fell into a swoon. And in weeping bitterly, he said to himself, \"O poor captive and unhappy one, what shall I do if I return? I shall be dishonored. Yet would it be better to lose my life than to be thus shamed.\" After he came to himself, he said to his barons who were there, \"Behold the counsel that Ganellon gives me, which in no way pleases me if I return without taking vengeance on my noble barons, who are thus detained. There shall never be a man who sets by me but I shall be shamed and, with good right, Machiavelli, Albery, Geoffroy, and others more than a hundred, who were all parents and traitors with Ganellon, the most part, and also were mighty enough to lead, said all with one consent. Sir emperor, you do not intend to do otherwise than Ganellon?\"\".For he has spoken wisely, and therefore conclude you to return to France without going any further on. We are twenty thousand who have gathered for any reason that you say or do, we shall not go any farther. Since Roland is dead, they have lost their comfort, and him who was chief of the conservation of their persons, Charles. He answered, O god of heaven, how am I determined? If I return without avenging my barons, I shall do poorly. They have sustained and borne up the imperial crown and my will, and I now to return without avenging them. He who gives me such counsel loves me little, I see well. Reyner of Genes, father of Olivier, arose and said, \"Emperor, if you believe these words that have been said to your governance will be so evil that all France will be wasted and brought to nothing. And whoever has suffered damage does not regret but passes lightly. Then those who were of the party of the traitors came.\".Reyner of Gines said, \"You have lied about what you have said. And if the king were not present, you would lose your heads, and it would be Smithson's victory. We know well what you are. Your father Garryn was never but a poor man and of low condition. All your lineage are but people of nothing. The duke Reyner could not endure this injury but came to him and struck him with his fist in such a way that he overthrew him to the ground. Many reproaches and ill talent ensued, and if the king had not been present and made peace and tranquility, they would have slain each other. For there were more than a thousand of the lineage of Ganellon. But Ferabras, who was present, strongly blamed them. On the other side, the king swore by his crown that if there was any person who began battle or fight, he would have him hanged as a thief, regardless of what estate he was from, and by this they were afraid to offend and were no more spoken of..Notwithstanding that the council was taken among them that they should put Reyner to death as soon as they should be in France. Charles sent for them to come to him, and said to them, \"You have done great shame to me, but if it is not amended now before me, I shall do open justice.\" Always needs must the king be obeyed in such a way that one of them, Duke Reyner, begged mercy on his knees. But he would never have done it if not to appease the fury of King Charles. And thus they made peace. Afterward, the emperor said his openness, that if he turned back, it would be great dishonor for him. Therefore, Geoffroy Dauphin, father of Ganellon, spoke up, saying, \"Sir Emperor, I am old and have seen much. Therefore, it seems to me that you ought to believe me as well as any person of your company. You know well that I and Ganellon, my son, have always loved you. And how that it is he who counsels you to retreat has good right. I have now put my body at risk for bearing arms, and be sure.\".that twenty years have passed, the children in France shall be great and mighty, and they shall be such a large company that light by you shall conquer Spain and avenge the death of Roland and his other companions. When Charles understood these words, he wept bitterly and realized that against his will, he must return to France and leave his enemies. The retreat was signaled by the sound of trumpets, and the artillery was assembled. The traitors were joyous, and many of the others were unhappy. Reyner, who returned without his son Olivier, was particularly distressed because he had lost all his comfort.\n\nWhen Charles was mounted on horseback and on his way to return, he took leave of Roland, Olivier, and the others, leaving them without further instruction. He lingered, saying, \"Oh unhappy that I am. I may well sorrow.\".When I now leave the men,\nthe ones I love best in the world,\nand return from them when I ought,\nby good right, to avenge them,\nI shall be reputed a fool, and sore blamed.\nO Roland, how I have loved you,\nmay your uncle so long live\nthat he may see your death avenged.\nGod defend me, that I ever bear a crown on my head,\nseen the poverty of my fate.\nThis saying almost filled the earth with sorrow for me.\nMuch heaviness had I at that time.\nAlas said Charles, Roland,\nI was greatly displeased when\nI consented that you should go to the admiral.\nWel am I cause of all your peril.\nIn making this sorrow the host,\nhe made such great clamor to return,\nthat it was marvelous.\nAnd as they began to ride forth,\nThe emperor looked toward the east,\nand from afar he saw Richard coming riding on a horse lame,\nand held in his hand a naked sword.\nTherefore the emperor sent for him,\nthe most greatest lords of his company,\nand made a toast..I see a man on horseback over there, making great haste, leading on his right a fair courser, as I think, and he seems by his riding to be Richard of Normandy. Now I pray to God Almighty that today He sends me news of Roland and of the other barons, that they are alive. Then the host tarried, and anon came Richard, who made his horse leap merrily before the king whom he greeted most humbly. And Charles said to Richard of Normandy, Noble baron, how fares it with you? What has become of my new Roland and of my other barons? Are they all alone? Are they alive or dead? Tell me, I pray, Richard answered, Sir Emperor, Roland and the others were whole and in good health when I left them. They were in Aigremore, besieged by Ballant, admiral of Spain and father of Ferabras, and there were about them a hundred thousand Saracens. And know this for certain..that Thadmyral is a man, much fiery and terrible, who has sworn by his god Mahoun and Termagant that he shall never depart from them, but that they shall be headed by the neck. And on the other side, your barons have with them Floripes, the fairest that ever was seen, who has in her keeping the relics that you so much desire, and sends word by me that you should come and aid them to save their lives. And if it pleases you, remember that you must conquer the country of Spain and other sufficient goods. Great consolation had King Charles, and then he conceived well that Ganellon was a traitor and full of wickedness. And never again should his counsel or saying be heard or allowed in his court. For he saw well that as for him, it did not bode well, but Roland and his companions should have died. Now, gentle Richard said to the king, is the tour in which they have been besieged strong and well supplied with victuals to defend them..while they hold victory for six days, I shall make the admiral die and all his companions. Sir, answered Richard, I will tell you the truth. They have no supplies but they greet it with the sword. The admiral is marvelously fierce and full of cruelty, and he has an innumerable multitude of people. The space between the town and him is two miles long. The town is strong where he dwells, and on this side of the town there is a bridge of terrible passage. The walls of that city are made of marble cemented and fortified with towers. And there runs a river right nearby, which is named Flagon, and is of a depth of two spears, and runs so fast and roars that no ship can pass through it. The bridge is half a mile long. In the middle there is a tower of marble so strong that it cannot be knocked down, and the gate is garnished and kept with iron bars tightly locked. The porter who keeps this place is a pagan, hideous..and great/massive/strong/felonious one, who resembles the devil more than any man or person. He is as black as pitch, boiled, and has ten thousand knights in his company. Wherefore, I well know that by force we may not pass. For by any assault that may be done to them, they do not doubt it. And if we do not pass by engine and subtlety, we may not cross the bridge. For by force we may do nothing but pass in disguise as merchants. And some of us shall be well-armed under our clothes, and there above we shall wear a mantle and their swords under. And there will come after us great ones, and you with all the knights shall tarry in a little wood, and every man be in great readiness. And after we have taken the first gate, I shall sound and blow my horn. And with mighty you shall come on. And thus we shall have the passage by the grace of God, and we shall come to our intention.\n\nThis counsel was well approved by King Charles, who often blessed Richard..Richard, having spoken so well, resembled all his people. Standards were raised, and the lorryflam was discovered. Richard took his horse and gave it to Duke Reyner. He then bound hay and grass to guide and made trusses upon many sommers in the guises of marshals. Every man was well armed under his cloak and sword girded, and so they took their horses, so that they should not be seen. There were in number over a hundred knights, all of great fashion, and they were driven before them by the sommers for a good enterprise. Richard went as chief entrepreneur. Duke Howel of Nountes, Guy de Hallee, Ryoll, Duke Reyner father of Olyuer, and others rode forth without delay. Charles with a hundred thousand men abode in the wood, as I have previously mentioned. Emperor Charles with a hundred thousand men abode in the wood beforehand, and Richard of Normandy, Ryoll, Reyner, and others of great worth were with him..the way to go toward Martible,\nand led them a quantity of summers charged,\nwhen the fellows of Richard saw the river flagging so rapidly,\nand then of the city of Martible\nso strong / the bridge so dangerous to pass / & the gates\nbarred and chained so with iron / they were much abashed,\nFor to come thither by assault,\nall the power of Christianity might not enter by that place / but they drew near and loosened the bridge and chains of iron,\nRol demanded of Richard, what may there be of this place,\nAnd he answered, know ye that this is the strongest city that is between this and Acres,\nAnd there were in the same city thousands of men at arms.\nHol of Nauntes was all afraid,\nAnd commanded him\nhimself to God, praying him to keep their persons,\nRichard said,\nlords, I will go before and shall speak first,\nand when we have passed the first gate, see that you take off your cloaks to strike upon the paynims,\n& for any thing that happens, see that the one of you falls not the other..Ryol answers doubt not, but when I am among the Sarasyns, I shall do my duty, and if I do not as I say, I will that you recall me, reject me, and reputed me as defeated. After these words, they hastened their summers towards the bridge. Galafre saw them from afar and stood resting near the first gate. He held in his hand a great axe of fine steel, bent and affixed, and there was no side it did not cut through. This man was great and formed so hideously and with such representation that he seemed more devil than reasonable person. He had eyes all inflamed like fire, and he was as black as boot polish. His neck was large and great, his nose half a foot long, his cheeks so great that they might contain well half a bushel of wheat, his arms long and crooked, and his feet stood outthwart. And as for the remainder of his body, it was loathsome enough. Balathar loved him much and was his new one. And for the great confidence that he had in him..\"he gave to him the keeping of the bridge of mantible, as it was the most stern passage in all the marches of that country. The said pagan was constable of all the lands of Thadmiral. Therefore, it was necessary that no French men should be known to him. For if any had been known, none would have escaped, but he would have been dead. Thus, when they were at mantible, Richard passed before, and when he was at the entrance of the gate, Galafre came to him and said, \"basal what are you? Why come you here?\" Richard, who was wise, changed his language and began to speak in Aragonese and said, \"Sir, I am a merchant coming from Taraston with these other merchants and bring great quantities of merchandise. We go to the fairs by the help of Mary, to whom we go to present our merchandise. And if we were at Aygremore, we would settle there and give to Thadmiral some precious gifts that we bring.\" These other merchants\".merchants who are here with me are all slaves / and do not know the language / therefore, fair sir, we pray you advise us what we may best do / and by what way we ought to go Galahad Anjou know that I am in charge of the bridge and of the passages that are fifty miles around here / But not long ago twelve gluttons of France passed hereby / which were messengers of Emperor Charles / yet they owe me tribute for their passage / Nevertheless, my lord Thadmeral keeps them in prison / And one of them escaped the other day as a thief / who rode on a horse the best I ever saw / and passed over this rushing water / whych also killed my cousin the king Clarion / for whom I am in great melancholy / now would God Mahon be here on this bridge / I would guide him to the middle of his belly without having any mercy or pity on him / Since that time Thadmeral doubts treason / For his son Ferabras who has renounced Mahon and the pagan law..To become crystened. He commanded me three times that I should not allow any person, lord, knight, or servant to pass. I will know what you are. Richard, hearing this, bowed his head. Ryol du Maus, Hoel of Nauntes, and Reyner went forth over the bridge. When Galahad saw them, he began to doubt and said to them that no more should enter and advanced, drawing up the bridge. There were no others within but the four, whom he did not fear. And therefore you four shall be imprisoned, and those who come after you as well. I will send you prisoners to my lord Thadmiral tomorrow, he to do with you as he pleases. Take off your mantles or cloaks. I will see what you have underneath. For you seem evil-doers. Thus saying, he took from them..Hoel by the cloak and drew him four times around. By God, said Ryal, I may no longer tarry to see him do this injury to my cousin. If I suffer longer, be I confounded. And with that, he threw off his cloak and struck upon the pagan. But he was so strongly armed that he could do him no harm except that he struck off a little of his ear. Rychard and Reyner seemingly cast off their cloaks and each of them, with a sword in their hands, struck at Galafre and gave him many blows. But the head and body they could not hurt. For he was armed with the hide of an old serpent, hard and tough.\n\nThis Pagan was angry and supposed to have smitten Ryal and enraged, he raised his axe which was great and heavy and also sharp. But Ryal saw the stroke come and was nimble and leapt aside and the stroke struck upon the ground. Ha, God of heaven, said Reyner, how he smites outrageously. I am all abashed by his prowess..of the devil whom we cannot conquer nor appease. He said he took a large and strong branch from a tree, long and twisted, and marked the pagan well. He struck him therewith in such a way that he overthrew him to the ground. When he was overthrown, he made a cry so high and hideous that the river and the rocks made a great noise. With this voice, the pagans were moved and assembled. Within a little while, there were ready armed more than ten thousand. There was then a great commotion. Richard of Normandy ran to the yate of the bridge and drew down the drawbridge. And then entered one hundred knights whom the four barons had brought with them. But at the entrance of the gate, the pagans encountered them. There was a great melee and battle, many mortal strokes were given, many were slain and hurt. Richard took his horn and swore it loudly three times. Charles, emperor, understood it well, which was in the wood beforehand with all his army..Every man was on horseback, ready, and there was not one who ceased to run till he came to the bridge. Ganellon, who was the first to come to the bridge with his confanon raised, did not endure long in his loyalty and truth, as the last book will more clearly show, by the pleasure of God. At the entrance of Mantible were many hurt people, and as many were confused, both French men as Saracens. At that time the emperor had him well in hand. For whom he obtained with his sword named Joyous, he must necessarily die, for he struck so roughly. And that day was always called \"Ganellon's day,\" which did well for his devil. The ditches of the town were deep and full of water, in which many were drowned. Thus, as Charles passed on and his people after, he saw Galafre on the ground, which was not dead, and he seemed more like a devil than a reasonable person, and he always held his axe in his hand with which he had slain thirty French men..And the emperor, seeing the harm he had done to the French men, commanded them to seize him. They struck him with axes and stones, killing him. The noise and commotion were so great that for five miles around it was unknown that the bridge of Marne was taken and conquered. Therefore, ten thousand Saracens came to aid the citizens of Marne and to destroy the enemy, who seemed an impossible thing to conquer or destroy. To this mix came a giant named Ampheus. He had a wife named Amyotte. She was absent from her husband because she had given birth to two sons who were only four months old and two feet broad in the breast and ten feet long, as the story says. This giant opened the gate and held in his hand a great and massive iron club. When he had passed through the gate with his ominous and diabolical voice, he cried, \"Where is Charles, king of France? Will he now bear the relics to Saint Denis?\".by Mahon / I comfort myself / It would be better for him, the old dotard, if he were now in Paris. And late I would know certainly that if Thadmiral had him, he would never have mercy on him, but he would have him flayed and hanged quickly or burn him in a fire. After he had spoken thus, he struck down many foes and found such a great multitude of dead men that they left men to pass. Charles, who saw the fashion descend and the light of his horse all enraged in his courage, set his king and was assembled. With his sword, Charles joyously struck him down, splitting him in two pieces and mightily recovering his stroke, making him fall to the earth. And so he was dead. Therefore, the Saracens were all moved and afraid. And as the people enraged struck upon the French men with darts, plumbets, and other deadly engines.\n\nAnd then Charles cried for help to assemble his people. And with that cry came to him Richard of Normandy..Reyner of Genes, Hoel of Nauntes, and Sir Ryol, all three having the courage of lions, were among the four barons who made the Paynims retreat and reenter the town of Trible by force. The Turks, numbering more than 10,000, came to the gate to shut it in, making great defense with bows and other weapons besides those who kept the passages. Five thousand could not find a way to lift up the bridge, for it was fortified and guarded against the Sarasyns by the French men. There was great turmoil in this account. Though Charles doubted it was of no use, for he knew if the Sarasyns had lifted up the bridge to the gate of the town, it would not have been possible for him to have passed over. Seeing them raise great iron bars toward the gate, he began with a much woeful heart to lament Roland his new knight..\"and the other fellowes, as he should never have seen them, Richard of Normandy considering this, said, \"Sir Emperor, in the name of God, may you not consider destroying and smiting down these Turks? God shall aid and help us. You know well that there is none so frank and valiant who will cowardly shrink from himself, but he ought to be despised, and with good right, I pray that he be confounded who suffers himself to live to die afterward, and he had rather be hewn into pieces than to return. And without further delay, let us advance. Now it is necessary that each man prove his strength and the worth of his person, with these words of great courage enter the town, Charles, Reyner, Hoel, Ryol, and Richard. These five only, each with a sword in hand. And you ought to know that they entered not without great slaughter of Turks and Paynims. Charles, seeing a great multitude of Sarasins, cried out in alarm.\".and they showed great haste and fury, / Ganellon understood him and felt great pity, / Notwithstanding at last, he found him not good, / and came to Geoffroy and exclaimed hatefully, / \"Why, father and kinsmen of yours, / armed much richly, numbering about M, VII, / and all they came on foot to assault the gate.\" / The Turks made great defense with brands and bars of iron, / and mortal shot, / many of the people of the said Ganelon were killed and wounded. / Then Alior, the traitor, said to Ganelon, \"In faith, we are great fools to let us thus die and endure this torment. / And afterwards he said to Ganelon, \"Go and depart, / Charles is within well besieged, / God forbid that he ever departs, / and you may well see now, / that from him and Reyner we are avenged / of the contradictions they made to us and of their subjects also. / Evil death may he die who follows them any further, / for we may easily conquer France at our ease and will.\".Hold it without contradiction /\nSince there is no baron who will be contrary to us /\nGanellon answered / God of glory forbid that I ever should do such treason to my rightful lord, whom we hold all our lands and seigniories from, and I should be held an over-unfaithful man if I consented to his death. We have no other cause but that we ought to do our duty for him. When Alory understood him, he became almost enraged and said to Ganellon: \"You are a very fool that you tarry when you now can well avenge yourself.\" If Emperor Charles is slain, all the other barons will have their heads struck off, and thus we shall be avenged on all our enemies. Therefore, love of and come on / Ganellon answered: God forbid that I should ever be a traitor to my lord, nor leave him unhelped, but do my duty to aid him. I would rather be dismembered than shamed and blamed in this deed. /\nOf these words, Alory and Geoffroi Dauphin were ill-pleased and in such good array..\"Sir, Charles is within enclosed, I answered. And you, what do you here, what reproach of treason with good right? Afterward, they began to cry out loudly and summoned the first arrivals to the bell tower and fought against Firebrace and Ganellon, who had then left the traitors at the bridge entrance. Firebrace was joyous when he saw that the bridge was not drawn up, and he and Ganellon made great efforts to enter the city. When they were within and the traitors saw the town won, they entered a foot and struck down the other commonly. Great abundance of blood ran through the town out of the dead bodies, and each man marveled at it. The Paynims cried and brayed like enraged wolves when they saw they could not resist them. They sent to the admiral.\".that he should succor them and cried on Mahon and Termagant, urging them to come to their aid. But despite his pleas, they were greatly distressed, driven out of their habitations, robbed of their riches and goods, and destroyed. A messenger departed secretly to go to Aygremore to report and tell the news of their destruction.\n\nWhen Amotte, the giantess, was taken, many strokes were given. But when she, the giantess, knew and heard the cries of the citizens who were troubled, she was as black as pitch boiled, her eyes were red as burning fire, she had a great visage and crooked as high as a spear, and greatly afraid of her husband's death and also afraid for her two sons, whom she had recently given birth to. So, in a rage, she leapt out of her house and found a sharp scythe and marvelously came upon the French men so impetuously that she caused great disorder. None dared approach her. King Charles..seeing this was evil concerning the death of his people / and demanded a crossbow / And when it was lent to him, he shot so rightly that he struck her between the brows, so that she fell down dead to the earth / She began to cast out of her throat a flame of fire, much dreadful / Nevertheless, she was struck with stones and things, and never moved again / wherefore after that, the gates of the town and other defenses were not kept nor defended, but that Charles did as he pleased with all / Great riches were found in that fair town / and the subjects of Emperor Charles were there well refreshed with gold and silver which abounded / For Admirall Ballant, because that place was so strong and sure, had laid there great treasures / The king ordered in such a manner that both great and small were well content with him / And there he stayed three days in parting and distributing the goods according to the degrees and qualities of his subjects / And after Charles went sporting by the river..In a cavern were found the two young children of the aforementioned lady Amyotte, of whom he was well joyous, and they were baptized. One he named Roland, and the other Oliver. He took care of their nourishment. But within two months, both were found dead in their heads. Therefore the emperor was displeased. However, in the same month, May, the strong city of Mantible was taken and put under subjection. Charles was summoned to come to him. Richard of Normandy, Reyner of Genes, Hol of Nauntes, Ryol of Mauns were taken into counsel as to who should keep the bridge and passage of Mantible. They had destroyed Ballant the admiral and delivered the other French prisoners out of prison. Richard answered, \"Sir emperor, it seems good to me that Hol and Sir Ryol should remain to keep the bridge and town with five thousand men, and like as Richard said, it was done. They both remained there, and the wounded were tended at their leisure, and afterwards..with the sound of trumpets, the emperor's host began to depart towards Aygremore. There were so many people and such great estates that it was remarkable. As they were well on their way, the emperor went up on a little hill to hold his people and subjects. Seeing the multitude, he lifted his eyes to heaven and said, \"O Lord God, my creator, by your grace and lordship and conduct of this people, with a right good heart I give thanks and to the land. You have given me great power and commandment. After that, he blessed himself and, in the name of Jesus, took his way.\n\nThe said emperor had in his company a hundred thousand men, well fighting. The admiral had the fighters of the thirteen countries. The French men rode forth. Richard of Normandy was in the advanced guard. And the Duke Reyuer was in that other. Anon, the tidings came to the admiral that Galafre was slain, and the mighty one was taken and discomfited..wherefore he swore for sorrow\nand cried out haroo from himself, saying / ha / ha / God,\ncursed thou thy power is nothing / O,\ncursed be God and recall thee,\nthou art nothing worth to me, / he is\na fool that trusts in thee when thou sufferest my men to be slain,\nand hast consented to my dishonor as I now well see,\nwhy thou hadst not rather done the contrary?\nThis saying, the admiral took a club with his two hands and ran to Mahon and to his other gods,\nand struck Mahon so great a stroke upon the head that he fell down and was all to pieces.\nIf the admiral and the other paynims were not badly abused,\nthey might clearly see their infidelity and false creance for invoking the images that cannot speak nor give comfort and have no consolation.\nA little understanding and lack of wit, and also contrary to nature,\nto give faith of help to a thing made with the hand of a man.\nHowever, Sorcybrant of Conymbres, seeing the desolation of the admiral,\ncounseled him as much as he might to chastise..\"hym self of the Injury done to Mahon, the admiral said to him, I may not incline to do to him obedience. Seeing that Charles has won by his persuasive power my city and strong tower, where I had last comfort to keep me most secure. Sortybrant answered, Sir admiral send forth an espionage for to know if the host of Charles comes hither against you. And if it be so, let us ride against him in battle to gather. And if you may late him be taken and hanged his people or burn them without any mercy or pity. And then after you may cast out of your tower these gluttons that keep it; and smite off the head of Fyerabras your son that aids them. When the admiral Balant had heard Sortybrant, considering his affection, humbly he returned to Mahon, intending to do as he had said.\".Admirals being content for their affection swore that they would enhance Mahon and augment it by a thousand weights, according to their custom of fine gold and other precious items. Immediately, trumpets and other instruments were sounded. Saracens, innumerable and all armed, were assembled. The admiral ordered his engines to be brought to throw great stones at the tower to bring it down and to destroy the French men and his daughter. And thus, more fiercently than ever, he came to test the tower and they laid their engines therewith. The Paynims made five great holes in the tower, through the smallest of which a cart could pass when this was done. Oliver and Roland with their shields before them and their swords in their hands stood in the windows. Yet they were not so bold among them but that they were overpowered. Not withstanding, they had the will to defend themselves. Anyone they could reach with stones or other things, they so hurt..\"he did them no more harm or damage / This doing, the admiral cried out / O my friends and subjects, do your duty / to bring to the earth this tower\nFor if you do so, you shall have my love eternally / And after, I shall make Florypes the traitor to die shamefully in a burning fire / for she has well deserved it / doing to me the dishonor that every man knows /\n\u00b6After these words, the paynims were more fervent than they had been before / & surmounted the tower / and mounted up and entered in / at holes in such a way that the best seige that was / Rolland saying theirs, said to them / lords & brethren / in the name of God our maker / let us with one courage and defeat /\nBrother & fellow said / Oliuer we have seen here of us twelve as long as it shall please our creator / & we have been all good fighters /\nIn the name of God I counsel that we issue forth / to assault our enemies / I had rather die there without, and suffer to be hewn / than to die here within with dishonor.\".Over the Danes and the others, Florypes saw them abashed and demanded the barons if they would go out to assault the Paynims. He said to them, \"Ye noble knights of honor and of the good party, I pray to God that at this time you grant me grace. I promise you, if you put them out from this assault, I shall show you a thing whereof you will be joyful with the thousands the barons struck and hewed down the turrets so vigorously that many of them were dead and hurt, who were in the holes of the wall. They smote them with stones in the towers in such a way that they were cast into the ditches and drowned. And anon as they had gained the holes, they stopped them and quickly enclosed them. After Florypes asked first of names, the duke of Vauyere and of Ardayne, he said, \"Lords, at one time you promised me and swore that you would not do anything against my will. I will show you the crown of Ihesus and two of the nails that he was nailed with to the cross.\".The cross, which I have long kept,\nThe barons hearing this wept,\nfor joy, and swore to her,\nthat they would do nothing to her,\nbut all loyalty and truth.\nFlorypes then went and fetched\na little rich and fair chest,\nand before them she opened it.\nAs soon as the relics were taken and uncovered,\nthere was a great clarity and marvelous resplendent light.\nThen the barons knelt down to the earth,\ndevoutly striking themselves on their breasts,\nDuc Naymes of Bouyeres was the first to kiss them with great reverence,\nand the others followed, and afterwards came to the windows.\nFor the Paynims were mounted high,\nAnd as soon as they saw them, they tumbled down to the ground,\ndead and all in pieces.\nWhen Naymes saw this, he said, \"O lord God of glory,\nwho can do all things, I thank thee and give\nthanks and praise to thee. For now I see well\nand know that these are the relics of whom\nwe have often spoken. Incontinent took courage and courage,\nand afterwards said to himself.\".brothers/ Now we are reassured, so that we shall no longer fear payment of money nor Saracens. After Florype's requirements were addressed honestly, Thadmaryal saw the princes at the windows, and his daughter with them. He, filled with a false intention, called out to her loudly, \"Fair daughter, I see you well.\" A great fool was your father when he trusted the/ and filled with foolish counsel was he, who put the first prisoners in your hands by means of your dowry. I have heard it said long since that a man who trusts in a woman for important matters is a great fool. But your folly shall not last long, as I trust. For I swear to you that I shall take away the love you have with the gluttons of France, and without pity, I shall burn you all. Florype heard these words and took a staff in her hand and made a threatening gesture towards her father. Therefore, Thadmaryal, seeing this, began..To sow to God's people and commanded to shoot and lose the instruments against the tour in such a way that a great party of the wall was overthrown to them. Then, the barons doubted much of them on the wall. Roland Olivier and Oliver went into a chamber where were Mahon Apollyn Termagant and Margotte, goddesses of the Pannymons, who were much rich. Roland took Apollyn, who was heavy, and threw it upon the Pannymons. Oliver lifted up Termagant and Margotte and struck the Saracens in such a way that those they reached never hurt them after. When Thadmiral saw thus his goddesses vanquished and thrown, he took such anger and great ire in his courage that for sorrow he tumbled down as a dead man to the earth. Sortybrant, with much sorrow, took him up and many wept and made great desolation for sorrow. And after Thadmiral said, \"Lords and friends, he shall ever be my friend and especially beloved, it will avenge the shame that these glotons have caused.\".doon to my goddess Sortybra\u0304t, she great sorrow caused, saying that in short time, he would be avenged on them all, since the tower was broken in more than fifteen parties. O Mahon spoke, saying the admiral had forgotten me at the most needy moment, now so old that you do not care, I have seen the day when you had great power, Sortybrant answered, Sir, you have an evil custom when you speak so evil against Mahon. You know well that there was never born nor will be such a good god who gives us pleasure, of wine and other goods also, he will do for us when he has thought of it, he is content with the stroke that you struck him on the nose. Abyde a little till he is better advised. And the French men shall remain with you so that you shall be pleased. Upon these words, Mahon was brought before him. And a devil entered into him, who said in this manner after he had worshipped him: Admiral, rich lord, do not discomfort you..sound your trumpets and horns, and assemble your people, and after, assault the tower. At this time, you shall take the French men, with these words: \"Thadmyteral\" was all rejoiced, and all things and instruments he did set against the tower and threw stones and made great shot against the tower, which was then all to broken and almost all overthrown. The people of France, seeing this, had great doubt of danger, and not without cause. Nevertheless, Ogier the Dane said to his fellows: \"O loyal companions, replenished with courage, for any pain or doubt of death among us lately, none was found with any treason, nor suffer to enter into him any evil thought of infidelity and cowardice. You see now that the tower is going down, and almost these Saracens are subdued by us. But concerning me, I swear by God my maker, that before my soul departs from my body, if I have the power to hold in my hand Cortain my sword, I shall make such great discomfort.\".Of these paynims that every man marveled at these words: Rolland held Durandal, and Oliver with each of the others held their swords, and they were all renewed with strength and courage. And all with one will went upon the Saracens, and there they showed such diligence that they were always lords of the tower, and made the Saracens their enemies retreat. Floripes, considering their affair was sorrowful because no help came to them and remembering the memories of her father Thadmiral, was continually comforted by Guy of Burgundy. The French men, being in this continual pain of battle to defend the tower, Duke Naymes of Bauyere went up high and saw from a window the sign of St. Denis, which was brought hastily, and after a great company of armed men. Thinking in himself that they came to succor and aid them, he sent at once for his companions..see as Florypes understood it, she came to Guy of Burgoyne, saying, \"O glorious virgin Marie, mother of Jesus, worship more you be for these tidings that I have heard. O noble knight Guy of Burgoyne, my dear love approach you to me if it pleases you and kiss me. Of the joy of Florypes were the earls and lords joyful. You may think that they were well comforted when they saw the standard of France, where the dragon was well figured. Great joy and great consolation was among them, and they had cause to see the danger in which they were. Anon, a pagan came to Thadmiral and said to him that Charles with a hundred thousand men of arms came making great bruise. The king Counseled at once that every man should be armed and that they should go to meet him at the first point. His counsel was approved by Thadmiral and by the others. Therefore, anon, L, thousand Turks were assembled in great point to keep the great vale of Josue, so that he might not come..in to Aygremore, Rolland saw Richard of Normandy with his confanon raise up, which came all before and stayed in a meadow to bayte and refresh their horses and to tarry there all the night which was near. And without making lodgings or other thing, they there rested them all night. For their tents were left unmanageable.\n\nOn the morrow early, the Emperor armed his people and set them in good order and baptized. And for this I love baptism and revere Maglad and I am joyous. And I promise to thee, and if he will not do so, I promise that by force I shall. Reyner and Richer said to them, \"Lords, whom do you most propound this message from?\" I know him well, suffice it to say, and you know well that he did well his duty at the entrance of the unmanageable. If you will consent, he shall do the message.\n\nRichard answered and Reyner also that he should do well the message. The king sent for Gannelon and said to him, \"My friend, we have chosen you to go and say to Admiral Ballant.\".that he be baptized and renounce Mahon,\nand that he take Jesus Christ\nas his god, and believe in him and his passion,\nthat he suffered for all human creatures,\nand after that he yield to me my barons,\nwhich he holds in his prison,\nand also the requests that I have long demanded of him,\nand if he will do this, we shall leave him his country and lands,\nand if he will do otherwise,\nwe shall make war on him and show him no mercy.\nGanellon was content to go there alone,\nAnd took and set on his helmet,\nand mounted upon his horse named Gascon,\nand hung his shield on his neck,\nin which was painted the lion,\nand after went into the valley of Joshua,\nhastily,\nand immediately he was taken by the Turks\nwho guarded the passage,\nbut when they knew that he was\na messenger to speak to Thadmiral,\nthey troubled him not,\nbut let him go,\nand he tarried not until he came before Thadmiral,\nand he leaned on his spear with a knightly countenance,\nand much resembled..A baron of great valor was to say this: when I knew of your coming, he came to me, and Thueuan Gabriel spoke boldly to him in this manner: \"Sarasyn, take heed and understand me. I am a messenger of the noble Charles, king of France and a mighty emperor. He sends this message through me: renounce and forsake Mahon and your other gods idolatrous, and believe in Jesus Christ, the redeemer of the world, who took on humanity and suffered cruel and bitter death on the tree of the cross for the redemption of all. If you do this, you are assured not only of death but also of not losing your land or any of your good. Instead, you will always be beloved by him and by Firebras, his son. If you do not agree to this and resist it, know for certain that you are defied by Charles and all his people. If you wish to save yourself, think to flee and withdraw from this country. For if you are taken and held, you will be delivered to dangerous death, and all your people will be endangered.\".Subjets shall be doomed and slain, and after he shall give your realm and riches to his scoundrels. Therefore advise well, when the admiral had heard him, he was almost in a rage with his words, and by the distress of anger he took a staff to strike the messenger and said to him, Gloton Payllard, thou art dismeasured in thy language, by Mahon to whom I am given at this time. Thou hast been overbold and little loved the Charles when he sent thee to me. Know well that thou shalt never count thy message to him. Ganellon, seeing that he was not well assured with them, took his sword, which was heavy and sharp, and gave a stroke to Buillant of Moomyere in the breast, overthrowing him, and fell at the feet of the admiral, who, seeing this, cried out strongly reproaching him. Then with this voice, more than fifty thousand Turks assembled to take Ganellon, who ran after him through the valley of Josue, but he escaped them all and was not taken. Due Namnes..was at a window and saw him chased, demanded Roland and Oliver what he was. They knew for certain that he was Christian, and assuming it was Ganellon who had spoken to the admiral, they judged it to be him.\n\nAlas, said Roland, I pray to Jesus our redeemer that he grants him grace to pass unharmed. I shall be well content if he comes not to harm.\n\nThe other barons said similarly and prayed God to keep him from danger. Ganellon ran continually until he reached the top of a mountain. There he turned against the Paynims and saw coming towards him a great Paynim from the city of Aygremore. And at once he took his sword named Murgall and struck the Paynim on the helmet, slaying Tenebrus who was King Sortisant. Roland, brother, I love him. Save you, and Charles, I love none but God that I were in his company. I shall make great martyrdom on these Paynims..Despite the challenges presented by the text, I will do my best to clean it while maintaining the original content as much as possible. Here's the cleaned version:\n\n\"But when they saw the host of Charles, they returned back and went to tell the admiral how Charles had more than a hundred thousand fighting men. Therefore, they counseled that every man should arm himself, and this counsel was approved. But when Saracens knew that his brother was dead, he summoned an innumerable company of Saracens to avenge his death and threaten harm to Charles. The admiral was glad of this, as he could now better come to his desire.\n\nWhen Ganellon came to King Charles, the emperor ordered ten battles after Ganellon had delivered his message, which was such: \"Sir emperor, I say to you that the admiral fears you neither you nor your deeds, nor God nor his saints. I was glad that I escaped. For I had been threatened with twenty thousand Saracens after the admiral intended to have me. And after these words, I killed one of their kings, who was praised by the king.\".And they sounded horns and trumpets. And war was open on all sides in the host of Charles. Roland heard the sound and voices of the French host. He and all the barons were rejoiced and made good their position. When the two hosts recounted all the country shone with their arms. There were so many of them, as I have said before. King Charles made ten battles. In the first he ordered Richard of Normandy, Duke Reyner of Genes had the second, Ganellon the third, A Lory the fourth, Geoffroy the fifth, Machaire the sixth, Harde the seventh, Amangius the eighth, Sampson the ninth, and Charles the king conducted the tenth. In each battle were ten thousand men of arms, well fighting at least. When Ballant the admiral saw the king coming, he said to Vilain, \"Who shall be the first that shall enter into battle with a hundred thousand Paynims? And if he takes Charles, he shall not kill or burn them, for I will afterwards strike at their rear.\".heedes/ and upon this point the war was open, and Bullant began to go in great boroghout before the other, and began to cry, haw, haw, where is Charles the emperor with his evil cheer. I come to thee, thou hast entered a great folly when thou passest the sea; and on this day shall be the end of thy life and of the subjects' life. And without fault thou shalt be held to the admiral, and all thy centres shall be destroyed. The emperor heard these words, therefore, in a fury he let his horse run and charged against the pagan, and took him in such a way that his harness broke. Afterward, he drew his sword and never left him till he was dead. From then, with his spear he came to a Turkish king of Petrelee, and struck him in the breast, causing him to fall to the earth. And when his spear was broken, he did great devotion with joyous his sword, for him that he had taken did never hurt after. At that time he bore him marvelously, that one of the pagans seized him by the cloak..hosts mingled each with other in such a way that there was never seen war so mortal for those who were living were let be by those who were dead. Among the Paynims there was a Turk named Tenebres, who made great burials upon the French men. He first attacked the noble Jean de Poitiers on his shield and broke it in pieces to the earth. Afterward he drew his sword and put to death Huon and Guernier. And after that, he said to the French men that on that day Charles and his subjects had lost their might. Richard of Normandy had contempt for his words and came against him so dangerously that he broke his hauberk and broke his shield in quarters. He fell down dead without any more reproach. Then Admiral Thadmiral came with all his power, accompanied by a crown and a king. I will go to him and have concluded in myself to fight in my person against his person. Since I consider the state of Thadmiral to have begun to weep..for the knight in comforting him,\nBallant the admiral rode\non a horse, the best\nrunning of all the country,\nrightly armed, and it\nwas black as a moor, & he\nhimself was great of body,\nwell remembered, & had his herd hanging\nto the saddle, which was white\nas snow, & after did sound\nhis trumpets & horns, gathering\nhis host, & made the archers\ngo before, who could well\nshoot with bows turkeys, & all\nfiercely, so that one against the other\nwent shooting & made mortal war,\nso that the shot passed through and through,\nand the first he encountered was\nKing Sortybrant, & gave him\na great stroke without feigning,\nthat his shield did not allay,\nnor his hauberk entirely break,\nso that he made his spear to plunge\nand bane in his body so deep\nthat he remained there dead like a beast, & afterwards\nwith his sword made such great murder & slaughter\nof the false Turks that it was marvelous,\nThe admiral then knew the death of Sortybrant,\nalmost out of his wits in a rage, and then..O Sorcybrant, my friend, I see now that I shall avenge you if I don't bring about your death with these words. He made his horse charge upon the French men so contemptuously that he killed whoever he reached. He came to Hugh of Milly and slew him. Then he did great damage and fought so strongly that he killed well seven French men and fourteen Normans, valiantly saying, \"O unhappy French men, I shall now make you know that the admiral of Spain is come; in this day shall the host of France be destroyed, and shall never return home again. I shall lead away with me King Charles with his flourished beard, and I shall hang or burn him, and also with him Roland and Oliver and their companions. With these words, the paints were encouraged in such a way that they greatly feared the French men. At this moment, the count Ganellon, Harold, Alory, Geoffroy Dauleuil, and this language bore them well. For in a short time, the battle was joined..space by them were slayn moo\nthan a M paynyms / Thadmyral\nmoost valyaunt of the sarasyns\nattayned the counte myllon by\nhys helme / that almoost he had\nabyden in the place / and with a\nstroke thadmyral smote of hys\nhors hede that he fyl to the erthe\nand after he took hym & layed\nhym tofore hym for to haue born\nhym awaye / but the lygnage of\nganellon saued hym / notwyth\u2223stondyng\nthat many of theym\nwere slayn and dede / Neuerthe\u00a6les\nthe frensshe men surmounted\nthe paynyms / and that was by\nthe ayde of fyerabras which for\nloue of Charles dyd fyght and\nmade grete dyscomfyture of the\nsarasyns / for there he put to deth\nTempeste / and the olde Rubyon\nand moo than fyfty other of\nthese mastyns myscrea\nTHe paynyms & frensshe\nmen alwaye perseueryng\nin mortal bataylle coude\nnot make thende eche one of o\u2223ther / \nFor the multytude of the\npaynyms was so grete that they\nmy\u0292t not be dyscomfyted / whan\nthe barons that were in the tour\nsawe the fayt / & that they that\nkepte the toure were goon to the.socours and cry of Thadmyral, they sprang out and each took one of the horses that were dead which ran at adventure, and in especial Roland, for where he was struck with Durandal, came never after parting was diligently recommended by the assembled ones, without letting them be dispersed. Thadmyral knew well his destruction by the coming of the Persians in it, and cried out with one hand, \"Have done to so much honor! Thou hast forsaken me! Remember me now! For as long as I may obtain the opportunity, I shall strike both flanks, head and face, and also put out thine false recreant God that thou art. He thus saying he was so persistently pursued and smitten, fell down under his horse and was taken and not slain at the request of his son Ferabras, to make him advised to believe in Jesus Christ and in the Holy Trinity, and become Christian and all his country. Then the battle took an end, and he who would not be converted was put to death in the continent, Some fled and some were taken..Afterward, the French men went and disarmed themselves. Charles saw there his barons, whom he desired to see so much, and in particular his new Roland and Oliver, whom he loved so much and who were so valiant. It cannot be said or expressed the joy that was among them, and the consolation and rejoicing of King Charles was inestimable.\n\nThen they recounted all things that had happened to them and of their dangers and jeopardies which they had escaped, and sorrows and lamentations that they had endured. Charles and many others wept for pity. This lasted for many days. There where the hurt men and seek were healed, and those who were whole passed their time in dedication, triumph, and joy.\n\nWhen Charles had calmed down, he took Balat the admiral before his nobles. He said to him in these words:\n\n\"Balat, all reasonable creatures owe singular honor and particular love to him who has given them being, knowledge, and life. It is well and necessary that he has it.\".honor and penance that have made heaven and earth and all that inhabit them; therefore, by good right, he is superior and above all. And a great abuse exists in him, which gives faith and hope in that which he has made with his hands and from material things; insensible and having neither reason nor soul, as the devilish gods which cannot give consolation to their subjects. Therefore, I warn you for the health of your soul and for the preserving of your body and goods: take away all these iniquities and perverse affections; and believe in the Holy Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, one only God almighty; and believe that the Son of God descended into this world and took humanity in the womb of the blessed virgin Mary, who was all pure and without spot; and believe in the articles of the faith, and obey and keep his commandments which he has given to us for our health..And Believe how he was taken by the Jews and, through envy, placed on the cross to redeem himself from the pains of hell. Believe in his resurrection and ascension, and in the other things as the holy baptism which he has blessed with the other sacraments. If you believe this, you will be saved, and you will neither lose your body nor your goods. Thadmaryal answered that he would not do so, and swore that for death nor for life he would not forsake Mahon. The emperor, holding a naked sword, said to him that if he did not forsake Mahon, he would put him to death. Firabras kneeled down and prayed his father to do as the emperor had said. Thadmaryal feared death and said that he was content that the font should be blessed. Charles was glad and made ready a fair font with pure water in a fair vessel. The bishop, with other ministers of the church, consecrated the font and made all ready. After Thadmaryal was undressed, the bishop demanded:.\"hym says / Sir Ballant forsakes and cries ye mercy to God of heaven for your transgressions, believe in Jesus Christ the son of the virgin Mary, when the admiral understood these words, his entire body began to tremble. Then, in spite of Jesus, he caught the ship and intended to drown him in the font, and had not Ogier been present to prevent him. Yet, blood came out of his mouth abundantly. Of those present, the king said to Fierabras, you are my specially consecrated one. And the outrage that he has done to the font cannot be excused, but he must be dead and dismembered.\n\nFierabras requested a little patience from him, and if he would not amend himself, then he would do as he pleased.\n\nFloripes, the daughter of the admiral, seeing this, said, O Sir Emperor, why do you delay so much to put this devil to death? I do not recoil at his death, so long as I may have Burgoyne alone.\".To my husband, whom I have so much desired, Firebras' sword, fair sister, you have great wrong. I assure you and swear by God who has made me, that I would have preferred to have lost two of my members on his account, if he were a good Christian man and baptized in Jesus Christ. You know well that he is our father, who has engendered us, we ought to honor him and love his health. You are very obstinate when you have no pity from him. And after weeping, I said to his father, \"Most miserable father, I pray you to be better advised and love him who has formed you in his image, which is Jesus, the sovereign God, like the emperor has said. Leave Mahon, who has neither wit nor reason, nor is he composed of anything but gold and stones.\" If you do this, you will bring us great joy, and from your enemies, you will make friends. Ballant answered, fool and glutton, be silent about this matter to me, I will never believe in him..that there was a goon / and cursed be he who puts in his belief that he is risen from death to live / by Mahon, my god, if I were on my horseback or taken, I would anger Charles that fool / when Fyerabras had understood him, he said to Charles that he should do with him his pleasure / For by right he ought to die / Anon the emperor demanded who would strike Ballata the immeasurable felon / Then Ogier was present who hated him in his heart / and forthwith he struck off his head / Fyerabras pardoned him gladly / Then after this Florypes said to Roland that he should fulfill his promises between her and Guy of Burgoyne / Roland answered, \"You speak truth,\" and to Guy, \"Sir, you remember well what words and love have been between you and the courtesan Florypes / Keep your truth and promises to her / Guy answered that he was ready to do all that the emperor would have him do.\n\nCharles was content / Then anon before them all she was despised and unclad her..She being there, naked, displayed her beauty, which was right white and well formed, pleasing and amorous for the formosity of her person. Every man marveled\n\nFor she had her eyes as clear as two stars,\na fair forehead and large,\nher nose well standing in the midst of the face,\nher cheeks red and white mingled,\nher brows compact as if a little shadow to the color of the face,\nher hair shining as gold and that in such good order arranged,\nthat it hung beneath her knees,\nher mouth well composed with a temperate roudeness,\na small, long neck,\nand her shoulders fair and well sitting,\nand two papas before, small and somewhat enlarged, like two round apples.\n\nAnd so well was she made and amorous,\nthat she struck the hearts of many,\nand inflamed their intention with concupiscence,\nand especially of Charles the Emperor,\nhow well that he was ancient and old,\nand in the font which was ordained for the Admiral, her father, she was..Charles and Duke Thyery of Ardayne were her godfathers, without changing her name. And immediately after she was honorably clad, the bishop wedded them. Then the emperor commanded the bringing forth of the crown of Ballant, and crowned Guy with it, along with Florypes. And the bishop sanctified and blessed them. Thus, Guy was king of that country, and granted a party to Ferabras under condition that if Ferabras wanted it, he would hold it from Guy, and all that Guy would have, he would hold from Charles. After this, the feast of the wedding and espousals lasted for eight days. Charles stayed there for two months and two days until the country was assured.\n\nCharles showed such diligence in Aygremore and in the adjacent country that anyone who would not be baptized was put to death. On a Sunday after mass, he summoned Florypes and said to her, \"Fair daughter, you know how I have crowned you and made you queen.\".thys contract / I have accomplished\nyour desire concerning the man of Bourgoyne, your husband, and moreover, you have been baptized and on the way to salvation. And he and Fyerabras your brother shall have this region. I shall leave with him twenty M of my subjects, to ensure that the Paynims are always in fear. But you have not yet shown me anything of the holy relics that you keep. Florypes' sword / Sire emperor, they shall be ready when it pleases you. And then she brought forth the chest in which they were, honestly.\n\nThe emperor knelt down on both knees, and inclined both with heart and body, and asked the bishop to open it and show them. And he did so. And first he showed the precious crown with which Jesus Christ was crowned, which was made of pricking thorns and of gold from the sea, and with great devotion it was shown and adored. And many there wept and mourned the death of our lord Jesus Christ and were in great devotion..on the bishop / The devout and wise man\nwould prove it / And lift it up / High in the air / And withdraw his hand / And the crown remained / By itself in the air / Then the bishop certified to the people / That it was / The crown of Jesus Christ / Which he had on his head / In the time of his passion / Then every man honored it devoutly / And it had such a great odor / That everyone marveled / And after the bishop took the nails / By which God had pierced and proved the crown / Similarly they remained / In the air miraculously / And Charles, seeing all this, thanked God humbly / saying, \"O Lord God eternal, who hast given to me grace / That I have surmounted my enemies, infidels / And hast put and set me in the way / And given me conduit to find your relics / Which I have long desired / I humbly render and give to you thanks / And praises.\" / For now my country may well say that it shall..be perpetual honor to possess and have this precious treasure when it shall be contained therein. The bishop blessed all the people there as they made the sign of the cross with the said relics. And after he set them devoutly in their places, the emperor did set them on a rich cloth of gold devoutly. And when they were there, the remaining ones of them, as small pieces, he took devoutly and put them in his glove. And after he being in purposes to return to his country, he threw the glove to a knight, but the knight took no heed and took it not. And when Charles was a little withdrawn, he took heed of his glove and returned and saw his glove in which the said small pieces of the said relics were hanging without any support. Then was this miracle seen evidently by all, and all this was shown to the people. For it remained in that manner while they might have gone half a league. And by this they were all confirmed to say..that there was no abuse in buying and adoring the said reliques. These things written in this second book are to be understood in the best part and signification that I can or would say. I have not said anything but what I have been well informed by writing. As for the following book, it will make mention of some batelles and of the end of the barons of France, of whom I have spoken before.\n\nCharles the noble Emperor, after he had taken much pain to maintain the name of God, defend the Christian faith, and bring all the world into one true faith, and had gained many countries, he purposed never more to fight or make battle, but to rest and lead a contemplative life in thanking his maker for the grace he had given him in surmounting his enemies. Nevertheless, on a night it called him, and he beheld the heaven tending all one way and one path. They began at the see of Friesland, passing between Almain and..Between France and Guyana, a man named Gascon passed right by the said stars: Basle, Navarre, and Spain, which he had conquered through his power and continuous pain, making them Christian. After the end of these stars in order, he came to Galicia where the body of the holy apostle was. He did not know the exact place. Every night Charles held the way of the said stars and thought much about this, wondering if it was not without cause.\n\nOne night, among the others, Charles thought about this on the way:\n\nA man appeared to him in a vision, who was so fair and so radiant that it was marvelous. He said to him, \"What do you, my fair son?\" Charles, being utterly astonished, answered, \"Who are you, fair sir?\" That other answered, \"I am James the apostle of Jesus Christ, the son of Zebedee, and the brother of Saint John the evangelist. I am the one whom God has chosen to preach the Christian faith and His doctrine in the land of...\".\"by grace of Galilee, and he whom Herod put to death by the sword, my body lies among the Sarasyns, who have entreated me earnestly and lie in a place unknown to you. Yet I marvel that you have not seen and considered that you have conquered so many regions, towns, and cities in the world. Therefore, I tell you that, like as God has chosen you and made you superior in worldly power above all other kings and worldly princes, among them you are chosen by God to deliver my land from the hands of the wicked Sarasyns and enemies of Christianity. And to make this known to you, you have seen in the heavens the stars by divine magnification. And in order to obtain greater joy and greater glory in heaven, you shall surmount your enemies and in that same place you shall build and endow a church.\".in my name comes the Christian people of all realms, to get health and pardon for their sins. After visiting my sepulcher and making the way secure, and ordering Christian men to keep and conserve the place, it shall be a perpetual memorial. Thus, in this manner, Saint James appeared three times to Emperor Charles. After these visions and certifications from God, he called and assembled his subjects, whom he put in good point of mind, and then took his way and drew toward the country where the stars had shown the way before. He first came to Pamplona, the city that was rebellious to him, which was strong in walls and towers, and fortified with Saracens. Charles remained before it for three months or until he found a way to subdue it. Then Charles did not know what to do but to pray to God and Saint James for whom he went, that in the power of his name he might take that city..in this manner, Fair lord God, my maker help me, who am coming into this country and maintain thy holy name. And also, thou holy Saint James, by the reception of whom I am in this journey, I require that I may subdue this city and enter therein, to show the miserable people the cause of their error, so that this beginning may determine the end of my intention.\n\nAs soon as Charles had finished his orison, the walls of the city, which were marvelously strong and made of marble, were overthrown and fell to the earth in pieces. And after Charles and his host entered the city, he who would be baptized and believe in God without hypocrisy was summoned and brought before him. And he who spoke against it was forthwith put to death. All the people of that country, when they learned of these tidings and marvelous operations of this city, turned to ruin at the simple postulation of Charles, without contradiction. They came and yielded themselves to the mercy of King Charles.\n\nAnd thus, many were baptized..And churches were ordered and the entire country reduced to certain tribute under the fidelyte of Emperor Charles, and they brought their tributes from the cities without any other gainsaying, in sign of seigniory. After Charles had the dominion over all of Spain, he came to the sculpture of St. James where he did his devotion and made devout prayers. And after that, he went to a place there and there he wept and threw his spear. That place was called Petronium. And he thanked God and St. James that by their suffrance he had come so far without any contradiction. Truly, to such a place as that he might not pass any further. In that land, whoever would live in God, Archbishop Turpin baptized them. Whoever would not, he was slain or put in prison. And after Charles went from one sea to that other, and then he gained the thirteen cities of Galicia. Among which were the less Had fifteen great and strong towers, among which was one sea in which were wont to be..to be a strong tour / and a town named Petrosse, in which was made the finest silver that had then / Also another city named Attenyua, where the body of Saint Torquete rested, which was a disciple of Saint James / and there upon the sepulcher was an olive tree, flowering and bearing ripe fruit a certain day of May every year without fail / All the country of Spain at that time was subject to Charles / That is, the land of Alandaluf, the land of Perdoures, the land of Castellans, the land of Moors, the land of Portugal, the land of Sarasyns, the land of Navarre, the land of Alemans, the land of Biscos, the land of Bascles, the land of Palargyens, and some of their cities taken by war, subtle and mortal / And some without war / He could not win the great town of Lu Ernne until at last he laid siege before it for the space of four months / and it stood in a green valley / And after that, when he saw that they would not yield themselves / and that he could not win..The man made his prayer to God and St. James, as he had only the city left to terminate his stay in the country. His son heard the walls fall and the city was destroyed in such a way that no one lived there after. An abyss or swollen pool of water formed in its place, in which black fish were found. Among the other cities he took, there were four that caused him much trouble, and he cursed them with the malediction of God. To this day, there is no habitation in them. The cities were named Lucerne, Ventose, Caperee, and Adame.\n\nWhen Charles had done as he pleased in Spain and other places with its inhabitants, he destroyed and put to confusion all their idols and other symbols he found. But in the land of Alandalus, in a city called Salamanca in Arabic, was the place of a great god..The Sarasins stated that the idol was made from the wood of Machomet in the time he lived, named Mahomet in his honor, and created by magic and diabolical means. A legion of devils was enclosed within it to make signs and abuse the people. This idol was kept by devils, making it impossible for any living person to destroy it or bring it down. Anyone attempting to conjure, preach, or destroy it was instantly perished and destroyed. Sarasins approaching to preach, make sacrifices, or do obeisance were safe. If by chance a bird flying overhead alighted on it, the idol became inconvenient. The stone upon which the idol was set was marvelously made. It was a sea stone, crafted by Sarasins, and intricately carved with great and rich craftsmanship, skillfully raised upright..erth it was marvelously great, and always upward it was less, and that stone was so high as a crow might fly upon, on which statue was Thoth, representing a man standing upright with his face turned to the south and holding a great eye in his right hand. The Sarasins were certified for truth that when a king of France should be born and strong enough to subdue the country of Spain and bring it into Christian faith, the image would let fall the key, which would be a sign that the king of France would conquer them. Thus, the idol reigned in Spain to bring it to the Christian faith; the idol let the key fall and when the Sarasins saw that, they and precious stones in the king's possession were innumerable: gold, silver, and precious stones of many kinds of kings, princes, and other lords, and tributes of cities given to him as lord. Also, he had much of the treasure that he had conquered from the towns..and contreyes of Spayne\naforesayd / Thenne he seyng the\ngrete habundaunce of good / dyd\ndo compose and make a chirche\nof Saynt Iames in the place\nwhere as he had founde the body\nof hym / and he abode there the\nspace of thre yere wythout depar\u2223tyng /\nand in that same place he\nordeyned a bysshop and founded\nthere chanonnes reguler vnder\nthe rule of saynt Ysodore the con\u2223fessour / \n& bought & ordeyned for\nthem rentes & trybutes suffycy\u2223ent / \nand gaf to them synguler\nseygnourye / The furnysshed the\nchyrche wyth velles / bessellys of\ngolde and syluer / adourneme\u0304ts\nof precyous clothes & al thyn\u2223ges\nnecessarye & apperteynyng\nin a chyrche pontyfycal / also of\nbokes vestymentes chalyces / &\nother holy escryptures / And of\nthe resydue of gold and syluer\nthat he brought oute of spayne\nhe dyd doo edefye these chyrches\nfolowyng / \u00b6Fyrst at Aoon in\nalmayne where as he is buryed\nhe dyd do make a chirche of our\nlady / and though it be lytel / yet\nis it moche rychely made / The\nchyrche of Saynt Iames in the.The town of Viterbe, and the church of St. James in the heart of Toulouse, the church of St. James in Gascony, and the church of St. James between the Saone and the Mouote of Martres, which Charles had founded, rented, and relieved many and various churches, monasteries, and other abbeys in the world in many and various places. After Charles returned to France, a Saracen king named Yghramant, with great pomp, came into Spain and subdued it in his subjection. The Christians whom Charles had left there, as many as he could get, he put to death, and the others fled. In short time, the news reached King Charles, who was greatly abashed and angry because it was reported to him so pitifully. Therefore, the incensed Charles assembled a great host and, with a great multitude of fighting men, he went there without delay. He appointed Millon of Anglers, the father of Roland, and they did not cease until they had avenged the Christians..iygings where Aygolant the geiant was, when Charles knew where Aygolant was lodged and similarly Aygolant knew where Charles was; then the geiant sent to Charles that he would deliver battle such as he desired. That is, Charles should send to him twenty of his men to fight against twenty of his Saracens, or forty against forty, or a hundred against a hundred, or two against two, or one against one only. King Charles, considering Aygolant's challenge for honor's sake, would not refuse his demand but sent him a hundred knights in great readiness. And the geiant sent another hundred Saracens against the Christians. But anon the Saracens were vanquished and put to death, and after were sent by Aygolant two hundred Saracens against two hundred Christian men. These Saracens were anon without great resistance put to death and slain. Aygolant was not contented and would not leave, but sent two thousand Saracens against two hundred Christian men..and when they were in battle, many of the Sarasins were slain, and the others put to flight to save themselves. The third day after Agolant made certain experiences and knew that if Charles made war to him, he would have great loss. He sent to Charles to know if he would make open war. Charles was content, and on that account they prepared their people, and specifically Charles, for his subjects had great affection to go to battle without delay. And also some Christian men the day before the battle did penance and set up their tents near a river named, and fought there their spoils, and also a strong city by the means of the said Charles. And in the place where they showed great miracle, they should die and be glorified in heaven. Martyrs of God & f. And they lived, which was a precedent sign that those who should die would have the joy in heaven. Each man took his own and cut from the bows and leves, with which the leves were planted and under ro..After a little while, a great wood grew, which still stands there. It was a marvel of the joy that the horses expressed, as well as the men, according to their quality. Then, valiant Christian men were slain, among whom was Duc Millon's father Roland. Also, on that same day, the horse of Charles was slain under him. And when he was on foot, he made great slaughter with his sword. The Saracens, fearing the avenging, fled and withdrew into a place of safety. The next day, the Lord brought Charles help in the form of four marquises of Italy, accompanied by four strong fighting men. Aygolant, upon learning of their coming, fled and withdrew over the sea toward his country. But they did not catch up to him there with all their treasures. Therefore, France was enriched marvelously above all other countries.\n\nAnd when Charles saw his men....This text appears to be written in Middle English, and it describes the actions of King Charles during his seven-year stay in France. He served the church by appointing priests and clerks, and established the feasts of saints. The man was of great virtue and merit, and during times of peace, he established the offices and legends of holy martyrs to remind people of their passions and to avoid evil. In the same year, three darkenings of the moon and a solar eclipse occurred, which were seen as signs of Charles' great magnitude between heaven and earth. The king of Aygolant fled into his country when help came to Charles from four marquesses. Charles did not rest on his laurels but made great diligence instead.\n\nHere's the cleaned text:\n\nDuring his seven-year stay in France, King Charles served the church by appointing priests and clerks and establishing the feasts of saints. This man was of great virtue and merit. In times of peace, he established the offices and legends of holy martyrs to remind people of their passions and to avoid evil. In the same year, three darkenings of the moon and a solar eclipse occurred, which were seen as signs of Charles' great magnitude between heaven and earth. The king of Aygolant fled into his country when help came to Charles from four marquesses. Charles did not rest but made great diligence instead..for assembly were Sarasins infinite,\nhe assembled more, Moabites, Ethiopians, Africans, and Percians,\nhe brought with him also the king of Araby,\nthe king of Barbary, the king of Malrose, the king of Maioryke,\nthe king of Meques, the king of Cybille, and the king of Cordube,\nwho came with people without number, certain,\ninto Gascony into a strong city named Agenne and took it,\nAnd after sent to Charles that he should come to him peaceably and trustfully,\npromising to give him nine horses laden with gold, silver, and precious stones,\nif he would thus come at his desire,\nthis pagan showed him this, for he would know his person,\nfor his strength and persuasiveness he knew well by experience,\nand also when he knew him,\nthat he might in war slay him,\nwhen King Charles knew this mandate,\nhe gathered not great people but he came only with two knights of honor and great strength..And when he was four miles\nnear the city where Aygolant and all the kings named before were,\nhe left his people secretly,\nand came to a mountain near the city,\naccompanied by only forty knights.\nFrom this place they saw the city\nto know if the multitude of people\nhad departed, so he would not be deceived.\nNevertheless, on this mountain he left his people secretly\nand took off his clothes,\nand clad himself in the guise of a messenger,\nand took one knight only with him,\nwho bore his spear and sword\nand shield under his mantle,\nand so came into the city.\nAnd immediately he was brought before Aygolant the giant.\nWhen he was before him, he said in this manner:\n\"Charles the king has sent us to you,\nand lets it be known by us,\nthat he has come like you have come,\naccompanied by forty knights only,\nto do what he ought to do.\nNow then come to him with forty knights,\nwithout more, if you will accomplish it\nand hold that you promised.\"\nAygolant said to him:.hem. They should return to Charles and tell him not to depart but abide there, and he would come and visit him. After Charles had met the giant and visited the town to determine the best part to take and conquer when he returned, and saw the kings and their forces, he kept his people whom he had left on the mountain, and then came with his 2 knights and, immediately after, Aygolant was accompanied by 12 knights. They came without delay. But Charles took notice when he saw that there were many more pagans than Christians, and without further delay, Charles and his people departed and returned to France without engaging in any other deliberation.\n\nAfter Charles was returned to France, he gathered a large crowd and then came to the city of Agen and besieged it for the space of five months. Aygolant was there, along with many Saracens, and the Christian men had:\n\nAygolant was there, along with many Saracens, and the Christian men had fortifications..made fortresses and castles of tree before this city to harass it /\nwhen Aygolant and the great lords of his company saw that they could not endure, they made holes and caves underneath for escape / in that manner they came out of the city and passed over a river which ran by the city named Goronna, and so they saved themselves / The next day, when there was no great resistance made to the Christian men, Charles entered the city and put to death 10,000 Sarasins that he found there / The other seeing that, put them to flight by the river / Aygolant was in another strong town / and when Charles knew it, he came there and assaulted it / and sent to him to surrender the city / Aygolant answered that he would not do so, but by a means that they should make a battle / and he who should win the battle should be lord of the town / so they assigned the day of the battle / and near to that place between the castle Thalabourt and.A river called Carantha. Some of the Christian men planted their spears in the ground, especially those who were to fight and full of bows. The Christian men were much joyous about this miracle and did not die for the Christian faith, maintaining the name of God. After that, they cut off their spears and went to battle, putting many Saracens to death. However, more than 4 million Christians were slain and martyred by the Saracens. At that battle, the horse that Charles rode on was killed under him, and the king of Agabye, the king of Bugye, was slain by the said Charles. The battle beforehand made Aygolant flee and come to Panypylone. He sent to King Charles to wait for him to give him a more ample and larger battle. When Charles knew his desire, he returned to France to have help from his people and made an open manifestation throughout all France that all manner of people who were of the Christian faith should come..euyl condition and in bondage, those who were present and their successors should be free, and on the tables deliveries should be made according to the law that would go against the miscreants. Also, all prisoners who were in France, he delivered them all out of prison, and to all those who should have been delivered to death for felony, murder, or treason, he pardoned them and gave them their lives. And to all poor people who had no means to live, he gave generously, and to those who were badly clad, he clothed them according to their degree. All those who were at debate, he reconciled and made peace. All those who were disinherited and expelled from their livelihood, he restored to them. All those who might bear arms, he armed them. The valiant squires of their persons, he made knights. And all those in his indignation and private enemies, for the love of God he was compelled to pardon them, and made peace with them. He was furnished with more than an C..thousand men fight without those that were a foot, innumerable and unnamed. I, Turpin, archbishop of Reims, by God, shall give good courage to Christian people. Roland of Cenon, nephew of Charles, and Duke Millon, with four thousand fighting men, will join us. Oliver duke of Geneva, son of Duke Reyner, with three thousand fighting men, Aristagius, king of Britain, with seven thousand fighting men, and Engelius, duke of Guyan, whom Augustus Caesar had ordered with the Burgundians, Piceni, Saxons, and Allemans, and their provinces under Guyan, came with three thousand horsemen, good fighters. Garferus, king of Bordeaux, with four thousand men. Salamon Felowe of Estout, Bawdewyn brother of Roland, Namnes duke of Baugy, Hoel of Nauntr\u00e9, and Lambert prince of Bourgoyne..With two thousand five hundred fighters, the Duke of Burgundy, and Xavier, Duke of Loraine, and many others, and Charles had more than fifty thousand men of his own. The exercise of Charles, the noble emperor and right powerful king of France, was so great and so ample that it lasted two journeys long, and in breadth half a journey and more. In such a way that of the crowd that was made for the great multitude of Frenchmen, it was heard two miles and more. While Charles was still a young child, he learned the language of Sarasins at Toulouse and spoke it when he wanted. Aygolant, this giant and great lord, could not restrain himself and came to Christendom. He sent to Charles to come to him at Pampylone, and trials were made between them. For Aygolant considered the multitude of his people and the poverty of their persons. By the course of nature, it seemed to him that he should overcome the Christian people, but he thought that the god of the Christian people was more certain and true than the god..of the pagans, but he declined from worshiping his gods. He desired to test once more the number of pagans against the number of Christian men. He was content to make a pact with Charles, stipulating that the god of the one who obtained victory would be honored, and the god of him who lost the battle would be of no value, despised and reputed as nothing. Based on this pact, twenty Christian knights were sent against twenty pagan knights. And as they were about to gather, the twenty saracens were slain. Forty more were then sent against forty, and the saracens were slain and vanquished. And after he sent a hundred against a hundred Christians, but they were not slain but fled. Aygolat thought he could do better and sent two hundred against two Christian companies. And they were overcome and slain.\n\nThis giant was very displeased with the destruction of his people and, to make a great retaliation,.King Agolant sent a thousand Sarasins against a Christian man, and without making a great rebellion, the Sarasins were immediately slain and put to death. Then, King Agolant, through experience, fortified the faith and the law of Christian people to be more secure and certain than the law of the pagans and Sarasins. He was therefore inclined to the Christian faith and disposed himself to receive baptism unwillingly. At that hour of terce when Charles was dining, Agolant had an intention to see Charles and his manner at table, to know if he was worthy and if his state was great in arms and battles. He came primarily for this purpose and also to be baptized. He saw Charles at his table with great magnificence, and after that, he beheld the order of his people and saw that some were in the habit of knights and great princes..Other people in habits of canons and monks asked him to be certain of every order and the condition of their estate. After that, he saw in a part of the hall thirteen poor persons sitting on the ground, dining and eating as others did. Charles, out of custom, would not take his repast until he had thirteen poor men in the worship of our Lord and His twelve apostles. He took note of how these poor men sat on the ground without waiting, and they dined sorrowfully. He demanded to know what people they were. Charles answered and said they were God's people and messengers of our Lord Jesus Christ, whom I sustain in His honor and His twelve apostles that He had with Him. Give them corporal refreshment, Aygolat said certainly. He serves His lord evil, the receiver of His messengers in this manner, I see. Those who are about the table are in good point and well arrayed, and the servants of your god live roughly and evil clothed against the cold..Ben was far removed from thee, yet thou dost disgrace thy lord by receiving his messengers in such a manner. I see now well that the law which thou hast told me to keep - good and holy - by thy actions thou hast shown to be false and of no value. Aygolant was greatly disturbed and troubled in his mind, and being put out of all purpose, took leave of the king and returned to his people, renouncing baptism. He sent word to Charles to begin war again on the morrow, stronger than ever before.\n\nWhen Charles saw Aygolant come for baptism, he was much joyous. But when he returned and forsook it, Charles was ill content and took vengeance upon the poor men, saying they were messengers of God. For after the poverty of them, and after they had been named beforehand, to hold them thus was no honor to their master. The emperor remembered well that the people of God ought to be received honestly and honorably, held and respected. Therefore,.poure men whom he found in the city,\nhe had them well clothed and fed generously. He took such custom upon himself that he failed not, but the poor people were received with honor in his company. On the following day, the Saracens put them to battle and fought against the Christians by great forces. There was such destruction that day of the Saracens that the Christians were overwhelmed and let down by the abundant blood, which ran so copiously that it seemed to have rained for many days water and blood. Wherefore Aygolant, seeing the destruction of his people, as one who doubted nothing to die, advanced himself and was slain and put to death. After the Christians entered into the city of Pamplona, they put to death all the Saracens they found there. Then the king of Cybilley and the king of Corduba saved themselves and some of their subjects. After this, the Christians, full of covetousness to have gold, entered the city..and the Sarasins who were deceitfully returned. When they were well charged and laden with gold, silver, and other valuable goods, the king of Cyprus and the king of Corduba took notice. And with all their men, they came upon the Christian men and put to death more than a thousand.\n\nThus it is known that the ardor of concupiscence was the cause of the soul's death, without victory, and a displeasing sight to God.\n\nOn the morrow, tidings came of how many Sarasins were slain, and particularly of Agolam, unto the prince of Navarre named Ferram. Therefore, he sent to Charles to have battle ordered. Charles was so noble, so powerful, and so trustworthy in God when he fought for the Christian faith, that he refused him not. And after the day of battle, which was signed on both sides, Charles put himself to prayer and prayed God devoutly that it pleased Him to show which Christian men should die in that battle. And on the following day, when every man was armed:.for the will of our lord Charles saw that same day the sign of the cross all red upon the shoulders behind their harness. When Charles saw it, he thanked our lord and had compassion for their deaths due to the value of their persons. Then he summoned all those who bore the sign and made them go into his oratory, locking them in to prevent their deaths that day. And then with all his other host, he went against the host of the prince, but it was not long before they were destroyed and put to death. And when that was done, the emperor came into his oratory victorious over his enemies and found all those who were locked within dead and expired. And then he knew well that all those marked with the cross were signed that day to be received into heaven with glory and crown of martyrdom. It was not fitting for Charles to prolong their health, so he is well disposed to put himself in..After Aygosa2 was slain and Furre, many kings of Sarasins, as written before, the news reached the admiral of Byblos. He had a giant, terribly fearsome, of the generation of Goliath, and he made him accompanied by twenty thousand strong Turks. He sent him to fight against Charles the Emperor. His prowess was renowned throughout the world, and the said Feragus came near the city of Vagiere, close to St. James between Christianity and Bethenes. He sent a message to Charles, urging him to come and fight against him. This giant was marvelous, for he doubted neither spear nor sword, nor arrow nor other shot. He had immense strength.\n\nAs soon as Charles knew of his coming, he issued out of the town and demanded single combat against a person. Charles, who had never refused to a person, sent Oyger the Danoy. But when the giant saw him alone on the field, he....of one semblance of war, he came alone to him and took him with one hand, putting him under his arm without doing him any harm. He bore him to his lodgings and imprisoned him, doing no more to him than a wolf does to a little lamb. The height of this giant was twelve cubits. He had a face a cubit broad, a nose a palm long, arms four cubits long, and a handback three palms long. After Ogier was born, Charles sent Rainald de Daultepin. When Feragus saw him, he took him away as easily as the other. Charles was ashamed and sent two others, Constable of Rome and the Earl Hoel. This giant took one with his right hand and the other in his left, and bore them both to prison in his lodgings. Every man could see. Yet after Charles sent two more, and they were both taken away without any resistance or contradiction..The man I saw had ashamed feet; he dared send no one more. No man could resist him. Roland, prince of the Charlemagne's court, was quite content with this, as the giant was victorious. The giant came to Charlemagne and offered to fight him, but Charlemagne refused. At last, by force, he was compelled to grant him permission. Roland prepared and came before Feragus. But he was taken and restrained with his right hand, just like the other. The giant placed him before him on his horse. When Roland saw that he was taken and borne away so viciously, he took courage in himself and called upon the name of Jesus to help him. He turned against Feragus, seized him by the neck, and made him fall from his horse and roll in the ground. They both rose again, each taking his own horse. Roland, who was both capable and courageous, drew his sword Durandal and came forward..Against the giant and gave a great blow on the Paynims horse, which he had carried him a separate one in the midst, and the Paynim fell to the earth. Feragus, being evil contented for his horse that was dead, took his sword to strike Roland, and had slain him with the stroke if he had reached him; but as soon as he lifted up his arm to strike Roland, Auaunced him and struck the giant upon the arm with which he held his sword, such a stroke that his sword flew to the ground. Feragus had great contempt for this and supposed he had struck him with his fist, but he reached Roland's horse in such a way that he slew him. Thus both were on foot, and without swords began to fight with their fists and with stones continually until the hour of none. Therefore they both were weary and took truces by one accord until the morrow, and that they should fight without spear and without horse.\n\nThe next day followed wing..Early Rolland and Feragus came to the battlefield. The giant brought out a huge sword, but it was nothing for Rolland. He made provision of a great staff or club right long. With this he struck the giant, but he could not hurt him. He also struck him with great stones and round ones, yet he could not harm him or enter his flesh. In this manner, the giant demanded rest from Rolland for a little while. Rolland was determined and was so noble and so valiant that when the giant lay down, he went and laid it under his head to the end that he might sleep and rest better. After that, he had a little slept and was awakened. He sat up. And the noble Rolland came and sat by him. He said to him, \"I marvel much at your deed. How you are so strong and so terrible that you cannot be hurt or wounded in your body by sword, staff, or stones, or in any way.\" The giant responded, \"I am a giant, born of a giant's seed, and I have the strength of ten thousand men. I am invulnerable to all weapons, and no man can defeat me.\".Spaniard said to him, \"I cannot be slain but by the natural means, when Roland heard that he feigned not to understand him. After Feragus demanded of him what his name was and of what rank, Roland said to him, \"I am named Roland and new of Charles the mighty Emperor. Feragus asked him what law he held. Roland answered, \"I hold the Christian faith, by the grace of God. Feragus asked, \"What is this faith and who gave it? To which Roland replied, \"It is truth that after Almighty God had made heaven and earth, and our first father Adam, who was disobedient to his commandments, the world was judged on earth without having beatitude or felicity, and for a long time after the Son of God, the second person of the Trinity, remembered him of the value of the soul, which is given to every person and descended from heaven and took our humanity. He suffered grievous passions and pains in this world, and having been in this world, he has given us signs.\".And steadfastly built structures for us, to save us and principally those who dwell in them and perform their works perfectly. After this life, he shall be saved in heaven. And this is my faith, in which I will die.\n\nAfter that, Feragus asked him many questions in the faith, and Roland answered him honorably in every point. Feragus then said in this manner: you are a Christian and will maintain the faith of which you have spoken. I am a pagan, and Mahoun is my god. Of the two of us, which shall be vanquished and overcome? His law be held for nothing and of no value. And the faith of the victorious one be held as good and true. Let it be entirely kept and observed.\n\nThe valiant Roland was content and accepted his language. Then each of them was ready to fight. Rolland came to him, and Feragus lifted up his arm to strike Roland maliciously. Rolland saw this..The knight came upon him and, to avoid the stroke, he leaned his staff against his sword. The staff was split in two as a result, and there the giant ran to Roland and knocked him down. Roland, considering that he could not flee or escape, called upon the name of Jesus in his heart and surrendered to God and the Virgin Mary. Instantly, he regained his strength and mightily resisted the giant in such a way that he brought the giant under him. Quickly and subtly, he seized his sword and plunged it into the giant's naval. The giant felt the pain and cried out loudly, causing fear and awe among all who were present. He exclaimed, \"O Mahomet, my god, to whom I have given my faith, come and save me, for you see that I am dying.\" By this time, Roland had recovered completely..saunct Charles and the Christian men went impetuously upon the Sarasins, who bore Feragus and entered into the city. They killed the giant so much that the giant was dead. After this, King Corbude and the King of Cybille sent to Charles that he should come to Corbude to fight. As soon as Charles knew it, he came there with all his powerful army. And when they were near for assembling in battle, the Sarasins made a very subtle and wild trick: they had counterfeited all black and red, horned and bearded, like devils, to deceive the Christian men. And each of these stood in the midst of the battle and began to sow and make such a noise that as soon as the horses of the Christian men saw them so counterfeited and their bellies swam with fear, Charles devised a remedy. And on the morrow, he blindfolded the horses' eyes with clothes..And they stopped their ears to prevent seeing the Saracens disguised and counterfeited. When they came to battle in this manner, they spared not but slew right down and put the Saracens to death until midday. But they were not all vanquished. They had a cart mighty and great to resist and make great disturbance to their enemies. This engine was drawn with eight oxen in the war, and three upon it stood a high the standard of their ensign. Their custom was that no person should return or go back for any reason as long as the standard stood upright. Charles was informed of this, so he rode through the Saracens until he came to the standard. And with joyous his sword he struck it asunder. And anon as the Saracens saw that they fled and many of the paynims were slain and dead. On the morrow the town was delivered unto Charles by the lord of the town, who could not resist him. Charles was content to let him..Charles had ordered certain of his barons in Spain to keep the town for him and no one else, in such a way that none dared to assault it or make war against it. For he was always victorious against his enemies through the power he led and also through the discretion of his person, primarily through the grace of God, which never failed him or his subjects.\n\nCharles the Noble Emperor,\nafter putting good estate and good order in Spain,\nwent to Saint James with few people.\nAnd when he was there,\nhe rewarded such Christian men as he found,\ndoing them great good,\nand he punished such as were apostates and other such people,\nthose he found unfaithful and disobedient to holy church,\nhe had executed or sent to France to do penance,\nand banished them.\n\nThroughout all the cities of Spain,\nhe appointed bishops who were religious..And they, along with other people of the church, made many constitutional synodals and other ordinances concerning the church and other people. In honor of St. James, he made constitutional decrees and instituted that all bishops, princes, and kings dwelling in Spain should be subject to the bishop of St. James, and they should all owe loyalty to that church and the people of the land of Galicia. According to the same, the archbishop Turpin writes in this manner. I, Turpin, archbishop of Santiago, was present at the same place where the aforementioned ordinances were made. And I, accompanied by nine honorable bishops of good life, at the request and petition of Charles, in the month of July, consecrated, blessed, and dedicated the church of St. James and the altar of the same. Afterward, King Charles granted all the land of Spain and Galicia to that church. And he ordered every house in Spain and Galicia to give the church of St. James four pence..of the money current for Amuel\ntribute / And by the means of this they should be franchised and\nfree of servitude / And for the honor of St. James, it is established that the church of the said place should be called apostolic\nfor the exaltation of the place / And moreover, the bishoprics and special dignity of all Spain & Galice, and similarly the coronations of kings of all the country should be crowned & sacred by the bishop of St. James / all in like manner as it has been done before in Asia, in the place of Ephesus / for the honor of holy St. John, brother of St. James and son of Zebedee /\n& thus St. John was lodged on the right side / And St. James his brother on the left side / Then was accomplished the petition of their mother and her two sons, glorious friends of our Lord Jesus Christ / when she desired that her two sons should sit / one on the right side / and that other on the left / which was then accomplished and termed /\n& therefore in the world..The principal churches and syges honored primarily are those of the Church of Rome, the Church of Ephesus of St. John the Evangelist, and the Church of St. James in Galicia. If anyone inquires about the reason for these three places and syges, it is sufficient. These three places are honored primarily because sinners may have recourse to them for amending their lives, putting away their sins, and obtaining pardon and forgiveness. First, these three apostles, that is, St. Peter, St. John, and St. James, have preceded all others in the company of Christ in this world and have been called to His secrets and have continued with Him most. Therefore, by right, the places in which they have converted and continued their lives, and where their bodies rest, ought to be honored and held in grace..Saint Peter was the first and most high bishop of Rome, where he preached and was martyred and buried. Therefore, the Church of Rome is elevated and exalted above all other churches. After Saint John, who saw the secrets of God in his Revelation and wrote the Gospel, \"In the beginning was the Word and the Word was with God,\" and by his holy preaching converted the faithfully to the holy Christian faith. Also, Saint James, who suffered greatly in Spain and Galicia for the honor of God, both for his holy life, miracles, martyrdom, and sepulture, rightfully merits the memory of them throughout the universal world.\n\nIn this time, there were two kings, Sarasins, in Ceasaray, one named Marfurius, and the other Bellegandus, his brother. They were sent by the Amir of Babylon into Spain under King Charles and made to sign to him tokens of love and subjectivity. Themperor seeing them..They were not baptized and to gain lordship over them, he sent for Ganellon, in whom he had Faunce. They should either be baptized by him or pay tribute to him as a sign of fealty from their country. Ganellon the traitor went there and delivered the message. After speaking deceitful words with them, they sent him back to Charles with three hundred horses laden with gold and silver, clothes of silk, and other riches, and four hundred horses laden with sweet wine for the men at war to drink. They also sent above this to them a thousand fair Saracen women in great number and young of age. And all this in sign of love and obedience. Afterward, they gave to Ganellon twenty horses charged with gold and silver, silks, and other precious items, so that by his means he could bring the company of Charles into their hands if he could do it.\n\nGanellon was surprised by this false avarice, which consumed all the sweetness of his promise..Charity, a person who had gold or silver and other riches, made a pact and convened with the Saracens to betray his lord, his neighbors, and Christian brethren. He swore he would not fail them in their enterprise. I marvel much at Ganellon, who committed this treason without cause, unjustly colored or not.\n\nO wicked Ganellon, you came from nobility, and for money, you have betrayed your master. Among all others, you were chosen to go to the Saracens for great trust. And for the faith that was thought in you, you have consented to treason. Alone, you have committed infidelity. When did your iniquity begin? But from a false will, you plunged into this avarice. Your natural sovereign lords, Roland, Oliver, and the others, what have they done to you? If you have a wicked hate against one person, why did you consent to destroy innocents?.was there no person that thou loved / when to all cries ten men thou hast betrayed? was there any reason why thou hast been captain against the faith? what avails the prowess that thou hast made in times past / when thy end shows that thou hast done wickedness? O false avarice and ardor of concupiscence / he is not the first that by the gods disobeys; and the noble city of Troy put to utter ruin and destruction. In this manner Ganymede brought gold and silver, wine, women, and other riches; when Charles saw all this, he thought that it was all done in good intent and equity, and without deceit. The great lords and knights took the women for themselves, and Charles took only the gold and silver, & the common people took the pagan women. The emperor gave consent to the deception in such a way that Charles and all his host passed the gate of Caesar. Ganymede understood from the kings mentioned before that they would allow this..become christened and be baptized\nand swear fealty to the emperor\nAnd immediately sent his people\nbeforehand, and he came after in the rearguard,\nand had sent Roland and Oliver and the most special\nof his subjects with a thousand fighting men,\nand they were in Fonteville. Then the kings Marfuryus and Bellegand,\naccording to the counsel of Ganelon,\nwith fifty thousand Saracens,\nwere hidden in a wood nearby,\nintending to ambush the French men,\nand they remained there for two days and two nights,\nand divided their men into two parties.\nIn the first party they put twenty Saracens in command,\nin the other they put thirty thousand Saracens.\nIn the vanguard of Charles were twenty thousand Christian men,\nwho were immediately assaulted by twenty thousand Saracens,\nand made war and had to halt them.\nNevertheless, they drank well of the Saracens' sweet wine\nvery generously.\nAnd after many of them who had been drunk\nhad gone and lay down by the river,\nthe will of God was that\nthey should all be dead..Their martyrdom and passion might be the cause of their salvation and purging of their sin. After the thirty thousand Saracens couldn't withstand the impetuous French men so intensely that they were all dead and slain, except for Roland and Thierry. The others were slain and dead with spears and other quartered, and submitted to many torments. When this defeat was done, Ganellon was with Charles and the archbishop Turpin. Ganellon, who knew nothing of this work except the treachery, was deeply sorrowful, as he supposed they had all been destroyed and put to death. Of the sickness coming to Charles, he didn't know how soon it was coming.\n\nThe battle, as I have said before, was very sharp. When Roland, who was much weary, retreated, he encountered a Saracen who was full of fire and black as boiling pitch. He seized him at the heart of a wood and bound him to a tree strictly, without doing him any more harm. Afterward, he took him..Rode upon a hill to see the host of the Saracens. And the Christian men who had fled saw a great multitude of pagans. Wherefore, he swore and blew his horn loudly. And with that noise came to him a hundred Christian men well armed and battle-ready. And when they were come to him, he returned to the Saracen who was bound to the tree. Roland held his sword over him, saying that he would die if he did not clearly show him King Marfuryus. And if he would do so, he would not die. The Saracen was content and swore that he would gladly do it to save his life. And so he brought him with him to the place where they saw the pagans. And he showed Roland who was the king, riding on a red horse, and other certain tokens. At this point Roland recalled his strength, trusting very much in the might of God and in the name of Jesus. As a lion entered into the battle, among them he encountered a Saracen..whyche was greater than any of the other / and gave him so great a stroke with Durandal upon the head that he cleft him and his horse in two parts / that one part went on one side / and that other on the other side / therefore the Saracens were so troubled and abashed of Roland's might and power that they all fled before him / and then King Marfuryus, with a few followers, came to him without fear and put him to death / Incontyne\u0304t / And all the hundred Christian men who were with Roland in this account were slain, including Thierry / whych for fear fled into the wood / But after Roland had slain King Marfuryus / he was sore oppressed / and in such a way detained / that with four great spears he was wounded mortally and by other shots / and notwithstanding these grievous hurts and wounds, he managed to save himself / Bellegandus, brother of Marfuryus, doubting that help and aid would come to the Christian people..Returned into another country / with his people most hastily. Emperor Charles had then passed the mountain of Roncyuale and knew nothing of these things before said or what had been done. Roland the valiant, champion of the Christian faith, was much sorrowful for the Christian men because they had not strengthened themselves in his person. For he had lost much of his blood by his four mortal wounds. The least of them was sufficient for him to have died, and he had great pain to get himself out of the Saracens to have a little commemoration of God before his soul should depart from his body. So much did he urge himself that he came to the foot of a mountain near the gate of Cesarye. He brought himself near to a rock right by Roncyuale under a tree in a fair meadow. When he sat down on the ground, he beheld his sword, the best that ever was named Durandal, which is as much to say as giving a hard stroke. It was right fair and richly made. The handle was of ivory..of the fine beryl shining marvelously,\non high it had a fair\ncross of gold, in which was written the name of Ihesus. It was so good and fine that sooner\nshould the arm fall than the sword. He took it out of the sheath and saw it shine much brightly.\nBecause it should change his master, he had much sorrow in his heart, and weeping he said piteously:\n\"Sword of valor, the fairest that ever was,\nthou were never fair, never found I thee but good,\nthou art long by measure.\nThou hast always borne with thee the name of the blessed Ihesus, savior of the world,\nwho has endowed thee with the power of God.\nWho can comprehend thy value?\nAlas, who shall have me after I am gone?\nWhoever has thee shall never be vanquished,\nhe shall always have good fortune.\nAlas, what more shall I say for the good sword?\nMany Saracens have been destroyed by it,\nthyself and your makers have been slain by the\nname of God is exalted by it.\".the path is made by the is made the sword, O how many times have I avenged Thingod, O how many inns have I smite and cut a separate way by the middle, O my sword, why which has been my comfort and my joy, which never hurt person that might escape from death, O my sword, if any person of no value should have the, & I knew it, I should die for sorrow. After that Roland had wept enough, he feared that some pagan might find it after his death; therefore he concluded in himself to break it, and took it & struck it upon a rock three times without hurting anything the sword, and could in no way break the sword; when he saw the fashion and could do no more thereto, he took his horn, which was of very rich making, and swore & blew it mightily; to the end that if there were any Christian men hidden in the woods or in the way of their returning, they should come to him before they went any farther..Before he rendered his soul, then singing that none came to help him, he showed such great force and power, and impetuously, that the horn roof split in the middle, and the veins of his neck broke, and the sinews of his body were stretched. And no noise or voice came to the ears of Charles, who was eight miles away. The emperor, hearing the horn, knew well that Roland had blown it and would have returned again, but Ganelon the traitor, who knew the entire situation turned him around, saying, \"Roland had blown his horn for his pleasure. For often he would blow his horn for little reason, and he should not doubt anything.\" And thus he did to the king to make him understand that he believed him, and made no other sign in this sorrow, but he also healed his wounds as well as he could, and stretched himself on the grass to the freshness to forget his great thirst.\n\nHere upon Baldwin, his brother, came to him..was much grieved and sorrowful\nfor his brother Roland whych\nwas in such necessity. And\nimmediately Roland said to him,\nmy friend and my brother, I have such great thirst that I must needs die if I do not drink\nto quench my thirst.\n\nBaldwin had great pain\nin going here and there. And\ncould find no water. He came back to him and said he could find none. And in great anxiety, he left Roland's horse and rode to fetch Charles.\n\nFor he knew well that Roland\nwas near his death. Anyone after came to him continually Thierry duRolland,\nthat he might not speak but with great pain. Roland confessed him and disposed him of his possessions. Roland had received the body of our lord. For the custom was that the subjects of Charles, who should fight that day, were to be confessed and communed with the church, which were always with them. Roland knew his end by entering contemplation. His eyes lifted up to heaven and his hands were stretched out in the meadow..\"Fair lord, God my maker and redeemer, you know my intent, you know what I have done for the bounty that is in you, by your great mercy, which envelops me by the merit of your passion, holy and bitter. With a good and humble heart, I beseech you before this day, my faults, sins, and ignorance may be pardoned to me, and take no regard to the transgressions that I have done against you, but hold that I die for you, and in the faith that you have ordained, remember that you hang on the tree of the cross for the sinners, and so as you have redeemed me, I beseech you that I may not be lost. Alas, my maker, God, omnipotent, with good will I departed out of my country to defend your name and to maintain Christianity. You know that I have suffered many anguishes, of hunger, thirst, heat, cold, and many mortal wounds, and day and night.\".night to my God I yield me, culpable; I mistrust not thy mercy; thou art merciful; thou hast come for the sinners; thou pardonest Mary Magdalene and the good thief on the cross because they repented; I cry for mercy, and better if I could say it; thou didst hold back how Abraham was obedient to the commandment of his son Isaac; wherefore he feared much the better; hold me obedient to the commandments of the church; I believe in thee, I love thee above all others; I love my neighbor;\n\nO good lord, I beseech thee,\nto pardon and forgive all\nthose who this day have been\nin my company; and that they\nmay be saved. Also, my maker, I require thee\nto take heed of Job's patience for which he was much the better; that I may die here for thirst and be alone; I am mortally wounded and cannot help myself; and take in patience all the sorrow that I suffer; and am thereby content, when it pleases thee; as all this is true; pardon me; comfort my spirit; receive my soul..and bring me to rest, permutable /\nWhen Roland had prayed,\nhe placed his hands on his body, holding his flesh, and afterwards said, / Et in etymas tuas commendo spiritum meum /\nHe placed his hands on his eyes and said, / Et oculi isti conspecturi sunt /\nIn this flesh that I hold, I shall see my savior, / and these eyes shall behold him, / and afterwards he said that he saw celestial things /\nWhy which the eyes of mankind / could not see, / nor has the ego made them ready for those who love him, / and in saying, / In manus tuas do mittere animam meam /\nhe placed his arms on his body in the manner of a cross / and gave and rendered his soul to God / on the 15th of July.\n\nThe day that Roland the martyr rendered his soul to God, / I, Tand, said mass for the souls who had passed from this world. / And as I was in the secrecy of the mass, I heard the angelic voices of heaven sing and make great melody, / and I did not know what it might be / nor why they did so. / And as I saw the angels mount into heaven..I saw coming a great legion of knights all black against me. They made great noise and showed fear when they were before me. I asked them and their leader who they were and what they bore. One of the demons answered and said, \"We bring King Marfussy to hell. For a long time he has deserved it. Roland your trumpet, Michelangelo and many others are with him.\" I recounted to Charles the vision I had seen: how angels of heaven bore the soul of Ro to paradise, and demons bore the soul of a certain Sarasin to hell. I said these words to Baldwin, who rode on Roland's horse, and he told Charles how Christian men were slain and betrayed, and how Roland was hurt and in what state he had left him. As soon as he had told this, a cry was made through the host that every man should return, and there was great confusion for him to go there. When he came, he found Roland..\"experienced his hands in cross upon his face, all disfigured,\nAnd anon Charles flew down upon him and began to weep most tenderly, striking him on his face, rending his clothes and tormenting his body. When he was returned to himself by the ardor of devotion and exercise of sorrow, he said in this way: O comfort of my body, honor of French men, sword of Justice, spear that could not bend, helmet of health, resembling Ilesing, true in all judgment, prince of battle, conductor of the friends of God, augmenter of the Christian faith, and beloved of every person. Alas, why have I brought you to a strange country? Why am I not dead yet? O Roland, why do you leave me so heavy and so rough? Alas, captive that I am, what shall I do? Alas, sorrowful, why should I go? I pray to the almighty God that he may preserve you. I require angels of heaven that they be in your company. I require the martyrs of whom\".thou art of the name / that they would receive thee into the joy everlasting / I shall always remember\nthe weeping / I shall always feel\nthy departing / as David did of Nathan and Absalom / Alas Roland\nthou goest into life and eternal joy / and leave me in this world sorrowful / Thou art in heaven\nin consolation / & I am in weeping\nsorrowed his new Roland\nAnd he made his tents to be set up there for to lodge there / all that night / and did make great fires and great lights\nto watch the body of Roland / and after he did anoint\nhis body with myrrh and balm and other aromatics\nto preserve the body from evil smell / and his obsequies were made / & his entombment\nwith great prayers, offerings & alms / in great contemplation\n\nIn the morning, his body was stretched out in the form of a cross, which was fastened to four stakes with four cords / and from the neck to the nails or fingers of his feet and hands he was slain / he was all hewn and shot / with spears..sharps darts/quarrels and arrows/and fought with staves,\nhe was all troubled and wounded,\nwherefore the cry of many Christians began to renew for the hideous death of Oliver and of many others,\ntherefore Charles swore by God Almighty that he would never cease till he had found the Saracens,\nand forthwith he went with his host and nobles,\nand because the Paynims were far from them,\nGod showed a fair miracle,\nfor that same day was prolonged three days long,\nwithout the sun rising again,\nand they found the Saracens by a river named Ebro in Ceasare,\nwhich rested them and ate and drank at their ease,\nwithout any doubt,\nand Charles and his people came upon them so impetuously that in a little while there were slain four Saracens,\nand the others fled and saved themselves,\nThen the emperor seeing that he might begin questioning,\nwho had done it and what man,\nwas informed that Ganellon had done it,\nand that was the common opinion of the people..them all / Among other accused and apprehended was Thierry. He was charged with treason and declared his intention to fight in the quarrel. For Thierry knew that Charles had appointed a knight named Pynacle to fight against him. And when these two champions were in the lists, Pynacle was slain by Thierry, and it was clear by this means that Ganellon had betrayed them. Therefore, Emperor Charles, without going any further, had four great horses brought and seated four strong men on them. He bound Ganellon to two horses by his hands and feet, and had him drawn with one horse toward the east and the other toward the west, one against the south, and one against the north. In this manner each horse dragged forth its quarter of Ganellon's body to which it was bound.\n\nWhen the execution of Ganellon was completed, Charles and his people came to the place..The French men had been slain. They began to know their parents, friends, and lords for bringing them to hallowed places. Some carried some on horses, others salted them with salt to preserve them, and some bore them on their shoulders. Some anointed them with oil and myrrh, and some with balm, the best way they could. Nevertheless, there were two cytoires or churchyard men who were particularly devout and holy among the others. These two were sacred and blessed by seven bishops. One of the cytoires was in Orl\u00e9ans, and the other in Bourdeaux. Saint Maximian of Aix, Saint Trophimus of Arles, Pole of Nerbonne, Saint Saturnin of Toulouse, Saint Fontain of Poitiers, Saint Marcel of Limoges, and Saint Eutrope of Sens had sacred and hallowed them. In these places were buried the most part of the French men who had been slain and destroyed in tournaments. Emperor Theodorus did bring Roland the glorious martyr on two mules covered with clothes..Sylvester honorably conveyed his body to Blaye and in the church of St. Roman, which he had endowed and founded with canonesses regulated, he richly buried himself. Over his sepulcher, he had his sword set high and at his feet, his horn of ivory. Notwithstanding, after the horn was taken away and brought to St. Severin at Bordeaux. At Bordeaux, Oliver, king of Frisia, Oger, king of Denmark and Norway, and Breton king of Britain, Gaucher, duke of Lorraine, and many others were buried, including Eafar, king of Bourdeaux, Euglerius, king of Guyana, Lambert, king of Bourges, and Galeran, Reynaud with VM others. Charles gave 12 C unfces of silver of that time current, as much of talents of gold, and many robes, and food to pour on the people for salvation of their souls. And all the land seven miles around he gave to the church of St. Roman and made it subject to that religion. Blaye with its appendages and the sea against the said territory..He gave apparently to the said church for charity and love of Roland; and ordered it so for ever. On the day of their passion, he ordered that in the same place perpetually, thirty poor men should be fed and clothed competently, and thirty messes sung for those who were buried and entered there, and for all those who died in Spain for the Christian faith. In Arles were buried the count of Langres, Samson duke of Burgundy, Naimes duke of Bauyere, Arnold de Belandus, and Allert bourgoynon, and other five knights with ten thousand other common people. Constantine, provost of Rome, was born to Rome with many other Romans, and for the remedy of their souls, the emperor gave in Arles for alms twelve hundred ounces of silver and twelve talents of gold, which was worth a great sum of gold and silver current in that time.\n\nAfter the things aforementioned, Emperor Charles and Turpin with the others passed by Vienne and much weakened, had they not had rest..faith in Spain / and Charles went to Paris, and immediately after, he assembled all the nobles and the greatest lords of his country to establish certain ordinances and to give thanks to God and St. Denis for the victory he had obtained in his time against the Saracens and heretics. And after he had thanked God and St. Denis, and fasted by Paris like St. Paul the apostle and St. Clement the pope had done in times past, he made a constitution: that all the kings of France present and to come should obey the pastor who would be for that time of that church; and that no king should be crowned without the pastor's consent and commandment. He gave many riches to the church and, in token that France was given to that church, every possessor in all the nation of France should give and be bound to give to the church of St. Denis for its education and augmentation, four pennies..of money current yearly and perpetually, and all who should give it with a good will, if they were of bond and served condition, would they should be free and franke. And after these things were ordered, he went before the body of St. Denis most devoutly, and there he prayed the glorious saint that he would pray to our Lord Jesus Christ that all they who were dead of the Christian faith in the time that he had reigned might be saved, and that the pain that they had taken might be to them the crown of martyrdom in the glory perceivable, and in a similar way he prayed for all those who would willingly pay the pens aforementioned to his church. As God night following appeared to him and said to him in this manner: O king, understand me; know thou that I have prayed to God my maker, and he has granted that all those who have been against the Saracens with us have pardon for their offenses, and that willingly paying the penances for the edification of my church..Church and augmenting the service of God, they shall have amendment of life and pardon of their sins. This vision on the morrow the emperor recounted to his people like as he had heard, because they should with good will pay and quit all service by the commandment of the king. Afterward came the custom that, that land which was called Gaul, lost its name, and was called France as it is named at this day. France is as much to say as free of all service before all people. And therefore, the lords of France, among all Christian men, are honored and praised for this reason.\n\nKing Charles continued gloriously his life in virtuous operations. And when he felt the decline of his life, he went to Aix where he had before done much good. There he founded a church of Our Lady the Round, which he caused to be made, and gave to it great treasure of relics of bodies of saints, of gold and silver, of clothes of silk and other precious things marvelous, and there he died in the year of his..age 77, for the magnification of his works, he was called Charles the Great, and he had three sons living: the first was named Charles, the second Pepin, and the third named Rodolphe. There was also a woman named Berga and a third Gisla. When he knew that he could no longer live, he bequeathed to his son Louis, whom he had designated as his special love, the magnificent Imperial title. To know the holiness and the glorious end of Charles, and how he was saved in heaven and renowned as a holy man, The devout Turpin, archbishop of Reims, says thus: I, Turpin, archbishop of Reims, was in a vision when I sang the psalm, \"Deus in adjutorium meum intende.\" I saw a company of black people resembling Ethiopians, innumerable in number, who went towards Lorraine. I saw one before his companions, and I asked him why they all went there. The one being compelled to answer said, \"We all go to Aix to the death of Charles, who lies dying.\".\"We see if we may have his soul to speak to him. I adjure you by the virtue of the name of our Lord Jesus Christ that without fail, and then I said to him that I had spoken to before, what have you done there as you have been? The same devil answered, James of Galice, a friend of Charles, has been very contrary to us. For when we were ready to receive his soul and had equally weighed his good deeds and his evil, he brought so many stones and timber of churches which he had made in his name, that his good deeds outweighed his evil deeds greatly. Therefore, we could have nothing and no part, and this said, the devil banished it away, and so he lost his vision. Thus, in the month of February, Charles rendered his soul to God holyly. Before his death, and in his end, he ordered many alms and masses to be said, and the vision that the glorious archbishop Turpin saw is a sign that he who maintains and defends churches in this present time.\".world that he makes preparation in heaven His sepulture was much honorable among all the sepulchers of the world, noble and richly excelling, and so fair that it might not be amended. And over his tomb was made an arch of gold and silver, and precious stones, composed by great skill. There came Leo the pope accompanied by princes, Romans, archbishops, bishops, abbots, dukes, earls, and many other lords, and they made a fair representation of Charles' body, clad richly and imperially, with a fair crown of gold set on his head, and sat upon a chair of gold, very fair and shining, and resembled well a notable judge living. And they set upon his knees notably the text of the four gospels in fair letters of gold, and with his right hand he held the letter, and in his left hand he held the imperial scepter, very rich. Since the head should not incline to either side, it was underset with a chain of gold and sustained..The crown from his head was carried to the arch, which was well made above. The conduct of the sepulcher was replenished with all good odors aromatics and precious ones. After it was closed and shut up very subtly and honorably kept, as it was worthy to be done.\n\nThis work was accomplished for the pleasure of God before Wyclif. It contains three books, as it openly appears to the readers. I have made three copies of them. Of which the first book speaks of the beginning of France and of the first Christian king of France, who was named Clovis, by the means of his wife Clotild in descent to King Pepin, father of them all, in the succession of the Kingdom of France. In the honor of whom this book is composed, for the most part. Clovis, the lineage of King Clovis, took an end in the succession of the Kingdom of France. And the said first book says more about how Charles was nourished, of his corpulence, etc..of his story / of his strength / of his science & other works of magnificence\n\nThe second book speaks of the battlle that Oliver fought against Firabras the marvelous knight, son of Ballant, the powerful king of Spain. The first part of the second book is attributed to noble Oliver, and is in his honor.\n\nAfter you shall find how the French were detained in Aygremore and put in custody. & afterwards saved finally by Floripes, the courtesan's daughter of the said Ballant. And the holy relics recovered and other matters of great marvels.\n\nThe book then speaks of how, by the revelation of St. James, Charles conquered Spain & Galice where he performed virtuous operations & made constitutions of salvation with many battles done by him and his subjects. And finally of the treason of Gannlon by which the death of Roland was pitiful, the death of Oliver sorrowful, and of the other Christian knights slain and dead. And finally the death of Charles the emperor..\"Before this is said and written, only one person will hear or read of this matter. The table at the beginning will show it to him lightly if it is his pleasure to hear or read this work in this book. As I have said at the beginning of this present work, the scripts and feats, some of which have been reduced in writing for memory, are meant as examples for those who have done well to be an encouragement in their following, and for those who have done evil to cause them to reverse their lives and come to the door of health. Common understanding retains parables and examples more readily for local imagination than simple authority, which is retained by understanding. And likewise, speaking of our Lord Jesus Christ and his miracles and virtuous subjects, every man ought gladly to hear and retain them. At the request of the aforementioned venerable man, Master Henry Bolonnier, canon of Lausanne, I have written this.\".I have been instructed to translate and reduce in prose into French the first and third book. I have taken and drawn out of a book named Mirror of History for the most part, and the second book I have only reduced it from an old romance in French. And without further information, I have substantially reduced it into prose by chapters and parts of the said book, according to the matter contained in the same. And if in all this book I have misrepresented or spoken otherwise than substantially in good language, understandable to all makers and clerks, I demand correction and amendment of the defaults pardoned. For if the pen has written evil, the heart never intended it, but intended to speak well, and my wit and understanding also. And because I, William Caxton, was desired and required by a good and singular friend of mine, Master William Daubeney, one of the treasurers of the Jewels of the noble and most Christian king, our natural and lawful lord..The lord late of noble memory, King Edward ordered this history into our English tongue. I have put myself in your service to translate this said book as you have seen before. I pray all who shall read, see, or hear it to pardon me for this simple and rude translation. They who find fault, I pray, will correct it, and in doing so they shall deserve thanks. I shall pray God for them who bring us, after this short and transitory life, to everlasting bliss. Amen.\n\nThis work was completed in the reducing of it into English on the sixteenth day of June in the second year of King Richard the Third, and in the year of our Lord 1485. And it was first printed on the first day of December the same year of our Lord and the first year of King Henry VII.\n\n\u00b6Explicit\nWilliam Caxton.", "creation_year": 1485, "creation_year_earliest": 1485, "creation_year_latest": 1485, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "After accomplishing and finishing various histories, both of contemplation and historical and worldly acts of great conquerors & princes, and also certain books of examples and doctrine, many noble and diverse gentlemen of this realm of England came and demanded me many and frequently why I had not yet made and printed the noble history of the saintly great king, first and chief of the three best Christian and worthy kings: King Arthur. This is worthy of remembrance among us Englishmen before all other Christian kings, for it is not commonly known throughout the world that there were nine worthy and the best that ever were: three pagans, three Jews, and three Christians. As for the pagans, they were before the Incarnation of Christ, and were named: the first, Hector of Troy, of whom the story is come down both in ballad and in prose; the second, Alexander the Great; and the third, Julius Caesar, Emperor of Rome..Whom stories are well known and had. And of the three Jews, who were before the incarnation of our Lord, the first was Duke Josue, who brought the children of Israel into the land of Canaan. The second was King David of Jerusalem. The third was Judas Maccabeus. The Bible recounts all their noble histories and acts. And since the said Incarnation have been three noble Christian men admitted throughout the world into the number of the nine best and worthy. The first was the noble Arthur, whose noble acts I propose to write in this present book following. The second was Charlemagne or Charles the Great. The story is held in many places, both in French and English. And the third and last was Godfrey of Bouillon. Of whose acts and life I made a book for the excellent prince and king of noble memory, King Edward the Fourth. The said noble gentlemen instantly required me to write the story of the said noble king and conqueror, King Arthur..of his knyghtes wyth thystorye of the saynt greal / and of the deth and endyng of the sayd Arthur / Affermyng that I ou\u0292 rather tenprynte his actes and noble feates / than of godefroye of boloyne / or\nony of the other eyght / consyderyng that he was a man borne wythin this royame and kyng and Emperour of the same / And that there ben in frensshe dyuers and many noble volu\u2223mes of his actes / and also of his knyghtes / To whome I answerd / that dyuers men holde oppynyon / that there was no suche Arthur / and that alle suche bookes as been maad of hym / ben but fayned and fables / by cause that somme crony\u2223cles make of hym no mencyon ne remembre hym noo thynge ne of his knyghtes / wherto they answerd / and one in specyal sayd / that in hym that shold say or thynke / that there was ne\u00a6uer suche a kyng callyd Arthur / myght wel be aretted grete folye and blyndenesse / For he sayd that there were many euy\u00a6dences of the contrarye / Fyrst ye may see his sepulture in the monasterye of Glastyngburye / And also in.In the V and VII books of the Syxtus chronicle, and in the twenty-fourth chapter of the seventh book, you will find information about his burial and translation into the said monastery. You will also see references to him in the story of Bochas in his book \"de casu principum,\" as well as accounts of his noble acts and fall. Galfridus also recounts his life in his Brut, and there are many remembrances of him and his knights throughout England.\n\nFirst, at Westminster Abbey, near St. Edward's shrine, remains the impression of his seal in red wax, sealed with the inscription \"Patricius Arthurus, Britannia, Gallia, Germania, Dacia, Imperator.\" Additionally, at Douver Castle, you can see Gawain's shield and Cradock's mantle. At Winchester, the Round Table remains, along with Lancelot's sword and numerous other items. Considering all these things, it is reasonable to conclude that there was once a king of this land named Arthur..He is reputed and taken to be one of the nine worthy men and the first of the Christian men. He is more spoken of in books beyond the sea than there are in England, as well in Duke Italy, Spain, Greece, and France. Records of him remain in Wales in the town of Camelot, where the great stones and marvelous works of iron lying under the ground and royal vaults are. Many living now have seen this, which is a marvel why he is not renowned in his own country, except that it agrees with the word of God, which says that no man is acceptable as a prophet in his own country. Then all these things said I could not deny, but that there was such a noble king named Arthur, reputed one of the nine worthy and the first and chief of the Christian men. Many noble volumes have been made of him and his noble knights in France, which I have seen and read beyond the sea, but not in our maternal tongue..Walsh\u00e9 was written in many forms, some in French and some in English, but not all in one place. Therefore, those who have recently been drawn into English have been summarized in simple English, under the favor and correction of all noble lords and gentlemen encouraged to print a book of the noble history of the said King Arthur and of certain of his knights. This copy was delivered to me, which Sir Thomas Malory took from certain French books and translated into English. According to my copy, I have set it in print, intending that noblemen may see and learn the noble deeds of chivalry, the gentle and virtuous actions that some knights performed in those days, by which they gained honor, and how the vicious were punished and often put to shame and rebuke. I humbly request all noble lords and ladies, and all other estates of what estate or degree they may be, who shall see and read in this said book and work, that they..Take the good and honest actions in remembrance, and follow the same, where you shall find many joyous and pleasant history stories, and noble and renowned acts of humanity, gentleness, and chivalry. Herein may be seen noble chivalry, courtesy, humanity, friendship, hardiness, love, friendship, cowardice, murder, hate, virtue, and sin. Do after the good and leave the evil, and it shall bring you to good fame and renown. And for passing the time, this book shall be pleasant to read. But for giving faith and believing that all is true that is contained herein, you are at your liberty. But beware that we fall not into vice or sin, but exercise and follow virtue, by which we may come and attain to good fame and renown in this life, and after this short and transitory life, to come unto everlasting bliss in heaven. The which he grants us who reigns in heaven, the blessed Trinity. Amen.\n\nThen to proceed further in this said matter..This text appears to be an old English manuscript describing a book about King Arthur and his noble deeds. I will clean the text by removing unnecessary formatting and modernizations while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nbook / why I direct to all noble princes, lords and ladies, gentlemen or gentlewomen who desire to read or hear read of the noble and joyous history of the great conqueror and excellent king: King Arthur, once king of this noble realm, called Britannia, which I have entitled \"The Book of Knightly Deeds\"; it treats of the noble acts, feats of arms, prowess, hardiness, humanity, love, courtesy, and true gentleness, with many wonderful histories and adventures. To give a brief understanding of the content of this volume, I have divided it into twenty-one books, and each book is chaptered as follows:\n\nThe first book shall treat of Uther-dragon's acquisition of the noble conqueror King Arthur and shall contain twenty-eight chapters.\nThe second book deals with Balin, the noble knight, and contains nineteen chapters.\nThe third book deals with King Arthur's marriage to Queen Guinevere with other matters and contains fifteen chapters.\nThe fourth book...\n\nCleaned Text:\n\nThis text describes a book about King Arthur and his noble deeds, titled \"The Book of Knightly Deeds.\" It contains twenty-one books, each with chapters as follows:\n\nBook 1: Uther-dragon's acquisition of King Arthur (28 chapters)\nBook 2: Balin, the noble knight (19 chapters)\nBook 3: King Arthur's marriage to Queen Guinevere and other matters (15 chapters)\nBook 4: (Not mentioned)\n\nI have preserved the original text as much as possible while removing unnecessary formatting and modernizations..The book contains 13 parts. Five: The assignment of Merlin and the beginning of King Arthur's reign, with 29 chapters. Five: The conquest of Lucius the emperor, with 12 chapters. Six: The adventures of Sir Launcelot and Sir Lyonel, with 18 chapters. Seven: The story of Sir Gareth, also known as Sir Kay of the Netting-spindle, and 57 chapters. Eight: The birth of Sir Tristram the noble knight and his deeds, with 104 chapters. Nine: The story of a knight named Sir Kay the False-tongued, as well as Sir Tristram, with 48 chapters. Ten: The adventures of Sir Tristram and others, with 136 chapters. Eleven: The adventures of Sir Launcelot and Sir Galahad, with 16 chapters. Twelve: The madness of Sir Launcelot, with 16 chapters. Thirteen: The arrival of Galahad..The text consists of titles of chapters from various books in King Arthur's Court. I'll clean it up by removing the redundant \"The\" before each title and standardizing the spelling of \"chapter\" to \"chapter(s)\".\n\nKing Arthur's Court and the Quest for the Sangreal: I. The Quest for the Sangreal (20 chapters)\nII. Sir Launcelot (5 chapters)\nIII. Sir Bors and Sir Lyonel (15 chapters)\nIV. The Sangreal (22 chapters)\nV. Sir Launcelot and the Queen (25 chapters)\nVI. Queen Guenevere and Launcelot (13 chapters)\nVII. The Pitous Death of Arthur (22 chapters)\nVIII. His Last Departing and Sir Launcelot's Revenge (18 chapters)\n\nTotal: 21 books containing approximately 200 chapters..Chapter 1: How Vtherpendragon waged war on the Duke of Cornwall and how, by Merlin's means, he lay with the Duchess and begot Arthur. Chapter 2: Of King Arthur's birth and upbringing, and the death of King Vtherpendragon, as well as how Arthur was chosen as king and wonders and marvels concerning the sword taken from a stone. Chapter 3: How King Arthur drew the sword various times. Chapter 4: How King Arthur was crowned and how he appointed officers. Chapter 5: How King Arthur held a great feast in Wales at Pentecost and which kings and lords attended. Chapter 6: Of the first war that King Arthur waged and how he won the field. Chapter 7: Merlin advised King Arthur to summon Kings Ban and Bors, and the counsel they gave for the war. Chapter 8: A great tournament by King Arthur, Ban, and Bors, and how they crossed the sea. Chapter 9: How eleven kings raised a great host against King Arthur. Chapter 10: A dream of the king with the hundred knights. Chapter 11: The eleven kings..Chapter 24: The same battle, continued (Chapter 14)\nYet more of this battle and how it was ended by Merlin (Chapter 15)\nHow King Arthur captured King Leodegrance and other incidents (Chapter 18)\nHow King Arthur rode to Carlion and of his dream / and how he saw the questing beast (Chapter 19)\nHow King Pellinore took Arthur's horse and followed the questing beast. How Merlin met with Arthur (Chapter 20)\nHow Ulfin revealed Queen Igrayne, Arthur's mother, as a traitor / and how a knight came and asked for the death of his master to be avenged (Chapter 21)\nHow Gawain was made a knight and was invested with a knight\nHow twelve knights came from Rome and asked for truce for this land from Arthur / and how Arthur fought with a Knight\nHow Merlin saved Arthur's life and threw an enchantment upon King Pellinore, making him sleep\nHow Arthur, through Merlin, obtained Excalibur, his sword from the lady of the lake (Chapter 25)\nHow news came..Chapter XXVII:\nHow all the children were sent forth who were born on May Day. And how Mordred was saved\n\nChapter XXVIII:\nOf a damsel who came girded with a sword to find a man of such virtue to draw it out of the scabbard.\n\nChapter I:\nHow Balin armed himself like a poor Knight, drew the sword which later caused his death.\n\nChapter II:\nHow the lady of the lake demanded the Knight's head who had won the sword, or the maiden's head.\n\nChapter III:\nHow Merlin told the story of this damsel.\n\nChapter IV:\nHow Balin was pursued by Sir Launceor, Knight of Ireland, and how he fought and slew him.\n\nChapter V:\nHow a damsel who loved Launceor killed herself for love, and how Balin met with his brother Balan.\n\nChapter VI:\nHow a dwarf reproved Balin for the death of Launceor, and how King Mark of Cornwall found them and made a tomb over them.\n\nChapter VII:\nHow Merlin prophesied that two of the best Knights of the world should meet..Chapter VII: The fight between Sir Launcelot and Sir Trystram\n\nChapter IX: Balin and his brother, by Merlin's counsel, take King Ryon and bring him to King Arthur\n\nChapter X: King Arthur's battle against Nero and King Lot of Orkney. How King Lot was deceived by Merlin, and how 12 kings were slain\n\nChapter X: The entertainment of 12 kings & Merlin's prophecy. How Balin should give the dolorous stroke\n\nChapter XI: A sorrowful knight comes before Arthur. How Balin fetches him and how that knight is slain by an invisible knight\n\nChapter XII: How Balin and the damsel meet with a knight who was in the same way slain. & how the damsel bled for the custom of a castle\n\nChapter XIII: Balin meets with a knight named Garbon at a feast. There he slays him to have his blood to heal his host's son\n\nChapter XIV: How Balin fights with King Pelham. & how his sword breaks. And how he gets a spear with which he strikes the dolorous stroke\n\nChapter XV: How Balin is delivered by Merlin. And saved..Chapter XV: A knight who wished to kill himself for love, this chapter:\n\nHow the knight killed his love and a lying knight by her side, and afterward killed himself with his own sword. How Balin rode to a castle where he lost his life.\n\nChapter XV: How Balin met with his brother Balan, and how each wounded the other unknown to them until they were both mortally wounded.\n\nChapter XVI: How Merlin buried them both in one tomb, and of Balin's sword.\n\nChapter XVII: King Arthur took a wife and married Guenevere, daughter of Leodegrance, king of the land of Camelot, with whom he had the Round Table. Chapter I:\n\nHow the knights of the Round Table were organized, and their seats blessed by the bishop of Canterbury.\n\nChapter II: A poor man riding on a lean mare desired King Arthur to make his son a knight.\n\nChapter III: How Sir Tor was recognized as the son of King Pellinore, and how Gawain was made a knight.\n\nChapter IV: At the feast of King Arthur's wedding to Guenevere, a white hart came into the hall and thirty couple of hounds..a knight pinched the heart that was taken away\n\nChapter V: How Sir Gawain rode to retrieve the heart and how two brothers fought each other for it\n\nChapter VI: How the heart was chased into a castle and there slain, and how Gawain slew a lady\n\nChapter VII: How four knights fought against Sir Gawain and Gareth and how they were overcome, and their lives were saved at the request of four ladies\n\nChapter VIII: How Sir Tor rode after the knight with the hound and of his adventure on the way\n\nChapter IX: How Sir Tor found the hound with a lady and how a knight assailed him for the said hound\n\nChapter X: How Sir Tor overcame the knight and how he lost his head at the request of a lady\n\nChapter X1: How King Pellinore rode after the lady and the knight who had taken her away, and how a lady asked for his help and how he fought with two knights for the lady, whom he slew at the first stroke\n\nChapter XI: How King Pellinore obtained the lady and brought her to Camelot to the court of King Arthur..Chapter XIV\nHow on the way he heard of two knights as he lay by night in a valley, and of other adventures\nChapter XVII\nHow when he came to Camelot, he was sworn upon a book to tell the truth of his quest\nChapter XV\nHow Merlin was enchanted and devoted to one of the ladies of the lake, and how he was shut in a rock under a stone and there died\nChapter I\nHow five kings came into this land to war against King Arthur, and what counsel Arthur had against them\nChapter II\nHow King Arthur had dealings with them and overthrew them, slaying the five kings and making the remainder flee\nChapter III\nHow the battle was ended or finished, and how the king founded an abbey where the battle was fought\nChapter IV\nHow Sir Tor was made knight of the Round Table, and how Bagdemagus was displeased\nChapter V\nHow King Arthur, King Pellinore, and Sir Achelon of Gaul chased an hart, and of their marvelous adventure\nChapter VI\nHow Arthur took it upon himself to fight to be delivered out of prison, and also to deliver twenty knights that were there..Chapter Vij:\nHow Accolon found himself by a well and took upon himself to do battle against King Arthur (Viii)\nChapter Vi:\nOf the battle between King Arthur and Accolon\nIX:\nHow King Arthur's sword, which he fought with, was called Brake, and how he recovered his own sword Excalibur and overcame his enemy, Accolon\nX:\nHow Accolon confessed the treason of Morgan le Fay, King Arthur's sister, and how she intended to do him harm\nXI:\nHow Arthur reconciled the two brothers and delivered the twenty knights; and how Sir Accolon died\nXII:\nHow Morgan le Fay intended to slay Sir Gawain, her husband, and how Sir Ewan, her son, saved him\nXIII:\nHow Queen Morgan le Fay made great sorrow for the death of Accolon and stole away the scabbard from Arthur\nXIV:\nHow Morgan le Fay saved a knight who was to be drowned, and how King Arthur returned home again\nXV:\nHow the damsel of the lake saved King Arthur from a mantle that would have burned him\nXVI:\nHow Sir Gawain and Sir Ewan met with twelve fair damsels..Sir Marhaus's disputes with Sir Gawain and Sir Ewen and their overthrow, chapter 17-19\n\nSir Marhaus judged against Sir Gawain and Sir Ewen in a council, chapters 18 and 19.\n\nSir Marhaus, Sir Gawain, and Sir Ewen met the damsels and each took one, chapters 20 and 21.\n\nA knight and a dwarf contended for a lady, chapter 22.\n\nKing Pelleas allowed himself to be taken prisoner by the duke to see his lady. Sir Gawain promised him to win her love for him, chapter 23.\n\nSir Gawain came to Lady Etard and lay with her, and Sir Pelleas found them sleeping, chapter 24.\n\nSir Pelleas no longer loved Etard due to the damsel of the lake whom he had loved before, chapter 25.\n\nSir Marhaus rode with the damsel and came to the duke of the southern march, chapter 26.\n\nSir Marhaus fought with the duke and his six sons and made them surrender, chapter 27.\n\nSir Ewen rode with the damsel who was 60 years old and won the prize through trickery, chapter 28.\n\nSir Ewen\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end.).With two knights I met, xxvi.\nChapter XXIX.\nAt the end of the years, all three knights with their damosels met at the fontaine's chapel, xxix.\nChapter I.\nAged ambassadors,\nFirst,\nHow the kings and lords promised King Arthur aid and help against the Romans, chapter I.\nHow King Arthur held a parliament at York and ordered how the realm should be governed in his absence, iii.\nHow King Arthur, lying in his cabin, had a marvelous dream / and of its exposure, chapter IV.\nHow a man from the country told him of a marvelous giant / and how he fought and conquered him, V.\nHow King Arthur sent Sir Gawain and others to Lucius / and how they were assaulted and escaped with honor, V.\nHow Lucius sent certain spies in a bushment to take his knights prisoner / and how they were released, vi.\nHow a senator told Lucius of their discomfiture / and also of the great battle between Arthur and Lucius, vii.\nHow Arthur, after he had achieved the conquest,.Chapter ix: A battle against the Romans, entered into Germany and Italy.\nChapter x: A battle fought by Gawain against a Saracen, who later converted and became Christian.\nChapter xi: The Saracens came out of a wood to recover their beasts and waged a great battle.\nChapter xii: Gawain returned to King Arthur with prisoners, and Arthur won a city and was crowned emperor.\nChapter xiii: Sir Launcelot and Sir Lyonel departed from the court to seek adventures. Sir Lyonel left Sir Launcelot sleeping and was taken.\nChapter xiv: Sir Ector followed to seek Sir Launcelot, and was taken by Sir Turquine.\nChapter xv: The four queens found Launcelot sleeping, and by enchantment he was taken and led into a castle.\nChapter xvi: Launcelot was delivered by the means of a damsel.\nChapter xvii: A knight found Sir Launcelot lying in his lover's bed, and Sir Launcelot fought with the knight.\nChapter xviii: Sir Launcelot was received by Queen Guinevere's daughter, and he made a vow..His complaint to her father, Capitulo:\n\nii. How Sir Launcelot behaved himself in a tournament and met Sir Turquyn, leading Sir Gareth, Capitulo VII.\n\nii. How Sir Launcelot and Sir Turquyn fought for the gyres.\n\nviii. How Sir Launcelot rode with the damsel and slew a knight who distressed all ladies and also a villain who kept a bridge.\n\nx. How Sir Launcelot slew two giants and made a castle free.\n\nxii. How Sir Launcelot rode disguised in Sir Kay's armor and smote down a knight, Capitulo XIV.\n\nxii. How Sir Launcelot jousted against four knights of the Round Table and overthrew them, Capitulo XV.\n\nxiii. How Sir Launcelot followed a hound into a castle where he found a dead knight and, afterward, was required by a damsel to help her brother.\n\nxiv. How Sir Launcelot came into the chapel perilously and took therefrom a piece of the dead body and a sword, Capitulo XV.\n\nxv. How Sir Launcelot, at the request of a lady, recovered a falcon deceived, Capitulo XVI.\n\nxvi. How Sir Launcelot overtook a knight who chased his wife..Chapter xvii: How Sir Launcelot came to King Arthur's court and how all his noble deeds and acts were recounted.\n\nChapter xviii: How Beaumains came to King Arthur's court and demanded three favors from King Arthur.\n\nI. How Sir Launcelot and Sir Gawain were angered by Beaumains because of a damsel who desired a knight to fight for her.\n\nII. How Beaumains desired the battle and how it was granted to him, and how he desired to be made a knight by Sir Launcelot.\n\nIII. How Beaumains departed and how he took a spear and shield from Sir Kay, and how he fought with Sir Launcelot.\n\nIV. How Beaumains told Sir Launcelot his name and how he was dubbed a knight by Sir Launcelot, and afterwards overcame the damsel.\n\nV. How Beaumains fought and slew two knights at a passage.\n\nVI. How Beaumains fought with the knight of the black land and fought with him till he fell down and died.\n\nVII. (How the brother of the knight that was).slayn met with Beaumains & fought against him until he was yielded, vii\nThe damsel ever rebuked Beaumains & would not suffer him to sit at her table, but called him kitchen boy, ix\nThe three brothers called the Red Knight Iustes and fought against Beaumains, and Beaumains overcame him, x\nSir Beaumains suffered great rebukes from the damsel and endured it patiently, xi\nSir Beaumains fought with Sir Persaunt of India and made him yield, xii\nThe godly conversation between Sir Persaunt and Beaumains, and how he told him that his name was Sir Gareth, xiii\nThe lady besieged had word from her sister how she had brought a knight to fight for her and what battles he had achieved, Capitulo, xiv\nHow the damsel and Beaumains came to the siege & came to an agreement, xv\nHow the two knights met and of their conversation and how they began their battle, Capitulo, xvj\nHow after long fighting Beaumains overcame the knight and would have slain him but atte..request of the Saxon asked for his life and made him yield to Lady Capulet.\n\nChapter 18:\nHow Sir Gareth yielded to him and how Beaumains made him go to King Arthur's court and to the castle.\n\nChapter 19:\nHow Beaumains came to Lady and when he came to the castle, the gates were closed against him. And of the words that the lady spoke to him.\n\nChapter 20:\nHow Sir Beaumains rode after to rescue his dwarf and came to the castle where he was.\n\nChapter 21:\nHow Sir Gareth, also called Beaumains, came before his lady's presence and how they took acquaintance and of their love.\n\nChapter 22:\nHow an armed knight came at night and fought with Sir Gareth, and he was sorely hurt in the thigh by the blows of the knights' heads.\n\nChapter 23:\nHow the same knight came again the next night and was beheaded again, and how at the end of Pentecost all the knights that Sir Gareth had overcome came and yielded to King Arthur.\n\nChapter 24:\nHow King Arthur pardoned them and demanded of them where Sir Gareth was.\n\nChapter 25:\nHow the Queen of Orkney came to this feast of Pentecost and Sir Gawain..His brothers came to ask for his blessing.\n\nChapter XXV, XXVI:\nHow King Arthur summoned Lady Lionesa, and how she proclaimed a tournament at her castle, where many knights assembled.\n\nChapter XXVII:\nHow King Arthur went to the tournament with his knights, and how Lady Lionesa received him with honor, and how the knights encountered Lionesa's champion.\n\nChapter XXVIII:\nHow the knights engaged in battle with the champion.\n\nChapter XXIX:\nMoreover, concerning the tournament.\n\nChapter XXX:\nHow Sir Gareth was spotted by the heralds and how he escaped from the field.\n\nChapter XXXI:\nHow Sir Gareth came to a castle where he was warmly welcomed and lodged. He lodged with a knight and slew him.\n\nChapter XXXII:\nHow Sir Gareth fought against a knight who held within his castle thirty ladies and how he slew him.\n\nChapter XXXIII:\nHow Sir Gawayne and Sir Gareth fought each other, and how they recognized each other through the damsel Lynet.\n\nChapter XXXIV:\nHow Sir Gareth learned that they loved each other by King Arthur, and of their appointment for marriage.\n\nChapter XXXV:\nOf the great royal court and the offices appointed there..The festival of Sir Tristram of Lyones' wedding and the justices at the feast, Chapter 35\n\nHow Sir Tristram of Lyones was born and how his mother died at his birth, reason she named him Tristram, Chapter 1\n\nHow Sir Tristram's stepmother had ordered poison to poison Sir Tristram, Chapter 2\n\nHow Sir Tristram was sent to France and had one to govern him named Governale; and how he learned to play the harp, hawk, and hunt, Chapter 3\n\nHow Sir Marhaus came out of Ireland to ask tribute of Cornwall, or else he would fight, Chapter 4\n\nHow Trystram entered the battle to fight for the tribute of Cornwall's, and how he was made a knight, Chapter 5\n\nHow Sir Trystram arrived in the Isle to prepare the battle with Sir Marhaus, Chapter 6\n\nHow Sir Tristram fought against Sir Marhaus and his battle, and how Sir Marhaus fled to his ship, Chapter 7\n\nHow Sir Marhaus, after that he was arrived in Ireland, died of the stroke that Sir Trystram had given to him, and how Trystram was hurt, Chapter 8\n\nHow Sir Tristram...\n\n(Note: The text ends abruptly here, and it's unclear what is missing in the final chapter.).Chapter IX: How Sir Tristram won the degree at a tournament in Ireland and made Palomides vow to bear no armor for a year\n\nChapter X: How the queen discovered that Sir Tristram had slain her brother, Sir Marhaus, with his sword, and in what peril he was\n\nChapter XI: How Sir Tristram departed from King Mark and Isoud of Ireland to come to Cornwall\n\nChapter XII: How Sir Tristram and King Mark wounded each other for the love of a knight's wife\n\nChapter XIII: How Sir Tristram lay with the lady, and how her husband fought with Sir Tristram\n\nChapter XIV: How Sir Bleoberis demanded the fairest lady in King Mark's court whom he took away, and how he was fought against\n\nChapter XV: How Sir Tristram fought with Sir Bleoberis for a lady, and how the lady was put to choice to whom she would go\n\nChapter XVI: How the lady forsook Sir Tristram and abode with Sir Bleoberis, and how she desired..to goo to hyr husbond ca\nxviij\nHow kyng mark sent syr trystram for la bele Isoude toward Irelond & how by fortune he arryued in to englond\nxix\nHow kyng Anguysshe of Irelonde was somoned to come to Kyng Arthurs courte for treason Capitulo\nxx\nHow syr Trystram rescowed a chylde fro a knyght / and how gouernayle tolde Kyng Anguysshe ca\nxxj\nHow syr trystram faught for syr anguysshe & ouercame hys aduersarye & how his aduersarye wold neuer yelde hym\nxxij\nHow syr blamor desyred trystram to slee hym / & how syr tris\u00a6tram spared hym & how they took appoyntement\nxxiij\nHow syr tristram demaunded la bele Isoude for kynge mark / & how syr trystram & Isoude dronken the loue drynke\nxxiiij\nHow syr Tristram & Isoude were in pryson / & how he faughte for hir beaute / & smote of another ladyes hede capitulo\nxxv\nHow syr Trystram faught wyth syr breunor / and atte laste\nsmote of his hede Capitulo\nxxvj\nHow syr galahad faught wyth syr Tristram / & how syr tris\u00a6tram yelded hym & promysed to felaushyp with lancelot\nxxvij\nHow syr.Launcelot XVIII. The Wedding of King Mark to Queen Isoud, and of Brangain Her Maid, and of Palamydes\nXXIX. How Palamydes Demanded Queen Isoud, and how Lambehus Rode After to Rescue Her, and the Escape of Isoud\nXXX. How Sir Tristram Rode After Palamydes, and How He Encountered Him and Fought, and the Battle Ceased by the Intervention of Queen Isoud\nXXXI. How Sir Tristram Brought Queen Isoud Home, and the Debate Between King Mark and Sir Tristram\nXXXII. How Sir Lamorak Fought with Thirty Knights, and Sir Tristram at the Request of King Mark Struck Down His Horse\nXXXIII. How Sir Lamorak Sent a Horn to King Mark in Disdain of Sir Tristram, and How Sir Tristram Was Driven into a Chapel\nXXXIV. How Sir Tristram Was Helped by His Men, and Queen Isoud Who Was Put in a Lazaret, and How Tristan Was Hurt\nXXXV. How Sir Tristram Served in War for King Hoel of Brittany and Slew His Adversary in the Field\nXXXVI. How Sir Suppinabules Told Sir Tristram of His Defeat..Chapter 35: The arrival of Sir Tristram and his wife in Wales and their encounter with Sir Lamerok\nChapter 36: Sir Tristram fights with Sir Nabon and defeats him, making Sir Lamerok lord of the isle\nChapter 39: Sir Lamerok leaves Sir Tristram and encounters Sir Frolle and later Sir Launcelot\nChapter 40: Sir Lamerok kills Sir Frolle and engages in courteous fighting with Sir Belleaance, his brother\nChapter 41: A young man enters King Arthur's court and Sir Kay mockingly nicknames him \"Cote Male Tayle\"\nChapter 1: A damsel enters the court and requests a knight to take on an adventure that \"Cote Male Tayle\" had initiated\nChapter 2: \"Cote Male Tayle\" overthrows Sir Dagonet, the King's fool, and the damsel's rebuke of him\nChapter 3: \"Cote Male Tayle\" fights against a hundred knights and escapes with the help of a lady\nChapter 4: Sir Launcelot arrives at the court and learns of \"Cote Male Tayle,\" and how.He followed after him / and how Lancelot fought with six knights / and after with Sir Brian / and how he delivered the prisoners\n\nHe met with the damsel named Maledisant / and named her the damsel being pensant\n\nHow Lancelot took Cote Male Taille prisoner / and after was rescued by Lancelot / & how Lancelot overcame four brethren\n\nHow Sir Lancelot made Cote Male Taille lord of the castle of Pendragon / and after was made knight of the round table\n\nHow Isoud sent letters to Sir Tristram by her maid Brangwen and of various adventures of Sir Tristram\n\nHow Sir Tristram met with Sir Lamorak of Galis / and how they fought / and after agreed never to fight to each other\n\nHow Palomides followed the questing beast / and struck down Sir Tristram and Sir Lamorak with one spear\n\nHow Sir Lamorak met with Sir Mordred / & fought for the beauty of Lady Guinevere\n\nHow Sir Kay met with Sir Lancelot.[Chapter  XV:] How King Arthur was brought into the perilous forest and how Sir Tristram saved his life.\n\n[Chapter XV-1:] How Sir Tristram came to fair Isoud and met Kehydvous.\n\n[Chapter XV-2:] How Sir Tristram departed from Tintagil and how he sorrowed and was long in a forest until he was out of his mind.\n\n[Chapter XVI-1:] How Sir Tristram threw Dagonet into a well and how Palamides sent a damsel to seek Tristram.\n\n[Chapter XVI-2:] How it was rumored that Sir Tristram was dead and how fair Isoud wanted to kill herself.\n\n[Chapter XVII:] How King Mark found Sir Tristram naked and had him brought home to Tintagil, where he was recognized by a hound.\n\n[Chapter XVIII:] How, through the counsels of his men, King Mark banished Sir Tristram from Cornwall for ten years.\n\n[Chapter XIX:] How a damsel sought help to help Sir Lancelot against thirty knights and how Sir Tristram fought with them.\n\n[Chapter XX:] [Missing].Chapter XXIV: Sir Launcelot came to a lodging where he was to joust with Sir Trystram and Sir Sagramore le Desirous. and how Sir Gawain turned Sir Trystram from Morgan le Fay\n\nChapter XXV: Sir Trystram and Sir Gawain rode to have fought against the thirty knights, but they dared not come out.\n\nChapter XXVI: The damsel brought Findamor to find Trystram sleeping by a well and delivered letters to him from Belisane.\n\nChapter XXVII: Sir Trystram had a fall with Sir Palomides; and Launcelot overthrew two knights.\n\nChapter XXVIII: Sir Launcelot jousted with Palomides and overthrew him; and afterwards he was assaulted by twelve knights.\n\nChapter XXIX: Sir Trystram beheaded him the first day of the tournament; and there he won the prize.\n\nChapter XXX: Sir Trystram returned against King Arthur's party because he saw Palomides on that side.\n\nChapter XXXI: Trystram found Palomides by a well and brought him with him to his lodging.\n\nChapter XXXII: Sir Trystram struck down Palomides; and.How Sir Launcelot wounded Sir Trystram and the events that followed:\n\n34. How Sir Launcelot injured Sir Trystram, and how Sir Trystram later defeated Sir Palomydes.\n35. The prize of the third day was given to Sir Launcelot, who gave it to Sir Trystram.\n37. How Palomydes reached the castle where Sir Trystram was, and the quest that Sir Launcelot and ten knights undertook for Sir Trystram.\n38. How King Mark was sorry for Sir Tristram's good reputation, and some of Arthur's knights allied with knights from Cornwall.\n39. Of King Mark's treason and how Sir Gaheris struck him down, and the fate of his cousin Andred.\n40. After being imprisoned for a long time, Sir Trystram, Sir Palomydes, and Sir Dynadan were released.\n41. How Sir Dynadan rescued a lady from Sir Breuse, and how Sir Trystram received a shield from Morgan le Fay.\n42. How Sir Trystram obtained the shield..Chapter XLI: How Morgan le Fay buried her paramour and how Sir Tristram prayed to Sir Launcelot and his kin\n\nChapter XLIJ: How Sir Tristram bore the shield that Morgan le Fay delivered to him\n\nChapter XLII: How Sir Tristram judged and struck down King Arthur because he did not tell him the reason why he bore that shield\n\nChapter I: How Sir Tristram saved Sir Palomides' life and how they proposed to fight together within fourteen\n\nChapter II: How Sir Tristram sought a strong knight who had struck him down and many other knights of the Round Table\n\nChapter III: How Sir Tristram struck down Sir Sagramore le Desirous and Sir Dodinas le Sauvage\n\nChapter IV: How Sir Tristram met Sir Launcelot at the perron and how they fought each other unknown to one another\n\nChapter V: How Sir Launcelot brought Sir Tristram to the court and of the joy that the king and others made for Sir Tristram's coming\n\nChapter VI: How, despite Sir Tristram, King Mark came with two knights..To England, the king came, where he found Sir Lamerock complaining for the love of King Lot's wife.\n\nThe king, Sir Lamerock, and Sir Dinadan came to a castle. And how King Mark...\n\nSir Berluses met King Mark, and Sir Dinadan took his party there.\n\nHow King Mark mocked Sir Dinadan and how they met with six knights of the Round Table.\n\nThe six knights sent Sir Dagonet to Justice with King Mark. And how King Mark refused him.\n\nSir Palomides met King Mark by chance, overthrew Dagonet and other knights.\n\nKing Mark and Sir Dinadan heard Sir Palomides making great sorrow and mourning for Lady Isoud.\n\nThe king had slain Sir Amant wrongfully before King Arthur, and Sir Launcelot brought King Mark to King Arthur.\n\nSir Dinadan told Sir Palamides of the battle between Sir Launcelot and Sir Tristram.\n\nSir Lamerock judged with various knights of the castle, where Morgan le Fay was..Chapter xvij, How Sir Palamydes would have welcomed Sir Lamerock with the knights of the castle Capitulo\nChapter xviii, How Sir Lamerock welcomed Sir Palamydes and hurt him severely\nChapter xix, It was told to Sir Launcelot that Dagonet chased King Mark, and how a knight overthrew him and six others\nChapter xx, How King Arthur ordered the cry for a joust, and how Sir Lamo rack came in and overthrew Sir Gawain and many others\nChapter xxii, How King Arthur made King Mark be reconciled with Sir Tristram and they departed towards Cornwall\nChapter xxiii, How Sir Percival was made a knight by King Arthur, and how a dumb maid spoke and brought him to the round table\nChapter xxiv, How Sir Lamerock lay with King Lot's wife, and how Sir Gaheris slew her, who was his own mother\nChapter xxvii, How Sir Agravain and Sir Mordred met with a flying knight, and how they both were overthrown by Sir Dinadan\nChapter xxvi, How King Arthur, the queen, and Launcelot received letters from Cornwall, and of the answer therefrom\nChapter xxvii, How Sir Launcelot was angry with\n\n(Note: The missing chapter number in the last line is unclear from the provided text.).letter that he received from King Mark and of Dinadan, who made a lay of King Mark, chapter XXVII\n\nHow Sir Tristram was hurt and of a war made to King Mark, and of Sir Tristram's promise to rescue him, chapter XXVIII\n\nHow Sir Tristram overcame the battle, & how Elias desired a man to fight body for body, chapter XXIX\n\nHow Sir Elias & Sir Tristram fought together for the truth, & how Sir Tristram slew Elias in the field, chapter XXX\n\nHow at a great feast that King Mark made, an harper came and sang the lay that Dinadan had made, chapter XXXI\n\nHow King Mark killed his brother Bowedyn for good service that he had done to him, chapter XXXII\n\nHow Anglides' wife escaped with her young son Alisaunder and came to the castle of Arondel, chapter XXXIII\n\nHow Anglides gave the bloody doublet to Alisaunder the same day that he was made a knight & the charge withal, chapter XXXIV\n\nHow it was told to King Mark of Alisaunder. and how he would have slain Sir Sadok for saving his life, chapter XXXV..Sir Alexander won the price at a tournament from Morgan le Fay, and how he fought with Sir Maulgryn and slew him (Chapter 53)\n\nHow Queen Morgan le Fay held Alexander in her castle, and how she healed his wounds (Chapter 54)\n\nHow Alexander was delivered from Queen Morgan le Fay by the intervention of a damsel (Chapter 55)\n\nHow Alexander met with Alis the Fair Pilgrim, and how he jousted with two knights, and afterwards with Sir Mordred (Chapter 59)\n\nHow Sir Galahad cried out for a joust in Surluse, and how Queen Guenever's knights should joust against all who would come (Chapter X)\n\nHow Sir Lancelot fought in the tournament, and how Sir Palomides armed for a damsel Ca (Chapter XLI)\n\nHow Sir Galahad and Sir Palomides fought together, and of Sir Dinadan and Sir Galahad (Chapter XLII)\n\nHow Sir Archide accused Sir Palomides of treason, and how Sir Palomides slew him (Chapter XLIII)\n\nOf the third day and how Sir Palomides jousted with Sir Lamorak and other things (Chapter XLIV)\n\nOf the fourth day and of many other things..grete feates of armes ca\nxlv\nOf the v day & how syr Lamerok bybaued hym ca\nxlvj\nHow palamydes fought wyth Corsabtyn for a lady / & how Palamydes slewe corsabryn\nxlvij\nOf the vj day & what was thenne doon ca\nxlviij\nOf the vij batayll / and how Syr Launcelot beyng desguysed\nlyke a mayde smote doun syr dynadan capitulo\nxlix\nHow by treson syr Tristram was brought to a turnoyment for to haue be slayn / and how be was put in pryson\nL\nHow Kyng Marke lete do counterfete letters from the pope & how syr percyual delyuerd syr Tristram oute of pryson\nlj\nHow syr Trystram & la bele Isoude came in to englond / & how syr Launcelot brought them to Ioyous garde capitulo\nlij\nHow by the counceyl of bele ysoude Trystram rode armed and how he mette wyth syr Palomydes capitulo\nliij\nOf syr Palomydes and how he mette wyth syr bleoberys & wyth syr Ector and of syr Percyuale Capitulo\nliiij\nHow syr Trystram mette wyth syr dynadan & of their deuy\u2223ses & what he sayd to syr Gauwayns brethern\nlv\nHow syr Trystram smote doun syr agrauayn & syr.[Chapter] Gaheris and the sending away of Sir Dynadan by Lady Isoud\n\n[Chapter] Sir Dynadan meets Sir Trystram and Sir Palamydes. Sir Dynadan knew him.\n\n[Chapter] Approach to Castle Lonazep and other events leading to the death of Sir Lamorak.\n\n[Chapter] Coming to Humberbank and finding a ship there with the body of King Hermance.\n\n[Chapter] Sir Trystram and his companions arrive and engage in a battle with them.\n\n[Chapter] Palamydes goes to fight with the two brothers for the death of King Hermance.\n\n[Chapter] The copy of the letter written for revenge of the king's death and Palamydes' fight for the battle.\n\n[Chapter] Preparations of Sir Palamydes and the two brothers who were to fight with him.\n\n[Chapter] Battle between Sir Palamydes and the two brothers and their deaths.\n\n[Chapter] Meeting of Sir Trystram and Sir Palamydes with Brueus sans Pity and Sir Tristram and Lady Isoud..[Sir Palamides and Sir Galahad fought together and defeated Sir Lancelot, Chapter 55:\nHow Sir Palamides favored Sir Galahad, and afterward Sir Gawain, and defeated them, Chapter 56:\nHow Sir Tristram and his companions came to the tournament of Lonazep and of various knights and matters, Chapter 57:\nHow Sir Tristram and his companions favored each other and the noble deeds they did in the tournament, Chapter 58:\nHow Sir Tristram was unhorsed and struck down by Sir Launce, Chapter 59:\nHow Sir Tristram changed his armor and remained humble, and how Sir Palamides killed Launcelot's horse, Chapter 60:\nHow Sir Lancelot spoke to Sir Palamides, and how the prize of that day was given to Sir Palamides, Chapter 61:\nHow Sir Dinadan provoked Sir Tristram to act bravely, Chapter 62:\nHow King Arthur and Sir Lancelot came to see the Fair Iseult, and how Palamides struck down King Arthur, Chapter 63:\nHow, on the second day, Palamides abandoned Sir Tristram and went to the opposing party against him, Chapter 64:\nHow Sir Tristram departed from the field, and awakened Sir Dinadan and changed his attire to black].[How Sir Palamides changed his shield and armor to hurt Sir Tristram, and how Sir Launcelot did to Sir Tristram.\nHow Sir Tristram departed with Lady Isoud, and how Palamides followed and excused himself.\nHow King Arthur and Sir Launcelot came to their palaces as they sat at supper, and concerning Palamides.\nHow Sir Tristram and Sir Palamides did the next day, and how King Arthur was unhorsed.\nHow Sir Tristram turned to King Arthur's side, and how Sir Palamides would not excuse himself.\nHow Sir Bleoberis and Sir Ector reported to Queen Guenevere about the beauty of Lady Isoud.\nHow Palamides complained by a well, and how Epynogris found him and their sorrows.\nHow Sir Palamides brought to King Mark and King Marhaus, and how Sir Tristram made himself ready to receive Sir Palamides but Sir Launcelot rescued him instead.].lxxxvj: How there was a day set between Sir Trystram and Sir Palomides for to fight, and how Sir Palomides kept his day for to have fought, but Sir Trystram could not come, and other things.\n\nlxxxviij: How Sir Launcelot rode on his adventure, and how he helped a dolorous lady from her pain, and how he fought with a dragon (Chapter 1).\n\nprimo: How Sir Launcelot came to Pelles and of the Sangreal, and how he begat Galahad on Elaine, daughter of King Pelles.\n\nii: How Sir Launcelot was displeased when he knew that he had lain with Elaine, and how she was desired of Galahad.\n\niii: How Sir Bors came to Dame Elaine and saw Galahad, and how he was fed with the Sangreal (Chapter 2).\n\niv: How Sir Bors made Sir Percival yield him homage, and of marvelous adventures that he had and how he achieved them.\n\nv: How Sir Bors departed, and how Sir Launcelot was rebuked by Queen Guenever, and of his excuse (Chapter 3).\n\nvj: How Dame Elaine Galahad's mother came in great estate to Camelot, and how Launcelot..byhaued hym there Capitulo\nvij\nHow dame brysen by enchauntement brought syr Launcelorebuked hym\nviij\nHow dame Elayn was commaunded by quene Gueneuer to voyde the courte / & how syr Launcelot becam madde\nix\nWhat sorowe quene gueneuer made for Syr Launcelot / & how he was sought by knyghtes of his kynne Capitulo\nx\nHow a seruaunte of syr Aglouals was slayn / & what ven\u2223geaunce syr aglouale & syr percyuale dyd therfore\nxj\nHow syr percyuale departed secretelye fro his brother / & how he losed a knyght bounden with a chayne & other thynges\nxij\nHow syr Percyuale mette wyth sir Ector / & how they faught longe and eche had almoost slayne other capitulo\nxiij\nHow by myracle they were bothe made hole by the comyng of the holy vessel of Sangreal Capitulo\nxiiij\nHow syr Launcelot in hys madnes took a swerde & faughte with a knyght and after lepte in to a bedde capitulo\nprimo\nHow syr Launcelot wacaryed in an hors lytter / & after syr Launcelot rescowed syr blyaunte his hoost Capitulo\nij\nHow syr Launcelot faught ayenste a.\niij\nHow syr Launcelot was knowen by dame Elayn / and was borne in to a chambre & after helyd by the sangreal\niiij\nHow syr Launcelot after that he was hole & had his mynde he was ashamed / and how that Elayn desyred a castel for hym capitulo\nv\nHow syr Launcelot came in to the Ioyous yle / & there he na\u2223med hym self la chyualer malfet capitulo\nvj\nOf a grete tournoyeng in the Ioyous yle / and how syr Percy\u00a6uale and Syr Ector came thyder and syr Percyuale fought wyth hym capitulo\nvij\nHow eche of them knewe other / & of their curtosye / & how his brother Ector came to hym / and of theyr Ioye\nviij\nHow syr bors & syr Lyonel came to kyng brandegore / & how syr bors toke his sone helyne le blank & of sir launcelot\nix\nHow syr Launcelot wyth syr Percyuale & syr ector came to the courte / and of the grete Ioye of hym capitulo\nx\nHow la bele ysoude counceylled syr Trystram to goo vnto the courte to the grete feste of Pentecoste capitulo\nxj\nHow syr Trystram departed vnarmed and mette with syr Palomydes / and how they smote.I. How Palomides forbore him in the chapter xii\nII. Sir Tristram took off the armor of a knight who was hurt, and overthrew Sir Palomides xiii\nIII. Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides fought long to judges, and afterward accorded. Sir Tristram made him be christened Capitulo xiv\nIV. A damsel entered into the hall before King Arthur at the vigil of the feast of Pentecost, and asked Sir Lancelot to come and dub a knight. He went with her Capitulo\nV. The letters were found written in the siege perilous, and of the marvelous adventure of the sword in the stone i\nVI. Sir Gawain attempted to draw out the sword, and an old man brought in Galahad Capitulo\nVII. The old man brought Galahad to the siege perilous and seated him there, and all the knights marveled\nVIII. King Arthur showed the stone holding it on the water to Galahad, and he drew out the sword v\nIX. King Arthur summoned all the knights to gather for a joust in the meadow beside Winchester..They departed.\n\nHow the queen desired to see Galahad, and how all the knights were replenished with the holy grail, and how they all inquired about the same matter.\n\nHow great sorrow was made among the king and ladies for the departing of the knights, and how they departed.\n\nHow Galahad obtained a shield, and how those who presumed to take down the said shield were dealt with.\n\nHow Galahad departed with the shield, and how King Arthur received this shield from Joseph of Armathea.\n\nHow Joseph made a cross on the white shield with his blood, and how Galahad was brought to a tomb by a monk.\n\nOf the marvel that Sir Galahad saw and heard in the tomb, and how he made Melias a knight.\n\nOf Melias' adventure, and how Galahad avenged him, and how Melias was carried into an abbey.\n\nHow Galahad departed, and how he was commanded to go to the castle of virgins to destroy the wicked custom.\n\nHow Sir Galahad fought with the knights of the castle and destroyed the wicked custom..Chapter XV\nHow Sir Gawain came to the abbey to follow Galahad / and how he was shown to a hermit\nChapter XV-A\nHow Sir Galahad met with Sir Launcelot and Sir Percival / and struck them down and departed from them\nChapter XV-B\nHow Sir Launcelot, half asleep and half awake, saw a strange man born in a litter / and how he was helped by the Holy Grail\nChapter XVI-C\nHow a voice spoke to Sir Launcelot / and how he found it\nChapter XVII\nHow Sir Launcelot was shown and the sorrow he caused / and of good examples that were shown to him\nChapter XVIII\nHow Sir Percival came to a recluse and asked for her counsel / and how she told him that she was his aunt\nChapter I\nHow Merlin compared the round table to the world / and how the knights who were to achieve the Holy Grail should be known\nChapter II\nHow Sir Percival entered a monastery where he found King Enidel, an old man\nChapter III\nHow Sir Percival saw many men bearing a dead knight and how he fought against them\nChapter IV\nHow a peasant asked him to help..Of the great danger that Sir Percival was in from his horse and how he saw a serpent and a lion fight\nOf the adversity that Sir Percival saw and how his adversity was revealed and of his lion chapter\nHow Sir Percival saw a ship coming towards him and how the lady of the ship told him of her distress\nHow Sir Percival promised her help and how he required her love and how he was saved from the fiend\nHow Sir Percival atoned for his sin by scourging himself through the thigh and how she was recognized as the devil\nHow Sir Launcelot came upon a chapel where he found a dead man and took his hair\nOf a dead man whom men would have cut up and it would not be and how Sir Launcelot took the dead man's hair\nOf an adversity that Sir Launcelot had and how he told it to a hermit and sought counsel from him\nHow the (missing)\n\n(Note: Some lines are incomplete and have been left as is due to incompleteness).Hermerite revealed to Sir Launcelot his adoption and told him that Sir Galahad was his son, Chapter IIij\n\nHow Sir Launcelot loved many knights and was taken, Chapter V\n\nHow Sir Launcelot revealed his adoption to a woman and how she revealed it to him, Chapter VI\n\nHow Sir Gawain was near, Chapter I\n\nOf Sir Ector's adoption and how he loved Sir Ewen, his sworn brother, Chapter II\n\nHow Sir Gawain and Sir Ector went to a hermitage to confess and how they revealed their adoptions to the hermit, Chapter III\n\nHow the hermit revealed their adoptions, Chapter IV\n\nOf the good counsel the hermit gave them, Chapter V\n\nHow Sir Bors met with a hermit and was confessed to him and the penance enjoined upon him, Chapter VI\n\nHow Sir Bors was lodged with a lady and how he took it upon himself to fight against a champion for her land, Chapter VII\n\nOf a vision that Sir Bors had that night and how he fought and overcame his adversary, Chapter VIII\n\nHow the lady was restored to her lands through Sir Bors' battle..Chapter IX:\nHow Sir Boras left and met Sir Loyal taken and beaten with thorns, and a maid who was to be devoured.\n\nChapter X:\nHow Sir Boras rescued his brother and the damosel, and was told that Loyal was dead.\n\nChapter XI:\nHow Sir Boras told his dream to a priest, whom he had dreamed of and the counsel that the priest gave him.\n\nChapter XII:\nHow the devil in a woman's likeness would have had Sir Boras lie with her, and how by God's grace he escaped.\n\nChapter XIII:\nOf the holy communion of an abbot with Sir Boras, and how the abbot counseled him.\n\nChapter XIV:\nHow Sir Boras met with his brother Sir Loyal, and how Sir Loyal would have slain Sir Boras.\n\nChapter XV:\nHow Sir Colgraveance fought against Sir Loyal to save Sir Boras, and how the hermit was slain.\n\nChapter XVI:\nHow Sir Loyal slew Sir Colgraveance, and how after he would have slain Sir Boras.\n\nChapter XVII:\nHow a voice came to Sir Boras, charging him not to touch him, and of a cloud that came between them.\n\nChapter XVIII:\nHow... (The text is incomplete).Galahad fought at a tournament and was recognized by Sir Gawain and Sir Ector de Marr. How Sir Galahad rode with a damsel and came to the ship where Sir Boris and Sir Percival were in chapter II. How Sir Galahad entered into the ship and of a fair bed therein with other marvelous things and of a sword III. Of the marvels of the sword and of the scabbard IV. How King Pelles was smitten through both eyes because he drew the sword and other marvelous histories V. How King Solomon took David's sword by his wife's counsel and other marvelous matters Chapter VI. A wonderful tale of King Solomon and his wife VI. How Galahad and his companions came to a castle and how they were fought with all and how they slew their adversaries and other matters Chapter VII. How the three knights with Percival's sister came into the waste forest and of an heart and four lions and other things IX. How they were desired of a strange custom which they would not obey, wherefore they fought and slew many..Chapter x: How Percival's sister bled profusely to save a lady, resulting in her death, and how her body was placed in a ship.\nChapter xi: How Galahad and Percival found many tombs of maidens in a castle who had bled to death.\nChapter xii: How Sir Launcelot entered the ship where Percival's sister lay dead and met Sir Galahad.\nChapter xiii: How a knight brought a horse to Sir Galahad and urged him to leave his father, Sir Launcelot.\nChapter xiv: How Launcelot stood before the door of the chamber where the Holy Grail was.\nChapter xv: How Sir Launcelot had lain for fourteen days and nights as a dead man, and other matters.\nChapter xvi: How Sir Launcelot returned to Logres and other adventures he encountered on the way.\nChapter xvii: How Galahad came to King Mordred's court and other matters and adventures.\nChapter xviii: How Sir Percival and Sir Bors met Sir Galahad and came to the castle of Carbonek and other matters.\nChapter xix: How Galahad..His fellows were fed with the holy grail and how our Lord appeared to them and other things.\n\nChapter:\nHow Galahad was anointed with the blood of the spear the wounded king and of other adventures.\n\nChapter:\nHow they were fed with the grail while they were in prison and how Galahad was made king.\n\nChapter:\nThe sorrow of Percival and Boris when Galahad died and how Percival died and other matters.\n\nChapter:\nThe joy of King Arthur and the queen from the event of the grail and how Launcelot returned to his old love.\n\nChapter 1:\nHow the queen commanded Sir Launcelot to leave the court and the sorrow that Launcelot felt.\n\nChapter 2:\nHow there was a knight poisoned at a dinner the queen made, which Sir Mador laid on the queen.\n\nChapter 3:\nHow Sir Mador appeared to the queen as a traitor and there was no knight who would fight for her at the first instance.\n\nChapter 4:\nHow the queen requested Sir Boris to fight for her and how he granted it on condition and warned Sir Launcelot of it..Chapter II.\nHow Sir Borr prepared himself to fight for the queen, and how he was discharged by another.\nChapter III.\nHow Sir Launcelot fought against Sir Mador for the queen, and how he overcame Sir Mador and released the queen.\nChapter IV.\nHow the truth was revealed by the maiden of the lake, and other matters.\nChapter V.\nHow Sir Launcelot rode to Astolat and received a blow to bear upon his helmet at the request of a maiden.\nChapter VI.\nHow the tournament began at Winchester, and what knights were present and other things.\nChapter VII.\nHow Sir Launcelot and Sir Lancelot entered the field against those of King Arthur's court, and how Launcelot was hurt.\nChapter VIII.\nHow Sir Launcelot and Sir Lancelot departed from the field and in what danger Launcelot was.\nChapter IX.\nHow Launcelot was brought to an hermit to be healed of his wound and other matters.\nChapter X.\nHow Sir Gawain lodged with the lord of Astolat and there learned that it was Sir Launcelot who bore the red sleeve..Chapter XIV\nOf Sir Boris's sorrow for Launcelot's hurt and the queen's anger because of Launcelot bearing the sleeve.\n\nChapter XV\nHow Sir Boris sought out Launcelot in the hermitage and the lamentation between them.\n\nChapter XVI\nHow Sir Launcelot armed himself to try if he could bear arms again and how his wounds broke out anew.\n\nChapter XVII\nHow Sir Boris returned and told news of Sir Launcelot and of the tournament and to whom the prize was given.\n\nChapter XVIII\nOf the great lamentation of the fair maid of Astolat when Launcelot should depart and how she died for his love.\n\nChapter XIX\nHow the corpse of the maid of Astolat arrived before King Arthur and of the burial and how Sir Launcelot offered the mass penny.\n\nChapter XX\nOf great feasts held at Christmas and of a great feast and tournament ordered by King Arthur and of Sir Launcelot.\n\nChapter XXI\nHow Sir Launcelot came to a hermit after being hurt by a lady and of other matters.\n\nChapter XXII\nHow Sir Launcelot behaved himself..Chapter XXIij: How King Arthur marvelled much in the field and rode, finding Sir Launcelot\n\nChapter XXIV: How true love is likened to summer\n\nChapter XXV: How Queen Guinevere rode in Maying with certain knights of the Round Table, all in green\n\nChapter I: How Sir Mellyagraunce took the queen and all her knights, sore hurt in fighting\n\nChapter II: How Sir Launcelot learned that the queen was taken, and how Sir Mellyagraunce laid a ambush for Launcelot\n\nChapter III: How Sir Launcelot's horse was slain, and how he rode in a cart to rescue the queen\n\nChapter IV: How Sir Mellyagraunce asked for forgiveness of the queen, and how she appeased Sir Launcelot and other matters\n\nChapter V: How Sir Launcelot came to the queen in the night and lay with her, and how Sir Mellyagraunce appeared to the queen as a traitor\n\nChapter VI: How Sir Launcelot answered for the queen, and waged battle against Sir Mellyagraunce, and how Sir Launcelot was taken..Chapter II.\n5. How Sir Launcelot was delivered from prison by a lady and took a white horse, coming to keep his day.\n6. How Sir Launcelot came at the same time that Sir Melyagrance remained in the field and dressed him for battle.\n7. How Sir Urre came to King Arthur's court to be healed of his wounds, and how King Arthur intended to deal with him, and afterwards many other knights of the Round Table.\n8. How Sir Launcelot was commanded by Arthur to deal with his wounds, and he was made whole at once, and how they thanked God.\n9. How a party of a hundred knights was made against a hundred knights, and other matters.\n11. How Sir Agravain and Sir Mordred were busy trying to reveal the love between Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere.\n1. How Sir Agravain revealed their love to King Arthur, and how King Arthur granted them leave to take him.\n2. How Sir Launcelot was discovered in the queen's chamber, and how Sir Agravain and Sir Mordred came with him..twelve knights to kill him, Chapter I:\n\nIII. Sir Launcelot kills Sir Colgrave and arms him in his harness, then kills Sir Aggravain and fourteen of his companions.\n\nIII. Sir Launcelot comes to Sir Bors and tells him of his success and the adventure in which he was involved, and how he escaped.\n\nV. The council and advice taken by Sir Launcelot and his friends to save the queen, Chapter V.\n\nVI. Sir Mordred rides quickly to the King to tell him of the affray and the death of Sir Aggravain and other knights.\n\nVII. Sir Launcelot and his kin rescue the queen from the fire and how he kills many knights.\n\nVIII. The sorrow and lamentation for the death of his new friends and other good knights, as well as for the queen his wife.\n\nIX. King Arthur, at Sir Gawain's request, decides to make war against Sir Launcelot and lays siege to his castle called Joyous Guard, Chapter IX.\n\nX. The communication between King Arthur and Sir Launcelot and how King Arthur reproves him, Chapter X.\n\nXI. The cousins and kin of Sir Launcelot..xii. Sir Gawain excited him to go out to battle / and how they prepared him\nxiii. How Sir Gawain struck down Sir Lionel / and how Sir Launcelot horsed King Arthur's caesar\nxiv. The Pope sent down his bulls to make peace / & how Sir Launcelot brought the queen to King Arthur\nxv. Of the delivery of the queen to the king by Sir Launcelot / and what language Sir Gawain spoke to Sir Launcelot\nxvi. The communion between Sir Gawain and Sir Launcelot / with much other language, chapter\nxvii. How Sir Launcelot departed from the king & from Joyous Garde over sea ward / and what knights went with him\nxviii. How Sir Launcelot passed over the sea / & how he made great lords of the knights that went with him, chapter\nxix. How King Arthur and Sir Gawain made a great host ready to go over sea to make war on Sir Launcelot, chapter\nxx. What message Sir Gawain sent to Sir Launcelot / & King Arthur laid siege to Benwick and other matters\nxxi. How Sir Launcelot and Sir Gawain did battle together / and how Sir Gawain was overcome..Chapter hurte (or hurt) I\nOf King Arthur's sorrow for the war, and of another battle where Sir Gawain suffered the worse\nChapter II\nHow Sir Mordred assumed power and wished to marry the queen, his father's wife, Caenis\nChapter III\nWhat happened after King Arthur received news; he returned to Dover, where Sir Mordred met him to surrender his land. The death of Sir Gawain\nChapter IV\nHow, by misadventure of a serpent, the battle began; Mordred was slain, and Arthur was mortally wounded\nChapter V\nHow King Arthur commanded Excalibur to be cast into the water and how he was delivered to ladies in a barge\nChapter VI\nHow Sir Bedivere found him the next day in a hermitage and how he stayed with the hermit\nChapter VII\nOf Toppinbrook, the sememen (or men of death), the death of King Arthur. How Queen Guenever made herself a nun in Almesbury\nChapter VIII\nHow Sir Launcelot heard of King Arthur's death..In the days of Uther Pendragon, who ruled all England, there was a mighty duke in Cornwall named Duke Tintagil. He waged war against Uther for a long time. King Uther summoned this duke, ordering him to bring his wife with him. She was:\n\n1. The arrival of King Arthur, Gawain, and other matters in England.\n2. How Sir Launcelot departed to seek out Queen Guinevere and found her at Almesbury Abbey.\n3. How Sir Launcelot came to Thermytage, where Archbishop Cantorbury was, and took him.\n4. How Sir Launcelot went with his seven companions to Amesbury, found Queen Guinevere dead there, and took her to Glastonbury Abbey.\n5. How Sir Launcelot began to seek and later died; whose body was taken to Joyous Gard for burial at the abbey.\n6. How Sir Ector found Sir Launcelot's dead body and how Constantine reigned next after Arthur; the end of this book.\n\n\"Explicit the table.\nIt happened during the reign of Uther Pendragon, King of all England. In those days, there was a mighty duke in Cornwall named Duke Tintagil. He waged war against Uther for a long time. King Uther summoned this duke, ordering him to bring his wife with him..The duke and his wife, a fair and wise lady named Igrayne, were brought before the king through the intervention of great lords. The king took a liking and pleasure to this lady and made them both great cheer, expressing his desire to lie with her. But she was a passing good woman and refused the king. She then told the duke, her husband, \"I suppose we were sent for this, so that I should be dishonored.\" Therefore, husband, I advise us to depart from here immediately and ride all night to our own castle. They did so, leaving neither the king nor his council aware of their departure.\n\nSoon after, when King Other learned of their sudden departure, he was greatly angered. He then called his private council and informed them of the sudden departure of the duke and his wife.\n\nThen they advised the king to send for the duke and his wife by a great messenger..And if he refuses to come to you, then you may do as you will. If this is the case, make war on him so that the messengers received their answers. This was the situation: neither he nor his wife would come to him. The king was greatly angered by this, and he sent him a clear message again, ordering him to be ready and to prepare and adorn himself, for within forty days he would come and take him out of the largest castle he had.\n\nWhen the duke received this warning, he immediately fortified and adorned two strong castles of his, one of which was named Tyntagil, and the other Terrabyl. He put his wife, Dame Igrayne, in the castle of Tyntagil, and himself in the castle of Terrabyl, which had many issues and secret exits.\n\nIn haste, the other came with a great host and laid siege around the castle of Terrabyl. There, many battles were fought, and great war was made on both sides..party and many people slain, then King Uther fell ill, not for any other reason than intense anger and great love for fair Igraine. Sir Ulfius, a noble knight, came to King Uther and asked why he was ill. I will tell you, King Uther, I am ill from anger and love for fair Igraine, so that I cannot be well. \"I shall seek Merlin,\" said Sir Ulfius. \"And he will bring you relief for your heart.\" So Ulfius departed, and by chance he encountered Merlin in the guise of a beggar. Merlin asked Ulfius whom he sought, and he replied that he had little to tell him. \"Well said Merlin,\" Merlin replied, \"I know whom you seek, for you seek Merlin. Therefore, seek no further, for I am he. And if King Uther will well reward me and swear to fulfill my desire, it will be his honor and profit more than mine, for I will cause him to have all his desire.\" Ulfius agreed to all this, saying there would be nothing unreasonable, but you shall have your desire..Merlyn said, \"He shall have my intent and desire.\" Therefore, Merlyn added, \"Ride on your way. I will not be far behind.\"\n\nUlfius was pleased and rode more than a pass until he reached King Utherpendragon. Ulfius reported that he had encountered Merlyn. The king asked, \"Where is he, Sir Ulfius?\" Ulfius replied, \"He will not stay long. I was aware that Merlyn was present when the king saw him. The king welcomed Merlyn, saying, \"Sir Merlyn, I know your heart in every detail. If you will be sworn to me, as you are a true king anointed to fulfill my desire, you shall have your desire.\"\n\nThe king was sworn upon the Four Evangelists. Merlyn said, \"This is my desire: the first night you lie with Igraine, you will get a child on her. When that child is born, it shall be delivered to me to nurse as I will have it. For the child and its entire retinue will be yours.\".The king spoke approvingly, \"I will be happy as you wish, Igrayne. Tonight, you will lie with me in the castle of Tyntigail. I will be like a knight named Sir Iordanus, a knight of the duke's retinue. Merlin will be like a knight named Sir Iordanus as well. Do not ask her or her men many questions, but say you are ill and depart. Do not rise until I come to you, for the castle of Tyntigail is only ten miles hence. This was done as they had agreed.\n\nHowever, the duke of Tyntigail discovered that the king had ridden away from the siege of Tarabel. That night, he left the castle through a secret passage intending to ambush the king's host. Thus, the duke himself was slain before the king reached the castle of Tyntigail. After the duke's death, King Uther lay with Igrayne for more than three hours and fathered a son named Arthur. The sun had risen by the time he departed..Merlin came to the king and had him ready. Then he kissed Lady Igraine and departed in haste. But when the lady heard tell of Duke her husband and by all record he was dead or King Other came to her then, she marveled who might lie with her in the likeness of her lord. So she mourned privately and held her peace. Then all the barons by one consent prayed the King for an accord between Lady Igraine and him. The King gave them leave. For he would have her accorded with her willingly. So the King put all his trust in Ulfius to intercede between them. By Ulfius' intercession at last, the King and she met and agreed. Now, said Ulfius, our king is a lusty knight and wanton, and my Lady Igraine is a passing fair lady. It would be great joy to us all, and it might please the King to make her his queen. They all urged it to the King, and he assented with good will, and they were married in haste..In a morning with great merriness and joy, King Lot of Lowther and Orkney wedded Margawse, Gawain's mother. King Nentres of the land of Garlot wedded Elayne, at the request of King Uther. The third sister, Morgan, learned much there and became a great cleric of Necromancy. After she was wedded to King Vryen of the land of Gore, who was Sir Ector's father, Queen Igraine grew daily greater and greater. Within half a year, as King Uther lay with his queen, he asked her whose child was in her womb. She was greatly abashed to answer. \"Do not be afraid,\" said the king. \"Tell me the truth, and I shall love you the better, by the faith of my body,\" said Sir Ector's father. \"I shall tell you the truth,\" she replied. That very night, it was recorded by his knights, a man like my lord appeared at my castle of Tyntigail..countenance and two knights with him, resembling his two knights Barcias and Jordans. I followed him as I should with my lord. The same night that I will answer to God, this child was conceived within me, as the king himself said, for it was I who came in the likeness. Therefore, do not be afraid, for I am the father, and he told her all the cause - how it was by Merlin's counsel. Then the queen made great joy when she knew who was the father of her child. Soon Merlin came to the king and said, \"Sir, you must pursue [it] for the nursing of your child, as you will,\" the king replied. \"Well said, Merlin. I know of a lord of yours in this land who is a passing true man and faithful. He shall have the nursing of your child. His name is Sir Ector, and he is a lord of fair livelihood in many parts of England and Wales. Let him be sent for, to come and speak with you, and desire him yourself as he loves you that.\".he will put his owne child to nourisshynge to another woman / and that his wyf nourisshe yours / And whan the child is borne lete it be delyuerd to me at yo\u0304der pryuy posterne vncrystned / So like\nas Merlyn deuysed it was done / And whan syre Ector was come / he made fyau\u0304ce to the kyng for to nourisshe the child ly\u2223ke as the Kynge desyred / and there the kyng graunted syr ec\u2223tor grete rewardys / Thenne when the lady was delyuerd the kynge commaunded ij knyghtes & ij ladyes to take the child bound in a cloth of gold / & that ye delyuer hym to what pou\u2223re man ye mete at the posterne yate of the castel / So the child was delyuerd vnto Merlyn / and so he bare it forth vnto Syre Ector / and made an holy man to crysten hym / and named hym Arthur / and so sir Ectors wyf nourysshed hym with her owne pappe / Thenne within two yeres kyng Vther felle seke of a grete maladye / And in the meane whyle hys enemyes Vsurpped vpon hym / and dyd a grete bataylle vpon his men / and slewe many of his peple / Sir said Merlyn ye.may not lie so as you do / for you must go to the field though you ride on a horse litter / for you shall never have the better of your enemies / but if your person is there / then shall you have the victory\nIt was done as Merlin had devised / and they carried the king forth in a horse litter with a great host towards his enemies / And at St. Alban that day Sir Ulfius and Sir Bracias did great deeds of arms / and King Uther's men overcame the northern battle and slew many people & put the remainder to flight / Then the king returned to London and made great joy of his victory / And then he fell passing sore sick / so that three days and three nights he was speechless / wherefore all the barons made great sorrow and asked Merlin what counsel was best /\nThere is no other remedy said Merlin but God will have His will /\nBut look ye all Barons be before King Uther tomorrow / and God and I shall make him to speak /\n\nSo on the morrow all the Barons with Merlin came before the king..Then Merlyn spoke aloud to King Uther: \"Your son Arthur will be the king of this realm after your days, with all its appurtenances. Then Uther turned to him and said, in hearing of all, \"I give him God's blessing and mine. Pray for my soul, and may he claim the crown righteously and worshipfully.\" With that, he yielded up the ghost.\n\nThen Arthur was entered as the king was longed for. Therefore, Queen Guinevere made great sorrow, and all the barons did as well. The realm stood in great jeopardy for a long time, as every mighty lord made himself strong and many wished to be king. Then Merlyn went to the archbishop of Canterbury and counseled him to summon all the lords of the realm and all the gentlemen of arms to come to London by Christmas, on pain of cursing. And for this cause, it is said that He who was born on that night would of His great mercy show some miracle, as He came to be king of mankind..For the showing of some miracle, the archbishop, with Merlin's advice, summoned all the lords and gentlemen of arms to London by Christmas. Many of them purified themselves for their prayer to be more acceptable to God. In the greatest church of London, whether it was St. Paul's or not, the French book makes no mention, all the estates were long in the church for prayer. And when matins and the first mass were done, in the churchyard, there was seen, highest of all, a four-sided stone, like a marble stone. And in the midst of it was an anvil of steel, a foot high. And on it stood a fair sword naked by the point. And around the sword were written in gold letters, which said: \"Whoever pulls out this sword from this stone and anvil is rightfully born king of all England.\" Then the people marveled and told it to the archbishop. \"I command,\" said the archbishop..that you keep yourselves within your church and pray to God that no one touches the sword until the high mass is all done. When all masses were done, all the lords went to behold the stone and the sword. And when they saw the scripture, some attempted to seize the sword, but none could move it. He is not here, said the Archbishop, who shall wield the sword, but have no doubt, God will make Him known. But this is my counsel, said the Archbishop, that we let pursue ten knights, men of good fame, and they to keep this sword. So there was made a cry, it was decreed that every maiden should try to win the sword. On New Year's Day, the barons let make a feast and a tournament, that all knights should joust or tourney, there might play, and all this was decreed to keep the lords together and the commons. For the Archbishop trusted that God would make Him known who should wield the sword. On New Year's Day, when the service was completed..The barons rode to the field. Some went to judge, and some to tourney. Sir Ector, with great livelihood about London, rode to the judges. He was accompanied by Sir Kay, his son, and young Arthur, his nursery brother. Sir Kay had lost his sword, as he had left it at his father's lodging. He asked young Arthur to ride after it. \"I will well do that,\" Arthur replied, and rode quickly after the sword. When he returned home, the lady and all were out to see the jousting. Arthur grew angry and said to himself, \"I will ride to the churchyard and take the sword that sticks in the stone. For my brother Sir Kay shall not be without a sword today.\" When he arrived at the churchyard, Sir Arthur dismounted and approached the stone. He found no knights there, as they were all at the jousting. He took hold of the sword by the hilts and pulled it out lightly and fiercely..the king took his horse and rode until he reached his brother Sir Kay. He delivered him the sword. As soon as Sir Kay saw the sword, he knew it was the sword in the stone. He rode to his father, Sir Ector, and said, \"Father, behold the sword of the stone. Therefore, I must be king of this land.\" When Sir Ector beheld the sword, he returned and went to the church. There they all alighted, and they went into the church. Sir Ector made Sir Kay swear on a book how he came to possess the sword. Sir Kay replied, \"By my brother Arthur, for he brought it to me.\" \"How did you obtain this sword?\" Sir Ector asked Arthur. \"I found no one at home to deliver me my sword,\" Arthur replied. \"And so, I thought Sir Kay should not be swordless. I came here eagerly and pulled it out of the stone without pain.\" \"Have you found any knights about this sword?\" Sir Ector asked. \"No,\" Arthur replied. \"Now I understand,\" Sir Ector said to Arthur, \"you must be king of this land.\".Arthur said, \"Why do you say that, Sir Ector?\"\n\"For God's will, it should never be drawn from this sword,\" replied Ector. \"Only the rightful king of this land should wield it.\"\nArthur then asked, \"Let me see if you can place the sword back in the stone as it was, and draw it out again.\" Ector replied, \"That's no challenge, said Arthur. He then placed the sword in the stone. Sir Ector attempted to pull it out, but failed.\n\"Now you try, Sir Ector, against Sir Kay,\" Ector suggested. \"He pulled at the sword with all his might, but it wouldn't budge.\n\"Now you try, Sir Ector, to Arthur,\" Ector urged. \"I will, Arthur,\" he replied, and easily drew out the sword. He then knelt down to the earth before Sir Kay.\n\"Alas, Arthur, my dear father and brother,\" Arthur lamented. \"Why do you claim this to me? No, no, my lord, it is not so. I was never your father nor of your blood. But I know well that you are of a higher lineage than I had thought. Then Sir Ector told him how he had been taken in to raise him, and by whose commandment, and by Merlin's..Then Arthur was greatly distressed when he learned that Sir Ector was not his father. Sir Ector spoke to Arthur, \"Will you be my good and gracious lord when you are king?\" Arthur replied, \"You are the man in the world I hold most dear. And your good lady and mother, she has fostered me and kept me as her own. If it is God's will that I become king as you say, you shall have my desire regarding what I may do. I will not fail you. God forbid I should fail you. Sir Ector said, \"I ask for no more than that you make my son, Sir Kay, your foster brother. And on the twelfth day, all the barons arrived. They came to try to take the sword from the stone, but none could remove it except Arthur. This caused many lords to be angry and say that it was a disgrace for the realm to be governed by a boy of no high birth. At that time, they quarreled..was put aside after Candlemas. Then all the barons were to meet again, but the twelve knights were always ordered to guard the sword day and night. They set up a pavilion over the stone and the sword and five knights watched it. At Candlemas, many more great lords came there to try and win the sword, but none could prevail. And just as Arthur did before Christmas, he did so at Candlemas and pulled out the sword easily, which greatly upset the barons and they put it aside until the high feast of Easter. And as Arthur had done quickly before, he did so at Easter. Yet some of the great lords were indignant that Arthur should be king and put it off until the feast of Pentecost. Then the Archbishop of Canterbury, through Merlin's providence, let search for the best knights that could be found. And such knights as Uther Pendragon loved best and most trusted in his days were put around Arthur. Among them were Sir Bedivere, Sir Kay..Sir Vulfius / Sir Bartholomew / All these, along with many others, were always around Arthur day and night until the feast of Pentecost. And at the feast of Pentecost, all manner of men attempted to pull at the sword that would attempt; but none were mighty enough to prevail except Arthur. He pulled it out before all the lords and commons who were there. Therefore, the commons cried out together, \"We will have Arthur as our king! We will put him in no further delay! For we all see that it is God's will that he shall be our king! And whoever holds against it, we will kill him! And with that, all knelt at once, both rich and poor. And they cried to Arthur, \"Mercy, Arthur, because you have been delayed so long!\" And Arthur forgave them. He took the sword between both his hands and offered it upon the altar where the Archbishop was. And thus, he was made a knight. And immediately, the coronation was made. And there, he was sworn to his lords and the commons to be a true king, to stand with true justice from then on..for the days of this life / Also then he made all lords who held of the crown come in / and to do service as they ought / And many complaints were made to Sir Arthur of great wrongs that were done since the death of King Uther / from many lands that were hereditary lords, knights, ladies, and gentlemen / wherefore King Arthur made the lands to be given again to those who ought them /\n\nWhen this was done, the king had stabilized all the countries around London / Then he let Sir Kay be made seneschal of England / and Sir Baudwin of Brittany was made Constable / and Sir Ulfyus was made chamberlain / And Sir Brastias was made warder to wait upon the north from Trent forward / for it was the time that most of the king's enemies /\n\nBut within a few years after Arthur won all of Scotland and all that were under their obedience / Also Wales, a part of it, held out against Arthur / but he overcame them all, as he did the remainder, through the noble prowess of himself and his men..knights of the round table\nThe king removed into Wales and let proclaim a great feast that it should be held at Pentecost after his coronation at the City of Carlion. To the feast came King Lot of Lothian and Orkney, with five knights each. Also to the feast came King Vreis of Gorre with four knights each. Also to this feast came King Nectan of Garloth with seven knights each. Also came to the feast the king of Scotland with six hundred knights. He was but a young man. Also came to the feast a king called the king with the hundred knights. But\n\nThe king of Cardo came with five hundred knights.\nKing Arthur was glad of their coming,\nfor he believed that all the kings and knights had come for great love\nand to do him homage at his feast.\nTherefore the king made great joy,\nand sent the kings and knights great presents..Kings would not receive him,/ but shamefully rebuked the messengers / and said they had no joy to receive gifts from a beggar boy/ who came of low birth. / And they sent word, they would not accept his gifts, / but that he should come to give them gifts with sharp swords between the neck and shoulders. / And so they came thither, / as they told the messengers plainly, / for it was great shame to all of them to see such a boy rule over so noble a realm as this land was. / With this answer, the messengers departed / and told King Arthur this answer. / Therefore, by the advice of his barons, he took him to a strong tower. / And all the kings before mentioned laid siege before him. / But King Arthur was well supplied. / And within fifteen days, Merlin came among them into the city of Carlion. / Then all the kings were passing glad to see Merlin, / and asked him why this boy Arthur was made their king. / Sir Merlin said, \"I shall tell you the cause for this.\".He is King Uther's son, born in wedlock to Igraine, duchess of Tintagil. Then they called him a bastard. Nay, said Merlin. After Uther's death, more than three hours had passed before Arthur was conceived in Igraine. Seventeen days after Uther wedded Igraine, and for this reason, I prove him not a bastard. And who dares say otherwise? He shall be king and overcome all his enemies. And until his death, he shall be long king of all England. And under his obedience, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, and more realms than I will now recount. Some kings marveled at Merlin's words and believed they should come true. And some mocked him, as King Lot and others, calling him a witch. But then, they agreed with Merlin that King Arthur should come out and speak with the kings. And to come safely and depart safely. Such a truce was made. So Merlin went to King Arthur and told him what had been done. And urged him not to fear but to come out boldly and speak with them..King Arthur emerged from his tour, wearing a Jester's doublet beneath his gown. With him went the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir Baudwin of Britain, Sir Kay, and Sir Brastias - the most esteemed men in his company. When they met, there were no mince words on either side, but King Arthur answered them firmly and said, \"I will make you all bow, and I live therefore, so depart angrily.\" The king bade them keep well and they, in turn, bade him do the same. The king then returned to the tour again, armed himself and all his knights. \"What are we doing?\" Merlin asked the king. \"You would be wiser to stop; you will not prevail, though you were ten times as many,\" King Lot suggested. Merlin vanished in response, and came to:\n\nCleaned Text: King Arthur emerged from his tour, wearing a Jester's doublet beneath his gown. With him went the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir Baudwin of Britain, Sir Kay, and Sir Brastias - the most esteemed men in his company. When they met, there were no minced words on either side, but King Arthur answered them firmly and said, \"I will make you all bow, and I live therefore, so depart angrily.\" The king bade them keep well and they, in turn, bade him do the same. The king then returned to the tour again, armed himself and all his knights. \"What are we doing?\" Merlin asked the king. \"You would be wiser to stop; you will not prevail, though you were ten times as many,\" King Lot suggested. Merlin vanished in response..King Arthur and his men set upon them fiercely, and in the meantime, there were three hundred good men with the king who went straight to King Arthur. They comforted him greatly. Sir Merlin told Arthur, \"Do not fight with the sword you have by miracle, until you go to the water. Then draw it out and do your best.\" So, with all King Arthur mounted, Sir Bedivere, Sir Kay, and Sir Bors fought on his right and left, and it was marvelous. And always King Arthur, on horseback, laid about with his sword and did marvelous deeds with his arms, which many of the kings greatly enjoyed and marveled at. Then King Lot appeared on the rear side, and King Arthur with the hundred knights and King Carados set upon him fiercely from behind. With this, Sir Arthur turned with his knights and struck both behind and before. And ever was Sir Arthur in the thickest press until his horse was slain beneath him..And King Lot struck down King Arthur with his four knights, receiving him and setting him on horseback. Then he drew his sword, Excalibur, and it was so bright in his enemies' eyes that it shone like thirty torches. And with that, he put them to flight and slew many people.\n\nAfter the feast and journey, King Arthur drew near to London. And so, by Merlin's counsel, the king summoned his barons to council. For Merlin had told the king that the six kings who were at war with him would all assemble on him and his lands. Why, then, the king asked for counsel from them all. They could give no satisfactory answer, and Arthur said, \"You speak truly. But will you?\".All who love me speak with Merlin, for he has done much for me, and he knows many things. When he is before you, I would that you pray him earnestly of his best advice. All the barons said they would pray him and desire him. So Merlin was sent for, and he was earnestly requested by all the barons to give them the best counsel. I told you this, Merlin I warn you all, your enemies are passing strong against you, and they are good men of arms as ever lived, and by this time they have gotten to them four kings more and a mighty duke. Unless our king has more chivalry with him than he may make within the bounds of his own realm and he fights them in battle, he shall be overcome and slain. What is best to do in this cause said all the barons. I shall tell you, Merlin's advice, there are two brothers beyond the sea, and they are both kings and marvelous good men in their hands. One is called King Ban of Benwick, and the other is called King Boris of Gaules, that is France..These two kings, Claudas and another, waged a mighty man named Claudas, and they struggled for a castle. A great war ensued between them. However, Claudas was so wealthy in goods that he won over most of the knights of the two kings, causing them more harm. Therefore, it is my counsel that our king and sovereign lord sends two trustworthy knights to kings Ban and Bors with well-designed letters. They will come and see King Arthur and his court, and they will help him in his wars. He will be sworn to help them against King Claudias. What do you think of this counsel, Merlyn? This is well counseled, said the king and all the barons. In all haste, two knights were appointed for the message to the two kings. Letters were made in a pleasant way according to King Arthur's desire. Ulfyas and Brastias were made the messengers, and they rode forth well-mounted and well-armed. They passed the sea in the fashion of that time..They rode toward the city of Benwick. By the roadside were eight knights who saw them. And at a narrow passage they encountered Ulfius and Brastias, who intended to take them prisoner. The messengers of King Ban, sent by King Arthur, prayed to be allowed to pass. The eight knights replied, \"You shall die or be prisoners, for we are knights of King Claudas.\" Two of them drew their swords, and Ulfius and Brastias did the same and charged with great fury. Claudas' knights broke their swords and seized the two knights from their saddles, leaving them lying on the ground and continuing on their way. The other six knights rode ahead to meet them again, and Ulfius and Brastias struck down two more. They passed on. At the fourth passage, they encountered two more, and both were taken to the ground. None of the eight knights remained unharmed or unbruised. When they arrived,.Benwick was fortunate that there were both kings Ban and Bors. When it was told to the kings that messengers had arrived, they sent out two knights as a welcome, one named Lioness, lord of the county of Payarn, and Sir Pharaunce, a worshipful knight. They asked where they came from, and they replied from King Arthur, king of England. The kings took them in their arms and made great joy, each one of them. But as soon as the kings learned they were messengers of Arthur's, there was no delay. They spoke with the knights and welcomed them in the most faithful way, saying, \"You are most welcome to us before all the kings living. And when Ban and Bors understood the letters, they were even more welcome than before. After the haste of the letters, they gave them this answer: they would fulfill the desire of King Arthur's writing. Ulfyus and Brastias remained there as long as they wanted, and they would have such cheer as could be made them..In the marchies, Ulfyas and Brastias informed King Arthur of their encounter with the eight knights at their passing. Ulfyas said, \"Ban and Bors are my good friends. I wish I had known, they should not have escaped.\" Ulfyas and Brastias were given good cheer and great gifts as much as they could carry away, and they received answers from both kings by mouth and in writing that they would come to Arthur as soon as possible.\n\nSo, the two knights rode on ahead and passed the sea. They came to their lord and reported how they had fared. King Arthur was pleased with the news. \"When do you suppose the two kings will be here?\" Sirs they replied before All Hallows.\n\nThen, King Arthur ordered preparations for a great feast and had it proclaimed. By All Hallows, the two kings were over the sea with three hundred knights well armed for peace and for war. King Arthur met them 10 miles out of London. There was great joy as could be thought or imagined..At the great feast, the three kings sat in the hall, and Sir Kay, the seneschal, served in the hall. Sir Lucas, the butler, who was Duke Cornwall's son, and Sir Gryffud, who was the son of Cardol, these three knights ruled over all the service that served the kings. As soon as they had washed and risen, all knights who wished to do so made themselves ready. By then, they were ready on horseback. There were seven knights. Arthur, Ban, and Bors, with the Archbishop of Canterbury, were in a place covered with cloth of gold, like a hall, with ladies and gentlewomen to watch who did best and to give judgment.\n\nKing Arthur and the two kings let the seven knights depart and divide into two parties. Three knights of Benwick's realm and three knights from Gaul turned to the other side and drew their shields. They began to couch their spears. Sir Gryffud was the first to encounter a knight and they met so eagerly that all men were amazed..Had wondered, and they fought so fiercely that her shields fell to pieces, and horse and man fell to the earth. Both the French knight and the English knight lay there for a long time, and all men thought they were dead. But Lucas the herald saw Gryflet lying there. He mounted him again at once, and they did marvelous deeds of arms with many squires. Sir Kay came out of an embuscade with five knights, and they struck down six. But Sir Kay did marvelous deeds of arms that day, none did so well as he. Then came ladies and Grastian, two knights from France, and they passed well, and all men praised them. Then came Sir Paladas, a good knight, and met Sir Kay, striking him down horse and man. Sir Gryflet was angry and met Sir Paladas so harshly that horse and man fell to the earth. But when the other knights learned that Sir Kay had fallen, they were out of their wits, and each of them fell into a rage..A knight dismounts / when King Arthur and the two kings saw them begin to get angry on both sides, they leapt on small hackneys and let it be proclaimed that all men should depart to their lodgings. And so they went home, disarmed, and sang and suppered. After the three kings went into a garden, they gave the price to Sir Cador and to Lucas the butler, and to Sir Gawain. And then they went to the council chamber, and with them went Gwenbaud to Sir Ban and Bors, a wise clerk. And there went Ulysses and Brasidas and Merlin. After they had been in council, they went to bed. And on the morrow they heard mass and dined, and then to their council, where they made many arguments about what was best to do. At last, they were concluded that Merlin should go with a token from King Ban, and that was a ring to his men, and King Boras and Galaad and Pelias should go again and keep their castles and their countries. King Ban of Benwick and King Boras of Gaules..had ordered them, and so they passed the sea and came to Benwick. And when the people saw King Ban's ring and Gracian and Placidas, they were glad, and asked about the kings' journey and made great joy of their welfare and cordiality. And in accordance with the desires of the sovereign lords, the men-at-arms made them ready as quickly as possible, so that they had 15,000 men on horse and foot, and they had great abundance of provisions with them, thanks to Merlin's provisions. But Gracian and Placidas were left to furnish and garnish the castles out of fear of King Claudas. Merlin also passed the sea well-provisioned both by water and land. And when he came to the sea, he sent the foot soldiers back and took no more with him, but 10,000 men on horseback, the most part being armed men. He shipped and passed the sea into England and landed at Dover. And through Merlin's guidance, he led the host northward along the most secret way that could be thought to the forest of Bedegrayne, and there in a valley he lodged them secretly. Then,.Merlin rode to Arthur and the two kings and told them of how he had fared, which surprised them greatly that a man on earth could travel so swiftly and come and go. Merlin said that there were ten thousand men in the Forest of Bedegrayne, well armed. There was nothing more to be said but to mount their horses. All the host followed Arthur as he had previously ordered. With twenty thousand men, they passed by night and day. Merlin had made such an arrangement beforehand that no man of war could ride or enter any country on this side of the Trent River without a token from King Arthur. The enemies of the kings dared not ride or spy as they had before.\n\nThe three kings soon arrived at the Castle of Bedegrayne and found a fair reception and were well received, bringing them great joy and ample provisions. This was the reason the northern host was summoned to avenge the disdain and rebuke the six kings had suffered at Carlion. Through Merlin's intervention, the seven kings came to their aid..The duke of Candebenet and other kings began to gather their people. They swore that they would not leave until they had destroyed Arthur. The first to take the oath was the duke of Candebenet, who would bring with him 5,000 men of arms, ready on horseback. King Brandegoris of Strangores swore to bring 5,000 men of arms on horseback. King Claryuaus of Northumberland swore to bring three thousand men of arms. The king of the C knights, a passing good man and a young one, swore to bring four thousand men of arms on horseback. King Lott, a passing good knight, and Sir Gawayne's father, swore to bring 5,000 men of arms on horseback. King Vryence, Sir Vwain's father of the land of Gore, swore to bring 6,000 men of arms on horseback. King Idres of Cornewalle swore to bring 5,000 men of arms on horseback..Cardelmans brought me five men on horseback. King Aygwysance of Ireland brought me thousands and ten thousand of good men's bodies. They were soon ready and mounted on horseback and sent their fore riders forward. These ten kings laid siege to the castle of Bedegrayne, and they departed and drew toward Arthur, leaving few to remain at the siege since the castle of Bedegrayne was held by King Arthur, and the men there were Arthur's men.\n\nBy Merlin's advice, fore riders were sent to scout the countryside. They met the fore riders of the north and made them tell which way the host came. They then told it to Arthur, and by King Ban and Bors' counsel, they burned and destroyed all the countryside before them where they should ride.\n\nThe king with the hundred knights had a wondrous dream two nights before the battle that a great wind blew and blew down the heralds..castles and her towns, and after that came a water and bore it all away. All who heard of the vision said it was a token of great battle. Then, by counsel of Merlin, when they knew which way the eleven kings would ride and lodge that night, at midnight they set upon them as they were in their pavilions. But the scout watched by her host cried, \"lords, to arms! Your enemies are at your hand.\"\n\nKing Arthur and King Ban and King Bors, with their good and trusty knights, set upon them so fiercely that they threw their pavilions over their heads. But the eleven kings, by the manly prowess of their arms, took a fair challenge. However, there were slain that morning the bodies of ten good men. And so they had before them a strong passage, yet they were fifty thousand of hardy men. Then it drew toward day. Now shall you do, by my advice, said Merlin to the three kings. I would that King Ban and King Bors, with their following of ten thousand men, were put in a wood here beside in an enclosure and keep them secure..And they should not delay or wait until the light of day comes, and we and our knights have fought them for a long time. When it is daylight, form your battle line even before them, so they can see your entire host. Then they will be more courageous when they see us numbering about twenty thousand, causing them to be gladder to endure us and our host to cross the passage. The three kings and the whole barons all said that Merlin had spoken wisely. It was done immediately as Merlin had planned.\n\nThen three thousand men were delivered to Ulfius and Brastias, and they set upon them fiercely in the passage, and they slew on the right and left, to an astonishing degree.\n\nWhen the enemy kings saw that such a large fleet was committing such acts of arms, they were ashamed and set themselves against us fiercely. But Sir Ulfius' horse was slain under him; however, he did marvelously well on foot.\n\nBut the Duke.Eustace of Cambenet and King Claryance of Northumberland were always hostile towards Ulfius. Then Brastias saw his fellow Ferd so, with all. He struck the duke with a spear, and horse and man fell down. Seeing King Claryance, Brastias returned and each struck the other, causing horse and man to hit the ground. They lay there stunned, and their horse's knees broke against the hard bone. Then Sir Kay came with six companions, and they fought well. After that, the eleven kings arrived, and Gryflet was put to the ground, horse and man, by King Brandegories, King Idres, and King Agwysance. The battle became fiercer on both sides. When Sir Kay saw Gryflet on foot, he rode towards King Nentres and struck him down, taking his horse for Sir Gryflet and mounting him again. Similarly, Sir Kay with the same spear struck down King Lot and injured him severely. Seeing the king with the C knights, they ran towards Sir Kay and struck him down, taking his horse..King Lot gave him (King Lot) thanks / when Sir Gryfflet saw Sir Kay and Lucas, the butler, on foot / He took a sharp, great, and square spear / and rode to Pinel, a good man-at-arms / and struck horse and man down / Then he took his horse / and gave it to Sir Kay /\n\nKing Lot saw King Nestor on foot / he ran to Melot de la Roche / and struck him down, horse and man / and gave King Nestor the horse / and mounted him again /\n\nThe king of the C knights saw King Idres on foot / he ran to Gwymyart de Blois / and struck him down, horse and man / gave King Idres the horse / and mounted him again /\n\nKing Lot struck down Clariciaunce de la For\u00eat sauvage / and gave the horse to Duke Eustace /\n\nWhen they had mounted the kings again, they drew all eleven kings together and said they would avenge the damage they had taken that day /\n\nMeanwhile, Sir Ector arrived with a grim countenance / and found Ulfyus and Brastias on foot in great peril of death, who were foul and defiled..Under horsefeet, King Arthur ran unto King Caradelm of North Wales and struck him down, both horse and king falling. He then took the horse by the reins and gave it to Ulfyus, saying, \"Take this horse, my old friend. You are in need of one.\" Ulfyus thanked him. Sir Arthur performed marvelously in battle, causing wonder among all men, until they saw King Caradelm on foot. He ran to Sir Ector, who was well-mounted, Sir Kay's father, and struck horse and man down. He gave the horse to the king and remounted him. When King Arthur saw the king riding on Ector's horse, he was angry and struck him on the helmet, causing a quarter of it and the shield to fall down. The sword then sliced through to the horse's neck, and both king and horse fell to the ground. Sir Kay came to Sir Morganore and struck him down, horse and man..Sir Ector led his horse to his father, King Ector. Then King Ector ran to Sir Lamorak and struck horse and man down. He gave the horse to Sir Brasias, who greatly needed one, and Brasias beheld Lucas the butler, lying like a dead man under the horse's feet. Sir Gawain marveled greatly at his rescue, and there were always fourteen knights with Sir Lucas. Brasias struck one of them on the helmet, and it went through to the ground. He rode to another and struck him, and his arm flew into the field. He went to the third and struck him on the shoulder, and shoulder and arm flew into the field. When Gawain saw the rescues, he struck a knight on the temples, and his head and helmet went to the earth. Gawain took the horse of that knight and gave it to Sir Luke. \"Mount upon this horse and avenge your wounds,\" he said. Brasias had previously killed a knight and given the horse to Gawain.\n\nThen Lucas saw King Aggravain, who had recently killed Morholt..la roche and Lucas ran to him with a great short spear, which he gave him such a fall that the horse fell to the earth. Also, Lucas found there Forte bloyas de la Flaundres and Sir Gwynas two hardy knights, and in the woodland that Lucas was in, he slew two bachelors and mounted them again. Then the battle raged fiercely on both sides, but Arthur was glad that his knights were remounted. And they fought each other so fiercely that the noise and sound rang out by the water and the wood. King Ban and King Boris prepared their shields and armor, and they were so courageous that many knights trembled and quivered for fear. All this while Lucas, Gwynas, Bryaute, and Bellyas of Flaundrys held a strong position against six kings: King Lot, King Nentres, King Brandegoras, King Idres, King Vryens, and King Agwysance. With the help of Sir Kay and Sir Gryflet, they held these six kings at bay, and neither of them had any power to defend themselves. But when Sir Arthur arrived..saw the battle would not be ended by any man / he feared as a lion / and stationed his horse here and there on the right and left hand, not stopping until he had slain twenty knights. Also, he wounded King Lot severely on the shoulder and made him leave that ground. Sir Kay and Gawain performed great deeds of arms with King Arthur there. Then Ulfyus and Brastias, along with Sir Ector, encountered Duke Eustace, King Cadell, King Cadellmere, King Claryance of Northumberland, and King Carados. These knights encountered these kings and made them retreat from the ground. King Lot made great sorrow for his comrades and his men and said to the ten kings, \"If you will do as I suggest, we shall be slain and destroyed. Let me have the king with the C knights and King Agwaince and the duke of Canbenedeparted as they have decided. Six kings made their party strong against Arthur and made great war for a long time. In the meantime.Two knights, Kynge Ban and Kynge Boisleaund (Lions and Pharaoh), had the advance guard. They met King Idres and his followers, and a great melee ensued, with breaking of lances and striking of swords, resulting in the slaying of men and horses. King Idres was near defeat. Agwysannce, the king, saw this and put Lions and Pharaoh in a perilous position. However, the duke of Canbenek arrived with a large following, forcing the two knights to retreat, but they managed to save themselves and their followers mercilessly. When King Bors saw the two knights retreat, he was greatly displeased. Then, he charged so fast that his following seemed as dark as India. King Lot, upon seeing King Bors, recognized him well. He then said, \"O Jesus, protect us from death and horrible mayhem. For I see well that we are in great peril of death. I see there a king, one of the most worshipful and least men, and one of the best knights.\".world is enclined unto his fellowship, what is he said, the king with the C knights? It is said, King Lot, King Boris of Gaulsa|yd, King Carados. I will encounter with King Boris, and you will receive me when the mystery is revealed, they all said. We will do all that we may, replied Carados and his host. They rode on at a soft pace until they came as near to King Boris as a bow drew. Then both battalions let their horses run as fast as they could. And Bleoberis, who was Godson to King Boris, bore his chief standard, which was a passing good knight. Now we shall see, said King Boris, how these northern Bretons can bear arms. And King Boris encountered a knight and struck him through with a spear, so he fell dead to the earth. Afterward, he drew his sword and did merciless deeds of arms, which all parties marveled at. And his knights failed not but did their part. King Carados was smitten to the earth. With that, came the king with the C knights and rescued King Carados mightily..When the army came, for he was a passing good knight of a king, and yet a young man, King Ban arrived in the field like a lion with banners of green and gold. He said, King Lot, we must be defeated, for I see the most valiant knight in the world and the man of the greatest renown, for such brothers as are King Ban and King Boris are not living. Therefore, we must either flee or die. And if we avoid manfully and wisely, there is only death. When King Ban entered the battle, he came in so fiercely that the strokes rebounded against the wood and the water. Wherefore, King Lot wept for pity and sorrow that he saw so many good knights meet their end. But through the great courage of King Ban, the Northern battle lines, which had been separated, were thrown into confusion for great fear. The three kings and their knights slew everyone it was pitiful to behold, that multitude of people that fled. But King Lot and the Hundred Knights and King [Name].Morgan rode the people to gather, passing knightly, and showed great prowess in arms, leading the battle all day long. When King of the Hundred Knights beheld the great damage King Ban caused, he charged at him with his horse and struck him on the helmet with a great blow, stunning him. King Ban was angry and pursued him fiercely. The others saw this and raised their shields and spurred their horses forward. But King Ban's blow felled King Morgan's horse and split it in two with the sword, causing it to touch the ground. King Morgan easily dismounted and with his sword he broke through King Ban's horse. With that, King Ban lightly dismounted from the dead horse and then struck the other so fiercely that he fell to the earth. In that year, there was great slaughter of good knights..People came into the presence of King Arthur, and found King Ban standing among the dead men and dead horses, fighting on foot like a wild lion, with no one coming near him as far as he could reach with his sword. But he caught a grievous blow, which caused great sorrow to King Arthur. Arthur was so bloody that no man could recognize him, for his shield was covered in blood and brains on his sword. And as Arthur looked around him, he saw a knight who was exceptionally well-mounted. And then Arthur ran to him and struck him on the helmet, and his sword went right up to his teeth. The knight fell to the ground dead. And immediately Arthur took the horse by the reins and led him to King Ban and said, \"Fair brother, take this horse. For you have great merit from it, and I deeply regret your great harm. It will soon be avenged,\" said King Ban. \"For I trust that none of them but some may deeply regret this.\" \"I will welcome that,\" said Arthur, \"for I see your deeds are truly actual. Nevertheless, I might have...\".But when King Ban was mounted on horseback, new battle began, which was sore and hard, causing great slaughter. And through great force, King Arthur, King Ban, and King Bors made their knights retreat a little. But the eleven kings with their chivalry never turned back, and they withdrew them to a small wood and over a little river. There they rested, for on the night they could have no rest on the field. Then the eleven kings and knights put themselves on a heap, all disarrayed and out of all comfort, but no man could pass them, they held them so tightly to the heap both behind and before. King Arthur marveled at their deeds of arms and was passing angry. A knight named Arthur said to King Ban and King Bors, \"Blame them not,\" he said. \"For they do as good men ought to do. By my faith, said King Ban, they are the best fighting men and knights of most prowess that I have ever seen or heard speak of.\".And though eleven kings are men of great worship / And if they were not against you / there was no king under heaven with such eleven knights and of such worship / I may not love them, said Arthur / they would destroy me / that is known, said King Ban and King Boris / for they are your mortal enemies / and that has been proven beforehand / And this day they have done their part / and that is a great pity of their willfulness\n\nThen all the eleven kings drew them together / And then King Lot said / lords, you must find other ways than you do / or else the great loss is behind / you may see what people we have lost / and what good men we lose / by always waiting on these footmen / and every time we save one footman\n\nwe lose ten horsemen for him / therefore this is my advice / let us put our footmen aside / And when our horsemen are together / let each king make such order that none breaks in on pain of death / And whoever sees any man prepare to flee / lightly let him..be slain, for it is better that we all slee a coward than let all of us be slain, King Lot asked. Answer me, all you kings, he said. It is well said, replied King Nectanes. The same was said by the King of the Hundred Knights, and by King Cardados and King Vryence. And by King Idres and King Brandegoras. And they swore they would never fail each other, neither for life nor for death. And whoever fled would be slain. Then they mended their armor and righted their shields and took new spears and set them on their thights and stood still as if they were a plank of wood.\n\nWhen Sir Arthur and King Ban and Bors held them and all their knights, they praised them more for their noble cheer of chivalry for the hardiest fighters they had ever heard or seen. With that, they dressed forty noble knights and said to the three kings, they would break their battle. These were their names: Lyonesse, Pharynce, Ulfyus, Brastias..Ector, Kaynes, Lucas the butler, Gryflett, Mariet de la Roche, Gwynas de Blois, Briatis of the Forest Sauage, Bellaus, Moryans of the castle maidens spurred their horses mightily as the horses might run. And the eleven kings with part of their knights rushed with their horses as fast as they might with their spears and slew down right and left where their horses went in blood up to the fetlocks. But ever the eleven kings and their host were in the sight of Arthur. Therefore Ban and Bors were greatly astonished considering the great slaughter that was. But at last they were driven back over a little river. With that came Merlin on a great black horse and said to Arthur, \"Thou hast never done enough. Hast thou not done yet? Of three score thousand this day hast thou left alive but fifteen. And it is time to say 'ho' for God is angry with thee, that thou wilt never have done. For these eleven kings at this time will not be overcome. But if thou tarry on them any longer.\".\"Linger, your fortune will turn and they shall increase. Therefore, withdraw to your lodging and rest as soon as you can, and reward your good knights with gold and silver; for they have well deserved more of prowess than they have displayed today. For you have matched today with the best fighters in the world, that is true, said King Ban and Merlin. Withdraw where you please. For these three years I dare undertake that they shall not harm you. And by then you shall hear new tidings. And then Merlin said to Arthur, these eleven kings have more on hand than they are aware of. The Saracens are lodged in their countries more than 40,000 who burn and have laid siege at the castle Wandesborow and make great destruction. Therefore, do not fear these three years. Also, let all the goods that have been gained at this battle be searched. And when you have it in your hands, let it be given freely to these two kings Ban and Bors, that they may reward them.\".knights should all, and this will make strangers more willing to serve you when necessary. You are also able to reward your own knights with your own goods whenever you please. It is well said, as you have devised, so it shall be done. When it was delivered to Ban and Bors, they gave the goods freely to their knights as freely as it was given to them. Then Merlin took his leave of Arthur and the two kings to go and see his master Blaise who dwelt in Northumberland. And he departed and came to his master, who was passing glad of his coming. There he told how Arthur and the two kings had fared at the great battle, and how it was ended, and told the names of every king and knight of worth that was there. And so Blaise wrote the battle down word for word as Merlin told him how it began, and by whom, and in the same way how it was ended, and who had the war. All the battles that were done in Arthur's days, Merlin caused his master Blaise to write down..do write all the battles that every worthy knight did of Arthur's Court, after Merlin departed from his master and came to King Arthur, who was in the castle of Bedegraine, one of the castles that stood in the forest of Sherwood. Merlin was so disguised that King Arthur did not recognize him, for he was all covered in black sheepskins and a great pair of boots, with a bow and arrows in a russet gown, and had wild geese in his head, and it was on the morning after Candlemas day. But King Arthur did not recognize him.\n\nSir Merlin spoke to the king, \"Will you give me a gift? Why asked King Arthur, \"Should I give the gift to this beggar?\" Sir Merlin replied, \"You would be better to give me a gift that is not in your hand than to lose great riches, for here in the same place where the great battle was fought, there is great treasure hidden in the earth.\" The one who told me so, he said. Then Ulfyus and Brastias recognized him and smiled.\n\nSir Merlin said, \"These two knights, it is I who speak thus.\".In King Arthur's time, Merlin greatly troubled and marveled both King Ban and King Bors, as they had great discord with him. Meanwhile, a damsel arrived, the daughter of Eric, named Sanam, and Lyonors, a very beautiful damsel. She came there to pay homage, as other lords did after the great battle. King Arthur greatly desired her, and she him, and the king took her as his concubine and had a son by her, named Borr, who became a good knight and joined the Round Table. Then news came that King Rience of North Wales made great war against King Lot of Camelot, which angered Arthur, as he loved him well and hated King Rience, who was always against him. By the order of the three kings who were sent home to Benwick, they all departed out of fear of Claudas, Pharaoh, Antemes, and Grasians and their leaders..that should keep the king's landes\nAnd then King Arthur, King Ban, and King Bors departed with their retinue of twenty thousand men and reached the country of Carmeliance within six days. There they encountered King Lot and engaged him in battle. And these three kings were greatly thanked by him for their great kindness in avenging him of his enemies. After they were married, as the book tells, to Guinevere, the king's daughter of Carmeliance, Arthur fell in love with her. After they had taken their leave to return to their own countries, King Claudas caused great destruction on their lands. Then Arthur said, \"I will go with you.\" \"No,\" said the kings. \"You shall not at this time. You have much to do yet in these lands. Therefore, we will depart.\" And with the great riches they had acquired in these lands through your gifts, we shall maintain good knights and resist King Claudas' malice. For by the grace of God and we..We need to send word to you for your assistance, and if you need our help, we will not delay on account of our bodies. Merlin assures you that these two kings will not meet again in the way of war. I know that King Arthur cannot be far from you; within a year or two, you will have great need, and then he will avenge you against your enemies as you have avenged him. For these eleven kings shall all die in one day by the great might and prowess of the arms of two valiant knights, as the tale relates. Their names are Balin le Savage and Balan, his brother, who are wonderful good knights, living as any.\n\nNow, turning to the eleven kings who returned to a city called Sorhaute, which was within King Vreins' lands, and there they refreshed themselves as well as they could and had their wounds searched, and they grieved greatly for the death of their people. With this, a messenger arrived and reported that people from their lands had come, landing..Brent and Slayne all the people that they might come without mercy, and had laid siege on the castle of Wadisborow. Alas, said the fifteen kings, there is sorrow upon sorrow, and if we had not waged war against Arthur as we have done, he would soon avenge us. As for King Lotegraunce, he loves Arthur better than us, and as for King Ryence, he has enough to do with the Lotgeans, for he has laid siege to him. Therefore, they agreed to gather and keep watch over all the marches of Cornwall, of Wales and the north. First, they put King Idres in the city of Naunty in Britain with four thousand men of arms, to watch both water and land. Also, they put King Nauntes of Garlot in the city of Windesan with four thousand knights, to watch both water and land. Also, they had more than eight thousand men of war to fortify all the fortresses in the marches of Cornwall. Also, they put more knights in all the marches of Wales and Scotland with many good men of arms..They kept them together for three years, and during that time they were entertained by mighty kings, dukes, and lords. King Reginald of North Wales joined them, a mighty man himself. And all this while they equipped and prepared them with good men-at-arms and supplies and all manner of equipment for the war to augment them for the Battle of Bedegrayne, as it relates in the book of adventures following.\n\nThen, after the departure of King Ban and King Boris, King Arthur rode to Carlion. And there came to him Queen Lot of Orkney in the guise of a messenger, but she was sent there to spy on the Court of King Arthur. She came richly attired with her four sons, Gawain, Gaheris, Agravain, and Gareth, with many other knights and ladies, for she was a possessing fair lady. Therefore, the king cast great love upon her, and desired to lie with her. They agreed, and he begat upon her Mordred, and she was his sister..King Igrayne's side / There she stayed for a month and then departed / Then the king dreamed a wonderful dream, which filled him with fear / But all this time, King Arthur was unaware that Queen Lot was his sister / This was Arthur's dream: he thought that Griffons and Serpents had come into this land, burning and slaying all the people in it. He thought he fought with them and they caused him great harm, wounding him severely. But at last, he slew them. / When the king awoke, he was still heavy with the dream and to rid himself of it, he prepared himself with many knights to go hunting / As soon as he entered the forest, the king saw a great stag before him. \"I will chase this stag,\" said King Arthur. He spurred his horse and rode after it for a long time. Several times he came close to striking it, but his horse, having chased the stag so long, had lost its breath..A man brought the king another horse. The king saw the heart embedded and his horse was dead. He set himself down by a fountain and fell into deep thoughts. He heard the sound of hounds, numbering thirty. The strangest beast he had ever seen or heard of approached, went to the well and drank. The noise was like that of thirty hounds, but while the beast drank there was no noise from it. And with a great noise, the beast departed, which greatly astonished the king. He was deep in thought and then fell asleep. A knight on foot came to Arthur and said, \"Sir knight, deep in thought and sleepy, have you seen a strange beast pass this way?\" \"Yes, Sir Arthur,\" I replied, \"it was two miles back. What do you want with the beast?\" \"I have followed that beast for a long time,\" Arthur answered..And I rode my horse, so would God I had another to follow my quest. Ryghte came one with the king's horse, and when the knight saw the horse, he prayed the king to give him the horse. For I have followed this quest for twelve months, and another I shall enchain or bleed of the best blood of my body. Pellinore followed the quest at that time, and after his death, Sir Palamides followed it.\n\nThe knight said to the king, \"Leave that quest and let me have it. I will follow it for another twelve months.\" A fool said the knight to Arthur, \"It is in vain your desire, for it shall never be enchained but by me or my next kin. Therewith he mounted the king's horse and said, 'Thank you, this horse is mine.' Well said the king, 'You may take my horse by force, but I might prove whether you are better on horseback or I.' Well said the knight, 'Seek me here when you will, and near this place you shall find me.' And so he passed on his way..King sat in a study, ordering his men to fetch his horse as fast as they could. Right away, Merlin appeared before him, looking like a fourteen-year-old child. He greeted the king and asked why he seemed so pensive. \"I may well be pensive,\" said the king, \"for I have seen the most wonderful sight that ever I saw. That you may know, Merlin, as well as you yourself, and of all your thoughts, but you are a fool to worry, for it will not change anything.\" Merlin knew what the king was and who his father was. \"King Utherpendragon was your father, and he begot you on Igrayne. That is false, said King Arthur. How would you know it? For you are not old enough to know my father.\" \"Yes, I know it better than you or any man living,\" Merlin replied. I will not believe the said Arthur and was angry with the child. So Merlin departed and returned in the guise of an old man of eighty years. The king was glad to see him, for he seemed wise. Then the old man spoke..\"Arthur: I may also be heavy for many reasons. A child told me things that I deem untrue, as he was not old enough to know of my father. Old man: The child spoke the truth, and he would have revealed more if you had allowed him. But you have done something recently that God is displeased with you for - you have lain with your sister, and a child will be born from her that will destroy you and all the knights of your realm. Arthur: I am Merlin. I marvel at your words, but I marvel even more at your statement that I must die in battle. Merlin: Marvel not, Merlin, for it is God's will that your body be punished for your wicked deeds. But I may also be sad, Merlin, for I shall die a shameful death by being put in the earth quickly, and you shall die a worthy death.\".and so the king mounted on his horse, and Merlin on another, and they rode to Carlyon. The king asked Ector and Ulfius how he had been betroted, and they replied that Otherpendragon was his father and Igraine was his mother. Then he said to Merlin, \"I will that my mother be sent for, so that I may speak with her. And if she agrees, then I will believe it.\" In haste, the queen was sent for, and she came, bringing with her Morgan le Fay, her daughter, who was as fair a lady as might be. The king welcomed Igraine in the best manner.\n\nRight away, Ulfius spoke openly, saying that the king and all those feasted that day were the falsest lady in the world and the most traitorous to the king's person. Arthur warned him, \"Be careful what you say. You speak a great word.\" Ulfius replied, \"I speak the truth, and I have my glove to prove it upon any man who dares say otherwise, that this queen Igraine is the cause of your great damage and of your great war. For she would...\".I have uttered it in the life of King Uther Pendragon, your father, and how you were begotten, you had never had the mortal wars that you have had, for most of your barons of your realm never knew whose son you were, nor from whom you were begotten. The woman who bore you should have made it known openly, in excuse for her and for you, and to the entire realm. Therefore, I prove her false to God and to you and to all your realm, and whoever says the contrary, I will prove it on his body.\n\nThen Igraine spoke and said, \"I am a woman, and I may not fight, but rather than I should be dishonored, there would be some good man take my quarrel. Merlin knows well, and Sir Ulfius, how King Uther came to me in the Castle of Tintagil in the likeness of my lord who was dead three hours before, and by this means got a child that night upon me. And after the eighth day, King Uther wedded me, and by his commandment, when the child was born, it was delivered to Merlin.\".I have cleaned the text as follows: \"nourished by him/ and I saw the child never after, nor knew his name, for I had never known him yet. And Uther's son, Ufyddes, said to Queen Igraine, \"Merlin is more to blame than you.\" \"I bore a child by my lord, Uther,\" the queen replied, \"but I don't know where he is. Then Merlin took the king by the hand, saying, \"This is your mother.\" And with that, King Arthur took Queen Igraine in his arms and kissed her. Each wept upon the other. And then the king allowed a feast to be made, which lasted eight days. On one day, a squire on horseback entered the court, leading a mortally wounded knight before him. He told the king that there was a knight in the forest who had rescued a damsel in distress by a well and had killed my master, a good knight. His name was Miles. I beg of you, my lord, that my master may be buried, and that some knight may avenge my master's death.\" The noise was great then.\".that knight dies in the Court, and every man spoke his adversities. Then came Gryflet, who was only a squire, and he was young, of the same age as King Arthur. He begged the king for all his service that he had done him to grant him the order of knighthood.\n\n\"Thou art too young and tender in age to take such a high order,\" said Arthur. \"Sir Gryflet, I implore you to wait,\" said Merlin. \"It would be a great pity to lose Gryflet. He will be an excellent man when he is older. I will stay with you the term of his life. And if he encounters that knight at the fountain, it is in great peril if he ever returns,\" said Merlin, \"for he is one of the best knights in the world and the most skilled in arms.\"\n\n\"Well said, Arthur,\" Merlin continued. \"At Gryflet's request, the king made him a knight. Now, Sir Gryflet,\" said Arthur, \"since I have made you a knight, you must give me a gift. What will you give?\"\n\n\"You shall promise me by the faith of your body when you have fought,\" said Gryflet..with the knight at the fountain, whether you are on foot or on horseback, you shall come back to me without making any more debate. I, Gryflet, promise you this. Then Gryflet took his horse in great haste, put on his shield, and took a spear in his hand. He rode a great distance until he reached the fountain. There, he saw a rich pavilion, and under a cloth stood a fair horse, well saddled and bridled. And on a tree hung a shield of various colors and a great spear. Then Gryflet struck the shield with the butt of his spear, causing it to fall to the ground. With that, the knight came out of the pavilion and said, \"Fair knight, why did you knock down my shield? I wish to fight with you,\" said Gryflet. \"It is better that you didn't say that,\" the knight replied. \"You are but a young and newly made knight, and your might is nothing to mine.\" But since I must, I will..The two knights ran towards each other, Grifflet brandishing his spear. They clashed, and Grifflet was struck through the shield and left side, the spear shattering in his body. The horse and rider fell.\n\nThe knight saw him lying there and alighted. He was heavy-hearted, believing he had killed him. He removed his helmet, took a breath, and using the truncheon, he mounted his horse and helped Grifflet up. He took him to God and said, \"He had a mighty heart, and if he could live, he would prove to be a passing good knight.\" Grifflet rode to the court where great sorrow was felt for him. But through the care of good leaches, he was healed and saved.\n\nTwelve knights arrived at the court, aged men, who had come from the Emperor of Rome. They asked King Arthur for tribute for this realm, or else the Emperor would destroy him and his land. \"Well said, King Arthur,\" replied the Emperor..messagers / therefore you may say what you will otherwise you shall die, therefore / But this is my answer. I owe the emperor no true allegiance or any, but on a fair field I shall give him my allegiance, that will be with a sharp spear / or else with a sharp sword / & that shall not be long by my father's soul. Otherpendragon / & therewith the messengers departed angrily. King Arthur, in turn, was also angry / for in evil times they came to him / for the king was extremely angry due to the hurt of Sir Gryflet / therefore he commanded a private man of his chamber / that or it be day his best horse and armor with all that belongs to his person be without the city or to tomorrow day. Right so or tomorrow he met with his man and his horse, and so he mounted up and dressed his shield / & took his spear and had his chamberlain tarry there till he came again / And so Arthur went a soft passage until it was day / & then he was aware of three knights chasing Merlin / and would have had him slain / then the king rode to them / and had.them. They fled when they saw a knight and fled. O Merlin said Arthur, \"had I been here, you would have been slain for all your crafts. I would have saved myself.\" \"Not so,\" said Merlin, \"for I could save myself and I would. And you are closer to your death than I am, for you are going to the death ward. God not be your friend.\" As they continued talking, they came to a fountain. A rich pauper was there by it. Then King Arthur saw a knight armed in a chariot. \"Sir knight,\" said Arthur, \"why do you linger here, preventing any knight from riding this way unless he justifies it with me?\" \"This custom I have used and will use, no matter who objects,\" said the knight. \"Let him amend it who is displeased,\" said Arthur. \"I will amend it,\" said Arthur. \"I will defend the knight. Immediately, he took his horse, donned his shield, took a spear, and they met, their spears clashing sharply..There with Anne, Arthur pulled out his sword / \"Not so,\" said the knight / \"It is fairer said the knight, that we two run more to giders with sharp spears / I will well said Arthur, and I had only more spears, I have now said the knight / So there came a squire and brought two good spears / and Arthur chose one & he another / so they spurred their horses & came to giders with all their might / that either broke her spears to her hands / then Arthur set hand on his sword / \"No,\" said the knight / \"you shall do better / you are a passing good Ithuras as ever I met with all / & once for the love of the high order of knighthood let us be just ones again / I send forth,\" said Arthur / Anon there were brought two great spears / and every knight got a spear / and therewith they ran to giders, and Arthur's spear all to shattered / But the other knight hit him so hard in the midst of the shield / that horse and man fell to the earth / and there with Arthur was egre and pulled out his sword / and said \"I will try the sir knight.\".on foot I have lost the honor on horseback. I will be on horseback said the knight. Then Arthur was angry and drew his shield toward him with his sword drawn. When the knight saw that, he lightened up, for he thought it disrespectful to have a knight at such a disadvantage - he on horseback and I on foot. So he dismounted and drew his shield against Arthur, and they began a strong battle with many great strokes. They fought long and rested, and then they went back to the battle. They hurtled towards each other like two rams, and either fell to the earth. At the last, their swords met evenly. But the knight's sword struck King Arthur's sword in two pieces. Therefore he was heavy. Then the knight said to Arthur, art thou in my danger? Whether I wish to save thee or kill thee..and but thou yield to the one who comes and receives you / thou shalt die / As for death, said King Arthur, welcome when it comes / But to yield myself to the one who comes and receives me, I'd rather die than be so shamed / And there, all came Merlin, and said, knight, hold your hand / For if you slay this knight, you must first test this sword / And therewith Merlin cast an enchantment upon the knight, causing him to fall to the earth in a deep sleep / Then Merlin took up King Arthur and rode forth on the knight's horse / Alas, said Arthur, what have you done, Merlin? You have slain this noble knight through your arts / There lies not a more worthy knight than he. I'd rather endure the stain on my land than this..Merlin said, \"Where he may be living, it matters not to you. He is holier than you, for he is only sleeping and will awaken within three hours. I told you, Merlin, what kind of knight he was. There is not a bigger knight than he, and he will later do you great service. His name is Pellinore, and he will have two sons who will be exceptionally good men, except for one. Their names will be Persival of Wales and Lamorak of Wales. He will tell you the name of your own son, born of your sister, who will be the destruction of this realm.\"\n\nThe king and Merlin departed and went to an hermit, a good man and a great healer. The hermit healed all of the king's wounds, and the king remained there for three days until his wounds were healed enough for him to ride. Then they departed. As they rode, Arthur said, \"I have no sword. I have no strength.\" Merlin replied, \"Here is a sword.\".that shall be yours and I may. So they rode till they came to a lake, which was a fair water and broad. And in the midst of the lake, Arthur was aware of an arm clad in white samite, which held a fair sword in its hand. Lo, said Merlin, \"yonder is that sword that I spoke of.\" With that, they saw a damsel going upon the lake. What damsel is that, said Arthur? That is the lady of the lake, said Merlin. And within that lake is a rock, and therein is as fair a place as any on earth and richly furnished. This damsel will come to you soon, and then speak fairly to her, and she will give you that sword.\n\nImmediately, the damsel came to Arthur, and greeted him. Damsel, said Arthur, what sword is that? That yonder the arm holds above the water, I would it were mine, for I have no sword. Sir Arthur, king, said the damsel, that sword is mine. And if you will give me a gift when I ask it of you, you shall have it by my faith, said Arthur. I will give you..\"You ask what you will, the damsel replied. Go in to the large ship and row yourself to the sword, and take it. Scrub it with you, and I will ask my turn when I see my time. So Sir Arthur and Merlin dismounted and tied their horses to two trees. They entered the ship, and when they reached the sword that the hand held, Sir Arthur took it up by the hands and took it with him. The arm and head went under the water, and they came to the land and rode forth. Then Sir Arthur saw a rich pavilion. What signifies that pavilion over there, Merlin asked. It is the knights' pavilion, Merlin said. You fought with it last, Sir Pellinore, but he is not there. He has a quarrel with one of your knights named Eglamour. They have fought to gather, but at last Eglamour fled, and if he had not, he would have been dead. He has chased him even to Carlion, and we shall meet him soon on the high way.\" \"Now I have a sword,\" Arthur said. \"Now I will wage battle with him and avenge myself on him.\".Sir, Merlin spoke thus: \"You shall not say that to him, for the knight is wary of fighting and chasing, so you will have no worship to deal with him. He will not be easily matched by one knight living, and for that reason, it is my counsel: let him pass. He will do you good service in a short time, and his sons after his days. Also, you shall see that day in a short space, you will be right glad to give him your sister to wed when I see him. I will do as you advise me, said Arthur.\n\nThen Sir Arthur looked on the sword and liked it passing well. And said Arthur, \"Do you like the sword?\" said Merlin. \"You are more unwise,\" said Merlin. \"For the scabbard is worth ten of the sword's worth. For as long as you have the scabbard upon you, you shall never leave any blood, be you never so sore wounded. Keep the scabbard with you always.\"\n\nSo they rode on to Carlion. And by the way, they met Sir Pellinore. But Merlin had done such a craft that Pellinore saw not Arthur, and he passed by without any words. I marvel, said Arthur..A knight would not speak, said Merlin. You were not seen, he added, for if you had been, you would not have departed lightly. They came to Carlion, where his knights were passing in gladness. When they heard of his adventures, they marveled that he would jeopardize his person so recklessly. But all men of worth said it was merry to be under such a champion who would put his person in danger as other poor knights did.\n\nMeanwhile, a messenger came from King Ryons of North Wales. He was king of all Ireland and many isles. This was his gracious message to King Arthur in these words: \"King Ryons had discomfited and overcome eleven kings, and each of them did him homage by giving him their beards shorn as much as possible. The messenger came for King Arthur's beard. King Ryons had purified a mantle with kings' beards, and there was one place of the mantle lacking.\".\"Arthur said, \"You have given the most disgraceful and lowest message to a king that I have ever heard. Your beard is not yet old enough to make it respectable. But tell your king this: I owe him no homage, nor do any of my elders. Unless it takes a long time, he must do me homage on both knees, or else he will lose his head by the faith of my body. This is the most shameful message I have ever heard. I have seen your king meet with many respectable men, but tell him, I will take his head without his doing me homage. Then the messenger departed. Anyone here who knows King Rions? A knight named Naram answered, 'Sir, we know the king well. He is a very good man in body, as you have no doubt. He will wage war on you with a mighty force.' Arthur replied, \"I will make preparations for him accordingly.\"\".King Arthur ordered the summoning of all children born on May Day to his court, for Merlin had told him that the one who would defeat him would be born on that day. Therefore, he summoned them all under pain of death. Many lords' sons were found, and they were all sent to the king. Mordred was sent by Lady Lot's wife, and they were all put on a ship to the sea. Some were four weeks old, and some were younger. By chance, the ship was driven to a castle and was about to be wrecked, but most were saved, except for Mordred, who was cast ashore and found by a good man. He raised Mordred until he was fourteen years old and then brought him to the court, as recorded later in the account of Arthur's death. However, many lords and barons of the realm were displeased because their children were lost, and they blamed Merlin more than Arthur. Out of fear and love, they kept the peace. But when the messenger arrived at King Rion's court, then....After the death of Uther Pendragon, Arthur his son reigns / who had great wars in his days to get all England into his hand / For there were many kings within the realm of England and in Wales, Scotland, and Cornwall / So it happened at one time / when King Arthur was in London, a knight came and told the king about tidings. He said that King Ryons of North Wales had gathered a great number of people and entered into the land, burning and slaying the true lieges. If this is true, said Arthur, it is a great shame for my estate, but I am mightily able to withstand it. It is true, said the knight. For I saw the host myself. Well said the king. Let a cry be made / that all the lords, knights, and gentlemen of arms should draw unto a castle called Camelot in those days / and there the king would let make a general council and a great assembly..Iustes when King Arthur and his barons arrived and lodged as they saw fit, a damsel came, sent by Lady Lyle of Auvergne. She appeared before King Arthur and told him whence she came and why she had been sent to him: then she let her richly furred mantle fall from her, and she was girded with a noble sword, which amazed the king. \"Damsel,\" said the king, \"why are you girded with this sword? It seems inappropriate.\" \"Sir,\" replied the damsel, \"this sword causes me great sorrow and anxiety, for I cannot be freed from it unless by a knight. But he must be a man of good character in both deeds and actions, without guile or treachery, and without treason. If I can find such a knight, he may draw the sword from the sheath.\" I have been to King Ryon's court; I was told there was such a knight..knight and he and all his knights have attempted it and none can succeed. This is a great marvel, said Arthur, if this is true, I will try to draw out the sword. I do not presume that I am the best knight, but I will begin, giving an example to all the barons, that they shall try each one after me. Then Arthur took the sword by the scabbard and the hilt and pulled at it eagerly, but the sword would not come out. \"Sir,\" said the damsel, \"you need not pull so hard. He who shall pull it out will do so with little might. You speak truly, Arthur,\" he replied. \"Now, you all my barons, try, but beware lest you be deceived by shame, treachery, or guile.\" The damsel added, \"for he must be a pure knight without guile and of a noble lineage from both father and mother.\" Most of all the barons of the Round Table who were there at that time tried, but none could succeed..A damsel made great sorrow out of measure and said, \"Alas, I thought in this Court were the best knights without treachery or treason. By my faith, says Arthur, here are good knights as I deem as any in the world. But their grace cannot help you. Therefore, I am displeased.\n\nThen it happened that there was a poor knight with King Arthur who had been a prisoner with him for over a year for killing a knight, who was a cousin to King Arthur. The name of this knight was called Balin. And by the good means of the barons, he was delivered out of prison, for he was a good man named of his body, and he was born in Northumberland. So he went quietly into the Court and saw this adventure, which stirred his heart. And he wanted to try it, as other knights did. But for he was poor and poorly armed, he put himself not far in the press. But in his heart, he was fully assured to do as well if his grace happened to him as any knight that was there. And as the damsel..The knight Balen spoke to her, \"Maiden, I pray you, allow me to try as well as these lords, though I am so poorly dressed. In my heart, I believe I am fully assured, as some of these others seem to be. I am doing well, in my heart. The maiden beheld the poor knight and saw he was a likely man, but for his poor attire, she thought he was of no worth without guile or treachery. Then she said to the knight, \"Lady, it is not necessary to put me through more pain or labor, for it seems you will not succeed there as others have. Fair maiden, Balen said, worth and good deeds are not only in attire but in a man's person. Many a worthy knight is not known without. Therefore, worth and courage are not in attire. By God, said the maiden, you speak the truth. Therefore, you shall try to do what you can.\" Then Balen..Balin took the sword by the hilt and drew it easily. When he looked on the sword, it pleased him much. Then the king and all the barons marveled greatly that Balin had done this deed. Many knights had great contempt for Balin. The damsel said, \"This is a passing good knight and the best that I have ever found, and most chivalrous without treason, treachery, or villainy. And many marvels shall he perform.\"\n\nGentle and courteous knight, give me the sword again, said Balin. \"No,\" he replied. \"This sword I will keep, unless it is taken from me by force.\"\n\n\"You are not wise to keep the sword from me,\" said the damsel. \"For you shall sleep with the sword, the best friend that you have and the man that you love most in the world. And the sword shall be your destruction.\"\n\n\"I shall take the adventure,\" said Balin. \"But the sword you shall not have at this time, by the faith of my body. You shall repent it within short time,\" said the damsel. \"I would have it.\".sword, you have more to lose than I/ for I am heavily burdened on your account. You will not believe that the sword shall be your destruction, and that is a great pity. With that, the damsel departed, making great sorrow. Immediately after Balin sent for his horse and armor and was preparing to leave the court, taking his leave of King Arthur. \"I suppose you will not depart so lightly from this fellowship,\" the king said. \"I suppose you are displeased that I have shown you unkindness. Blame me less. I was mistaken against you. But I thought you were not such a knight as you are of worship and prowess. And if you will stay in this court among my companions, I shall make amends so that you will be pleased. God thank you for your kindness,\" Balin said. \"Your bounty and kindness may no man praise enough. But at this time I must necessarily depart. I beg your eternal goodwill,\" the king said truly. \"I am very angry about your departure,\" I pray you, fair knight, do not tarry..Long and you shall be right welcome to me and to my barons. I will amend all my wrongs done against you. God thank you for your great lordship said Balen, and with that he made himself ready to depart. Then the most part of the knights of the round table said that Balen did not accomplish this deed only by might but by witchcraft.\n\nMeanwhile, as this knight was making himself ready to depart, a lady entered the court. She was called the Lady of the Lake. She came on horseback richly attired and greeted King Arthur. She asked him for a gift that he had promised her when she gave him the sword. \"A gift I promised you,\" said Arthur. \"But I have forgotten the name of my sword that you gave me.\" \"The name of it,\" said the lady, \"is Excalibur, which means 'cut steel.' You say truly, sir,\" said the king. \"Ask what you will, and you shall have it. It is within my power to grant it to you.\" \"I ask for the head of the knight who has won the sword, or else the damosels,\" said the lady..Heed this, I take no force, though I have both their heads; for he slew my brother, a good knight and true, and that gentlewoman was the cause of my father's death. Truly said King Arthur, I may not grant you neither of their heads with my worship. Therefore, ask what you will else, and I shall fulfill your desire. I will ask for nothing else said the lady. When Balin was ready to depart, he saw the Lady of the Lake, who by her men had slain Balin's mother, and he had sought her for three years. And when it was told him that she asked his head from King Arthur, he went to her and said, \"Evil be upon you! You would have my head, and therefore you shall lose yours.\" And with his sword, he lightly beheaded her before King Arthur. Alas, for shame, said Arthur, \"Why have you done so? You have shamed me and all my Court. For this was a lady that I was bound to, and here she came under my safe conduct. I shall never forgive you for this trespass.\" Sir Balin said, \"Think on your own actions.\".This lady, the untruest living, caused the downfall of many good knights through enchantment and sorcery. She was the reason my mother was burned due to her deceit and treachery. You should have heeded your warning, Arthur, for such displeasure I had never seen in my court. Therefore, do not think otherwise; you will regret it. For I have never known such contempt in my Court. Therefore, withdraw from my Court as quickly as you can.\n\nBalin took the head of the lady and carried it with him to his lodgings. There he met with his squire, who was sorry he had displeased King Arthur. They rode forth from the town. Balin said, \"We must part ways. Take this head and carry it to my friends, and tell them how I have fared. Also, tell my friends in Northumberland that my most fierce enemy is dead. Inform them how I have escaped from prison, and tell them of the adventure that befallen me at the acquisition of this sword.\"\n\nThe squire replied, \"You are greatly to blame.\".At that time, Balin displeased King Arthur. Balin declared, \"I will make haste to meet King Ryon and destroy him, either killing him for this or dying in the attempt. If I manage to win him over, then King Arthur will be my good and gracious lord. Where will I find you, said the squire, Balin? In King Arthur's Court, Balin replied. So his squire and he departed at that time. Then, King Arthur and the entire court mourned greatly and felt shame for the death of the Lady of the Lake. At that time, there was a knight, the king's son from Ireland, and his name was Launceor. He was an arrogant knight and considered himself one of the best in the court. He held great contempt for Balin for obtaining the enchantment of the sword, and believed that anyone should be accounted more daring or more skilled than him. He asked King Arthur for permission to ride after Balin and take revenge. \"Do your best,\" said Arthur. \"I am very angry,\" Balin replied..He was quite full of the contempt he had shown me and my court. Then this Launceor went to his lodgings to prepare. In the meantime, Merlin came to King Arthur's court and was told of the adventure of the sword and the death of the Lady of the Lake. I will tell you now what Merlin said, \"This same damsel who stands here brought the sword to your court. I will tell you the reason for her coming. She is the most false damsel who lives. \"No, that is not true,\" they said. She has a passing good knight for a brother, endowed with great prowess and a truly good man. And this damsel loved another knight who held her in thrall. Her brother, the good knight, met the knight who held her in thrall and killed him with the strength of his hands. When this false damsel learned this, she went to the Lady of Avalon and begged her for vengeance against her own brother. And so, the Lady of Avalon took the sword she had brought and declared that no man should wield it..A knight pulled it out of the sheath, and if he was one of the best knights in this realm, he should be hard and full of prowess, and with that sword he should slay her brother. This was the reason the damsel came to this Court. We know it as well as you do. It is a pity she had come to this Court at all, for she never came in the spirit of worship to do good but always great harm. The knight who has wielded the sword will be destroyed by it, causing great damage, for there is no knight of greater prowess than he. He will bring great honor and kindness to you, my lord Arthur, and it is a pity he will not last longer. From his strength and hardiness I know of no match living.\n\nThe knight from Ireland armed himself at all points, donned his shield on his shoulder, and mounted on horseback, taking his spear in hand. He rode after a great pace as fast as his horse could go, and within a little space on a mountain, he had a....\"sight of Balin. With a low voice, he cried, \"abide, knight, for you shall abide whether you will or not. The shield before you will not help when Balin heard the noise. He turned his horse fiercely and said, \"fair knight, what do you want with me? Do you want justice with me? The Irishman spoke, saying, \"the Irish should have kept you at home. For many a man thinks to put his enemy to shame, and it often falls upon himself. From what quarter do you come, said Balin? I am come from the Court of King Arthur,\" said the knight of Ireland, \"who has come here to avenge the disrespect you showed him today and his court.\n\nBalin replied, \"I see well that I must deal with you, for it seems to me that you intend to harm King Arthur or any of his court. And your quarrel is quite simple, said Balin to me, for the lady who is dead, wronged me greatly, and I would have been loath as any knight who lives to kill a lady.\"\n\n\"Make ready,\" said the knight Lanclot, \"and dress yourselves for me. For that.\"\".One shall remain in the field until they took their spears and came to Gyders as much as their horses could drive. The Irish knight struck Baylon on the shield, and Baylon thrust his spear through the shield and the hauberk, piercing his body and the horse's crop. He then quickly turned his horse fiercely and drew out his sword, not knowing that he had slain him. Then he saw him lie as a dead corpse.\n\nThen he looked around and saw a damsel coming ride swiftly as the horse could ride on a fair palfrey. When she saw that Launceor was slain, she made excessive sorrow and said, \"O Baylon, you have slain two bodies and one heart and two hearts in one body. And two souls you have lost.\" And with that, she took the sword from her love that lay dead and fell to the ground in a swoon. When she arose, she made great sorrow out of measure. This sorrow grieved Baylon profoundly, and he went to her to take it away..A sword was drawn from her hand, but she held it so tightly that he couldn't take it out unless he hurt her. Suddenly, she placed the pommel on the ground and killed herself through the body. Balin, passing by, was deeply grieved and astonished that such a fair damsel had taken her life for his sake. \"Alas,\" Balin said, \"I deeply regret the death of this knight for the love of this damsel. There was much true love between us. And yet, for sorrow, I could no longer contain myself and turned my horse towards a great forest. There I encountered my brother Balan. When we met, we removed our helmets and kissed each other, weeping for joy and pity. Balan said, \"I little expected to meet you at this unexpected juncture. I am glad for your deliverance and your sorrowful imprisonment. A maidservant in the Castle of Four Stones told me that you had been delivered, and that man had seen you in the king's court.\".Arthur is here in this country, I came for I supposed to find you. The knight Balin told his brother of his adventure of the sword and the death of the lady of the lake. King Arthur was displeased with him, for he sent this knight after me, who lies here dead. The death of this damsel grieves me sore, Balin said. But you must take the adventure that God ordains for you, Balin truly said. I am heavy that my lord Arthur is displeased with me, for he is the most worshipful knight who reigns now on earth. His love I will gain or else I will put my life in danger. King Rions lies at siege at Castle Tarabel, there we will draw in all haste to prove our worship and prowess upon him. I will well said Balin that we do, and we will help each other as brothers ought to do.\n\nNow go we hence, Balin, and may we meet. Meanwhile, as they spoke, a dwarf came from the city of Camelot on horseback as much as he could find, and found the dead knight..body/why he made great sorrow and pulled out his hair, saying which of you knights has done this deed? said Balin, for I would know. It was I, said Balin, who slew this knight in my defense. He came here to chase me and others until they had slain you. As for that, said Balin, I am not greatly afraid, but I am very sorry that I have displeased my lord King Arthur for this knight's death.\n\nAnd while they were speaking, a king of Cornwall rode up. When he saw these two bodies dead and understood how they had been killed by the two knights, he laid him on a lighter horse. With that, Merlin was vanished and came before King Arthur ahead of time to tell him how his greatest enemy was taken and defeated. By whom, said King Arthur, were these knights? Merlin replied, those who would please you, my lord. And tomorrow you shall know which knights they are.\n\nImmediately after that, the knight with the two swords and Balin his brother arrived..King Arthur brought with him King Ryon of North Wales and delivered him to the porters, charging them with him. They both returned again by the dawn. King Arthur then came to King Ryon and said, \"Sir, welcome. By what adventure have you come here?\" \"Sir,\" replied King Ryon, \"I came here by a hard adventure. Who wanted you, King Arthur?\" \"Sir,\" the king said, \"the knight with the two swords and his brother, who are two marvelous knights of prowess. I do not know them, but I am greatly indebted to them.\" Merlin spoke up, \"I will tell you, it is Balin who wielded the sword, and his brother Balan, a good knight. There is not a better one of prowess and worthiness. It will be a great sorrow for him that I ever knew of a knight, for he will not endure long.\" \"Alas,\" said King Arthur, \"that is great pity. I am greatly indebted to him, and I have ill deserved it from him for his kindness.\" \"No,\" Merlin said, \"he will do much more for you, and you will know it soon.\".Merlin told you that the host of King New's brother would pursue you tomorrow, and he would do so with a great army. Therefore, make yourselves ready, for I will depart from you.\n\nKing Arthur prepared his army in ten battalions, and New was ready in the field before the castle Tarabel with a great army, and he had ten battalions with many more people than Arthur had. New had the vanguard with the most part of his people. Merlin came to King Lot of the Isle of Orkney and held him with a tale of prophecy until New and his people were destroyed. Sir Kay performed admirably well during those days of his life, and Sir Hercules did marvelous deeds with King Arthur. King Arthur slew twenty knights and injured forty on that day. At that time, the knight with the two swords and his brother Balin arrived. But they two performed so marvelously that the king and all the knights marveled at them. All those who beheld them said they were sent from heaven..angels or demons from hell / And King Arthur said of himself they were the best knights he had ever seen / for they gave such strokes that all men marveled at them\n\nMeanwhile, one came to King Lot and told him / while he tarried there, a new destruction and slaughter had taken place and all his people were killed\n\nAlas said King Lot, I am ashamed / for by my delay, many a worthy man has been slain\n\nFor had we been together, there would have been none host under heaven that could have withstood us / this fighter with his prophecy has mocked me / Merlin did all this, for he knew well that and King Lot had been with his body at the first battle / King Arthur would have been slain / and all his people destroyed / Merlin knew that one of the kings should die that day / and he was sorry that it was King Lot rather than King Arthur.\n\nNow what is best to do, said King Lot of Orkney, should I treat with King Arthur or.To fight for the greater party of our people are slain and destroyed, Sir said a knight set upon Arthur. For they are weary and overcome, and we are fresh. As for me, said King Lot, I would have every knight do his part as I would do mine. And then they unfurled banners and charged towards each other, and Arthur's knights, with the help of the knight with two swords and his brother Balin, attacked King Lot and his host. But always King Lot held himself in the forefront and performed marvelous deeds with his arms, for all his host was raised up by his hands, for he restrained all knights. Alas, he could not endure the which was great pity, that so worthy a knight as he was should be overmatched. Once upon a time, before this, he had been a knight of King Arthur and had married the sister of King Arthur. And for King Arthur lay with King Lot's wife, who was Arthur's sister, and begot Mordred. Therefore, King Lot held against Arthur.\n\nSo there was a knight who was called the knight with the [unclear].A strange beast, named Pellinore at the time, a good man from Wessex, struck a mighty blow against King Lot as he fought with all his enemies. His stroke missed the king, but hit the horse's neck instead, causing it to fall with King Lot. Instantly, Pellinore struck him a great blow on the helmet and head, and then all of Orkney's host fled in fear of King Lot's death. Many of King Lot's sons were killed. However, Sir Gawain avenged his father's death one year after being knighted and slew King Pellinore with his own hands. At this battle, 12 kings on King Lot's side, along with New, were killed and buried in the church of St. Stephen in Camelot. The remaining knights and others were buried in a large rock.\n\nUpon King Lot's wife, Morgan le Fay, entering with her four sons, Gawain, Agrauain, and Gaheris, after the battle..and Gareth arrived, as did King Lyonels father, Sir Ewen, and Morgan le Fay, his wife, who was Arthur's sister. All these came to the interment. But of all these twelve kings, Arthur had the tomb of King Lot decorated richly, and made his own tomb. Then Arthur had twelve images of lead and copper made, and overlaid them with gold in the sign of twelve kings. Each of them held a taper of wax that burned day and night. King Arthur was represented in the figure standing above them, holding a sword in his hand. All the twelve figures had the countenance of men overcome. Merlin made all this with his subtle craft, and soon after the adventures of the Sangreal, he would come among you and be enchanted. Also, he told Arthur how Balin, the worthy knight, would give the dolorous stroke, from which great vengeance would fall. O where is Balin and Balan and Pelinore asked King Arthur. As for Pelinore, said Merlyn, he will meet you soon. And as for Balin, ....Will not be long from you, but the other brother will depart, and you shall see him no more, said Arthur. They are two marvelous knights, and Balin surpasses the prowess of any knight that I have ever found. I am deeply bound to him. I wish he would stay with me. Sir Merlin said, \"Keep well the scabbard of Excalibur. You shall lose no blood while you have it up on you, though you have as many wounds as you may have.\" Afterward, for great trust, Arthur entrusted the scabbard to Morgan le Fay, his sister. She loved another knight better than her husband, King Uther or King Arthur. She would have had Arthur, her brother, slain. Therefore, she caused another scabbard to be made like it by enchantment and gave the scabbard, Excalibur, to her lover. His name was called Accolon, who nearly killed King Arthur after this. Merlin then told King Arthur of the prophecy that there would be a great battle beside Salisbury and Mordred, his own..Some should be against him. He told him that Basdemegus was his cousin and germain to King Vryence. Within a day or two, King Arthur was somewhat sick. He let Peredur pitch his pavilion in a meadow. There he laid him down on a pallet to sleep, but he could have no rest. Right soon he heard a great noise of a horse and then King Arthur looked out of the pavilion's porch and saw a knight coming towards him mournfully. \"Fair sir,\" said Arthur, \"tell me why you make this sorrow? You can little amend me,\" said the knight and passed on towards the castle of Melyot. A night after that, Balin came. And when he saw King Arthur, he alighted from his horse and came to the king on foot. \"Welcome, sire,\" said Arthur. \"Sir,\" came riding this way a knight making great mourning. For what cause I cannot tell. Therefore, I would request of you, out of your courtesy and gentleness, to fetch back that knight, either by force or by his will..good will/ I will do more for your lordship than that said Balyn / and so he rode more than a pass and found the knight with a damsel in a forest. \"Sir knight, you must come with me to King Arthur to tell him of your sorrow,\" said Balyn. \"I will not,\" said the knight. \"It will harm me greatly, and do you no good,\" Balyn replied. \"Make yourself ready, for you must go with me, or else I must fight you and bring you by force,\" Balyn threatened. \"Will you be my warrant?\" the knight asked, and I go with you,\" Balyn replied. \"Or else I will die here,\" the knight threatened. And so he made himself ready to go with Balyn and left the damsel behind. As they were even before King Arthur's pavilion, an invasive man came and struck the knight who was going with Balyn through the body with a spear. \"Alas,\" said the knight, \"I am slain under your conduct with a knight called Garlon. Therefore, take my horse, which is better than yours, and ride to the damsel and follow the quest that I was on.\".Balin and the damsel rode into a forest, where they met a knight who had been hunting. The knight asked Balin why he was so sorrowful. \"I don't wish to tell you,\" Balin replied. \"Now I swear by my body,\" the knight said, \"never to leave you while I live. We went to the inn and armed ourselves.\".rode forth with Balyn. As they passed by an hermitage next to a churchyard, the knight Gareth of Ingoldsby attacked and killed Sir Percival de Montb\u00e9liard through the body with a spear. \"Alas,\" said Sir Percival, \"I am slain by this traitorous knight, Gareth.\"\n\n\"Alas,\" said Balyn, \"it is not the first time he has wronged me.\" And there, the hermit and Balyn buried Sir Percival under a rich stone and a royal tomb. On the morrow, they found letters of gold, which read: \"Sir Gawain shall avenge his father's death against Sir Pellinore.\"\n\nAfter this, Balyn and the damsel rode until they came to a castle. Balyn dismounted, and he and the damsel intended to enter the castle. But as Balyn entered the castle gate, the portcullis fell down behind him, and many men attacked the damsel, intending to kill her. When Balyn saw this, he was greatly distressed, for he could not help the damsel. Then he went up into the tower and leapt..over the walls into the ditch and hurt him not. And then he pulled out his sword and would have fought with them. And they all said, \"no, we will not fight with him, for we did nothing but uphold the castle's custom. And we told him how her lady was sick and had lain many years. She might not be well unless she had a dish of silver full of the blood of a clean maiden and a king's daughter. And so the custom of this castle is, no damsel may pass this way but she shall bleed in a silver dish. Well said Balin, she shall bleed as much as she may bleed. But I will not lose the lives of her maids for my life lasts. And so Balin made her bleed by her good will. But her blood did not help the lady. And so he and she rested there all night and had there right good cheer. And on the morrow they passed on their way.\n\nAccording to the Sangraylle, Sir Percival's sister helped that lady with her blood, of which she was dead.\n\nThen they rode three or four..They had not encountered any adventures, and by chance they were lodged with a gentleman who was a wealthy man and lived comfortably. As they sat at supper, Balin heard his host grumble severely in a chamber. What is this noise, Balin asked. \"Indeed,\" said his host, \"I will tell you. I recently participated in a jousting tournament, and there I jousted with a knight who is the brother of King Pellam. I struck him down twice, and he promised to make amends to me on my best friend. He has a son who cannot be healed until I have avenged myself on that knight. The knight is always invisible, but I do not know his name. Balin said, \"I know that knight. His name is Garlon. He has killed two of my knights in the same manner. Therefore, I would rather meet that knight than all the gold in this realm because of the contempt he has shown me.\" \"My host continued, \"King Pellam of Lystyneyse has proclaimed a great feast within the next twenty days, and no knight may come.\".If brings his wife with him or his permission, and that knight, your enemy and mine, then I bade you, Balin, give part of his blood to heal your son with all. We will be ready to depart by east at dawn said his servant. So on the morning they rode the three of them toward Pellam, and they had fifteen days' journey before they arrived, and that same day began the great feast. And they alighted and stabled their horses, and went into the castle. But Balin's servant could not be let in because he had no lady. Then Balin was well received and brought to a chamber and disarmed him. And there were brought to him robes to his pleasure. And they tried to make him leave his sword behind. \"No,\" said Balin, \"I will not do that, for it is the custom of my country for a knight always to keep his weapon with him, and I will keep this custom or else I will depart as I came.\" They gave him leave to wear his sword, and so he went to the castle and was seated among knights of worth and his lady before him..A knight named Balin asked, \"Is there not a knight in this court named Garland? That one over there, the one with the black face, he is the most wonderful knight living, for he destroys many good knights. Balin continued, \"If I kill him here, I will not escape. And if I leave him now, I shall never meet him again at such a time. He will do much harm and he lives.\" Garland, who had been watching Balin, approached and struck Balin on the face with the back of his hand. \"Why are you staring at me, knight?\" Garland asked. \"You say so,\" Balin replied. \"This is not the first insult you have given me, and because of that, I will do what I came for. I rose up fiercely and seized his head to his shoulders. 'Give me the truncheon,' Balin said to his lady, with which he had killed your knight. She gave it to him immediately, for she always carried it..The truncheon struck her and with it Balyn killed him, declaring openly, \"You have slain a good knight. Now it sticks in your body.\" Balyn then called to his host, saying, \"Now fetch enough blood to heal your son.\" All the knights around the table rushed to attack Balyn. King Pellam rose up fiercely and said, \"Knight, you have slain my brother. You shall die for it or depart.\" Balin replied, \"Do it yourself, King Pellam, no one else shall interfere, for the love of my brother.\"\n\nKing Pellam seized a grim weapon and attacked Balin fiercely, but Balin put his sword between his head and the stroke and split it in two. When Balin was disarmed, he ran into a chamber to find some weapons. From chamber to chamber he went, but he could find none. All the while, King Pellam pursued him. At last, he entered a chamber where.was marvelously welcomed and richly arrayed, and on a bed lay one, and by the side of it stood a table of clean gold with four silver pillars lifting it up. Upon the table stood a marvelous spear, strangely wrought. And when Balin saw that spear, he took it into his hand and turned to King Pellam, striking him severely. With that stroke, King Pellam fell down in a swoon, and at the same time the castle roof and walls collapsed and fell to the earth. Balin also fell down, unable to stand foot or hand. Then Merlin came there and took up Balin and gave him a good horse for his dead companion. Merlin bade him ride out of that country. I would have my damsel said to Balin, Merlin said, where lies your lady, and King Pellam lay for many years sorely wounded and could not be whole till then..Galahad held the Holy Grail, in this place was part of our Lord Jesus' blood brought to this land by Joseph of Arimathea. Joseph himself lay in that rich bed, and it was the same spear that Longinus struck our Lord in the heart. King Pellam was near Joseph's kin, and he was the most worshipful man who lived in those days. Great pity it was for his hurt, for through that stroke, joy and tenacity turned to great sorrow and pain. Then Balin departed from Merlin and said, \"In this world, we shall never meet again.\" He rode through the fair countries and cities and found people slain on every side. All who were alive cried out, \"O Balin, you have caused great damage in these lands for the dolorous stroke you gave to King Pellam. Three countries are destroyed, and doubt not that vengeance will fall upon you at the last.\" When Balin was past those lands, he was passing freely for two days or more when he met....A knight came upon a fair forest in a valley. He saw a great war horse tethered to a tree, and beside it sat a handsome, well-made knight, making a great mourning. Balin asked, \"Why are you so sad? Tell me, and I will help if I can.\" The knight replied, \"You cause me great grief. I was thinking happily, but now you make me suffer more. Balin stepped away and looked at his horse. He heard the knight say, \"A fair lady, you have broken your promise. You promised to meet me here alone, and I can curse the one who gave me this sword. With this sword, I shall kill myself.\" Balin rushed towards him and took hold of his hand. \"Let go of my hand,\" the knight said, or I will kill you,\" Balin replied, \"I will promise you my help to get your lady back, and you will tell me where she is.\".A knight asked, \"What is your name?\" \"I am Balin le Sauvage,\" he replied. \"You are the knight with the two swords and the most skilled in hand-to-hand combat living,\" the knight acknowledged. \"What is your name, Balin?\" \"Garnishes of the Mount, a poor man's son, but a duke made me knight and gave me lands,\" Balin answered. \"Duke Hermel,\" the knight named. \"His daughter is the one I love, and she loves me in return.\" Balin inquired, \"Where is she, Horses?\" The knight replied, \"She is six miles away.\"\n\nThese two knights rode towards her. They passed a pace or more until they reached a fair castle with high walls and a moat. Balin declared, \"I will enter the castle. I will look for her.\" He went in and searched from chamber to chamber but found her bed empty. Then Balin looked into a beautiful little garden and, under a laurel tree, saw her lying on a bed of green satin, with a knight in her arms, their heads close together, and grass and herbs beneath them..Balin saw her lying with the foulest knight he had ever seen, and she was a fair lady. Then Balin went through all the chambers again and told the knight how he had found her, fast asleep. And when Garneysh beheld her thus lying, for pure sorrow his mouth and nose bled. With his sword, he struck off both their heads. And then Garneysh made sorrow unmeasurable and said, \"O Balin, much sorrow have you brought upon me. For had you not shown me, I would have endured more sorrow. Truly, Balin, I did it with this intent: to improve your courage; and to make you see and know her deceitfulness. God knows I did none other than what you would have done to me. Alas, Garneysh, now my sorrow is doubled, for I have slain the one I loved most in all my life.\" With that, Garneysh suddenly threw himself onto his own sword until his hilt. When Balin saw that..A knight dressed in disguise rode on, fearing people would think he had slain them. Within three days, he came upon a cross with golden letters that read: \"It is not for a knight alone to ride toward this castle. Then, he saw an old, gentlemanly man approaching him who said, \"Balyn Le Sauage, turn back and it will avail you. And he turned around and vanished away immediately. An hour later, he heard a horn blow, as if the death of a beast. The blast said, \"Balyn is blown for me. For I am the prize, yet I am not dead. An hour later, with a hundred ladies and many knights, he was welcomed with fair semblance and made passing good cheer. The chief lady of the castle said, \"Knight with the two swords, you must have an audience and meet with a knight hereby who keeps an island. For no man may pass this way but\".A knight must justify himself or not pass, said Balyn, for a knight may not pass this way unless he does. The lady spoke next, \"Well said, Balyn, I am ready, but traveling men are often weary, and their horses too. But though my horse is weary, my heart is not. I would rather die there.\" A knight said to Balyn, \"I think your shield is not good. I will leave you and take this unknown shield and leave mine behind. And when he came to the other side, he met a damsel, and she said, \"Oh, knight Balyn, why have you left your own shield? Alas, you have put yourself in great danger. For by your shield, you should have been known. It is a great pity for you, as it has been for any knight. For of your prowess and hardiness, you have no equal living.\" Balyn replied, \"I regret coming into this country, but I cannot turn back now.\".Again, for shame and whatever adventure shall fall to me, be it life or death, I will take the adventure that comes to me. Then he looked at his armor and understood he was well armed. With that, he blessed himself and mounted upon his horse.\n\nBefore him, he saw a knight riding out of a castle, his horse and himself both red and in the same color. When this knight, in the red, beheld Balin, he thought it should be his brother Balan because of his two swords. But because he didn't recognize his shield, he deemed it was not he. And so they charged their spears and came marvelously fast to each other. They struck each other in the shields, but their spears and their horses were so big that they brought down both horse and man, leaving them both unconscious. But Balin was badly bruised from the fall of his horse, for he was weary of travel. Balan was the first to rise on foot and drew his sword, going toward Balin. Balin arose and went against him. But Balan struck Balin first, and he put up his defense..his shield and struck him through the shield and dented his helmet. Then Balin struck him again with that unfortunate sword, nearly killing his brother Balan. And so they fought to a standstill until their breath failed. Then Balin looked up to the castle and saw the towers filled with ladies. So they went to battle again and wounded each other severely. And then they breathed frequently. And so they went to battle until the place where they fought was red with blood. At that time, there was none of them left but they had either inflicted seven great wounds on each other, so that the best of them might have been the death of the mightiest giant in this world. Then they went to battle again so marvelously that it was doubted whether it was worth hearing about this battle due to the great amount of bloodshed. Their harnesses unfastened, they were naked on every side. At last, Balan the younger brother withdrew a little and lay down. Then Balin, the Savage, asked, \"What knight are you?\" For now I intend to....I have cleaned the text as follows: \"I have never encountered a knight to match me. My name is Balan. Balin said, \"Alas, I have seen this day, and because of it, I cannot recognize you.\" He fell unconscious in a swoon. Balin then went on all fours and hands and took off his brother's helmet, unable to identify him due to the extensive damage to his face. When he awoke, he said, \"Balan, my brother, you have killed me, and I, you. Therefore, the whole world will speak of us both.\" Balin said, \"Alas, I have seen this day, and because of it, I could not recognize you. I saw well your two swords, but because you had another shield, I took you for another knight. Alas, Balin, all that ensued was an unhappy event in the castle. For I could not depart from them since I arrived here. It was here that I slew a knight who guarded it.\".this island and I could never depart, and neither you nor your brother could have killed me as you did and escaped with your life. Rightly, the lady of the tower came with four knights and six ladies and six men to them, and there she heard how they made each other swear that we both came from one tomb, that is, one mother's belly. And so we shall both lie in one pit. Balin prayed the lady for her gentleness for his true service, that she would bury us both in that same place where the battle was done. She granted them, weeping, that it should be done richly in the best manner. Now will you send for a priest that we may receive our sacrament and receive the blessed body of our Lord Jesus Christ? You said, the lady, it shall be done. And Balin said, when we are buried in one tomb and the commemoration made over us, how two brothers slew each other, there will never be a good knight or good man who sees our tomb but.They will pray for our souls, and so all the ladies and gentlewomen wept for pity. Then Balan died, but Balin did not until the midnight after. They were both buried. The lady allowed a monument to be made for Balan, detailing how he was slain by his brother's hand, but she did not know Balin's name.\n\nIn the morning, Merlin came and found Balin, the Savage knight with the two swords, lying there. He who struck the dolorous stroke also made a bed there. Merlin went mad, but Lancelot, Duke of Lakeford, forced the bed through his nobility. After Balin was dead, Merlin took his sword and removed one pommel, replacing it with another. Merlin then commanded a knight standing before him to try handling the sword. The knight attempted, but he could not. Merlin laughed. \"Why are you laughing, knight?\" the knight asked. \"This is the reason,\" Merlin replied. \"There shall never be a man who can handle this sword except the best knight in the world.\".Shall be Sir Lancelot or his son Galahad; and Lancelot with this sword shall slay the man whom in the world he loved best, who will be Sir Gawaine. He had this written in the pommel of the sword. Then Merlin made a bridge of iron and steel into that island, and it was only half a foot wide. No man could pass that bridge or have the courage to go over it, unless he was a passing good man and a good knight without treachery or villainy. Also, Merlin left the scabbard of Balin's sword there, which Galahad should find. Merlin, by his subtlety, had the sword of Balin placed in a marble stone, standing upright as great as a millstone, and the stone held always above the water and lasted many years. And so, by adventure, it swam down the stream to the City of Camelot, which is in English Winchester. And that same day, Galahad the high prince came with King Arthur; and so Galahad brought with him the scabbard and sheathed the sword..that was there in the marble stone, holding upon the water. On Whitson day, he enchanted the sword, as it is recounted in the Book of Sir Galahad. Soon after this was done, Merlin came to King Arthur and told him of the dolorous stroke that Balin gave to King Pellam, and how Balin and Balan fought each other for the marvelous battle that was ever heard of, and how they were buried together in one tomb. \"Alas,\" said King Arthur, \"this is the greatest pity that I have ever heard told of two knights. For in the world, I know of no such two knights.\"\n\nThus ends the tale of Balin and Balan, two brothers born in Northumberland, good knights.\n\nIn the beginning, after Arthur was chosen king by acclamation and by grace, most barons did not know that he was Uther Pendragon's son. But as Merlin made it publicly known, many kings and lords waged great war against him because of that cause. Yet Arthur overcame them all. For the most part of his life, he was ruled much by the enchantments of Merlin..\"King Arthur said to Merlin, \"My barons press me to take a wife, but I wish to take none, except by your counsel and your advice.\" Merlin replied, \"It is well done, King, that you take a wife. A man of your stature and nobility should not be without a wife. Is there any woman you love more than another?\" asked King Arthur. \"I love Guinevere, King Leodegrance's daughter of the land of Camelot, who holds in her house the Round Table that you told me my father Uther had.\" Merlin said, \"Indeed, she is one of the fairest ladies I have ever seen living or could find. But if you loved her not so well as you do, I would find you a lady of beauty and goodness who would please you and your heart would not be set elsewhere. But a man's heart is where it is set; he will be loath to return.\" King Arthur replied, \"That is true.\" But Merlin...\".The king was cautiously warned that Guinevere was not suitable for him as a wife, as she was to love Lancelot and he her in return. He then turned his tale to the adventures of the Holy Grail. Merlin requested from the king men to inquire about Guinevere, and the king granted him this. Merlin went to King Lot of Carmelot and informed him of the king's desire to marry his daughter Guinevere. It was the best news I had ever heard, I declare, that such a worthy king of prowess and nobility would wed my daughter. But he already has lands, I know. I will give him a gift that will please him greatly instead. I will give him the Round Table, which Uther Pendragon gave me, and when it is fully complete, there are one hundred and fifty knights and one hundred knights of the Round Table. And as for one good knight, I have myself, but I falter, for so many have been slain in my days..King Arthur received Lady Guinevere from Merlin and the knights, and they traveled swiftly with great royalty, both by water and land, until they approached London. When King Arthur learned of Lady Guinevere's arrival and the knights with the Round Table, he made great joy for her coming and said openly, \"This fair lady is most welcome to me, for I have long loved her. And these knights with the Round Table please me more than great riches. In all haste, the king ordered the preparations for the marriage and coronation in the most honorable way possible. Merlin then told King Arthur, \"Go and see if you can find in this land the knights who are of greatest prowess and worthiness. Within a short time, Merlin had found such knights that they numbered twenty-two and no more. Then Bishop of Canterbury was present and he blessed the marriage..the sieges with great Royalty and devotion, and there set the seven and twenty knights in their sieges. When this was done, Merlin said, \"Fair sirs, you must all arise and go to King Arthur to do him homage. He will have the better will to maintain you. And they arose and did their homage. When they were gone, Merlin found in every siege letters of gold that told the knights' names who had sat there. But two sieges were empty. And then came young Gawain and asked the king for a gift. Asked the king, Gawain said, \"And I shall grant it to you, sir. I ask that you make me a knight. That very day, you shall wed fair Guinevere. I will do it with a good will, said King Arthur, and do unto you all the worship that I may, for I must, by reason, acknowledge you as my new sister's son.\"\n\nA poor man entered into the Court with him, bringing a fair young man of eighteen years of age riding upon a lean mare. And the poor man asked all men that he met, \"Where shall I find King Arthur?\" \"There he is,\" they said..The knight said to you, \"Sir, anything you will grant the poor man? I came here for that reason. As he stood before King Arthur, he saluted him and said, 'King Arthur, flower of all knights and kings, I beseech you, IHS save thee. Sir, it was told me that at this time of your marriage, you would grant any man a gift he asked for, except what was unreasonable. That is true, said the king, such cries I allow and will uphold, so long as it does not harm my realm or my estate.' The poor man replied graciously, 'Sir, I ask for nothing else but that you will make my son a knight.' It is a great thing you ask of me, said the king. 'What is your name?' asked the king of the poor man. 'Sir, my name is Aries the Cowherd,' he replied. 'Does this desire come from you or your son?' asked the king. 'No, sir,' replied Aries, 'this desire comes from my son and not from me. I will tell you, I have seventeen sons, and all of them will fall to whatever labor I set them and will be right glad to do labor. But this child...'.The young man named Tor will not labor for me for anything that my wife or I may do, but he always hides or casts darts, and is glad to see battles and behold knights. And day and night he desires me to be made a knight. The king asked, \"What is your name, young man?\" \"Sir, my name is Tor,\" the poor man replied. The king looked at him intently and saw that he was exceptionally well-faced and well-made for his age. King Arthur said to the Cowherd, \"Bring all your sons before me so that I may see them.\" The poor man did so, and they all resembled him. But Tor was unlike any of them in shape or demeanor, for he was much more than any of them.\n\nKing Arthur then said to the Cowherd, \"Where is the sword with which he shall be made a knight?\" \"It is here,\" Tor replied. \"Take it out of the sheath,\" said the king, \"and require me to make you a knight.\"\n\nThen Tor dismounted from his horse and drew out his sword, kneeling and requesting that the king make him a knight..A knight at the round table: I shall make you a knight, and strike you on the neck with this sword. Be you a good knight, and may God grant it so, if you possess prowess and worthiness. Merlin asked Arthur, \"Shall this Tor be a good knight or not?\" The king replied, \"He ought to be a good knight, for he comes from a good man as any living, and of kingly blood.\" Merlin said, \"Sir, I will tell you. This poor man, Aryes the cowherd, is not his father. He is nothing to him. For King Pellinore is his father. I suppose not,\" said the cowherd. \"Fetch your wife before me,\" Merlin commanded. She was brought forth, a fair housewife, and she answered Merlin in a womanly manner. There she told the king and Merlin that when she was a maiden and went to milk the cow, she encountered a stern knight who took her maidenhood by force. At that time, he begot my son Tor..take away from me my greyhound that I had with me then, and said that he would keep the greyhound for my love. The Cowherd said I wouldn't think this, but I may believe it well, for he had never had any marks of me. Sir Tor spoke to Merlin, do not dishonor my mother, Merlin replied it is more for your honor than harm. For your father is a good man and a king. He can easily avenge you and your mother. That is the truth, the wife said. It is the lesser grief to me said the Cowherd.\n\nSo on the morrow, King Pellinore came to King Arthur's Court, who had great joy of him and told him of Tor, how he was his son, and how he had made him a knight at the request of the Cowherd. When Pellinore beheld Tor, he pleased him much. So the king made Gawain a knight, but Tor was the first he made at the feast. What is the cause, King Arthur, that there are two places empty in the seats? Sir Merlin replied, there shall no man sit in those places but they..that shall be of most worship, but in the siege perilous, no man shall sit therein but one. And if any is hardy enough to do so, he shall be destroyed. He who sits there shall have no companion. And therewith Merlin took King Pellinore by the hand, and in one hand, next to the two seats and the perilous seat, he said in open audience, \"This is your place, and be worthy to sit here, in the presence of any who are here.\" There sat Sir Gawain in great envy and told Gareth his brother, \"That knight is put to great worship. This grieves me sore, for he slew our father, King Lot. Therefore, I will slay him,\" said Gawain, holding a passing sharp sword. \"You shall not say that,\" said Gareth at this time. \"For now I am but a squire. And when I am made a knight, I will avenge him, and therefore, brother, it is best you suffer until another time, so that we may get him out of the court. For if we did so, we would trouble this high feast. I will well do it,\" said Gawain..Then the high feast was prepared, and the king was wedded at Camelot in the church of St. Steyns with great solemnity. And as every man was seated according to his degree, Merlin went to all the knights of the Round Table and bade them sit still, for you shall see a strange and marvelous adventure. Right as they sat there, a white hart ran into the hall and a white hound next to it, and a great number of black running hounds came after with a great cry. The white hound bit the haunch of the table and leapt through a pease pudding where the heart jumped out. And with that leap, a knight sitting at the board was overthrown. And the knight arose and took up the hound and went forth from the hall and took his horse and rode his way with the hound. Right away, a lady came in on a white palfrey and cried aloud to King Arthur, \"Sir, suffer me not to.\".Have this displeasure for the hound was mine, the knight took away, I cannot do with it, said the king. With this, a knight riding on a great horse appeared, and took the lady away with him by force. She cried and made great sorrow when she was gone, and the king was glad because she made such a noise.\n\nNay, said Merlin. You may not leave these adventures so lightly. For these adventures must be brought back or it would be disrespectful to you and to your feast, I will say, the king declared, that all this be done by your advice. Then Merlin said, let Sir Gawain be called, for he must bring back the white hart. Also, Sir, you must let Sir Tor be called, for he must bring back the hound, and the knight or else kill him. Also let King Pellinore be called, for he must bring back the lady and the knight, or else kill him. These three knights shall perform marvelous adventures when they return.\n\nThey were then called all three, as it is rehearsed before, and each of them took his charge..Sir Gawain rode more than a pass and gathered his brother, who rode with him instead of a squire, to serve him. As they rode, they saw two knights fighting fiercely on horseback. Sir Gawain and his brother rode between them and asked them why they fought. One knight answered and said, \"We fight for a simple matter; for we are two brothers, born of the same man and woman. Alas, said Sir Gawain, why do you do this? The elder brother replied, \"A white hart came this way today, and many hounds chased it. A white hart was always next to it, and we understood it was an adventure made for the high feast of King Arthur. I would have gone after it to win honor, and my younger brother said he would go after the hart, for he was a better knight than I. And for this reason, we fell into debate, and so we thought to prove which of us was better.\".knight / This is a simple cause, said Sir Gawain, / unwelcome to you all and no brother with brother, / therefore, but if you will do as I counsel, I will have dealings with you, / that is, you shall yield to me, / and go to King Arthur and yield to his grace. Sir knight replied, \"The two brothers have fought and much blood have we lost through our willfulness. And therefore, we would be loath to have dealings with you.\" Then do as I will have you, said Sir Gawain. / We will agree to fulfill your will. But by whom shall we say that we are sent? / You may say, / by the knight who follows the quest of the white heart. / Now what is your name, said Gawain? / Sorleas of the forest replied the elder, and my name is Bryan, the younger, of the forest. They departed and went to the king's Court. / And Sir Gawain, on his quest, / and as Sir Gawain followed the heart by the cry of the hounds, even before him there was a great river, / and the heart swam across, / and as Sir Gawain would..After standing on the other side, a knight said, \"Sir knight, do not come after this heart, but if you will fight justly with me, I will not fail. Sir Gawain spoke, intending to follow the quest he was on. He made his horse swim over the water, and they quickly drew their swords and charged at each other. But Sir Gawain struck him off his horse, and then he dismounted and forced him to yield. \"Nay,\" said the knight, \"though you may have the better of me on horseback, I pray the valiant knight to dismount and fight with swords.\" \"What is your name?\" asked Sir Gawain. \"Alardin of the Isles,\" replied the other. Then they both put on their shields and fought with swords. But Sir Gawain struck him so hard through the helmet that it went to his brains, and the knight fell down dead. \"That was a mighty blow from a young knight,\" said Gareth.\n\nThen Gawain and Gareth rode more than a pass beyond the white heart and let it rest there three coups..Sir Gawaine and Gaheris chased the hart into a castle. In the chief place of the castle, they killed the hart. Sir Gawaine and Gaheris followed after. Immediately, a knight came out of a chamber with a sword in hand and killed two of the greyhounds in Sir Gawaine's sight. The remaining ones, he chased with his sword out of the castle. Upon returning, he said, \"O my white heart, I regret that you are dead. My sovereign lady gave you to me. Evil have I kept you. Your death shall be avenged, and I live.\" He then went into his chamber, armed himself, and came out fiercely. There, he met Sir Gawaine. \"Why have you killed my hounds?\" asked Sir Gawaine. \"They were only doing their kind,\" Sir Gawaine replied. \"I would rather you had vented your anger on me than on a dog. You speak the truth,\" the knight conceded. \"I have avenged myself on your hounds, and now either you or I must go.\" Then Sir Gawaine drew his sword and prepared to fight..Sir Gawaine and his men fiercely clashed their shields and pelted their helmets, shattering their hauberks, causing the blood to run down to their feet. At last, Sir Gawaine struck the knight so forcefully that he fell to the ground. The knight then cried for mercy and surrendered, begging Sir Gawaine as a knight and gentleman to spare his life. Thou shalt die, said Sir Gawaine for slaying my hounds. I will make amends, said the knight to my power. Sir Gawaine showed no mercy but raised his helmet to strike off his head. Suddenly, his lady emerged from a chamber and fell upon him. By misfortune, he struck off her head. Alas, said Gawaine's sister Gaheris, this is shameful and foul. Such shame shall never leave you. Also, you should grant mercy to those who ask for it, for a knight without mercy is without honor. Sir Gawaine, stunned by the death of this fair lady, was unable to discern what he was doing and said to the knight, Arise. I will grant mercy. Nay, nay, said the knight, I take no refuge in mercy now..thou hast slain my love and the lady I loved best of all earthly thing. I deeply regret it, said Sir Gawain. For I intended to strike at him, but now you shall go to King Arthur and tell him of your adventures and how you were overcome by the knight on the quest for the White Hart. I take no force, said the knight, whether I live or die, but I swear to go to King Arthur. He made him mount one greyhound before him on his horse and another behind him. What is your name, said Sir Gawain, before we part? My name is Ablamor of the Marsh, replied the knight. So he departed toward Camelot.\n\nAnd Sir Gawain went into the castle and prepared to lie there for the night, intending to disarm himself. What will you do, said Gareth? Will you disarm yourself in this country? You may think you have many enemies here, they had not finished speaking when there came four knights well-armed and assaulted Sir Gawain, addressing him as a new-made knight..You have provided a text written in Old English, which requires translation and cleaning. Here is the cleaned text in modern English:\n\nThou hast disgraced thy knighthood / for a knight without mercy is dishonored Also thou hast killed a fair lady, to great shame to the end of the world / and doubt thou not thou shalt have great need of mercy or thou depart from us / And therewith one of them struck Sir Gawain a great blow that nearly made him fall to the earth / and Gareth struck him again harshly / and so they were on one side and the other / that Sir Gawain and Gareth were in jeopardy of their lives / and one with a bow an archer struck Sir Gawain through the arm, causing him great pain / And as they should have been slain, there came four fair ladies / and begged the knights for mercy for Sir Gawain / and graciously, at the request of the ladies, they gave Sir Gawain and Gareth their lives / & made them prisoners / then Sir Gawain and Gareth made great lament / Alas said Sir Gawain, my arm pains me sore / I am like to be maimed and so he complained pitifully / Early on the morrow, there came to Sir Gawain..one of the four ladies/who had heard all his complaint said, \"Sir Knight, this is not good,\" he replied. \"It is your own fault,\" said the lady, \"for you have committed a heinous crime in the slaying of the lady, which will bring great shame upon you. But do not be of King Arthur's kin,\" said the lady. \"Yes, truly,\" said Sir Gawaine. \"What is your name?\" asked the lady. \"You must tell it to me or pass,\" replied Gawaine. \"I am Gawaine, the son of King Lot of Orkney, and my mother is King Arthur's sister. Then you are new to King Arthur,\" said the lady. \"And I will speak on your behalf, ensuring you will be granted an audience with King Arthur for his love. And so she departed. She told the four knights how their prisoner was King Arthur's newcomer and his name is Sir Gawaine, the son of King Lot of Orkney. And they gave him the lady's head as part of his quest.\n\nThen immediately they delivered Sir Gawaine under this promise that he would carry the dead lady with him in this manner: Her head was hung around his neck..Sir Gawain found the lady's neck and body before him on his horse. Right away, he rode towards Camelot. As soon as he arrived, Merlin requested that Sir Gawain be sworn to recount all his adventures, how he slew the lady, and how he showed no mercy to the knight, through whom the lady was killed. The king and queen were greatly displeased with Sir Gawaine for the lady's death. By the queen's decree, a quest of ladies was set upon Sir Gawaine, and they decreed that he should be with all ladies and fight for their quarrels, and that he should always be courteous, and never refuse mercy to one who asks for it. Thus, Gawaine was sworn upon the four evangelists that he would never be against lady or gentlewoman, but only if he fought for a lady and his adversary fought for another. And thus ends the adventure of Sir Gawaine, which he did at the marriage of King Arthur. Amen\n\nSir Tor was ready. He mounted his horse..And he rode, encountering a dwarf suddenly, who struck his horse on the head with a staff, causing it to recoil. Why do you stop, Sir Tor, you shall not pass this way, he said, unless you join forces with the knights of the paeleions. Then Sir Tor saw where two paeleions stood, with great spears extended and two shields hanging on trees by the paeleions. I cannot tarry, said Sir Tor, for I am on a quest that I must follow. You shall not pass, the dwarf insisted, and blew his horn. Then a knight appeared on horseback, readied his shield, and came quickly toward Tor, who prepared against him. They ran to their swords, and Tor dismounted him from his horse. Immediately, the knight surrendered to his mercy. But Sir Tor saw a fellow in the paeleion who wished to engage with you right away, he said. Then he saw another knight approaching with great round shields, and each readied themselves..other than that, it was marvelous to see. But the knight struck Sir Tor a great blow in the midst of his shield, and Sir Tor struck him through the shield by the edge, which went through the knight's coat. But the blow did not harm him. And then Sir Tor alighted and struck him on the helmet with a great blow. And with that, the knight yielded to him and begged for mercy. \"I will grant it, Sir Tor,\" he said. \"But you and your companion must go to King Arthur and surrender yourselves as prisoners to him. By whom shall we say we were sent? You shall say by the knight who went on the quest of the knight who went with the hound.\" Now what are your two names, Sir Tor asked. \"My name is Sir Felot of Langdon,\" one replied, \"and my name is Sir Petypas of Wynchelse.\" Then Sir Tor said, \"Go forth, and may God speed you and me.\"\n\nThen the dwarf came to Sir Tor and said, \"I pray you give me a gift.\"\n\n\"I will grant it,\" Sir Tor replied. \"Ask,\" the dwarf said. \"I ask for nothing more,\" he replied..Wille, permit me to serve you; I will serve no longer, ride on with me. I told you to ride after the knight with the white bracelet, and I shall bring you there, the dwarf said. So they rode through a forest, and at last they were aware of two pavilions, even by a priory with two shields. One shield was new with white, and the other shield was red.\n\nSir Tor alighted there and took the dwarf's glove. And so he came to the white pavilion and saw three damsels lying in it. One playing, and one sleeping. He went to the other pavilion and found a lady lying sleeping there. But there was the white hound that barked at her fiercely. And with that, the lady arose from the pavilion and all her damsels.\n\nBut as soon as Sir Tor saw the white hound, he seized her by force and took her to the dwarf. What, will you say, lady, take my hound from me, Sir Tor said. This hound I have sought from King Arthur's Court here, the lady replied..Knight, you shall not go further with her, but you shall wait and be displeased. I shall endure whatever fortune comes by the grace of God. Mounted on his horse, he passed on his way to Camelot, but it was so near night he could not pass much farther. Do you know of any lodging, said Tor? I know none, replied the dwarf. But here beside is an hermitage, and there you must take lodging as you find. And soon they came to the hermitage and took lodging there. And their horses were given grass and fodder, and their supper was quickly prepared. They rested there all night until the morning, and heard a devout mass. And they took their leave of the hermit. Sir Tor asked the hermit to pray for him. He said he would and took him to God. And so they mounted their horses and rode toward Camelot for a long time. But they heard a knight calling loudly who came after them. Knight, wait and yield my hound that you took from my lady, said Sir Tor..Retored again and beheld him, a seemly knight with a well-horsed and well-armed horse and man at all points. Then Sir Tor dressed his shield and took his spear in his hands, and the other came fiercely upon him. Sir Tor struck both horse and man to the earth. Anon they arose lightly and drew their swords as eagerly as lions and put their shields before them, striking through the shields so that the bosses fell from both parties. They tempered their helms, and the thick mail of their hauberks they cared for and tore in pieces that the hot blood ran to the earth. Both had many wounds and were passing weary. But Sir Tor, seeing that the other knight fainted, then struck upon him and doubled his strokes, urging him to the earth on one side. Then Sir Tor demanded, \"Yield to me,\" said Abilleus, \"while my life lasts and the soul is within my body, unless you will yield me the brazen [piece of armor].\" \"I will not say,\" replied Sir Tor, \"for it was...\".my quest to bring again thy brother / or both /\nWith that came a damsel riding on a palfrey as fast as she might drive, and cried with a loud voice unto Sir Tor, \"What will you with me, said Sir Tor? I beseech thee for King Arthur's love, give me a gift. I require thee, good knight, as thou art a gentleman. Now said Tor, \"Ask a gift and I will give it to you.\" \"Thank you,\" said the damsel. \"Now said the damsel, he may not. For he slew my own brother before my own eyes, who was a better knight than he, and he had shown grace. I knelt half an hour in the mire before him to save my brother's life, who had done him no harm but fought with him by chance of arms. And so for all that I could do, he struck off his head. Wherefore I require thee, as thou art a true knight, to give me my gift or I shall shame thee in all the Court of King Arthur, for he is the falsest knight living and a great destroyer of good knights.\"\n\nThen when Abelleus heard this, he.was more afraid and yielded him, asking for mercy. I may not now say, Sir Tor, but if I should be found false to my promise, for while I would have taken you to mercy, you would not have asked but if you had the bridle again, that was my quest. And with that, he took off his helmet, and he arose and fled. Sir Tor said, \"It is nearly night, fair damsel. I pray you come and lodge with me here at my place. It is here nearby. I will welcome you.\" Sir Tor rode with her and had a passing good night there with her. And she had a passing fair old knight for her husband, who made him and his horse welcome and well-eased both. And on the morrow, he heard mass and broke his fast and took his leave of the knight and of the lady, who begged him to tell him his name. Truly, he said, \"My name is Sir Tor, the one recently made knight.\" And this was the first quest of arms that I ever did..Bring it about that Sir Abelleus be brought to this court / \"Fair knight,\" said the lady and her husband, \"and you come here in our marches / come and see our poor lodging / and it shall always be at your commandment.\" So Sir Tor departed and came to Camelot on the third day, unaccompanied / and King Arthur and the queen and all the court were pleased with his coming and made great joy that he had returned / for he had left the court with little company / but King Pellinore his father gave him an old horse / and King Arthur gave him armor and a sword / and otherwise he had no support / but he rode forth alone. And then King Arthur and the queen, by Merlin's advice, made him swear to tell of his adventures / and so he told and made priories of his deeds as afore rehearsed / wherefore the king and the queen made great joy / \"Nay, nay,\" said Merlin, \"these are but japes. He shall prove a noble knight of prowess as good as any living and gentle.\".King Pellinore, courteous and of good lineage, true to his promise, and one whom King Arthur had granted an earldom of bondmen that had fallen to him, here ends the quest of Sir Tor, King Pellenore's son.\n\nThen King Pellenore armed himself and mounted his horse, riding more than a pass behind the lady whom the knight had led away. As he rode through a forest, he saw in a valley a damsel sitting by a well and a wounded knight in her arms. Pellenore approached her. When she became aware of him, she cried out loudly, \"Help me, knight, for Christ's sake, King Pellenore!\" He did not tarry; he was so eager in his quest. She cried out to him again and again, \"Help!\" When she saw that he would not wait, she prayed to God to send him as great a need of help as she had, and that he might feel it or die. According to the book, the knight there died, having been wounded. Therefore, the lady, out of pure sorrow, killed herself with his sword. As King Pellenore rode through that valley, he encountered.A laborer, a poor man, saw you not, Pellinore the knight riding away with a lady? You said, the man. I saw that knight and the lady, causing great sorrow. Below, in a valley, you will find two pavilions. One knight of the pavilions challenged the lady of that knight, claiming she was his cousin near. He should not lead her further, the challenger said, and so they began to fight over this quarrel. One said he would have her by force, and the other, being her kinsman, would lead her to her kin, as he was her closest relative, for this quarrel he left them fighting. If you wish to ride past, you will find them still engaged in combat. The lady was left with the two squires in the pavilions. Then the said King Pellenore rode on until he saw the two pavilions and the two knights fighting. Anon, he rode to the pavilions and saw the lady, his quest, and said, \"Fair lady, you must go with me to the court of King Arthur.\".A knight spoke, identifying the two squires present as the parties in a dispute over a lady. He urged the king to intervene and separate them, suggesting that she could then be claimed by the victor. King Pellenore agreed and rode between them, inquiring about the cause of their conflict.\n\nSir Knight explained that one was his kinsman's son, who had struck his kinswoman, the lady, and caused her harm. He had challenged this man, Hontzlake of Wentland, to a duel over the matter.\n\nKing Pellenore questioned Sir Knight's account, stating that Hontzlake had unexpectedly arrived at the high feast and taken the lady away, preventing any interference. The king felt compelled to restore the lady to her rightful owner or risk losing one of the combatants in the field. Therefore, the lady would go with the king or he would die in the attempt..have promised it to King Arthur, and for that reason, you shall fight no more. None of you shall have any part of her at this time. If you wish to fight for her, fight with me, and I will defend her. The knights prepared themselves, and we shall assault you with all our power. When King Pellenore attempted to draw his horse away from them, Hontz Terry's horse blocked its path with a sword. Now you are on foot as we are, King Pellenore said. When King Pellenore saw that his horse was slain, he lightly leapt from his horse and pulled out his sword, placing his shield before him. Knight, keep well your head, for you shall have a buffet for the slaying of my horse. So King Pellenore gave him such a stroke upon the helmet that he fell to the earth, dead. Then he turned to the other knight who was severely wounded. But when he saw the other's blow, he would not fight, but knelt down and said, \"Take my cousin, the lady, with you at your request.\".I require you, as you are a true knight, not to put her to shame or disgrace, what did King Pellenore wish you not to fight for her? No, sir, said the knight, I will not fight with such a knight of prowess as you. Well said, Pellenore, you speak truly. I promise you, she will have no disgrace from me, as I am a true knight. But I lack a horse, said Mellinore. But I will have Hontzlakes' horse. You shall not need to say so, said the knight, for I will give you such a horse as will please you. So that you will lodge with me, for it is near night. I will gladly keep King Pellenore company all night. And there he had good cheer and passed the night with passing good wine and had merry rest that night. And on the morrow he heard mass and dined. Then a fair bay courser was brought to him. King Pellenore's saddle was set upon him. Now what shall I call you, said the knight, in as much as you have my cousin at your desire for your quest. Sir, I will tell you, my name is king..Pellenore of Ilys and the knight of the round table / I am glad, said the knight, that such a noble man shall rule over my cousin / Now what is your name, Pellenore? / I pray you tell me, sir / Sir, my name is Sir Meliot of Logres. And this lady is my cousin, named Nymue. And the knight who was in the other pavilion is my sworn brother, a passing good knight, and his name is Bryan of Ilys. He is very reluctant to do wrong and very reluctant to fight with any man, but if he is sore besought on, so that for shame he may not leave it. It is marvelous, said Pellenor, that he will not have dealings with me. Sir, he will not have dealings with any man unless it is at his request. Bring him to the Court, said Pellenore. One of these days, we will come to Gyders. And you shall be welcome, said Pellenor, to the Court of King Arthur. And he greatly allowed their coming and so he departed with the lady, and brought her to Camelot. As they rode in a valley, it was full of stones. And there, the lady's horse stumbled..Sir stumbled and threw her down, her arm was sore and bruised, near she swooned for pain. \"Alas, sir, said the lady, my arm is out of order, where I must needs rest.\" \"You are right, King Pellinore,\" he replied, and so he alighted under a fair tree where there was good grass, and he lay down. And when he awoke, he would have ridden. \"Sir,\" said the lady, \"it is so dark that you may as well ride backward as forward.\" So they stayed still and made their lodging there. Then Sir Pellinore doffed his armor before midday. They heard the trotting of a horse. \"For we shall hear of some adventure,\" said King Pellinore. And there, he armed himself. Right before him, two knights appeared. One came from the front, Camelot, and the other from the north. They greeted each other. \"What news from Camelot?\" asked one. \"By my head,\" replied the other, \"I have been there and saw the court of King Arthur. And there is such a...\".\"felaship they may never be broken and nearly the whole world holds it with Arthur, for there is the flower of chivalry. Now, for this reason, I am riding north to tell our chevaliers of the felaship that is withheld with King Arthur, as the other knight said I have brought a remedy with me, the greatest poison ever heard of, to Camelot I will take it. For we have a friend right near King Arthur and well cherished, who will poison King Arthur. He has promised our chevaliers and received great gifts to do it. Beware, said the other knight, of Merlin, for he knows all things by the devil's craft. Therefore, I will not let it be said the knight replied, and they departed separately. Anon, after Pellenore made himself ready and his lady, they rode toward Camelot. And as they came by the well there where the wounded knight and the lady were, there he found the knight and the lady eating with lions or wild beasts, save the head. Wherefore he made great sorrow.\".We passed by and the lady said, \"Alas, my life might have been saved. But I was so fiery in my quest, therefore I would not stay. So make such a dole said the lady. I do not know,\" said Pellinore. \"But my heart mourns sore for her death, for she was a passing fair and young lady. Now will you do as my advice said the lady? Take this dead knight and let him be buried in a hermitage. And then take the lady's head and bear it with you to Arthur. So King Pellinore took this dead knight on his shoulders and brought him to the hermitage. He charged the hermit with the corpse, that service should be done for the soul, and take his harvests for your pay. It shall be done, said the hermit, as I will assure unto God. And therewith they departed and came there where the head of the lady lay with a fair yellow hair that grieved King Pellinore passingly sore when he looked on it. For more, he cast his heart on the visage. And so by none they came to Camelot, and the king and the queen were..A knight named Pellinore scolded Queen Guinevere, \"You were greatly to blame for not saving this lady's life.\"\n\n\"You were greatly to blame as well,\" Queen Guinevere replied. \"But, Sir Pellinore, I was so consumed by my quest that I could not abide. I regret it, and I shall for the rest of my days. Truly, Merlin, you ought to regret it as well. For that lady was your own daughter, conceived on the Lady of the Lake. The knight who had died was her lover and was to have wedded her. He was a right good knight of a young man and would have proven a good husband. To this court he was coming, and his name was Sir Miles of the Ladies. A knight followed him and killed him with a spear. His name was Lorayne le Sauvage, a false knight and a coward. She, out of great sorrow and grief, killed herself with his sword. Her name was Elaine..by cause you would not abide and help her, you shall see your best friend fail you when you are in the greatest distress that ever you were, or will be. And that penance God has ordained for you, he that you shall most trust to of any man alive, he shall leave you there where you shall be slain. King Pellinore thought this would be my fate, but God may do as He wills.\n\nWhen the quest for the White Hart was completed, which followed Sir Gawain and the quest for the Grail followed Sir Tor, Pellinore's son, and the quest for the lady that the knight took away, at that time King Pellinore stabilized all his knights and gave lands to those who were not rich. He gave them lands and charged them never to do outrageous acts nor murder, and always to flee treason. By no means were they to be cruel, but to give mercy to him who asks for it, on pain of forfeiture of their worship and lordship of King Arthur forever..and always help ladies, damosels, and gentlewomen in times of death. No man should take battles in unjust quarrels for no law or for worldly goods. All knights were sworn to this round the table, both old and young, and every year they were sworn at the high feast of Pentecost.\n\nExplicitly, the wedding of King Arthur.\n\nAfter these quests of Sir Gawain, Sir Tor, and King Pellinore, it happened that Merlin fell in love with the damsel that King Pellinore brought to Court. She was one of the damsels of the lake of Lady Nivienne. But Merlin would not let her rest; he was always with her. And she made Merlin welcome until she had learned all she desired from him, and he was bound to her so that he could not be separated from her. One time he told King Arthur that he would not last long, for all his skills, and he told the king many things that would come to pass..always he warned the king to keep well his sword and the squire, for he told him how the sword and the squire should be stolen by a woman from him whom he most trusted. Also, he told King Arthur that he should mistrust him; yet he would rather have him again than all your lands. The king said, since you know of your adventure, pursue it, and put aside your crafts that misfortune may not overtake you. Nay, said Merlin, it will not be so; therefore he departed from the king. And soon the damsel of the lake departed, and Merlin went with her everywhere she went. Often Merlin would try to have her privately away by his subtle tricks. Then she made him swear that he would never perform any enchantment upon her if he wanted his will. And so he swore. So she and Merlin went over the shallow water war against King Claudas, and there Merlin spoke with Queen Guinevere, a fair lady and good, and her name was Elaine. There he saw young Lancelot. There the queen made great rejoicing..\"Sorrow for the mortal war that King Claudas waged against his lord and lands,\" Merlin said. \"Take no heed of sorrow,\" Merlin added. \"For this same child within these twenty years will avenge you against King Claudas, and all Christendom will speak of it. This same child will be the most revered man in the world, and his first name is Galahad. I know this well, Merlin said. And since you have confirmed him, Launcelot, his first name was Galahad. \"Oh, Merlin, will I live to see my son such a man of prowess?\" the queen asked. \"You shall, lady,\" Merlin replied. \"You shall see it, and live many winters after. And soon after the lady and Merlin departed, and on the way, Merlin showed her many wonders and came to Cornewaille. Merlin continually sought to have the lady's maidenhood, and she was always weary of him. She was eager to be rid of him because she was afraid of him, for he was the devil's son, and she could not appease him by any means.\" And so, on one occasion, it happened that....Merlyn showed her something wonderful under a great stone, enchanted. By her subtle witchcraft, she made Merlyn go under the stone, and then she departed, leaving Merlyn there.\n\nKing Arthur rode to Camelot and held a great feast with mirth and joy. Not long after, he returned to Carlisle. The kings of Denmark, Ireland, his brother, the valley, and Soleys, and their great host entered the land of King Arthur and burned and slaughtered cleanly before them, it was pitiful to hear.\n\n\"Alas,\" said Arthur, \"I have had no rest for one month since I was crowned king of this land. Now I shall have no rest until I meet with those kings in a fair field. My true liege people shall not be destroyed because of my default. Go with me.\".The king ordered Wille and Abyde to inform King Pellenore to prepare himself and bring people as quickly as possible to follow. All the barons were privately angry that the king was departing so suddenly, but the king would not be dissuaded. He wrote to those not present and commanded them to come with such people as were not in court at that time. Then the king went to Queen Guinevere and said, \"Lady, make your preparations; for you shall go with me. I cannot long be without you. You will make me more courageous. Whatever misfortune befalls me, I will not want my lady to be in danger.\" \"Sire,\" she replied, \"I am at your command. I will be ready whenever you are.\"\n\nThe following morning, the king and queen departed with their retinue and traveled to the north, near Humber, where they lodged in a forest.\n\n[When the news reached the five kings mentioned earlier that Arthur had].Beside the Humber, in a forest, there was a knight, brother to one of the five kings who gave them this counsel. You know well that Sir Arthur has the flower of chivalry in the world with him, as proven by the great battle he fought with the eleven kings. Therefore, we should hurry to him night and day, for the longer he tarries, the bigger he grows, and we the weaker. He is so courageous that he has come to the field with little people. Let us set upon him or day, and we shall bring down some of his knights; none will escape.\n\nTo this counsel, these five kings assented, and so they passed forth with their host through North Wales and came upon Arthur by night. King Arthur was unarmed and had lain down with his queen Guinevere. Sir Caius said, \"It is not good that we are unarmed.\" \"We shall have no need,\" said Sir Gawaine and Sir Gryflet, who lay in a little pavilion by..the king and his men heard a great noise, and many cried \"treason, treason!\" \"Alas,\" said King Arthur, \"we have been betrayed.\" To arms, then, he cried, and they were armed at once in every way. Then came to the king a wounded knight and said, \"Sir, save yourself and my lady the queen. Our host has been destroyed, and many of ours are slain.\" So the king and the queen and the three knights took her horses and rode toward Humber to cross it. The water was so rough that they were afraid to cross. \"Now you may choose, King Arthur,\" said the queen, \"whether you will stay and take the adventure on this side, for if you are taken, they will kill you.\" It were better for me to die in the water than to fall into the enemy's hands and be slain,\" she added. As they stood thus speaking, Sir Kay saw the five kings coming on horseback, alone with their spears in their hands, straight toward them. \"Look,\" said Sir Kay, \"there are the five kings. Let us go to meet them and engage them.\".Sir Gawain spoke to the king, \"We are but three, and they are five. Sir Gryfflet spoke, \"No force, Sir Kay, I will undertake for two of them. And then you three can undertake for the other three. Let Sir Kay's horse run as fast as it might and strike one through the shield and body. The king fell to the earth, dead. Sir Gawain saw this and ran to another king, striking him so hard that he went through the body. And there, King Arthur ran to another and struck him through the body with a spear that filled the earth with his death. Sir Gryfflet ran to the fourth king and gave him such a fall that his neck broke. Sir Kay ran to the fifth king and struck him so hard on the helmet that the stroke cleaved the helmet and head to the earth. 'He is well struck,' said King Arthur, and \"worshipfully, hasten to keep your promise. Therefore, I shall honor you while I live. And there, they set the queen in a barge.\".The queen always welcomed Sir Kay for his actions and asked which lady he loved. She loved him not in return, and among ladies, the queen declared, \"I shall bear your noble face, for you spoke a great word and fulfilled it worshipfully.\" With that, the queen departed. Then, the king and the three knights rode into the forest, believing they would find those who had escaped. There, they encountered the largest part of their people and informed them of the deaths of the five kings. They instructed their hosts to remain together until daybreak. When they discovered their champions had been slain, they would mourn so deeply they would be unable to help themselves. As the king had foretold, this was exactly what happened. Upon finding the five kings dead, they mourned so deeply they fell from their horses. King Arthur arrived with only a few people and attacked on both sides. No man escaped nearby..There were slain to the number of xxx M. When the battle was all ended, the king knelt down and thanked God humbly. Then he sent for the queen and she came soon. She made great joy of the overcoming of that battle. There came one to King Arthur and told him that King Pellinore was within three miles with a great host. And he said, \"Go unto him and let him understand how we have fared.\" So within a while, King Pellinore came with a great host and saluted the people and the king. And there was great joy made on every side. Then the king let them search how many men of his party were slain. And there were found but little past two hundred men slain and eight knights of the round table in their pavilions. Then the king let rebuild and endow in the same place where the battle was done a fair abbey and allowed it to be called the Abbey of St. Bela's Adventure. But when some of them came into their countries of the five kings..The kings were informed and grieved for the slain knights / The enemies of King Arthur, including the King of North Wales and the northern kings, knew of the battle and were heavy / The king returned to Camelot in haste / Upon his arrival at Camelot, he summoned Sir Pellinore and said, \"Understand well that we have lost eight knights from the best round table / And by your advice, we will choose eight in their place from the best we can find in this court.\" / \"I will advise as I see fit,\" said Sir Pellinore. \"There are many noble knights here, both old and young. Therefore, you should choose half of the old and half of the young.\" / \"The old knights you mention are King Pelles, who has married my sister Morgan le Fay, King of the Lake, Sir Vryences, and Sir Galahad,\" said King Arthur. \"This is well-planned,\" he replied. \"Now, which are the four young knights you will choose?\".Sir Arthur said, \"The first is Sir Gawain, your new knight, who is as good a knight of his time as any in this land. The second, in my opinion, is Sir Gryfflet le Fiz, the good knight and eager in arms. Whoever sees him live shall see a good knight. The third, in my opinion, is Sir Kay, the seneschal, for he has many times done worthy deeds. And now, at your last battle, he acted honorably to undertake to kill two kings. By my head, he is most worthy to be a knight of the Round Table of any that you have mentioned, and he has shown no greater proof of this in his life days.\n\nNow said Sir Pellenore, \"I shall put forward two knights for you, and you shall choose which is most worthy. But because Sir Tor is my son, I may not praise him, but if he were not my son, I would say that of his age, there is not a better knight in this land than he is, nor of equal worth.\".Arthur said, \"He is a passing good knight, as any of you spoke of today, I assure you, for I have seen him prove himself. He may say little, but he does much more. I know of none in this court who is as well born on his mother's side as he is on yours, who is like him in prowess and might. Therefore, I will have him at this time and leave Sir Bagdemagus until another time.\n\nOnce they had been chosen by the assent of all the barons, every knight's name was found in the rolls and set in their places. Sir Bagdemagus was greatly angered that Sir Tor was advanced before him, and therefore, he suddenly departed from the Court and took his squire with him. They rode long in a forest until they came to a cross, and there they alighted and prayed devoutly. In the meantime, Sir Bagdemagus' squire found written upon the cross that Bagdemagus should...\".Sir, return to the Court again, until you have won a knight's body of the Round Table, for I find writing of you. Therefore, I command you to return to the Court. Bagdemagus said, \"Sir, I have found writing about you. Therefore, I command you to return to the Court. Bagdemagus will never speak of me with great respect, and I am worthy to be a knight of the Round Table.\" And so he rode on.\n\nBy the way, he found a branch of a holy herb, which was the sign of the Sanct Grail. No knight found such tokens unless he were a good liver. So Sir Bagdemagus rode to see many adventures. It happened to him to come to the rock, where the Lady of the Lake had put Merlin under the stone. He heard him making great sorrow. Fire Bagdemagus would have helped him, and went to the great stone. He was so heavy that ten men could not lift it up. When Merlin knew he was there, he left his labor, for it was all in vain. For he could never be helped but by her who put him there. And so Bagdemagus departed..Once upon a time, many adventures and events ensued for a full good knight, and he returned to the Court and was made a knight of the Round Table. The following morning, new tidings and other events transpired.\n\nThen it happened that Arthur and many of his knights rode into a great forest to hunt. King Arthur, King Viran of Wales, and Sir Accolon of Gaul followed a great stag; they were well-mounted and chased it so relentlessly that within a while they were thirteen miles from its trail. Pushing their pursuit to the limit, they chased it so hard that they exhausted their horses and dismounted. They continued to see the stag passing before them, weary and panting. What shall we do, King Arthur wondered. Let us continue on foot until we find lodging, suggested King Viran.\n\nSuddenly, they came upon the stag lying on a great water bank, with a brazen collar around its throat and other hounds following. King Arthur blew his horn and challenged the stag..Then the king looked about the world and saw before him in a great water a little ship entirely appareled with silk down to the water. The ship came right to them and landed on the sand. Then Arthur went to the bank and looked in. He saw no earthly creature there. \"Come then,\" said the knights. \"Let us see what is in this ship.\" So they went in all three and found it richly hung with silk. It was dark night by then, and suddenly torches were set on all sides of the ship's borders and it gave great light. And there, all at once, came out twelve fair damsels and welcomed King Arthur on their knees and called him by his name. They said he was rightly welcome and such cheer as they had he should have of the best. The king thanked them kindly. They led the king and his two companions into a fair chamber. There was a rich cloth laid out for all that belonged to a table. And there they were served with all wines..metes who could think of it were amazed that the king had great wonder, for he had never fared better in his life than for one supper. And so when they had supper at her pleasure, King Arthur was led to a chamber; a richly furnished chamber, the like of which he had never seen. And King Wyvern served him and led him into such another chamber. Sir Accolon was led into the third chamber, richly and handsomely served, and they were both laid in the beds easily. And they fell asleep marvelously sore all night.\n\nAnd on the morrow, King Wyvern was in Camelot in bed with his wife Morgan le Fay. And when he awoke, he had great wonder how he came there, for on the evening before, he had been two days' journey from Camelot. And when King Arthur awoke, he found himself in a dark prison, hearing around him the complaints of woeful knights.\n\nWhat are you who complain so, said King Arthur, replied the twenty knights, some of whom had lain there seven years and some more..and some lesser [person] / for what reason said Arthur [we shall tell you] / said the knights / this lord of this castle's name is Sir Damas / & he is the falsest knight that lives / full of treason / and a very coward as any lives / and he has a younger brother, a good knight of prowess / his name is Sir Ontzlake / and this traitor Damas, the elder brother, will give him no part of his livelihood / But as Sir Ontzlake keeps through prowess of his hands / and so he keeps from him a full fair manner and a rich and therein Sir Ontzlake dwells worshipfully / and is well believed of all people / & this Sir Damas our master is as evil believed for he is without mercy / and he is a coward / and great war has been between them both / but Ontzlake has ever the better / and ever he offers Sir Damas to fight for the livelihood body for body / but he will not / and there is never a knight willing to fight for him / And when Damas saw this that there was never a knight / willing to fight for him / he.Arthur and his knights have daily waited for him with a large group, and taken all the knights in this country to observe his actions. He has taken us separately as we rode on our errands, and eighteen knights have died in this prison from hunger. If any of us here or have been would have fought for his brother Ontzlake, he would have released us. But because Damas is so false and full of treason, we would never fight for him to die for it. And we are so weak from hunger that we cannot even stand on our feet. God deliver you for his mercy, said Arthur. Suddenly, a damsel appeared there with all of them, and asked him how he was. I cannot answer, he said. Sir, you will be delivered from prison, she said, or you will never escape the rest of your life. Arthur replied, That is hard. I would rather fight with a knight than to die in prison..Arthur: I will deliver you, and all these prisoners I will do battle for, said the damsel.\nI am ready, said Arthur. And I had horse and armor, said the damsel. You shall lack none, said the damsel. It seems to me, damsel, that I should have seen you in Arthur's court. Nay, said the damsel, I have never been there. I am the daughter of this castle's lord. But she was false, for she was one of Morgan le Fay's damsels.\nSuddenly, she went to Sir Damas and told him how he would do battle for him. And he sent for Arthur. And when he came, he was well colored and well made in his limbs. All the knights who saw him said it was a pity that such a knight should die in prison. So, Sir Damas and he agreed that he would fight for him, on the condition that all other knights would be released.\nAnd to that agreement, Sir Damas swore to Arthur, and also to fight to the utmost. And with that, all the twenty knights were brought out of the dark prison into the hall and released. They all remained thereafter..Sir Accolon of Gaul awoke by a deep well, finding himself half a foot from death. From the fountain emerged a silver pipe, and from it ran water upwards into a marble stone. When Sir Accolon saw this, he blessed it and said, \"Jesus save my lord, King Arthur and King Vryens. For these damsels in this ship have betrayed us. They were devils and no women. If I escape this misfortune, I shall destroy all whom I find to be these false damsels who use enchantments.\n\nImmediately, a dwarf appeared with a large mouth and flat nose, addressing Sir Accolon and saying he came from Queen Morgan le Fay. She greets you well and bids you be of good heart, for you will fight a knight at the hour of prime tomorrow. Therefore, she has sent you Excalibur, Arthur's sword and the scabbard. And she commands you, as you love her, to do battle..vttermest without mercy, like you had promised her, who you spoke to in private, Gider. And what damsel brings her the knight's head, whom you shall fight, she will make her a queen. Now I understand well what you said, Accolon. I shall keep that I have promised her, now that I have the sword. Right late said the dwarf, the lady Queen Morgan le Fay, then Accolon took him in his arms and said, recommend me to my lady Queen, and tell her all shall be done that I have promised her, or I will die for it. Now I suppose, said Accolon, she has made all these crafts and enchantments for this battle. You may well believe it, said the dwarf. Right so, a knight and a lady came with six squires, and begged Accolon to arise and come and rest himself at his manor. And so Accolon mounted upon a white horse and went with the knight to a fair manor near a priory. There he had passing good cheer. Then Sir Damas sent word to his brother Sir..Ontzelake and Badde prepare themselves by morning at the hour of prime and be in the field to fight with a good knight, for he had found a good knight who was ready for battle at all points. When this word reached Sir Ontzelake, he was passing and heavy, for he had been wounded slightly through both his thighs with a spear earlier and made great sorrow. But as he was wounded, he would have taken the battle on hand. It happened at that time, through the means of Morgherd of that battle, that he said he would fight for him because Morgan le Fay had sent him Excalibur and its sheath to fight with the knight the next morning. This was the cause Sir Accolon took the battle on hand. Then Sir Ontzelake was passing glad and thanked Sir Accolon with all his heart that he would do so much for him. With all this, Sir Ontzelake sent word to his brother Sir Damas that he should have a knight ready for him in the field by the hour of prime. So on the morning..Sir Arthur was armed and well horsed, and asked Sir Damas when we should go to the field. Sir Damas replied, \"You shall know mass first.\" And so Arthur attended mass. And when mass was done, a squire on a great horse asked Sir Damas if his knight was ready. \"Our knight is ready in the field,\" Sir Damas responded. Then Sir Arthur mounted his horseback, and there were all the knights and commons of that country. And by all advisements, fifteen good men of the countryside were chosen to wait upon the two knights. And right as Arthur was mounting his horseback, a damsel from Morgan le Fay appeared and brought to Sir Arthur a sword like Excalibur. She said, \"Morgan le Fay sends you this sword out of great love.\" He thanked her, but it would have been better if she had been truthful, for the sword and the scabbard were counterfeit and brutal.\n\nThey prepared themselves on both sides of the field and let their horses run so fast that they struck each other in the midst of the shields..with their spheres, both horse and man went to the earth, and then they rose up, and drew out their swords. In the meantime, the damsel of the lake entered the field, bringing Merlin under the stone, and she came there for love of King Arthur, for she knew how Morgan le Fay had planned that he should be slain that day, and therefore she came to save his life. So they went eagerly to the battle and gave many great strokes, but for the most part, every stroke that Accolon gave wounded Arthur severely. It was marvelous that he stood, and his blood flowed copiously from him whenever Arthur beheld the ground soaked with blood. Despaired, Arthur doubted treason, for his sword did not behave as it was accustomed to, and he feared himself to be dead, for it seemed to him that the sword in Accolon's hand was Excalibur..At every stroke that Accolon struck, he drew blood on Arthur. Now knight said Accolon to Arthur, \"Keep the well from me.\" But Arthur answered not again. And gave him such a buffet on the helmet that he made him stoop nearly falling down to the earth. Then Sir Acoolon withdrew him a little and came on with Excalibur high. And struck Sir Arthur such a buffet that he fell near to the earth. Then were they both angry and gave each other many sore strokes. But always Sir Arthur lost so much blood that it was marvelous he stood on his feet. But he was so full of knighthood that knightly he endured the pain. And Sir Acoolon lost not a deal of blood. Therefore he grew passing light. And Sir Arthur was passing feeble and seemed very likely to have died. But for all that he made a countenance as though he might endure. And held Acoolon as short as he might. But Acoolon was so bold because of Excalibur that he grew passing hardy. But all men who beheld him said they saw never..knight fights so well that Arthur considers the blood he bleeds. The people are sorry for him. But the two brothers will not agree. Then they always fought to each other like fiery knights. And Sir Arthur withdraws a little to rest. And Sir Accolon calls him to battle and says, \"It is not the time for you to rest.\" And with that, he comes furiously upon Arthur. And Sir Arthur is angry for the blood he has lost and strikes Accolon on the helmet so mightily that he nearly falls to the earth. And with that, Arthur's sword shatters at the cross and falls in the grass among the blood, pommel, and hilt he holds. When Sir Arthur sees this, he is greatly afraid to die. But he always holds up his shield and loses no ground nor shows any fear.\n\nThen Sir Accolon begins with words of treason and says, \"knight, you are overcome, and cannot endure, and you have lost much of your strength.\".\"and I am both willing to sleep the [illegible], therefore yield yourselves to me as recreations. Nay, said Sir Arthur, I may not so, for I have promised to carry on the battle to the uttermost by the faith of my body as long as I last the life, and therefore I would rather die with honor than live with shame. And if it were possible for me to die a hundred times, I would rather die so than yield to you. For though I lack weapons, I shall lack no courage. And if you kill me weaponless, that will be your shame. Well said Accolon. As for the shame, I will not spare. Now keep yourself from me, for you are but a dead man. And with that, Accolon gave him such a stroke that he fell and would have had Arthur cry mercy, but Sir Arthur pressed unto Accolon with his shield and gave him such a buffet with the pommel in his hand that he went three paces back. When the damsel of the lake beheld Arthur, she was filled with awe at the fullness of his prowess and the false treason that had been wrought for him to have him slain.\".pyte that such a knight and such a maiden of worship should be destroyed. And at the next stroke, Sir Accolon struck him such a stroke that by the maiden's enchantment, Excalibur fell out of Accolon's hand to the earth. And therewith, all Sir Arthur lightly leapt to it and got it in his hand. And forthwith, he knew that it was his sword Excalibur. \"Thou hast been from me long,\" said Arthur, \"and much harm thou hast done me. And therewith, he saw the scabbard hanging by his side. And suddenly, he started towards him and pulled the scabbard from him and threw it as far as he could throw it. \"Knight,\" said Arthur, \"today thou hast done me great harm with this sword. Now art thou come to thy death. For I shall not spare thee but thou shalt be rewarded with this sword or ever we part as thou hast rewarded me. For much pain hast thou made me endure, and much blood have I lost.\" And therewith, Sir Arthur rushed on him with all his might and pulled him..Sir Arthur struck him on the head with the edge of his helmet and gave him such a blow that blood came out of his ears, nose, and mouth. I will now kill the said Arthur, you may do so if you wish, said Accolon, and it pleases you, for you are the best knight I have ever encountered, and I can see that God is with you. But I promised to do battle and never to retreat while I lived, therefore I will never surrender with my mouth, but may God do with my body what He will.\n\nThen Sir Arthur remembered him and thought he should have seen this knight. Tell me, said Arthur, or I will kill you, what country are you from and what court? Sir Knight said Sir Accolon, I am from the court of King Arthur, and my name is Accolon of Gaul. Then Sir Arthur was more dismayed than before, for he remembered his sister Morgan le Fay and the enchantment of the ship. O Sir Knight, he said, tell me, who gave you this sword and by whom?.Sir Accolon had it / and said, \"This sword is worth my life. For by it, I have gained my death.\" The king replied, \"Sir Accolon, I will tell you this sword has been in my keeping for the most part of these twelve months. Morgan le Fay, King Vrye's wife, sent it to me yesterday with the intention that I should kill King Arthur, my brother. You should know, King Arthur is the most hated man in the world by her, as he is the most worshipped and powerful of any in her bloodline. She loves me excessively as a lover, and I her in return. If she could bring about Arthur's death through her craft, she would have killed her husband, King Vrye, lightly. And then she had designed to make me king in this land and herself my queen. But that is now done, said Sir Accolon. I am certain of my impending death, said King Arthur. I see that you would have been king in this land.\".It had been great damage to have destroyed your lord, said Arthur, it is true, said Accolon, but now I have told you the truth. Why then tell me when and of what court, O Accolon, said King Arthur. Now I let you know, I am King Arthur to whom you have done great damage. When Accolon heard that, he cried in a low voice, \"Fair sweet lord, have mercy on me. For I knew not you.\" \"Mercy shall you have,\" said King Arthur, \"because I feel by your words at this time that you did not know my person. But I understand well by your words that you have agreed to my death, and therefore you are a traitor. But I know less than that. For my sister Morgan le Fay, by her false crafts, made you agree and consent to her false lusts. But I shall be sore avenged upon her, and I live, that all Christendom shall speak of it. God knows. I have honored her and worshipped her more than all my kin, and more have I trusted her than my own wife and all my kinsmen.\".Then Sir Arthur called the keepers of the field and said, \"Sirss come here, for here are two knights who have fought to great harm to both of us, and each of us intends to have slain the other. If it had happened so, and if one of us had known the other, there would have been no battle nor stroke struck.\"\n\nThen all at once Accolon called out to all the knights and men who were there gathered and said to them in this manner, \"Lords, this noble knight whom I have fought with, who deeply regrets it, is the most man of prowess and worth in the world. For it is he himself, King Arthur, our liege lord. By misfortune and by mischance I have done this battle with the king and lord whom I am bound to.\"\n\nThen all the people fell down on their knees and cried out, \"King Arthur, mercy! Mercy you shall have, said Arthur. Here you may see what adventures befall strange knights, how I have fought with a knight of my own.\".I, to my great disadvantage and his, were both injured and I had great need of rest. However, I will explain the issue between you two brothers regarding Sir Damas, for whom I have acted as champion and won the battle against this knight. Yet, I will judge based on the fact that Sir Damas are called a den of villainy and not worthy of your prowess, according to my judgment. Therefore, I order you to give your brother the entire manor, with all its appurtenances, under my supervision. Sir Ontzelake is to hold the manor for you, and you are to give you a palefrey to ride upon annually, as it will be more suitable for you to ride on than a courser. I also command Sir Damas, under pain of death, not to send any knights errant on their adventures. Furthermore, you are to restore the twenty knights you have long kept prisoners and return all their armor, or else, if any of them come to my court and complain, you will die..Sir Ontzelake, because you are named a good knight and full of prowess and true and gentle in all your deeds, this shall be your charge: I will give you, in all good haste, that you come to me and my court, and you shall be a knight of mine. And if your deeds are thereafter pleasing to me, by the grace of God, I shall bestow upon you, in a short time, the means to live as honorably as your brother Sir Damas. God thank you for your largesse, your goodness, and your bounty. I shall be, from henceforward, at all times at your commandment. Sir Ontzelake said, \"As God is my witness, if I had not been hurt but late by an adversary's knight through both my thighs, which grieved me sore, and had fought this battle with you instead, God would have said, 'Arthur, it had been so.' For then, had I not been hurt as I am, I would tell you the cause: for mine own sword, which was stolen from me by treason, was the reason why this battle was ordained to have slain me.\".was brought to the purpose by false treason and false enchantment / \"Alas,\" said Sir Ontzela, \"it is great pity that ever so noble a man as you are in deeds and prowess / that any man or woman might find in their hearts to work any treason against you.\" / \"I shall reward them,\" said Arthur, \"in short time, by the grace of God.\" / \"Now tell me,\" said Arthur, \"where would please be at some place of worship?\" / \"Sir,\" said Sir Ontzelake, / here by is a rich abbey of your elder foundation of Nuns, but three miles hence. / So the king took his leave of all the people / and mounted upon horseback / and Sir Accolon with him. / And when they were come to the Abbey, he let fetch a leech and search his wounds, and Accolon both. / But Sir Accolon died within four days / for he had bled so much blood that he might not live / but King Arthur was well recovered. / So when Accolon was dead, he let send him on a horse with six knights to Camelot / and said, \"Bear him before my sister.\".Morgan le Fay told me to give her the present of Excalibur and its scabbard, and we departed with the body. While Morgan le Fay was thinking that King Arthur was dead, she saw King Pelles sleeping in his bed one day. She called for a maiden from her council and said, \"Go fetch me my lord's sword. I have never seen a better time to sleep him than now.\"\n\n\"Madam,\" said the maiden, \"you sleep, my lady, you cannot escape.\"\n\n\"Care not for yourself,\" Morgan le Fay replied. \"Now is the time when it is best for me to do it. Hurry and fetch me the sword.\"\n\nThe maiden departed and found Sir Pelles sleeping in another chamber. She went to him and asked him to rise and wait for her lady, as she was going to fetch his sword.\n\n\"Go on your way,\" Sir Pelles said, \"and let me deal with this.\"\n\nSoon, the maiden returned with Morgan le Fay's sword, quaking..And she lightly took the sword and drew it out, and went boldly to the bedside. She pondered how and where she might kill him best. As she lifted up the sword to strike, Sir Gawain leapt onto his mother and caught her by the hand, saying, \"A fiend, what will thou do? And thou were not my mother with this sword, I would strike off thy head.\" She replied, \"Sir Gawain, it is said that Merlin was begotten of a devil, but I may say that an earthly devil bore me. O fair son Gawain, have mercy upon me. I was tempted by a devil, wherefore I cry for mercy. I will never do so again and save my worship and reveal me not.\" Sir Gawain said, \"On this condition I will forgive it to you: if you will never be about such deeds again.\" \"Yes, my son,\" she replied, \"and I make you this assurance.\"\n\nThen news came to Morgan le Fay that Achelon was dead and his body brought to the church. But when Queen Morgan learned that Achelon was dead, she was deeply sorrowful..that she kept her countenance outwardly, showing no signs of sorrow, although her heart was about to break. She waited until her brother Arthur arrived. No gold should be given for her life.\n\nThen she went to Queen Guinevere and asked for her leave to ride into the country. Queen Guinevere said she could stay until the king returned home. I cannot, said Morgan le Fay, for I have urgent news that I cannot delay. Yes, said Guinevere. You may depart whenever you wish.\n\nEarly in the morning or at daybreak, she took her horse and rode all that day and most of the night. And by none on the following morning, she arrived at the same abbey where King Arthur lay. When she learned that he was there, she asked where he was. They answered that he had lain down to sleep in his bed, for he had had little rest for the past three nights. Well said she, I command you not to awaken him until I do. And then she dismounted from her horse..And she went straight to Arthur's chamber. No man dared disobey her command. There she found Arthur sleeping in his bed with Excalibur in his right hand, naked. When she saw that she was passing heavy and couldn't draw the sword without waking him, she knew she would have been dead. Then she took the scabbard and rode away on horseback.\n\nWhen Arthur awoke and missed his scabbard, he was angry. He asked who had been there, and they said his sister Queen Morgan had been there and had taken the scabbard under her mantle and left.\n\n\"Alas,\" Arthur falsely said, \"you have watched me.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" they all replied, \"we dared not disobey your sister's command.\"\n\n\"Let fetch the best horse that can be found,\" the king ordered. \"Bid Sir Ontzlake arm himself in haste and take another good horse and ride with me.\"\n\nSo the king and Sir Ontzlake were quickly armed and rode after this lady. They came upon a cross and found.a Cowherd / and they asked the poure man yf ther cam ony lady late rydynge that way / Syre said this poure man / ryght late cam a lady rydynge with a xl horses / and to yonder forest she rode / Thenne they spored theire horses / and folowed fast / And within a whyle Arthur had a syghte of Morgan le fay / thenne he chaced as fast as he my\u2223ghte / whanne she aspyed hym folowynge her / she rode a gretter paas thorowe the forest tyl she cam to a playne / And whanne she sawe she myghte not escape she rode vnto a lake ther by / & sayd what soo euer come of me / my broder shall not haue this scaubard / And thenne she lete throwe the scauberd in the de\u2223pest of the water soo it sanke / for it was heuy of gold and pre\u00a6cious stones \u00b6 Thenne she rode in to a valeye\nwhere many grete stones were / And whan she sawe she muste be ouertake she shope her self hors and man by enchaunteme\u0304t vnto a grete marbyl stone / Anone with al cam Syr Arthur / and syr Ontzelake where as the kynge myght knowe his sys\u00a6ter and her men / and one.A knight from another said, \"Here you may see the vengeance of God. I am sorry that this misfortune has befallen me. He looked for the squire, but it could not be found. So he returned to Abbey, from where he had come. When Arthur was gone, she transformed herself and her companions back into their original forms and said, \"Now may we go where we will.\" Morgan spoke, \"I saw you, Arthur, my brother. You said your knights fought well, and you should have found us and we might have joined forces. For by his most army-like demeanor, he would have caused us to flee. I believe you, Morgan. After this, as she rode, she met a knight leading another knight on his horse before him, bound hand and foot, blindfolded, intending to drown him in a fontain. When she saw this knight so bound, she asked him, \"What will you do with that knight?\" The lady replied, \"I will drown him. For what cause?\" she asked, \"Because I found him with my wife, and she shall have the same death immediately.\".Morgan le Fay spoke: \"The knight claims that you are the one to be drowned. Not true, madam, he does not speak of me. From where are you, Morgan le Fay, and what land are you from? I am from King Arthur's court, and my name is Manassen, cousin of Accolon of Gaul. You speak truly, madam. And because of him, you shall be spared, and you shall have your adversary in the same way you have been. So Manessen was lost, and the other knight was bound. Immediately, Manessen disarmed himself and armed himself in his armor. He then mounted his horse and threw Manessen into the fountain, drowning him. He then rode back to Morgan and asked if she wanted anything for King Arthur. Tell him that I rescued him, not for his sake but for Accolon's. Tell him that I fear him not while I can make myself and those with me into statues. Let him know that I can do much more when I see the opportunity.\".The queen departed into the country of Gorre and was richly received, building castles and towns there. She always feared King Arthur. After the king had rested well at the Abbey, he rode to Carmelot and found his queen and barons glad of his coming. When they heard of his strange adventures as recounted earlier, they all marveled at Morgan le Fay's deceit. Many knights cursed her. Then Mances arrived at court and told the king of his adventure. The king replied, \"She is a kind sister. I shall avenge myself on her and I live, so that all Christendom will speak of it.\" The next morning, a damsel came from Morgan to the king, bearing with her the richest mantle ever seen in that court. It was set with precious stones so closely that one could scarcely see the fabric between them, and the stones were the richest the king had ever seen. The damsel said, \"Your sister sends you this mantle and requests that\".You should take this gift from her. In what thing she has offended you, she will amend it at your pleasure. When the king held this mantle, it pleased him much, but he said little.\n\nWith that, the damsel of the lake came to the king and said, \"Sir, I must speak with you in private.\" \"Speak, said the king,\" what you will.\" \"Sir,\" said the damsel, \"do not put on this mantle until you have seen more. And in no way let it come on you or any knight of yours until you command the bringer of it to put it on her.\" \"Well said, King Arthur,\" he shall be done as you advise.\n\nAnd then he said to the damsel who came from his sister, \"Damsel, this mantle that you have brought me, I will see it on you.\" \"Sir,\" she replied, \"it will not become me to wear a king's garment.\" \"By my head,\" said Arthur, \"you shall wear it or it comes on my back or any man who is here.\" And so the king made it be put on her.\n\nAnd forthwith, she all fell down dead, and never spoke a word after and burned to ashes..Then the king was extremely angry more than before, and said to King Vrynes, \"Your wife is always plotting against me. I know for a fact that either you or your new son is in her counsel to have me destroyed. But as for you, King Vrynes, I don't greatly believe that you are part of her counsel. Acoolon confessed to me with his own mouth that she would have destroyed you as well as me, for I forgive you. But as for your son, Sir Vwa|yn, I suspect him. Therefore, I command you to expel him from my court.\" So Sir Vwayne was dismissed. And when Sir Gawain knew that he had made him ready to go with him, and said, \"Who dares banish my cousin Germain? He shall banish me,\" they two departed. And they rode into a great forest. And there they were well lodged in an abbey of monks. But when the king knew that Sir Gawain had departed from the court, there was great sorrow among all the noble knights for the love of one..Sir Gawain and his companions heard Mass in the abbey, and so they rode forth until they came to a great forest. Then Sir Gawain was in a valley by a tower, where eighteen fair damsels were. And two knights were armed on great horses. The damsels went to and fro by a tree. And then Sir Gawain saw how a white shield was hanging on that tree. And whenever the damsels passed by it, they spat upon it and threw mud on the shield.\n\nSir Gawain and Sir Vaine approached them and asked why they did this disrespect to the shield. The damsels said, \"We will tell you. There is a knight in this country who owes this white shield, and he is an excellent man with his hands, but he hates all ladies and gentlewomen. Therefore, we do all this disrespect to the shield.\" Sir Gawain said, \"It seems evil to me for a good knight to despise all ladies and gentlewomen. And perhaps he hates you, but he may love them in some other places.\".and gentlewomen, and he is such a man of prowess as you speak of. Now what is his name, sir said they. His name is Marhaus, the king's son of Ireland, said sir Wayne. I know him well, said sir Wayne. He is a passing good knight as any is in line, for I saw him once proven at a joust where many knights were gathered. And that time, there was no man who could withstand him. A said, sir Gawain, damsels, I think you are to blame. For it is to suppose, he that holds the shield there, he will not be long from there. And then may those knights match him on horseback. And that is more your worship than this. For I will abide no longer to see a knight's shield dishonored. And therewith, sir Wayne and Gawain departed a little from them. Then they were aware where sir Marhaus came riding on a great horse straight toward them. And when the twelve damsels saw sir Marhaus, they fled into the turret as they were wild, so that some of them fell by the way. Then one of them,.knights of the tour dressed their shields and said, \"Sir Marhaus, defend us.\" And so they ran towards the fray. The knight struck Marhaus' shield, and Marhaus broke his spear on him and struck him so hard that he broke his neck and killed both horse and rider. Another knight from the turret saw this and charged towards Marhaus. They met fiercely, and the knight from the turret was soon struck down, horse and man, dead. Then Sir Marhaus rode to his shield and saw how it was defiled. He said, \"For this insult, I am avenged. But for her love that gave me this worthy shield, I shall wear it and hang it about my neck.\" He then rode straight to Sir Gawain and Sir Vane and asked them what they were doing there. They answered him that they had come from King Arthur's court to see adventures. \"Here I am, a knight of adventures, ready to fulfill any adventure you desire,\" Sir Marhaus said, and he departed from them to fetch his range..Let him go, said Sir Gawain, for he is a passing good knight, as any living; I would not, by my will, that any of us were matched with him, not so, said Sir Gawain; it would be a shame to us if he were not challenged, even if he were so good a knight; well said, Sir Gawain, I will challenge him before you, for I am weaker than you; and if he strikes me down, then you may avenge me. So these two knights came together with great eagerness. Sir Gawain struck Sir Marhaus, and his spear shattered on the shield; and Sir Marhaus struck him so hard that horse and rider fell to the earth, and injured Sir Gawain on the left side. Then Sir Marhaus turned his horse and rode toward Gawain with his spear. And when Sir Gawain saw that, he raised his shield; and they encountered each other with all the might of their horses, each knight striking the other so hard in the midst of their shields; but Sir Gawain's spear broke, but Sir Marhaus' spear held..Sir Gawain and his horse rushed down to the earth / And lightly Sir Gawain rose to his feet / and drew out his sword / and prepared himself towards Sir Marhaus on foot / and Sir Marhaus saw that / and drew out his sword / and began to come towards Sir Gawain on horseback / Sir knight said to Sir Gawain, \"dismount or I will kill your horse\" / \"Thank you, Sir Marhaus, for teaching me courtesy,\" said Sir Gawain / \"for it is not for one knight to be on foot / and the other on horseback\" / and with that, Sir Marhaus set his spear against a tree and dismounted, tying his horse to the tree / and he donned his shield / and both came towards each other eagerly / and struck at each other with their swords, their shields flying in pieces / and they broke their helmets and their hauberks, wounding each other / but Sir Gawain, passing the ninth hour, grew ever stronger and stronger / for then it came to the hour of noon / and three times his might was increased / All this Sir Marhaus saw and marveled greatly at how his..myghty one increased and wounded others severely. Then, when it was past noon, Sir Gawain's strength faded and grew faint, and unless he could endure any longer, Sir Marhaus was then becoming bolder and bolder. Sir Knight said to Sir Marhaus, \"I have truly felt that you are a passing good knight and a marvelous man of might, as I have ever felt from anyone. While it lasts, our quarrels are not great, and therefore it would be a pity to hurt you, for I feel that you are growing weak.\" Sir Marhaus said to Sir Gawain, \"Gentle knight, you say the word that I should say.\" And with that, they took off their helmets, and each kissed the other. There they swore to each other to love each other as brothers. And Sir Marhaus urged Sir Gawain to lodge with him that night. And so they took their horses and rode toward Sir Marhaus' house. As they rode by the way, Sir Knight said to Sir Gawain, \"I am marveled that so valiant a man as you love no ladies or damsels.\" Sir Gawain..Sir Marhaus insisted that I was given a false name, but I acknowledge that it was the damosels of the Turret and others who gave me this name. Now I will tell you why I hate them. They are sorceresses and enchanters, many of them, and no knight, however good his body and full of prowess, is immune to their charms. This is the primary reason I hate them. I owe my service as a knight to all good ladies and gentlewomen.\n\nAccording to the book, there were many knights who surpassed Sir Gawain in all three areas of skill that he possessed. Sir Lancelot of the Lake, Sir Tristram, Sir Bors of Ganys, Sir Percival, and Sir Marhaus were among these knights. Within a little while, they arrived at Sir Marhaus's place, which was in a small priory, and there they dismounted and disarmed. The ladies and damosels quickly attended to their wounds..They were all hurt and stayed with Sir Marhaus for three nights, having good lodgings. After their wounds had healed, they departed. Sir Marhaus said, \"We will not part so lightly. I will guide you through the forest.\" They rode for seven days before encountering any adventure. At last, they came to a great forest named Arroy and the land of strange adventures. Sir Marhaus had never before encountered a knight in this country since its christening, but he found strange adventures there. They rode on and came to a deep valley filled with stones. Nearby, they saw a beautiful stream of water. Above it was a fair fountain, and three damsels were sitting by it. The eldest wore a garland of gold around her head, and she was over thirty winters old. Her face was white beneath the garland. The second damsel was younger..Damoisel was thirty years old with a serket of gold about her head. The third damoisel was fifteen years old with a garland of flowers about her head. When these knights had beheld them, they asked the cause why they sat at the fountain. We are here said the damoisels, if we may see any errant knights to teach them strange adventures, and you are the three knights who seek adventures and we are the three damoisels. Therefore, each one of you must choose one of us. And when you have done so, we will lead you to three high ways, and there each of you shall choose a way and his damoisel with him. And this day twelve-god send you your lives, and there to you must pledge your truth. This is well said, said Sir Marhaus.\n\nNow shall each of us choose a damoisel. I, said Sir Gawaine, I am the youngest and weakest of you both. Therefore, I will have the eldest damoisel, for she has seen much and can best help me when I have need, for I have none..Most need help from both of you. Now said Sir Marhaus, I will have the damsel of thirty winters for she falls best to me. Well said, Sir Gawain, I thank you for leaving me the youngest and the fairest, and she is most dear to me. Then every damsel took her knight by the reins of his bridle and brought him to the three ways, and there was their oath made to meet at the fontain that day twelve months. They were living there, and then they departed. And every knight chose his lady behind him. And Sir Gawain took the way that lay west, and Sir Marhaus took the way that lay south, and Sir Gawain took the way that lay north. Now will we begin with Sir Gawain, who traveled that way until he came to a fair manor where dwelt an old knight and a good householder. And there Sir Gawain asked the knight if he knew any adventures in this country. I shall show you some tomorrow, said the old knight. And that marvelous. So on the morrow they rode into the forest..adventures until they came to a land, and there they found a cross, and as they stood and wondered, there came by them the fairest knight and the most handsome man they had ever seen, making the greatest sorrow that any man had ever made. And then he was aware of Sir Gawain and greeted him and prayed to God to send him much honor and worship. As the said Sir Gawain, \"thank you,\" I also pray to God that He sends you honor and worship,\" said the knight. \"I may lay that on one side,\" for sorrow and shame come after worship, replied Sir Gawain.\n\nAnd with that, he passed to the one side of the land, and on the other side saw Sir Gawain and ten knights who still held and prepared themselves against that one knight who came by Sir Gawain. Then this one knight entered a great spear, and one of the ten knights encountered him, but this woeful knight struck him so hard that he fell over his horse's tail. So this same sorrowful knight served them all, striking down horse and man with one spear, and so on..when they were all there, they went to that one knight and he stood stone still, suffering them to pull him down from his horse, and bound his hands and feet, and kept him under the horse belly, and so led him with them. O Jesu, said Sir Gawain, \"This is a pitiful sight to see the yonder knight so entrapped, and it seems by the knight that he is suffering he would wish all were as weak as they are to do this to him.\" Sir said the damsel to Sir Gawain, \"It seems to me it would be your worship to help that pitiful knight, for I think he is one of the best knights that I have ever seen. I would do for him said Sir Gawain, but it seems he will have no help.\" Then said the damsel, \"It seems you have no desire to help him.\" As they spoke, they saw a knight on the other side of the land, fully armed, and on the other side came a dwarf on horseback, fully armed except for the head, with a large mouth and a short nose. And when the dwarf came near, he said, \"Where is the lady who should provide us with food here?\".There she came forth from the wood, and then they began to struggle for the lady. The knight said he would have her, and the dwarf said the same. \"Will we do well?\" asked the dwarf. \"There is a knight at the cross,\" he pointed out. \"Let us both challenge him, and as he decides, so shall it be.\" \"I agree,\" said the knight. And they all three went to Sir Gawain and told him why they were fighting. \"Sir,\" he said, \"you put the matter in my hand. You both said the lady is yours.\" The damsel then said to Sir Gawain, \"Sir, you shall stand between us both, and whichever you prefer, he shall have you.\" And when she was placed between them, she left the knight and went to the dwarf. The dwarf took her and went his way, singing. The knight went his way with great mourning. Then came two knights fully armed and cried out loudly, \"Sir Gawain, knight of King Arthur, make ready in all haste and join me. So they ran to each other, and both fell down. Then they fought on foot..The men kept drawing their swords, but the other knight went to the damsel and asked her why she remained with that knight. If you would stay with me, I will be your faithful knight, and with you, I will be renowned, the damsel replied. I cannot find it in my heart to be with Sir Gawain.\n\nThere was then a knight who mocked ten knights, and in the end, he was cowardly led away. Let us go while they fight, Sir Gawain fought long with that other knight, but at the last they reconciled. Then the knight begged Sir Gawain to lodge with him that night. So Sir Gawain went with this knight and asked him, \"Which knight is it in this country that struck down the ten knights? For when he had acted so valiantly, they bound his hands and feet and led him away.\"\n\nThe knight replied, \"He is the best knight I believe in the world and the most man of prowess. He has served so well that he has done so more than ten times.\".Sir Pelleas was his name, and he loved a great lady in this country, named Ettard. When he loved her, there were cried three days of justice in this country. All the knights of this country were present, as were gentlewomen. The knight who proved himself the best would receive a passing good sword and a serklet of gold. The knight should give the serklet to the fairest lady present. Sir Pelleas was the best knight there, and there were five hundred knights, but no man whom Sir Pelleas met had ever bested him. Each day of the three days, he struck down twenty knights. Therefore, they gave him the prize, and with it, he went where Lady Ettard was, and gave her the serklet, declaring openly that she was the fairest lady present, and that he would prove it against any knight who dared deny it. He chose her as his sovereign lady and vowed never to love another..but she was so proud that she scorned him and said she would never love him though he would die for her. Therefore, all ladies and gentlewomen scorned her for her pride, for there were fairer ones than she, and none were there but Sir Pelham would have offered them love if they had loved him for his noble prowess. And so this knight promised the lady Eleanor to follow her into this country and never leave her till she loved him. And thus he is here the most near her and lodged by a priory. And every week she sends knights to fight with him. And when he has put them to the test, he allows them willingly to take him prisoner because he wants a sight of this lady. And always she does him great contempt, for a time making her knights take him to his horse tail and some to bind him under the horse belly. Thus in the most shameful way she can think, he is brought to her. And all this she does to make him leave..this country and leave his loving / But all this cannot make him leave, for he would have fought on foot he might have had the better of the ten knights as well on foot as on horseback / Alas said Sir Gawain, it is a great pity for him / And after this night I will seek him tomorrow in this forest to help him as I can / So on the morrow Sir Gawain took his leave of his host Sir Carados and rode into the forest / And at last he met Sir Pelleas making great mourning out of measure / so each of them greeted other / and asked him why he made such sorrow / And as above recorded, Sir Pelleas told Sir Gawain, but always I suffer my knights to treat me as you saw yesterday, in trust at the last to win her love / for she knows well that none of my knights should lightly win me / and I wished to fight with them to the utmost / Therefore and I loved her not so deeply I would rather have died a hundred times / and I might die so often rather than I would suffer..that despite her / but I trust she will have pity on me in the end / for love causes many a good knight to endure having his intent / but alas, I am unlucky / And therewith he made such great sorrow and dolor that he could not keep himself on horseback / Now said Sir Gawain leave your mourning and I shall promise you by the faith of my body to do all that lies in my power to get you the love of your lady / and there I will pledge you my truth / He said, Sir Pelleas, tell me, I pray, my good friend / And then Sir Gawain said, I am of King Arthur's court / and his son / and King Lot of Orkney was my father / and my name is Sir Gawain / And he said, my name is Sir Pelleas, born in the Isles / and of many Isles I am lord / and never have I loved lady nor damsel till now in this unhappy time / and, knight, since you are so near a kin to King Arthur and a king's son / therefore do not betray me but help me / for I can never come by her except by.A knight is keeping a lady, who is in a strong castle within the next four miles, as lady over the entire countryside. I cannot approach her presence except by allowing her knights to capture me. If I had done so to see her, I would have been dead long before this time. I have never had fair words from her, but whenever I am brought before her, she reprimands me harshly. They take my horse and harness and expel me from the gates. She refuses to allow me to eat or drink. I always offer myself as her prisoner, but she refuses, for I would desire no greater pains if it meant I could see her daily. Sir Gawain said, \"I will remedy this, and you will do as I decree. I will take your horse and your armor. I will ride to her castle and enter within to make her show me kindness. Then I will fulfill my duty, which you will not fail to receive.\".the love of her and Sir Gawain pledged his truth to Sir Pelleas to be true and faithful to him. Each one pledged their truth to the other. They exchanged horses and harnesses, and Sir Gawain departed. He came to the castle where the pavilions of this lady stood outside the gate. As soon as Etarde had seen Sir Gawain, she fled towards the castle. Sir Gawain spoke aloud and bade her stay, for he was not Sir Pelleas. \"I am another knight who has slain Sir Pelleas,\" said Lady Etarde. \"May I see your face?\" And when she saw that it was not Sir Pelleas, she made him dismount and led him to her castle. She asked him faithfully whether he had slain Sir Pelleas, and he said yes and told her his name was Sir Gawain of King Arthur's court and his sister's son. \"Truly,\" she said, \"it is great pity for he was a passing good knight in body. But of all men alive, I hated him most, for I could not bear him.\".neuer be quyte of hym / And for ye haue slayne hym / I shalle be your woman and to doo ony thynge that myghte please yow / Soo she made syr Gawayne good chere / Thenne syr gawayn sayd that he loued a lady / and by no meane she wold loue hym / She is to blame sayd Ettard and she wylle not loue yow / for ye that be soo wel borne a man and suche a man of pro\u2223wesse / there is no lady in the world to good for yow / wylle ye sayd syre Gawayne promyse me to doo alle that ye maye by the feythe of youre body to gete me the loue of my lady / ye syre sayd she / and that I promyse yow by the feythe of my body / Now sayd syre Gawayne it is your self that I loue so wel / therfore I praye yow hold your promyse / I maye not chese sayd the lady Ettard / but yf I shold be forsworne / and soo she graunted hym to fulfylle alle his desyre / \n\u00b6Soo it was thenne in the moneth of May that she and syre Gawayn wente oute of the castel and souped in a pauelione / and there was made a bedde / and there syre gawayne and the lady Ettard.Sir Percival went to bed with his guards, and in another chamber she laid her damsels, and in the third chamber she placed some of her knights, for then she had no fear of Sir Pelleas. And there Sir Gawain lay with her in that chamber for two days and two nights. And on the third day, in the morning early, Sir Pelleas armed himself, for he had not slept since Sir Gawain departed from him. For Sir Gawain had promised him by the faith of his body to come to him in his chamber at the priory within the space of a day and a night. Then Sir Pelleas mounted on horseback and came to the pavilions that stood outside the castle. And in the first pavilion he found three knights in three beds and three squires lying at their feet. Then he went to the second pavilion and found four gentlewomen lying in four beds. And then he went to the third pavilion and found Sir Gawain lying in bed with his lady Ettard, and each embracing the other. And when he saw that his heart was about to burst with sorrow..And Sir Allan spoke, declaring that any knight found to be false, and then he mounted his horse and could not stay any longer due to deep sorrow. Riding near half a mile, he turned back and intended to slay them both. Upon seeing them sleeping soundly, he could not keep himself on horseback for sorrow and said to himself, \"Though this knight may be never so false, I will never slay him sleeping. For I will never destroy the high order of knighthood.\" With that, he departed again. Before he had ridden half a mile, he returned once more, intending to slay them both, feeling the greatest sorrow. Upon reaching the pavilions, he halted his horse by a tree and drew his sword naked in his hand. Approaching them as they lay, he thought it shameful to slay them while sleeping and laid the naked sword across their throats instead. Then he took his horse and rode away.\n\nAnd when Sir Pelleas reached his pavilions,.Sir Pelleas told his knights and squires about his experience and said, \"For your true and good service, I will give you all my goods. I am going to bed now and will not rise until I am dead. When I am dead, take my heart out and place it between two silver dishes, and tell it how I saw it lying with the false knight, Sir Gawain. Right after that, Sir Pelleas disarmed himself and went to bed, making marvelous mourning and sorrow.\n\nThen Sir Gawain and Etartrude woke up from their sleep and found the sword across their throats. She knew well that it was Sir Pelleas's sword. \"Alas,\" she said to Sir Gawain, \"you have betrayed me and Sir Pelleas both. You told me that you had killed him, but now I know that is not true. If Sir Pelleas had been as unchivalrous to you as you have been to him, you would have been a dead knight. But you have deceived me and betrayed me falsely. Let all ladies and damsels take warning from you.\".And there, Sir Gawain prepared himself and entered the forest. It happened then that the damsel of Lake Nymue met a knight of Sir Pelleas, who walked in the forest in deep sorrow, and she asked him the reason. The woeful knight told her how his master and lord had been betrayed by a knight and a lady, and how he would never rise from his bed until he was dead. \"Bring me to him,\" she said at once. \"I will guarantee his life; he shall not die for love's sake. And she who has caused him such love, she shall be in as great distress as he is, or it will last long.\" The knight brought her to him, and when she saw him lying in his bed, she thought she had never seen a more worthy knight. There, she cast an enchantment upon him, and he fell asleep. And there she rode to Lady Ettard, charging no one to wake him until she returned..two hours she brought the lady Ettard there. And both ladies found him asleep. The damsel of the lake said, \"You ought to be ashamed for murdering such a knight.\" And with that, she cast such an enchantment upon her that she loved him deeply. Nearly out of her mind, the lady Ettard said, \"Lord Jesus, what has befallen me? That I now love him whom I have most hated of any man alive. That is the right judgment of God, said the damsel. And then, Sir Pelleas awoke and looked upon Ettard. When he saw her, he knew her, and then he hated her more than any man alive and said, \"Traitoress, come never in my sight.\" When she heard him say so, she wept and made great sorrow out of measure.\n\nSir knight Pelleas said to the damsel of the lake, \"Take your horse. Come forth with me from this country. And you shall love a lady who will love you. I will willingly go,\" said Sir Pelleas. \"For this lady Ettard has done me great disrespect and shame.\".there he told her the beginning and ending, and how he had determined never to arise until he had been dead, and now such grace God has granted me that I hate her as much as I ever loved her, thanked be our Lord Jesus. The damsel of the lake replied, \"Thank me, sir Pellas,\" and armed him, took his horse, and commanded his men to bring after his pavilions and his belongings where the damsel of the lake would assign. So the lady Dido died of sorrow, and the damsel of the lake rejoiced in Sir Pellas and loved him deeply during their lives.\n\nNow let us turn to Sir Marhaus, who rode with the damsel of winter's age, southward, and they came into a deep forest. By fortune, they were entertained, and they rode long in a deep way. At last, they came to a courtyard, and there they asked for lodging. But the mistress of the courtyard would not lodge them for any treaty that they could offer, but rather said, \"You will take the adventure of your lodging.\".I shall bring you there you shall be lodged / what adventure is that which I shall have / for my lodging said Sir Marhaus / you shall know when you come there said the good man / Sir, what adventure is it that brings me thither, prayed Sir Marhaus / for I am weary, my lady and my horse\n\nThe good man went and opened the gate / and within an hour he brought him to a fair castle / and then the poor man called the porter / and immediately he was let in to the castle / and so he told the lord how he had brought a knight errant and a damsel who would lodge with him / let him in said the lord / it may happen they will repent that they took lodging here\n\nSo Sir Marhaus was let in with torch light / and there was a sight of young men who welcomed him / And then his horse was led to the stable / and he and the damsel were brought to the hall / and there stood a mighty duke and many noble men about him / then this lord asked him what he was / and from whence he came.Sir Marhaus, a knight of King Arthur's round table, said, \"I am Sir Marhaus, born in Ireland.\" The duke replied, \"I deeply regret the situation. The reason is this: I don't support your lord or any of his table companions. You may find relief tonight as best you can, for tomorrow I and my six sons will challenge you and your six sons.\" Sir Marhaus responded, \"There is no remedy but that we must face each other and our sons at once. The duke said, \"I am the Duke of South March.\" Sir Marhaus inquired, \"And what may I call you? I have heard it said that you have been a great enemy for a long time.\".foo vnto my lord ar\u2223thur and to his knyghtes / that shalle ye fele to morne said the duke / Shalle I haue adoo with yow sayd syr Marhaus / ye sayd the duke / therof shalt thow not chese / and therfore take yow to your chambre and ye shalle haue all that to yow lon\u2223geth / So syr Marhaus departed and was led to a chamber / and his damoysel was led vnto her chamber / And on the morn the duke sente vnto syre Marhaus and bad make hym redy / And so syr Marhaus arose and armed hym / and thenne ther was a masse songe afore hym and brake his fast / and so mou\u0304\u00a6ted on horsback in the courte of the castel there they shold doo the batail / So ther was the duke al redy on horsbak clene ar\u00a6med and his syxe sonnes by hym / and eueryche had a spere in his hand / and soo they encountred where as the duke and his two sones brak theyr speres vpon hym / but sir Marhaus helde vp his spere and touched none of them / \nTHenne cam the foure sones by couple / and two of them brake their speres / and soo dyd the other two / And alle.Sir Marhaus touched them not yet, then Sir Marhaus ran to the duke and struck him with his spear, horse and man fell to the earth. And so he avenged his sons. Then Sir Marhaus dismounted and demanded that the duke surrender or else he would kill them all. Some of his sons recovered and intended to attack Sir Marhaus. Then Sir Marhaus said to the duke, \"cease your sons or else I will do the utmost harm to you all.\" The duke saw he could not escape death, he cried to his sons and charged them to surrender to Sir Marhaus. They all knelt down and put the hilts of their swords to the knight, and so he received them. And then they helped lift up their father. By their common consent, they promised Sir Marhaus never to be enemies to King Arthur. And afterwards, at Whitsuntide, he and his sons came and put themselves in the king's grace. Sir Marhaus departed, and within two days, his damoiselle brought him to a great tournament where the Lady de was..Vaws had cried out, and he who did best should have a rich silk shirt of gold worth a thousand beeswaxes. Sir Marhaus acted so nobly that he was renowned, and at one time he had defeated forty knights. Therefore, the silk shirt of gold was awarded to him. Then he departed from there with great honor. Within seven nights, his damsel brought him to an earl's place. His name was Earl Fergus, who later became Sir Tristram's knight. This earl was a young man and had recently come into his lands. Nearby was a giant named Taulurd, and he had another brother in Cornwall named Taulas, whom Sir Tristram killed when he was out of his mind. Earl Fergus complained to Sir Marhaus about the giant who was destroying all his lands and how he dared not ride or go anywhere because of him. Sir Marhaus asked, \"Does the earl usually fight on horseback or on foot?\" \"There is no horse here for him,\" the earl replied. \"Well then,\" said Sir Marhaus, \"I will fight him on foot.\".Sir Marhaus requested that one of his men bring him to where Gawain was sitting under a holy tree, with many iron clubs and javelins around him. The knight donned his armor and approached Gawain, who took an iron club in hand. At the first strike, Gawain's shield was split into two pieces. Gawain was in great peril, for Gawain was a wily fighter. But at last, Gawain struck Gawain above the elbow with his right arm. Then Gawain fled, and the knight pursued him, driving him into the water. However, Gawain was so tall that he could not wade after him. Then Sir Marhaus ordered Fergus, the earl's man, to fetch stones. With these stones, the knight pelted Gawain until he fell down into the water and was dead. Sir Marhaus then went to Gawain's castle and there released twenty-four ladies and twelve others..knights out of the giants prison / and there he had great richesse beyond measure / so that the days of his life he was never poor man / then he returned to the earl Fergus / who thanked him greatly / and would have given him half his lands but he would not take / So Sir Marhaus dwelt with the earl nearly half a year / for he was sore troubled by the giant / and at last he took his leave / And as he rode on his way / he met Sir Gawaine and Sir Viane / and so by chance he met with four knights of Arthur's court / the first was Sir Sagramore the Desirous / Sir Ozanna / Sir Dodinas the Savage / and Sir Felot of Lystynoyse / and there Sir Marhaus with one spear struck down these four knights / and hurt them severely / So he departed to meet someone at his appointed time before sel\n\nNow turn we unto Sir Viane who rode westward with his damsel, three score winters of age / and she brought him there as there was a tournament near the border of Wales / and at that tournament Sir Viane struck down thirty..knights were given to him the prize, and that was a gerfalcon and a white steed trapped with cloth of gold. Then, Sir Guy did many strange adventures through the means of the old damsel, and she brought him to a lady who was called the lady of the rock. This lady was very courteous. In the country there were two knights who were brothers, and they were called the perilous knights. The one knight was called Sir Edward of the red castle, and the other Sir Hue of the red castle. These two brothers had dishonorably taken away the barony of lands from the lady of the rock. As this knight lodged with this lady, she complained to him about these two knights. \"Lady,\" said Sir Guy, \"they are to blame, for they act against the high order of knighthood and the law. If it pleases you, I will speak with them, for I am a knight of King Arthur's, and I will approach them with courtesy. And if they will not, I shall do battle with them.\".the two knights were sent for to speak with the lady of the rock. They did not fail to appear, for they came with a large horse. But when this lady saw them in this manner, she would not allow Sir Wayne to go out to them on any assurance or fair language. Instead, he spoke with them over a tower. But these two brothers would not be appeased and answered that they would keep what they had. \"Well said, Sir Wayne,\" they replied. \"If we do battle, we will fight one against one. And therefore, if you will fight, we will be ready at whatever hour you assign. If you win the battle, the lady shall have her lands again.\" \"You speak well, Sir Wayne,\" the brothers replied. \"So make yourselves ready and be here.\".So there was truce made on both parties that no treason should be wrought on either side. So then the knights departed and made ready. And that night Sir Uwain had great cheer. And on the morrow he arose early and heard mass and broke his fast. And so he rode unto the plain without the gates where the two brothers Abydinge were waiting for him. So they rode to meet, passing sore. Sir Edward and Sir Huce broke their spears upon Sir Uwain. And Sir Uwain struck Sir Edward, causing him to fall over his horse, and yet his spear did not break. And then he spurred his horse and came upon Sir Huce and overthrew him. But they soon recovered and dressed their shields and drew their swords and bade Sir Uwain alight and do his battle to the utmost. Then Sir Uwain suddenly dismounted & put his shield before him and drew his sword. And so they faced each other and gave each other such strokes. And there these two brothers wounded Sir Uwain passingely..The lady of the Rock wept grievously, lamenting that Sir Guy of Warwick should have died. They fought fiercely for five hours, as men lost reason. At last, Sir Guy struck Sir Edward on the helmet with such a blow that his sword pierced his canal bone. Sir Hue's courage waned, but Sir Guy pressed on to kill him. Seeing Sir Hue kneel and yield, Sir Guy took him by the hand and they went into the castle together. The lady of the Rock was passing glad, and Sir Hue's brother made great sorrow for his brother's death. The lady was then restored all her lands, and Sir Hue was commanded to be at King Arthur's Court at the next Pentecost. Sir Guy dwelt with the lady for nearly half a year, as it was long before he could be healed of his great wounds. When it drew near the term day, Sir Gawain, Sir Marhaus, and Sir Guy were to meet at the crossroads..At the end of twelve months, they all met the three knights and their damsels. Sir Gawain could barely pay respects to his damsel, as previously mentioned. They then departed from the damsels and rode through a great forest. There, they encountered a messenger who had been sent by King Arthur, who had been searching for them for nearly a year throughout all of England, Wales, and Scotland. The messenger charged them to bring Sir Gawain and Sir Vaughan to the court again. They were all glad to hear this, and prayed Sir Marhaus to ride with them to the king's court. Within twelve days, they arrived at Camelot. The king was pleased with their coming, and so was the entire court. Then, the king made them swear on a book to tell him all their adventures that had befallen them..Hem who fought twelve months and so they did,\nAnd Sir Marhaus was well known,\nFor there were knights that he had challenged before time,\nAnd he was named one of the best knights living.\nAgainst the feast of Pentecost came the damsel of the lake and brought Sir Pelleas,\nAnd at that high feast there was great jousting of knights,\nAnd of all knights that were at that joust,\nSir Pelleas had the prize,\nAnd Sir Marhaus was named the next.\nBut Sir Pelleas was so strong,\nThere might but few knights sit him a buffet with a spear.\nAnd at that next feast, Sir Pelleas and Sir Marhaus were made knights of the round table,\nFor there were two vacant seats for two knights who were slain that month,\nAnd great joy had King Arthur for Sir Pelleas and Sir Marhaus.\nBut Sir Pelleas loved never after Sir Gawain but as he spared him for the love of King Arthur,\nBut often at jousts and tournaments, Sir Pelleas defeated Sir Gawain,\nAs it is rehearsed in the book of French,\nSo Sir..Trystram fought with Sir Marhaus on an island and they engaged in a great battle. Trystram eventually slew him. Trystram was so wounded that he could not recover for half a year. Sir Pelleas was a worthy knight and was one of the four who guarded the sanctuary. The damsel of the lake, through her intervention, ensured that Sir Launcelot of the Lake never encountered him that day, except on his side.\n\nWhen King Arthur had rested after a long war and held a royal feast and table round with his allies of kings, princes, and noble knights of the Round Table, twelve men entered his hall, each bearing a branch of olive as a sign that they came as ambassadors and messengers to present him with the true homage of this realm..Thempyre, you are to pay the tribute that your father and predecessors have previously paid, as recorded. And you, not knowing him as your sovereign, withheld and retained this contrary to the statutes and decrees made by the noble and worthy Julius Caesar, conqueror of this realm and first Emperor of Rome. And if you refuse his demand and commandment, know for certain that he will make strong war against you, your realms, and lands. This will be an example perpetual to all kings and princes, for denying their allegiance to that noble empire which dominates the universal world. After they had conveyed the effect of their message, the king commanded them to withdraw. He said he would take counsel and give them an answer. Some of the young knights, hearing this message, would have run upon them to kill them, saying it was a rebuke to all the knights present to allow them to speak..The king ordered that none of them should harm or mistreat them on pain of death. He commanded a knight to bring them to their lodgings and ensure they had all that was necessary and requested, with the best cheer, and no denying. For the Romans are great lords. Though their message does not please me or my court yet, I must remember my honor.\n\nAfter this, the king let call all his lords and knights of the Round Table to counsel on this matter. He asked them to speak their advice. Sir Cador of Cornwall spoke first and said, \"Sir, this message pleases me well. We have stayed here for many days and have been idle. Now I hope you will make sharp war on the Romans, where I doubt not we shall gain honor. I believe well said Arthur that this matter pleases you. But these answers may not be answered. The demand grieves me sorely. For truly, I will never pay tribute to Rome. Therefore, I pray\".You have understood that Kings Bellinus and Brenius of Britain have held the empire in their hands for many days, and Constantine, the son of Helaine, who is clear evidence that we owe no tribute to Rome. We, who are descendants of them, have the right to claim the title of empire.\n\nKing Angus of Scotland replied, \"Sir, you ought to be above all other kings, for there is none like or equal to you in Christendom, in knighthood or dignity. I counsel you never to obey the Romans, for when they ruled over us, they oppressed our elders and put this land to great extortions and tributes. I make my oath to avenge myself on them, and to strengthen your quarrel, I will provide 20 good men of war and pay for them on my own costs. They will wait on you with me whenever it pleases you. The king of little Britain granted him 30,000 [pounds], therefore King Arthur thanked them. And then every man agreed.\".The lord of Westwalis promised to bring 30,000 men. Sir Vaughan, Sir Ider's son, and their cousins promised to bring 30,000 as well. Then Sir Lancelot and all the others promised similarly, each bringing a great multitude. When King Arthur understood their courage and good will, he thanked them heartily. He then called them before his lords and knights to hear their answer. In the presence of all his lords and knights, he said to them in these words: \"I will that you return to your lord and procure the common weal for the Romans. And concerning his demand and commandment, I set nothing. I know of no tribute or service that I owe to him, nor to any earthly prince, Christian or heathen. But I claim and occupy the sovereignty of Templar, in which I am entitled by the right of my predecessors, some time kings of this land. Tell him that I am delivered and fully concluded to go with my army.\".The strength and power were given to Rome by the grace of God to take possession and subdue those who were rebellious. I command him and all of Rome to make inconvenience to me their homage and kneel to me as their Emperor and governor, on pain that shall ensue. He then commanded his treasurer to give them great and large gifts and pay all their debts. Sir Cador was assigned to convey them out of the land. And so they took their leave and departed, taking shipping at Sandwich. They passed through the Flanders, Alps, and all of Italy until they came to Lucius. After the reverence was made, they reported their answer as you have heard before. When Emperor Lucius had well understood their credence, he was greatly moved, as he had been forewarned, and said, \"I had supposed that Arthur would have obeyed my commandment and served him (Arthur) himself as any other king should do.\".One senator said, \"This man here has spoken in such vain words. You have made a rod for your own back. He intends to be lord of this empire, which is doubtful if he comes, for he is quite another man than you think. He holds the most noble court in the world, and no other kings or princes can compare to his noble maintenance. On New Year's Day, we saw him in his estate, which was the richest we had ever seen. He was served at his table with nine kings and the noblest fellowship of other princes, lords, and knights in the world. Every knight approved and behaved like a lord and held round table. And in his person, the most manly man who lives, and is likely to conquer the whole world, for his courage is insufficient. Therefore, I advise you to keep your marches and borders in the mountains secure. For certainly, he is a lord to be reckoned with.\" Said Lucius before Easter..suppose passing the mountains and so forth into France, and there revive him his lands with Janewayes and other mighty warriors of Tuscany and Lombardy. I shall send for all who are subjects and allegiant to the pyre of Rome to come to my aid. I sent old wise knights to these countries: first to Amboise and arrange, to Alasdrye, to Hermonye, where the river Euphrates reneth into Asia, to Affryke, Europe the large, to Eturia and Elamye, to Arabye, Egypt, and Damasque, to Damyete and Cayer, to Capadocia, to Tarse, Turkey, Pounce, and Pampolles, to Syria and Gallacye. All these were subjects to Rome and many more, such as Greece, Cyprus, Macdon, Calabria, Catalonia, Portugal, with many thousands of Spaniards. Thus all these kings, dukes, and admirals assembled about Rome with seventeen kings at once, with great multitude of people. When the emperor understood their coming, he made ready his Romans and all..The people between him and Flaunders, as well as fifty giants who had been engendered by demons, accompanied him. These giants were tasked with guarding his person and breaking the front of King Arthur's battle. After departing from Rome, they descended the mountains to destroy the lands that Arthur had conquered and reached Colyne. They besieged a castle there and captured it, filling it with two hundred Saracens or Infidels. Afterward, they destroyed many fair countries that Arthur had won from King Claudas.\n\nNow let us leave Lucius, the emperor, and speak of King Arthur, who commanded all those in his revenue to be ready at the utas of Hilary for a parliament at York. At this parliament, it was concluded to arrest all the nobles of the land and be ready within fifteen days..wyche there he showed to his army how he intended to conquer Tymphe, which he ought to have of right. And he appointed two governors of this realm: Sir Baldwin of Britain to counsel, and Sir Constantine, son of Sir Cador of Cornwall. In their presence, he reviewed the rule of the realm and Queen Guinevere. Therefore, Sir Lancelot was angry, for he had left Sir Tristram with King Mark for the love of Isoud. Then Queen Guinevere made great sorrow for the departure of her lord and others. And she swooned in such a way that the ladies bore her into her chamber. The king with his great army departed, leaving the queen and realm in the governance of Sir Baldwin and Constantine. And when he was on his horse, he said with a loud voice: \"If I die on this journey, I will that Sir Constantine be my heir and king crowned of this realm as next of mine.\".And after departing and entering the sea at Sandwich with all his army and a great multitude of galleys, cogs, and dromondes sailing on the sea, the king lay in his cabin in the ship. He fell into a slumber and dreamed a marvelous dream. It seemed to him that a dreadful dragon drowned many of his people and came fleeing out of the west. Its head was enameled with azure, and its shoulders shone like gold. Its terrible eyes were like marvelous jewels, its tail full of tatters, its feet fine sable, and its claws like fine gold. An hideous flame of fire flew out of its mouth, like if the land and water had caught fire. After it, it seemed that a grim beast, all black in a cloud, emerged. Its paws were as big as posts, and it was rugged and rough-looking. It was the foulest beast that ever man saw. It roared and romped so hideously that it was marvelous to hear. Then the dreadful dragon announced itself and came in..wynd like a falcon striking great blows on the bore, and the bore hid him with his grisly tusks, so that his breast was all bloody, and that the hot blood made all the sea read with his blood. Then the dragon flew away on high and came down with such a swoop and struck the bore on the ridge which was ten feet large from head to tail, and struck the bore to powder both flesh and bones, so that it flittered all abroad on the sea. And with this, the king awoke at once and was sore abashed by this dream, and sent at once for a wise philosopher, commanding him to tell him the significance of his dream. Sir said the philosopher, the dragon that you dreamed of signifies your own person, and the colors of his wings are your realms that you have won. And his tail, which is all tattered, signifies the noble knights of the round table. And the bore that the dragon's tail came from the clouds signifies some tyrant who torments..People or otherwise resemble someone who fights with some Giant, being horrible and abominable, whom you have never seen in your days. Of this dreadful dream, doubt nothing but that, as a Conqueror, you come forth yourself. Then, shortly after this, they had sight of land and sailed until they arrived at Barfleys in Flanders. And when they were there, he found many of his great lords ready, as they had been commanded to await him.\n\nThen came to him a husbandman of the country and told him that in the land of Constantine beside Brittany, there was a great giant who had murdered and devoured much of the country's people and had been sustained for seven years with the children of the commons of that land, so that all the children were all slain and destroyed. And now lately, he had taken the duchess of Brittany as she rode with her retinue and had led her to his lodging, which was in a mountain, to ravish and lie with her to her life's end. And many others..people followed her more than five C/ but all they could not rescue her / but they left her shrinking and crying lamentably / therefore I suppose that he has slain her in fulfilling his foul lust of lechery / She was wife unto thy Cousin, Sir Howel / whom we call full near of thy blood / Now as thou, a rightful king, have pity on this lady / and avenge us all as thou art a noble conqueror /\n\nAlas said King Arthur / this is a great misfortune / I had rather than the best realm that I have / that I had been a long way before him to have rescued that lady /\n\nNow fellow said King Arthur / canst thou bring me there as this giant haunts / yes, sir said the good man / and more treasure than I suppose is in all France /\n\nWhen the king had understood this pitiful case / he returned to his tent /\n\nThen he called to him Sir Kay and Sir Bedivere / and commanded them secretly to make ready horses and harnesses for him and the two of them / For after this event he would ride on pilgrimage with.King Arthur and his knights rode to St. Michael's mount. He prepared and armed them both, took his horse and shield, and they departed as fast as they could. They reached the foreign land and dismounted. The king commanded them to wait there, as he intended to ascend the mountain himself. He climbed up the hill until he reached a great fire. There, he found a mourning widow wringing her hands and making great sorrow sitting by a new grave. King Arthur approached her and asked why she was lamenting. She answered softly, \"Sir knight, speak softly, for the devil is near. He will come and destroy us if he hears. I hold the unhappy one here in this mountain. If you were such a mighty one as you are, you would not be able to resist this devil. Here lies a duchess, dead, the fairest of all.\".The world wife to Sir Howel forced her into marriage and has taken her by the nail. \u00b6The dame said the king, \"I come from the noble Conqueror King Arthur to treat with that tyrant for his liege people.\" \"Curse on such treaties,\" she said. \"He sets not by the king or any man else. But if you have brought Arthur's wife, Dame Guinevere, he will be happier than you have given him half a kingdom. Beware, do not approach him closely, for he has vanquished fifteen kings and made himself a coat embedded with precious stones encrusted with them. And if you will, speak with him at the great fire at supper.\" \"I will fulfill my message for all your fearful words,\" Arthur said, and he went forth by the crest of that hill. And there he saw him sitting at supper gnawing on a limb of a man, gnashing his broad limbs by the fire and breaking bones. And three fair damsels tearing three brooches whereon were brooched twelve young children, born like young birds. \u00b6When King Arthur.beheld that pitiful sight; he had great compassion on them, and his heart bled for sorrow, and he cried out, saying, \"He who holds the world's reins gives the short life and shameful death. And the devil take your soul.\" Why have you murdered these innocent children and this duchess? Therefore, arise and dress yourself, glutton, for today you shall die by my hand. Then the glutton immediately stood up and took a great club in his hand, and struck at the king, causing his crown to fall to the earth. The king retaliated, striking his belly and cutting off his genitals, causing his guts and entrails to spill to the ground. Then the giant threw away his club and caught the king in his arms, crushing his ribs. Then the three maidens knelt down and called out to Christ for help and comfort. And Arthur fought and struggled, sometimes beneath and sometimes above. And so they continued to fight and roll down..They came to the sea market. Whenever they encountered Arthur, he struck him with his dagger. They arrived at the place where the two knights were keeping Arthur's horses. When they saw the king in the giant's arms, they came and lost him. Then the king commanded Sir Kay to strike off the giant's head and place it on a spear trunk, bringing it to Sir Howel and telling him that his enemy was slain. Afterward, this head was to be bound to a barrier and beheld. Go you two up to the mountain and fetch me my shield, my sword, and the iron club. As for the treasure, take it; you shall find much good there. I have the kertyl and the club; I desire no more. This was the first giant I had ever met with, save one in the Arabian mountain, which I overcame. But this one was greater and fiercer. The knights fetched the club and the kertyl, and some of the treasure they took for themselves..Returned again to the host, and it was then known throughout the country, for the people came and thanked the king. And he said again, \"Give thanks to God, and distribute the goods among you.\" After that, King Arthur commanded his cousin Howel to order a church to be built on the same hill in honor of Saint Michael. And on the morrow, the king departed with his great battle and came to Champagne. They pitched their tents in a valley, and the king being set at his dinner, two messengers came in. One was the Marshal of France and said to the king that the emperor had entered France and had destroyed a great part and was in Burgundy, destroying and making great slaughter of people and burning towns and castles. Therefore, if you do not come hastily, they must yield up their bodies and goods.\n\nThen the king called Sir Gawain and Sir Bedivere and commanded them to go straight to Sir Lucius..say you to him who hastily removes himself from my land / And if he will not, bid him prepare to battle and not distress the poor people / Then these noble knights mounted their horses / And when they came to the green wood, they saw many pavilions set in a meadow of silk of various colors beside a river / And the emperor's pavilion was in the middle with an eagle displayed above / To which tent our knights rode toward / and ordered Sir Gawain and Sir Boris to deliver the message / And left Sir Lionel and Sir Bedivere / Then Sir Gawain and Sir Boris delivered the message / and commanded Lucius in Arthur's name to avoid his land / or shortly to address himself to battle / To whom Lucius answered and said you shall return to your lord and tell him that I shall subdue him and all his lands / Then Sir Gawain was angry and said I would rather fight against all France than him / and so would I, Sir Boris, rather than all Britain..A knight named Sir Gawain, cousin to the Emperor, spoke, \"Behold how proud and boastful these Bretons are. They act as if they rule the entire world. Sir Gawain was greatly troubled by these words and drew his sword, striking the head of one of them. The Bretons then turned their horses and rode through waters and woods until they reached their encampment. There, Sir Lancelot and Sir Bedevere were engaged. The Romans pursued them on horseback and on foot, following into a wood. Sir Bors was then seized by the Romans and saw a knight approaching quickly. He struck him through the body with a spear, killing him instantly. Then Callyburne of the Strand attacked, slaying many of King Arthur's knights. When Sir Bors saw him cause so much harm, he turned towards him and struck him through the breast, also killing him. Sir Feldenak aimed to avenge the death of Gawain upon Sir Gawain, but Sir Gawain was aware of his intentions..and struck him on the head. This blow did not cease until it reached his breast. Then he returned and joined his companions in the melee. There was a reckoning for the melee, as the melee had broken against the Romans, and slew and hacked down the Romans, forcing them to flee and return. The noble knights pursued them to their tents. The Romans rallied more people, and foot soldiers came on. A new battle ensued, and there were so many people that Sir Bors and Sir Berel were taken. But when Sir Gawain saw this, he took with him Sir Idris the good knight and said he would never see King Arthur again unless they were rescued. He drew Galahad's good sword and followed those who led the two knights away. He struck down the one who held Sir Bors and took Sir Bors from him, delivering him to his companions. And Sir Idris in like manner rescued Sir Berel. The battle then began to be great, and our knights were in great jeopardy. Therefore, Sir Gawain sent to King Arthur for aid..so and he hires him, for I am sore wounded, and our prisoners may pay heavily. The messenger came to the king and delivered his message. And anon the king did assemble his army. But just before he departed, the prisoners had arrived. Sir Gawain and his men took the field and put the Romans to flight. Afterward, they returned and came with their following in such a way that no man of worth was lost among them, except for Sir Gawain, who was sore hurt. Then the king had his wounds tended and comforted him. And thus began the first journey of the Britons and Romans. And there we killed more than ten thousand Romans. Great joy and merriment was made that night in King Arthur's court. And on the morrow, he sent all the prisoners to Paris under the guard of Sir Launcelot with many knights and Sir Cador.\n\nNow turn we to the Emperor of Rome, who saw that these prisoners should be sent to Paris. And at once he sent word to:.In a bushment, certain knights and princes with sixty thousand men waited to rescue their knights and lords who were prisoners. On the morrow, as Sir Launcelot and Sir Cador, governors of those conveying the prisoners, were passing through a wood, Sir Launcelot sent certain knights to spy if anyone was in the woods to let them know. When these knights entered the wood, they immediately saw and saw the great enemy camp of thirty thousand Romans. Then, Sir Launcelot, with such knights and men of war as he had, numbering ten thousand, put them in array and met with them, fighting manfully. He slew and captured many Romans, and slew many knights and admirals of the Roman and Saracen party. Three great lords, Aladuce, Heriawde, were slain. But Sir Launcelot fought so nobly that no man could endure him..The stroke of his hand, but wherever he came, he displayed his prowess and might, for he slew right and left. The Romans and Saracens fled from him as sheep from the wolf or the lion, and put to flight all who remained alive. They fought so long that news reached King Arthur, and he immediately summoned him and came to the battlefield. He saw his knights had vanquished the battle, and he embraced them knight by knight in his arms and said, \"You are worthy to wield all your honor and worship. There has never been a king save myself who had such noble knights. Sir Cador spoke, saying, 'None of us failed other than the prowess and manhood of Sir Launcelot, and also his cousins, who that day performed many noble deeds of war.' Sir Cador then named those of his knights who had been slain: Sir Briel and other Sir Moris and Sir Maurel, two good knights. Then the king wept and dried his eyes with a kerchief, and said, \"Your courage.\".had not yet destroyed you. For though you had returned again, you had lost no respect. I call it folly, knights, to remain when they are overmatched. Said Launcelot and the others. A man who is shamed can never be recovered.\n\nNow let us leave King Arthur and his noble knights, who had won the field and brought their prisoners to Paris. And let us speak of a senator who escaped from the battle and came to Lucius, the emperor, and said to him, \"Sir emperor, I advise you to withdraw.\" What do you have here? You shall win nothing in these marches but great blows out of all proportion. For this day one of Arthur's knights was worth a hundred of ours. Fie on you, said Lucius, you speak cowardly. Your words grieve me more than all the loss that I have suffered today. And he sent forth a king who was called Sir Leoemye with a great army. He begged him to hurry up and follow quickly. King Arthur was warned privately and sent his people to prepare..Sessoyn: King took up towns and castles from the Romans. Then King commanded Sir Cador to take the reward and certain knights of the Round Table: Sir Lancelot, Sir Bors, Sir Kay, Sir Marrok with Sir Marhaus. King Arthur dispersed his host in various parties, so that his enemies would not escape. When the Emperor entered the vale of Sessoyn, he saw where King Arthur was engaged in battle and his banner displayed. He was surrounded by his enemies, necessitating a fight or surrender, for he could not flee. But openly to the Romans, he said, \"Sir, I admonish you that today you fight and acquit yourselves as men. Remember how Rome dominates and is chief and head over all the earth and universal world. Do not let these Bretons remain against us today.\" With this, he commanded his trumpets to blow the bloody trumpets in such a way that the ground trembled..Then the battle approached, and showed itself on both sides, with great strokes being struck on both sides. Many men were overthrown, hurt, and slain. Valiant feats, prowesses, and war apparatus were displayed that day, which were too long to recount for every man. But in particular, King Arthur rode into the battle, exhorting his knights to do well. He himself did so nobly with his hands, as any man could do. He drew out Excalibur, his sword, and attacked wherever the ranks were thickest and most harmed his people. He addressed himself to that place and hewed and slew right and rescued his people. He slew a great giant named Galapas, who was a man of immense size and height. He shortened him and struck off both his legs at the knees. \"Now you are better off dealing with this,\" he said, \"than you were.\" Afterward, Sir Gawain fought nobly and slew..Three admirals in that battle; and so did all the knights of the Round Table. The battle raged between King Arthur and Lucius, the emperor, for a long time. Lucius had Saracens on his side, who were slain, and the battle was great. At times one party was at a disadvantage and then at an advantage. This continued until at last King Arthur spotted where Lucius, the emperor, fought. He was amazed and fought him with his own hands. They struck each other fiercely, and in the end, Lucius struck Arthur across the face and gave him a large wound. When King Arthur felt himself hurt, he struck him again with Excalibur, splitting his head from the top of his head, and did not stop until it reached his breast. Then the emperor fell dead, and all the Romans with their host fled. King Arthur and all his knights pursued the chase..and they slew down right away all who could attend / And thus was the victory given to King Arthur and the triumph / and there were slain on Lucius' side more than a hundred thousand / And after King Arthur had the dead bodies searched / and had those slain from his retinue buried, each one according to his rank and degree / And those who were wounded he commanded the surgeons to attend to their injuries and wounds / and he ordered that no savings nor medicines be spared until they were healed / Then the king rode straight to the place where Lucius lay dead / and with him he found slain the Sovereign of Surrey, / the king of Egypt and Ethiopia, / two noble kings, and seventeen other kings of various realms, / and also sixty senators of Rome, all noble men / whom the king had borne and garnished with many good garnishes aromatic / and after had them enclosed in sixty folds of scarlet cloth from Sandal / and laid them in chests of lead / so that they should not\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, and there are a few minor spelling and punctuation errors. I have corrected them while preserving the original meaning and style as much as possible.).chauffeur not on these bodies set their shields with their arms and banners, to be known from what country they were, and after he found three Senators who were still alive, to whom he said, for saving your lives I will that you take these dead bodies and carry them to great Rome, and present them to the potestate on my behalf, showing him my letters, and tell them that I in person shall soon be at Rome, and I suppose the Romans will be careful how they demand any tribute from me, and I command you to say when you will come to Rome to the potestate and the council and Senate, that I send these dead bodies as tribute that they have demanded, and if they are not satisfied with these, I shall pay more at my coming, for other tribute I owe none, nor will I pay, And I think this suffices for Britain, Ireland and all Albania with Germany, And furthermore I charge you to say to them,.I. King Lucius' Orders to the Senators:\n\nI command you, under pain of your heads, never to demand tribute or tax from me or my lands. With this charge and commandment, the three senators mentioned earlier departed, leaving the body of Lucius alone in a carriage covered with gold from the Empire. Afterward, two bodies of kings in a chariot, and then the bodies of the senators followed. They went towards Rome and showed their legacy and message to the magistrate and Senate, recounting the battle in France and how the field was lost with much people and countless slain. They advised them in no way to make war against that noble conqueror, Arthur, for his might and prowess are most to be doubted, given the noble kings and great multitude of knights of the Round Table, to whom no earthly prince can compare.\n\nII. King Arthur and His Noble Knights:\n\nNow, let us turn to King Arthur and his noble knights, who, after the great battle against the Romans, entered Loraine and Brabant..Flaundres and they returned into Halamayne, and over the mountains into Lombardy, and after into Tuscany, where was a city which in no way yielded itself or obeyed, so King Arthur besieged it and lay long before it, giving many assaults to the city. The inhabitants defended themselves valiantly. Then the king called Sir Florence, a knight, and said to him, \"We lack provisions, and not far from here are great forests and woods where many of my enemies are with much livestock. I will that you make ready and go there in advance, and take with you Sir Gawain, my new knight, Sir Widemarch, Sir Clegis, Sir Clermont, and the Captain of Cardigan, and bring with you all the beasts that you can get there. These knights made themselves ready and rode over holmets and hills through forests and woods until they came to a fair meadow full of fair flowers and grass. And there they rested themselves and their horses that night..Sir Gawain took his horse and rode away from his companions early the next morning to seek adventures. He soon saw a man riding his horse easily by the woodside, his shield on his shoulder, mounted on a strong courser with no page bearing a large spear following him. The knight bore on his shield three griffins of gold in a sable background, the chief of silver. When Sir Gawain saw this proud knight, he drew his spear and rode straight towards him, demanding to know from whence he was from. The knight replied that he was from Tuscany, and Sir Gawain demanded to know who he was. The knight answered, \"You challenge the great one and speak proud words. I dare you to make ready and come forward, for greater harm may befall you.\"\n\nThen they took up their spears..and each one struck the other with all the might they had, and struck each other through their shields into their shoulders. Therefore, they both drew out their swords and struck great blows, causing the syringe to split from their helmets. Sir Gawain was utterly dismayed, and with Galahad's good sword, he struck through the shield and thick hauberk made of thick mail and all to rustle and break the precious stones. He inflicted a large wound on him, one that both liver and lung were visible. Then the knight groaned and addressed himself to Sir Gawain, and with an awake stroke, gave him a great wound and cut a vain one, which grieved Gawain sorely. He bled profusely.\n\nThe knight then said to Sir Gawain, \"Bind your wound or your bleeding will change, for you are bleeding heavily and your fine arms and horse are stained.\" For whoever is wounded by this blade, they shall never be stopped from bleeding.\n\nSir Gawain replied, \"It grieves me but little, your grandiose words.\".\"You shall not fear me or let my courage waver, but you shall endure and sorrow until we part. Tell me in haste who can stop my bleeding, so I may say the same, and I will if you will support and aid me, so that I may be purified and believe in God. I require this of your manhood, and it will be great merit for your soul. I, Gawain, grant this, so help me God. But first tell me what you sought here alone, and from what land and league you are.\"\n\n\"My name is Pryamus,\" the knight replied. \"I am a great prince, and my father has rebelled against Rome and conquered many of their lands. I am lineally descended from Alexander and Hector, and Duke Iosue and Machabeus were of our lineage. I am the rightful heir of Alexander and Africa and all the outer isles. Yet I will believe in your lord, if you believe in him. And for your labor, I will give you sufficient treasure.\"\n\nHe was so elated and..I, Sir Gawain, was sent into this war with seventy knights. I have encountered one who has given me a filling of fighting my fill. Therefore, Sir Knight, I pray you to tell me what you are. I am no knight, said Gawain. I have been brought up in King Arthur's household for many years to take care of his armor and other apparel, and to pointe his palisades that belong to him. Last Yule, he made me a yeoman and gave me horse and harness and a hundred pounds in money. And if fortune be my friend, I doubt not but to be well advanced and helped by my liege lord, Sir Pryamus. If his knights are so keen and fierce, his knights are passing good. Now, for the king's love of heaven, whether you be a knave or a knight, tell me your name. By God, said Sir Gawain, now will I tell the truth, my name is Sir Gawain, and I know I am in his court and in his chamber, and one of the knights of the Round Table..table/ he dubbed me a duke with his own hand/ Therefore grumble not if this grace is given to me/ it is the goodness of god/ that lent to me my strength/ Now am I pleased said Pryamus, than thou hadst given to me all the province and Paris the rich/ I had rather have been torn with wild horses/ than any varlet won such losses/ or any page or priest should have had prizes on me/ But now, sir knight, I warn thee/ that here by is a duke of Loraine with his army and the noblest men of Dolphin and lords of Lombardy/ with the garrison of Godard/ and Saracens of the Southland, named 1x M of good men of arms/ therefore if we fight him here/ it will harm us both/ for we are sore hurt/ never like to recover/ but take heed to my page that he no horn blow/ For if he does, there are C knights lying in wait on my person/ and if they take me/ there shall be no reason of gold nor silver acquire the/ Then sir Gawaine rode over a water to save himself/ And.Sir Follower followed him, and they rode on until they reached his companions, who were in the meadow where they had been all night. Sir Wichard was aware of Sir Gawain and saw that he was injured. He ran to him sorrowfully weeping and asked who had hurt him. Gawain told him about the fight and how each had injured the other, and how he had given them salves to heal. But I can tell you other news; we will soon have many enemies to deal with. Then Sir Pramas and Sir Gawain dismounted and let their horses graze in the meadow. They unarmed themselves, and the blood freely flowed from their wounds. Pramas took a vial from his page, full of the four waters that came out of Paradise, and with certain balm he anointed and washed their wounds. Within an hour, they were both as whole as they had ever been. And then, with a trumpet, they were all assembled to consult. There, Pramas told the following to them:.what lords and knights had sworn to rescue him and that without fail they should be assaulted with many thousands. Why then he summoned them to withdraw. Sir Gawain said it was great shame for them to avoid battle without striking a blow and with the help of God we shall overcome them and have a fair day with them. Sir Florent shall remain here still in this field to keep the camp as a noble knight, and we shall not abandon those fellows. Now said Pryamus, seat your words, for I warn you, you shall find in the woods many dangerous knights. They will let loose beasts to call you on. They are countless and you are not past the number of eight, which are few to fight against so many. Nevertheless, said Sir Gawain, we shall encounter them once and see what they can do, and the best shall have the victory.\n\nThen Sir Florence called to him Sir Floreas and a hundred knights and drove forth the herd of beasts. Then followed him a hundred men-at-arms..Sir Ferinand of Spain emerged from the woods on a fair site and approached Sir Florence, asking him why he had fled. Sir Florence took his spear and rode against him, striking him in the forehead and breaking his neck. The others were then subdued and considered avenging Sir Ferinand's death, leading to a great fight and many casualties. Sir Florence and his knights kept the upper hand throughout.\n\nWhen Pyramus, the good knight, perceived the fierce fight, he went to Sir Gawain and urged him to go and support his men, who were heavily engaged with their enemies. Sir Gawain replied, \"Do not worry, sir, for their struggle will be theirs. I will not move my horse towards them unless I see more than there are.\" At that moment, he saw an earl named Sir Ethelwold and the duke of Duchess emerging from a wood with thousands..Sir Pryamus and his knights drew close to the battle. Sir Gawain comforted his knights and urged them not to be disheartened, for all would be theirs. They began to fight and engage with their enemies. Many were slain and overthrown on every side. Three of the Table Round knights joined the fray and struck down to the earth all who remained with them. Sir Gawain said, \"By God, this pleases my heart, for they are now fewer in number by twenty thousand.\" Then Jubance, a giant, entered the battle and fought fiercely, causing distress to many of our knights. Among those slain was Sir Gherard, a knight from Wales. Our knights took heart and slew many Saracens. Then Sir Priamus entered with his banner and rode with the knights of the Round Table. He fought so valiantly that many of their enemies lost their lives. And there Sir Pryamus slew the Marquis of Moyses' land, and Sir Gawain..with his fellows so quit them, leaving only the field, was Sir Chestelaine, a child and ward of Sir Gawaine, slain. Much sorrow was made, and his death was soon avenged. Thus ended the battle, and many lords of Lombardy and Saracens lay dead in the field. Then Sir Florence and Sir Gawaine herberved their people, taking great quantities of gold and silver and great treasure and riches, and returned to King Arthur, who lay still at the siege. And when they came to the king, they presented their prisoners and recounted their adventures and how they had conquered their enemies.\n\nNow thanked be God said the noble King Arthur. But who is the man that stands by himself, he seemed to be no prisoner, Sir Gawaine said. This is a good man-at-arms, he has challenged me, but he is yielded to God and to me to become Christian. Had he not been taken, we should never have returned. Therefore, I pray you, let him be baptized, so that he may live..Not a nobler man nor better knight than he, the king allowed him to be anointed immediately and called him his first name, Pryamus. The king then commanded the assault on the city, and there was great commotion with ladders breaking down walls and the ditch filled. The city could then be entered with little effort. Then a duchess and Clarice, the countess, with many ladies and damsels, knelt before King Arthur and begged him, for the love of God, not to take the city by assault, for many innocent people would be killed. The king replied with a meek and noble countenance and said, \"Lady, none of my subjects shall harm you or your maids, nor any who are loyal to you. The duke shall stand trial by my judgment.\" Then the king commanded the assault to cease immediately. The duke's eldest son then brought out the keys and, kneeling, delivered them to the king and asked for mercy. The king granted it..The town was seized by the assent of his lords, and he took the duke and sent him there to dwell as a prisoner for the term of his life. Certain rents were assigned for the dowry of the duchess and her children. He then made lords to rule the lands and laws as a lord should in his own country. After he took his journey toward Rome, he sent Sir Florys and Sir Florydas with five hundred men of arms. They came to the city of Urby and laid siege there, as it seemed best for them. They rode before the town, and immediately much people came out and were frightened by the fore-riders. The siege was then broken and the bridge and the town were taken. The kings banner was set upon the walls. Then the king came upon a hill and saw the city and his banner on the walls, by which he knew that the city was taken. He immediately sent and commanded that none of his liege men should defile or lie with any lady, wife, or maid, when he entered the city. He passed to the castle and comforted them..were in Sorou and ordered a captain, a knight from his own country. When the people of Melane heard that the city was won, they sent great sums of money to King Arthur and begged him as their lord to have pity on them, promising to be his subjects forever and yield to him homage and fealty for the lands of Pleasure and Pauye, Petersaint and the port of Tremble, and to give him yearly a melon of gold throughout his lifetime. Then he rode to Tuscan and won towns and castles, and wasted all in his way that would not obey him. And so he spoiled and sacked Sutri and Viterbo, and from thence he sent to the senators to know if they would acknowledge him as their lord. But soon after, on a Saturday, all the surviving senators and the noblest cardinals who then dwelt in Rome came to King Arthur and prayed for peace and offered him a full pardon. They begged him to give permission for the assembling of all Romans..And then I agreed, said the king, as you have devised, and at Cristmas there to be crowned, and to hold my round table with my knights as I please. And then the senators prepared for his intronization. And on the appointed day, as the Romanance tells, he came into Rome and was crowned emperor by the pope's hand with all the regalia that could be made. He stayed there a time and established his lands from Rome into France. He gave lands and kingdoms to his servants and knights to each according to his desert, so that none complained, rich or poor. He gave the duchy of Loraine to Sir Pramus. And he thanked him and said he would serve him the days of his life. Afterward, he made dukes and earls, and made every man rich. Then, after this, all his knights and lords assembled before him. And he said, \"Blessed be God. Your war is finished, and your conquest achieved.\".we knowe none soo grete ne myghty that dar make warre ageynst yow / wherfore we byseche you to retorne homeward / and gyue vs lycence to goo home to oure wyues / fro whome we haue ben longe / and to reste vs / for your Iourney is fynysshed with honour & wor\u00a6ship / Thenne sayd the kyng / ye saye trouthe / and for to temp\u2223te god it is no wysedome / And therfore make you redy and retorne we in to Englond / Thenne there was trussyng of har\u2223neis and bagage and grete caryage / And after lycence gyuen he retorned and commaunded that noo man in payne of dethe shold not robbe ne take vytaylle / ne other thynge by the way but that he shold paye therfore / And thus he came ouer the see and londed at sandwyche / ageynste whome Quene Gweneuer his wyf came and mette hym / and he was nobly receyued of alle his comyns in euery cyte and burgh / and grete yeftes presented to hym at his home comyng to welcome hym with / \n\u00b6 Thus endeth the fyfthe booke of the conqueste that kynge Arthur hadde ageynste Lucius the Emperoure of Rome.And here follows the sixth book, which is of Sir Launcelot du Lake. After King Arthur returned from Rome to England, all the knights of the Round Table came to the king, and they held many justices and tournaments. Some knights, who were not yet knights but had advanced greatly in arms and honor, surpassed all their fellows in prowess and noble deeds. This was proven on many occasions. However, it was particularly proven in the case of Sir Launcelot du Lake. In all tournaments and deeds of arms, both for life and death, he surpassed all other knights, and he was never overcome, except by treason or enchantment. Sir Launcelot advanced so marvelously in worship and honor that he is the first knight mentioned in the French book after King Arthur returned from Rome. Therefore, Queen Guinevere held him in great favor above all other knights. And indeed, he loved her above all other ladies and damsels of his life..Sir Launcelot engaged in many battles and saved Queen Guinevere from the fire through his noble knightly deeds. After resting for a long time with play and games, he decided to test himself in strange adventures. He then asked Sir Lyonel to prepare himself, for we two will seek adventures. So they mounted on their horses and armed themselves fully. Riding deep into a forest and then into a plain, the weather was hot around noon. Sir Launcelot had a great desire to sleep then. Sir Lyonel spotted a large apple tree standing by the hedge and said, \"Brother, there is a fair shadow there. We can rest our horses there.\" \"Fair brother, that is a good idea,\" Sir Launcelot replied. Sir Launcelot lay down under the apple tree, and placed his helmet under his head. Sir Lyonel woke up while Sir Launcelot slept. Sir Launcelot was sleeping deeply. Meanwhile, three knights rode by as fast as they could..A single knight remained. When Sir Lancelot saw him, he thought he had never seen a greater knight or one so finely appearing. Within a short time, this strong knight had overtaken one of these knights and struck him to the ground, leaving him still. He then rode to the second knight and struck him so hard that man and horse fell down. Straightaway, he rode to the third knight and struck him behind his horse, a spear's length away. He then dismounted, tethered his horse to the third knight's bridle, and bound all three knights with the reins of their own bridles. When Sir Lancelot saw him do this, he decided to confront him. He prepared himself and approached privately, taking his horse without waking Sir Launcelot. Once mounted, he overtook this strong knight and demanded that he surrender. The other knight struck Sir Lancelot so hard that horse and rider fell to the earth. He then dismounted, bound him, and threw him in bonds..Sir Ector rode over his own horse and served them all four in this manner, riding away with them to his own castle. Upon arriving there, he summoned them and stripped them naked, then imprisoned them in a deep dungeon where many more knights were suffering greatly.\n\nWhen Sir Ector learned that Sir Lancelot had left the court to seek adventures, he grew angry with himself and prepared to search for him. He had ridden for a long time in a great forest when he encountered a man who looked like a hermit.\n\n\"Sir,\" said the hermit, \"do you know of any adventures in this country nearby?\"\n\n\"I do,\" replied Sir Ector.\n\n\"And within this mile,\" continued the hermit, \"there is a strong manor and well fortified. Nearby, there is a fine ford for horses to drink from. Above the ford, there grows a fair tree, and over that tree hang many fine shields that once belonged to good knights. At the base of the tree hangs a copper basin and a staff.\"\n\n\"Strike it,\" Sir Ector commanded..Sir Ector, with the butt of your spear thrust, and soon after you will hear new news. Or else, you have the fairest grace that many a year had ever knight who passed through this forest. \"Thank you, sir,\" said Sir Ector, and departed. He came to the tree and saw many fair shields. Among them, he saw his brother's shield, Sir Lyonel's, and many more that he knew, his round table companions. This grieved his heart, and he promised to avenge his brother. Then, a knight came behind Sir Ector and beckoned him to come out of the water and make himself ready. Sir Ector turned to him sharply and, in a few moments, cast his spear and struck the other knight a great blow that caused his horse to twist twice. \"Well done, strong knight,\" said the knight, \"and knightly thou hast struck me.\" And with that, he urged his horse towards Sir Ector, dismounted him under his right arm, and cleaned him out of the saddle..rode with him away into his own hall / and threw him down in the middle of the floor / The name of this knight was Sir Turquine / then he said to Sir Ector, for you have done this day more to me than any knight did these twelve years / Now will I grant you your life, if you will be sworn to be my prisoner all your life days / Nay said Sir Ector / I will never promise that / but I will do my avenge / That repents me said Sir Turquine / and then he got armed and beat him with thorns all naked / and then put him down in a deep dungeon where he knew many of his fellows / But when Sir Ector saw Sir Lancelot, then he made great sorrow / Alas, brother said Sir Ector, where is my brother Sir Launcelot? / Fair brother, I left him asleep when I went from him under an apple tree, and what has become of him I cannot tell you / Alas said the knights / but Sir Lancelot help us, we may never be delivered / for we know now no knight that is able to match our master..Turquyn. Now let us leave these knights as prisoners and speak of Sir Launcelot of the Lake, who lies sleeping under the Apple Tree around noon. There, four great queens approach, and for the heat should not hear them, four knights ride around them and the sun, bearing a green silk cloth between them and the sun. And the queens rode on four white mules.\n\nThus as they rode, they heard by them a great horse neigh. Then they saw a sleeping knight armed under an apple tree. As soon as these queens looked at his face, they knew it was Sir Launcelot. Then they began to fight for that knight, each one saying they would have him to her love.\n\nMorgan le Fay, King Arthur's sister, spoke up. \"We shall not fight,\" she said. \"I shall put an enchantment upon him so that he will not awake for six hours. And then I will lead him away to my castle. And when he is surely in my grasp, I will take the enchantment from him.\".thenne let him choose which of us he will have in his service / So this enchantment was cast upon Sir Launcelot / And then they laid him upon his shield / and bore him on a horseback between two knights / and brought him to the castle Charity / and there they laid him in a cold chamber / and at night they sent to him a fair damsel with his supper ready / By that the enchantment was past / And when she came she sat with him and asked him what was there / I cannot say, fair damsel, said Sir Launcelot, / for I did not know how I came to this castle / but it was by an enchantment / Sir said she, you must make good cheer / And if you are such a knight as it is said you are, / I shall tell you more tomorrow by prime of the day / Fair damsel, said Sir Launcelot, I require your good will of you / And so she departed / And there he lay all that night without comfort from any body\n\nAnd on the morning early came these four queens passing by / All of them bidding him good day..morne / and they told him again / Sir knight, the four queens said, you must understand that you are our prisoner / and we here know that you are Sir Launcelot du Lake / King Ban's son / And because we understand your worthiness, that you are the noblest knight living / And as we know, there is no land that is queen Guinevere's / and now you shall lose her forever, and she you / therefore, it is now necessary for you to choose one of us four / I am Queen Morgan le Fay, queen of the land of Gorre / and here is the queen of Northgalis and the queen of Estland / and the queen of the outer isles / Now choose one of us whom I would rather die in this prison with than have one of you as my suitor, despite my head / And therefore, you are answered, I will none of you, for you are false enchantresses / And as for my lady, Dame Guinevere, were I at my liberty as I was, I would prove it to you or yours that she is the truest lady to her lord living / Well said the queens, is this your answer that you will..Sir Launcelot refused and said to you, \"You have refused me.\" After that, they departed, leaving him alone, causing him great sorrow. At noon, the damsel came to him with his dinner and asked how he fared. Fair damsel, Sir Launcelot replied, \"In my life, I have never been so ill.\" She said, \"But if you will let me help you out of this distress, you will have no shame or disgrace, as long as you keep your promise.\" Fair damsel, I grant you that, and I am indeed afraid of these queens' sorceresses. They have destroyed many good knights. Sir, she said, \"That is true, and because of the renown and bounty they have of you, they would have your love. And they say, your name is Sir Launcelot of the Lake, the flower of knights, and they are very angry with you because you have refused them. But, Sir, if you would promise me to help my father on the coming Tuesday, who has made a tournament between him and the king of Northgalis, for the\".last Tuesday, my father lost the field through three knights of Arthur's court. You will be there on Tuesday next coming, and help my father in the morning or prime, by the grace of God, I shall deliver you clean. Fair maiden said, Sir Launcelot, tell me what is your father's name, and then I will give you an answer. Sir knight, she said, my father is King Bagdemagus, who was publicly reprimanded at the last tournament. I know your father well, said Sir Launcelot, for he is a noble king and a good knight. And by my faith, you shall have my body ready to serve your father and you on that day. Lady, she said, \"grace be with you.\" And by this mark within this mile is an Abbey of white monks. I pray you, stay there, and I shall bring my father to you. All this shall be done, said Sir Launcelot, as I am a true knight, and so she departed and came early in the morning and found him..Ready then she brought him out of twelve locks and brought him to his armor. When he was clean armed, she brought him to his own horse. He lightly saddled it and took a great spear in his hand. And so he rode forth. \"Fair damsel, I shall not fail you by the grace of God,\" he said. He rode into a great forest all that day and never found a high way. And so the night fell upon him. Then he was aware in a glade of a pavilion of reeds. \"In this pavilion I will lodge all this night,\" said Sir Lancelot. So there he alighted down and tethered his horse to the pavilion. And there he disarmed himself. And there he found a bed and lay himself thereon. And he fell into a sad sleep.\n\nWithin an hour, the knight came to whom the pavilion belonged. And he thought that his lady had lain in that bed. And so he lay down beside Sir Lancelot and took him in his arms and began to kiss him. When Sir Lancelot felt a rough beard..The knight kissed him, he started out of the bed lightly, and the other knight followed him. Each of them drew their swords in their hands. The knight of the pavilion went out at the door, and Sir Lancelot followed him. Nearby, Sir Lancelot wounded him severely, almost to death. Then he yielded to Sir Lancelot and granted him the reason why he had entered the bedchamber. The knight said, \"The pavilion is mine. Tonight, I had assigned my lady to sleep with me. Now, I am likely to die from this wound, which regrets me. But I was afraid of treason, for I had been deceived. Therefore, come into your pavilion and rest. And as I suppose, I shall stop your bleeding.\" They both entered the pavilion. Immediately, Sir Lancelot stopped his bleeding. And then, the knight's lady arrived - a passing fair lady. Upon seeing her,.\"that her lord Belleus was sore wounded, she cried out to Sir Launcelot and made great sorrow out of measure. \"Peace, my lady and my love,\" said Belleus. \"This knight is a good man and an experienced knight, and here he told her all the cause of how he was wounded. And when I yielded myself to him, he left me graciously and has stopped my bleeding. \"Sire,\" said the lady, \"tell me what knight you are, and what is your name. \"Fair lady, he said, my name is Sir Launcelot of the Lake. \"So it seemed to me by your speech,\" said the lady, \"for I have seen you often before this, and I know you better than you think. \"But now, if you would promise me your courtesy for the harm you have done to me and to my lord Belleus, that when he comes to Arthur's court to be made a knight of the Round Table, for he is a passing good man of arms and a mighty lord of lands of many outlying isles, \"Fair lady, let him come to the court at the next high feast, and look that you\".come and I shall do my best / and prove you worthy of your hands, you shall have your desire \u00b6Within a while as they thus spoke, the night passed and the day shone. Then Sir Launcelot armed himself and took his horse. They led him to the abbey, and there he rode within the space of two orches.\n\nAnd soon as Sir Launcelot came within the abbey yard, the daughter of King Bagdemagus heard a great horse go on the pavement. She then rose and went to a window, and there she saw Sir Launcelot. And immediately she ordered men to take his horse from him and lead him to a stable. He himself was led into a fair chamber, and she disarmed him. The lady sent him a long gown, and then she came herself. And then she made Launcelot pass the time pleasantly. She said he was the knight in the world most welcome to her. Then in haste she sent for her father, King Bagdemagus, who was twelve miles from that abbey, and before evening he came with.A fair fellowship of knights with him / And when the king was dismounted from his horse, he straightway went to Sir Launcelot's chamber / and there he found his daughter / then the king embraced Sir Launcelot in his arms and they made good cheer / Anon Sir Launcelot made his complaint to the king how he had been betrayed / and how his brother Sir Lionel was departed from him, he knew not where / and how his daughter had delivered him from prison / therefore while I live, I shall do her service and that of her entire kin / Then am I sure of your help said the king on Tuesday next coming / you, sir, said Sir Launcelot / I shall not fail you / for I have promised my lady, your daughter / But, sir, which knights are they of my lord Arthur's that were with the king of Northgalis? / and the king said it was Sir Madoc de Laporte, and Sir Mordred, and Sir Gahalantine / who had all fled, and against them three I nor my knights could bear no strength..The turnement will be held within three miles of this abbey. You shall send to me three knights of yours, such as you trust and look upon as having only white shields, and I also will have no painting on my shield. The four of us will emerge from a small wood between the two parties, and we shall fall upon our enemies and wound them as much as possible. In this way, I will not be known as which knight I am. They took their rest that night, and this was on a Sunday. And so the king departed and sent three knights to Sir Lancelot with the four white shields. On Tuesday, they lodged them in a little wood nearby where the tournament was to be held. There were scaffolds and holes for lords and ladies to observe and award the prizes. Then came into the field King of Northgalis with eighty helms. And then the three knights of Arthur's stood by themselves. Then came into the field King Bagdemagus with forty score helms, and then they fought..Sirs Percival and Gawain came to Gyders with a great throng, and there were slain at the first encounter eighteen knights from King Bagdemagus' party, and six from the king of Northgalis' party. King Bagdemagus' party was set far back.\n\nWith that came Sir Launcelot du Lake and he thrust in with his spear in the thickest of the press. There he struck down with one spear five knights and broke the backs of four. And in that throng, he struck down the king of Northgalis and broke his thigh in that fall. All this doing of Sir Launcelot the three knights of Arthur's court witnessed. \"Yonder is a cunning knight, said Sir Madoc de la Port,\" therefore have one of him here. So they encountered. Sir Launcelot dismounted him, man and horse, so that his shoulder went out of joint. Now it falls to me to justify myself, said Morced, for Sir Mordred has fallen asore. Sir Launcelot was wary of him and took a great spear in his hand. He met Mordred and Mordred broke a spear upon him. Sir Launcelot gave:.A man such as this, whose saddle broke and his arms flew over his horse's tail, causing his helmet to hit the ground and nearly breaking his neck. He lay there for a long time in a daze. Then Sir Gahalantyne entered with a great spear, and Launcelot opposed him with all their strength, driving their spears to meet. They then threw out their swords and gave many a grim stroke. Sir Launcelot was then enraged beyond measure and struck Sir Gahalantyne on the helmet, causing his nose to burst open with blood and eyes, and therewith his horse ran away with him, falling to the earth. Immediately, Sir Launcelot took a great spear in his hand. Before the spear broke, he brought down fifteen knights, both horse and rider, and none escaped his arms that day..Sir Launcelot rode through the gate and struck down twelve knights, and the majority of them never recovered. Then, the knights of King Northgalis would no longer resist justly. After this, Sir Launcelot rode forth with King Bagdemagus to his castle. There, he had passing good cheer both with the king and with his daughter, and they bestowed great gifts upon him. In the morning, he took his leave and told the king that he would go seek his brother Sir Lyonel, who had departed from him while he slept. He mounted his horse and bade farewell to them all. He said to the king's daughter, \"If you ever need my service, I pray you grant me knowledge of it, and I shall not fail you as a true knight.\" Sir Launcelot departed, and by chance he came upon the same forest. There, he was found sleeping in the middle of a high way. In the midst of this way, he encountered a damsel riding on a white palfrey. She greeted him, and Sir Launcelot replied, \"Fair damsel, do you know me in this guise?\".that damsel here are adventures near at hand, and thou wouldst prove them, why should I not prove adventures, said Sir Launcelot, for that cause come I hither. Well said she, thou seemest well to be a good knight. And if thou darest meet with a good knight, I shall bring thee to the one who is the best and mightiest that ever thou hast found. So thou wilt tell me what is thy name and what knight thou art. Damsel, as for telling thee my name, I take no great force. Truly, my name is Sir Launcelot of the Lake. Sir, thou seemest well. Here are adventures because a knight who will not be overmatched by any man dwells here, and I understand that he has in his prison at Arthur's court good knights three score and four, which he has won with his own hands. But when thou hast completed that journey, thou shalt promise me, as thou art a true knight, to go with me and to help me, and other damsels who are daily distressed by a false one..knight/ I will fulfill all your intent, damsel, if you bring me to this knight. / A fair knight comes on his way, / and she brought him to the fourth and the tree where hangs the basin. / So, Sir Launcelot lets his horse drink, / and then he strikes the basin with the butt of his spear so hard that the bottom falls out. / He did this for a long time but saw nothing. / Then he rode along the gates of that manor for nearly half an hour. / And then he was aware of a great knight lying there with his face downward. / And as they approached and neared, / Sir Launcelot thought he should know him. / Then, fair damsel, said Sir Launcelot, / I see a knight coming quickly who is a fellow of mine, / and he is brother to Sir Gawain, / a knight of the Round Table..his master sits better in the saddle, I shall deliver all the prisoners he has, for I am sure he has two brothers of my prisoners with him. By the time either had seen other, they gripped their spears towards them. Now, fair knight, said Sir Launcelot, put that wounded knight from the horse and let him rest a while, and let us two prove our strengths. For it has been informed to me that you have done and continue to do great disrespect and shame to knights of the Round Table. Therefore, now defend yourself and your fellowship, said Turquine. I defy you and all your followers, said Sir Launcelot.\n\nThen they put their spears in the rests and came to grips with their horses as fast as they could run. Each struck the other in the middle of their shields, and both their horsebackses burst under them. The knights were both astonished, and as soon as they could avoid their horses, they took their shields before them and drew out their swords..her swords came to Gyders earnestly, and either gave other many strong strokes, for neither shields nor armor could hold their strokes. And so, within a while they both had grievous wounds and bled profusely. They traveled two hours or more, rushing and engaging each other wherever they could find any bare place. At last, they were both exhausted and stood leaning on their swords. Now Felawes said to Sir Turquine, \"Hold thy hand a while, Sir Turquine, and tell me what I shall ask the Saxon then.\" Turquine replied, \"Thou art the biggest man I have ever met with, and the best-bred, and like a knight whom I hate above all other knights. So be it that you are not he; I will easily come to terms with him. And for your love, I will deliver all the prisoners that I have, which is three score and four, if you will tell me your name. And you and I will be allies and never fail each other while I live.\" It is well said, said Sir Lanclot. But since it is so that I may [translate: \"but since it is so that I may not\" or \"but since it cannot be that I may\"].You are a helpful assistant. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nYou ask about the knight you hate more than all others. Faithfully said Sir Turquine, his name is Sir Lancelot of the Lake. For he killed my brother Sir Caradus at the Dolorous Tower, one of the best knights alive. Therefore, I except him from all knights. If we meet once, one of us shall end the other. I swear this for Sir Lancelot's sake. I have killed many good knights and injured countless others so severely they could never help themselves again. Many have died in prison. I have three scores and four, and they shall all be delivered to you if you tell me your name. So be it that you are not Sir Lancelot.\n\nNow I see well said Sir Lancelot that such a man I might be, I might have been,\n\nI am Sir Lancelot of the Lake, King Ban's son of Benwick, and a very knight of the Round Table..defy thee and do thy best, said Turquine, launcelot, thou art most welcome to me, for we shall never depart till one of us is dead. Then they charged at each other like two wild bulls, rushing and clashing with their shields and swords, sometimes causing both to fall over their noses. They fought in this style for two hours or more, and neither would rest. Sir Turquine grew faint at last and gave a little retreat, lowering his shield for weariness. Launcelot saw this and leapt upon him fiercely, grabbed him by the bowel of his helmet, and knocked him down on his knees. He quickly removed his helmet and struck his neck in return. Once Sir Launcelot had done this, he went to the damsel and said, damsel, I am ready to go with you wherever you will have me, but I have no horse. Fair sir replied she,.Sir Launcelot took the wounded knight's horse and sent it to this manor, commanding him to deliver all prisoners. So Sir Launcelot went to Gareth and prayed him not to be offended for taking his horse at his command. \"Fair lord,\" said Gareth, \"I will that you take my horse at your own commandment. For you have both saved me and my horse. And this day I say, you are the best knight in the world. For you have slain this day, in my sight, the smallest man and the best knight except you that ever I saw. And therefore, Sir Launcelot of the Lake, I pray you tell me your name.\" \"Sir, my name is Sir Launcelot of the Lake,\" he replied. \"On yonder tree is Khedal, and Sir Marhaus, Sir Gawain, Sir Galahad, Sir Brian de Liones, Sir Alydudes, and many more that I am not now aware of. And also my two brothers, Sir Ector de Maris and Sir Lionel. Therefore, I pray you greet them all from me, and tell them to taste such food there as they find. And in any way, my brothers go unto them.\".Sir Gawain stayed with me there until I arrived. By the feast of Pentecost, I intended to be there. I had to ride with this damsel to keep my promise, and so he departed from Gareth. Gareth went into the manor and found a yardman keeping many keys. Sir Gawain threw the porter to the ground and took the keys from him. He hastily opened the prison door and released all the prisoners. Each man thanked him, believing he was wounded. But Gawain replied, \"It was Lancelot who killed him, respectfully, with his own hands. I saw it with my own eyes. He greets you all and prays that you hurry to the court. As for Sir Lionel and Ector de Maris, he asks you to stay with him at the court. We will not do that,\" his brothers replied. \"We will find him and we may live. So I said, Sir Kay, find him or I will.\".at the court as I am a true knight, then all the knights sought the house where the armor was, and then they armed themselves, and every knight found his own horse and whatever longed to him. And when this was done, they said, \"Here is good meat for us for one meal, for we had not many a day good repast. And so venison was roasted and baked, and afterwards some stayed there all that night. But Sir Lancelot and Sir Ector de Maris and Sir Kay rode after Sir Launcelot to find him if they might.\"\n\nNow turn we unto Sir Launcelot who rode with the damsel in a fair high way, \"Sir,\" said the damsel, \"here by this way dwells a knight who distresses all ladies and gentlewomen, and at the least he robs them or lies with them. What said Sir Launcelot? Is he a thief and a knight and a ravisher of women? He brings shame upon the order of knighthood and acts contrary to his oath. It is a pity that he lives. But fair damsel, you shall ride before yourself, and I will keep mine.\".A knight accosted me on the road, and if he causes you trouble or distress, I will be your rescue and teach him to behave as a knight should. The maid rode on, and soon came out of the wood a knight on horseback and his page with him. He took the damsel from her horse, and then she cried out. Launcelot came as fast as he could until he reached that knight, saying, \"O false knight and traitor to knighthood, who taught you to distress ladies and gentlewomen?\" The knight answered not, but drew his sword and rode towards Sir Launcelot. Sir Launcelot threw his spear at him, drew out his sword, and struck him such a buffet on the helmet that he split his head and neck almost to the throat. \"You have your payment now, which you long deserved,\" said the damsel. \"Just as Sir Turquine intended to destroy knights, so did this knight attend to.\".\"destroying and distressing, Lady, damoisels and gentlewomen, and his name was Sir Percival of Foreste Sauage. Damoisel said to Sir Lancelot, \"Will you ask for any more service from me, Sir?\", \"No, damoisel,\" she said at that time. \"But almighty Jesus preserve you wherever you ride or go. For you are the courtest knight and kindest to all ladies and gentlewomen who live. But one thing, Sir Knight, I think you lack: you who are a knight, it is pitiful that you will not love some maiden or gentlewoman. I have never heard it said that you loved any man or woman of any kind, and that is a great pity. But it is rumored that you love Queen Guinevere, and she has ordered by enchantment that you shall never love another, neither damoisel nor lady shall bring you joy. Therefore, many in this land of high and low estate make great sorrow.\"\n\nFair damoisel said, \"Sir Lancelot, I cannot prevent people from speaking of me as they please. But as for being a married man, I think it not. For then I must be subject to a man.\".couches with her and leaves arms and tournaments, battles, and adventures. I refuse pleasants who wish to take my pleasure in principal, for knights who are adventurous or lecherous shall not be happy nor fortunate, as they will either be overcome by a simpler knight than themselves or sleep with unhappiness and their cursed wives. Therefore, whoever uses pleasants shall be unhappy, and all things are unhappy around them. And so Sir Launcelot and she departed. Then he rode in a deep forest for two days and more, and had strict lodging. On the third day he rode over a long bridge, and a passing foul corpse started upon him suddenly. He struck his horse on the nose, making it turn about, and asked why he rode over that bridge without his permission. \"Why should I not ride this way?\" said Sir Launcelot. \"You shall not choose,\" the corpse replied..chivalry and laughter at him with a great club shod with iron\nThen Sir Lancelot drew his sword and struck back, hitting his head against the papyrus.\nAt the end of the bridge was a fair village, and all the people, men and women, cried out to Sir Lancelot, \"Awesome deed! Did you not do this for yourself? For you have slain the chief porter of our castle.\"\nSir Lancelot let them say what they would, and he straightened and went into the castle. When he came into the castle, he alighted and tried his horse to a ring on the wall. There he saw a fair green court, and there he dismounted and dressed himself, for he thought it was a fair place to fight. So he looked around and saw many people in doors and windows who said, \"Fair knight, you are unwelcome.\"\nNone came upon him but two great giants, well-armed, except for their heads, with two horrible clubs in their hands. Sir Lancelot put his shield before him and struck away from one giant, and with his sword he cleaved.his head aside when his fellow saw that he ran away as if he were mad, for fear of the horrible strokes. Lancelot, after him, with all his might, struck him on the shoulder and clenched him to the naval. Then Sir Lancelot went into the hall, and before him came three score ladies and damsels, and all knelt to him, thanking God and him for their deliverance. For they said, \"The greatest part of us have been here these seven years, our prisoners, and we have worked all manner of such labors for our food, and we are all noble ladies born, and blessed be the time that ever thou wast born, for thou hast done the most worshipful deed that ever knight did in this world, that we will record and we all pray you to tell us your name, that we may tell our friends who delivered us from prison.\" Fair damsel he said, \"my name is Sir Lancelot of the Lake.\" \"Well may it be you,\" they all said, \"for otherwise, save yourself, as we deemed, there might never have been a knight who could have done this.\".Sir Launcelot spoke to these two giants, \"Of these two giants, many fair knights have tried and failed, and here they have ended. We have often wished for you, and these two giants feared no knight but you. Now you may tell your friends how and who has delivered you, and greet them all from me. And if I come upon any of your marches, show me such cheer as you have cause and what treasure there is in this castle I give it to you as a reward for your service. And the lord who owns this castle should receive it as rightfully. Fair sir, they replied, the name of this castle is Tyntygail. It was once owned by a duke who had married Igrayne, and after her, Vtherpendragon, and had fathered Arthur. I understand to whom this castle belongs, and so he departed from them, and blessed them. And then he mounted upon his horse and rode into many strange and wild country and through many waters and valleys, and he was evilly lodged. At the end of the text, it states:\n\nAnd then he mounted upon his horse and rode into many strange and wild country and through many waters and valleys, and he was evilly lodged..Last night, by fortune, a man came to a fair courtyard and found an old gentlewoman there who lodged him with good will. He had good cheer there for himself and his horse. And when the time for his rest was brought to him, he was led to a fair chamber over the gate to his bed. Sir Launcelot disarmed himself and set his armor by him, then went to bed and fell asleep. Soon after, one came on horseback and knocked at the gate in great haste. When Sir Launcelot heard this, he arose and looked out the window. By the moonlight, he saw three knights riding after the one man, and all three attacked him with swords at once. That one knight turned knightly against them and defended him. Sir Launcelot said, \"That one knight I will help. It would be shameful for me to see three knights on one. If he is slain, I am a party to his death.\" With that, he took his armor and went out the window by a secret door to the four knights. Sir Launcelot..Launcelot said to the knights, \"Depart from me and cease your fighting with that knight.\" And then they all three left Sir Kay and turned to Sir Launcelot. They began a great battle, for they alighted all three and struck many great blows at Sir Launcelot, assailing him on every side. Sir Kay prepared to help Sir Launcelot, but he said, \"I will have no help from you. If you wish to help me, let me be alone with them.\" Sir Kay, for the knight's sake, allowed him to do as he pleased and stood on the side. Within six strokes, Sir Launcelot had struck them to the ground.\n\nAnd then they all three cried, \"Sir knight, we yield to you as a man of invincible might.\" As Sir Launcelot said, I will not accept your yielding to me, but if you will yield to Sir Kay, the Seneschal, on this count, I will save your lives and otherwise not.\n\nFair knight, they said who were unwilling to do so, \"As for Sir Kay, we have no objection.\".Chased him away and would have overcome him, had you not been there; therefore, it was no reason for us to yield to him, as Launcelot advised. Fair knight, we said, in saving our lives we will do as you command. Then you should say, Sir Launcelot, on Whitsunday next go to King Arthur's court and there yield yourselves to Queen Guinevere, and put all three of you in her grace and mercy, and say that Sir Kay sent you there to be her prisoners. They swore every knight upon his sword, and so Sir Launcelot allowed them to depart. Then Sir Launcelot knocked at the gate with the pommel of his sword, and with that came his host. And in they entered Sir Kay. \"My host, I thought you had been in your bed,\" Sir Kay said. \"I was,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"But I arose.\".And he leapt out at my window to help an old fellow of mine. And so when they approached the light, Sir Kay recognized him as Sir Lancelot. And there, he knelt down and thanked him for his kindness in saving him twice from death. Sir, he said, I have done nothing but what was my duty. And you are welcome. Here you shall rest and take your repose.\n\nWhen Sir Kay was disarmed, he asked for food. So food was fetched for him, and he ate heartily. And when he had finished supper, they went to their beds and were lodged together in one bed.\n\nEarly in the morning, Sir Lancelot arose and left Sir Kay sleeping. And Sir Lancelot took Sir Kay's armor and shield and armed him. Then he went to the stable, took his horse, and took his leave of his host.\n\nSoon after, Sir Kay arose and missed Sir Lancelot. And then he saw that he had taken his armor and his horse. Now by my oath, I know well that he intends to cause harm..some of the court of King Arthur. For on him knights will be bold, and deem that it is I, and that will beguile them. And by cause of his armor and shield, I am sure I shall ride in peace. And then soon after, Sir Kay departed and thanked his host.\n\nNow torn we unto Sir Lancelot, who had ridden long in a great forest, and at the last he came to a low country full of fair rivers and meadows. And a sendel of divers hews. And without the paeleions, three white shields on truncheons of spears, & great long spears stood upright by the paeleions. And at every paeleion door stood three fresh squires. And so Sir Lancelot passed by them and spoke no word. When he was past the three knights, they said to him that it was the proud Kay. He thinks no knight so good as he, and the contrary is often proven. By my faith said one of the knights, his name was Sir Gaheris. I will ride after him and challenge him, for all his pride. So this.knight Sir Gaunter armed himself and put his shield on his shoulder, mounting a great horse and taking his spear in hand. He called out to Sir Lancelot, \"Wait, proud knight, Sir Kay, for you shall not pass.\" Sir Lancelot turned to him and they engaged in combat, coming together with all their might. Sir Gaunter's spear broke, but Sir Lancelot struck him down, both horse and man. When Sir Gaunter was on the ground, his brothers cried out, \"That knight is not Sir Kay, for he is bigger than he.\" \"Indeed, that knight has slain Sir Kay and taken his horse and armor,\" said Sir Glyndon. \"Whether it is true or not, let us now mount our horses and go overtake Sir Lancelot,\" said Sir Roland the third brother. Sir Glyndon put forth his spear and ran to Sir Lancelot, who struck him down, leaving him unconscious. Sir Knight said to Sir Roland, \"You... \".A strong man art thou, and I suppose you have slain my two brothers, which grieves my heart greatly against you. If I were not bound by duty, I would not engage with you. But since they do, I must join the fight. The knight said, \"Keep yourself,\" and we clashed with all our might, exchanging blows and shattering our spears. Then Sir Gawain arrived and went to help his brother Sir Gylmer, urging him to rise and aid Sir Rainold, who was marvelously engaged with the good knight. With that, we all mounted our horses and hurried to Sir Lancelot's aid. When he saw us approach, he struck a heavy blow against Sir Rainold, causing him to fall from his horse to the ground. He then struck down the other two brothers with two blows. With that, Sir Rainold began to rise, his head bleeding, and approached Sir Lancelot..Sir Launcelot: I was not far from where you were made a knight, Sir Raynald. I know you are a good knight, and I regret having to fight you. Sir Raynald: Thank you, Sir Launcelot. And we, my brothers, will not object to yielding to you. Since we know you are not Sir Kay. As for that, it may be as it may. You will yield to Lady Guinevere and make sure you are with her on Whitsunday, presenting yourselves as prisoners. Swear that Sir Key sent you. Then they swore it would be done. Sir Launcelot rode into a deep forest and there, in a glade, he saw four knights under an oak. They were from Arthur's court: Sir Sagramore le Desirous, Ector de Maris, Sir Gawain, and Sir Vayne. As soon as these four knights saw Sir Launcelot, they:\n\n(Sir Launcelot saw four knights in a forest glade under an oak tree. They were Sir Sagramore le Desirous, Ector de Maris, Sir Gawain, and Sir Vayne, all from King Arthur's court.).Sir Sagramore, by Sir Kay's arms it had been Sir, now by my faith say Sir Sagramour, I will prove Sir Kay's might, and take his spear in hand, and came towards Sir Launcelot. There with Sir Launcelot was aware and knew him well, and feutered his spear against him, and struck Sir Sagramore so sore that horse and man both fell to the earth. Lo, my fellows, behold what a buffet he hath! That knight is much bigger than ever was Sir Kay. Now shall you see what I may do to him. So Sir Ector took his spear in hand and charged towards Sir Launcelot. Sir Launcelot struck him through the shield and shoulder, and man and horse fell to the earth, and ever his spear held. By my faith, say Sir Wayne, behold a strong knight, and I am sure he has slain Sir Kay. And I see by his great strength it will be hard to match him. And therewithal Sir Wayne took his spear in hand and rode towards Sir Launcelot. Sir Launcelot knew him well, and so he met him on the plain..Sir Gawain was surprised to find such a buffet, long not knowing where he was. \"I must encounter that knight,\" he said. Then he donned his shield and took a good spear in hand. Sir Launcelot knew him well, and they let their horses charge with all their might. Each knight struck the other in the midst of the shield. But Sir Gawain's spear shattered, and Sir Launcelot charged so fiercely upon him that his horse reared up and caused Sir Gawain much sorrow to avoid it. Then Sir Launcelot passed on and smiled, saying, \"May joy be given to him that this spear struck.\" For never had a better one been in my hand.\n\nThe four knights then went to one another and comforted each other. \"What do you make of this encounter?\" asked Sir Gawain. \"He is a man of great might,\" they all replied. \"You may well say that,\" agreed Sir Gawain. \"For I dare lay my head on it.\".It is Sir Launcelot I recognize him by his riding. Let him be told, Sir Gawain, for when we reach the court then we shall know. And then they had much sorrow to retrieve their horses.\n\nNow leave that and speak of Sir Launcelot, who rode for a long time in a deep forest where he saw a black hound. The hound was acting strangely, as if it had been in the throes of a great fear. And there with him rode the hound, and he saw a large pool of blood lying on the ground. And then Sir Launcelot rode after. The hound always looked behind her, and so she went through a great marsh. And then Sir Launcelot followed. And then he saw an old manor, and there the hound ran towards it, and over the bridge. So Sir Launcelot rode over that old and feeble bridge. And when he came to the middle of a great hall, there he saw a dead knight lying, a seemly man. And that hound licked his wounds. And then a lady came out, weeping and wringing her hands. And then she said, \"Oh knight, to save this man's life, you must seek the Holy Grail.\".\"moche sorrow have you brought me, why do you say so, Sir Launcelot? I never harmed this knight for his sake, or because of the feud between us, this Brachet brought me here. Fair lady, do not be displeased with me, for I am very grieved by your anger. Truly, Sir, she said, I believe it is not you who have slain my husband. For he who did that deed is sore wounded and is unlikely to recover. I will ensure him. What was your husband's name, Sir, she said. His name was called Sir Gilbert, the bastard, one of the best knights in the world, and he who killed him I do not know.\"\n\n\"Now God send you better comfort, Sir Launcelot,\" and he departed and went back into the forest again. There he met a damsel, who knew him well. She said loudly, \"Welcome, my lord. And now I beg you on your knighthood, help my brother who is severely wounded and unceasingly bleeding. For today he fought with Sir Gilbert.\".A bastard threw him into a plain battle, and there my brother was severely wounded. And there is a lady, a sorceress, who dwells in a castle nearby. Today she told me that my brother's wounds would never heal until I could find a knight who would go into the chapel perilously and there find a sword and a bloody cloth that the wounded knight was wrapped in. A piece of that cloth and sword should heal my brother's wounds, so that his wounds were healed with the sword and the cloth. \"This is a marvelous thing, Sir Launcelot,\" she said, \"but what is your brother's name?\"\n\n\"She said, 'His name was Sir Melyot de Logres,'\" Sir Launcelot replied, \"for he is a fellow of the Round Table, and I will help him with my power.\"\n\n\"Then Sir said she, 'Follow even this high way,'\" and it will bring you there,\" she added, \"and here I shall stay until God sends you back here again. And but you succeed, I know no knight living who can accomplish that adventure.\"\n\n\"Right so, Sir Launcelot,\" Sir Launcelot affirmed..And when he reached the chapel perilous, he dismounted and tied his horse to a small gate. As soon as he was within the churchyard, he saw on the front of the chapel many fair, rich shields turned upside down. Sir Launcelot had seen knights bear them before. With that, he saw there stood thirty great knights more, a yard taller than any man he had ever seen. All of them were angry and gnashing at Sir Launcelot. When he saw their countenance, he feared them greatly and put his shield before him and took his sword ready in his hand, prepared for battle. They were all armed in black armor, ready with their shields and swords drawn. When Sir Launcelot wanted to go through them, they scattered on every side of him and gave him way. With that, he became bold and entered the chapel. Then he saw no light but a dim lamp burning, and there he saw a corpse shrouded in a cloth..Sir Launce stopped down and cut a piece away from that cloth. Then the earth shook a little beneath him, and there he feared. He saw a fair sword lying by the dead knight, and he took it in his hand and left the chapel. As soon as he was in the chapel yard, all the knights spoke to him gruffly and said, \"Sir Launcelot, lay that sword down or else you will die. Whether I live or die, you said.\" Sir Launcelot replied, \"Get it back again yourselves, if you wish. Therefore, fight for it.\" He passed through them, and on the other side of the chapel yard, he met a fair damsel. \"Sir Launcelot,\" she said, \"leave that sword behind or you will die for it.\" \"I will not,\" he replied. \"And you loved that sword?\" she asked. \"Queen Guinevere should never see it if I were a fool and I would leave this sword,\" said Launcelot. \"Gentle knight,\" said the damsel..\"require the thou to kiss me but once / Nay, said Sir Launcelot, God keep me from that / Well, said she, and thou hadst kissed me / thy life days had been done / but now alas she said, I have lost all my labor / for I had ordered this chapel for thy sake, and for Sir Gawain / And once I had Sir Gawain within me, and at that time he fought with that knight who lies there dead in yonder chapel, Sir Gylbert the Bastard. And at that time he struck off the left hand of Sir Gylbert the Bastard / And Sir Launcelot now I tell thee, I have loved this seven years / but no woman may have thy love but Queen Guinevere / But since I have nurtured it and served it, and so have kept it my life days / and daily I should have clipped it and kissed it in spite of Queen Guinevere / you speak truly, said Sir Launcelot, Jesus preserve me from your subtle crafts / And therewith all he took his horse and so departed from her / And as the book says, when Sir Launcelot had great joy between them / and they made Sir Launcelot knight.\".Sir Launcelot and those who could, set off towards Sir Launcelot's lord Arthur's court on the morning after, as it was drawing near to the feast of Pentecost. You will find me there, by God's grace. And so they departed.\n\nSir Launcelot rode through many strange countries and valleys until, by chance, he came to a fair castle. Beyond the castle, he heard what sounded like bells ringing. Then a falcon flew over his head towards a high elm, and long lunces (hounds) circled around a branch. When the falcon wanted to take flight, the lunces seized her legs. Sir Launcelot saw this and was sorry for the falcon.\n\nA lady then emerged from the castle, crying out, \"Sir Launcelot, Sir Launcelot, you are the flower of all knights, help me get my hawk.\".For and my hauke is lost, my lord will destroy me, for I kept the hauke and it slipped from me. If my lord, my husband, knew it, he is so hasty that he will kill me. What is your lord's name, sir Launcelot, she asked. Sir, she replied, his name is Sir Phelot, a knight who longs for the king of Northgalis. Fair lady, since you know my name and ask me for knighthood to help you, I will do what I can to get your hawk. And yet God knows I am an ill climber and the tree is passing high. And there, with Sir Launcelot, they tied their horses to the same tree. And they prayed the lady to arm him. And when he was unarmed, he took off all his clothes to his shirt and breeches. And with might and force, he climbed up the tree. And they tied the hawk to a great rotten branch. And he threw the hawk down and it with all. Suddenly, the lady caught the hawk in her hand. And there, Sir Phelot came out of the greys suddenly..Sir Launcelot, armed and with his naked sword in hand, said to Knight Phelot, \"I have found you as I intended, and I stand at the tree trunk to kill you.\" A lady exclaimed, \"Sir Launcelot, why have you betrayed me?\" He replied, \"Lady, it was Phelot who commanded it, but since you will do none other, your hour has come that you must die. It would be a shame for Sir Launcelot, an armed knight, to kill a naked man by treason. You get no other grace, Phelot, so help yourself and you can.\" Sir Phelot replied, \"Nay, nay, Sir Launcelot. I know better than you think. You get no weapon, and I will keep you from it.\" Sir Launcelot sighed, \"Alas, a knight should never die weaponless.\" He waited above and below him..his head he saw a roundshield by a big tree lethal / and therewith he broke it off by the body / Then he came lower and attended how his own horse stood / and suddenly he leapt on the other side of the horse opposite the knight / And then Sir Pelot lashed at him eagerly, wanting to kill him / But Sir Launcelot put away the stroke with the roundshield / and therewith he struck him on one side of the head, causing him to fall down unconscious to the ground / So then Sir Launcelot took his sword out of his hand and struck his neck from the body / Then the lady cried, \"Alas, why have you killed my husband? / I am not the cause,\" said Sir Launcelot, / for with falsehood you would have had me killed with treason / and now it has fallen on both of you / And then she sounded as though she would die / And therewith Sir Launcelot took all his armor as well as he could / and put it on him for fear of more resistance / for he feared that the knight's castle was so near / And so as soon as he could, he took his horse and rode away..Sir Launcelot rode through many wild ways, and in a valley, he saw a knight chasing a lady with a naked sword to kill her. By fortune, as the knight was about to kill this lady, she cried out to Sir Launcelot and begged him to rescue her. When Sir Launcelot saw this, he took his horse and rode between them, saying knightly, \"For shame, why do you want to kill this lady? You bring shame upon yourself and all knights. What business do you have between me and my wife?\" said the knight. \"I will kill her despite your head,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"You do not act honorably,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"This lady has betrayed me. He is jealous between him and me,\" said the lady. \"That is a lie,\" she said. \"And I love and cherish my cousin Gawain. He is jealous between us. I will answer to God for it.\".The knight said to the lady, \"But you say, sir, that I am the most noble knight in the world. I ask you, keep me true to knighthood and save me. Whatever you say, he will kill me; he has no mercy. Have no doubt, Sir Launcelot, it shall not be in his power. Sir, I will be ruled by you. Therefore, Sir Launcelot rode on one side and she on the other. He had not ridden long before the knight asked Sir Launcelot to turn and look behind him. And there, with the knight and the lady on one side, the knight suddenly struck off his lady's head. When Sir Launcelot had seen what he had done, he said and called him a traitor, \"You have shamed me forever.\" And suddenly, Sir Launcelot alighted from his horse and cried, \"Mercy! Fie on you, Sir Launcelot, you shameful knight, you may have no mercy.\".mercy and therefore arise and fight with me, \"said the knight.\" I will never arise until you grant me mercy, \"replied Launcelot. \"Now, I propose the fair-said Launcelot. I will arm myself with only my shirt, and I will have nothing on me but my shirt, my sword, and my hand. If you can slay me, be it ever so. \"No, sir, said Pedyr. I will never, \"said Sir Launcelot. \"Take this lady and the head, and bear it upon you, and here you shall swear upon my sword to bear it always upon your back and never to rest until you come to Queen Guenevere.\" \"I will do it by the faith of my body,\" said Pedyr. \"Tell me what is your name, sir,\" said Launcelot. \"Sir, my name is Pedyr,\" replied Pedyr. \"You were born in a shameful hour,\" said Launcelot. So Pedyr departed with the dead lady and the head, and found the queen with King Arthur at Winchester, and there he told all the truth. \"Sir knight,\" said the queen, \"this is a horrible deed and a shameful one, and a great rebuke to Sir Launcelot.\" But,.Withstanding his worship is not known in many diverse countries, but I shall give you this penalty: Make good reparation as you can. You shall bear this lady with you on horseback to the pope of Rome, and from him receive your penance for your foul deeds. And you shall never rest one night there as you do another. And you go to any bed, the dead body shall lie with you. This oath he made and so departed. And as it tells in the French book, when he came to Rome, the pope bade him return to Queen Guinevere, and in Rome, his lady was buried by the pope's commandment. After this, Sir Pedyuere fell to great goodness and became a holy man and a hermit.\n\nNow turn we unto Sir Launcelot of the Lake, who came home two days before the feast of Pentecost. And the king and all the court were passing fine with his coming. And when Sir Gawaine, Sir Viane, Sir Sagramore, and Sir Ector de Maris saw Sir Launcelot in King Arthur's armor, then they knew well it was he who struck them..\"Then there was laughing and smiling among them. Sir Gareth heard them speak. He said, \"I saw the entire battle from beginning to end, and there I told King Arthur how it was and how Sir Turquine was the strongest knight I ever saw, except for Sir Lancelot. There were many knights who bore witness nearly three score times. Sir Kay then told the king how Sir Lancelot had rescued him when he should have been slain and how he made the knights yield to me instead. And there they were, the three of them, bearing witness. Sir Kay added, 'Because Sir Lancelot took my armor and left me his, I rode in peace, and no man dared oppose me. Anon, with all of them present, came the three knights who had fought with Sir Lancelot at the long bridge. There they yielded to Sir Kay.\"\".Sir Kay left them and said he had never fought with them, but I will ease your heart, Sir Kay, said he. Here is Sir Launcelot, who overcame you when you knew it. They were glad. Then Sir Melyot le Galois returned and told the king how Sir Launcelot had saved him from death and how his deeds were known. The four queens sorceresses had held him prisoner, and he was delivered by King Bagdemagus's daughter. All the great deeds of arms that Sir Launcelot did between the two kings were told - that is, between the King of North Galis and King Bagdemagus. Sir Gahalantynes told all the truth, and Sir Mador de la Porte and Sir Mordred were there, as they were at the same tournament.\n\nThen the lady who knew Sir Launcelot when he wounded Sir Belias at the pavilion came in. At Sir Launcelot's request, Sir Belias was made a knight of the Round Table. At that time, Sir Launcelot had the greatest name of any knight in the world. He was most esteemed..honored of high and low,\n\nThe noble tale of Sir Launcelot du Lake, the fifth book.\nWhen Arthur held his round table most pleasantly, it happened that he commanded that the high feast of Pentecost should be held at a city and a castle, which in those days was called Kinke Quenanonde, on the borders that marched near Wales, \u00b6So ever the king had a custom that at the feast of Pentecost in particular, before other feasts in the year, he would not go to dinner that day until he had heard or seen of a great marvel, \u00b6And for this custom, all manner of strange adventures came before. Arthur, as at that feast before all others, saw before none of the day of Pentecost, Sir Gawain at a window, three men on horseback and a dwarf on foot, \u00b6And so the three men dismounted, and the dwarf kept their horses, and one of the three was taller than the other two by a foot and a half. Then Sir Gawain went to the king and said, \"Sir, go to your dinner; for here at the castle gate are three men.\".Arthur entered the hall with many other kings. Only the knights of the Round Table were present, those who were prisoners or slain at a roundtable. At the high feast, they should all be present to fulfill the whole number of a hundred and fifty, for the Round Table was fully completed. Right then, two well-dressed and wealthy men entered, each carrying the most beautiful young man and the fairest ever seen. He was large and long-bodied, well-faced, and had the fairest and largest hands ever seen. But he seemed unable to walk or bear himself, only leaning on their shoulders.\n\nAs soon as Arthur saw him, peace and tranquility were made, and they followed him to the high seat without speaking a word. Then this very young man pulled him back and easily straightened him up, saying, \"King Arthur, may you be blessed and all your fair companions. In particular, I...\".\"for the feast around the table, I have come here to ask you to give me three gifts. They shall not be unreasonably asked for, but granted honorably and respectfully to me, and to you no great harm or loss will come. The first gift I ask for now, and the other two I will ask for in twelve months, on whatever day you hold your high feast. Now, ask, said Arthur, and you shall have your asking.\n\nThis is my petition for the feast, that you will give me sufficient food and drink for twelve months, and on that day I will ask for my other two gifts.\n\nMy fair son, said Arthur, ask for better, for this is but a simple asking. My heart urges me to grant you greatly, and my conscience fails me, but you shall prove a man of great worship. Sir, he said, if it may be, I have asked for what I will, well said the king, you shall have meat and drink from me.\".I never defended it, neither my friend nor my foe, but what is your name I would know, I cannot tell you said he. That is marvelous, said the king, that you do not know your name and you are the fairest young man one that ever I saw. Then the king took him to Sir Kay the steward and charged him that he should give him of all manner of foods and drinks of the best, and also that he had all manner of finding as though he were a lord's son. That shall little need be said, said Sir Kay, to do such cost upon him. For I dare undertake he is a villain born, and never will make man, but if he had come of gentlemen, he would have asked of you horse and armor, but such as he is, he asks for nothing. And since he has no name, I shall give him a name that shall be Beaumains, that is fair hands, and into the kitchen I shall bring him, and there he shall have fat browns every day, so that by the twelve months' end he shall be as fat as a pig. Right so the two men departed and left him to Sir Kay..Sir Gawayne was angry with him, and in particular Sir Launcelot defended him against Sir Kay's mocking. \"I dare lay my head on it,\" Sir Kay said, \"he will prove a man of great worth. Let it be,\" said Sir Kay, \"it may not be for any reason, for he has only asked. Beware, Sir Launcelot, if you give the good knight Brunor, Sir Dyndamas' brother, that name, and call him \"La Cote Male Taille,\" it will turn you against him later.\n\nSir Kay added, \"This will never prove true of such a one. For Sir Brunor desired worship and this desire has bred and nourished him, and on pain of my life he was fostered in some abbey. And however it was they provided him with food and drink, and so he has come here for his sustenance. And so Sir Kay ordered that he be given a place and seated at the table. Beaumains went to the hall door and seated him among boys and lads, and there he ate sadly. After the meal, Sir Launcelot ordered him to come to his chamber, and there he should have been.\".And Sir Gawain met and provided enough food and drink for him. But he refused them all. He would do nothing but as Sir Kay commanded him, for no reward. But concerning Sir Gawain, he had reason to offer him lodging, food, and drink. For that offer came from his blood, as they were near kin. But Sir Gawain's great nobility and courtesy were the reasons Sir Lancelot offered him gold to spend and clothes, and so Sir Gawain accepted. And wherever there were tournaments, he would be there. None could cast a bar or stone at him within two yards. Then Sir Kay would say, \"How do you like it, my boy in the kitchen?\" It continued thus until the Feast of Whitsuntide..At that time, the king held it at Carlyon in the most royal way possible, similar to how he did annually. But the king refused to eat on Whitsunday until he heard some adventures. Then came a squire to the king and said, \"Sir, you may go to your meal, for a damsel is coming with some strange adventures.\" The king was glad and sat down. Right away, a damsel entered the hall and greeted the king, praying for his help. The king asked, \"What is the adventure?\" She said, \"I have a lady of great worship and renown, and she is besieged in her castle. She has called the noblest knights in the world to her aid. I come to you to pray for your help. What is the name of your lady, where does she dwell, and who is the one besieging her?\" The damsel replied, \"As for my lady's name, I will not reveal it to you at this time. But I will tell you that she is a lady of great worth.\".And of great lands. The tyrant who seizes and destroys her lands is called the Red Knight of the Reed Lands. I don't know him, said the king. Sir Gawain replied, I know him well; he is one of the most valiant knights in the world. Men say that he has the strength of seven men, and from him I escaped once with my life. Fair damsel said the king, there are knights here who would risk their lives to rescue your lady. But because you will not tell her name or where she dwells, none of my knights who are here now will go with you against my will. Then the damsel said, \"With these words, Sir Beaumains appeared before the king while the damsel was there. He said, 'Sir King, may God thank you. I have been in your custody for the past twelve months and have had my full sustenance. Now I will ask for my two rewards.' Asked upon my peril, said the king. 'These shall be my two rewards,' said Sir Beaumains. 'First, that you will grant me'.\".this adventure belongs to me, you shall have it said the king, I grant it. Then, sir, this is the other gift you shall bestow: I will have Launcelot made knight by him, and when I am passed, I pray you let him ride after me and make me knight when I require him. All this shall be done, said the king. Fie on the damsel, I shall have none but one who is your squire, then she was angry and took her horse and departed. And with that, one came to Beaumains and told him his horse and armor were ready for him. And there was the dwarf come with all things he needed in the richest manner. There was much marveling at the court from whence came all the gear. So, when he was armed, there was none so beautifully a man as he was. And rightly as he came into the hall and took his leave of King Arthur, Sir Gawain, and Sir Launcelot, and prayed that he would follow him, and so departed..Sir Kay rode after the damsel. But many followed to see how well he was mounted and dressed in gold cloth. However, he had no shield or spear. Sir Kay said, \"I will ride after my boy in the kitchen to see if he recognizes me as his superior.\" Sir Launcelot and Sir Gawain stayed behind.\n\nSir Kay prepared and took his horse and spear, and rode after him. Just as Beaumains overtook the damsel, Sir Kay appeared and said, \"Beaumains, don't you recognize me?\" He turned his horse and knew it was Sir Kay who had wronged him. Beaumains said, \"I know you as an ungentle knight of the court. Be warned.\"\n\nWith that, Sir Kay thrust his spear at him, and ran straight towards him. Beaumains came just as fast with his sword in hand. They clashed, and Beaumains disarmed Sir Kay with his sword, thrusting it through his side. Sir Kay fell down..had been there, and he alighted down and took Sir Kay's shield and his spear, and mounted his own horse and rode away. All who saw Sir Lancelot and the damsel did the same. Then he beckoned Sir Lancelot to join him, and they both made ready. They charged so fiercely at each other that they both brought each other to the ground, and they were severely bruised. Then Sir Lancelot rose and helped him from his horse. Beaumains threw his shield away and proposed to fight Sir Lancelot on foot. They clashed together like Boris tracing, raging and feinting for an hour. Sir Lancelot marveled at Beaumains' strength, for he fought more like a giant than a knight, and his fighting was most perilous. Sir Lancelot had such a hard time with him that he feared being shamed, and said, \"Beumains, do not fight.\".\"Sir, your quarrel is not greater than mine, but we can leave it. Truly, Beaumains said that, but it does me good to feel your might. Yet, my lord, I did not show it. In God's name, Sir Launcelot said, for I promise you by the faith of my body, I had as much to do to save myself from you, unshamed. And therefore, have no doubt of any earthly knight. Hope so, that I may stand a proved knight said Beaumains. You said, Launcelot, do as you have done, and I shall be your warrior. Then I pray you, said Beaumains, give me the order of knighthood. Then must you tell me your name, said Launcelot. And of what kin are you born, Sir, if you will not discover me? I, Beaumains, replied, no, said Sir Launcelot, and that I promise you by the faith of my body, until it is openly known. Then, Sir, he said, my name is Gareth, and brother to Sir Gawain, of father and mother.\".you should be of great birth and could not come to the court neither for food nor drink. Then Sir Launcelot gave him the order of knighthood, and Sir Gareth prayed him to depart and let him go. So Sir Launcelot departed from him and came to Sir Kay and made him carry him home on his shield. He was received harshly with the life, and all men scorned Sir Kay. In particular, Sir Gawain and Sir Launcelot said it was not his part to rebuke any young man, for little did he know what birth he came from or what cause he came to this court. And so we leave Sir Kay and turn to Beaumains. When he had taken the damsel, she said, \"What do you here? You stink all of the kitchen. Your clothes are bawdy with the grease and tallow that you gained in King Arthur's kitchen. Do you say that I allow it for that knight you kill?\" No, truly, \"for you kill him unfortunately and cowardly,\" she said. Therefore turn again, bawdy kitchen page..I know we know for sure that Sir Kay named the Beaumains. What are you but a jester and a turner of broaches? A damsel named Damsel said, \"Beaumains, say to me what you will.\" I will not go from you whatever you say, for I have undertaken to King Arthur to accomplish your adventure and so shall I finish it to the end, either I shall die therefore. \"Fie on the kitchen knave, would you finish my adventure? You shall be met with all that you would not look at him in the face. I shall try, said Beaumains. So, as they rode in the wood, there came a man fleeing all that he might. \"Lord,\" said Beaumains, \"help me. Here in a glade are six thieves who have taken my lord and bound him. I am afraid lest they will kill him.\" Bring me there said Beaumains, and so they rode until they came there, and then he rode up to them and struck one down to the death..and other thief he slew at the third stroke. Then the other three fled, and he pursued them. He overtook them and then the three thieves turned around and attacked Beaumains. But at last he slew them and returned, releasing the knight. The knight thanked him and asked him to ride with him to his castle nearby, promising worthy reward. But Beaumains said, \"I will have no reward. I was made a knight today by noble Sir Lancelot. For that reason, I will have no reward, but God reward me. And I must follow this damsel. When he came near her, she asked him to ride away from her, for you smell of the kitchen. Do you think I take joy in this deed you have done, for it was all a mishap. But you will see a sight that will make you turn back, lightly. Then the same knight whom the thieves had rescued rode after the damsel and begged her to lodge..With her, that night, and because it was near night, the damsel rode with him to his castle. There they had great cheer, and at supper the knight sat Sir Beumains before the damsel. \"Fy, fy,\" she said, \"Sir knight, it is uncourteous of you to seat a kitchen page before me. He seems more fitting to sit with a swine than to sit before a damsel of high birth. Then the knight was ashamed at her words and took him up and set him aside. He set himself before him, and so all that night they had good cheer and merry rest.\n\nAnd on the morrow, the damsel and he took their leave and thanked the knight. And so they departed and rode until they came to a great forest. There was a great river and but one passage, and there were two knights ready on the farther side to let them pass.\n\n\"What say you?\" said the damsel. \"Will you challenge those knights or turn back?\"\n\n\"Nay,\" said Sir Beumains. \"I will not turn back and they were six more.\" And therewith he rushed into the forest..And in the midst of the water, they collided their spheres against each other in their hands, and then drew their swords, striking eagerly at one another. Sir Beaumains struck the other on the helmet, and his head fell stone dead, and there he fell down into the water and was drowned. Then he mounted his horse on the shore, where the other knight fell upon him and broke his spear. They drew their swords and fought long and fiercely. At last, Sir Beaumains cleaved his helmet and his head down to his shoulders, and he rode to the damsel and bade her ride forth on her way. Alas, she said, \"A kitchen page should have the fortune to destroy such two valiant knights. You think you have done valiantly, but that is not so. For the first knight's horse stumbled, and there he was drowned in the water, neither by your force nor by your might. And the last knight, by misfortune, you came upon him and, by misfortune, you slew him.\".Damoisel said, \"Beaumains, you may say what you will, but with whomever I have a quarrel, I trust in God to serve him or let him depart. Therefore, I care not what you say, so long as I can win your lady. Fie, foul kitchen knave, you shall know knights who will rebuke you. Fair damoisel, give me courteous language, and then my concern is past, for whatever knights they may be, I care not, nor do I doubt them. Also, I say this for your benefit. Yet, you may turn it back with your worship, for if you follow me, you are but a slave. For I see all that you do is by my chance, and not by the prowess of your hands. Fair damoisel, you may say what you will, but wherever you go, I will follow you. So Beaumains rode with that lady until evening song time, and she constantly scolded him and would not rest. They came to a black land, and there was a black hawkthorn, and on it hung a black banner, and on the other side there hung a black shield, and by it stood a black spear..A knight, large and long, and a great black horse covered with silk, sat there, fully armed in black armor. His name was the Black Knight. When the damsel saw him, she begged him to flee from that valley because his horse was not saddled. \"Thank you, Beaumains,\" said the knight. \"You would always make me a coward.\" With that, when the Black Knight came near, he spoke to the damsel and said, \"Damsel, have you brought this knight from King Arthur to be your champion? Nay, fair knight, this is but a kitchen knight who was fed by King Arthur for alms. Why does he come in such armor? It is a shame that he rides with you. I cannot be delivered from him, for with me he rides against my will. God would that you would put him from me, or kill him and you may, for he is an unhappy knight, and he has done this day most unhappily. Through misfortune, I saw him kill two knights at the water passage, and other deeds he has done.\".The black knight, who was behaving strangely and causing unhappiness, said to me that any man who desires to deal with him is unknown to them. Since he rides with me, they assume he is a man of noble birth. The black knight said, \"How can you say that he is no man of noble birth? He is a likely person and seems to be a strong man. I will grant you this much. I will make him dismount, and his horse and harness will remain with me. It would be a shame for me to do him any more harm. When Sir Beaumains heard him say this, he replied, \"Sir knight, your horse and harness are large, I let it cost me nothing, and as for this land, I will pass through it. May I take your head and horse and harness? But only if you win them with your hands. And see what you can do.\" The black knight said this..A black knight/ yield, give up your lady/ for it becomes unfit for a kitchen page to ride with such a lady/ You lie, Beaumains, I am a gentleman, born of higher lineage than you/ And I will prove it on your body/ Then, in great anger, they parted with their horses/ and came to Gyders, as if it had been thunder/ and the black knight's spear broke/ and Beaumains thrust him through both sides/ and there, with his spear, he broke the truncheon/ but nevertheless, the black knight drew his sword/ and struck many eager strokes and of great might/ and hurt Beaumains severely/ But at last, within an hour and a half, the black knight fell down from his horse in a swoon/ and there he died/ And then Beaumains saw him so well horsed and armed/ then he alighted down and armed himself in his armor/ and so took his horse and rode after the damsel/ When she saw him coming near/ she said away, kitchen knave, out of my way/ for the smell of you..baudy clothes please me / \"Allas she said that ever such a rogue should sleep so well a knight as thou hast done,\" but all this is thy misfortune / But here is one who will pay thee all thy debt / and therefore I counsel thee / flee / it may happen that Beaumains said to be beaten or slain / but I warn thee, fair damsel, I will not flee away / nor leave thy company for all that thou canst say / for ever thou sayest that they will kill me or beat me / but however it happens, I escape / and they lie on the ground / And therefore it would be as good for you to hold yourself still thus all day rebuking me / for away I will not go until I see the end of this journey / or else I will be slain / otherwise truly beaten / therefore ride on thy way / For follow thou I will whatever happens.\n\nAs they rode along, they saw a knight coming towards them, both his horse and his armor green. And when he came near the damsel, he asked, \"Is that my brother, the black Knight?\".brought with you, Nay, nay, she said, this unhappy kitchen knave has killed your brother through unhappiness, Alas said the green knight, it is a great pity that so noble a knight as he was should so unfortunately be killed, and especially at the hands of a servant as you say, a traitor said the green knight, you shall die for killing my brother, he was a full noble knight and his name was Sir Perear, I defy the said Beaumains, for I let it be known I killed him knightly and not shamefully, There with all the green knight rode to an horn that was green, and he hunted and armed him lightly, And then he took a great horse and a green shield and a green spear, And then they rode to the lists with all their might and broke their spears into their hands, And then they drew their swords and gave many sad strokes, and either of them wounded the other severely, And at the last, with his horses hooves, Beaumains struck the green knight's horse on the side, causing it to fall to the ground..then the green knight withdraws his horse lightly and dismounts, dressing himself on foot. Beaumains and he clash like two mighty combatants for a long time, and they both bled profusely. The damsel then arrives and says to the green knight, \"My lord, the green knight, why do you stand so long, fighting with this scullion? It is shameful that you, who were made a knight, should see such a lad match against such a knight as you. The wound grieves me sorely. There, the green knight is ashamed and gives a great blow of strength, striking his shield. When Beaumains saw his shield clang and heard his language, he gave him such a buffet on the helmet that he fell on his knees. And so suddenly Beaumains pulled him down to the ground, growling. Then the green knight cried out for mercy and yielded to Sir Beaumains, praying him not to kill him. \"All in vain,\" said Beaumains, \"for you shall die unless this damsel who came with me intercedes.\".me to save your life, and therewith he unlaced his helmet as if he would slay him. Fie upon the false kitchen page. I will never pray you to save his life, for I will never be so much in danger. Then shall he die, said Beaumains. Not so hardy, thou bawdy knight, said the damoisel, that thou slay him. Alas, said the green knight, suffer me not to die for a fair word may save me. Fair knight, said the green knight, save my life, and I will forgive you, and for your brother's death, and forever become your man. And thirty knights who hold to me shall serve you. In the devil's name, said the damoisel, that such a bawdy kitchen knight should have you and thirty knights serving you. Sir knight, said Beaumains, all this avails you not, but if my damoisel speaks with me for your life. And therewith he made a feint to slay him. Let it be said, damoisel, thou bawdy knight, slay him not, for if you do, you shall repent it. Damoisel said, Beaumains, your charge is to me a pleasure and....at your commandment, his life shall be saved / otherwise not Then he said, Sir Knight with the green arms, I release the quarrel at this damsel's request / for I will not make her angry / I will fulfill all that she charges me / And then the green knight kneeled down / and did homage with his sword / then said the damsel, \"I repent, green knight, of your harm / and of your brother's death, the black knight / for without your help, I had great trouble / Nay, fear not, said the green knight / for you shall lodge with me this night / and tomorrow I shall help you through this forest / So they took their horses and rode to his manor which was nearby\n\nAnd ever she rebuked Beaumains and would not suffer him to sit at her table / but as the green knight took him and sat him at a side table / \"Marvel at this, damsel,\" said the green knight, \"why do you rebuke this noble knight as you do? I know of no knight able to match him.\".You do great wrong to rebuke him, for he will do you right good service. For whatever he makes himself, you shall prove at the end that he is of noble blood and of kings' lineage. \"Fy, fy,\" said the damsel, it is shame for you to speak such worship. \"Truly,\" said the green knight, it would be shame for me to speak any disrespect of him. For he has proven himself a better knight than I am. Yet, I have met many knights in my days, and never before this time have I found one to match him. And so that night they went to rest, and all that night the green knight commanded thirty knights privately to watch over Beaumains to keep him from all treason. And on the morrow they all arose and heard their mass and broke their fast. Then they took their horses and rode on their way. And the green knight conveyed them through the forest. And there the green knight said, \"My lord Beaumains, I and these thirty knights shall always be at your summons, both early and late, at your calling.\".and whether you will send us, it is well said, Beaumains replied, when I call upon you, you must yield yourselves to King Arthur and all his knights, if you so command us, we shall be ready at all times, said the Green Knight. Fy, fy upon thee in the devil's name, said the damsel, good knights should be obedient to a kitchen knave. Then the Green Knight and the damsel departed. And the damsel said to Beaumains, why do you follow me, you kitchen boy, cast away your shield and your spear, and flee away. Yet I advise you by times or you will soon say, \"Alas,\" for were you as wise as ever was Merlin or Lancelot or the good Sir Lamorak, you shall not pass a pass here that is called the Pass Perilous. Damsel said to Beaumains, who is afraid, let him flee; for it would be shame to turn back since I have ridden so long with you. Within a while they saw a tower as white as snow..Any snow was very match-cold all about / and over the tower gate hung fifty shields of diverse colors / and beneath the tower there was a fair meadow / And therein were many knights and squires to behold scaffolds and pavilions / for there upon the morrow should be a great tournament / and the lord of the tower was in his castle and looked out at a window / and saw a damsel, a dwarf, and a knight fully armed / So God help me said the lord with this knight / for I see that he is a knight at arms / and so he armed him and horsed him hastily / And when he was on horseback with his shield and his spear / it was all ready both his horse and his harness / and all that belonged to him / And when that he came near him, he thought it had been his brother the black knight / And then he cried out loud, brother what do you in these marches / No, no said the damsel / it is not he / this is but a kitchen knave that was brought up for alms in King Arthur's court..The red knight spoke, \"I will speak with him or he departs.\"\n\nThe damsel said, \"This knight has killed your brother.\" And Sir Kay named him Beaumains. \"And this horse and this armor was your brother's, the black knight.\" I also saw your brother, the green knight, overcome his hands. \"Now may you be avenged upon him. For I can never be rid of him.\"\n\nWith this, either knight departed separately. They came together with all their might, and either of their horses fell to the ground. They avoided their horses and put their shields before them, drawing their swords. They gave each other sad blows here and there, rasping, tracing, feigning, and hurling, like two boars, for two hours. Then she cried out to the red knight, \"Alas, noble red knight, consider what honor has followed thee. Let no base knight endure so long as he does.\"\n\nThe red knight grew angry and doubled his strokes, injuring Beaumains severely. The blood flowed..ran down to the ground, it was wondrous to see such a strong battle / Yet at the last, Sir Beaumains struck him to the earth / and as he would have slain the red knight, he cried, \"Mercy! Noble knight, do not slay me! / And I shall yield myself to you with fifty knights who are under my command. / I forgive you all the contempt you have shown me / and the death of my brother, the Black Knight. / This avails me nothing, said Beaumains, / unless my damsel prays me to save her life. / And with that, he feigned to strike at his head. / Let Beaumains not kill him, for he is a noble knight / and not so rash upon your head but you save him. / Then Beaumains asked the red knight to stand up and thank the damsel for her life. / And then the red knight prayed him to see his castle / and to stay there all night. / So the damsel granted him this / and they had merry cheer there. / But always the damsel spoke many foul words to Beaumains, of which the red knight took great offense..The red knight made three score knights to watch Beaumains, so that he would have no shame or disgrace. And on the morrow, they heard mass and dined. The red knight came before Beaumains with his three score knights, and there he offered him his homage and fealty at all times, he and his knights, to serve him.\n\n\"I thank you,\" said Beaumains. \"But this I will grant you: when I call upon you to come before my lord King Arthur and yield yourselves to him as his knights, you shall be ready, and your followers as well.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said the red knight, \"I will be ready, and my followers at your summons.\"\n\nSo, Sir Beaumains departed, and the damsel rode on, taunting him in the foulest manner.\n\n\"Damsel,\" said Beaumains, \"you are uncourteous to rebuke me in such a way. For it seems to me that I have done you good service. And every time you threaten me, I shall have knights who met us to defend me. But for all your boasts, they lie in the dust or in the mire. And therefore, I pray you, do not rebuke me any more. And when you see me beaten or...\".A young man may think he can shame me into leaving you, but I will not depart from you. I would be worse than a fool to do so, as long as I win your worship. \"Right so,\" she said. \"Soon a knight will come and pay you all your wages. He is the most noble man in the world, except for King Arthur. The more noble he is, the more worship I will have in associating with him.\"\n\nSuddenly, they saw a rich and beautiful city ahead, and a mile and a half between them and the city was a fair meadow that seemed newly mown. In the meadow were many pavilions, pleasant to behold.\n\n\"Look,\" said the damsel, \"there is a lord who owes that city. It is his custom, when the weather is fair, to lie in this meadow and hold tournaments. And around him are always five hundred knights and gentlemen of arms. And there are all manner of games that any gentleman can devise.\"\n\nThe noble lord said:.Beaumains said, \"I would like to see him; you shall see him in due time,\" said the damsel. And as she rode near, she espied the pavilion, where he was. \"Lo,\" said she, \"see that yonder pavilion, which is all of the color of India, and all manner of things that are about men and women, and horses, shields, and spears, are all of the color of India. His name is Sir Persant of India, the most lordly knight that ever you have looked upon.\" It may well be said, Beaumains, but though he may be a noble knight in this field, I shall wait until I see him under his shield. A fool said she, \"You would be better off fleeing by times.\" \"Why did Beaumains say that,\" and he is such a knight as you make him, he will not set upon me with all his men or with his five knights. For if there comes no more but one at a time, I shall not fail him while my life lasts. \"Fie, fie,\" said the damsel, \"ever such a stinking knave should blow such a boast.\" Damsel, he said, \"you are to blame for such rebuke. For I would rather do this.\".you battles / than so to be rebuked / let him come and then let him do his worst / \"Sir,\" she said, \"I marvel what thou art and of what kind thou art come / boldly thou speakest / and boldly thou hast done / that have I seen / therefore I pray thee save thyself and thyself / for thy horse and thou have had great trouble / And I fear we dwell too long from the siege / For it is but seven miles / and all perilous passages we have passed, save only this one / and here I fear me sore lest you shall catch some hurt / therefore I would you were hens that you were not bothered nor hurt by this strong knight / But I let you know, Sir Persant of India, he is nothing of my concern or strength to the knight who leads the siege about my lady / As for what Sir Beaumains said, let it be as it may / For since I have come so near this knight, I will prove his might or I depart from him / and else I shall be shamed / and I now withdraw myself from him / Therefore, damsel, have no doubt by the..grace of God, I will deal with this knight so that within two hours after none I shall deliver him. Then we will come to the siege by daylight. / O Jesus, marvelous have I said, damsel, what kind of man you are. For it can never be otherwise than that you come from a noble blood. For so foul and shamefully did no woman rule a knight as I have done you, and ever courteously you have suffered me. And that came only from a gentle blood. / Damsel said, \"Beaumains is a knight. A damsel can little do what a knight cannot suffer. For whatever you said to me, I took no heed of your words. The more you said, the more you angered me, and my wrath I wreaked upon those I had a quarrel with all. And therefore all the mocking that you mocked me with, furthered me in my battle and caused me to think to show and prove myself at the end what I was. For I might have met you in King Arthur's kitchen. Yet I must have met you in other places. But all that I did, I did to prove and test myself..friends and that shall be known another day, and whether I am a gentleman or not, I let you know, fair damsel, I have served you as a gentleman's servant, and perhaps I will serve you better, servant yet I will do or I depart from you. Alas, she said, fair Beaumains, forgive me all that I have said or done against thee, with all my heart, said he, I forgive it to you, for you did nothing but as you should do, for all your evil words pleased me, and damsel said, Beaumains, since it pleases you to speak so kindly to me, know this, it greatly delights my heart, and now it seems to me that there is no knight living whom I am not able to serve.\n\nWith this, Sir Persant of India had seen them as they halted in the field, and knightly he sent to them whether he came in war or in peace, tell your lord, said Beaumains, I take no force, but whether as he pleases himself. So the messenger went back to Persant, and told him all his answer. Then will I have business with him to the utmost, and so he..pursued him and rode against him. Beaumains saw him and made him ready. And there they met with all that their horses could run, and shattered their spears either in three pieces. And their horses reared up so that both their horses fell dead to the earth. They lightly avoided their horses and put their shields before them. And drew their swords. And gave many great strokes, sometimes causing them to collide and fall heavily on the ground. They fought for two hours and more, and their shields and hauberks were all wounded. So at last Sir Beaumains struck him through the body. And then he retreated here and there and maintained his battle for a long time. And at last, though he loathed it, Sir Beaumains struck Sir Persant above upon the helmet, causing him to fall heavily to the earth. And then he leapt upon him sideways and unlaced his helmet to have him slain. Then Sir Persant yielded him and asked for mercy. With that came the damsel and begged to save..this is a noble knight I will welcome, for it would be a pity if this noble knight should die. Persistent gentleman knight and damsel, I am certain it was you who slew my brother, the black knight, at the black thorn. He was a very noble knight; his name was Sir Percival. I am also certain that you are he who want my other brother, the Green Knight, whose name was Sir Gawain. And you want my brother, the Red Knight, Sir Palamon. Now that you have won these, this is what I will do to please you: you shall have my homage and fealty, and a company of C knights to be always at your commandment, to go and ride where you will command us. They went to Sir Persant's pavilion and drank the wine and ate spices. Afterward, Sir Persant made him rest upon a bed until supper time, and after supper he went to bed again. When Beaumains was in bed, Sir Persant called for a fair daughter of sixteen years old and charged and commanded her, on his blessing, to go to him..knight lies down by his side and makes no strange face, but good face, and takes him in your arms and kisses him, and see that this is done, I charge you as you will have my love and good will. So Sir Persant's daughter did as her father bade her, and went to Sir Beaumains' bed, and privately she disrobed her and laid her down by him. Then he awoke and saw her and asked her what she was. \"Sir,\" she said, \"I am Sir Persant's daughter, come here by my father's command.\" \"Are you a maid or a wife?\" he asked. \"Sir,\" she said, \"I am a chaste maiden.\" God defend you, he said, \"from defiling me in such a way.\" Fair damsel arise out of this bed or I will,\" Sir she said, \"I came not to you of my own will but as I was commanded.\" \"Alas,\" said Sir Beaumains, \"I would do your father a shameful disservice.\" And so he kissed her and she departed and went to Sir Persant her father and told him all that had happened. Truly..Sir Persant spoke, \"Whatever he may be, he comes from a noble lineage. We will leave him there until morning. And so, on the morning, the damsel heard mass and broke her fast, and took her leave. Fair damsel, said Persant, are you leading this knight? Sir, she replied, this knight is going to the siege, which besieges my sister in the castle Dangerous. Persant said, That is the knight of the Reed Land, the most perilous knight I know, living without mercy, and men say he has the strength of seven men. God save you from that knight, said he to Beaumains, for he does great wrong to that lady. That is a great pity, for she is one of the fairest ladies in the world. And it seems to me that your damsel is her sister. Is your name Linet, said he? Yes, sir, replied she. And my lady, my sister's name is Damsel Lyonesse. Now I will tell you, said Sir Persaunt, the knight of the Reed Land has lain long at the siege, nearly here..Sir Persaunt of India spoke to Lady Lynet, \"I request that you make this gentleman a knight before he fights with the Red Knight, Sir Launcelot of the Lake, Sir Tristram of Lyonesse, or Sir Lamerak of Galis. I will do so with all my heart. Said Sir Beaumains, \"I thank you for your goodwill. I am already a knight, for Sir Launcelot made me one. Sir Persaunt replied, \"Could not a more renowned knight make you a knight? For among all knights, he is chief. And so the world says that between Launcelot of the Lake, Sir Tristram of Lyonesse, and Sir Lamerak of Galis, these three bear the renown.\" There are many others..knights, among them Sir Palamydes the Sarasin and Sir Sasere his brother, Sir Bleoberis and Sir Blamore de Ganys his brother, Sir Bors de Ganys and Sir Ector de Maris, Sir Percivalle de Galis, and many more noble knights. But there are none who surpass the three mentioned. \"God speed you well, Sir Persant,\" said Sir Beaumains. \"For if you can match the knight, you shall be called the fourth in the world. Sir Beaumains wishes to be of good repute and of knighthood. I assure you I come from good men. My father was a nobleman, and if you will keep this damsel and this matter in secret, I will tell you of what kin I am. We will not reveal ourselves until you command us by the faith we owe to God. \"Truly then said he,\" my name is Gareth of Orkeney. King Lot was my father, and my mother is Queen Morgan le Fay. Sir Gawain is my brother, and Sir Agravain and Sir Gaheris. I am the youngest of them all. \".Arthur or Sir Gawain, I am telling you this story. The lady who was besieged received word from her sisters, brought by a dwarf and a knight, about how he had passed through all the perilous passages. \"What kind of man is he?\" asked the lady. \"He is a noble knight, truly, madam,\" replied the dwarf. \"But he is still young,\" the lady inquired. \"What did the damsel say? And what is his lineage? And how was he knighted?\" \"Madam, he is the king's son of Orkney,\" the dwerf answered, \"but I will not tell you his name at this time. But know this: Sir Lancelot knighted him, for none other would do so. Sir Kay named him Beaumains. How did the lady escape from Persant's brothers?\"\n\n\"She replied, 'As a noble knight should,'\" the story continues. \"First, he slew two brothers at a passage by the water. 'They were good knights,' she said, 'but they were murderers.' One was named Gherard de Bretagne, and the other, Sir Arnolde le Bretagne.\".Then she recalled the encounter with the black knight and slew him in open battle. He took his horse and armor and fought with the green knight, defeating him in open battle as well. In the same way, he served the red knight and defeated him. Then she said, \"Sir, you have overcome Sir Persuad of India, one of the noblest knights in the world. You have defeated and slain the black knight. Before overthrowing Sir Kay, you did this as well. You also had a great battle with Sir Lancelot, and they parted on even terms. Then Sir Lancelot made you a knight. I am glad of these tidings. Go, therefore, to live in an hermitage of my land, and there you shall bear my wine in two flagons of silver. They are of two gallons. And also take two loaves of bread with roast venison and fine birds, and a cup of gold. I hereby deliver it to you..is this rich and precious, give it to my hermit/ and put it in his hands / Then go thou unto my sister and greet her well / and command me to that gentle knight / and pray him to eat and drink and make him strong / and tell him I thank him for his courtesy and goodness, that he would take upon himself such labor for me, who never showed him kindness or courtesy /\nAlso pray him to be of good heart and courage / for he will meet a truly noble knight / but he is neither kind / courteous / nor gentle / for he attends to nothing but murder / and that is why I cannot praise him or love him / So this dwarf departed / and came to Sir Persant where he found the damsel Lynet and Sir Beaumains / and there he told them all as you have heard / and then they took their leave / but Sir Persant took an ambulating hound and conveyed them on their way / And then left them to God / and within a little while they came to that hermitage / and there they.\"drink the wine and eat the venison and the fowls baked, and when they had feasted well, the dwarf returned again with his vessel to the castle again, and there met him the red knight of the Reed Lands, and asked him whence he came and where he had been. Sir Sid, the dwarf, I have been with my lady's sister in this castle, and she has been at King Arthur's court, and brought a knight with her. Then I account her journey but lost. For though she had brought with her Sir Lancelot, Sir Tristram, Sir Lamorack, or Sir Gawain, I would think myself good enough for them all. It may well be said the dwarf, but this knight has passed all the perilous passages and slain the Black Knight and two others, and won the Green Knight, the Red Knight, and the Blessed One. But he is a king's son; what is his name said the Red Knight of the Reed Lands? That will I not tell you, fey the dwarf, but Sir Cador, named by scorn, called him Beaumains. I care not.\".The knight spoke. \"Whichever knight he may be, I shall soon deliver him. And if I ever encounter him, he shall have a shameful death, as have many others. The dwarf spoke. 'And it is a marvel that you make such shameful war upon noble knights.'\n\nThe dwarf and Beaumains spent the night in the hermitage. The next morning, they and the damsel Linet attended mass and broke their fast. They then mounted their horses and rode through a fine forest. They came upon a plain and saw many pavilions and tents, and a fair castle. There was much smoke and great noise. When they approached the siege, Sir Beaumains saw on the ramparts, as he rode, that there were well-armed knights with their swords at their necks and their shields around their necks. They wore gilt spurs on their heels. And there, near the forty knights, shamefully armed with rich weapons, Sir Beaumains lowered his countenance and said,.The damsel spoke, \"Do not let your spirits flag, for you must rally or be lost. These knights came here to rescue my sister, Dame Lioness. And when the red knight of the red land had overcome them, he put them to a shameful death without mercy or pity. He will treat you the same way, but if you yield now, said Beaumains. Jesus protect me from such a vile death and disgrace of arms, for I would rather be killed manfully in open battle than endure this. The damsel replied, \"Trust him not, for there is no courtesy but all go to death or shameful murder. And that is a pity, for he is a likely, well-made man, a noble knight of great prowess and a lord of vast lands and possessions. Truly, Beaumains, he may be a good knight, but he practices shameful customs, and it is marvelous that he endures so.\".long before any of my lord Arthur's noble knights had dealt with him, they rode to the dykes and saw them doubly fortified with warlike walls. Many great lords were lodged near the walls, and there was great noise of minstrels. The sea beat upon one side of the walls where there were many ships and sailors' noise with hail and how. Also, there was a sycamore tree by the side, and hanging on it was the largest horn they had ever seen from an olive tree. This knight of the reed land had hung it up there, and if any arrogant knight came, he must blow the horn, and then prepare himself and come to do battle. But, sir, the damsel Lynet, do not blow the horn until it is high noon, for now it is about prime, and its might has increased; they say it has the strength of seven men. Fair damsel, do not say such things to me again, for if he were as good a knight as ever was, I shall never fail him..this knight, desiring to win worship or die knightly in the field, spurred his horse straight to the Sycamore tree and blew his horn eagerly. All the siege and castle around it responded. Then knights leapt out of their tents and pavilions, and those within the castle looked over the walls and out of windows. The red knight of the red lances armed himself hastily, and two barons mounted on his shoulders on his heels. His armor, shield, and spear were all red. An earl donned his helmet on his head, and they brought him a red banner and a red steed. He rode into a small valley beneath the castle, where all within the castle and the siege could behold the battle.\n\nThe damsel Lynet said to Sir Beaumains, \"Be glad and light, for there is your deadly enemy, and at that window is my lady, my sister, Dame Lioness.\"\n\n\"There,\" said Beaumains, pointing with his hand..Her fingers, Beaumains said, touch the fairest lady I have ever beheld. Truly, he declared, I ask for no better quarrel than this to do battle, for she shall be my lady, and for her I will fight. And every time he looked up to the window, the lady Lioness made a courtesy to him, bowing and holding up both her hands. With that, the red knight of the red lands called out to Sir Beaumains, \"Sir knight, leave your looking; for I warn you well, she is my lady, and for her I have done many strong battles. If you have done so, said Beaumains, it seems to me a waste of labor, for she loves none of your company, and you to love one who does not, is great folly. If I understood that she was not glad of my coming, I would be dissuaded or I would not do battle for her. But I understand by the sign of this castle that she may endure your company. Therefore, be well warned..knight of the Reed Lands / I love her / and will rescue her or else to die / Saith thou that the Reed Knight said / To me it seems / thou oughtest to beware of the knights that thou sawest hanging on the trees / Fie for shame said Beautymains that ever thou shouldst say or do so evil / for in that thou shames thyself and knighthood / and thou mayest be sure there will no lady love thee if she knows thy wicked customs\n\nAnd now thou thinkest that the sight of these hanging knights should frighten me / Nay truly not so / that shameful sight causes me to have courage and hardiness against the more than I would have against the / and thou were a well-ruled knight / make ready, said the Reed Knight of the Reed Lands / and take no longer with me /\n\nThen Sir Beautymains bade the damsel depart from him / and they put their spears in their rests and came to grips with all their might\n\neach striking the other in the midst of their shields that the pikemen, surmising..And the knights fell to the earth, both, and the reins of their horses in their hands. They lay there for a great while, stunned, and all that were in the castle and in the siege thought their necks had been broken. And then many a stranger and other one said the strange knight was a big man and a noble jester. For now we had seen no knight to match the red knight of the red lands. Thus they said, both within the castle and without, then they lightly avoided their horses and put their shields before them, and drew their swords and ran to each other like two fiery lions. Each gave the other such blows upon their helmets that they recoiled both, two struggles. And then they recovered both and hewed great pieces of their armor and their shields. And thus they fought until it was past none, and never would stop until at last they lacked wind both. And then they stood waging and scattering, pointing, blowing..and they bled profusely, causing most onlookers to weep from pity. After resting for a while, they went back to battle, charging and engaging in fierce combat like two boars. At times, they collided with such force that they fell to the ground. At other times, they became so disoriented that one took another's sword in place of his own. They endured this until evening, leaving it uncertain which side would win the battle. Their armor was so badly damaged that their naked sides were visible, and in some places they were completely naked. Yet they defended their naked areas. The red knight was a cunning warrior, and his crafty fighting taught Sir Beaumains wisdom. But the red knight gave him a hard-fought battle or he would have seen his moves. By mutual agreement, they granted each other a rest and sat down upon two mounded hills beside the fighting place..Either of them unlaced his helmet and took the cold wind, for either of their pages were fast by them, called to unlace their armor and to set them on again at their commandment. And then, when Sir Beaumains' helmet was off, he looked up to the window. There he saw the fair lady Dame Lioness, and she made him such countenance that his heart grew light and joyful. And therewith he bade the red knight of the red lands make ready, and let us do battle to the utterance. I will well say the knight, and then they laced up their helmets, and their pages withdrew. They stepped to the girders and fought fiercely, but the red knight of the red lands retreated, and at an oblique stroke struck him within the hand, causing his sword to fall out. And yet he gave him another buffet upon the helmet, causing him to fall groveling to the earth. The red knight fell over him to hold him down. Then the maiden Lynet cried out, \"Sir Beaumains, where are you?\".courage becomes mine lady, my sister, as she beholds thee and weeps and wails, that makes her heart heavy. When Sir Beaumains hears her say so, he draws up his great might and approaches his feet. He lightly leaps to his sword and grips it in his hand, and doubles his pace towards the red knight, and there they engage in a new battle. But Sir Beaumains then doubles his strokes, and strikes so thick that he knocks the sword out of his hand. And then he strikes him upon the helmet, causing him to fall to the earth. Sir Beaumains falls upon him and unlaces his helmet to slay him. And then he yields to him and asks mercy. And he says with a low voice, \"O noble knight, I yield to your mercy.\" Then Sir Beaumains remembers the knights he had shamefully caused to be hanged. And he says, \"I cannot, with my worship, save your life. For the shameful deaths you have caused, many good knights to die.\" Says the red knight of the red lands..hold your hand and you shall know the reasons why I put them to such shameful deaths / say, Sir Beaumains, / Sir, I once loved a lady, a fair damsel, / and she had her brother slain, / and she claimed it was Sir Lancelot du Lac or Sir Gawain, / and she praised me as one who loved her truly, that I would make her a promise by the faith of my knighthood to labor daily in arms until I met one of them, / and all that I might overcome I would put to a villainous death, / and this is the cause that I have put all these knights to death, / and so I assured her that I would do all the villainy to King Arthur's knights, / and that I would take vengeance upon all these knights, / and now I will tell you that every day my strength increases until none, / and all this time I have had seven men's strength.\n\nThen came there many earls and barons and noble knights and begged that knight to save his life and take him as a prisoner. / And all they fell upon their knees and prayed him for mercy..And he would save his life, and they all said it was fairer of him to take an oath and fealty, and let him hold his lands from you than to kill him, for by his death you shall have no advantage, and his misdeeds that have been done cannot be undone. Therefore, he shall make amends to all parties, and we all will become your men and do you fealty. Fair lords, said Beaumains, you well know I am loath to kill this knight nevertheless, he has done most ill and shamefully, but inasmuch as all that he did was at a lady's request, I blame him less. And so, for your sake, I will release him, that he shall have his life upon this covenant, that he goes within the castle, and yields himself to the lady. And if she will forgive and quit him, I will well, with this he makes her amends for all the trespasses he has done against her and her lands.\n\nAdditionally, when that is done, you go to the court of King Arthur, and there ask Sir Lancelot and Sir Gawain for mercy..The knight of the Reed Lands spoke to Sir Belemains, saying, \"I will do as you command, and you shall have sure assurance and borrowed funds. Once the assurance is made, I will make my homage and fealty, and all the earls and barons will do the same. Then, the Maiden Lynet came to Sir Belemains and disarmed him, tending to his wounds and stopping the bleeding. She did the same for the Red Knight of the Reed Lands, and they spent ten days in their tents. The Red Knight of the Reed Lands ordered his lords and servants to do all the pleasing they could for Sir Belemains. In time, the Red Knight of the Reed Lands went to the castle and put himself under her grace. She received him on sufficient surety, and all her hurts were restored as much as she could complain. Then, he departed to the Court of King Arthur, and there the Red Knight of the Reed Lands placed himself in the mercy of Sir Launcelot..Sir Gawain told openly how he was overcome and by whom. He also related all the battles from the beginning to the end. Ihesu mercy, King Arthur and Sir Gawain were greatly surprised by what lineage he came from, for he was a noble knight. Have no wonder, Sir Launcelot replied, for you will right well know that he comes from a full noble lineage. And as for his might and bravery, there are few living now who are as mighty and noble in prowess as he. It seems, King Arthur, that you know his name and when and what lineage he comes from. I suppose I do, Sir Launcelot replied, or I would not have given him the order of knighthood. But he gave me such a charge at that time that I should never reveal him unless he required me or it was known openly by someone else.\n\nNow let us turn to Sir Beaumains, who desired to see Lynet so that he might see his lady. \"I would be pleased, sir,\" she said, \"if you saw her.\" Then Sir Beaumains armed himself and took his leave..Sir Hugh rode straight to the castle, and when he reached the gate, he found many armed men who drew up the drawbridge and closed the portal. He marveled why they would not let him enter, then looked up to the window where he saw the fair Lady Lioness who said, \"Sir Beaumains, go away; you shall not yet have my love until you are called one of the worthy knights. Spend the next twelve months in labor, and then you will hear new tidings.\"\n\nFair lady, said Sir Beaumains, \"I have not deserved this strangeness from you. I had thought to have right good cheer with you, and to my power, I have deserved thanks. And truly, I have bought your love with part of the best blood within my body.\"\n\nFair courteous knight, said Dame Lioness, \"be not displeased nor hasty, for well you know, your great trial nor good love shall not be lost.\".your great travail and labor / your bounty and goodness, as I ought to do / And therefore go on your way / and look that you be of good comfort, for all shall be for your worship / and for the best / and perchance a twelve-month will soon be done / and trust me, fair knight, I shall be true to you and never betray you / but to my death I shall love you / and none other / And therewith all turned from the window / and Sir Beaumains rode away from the castle, making great dole / and so he rode here and there, and knew not where he rode until it was dark night / And then it happened to him to come to a poor man's house, and there he was entertained all that night / But Sir Beaumains had no rest but wallowed and writhed for the love of the lady of the castle / And so upon the morrow he took his horse and rode until underneath / and then he came to a broad water / and there was a great lodge / and there he alighted to sleep and laid his head upon the shield / and bequeathed his horse to the dwarf..and commanded him to watch all night / Now we return to the lady of the same castle / who thought much about Beaumains / and then she called unto her Sir Gryngamore, her brother / and prayed him in every manner as he loved her dearly that he would ride after Sir Beaumains / and ever have you way upon him till you may find him sleeping / for I am sure in his heavens he will alight down / in some place / and lie him down to sleep / And therefore have you your way upon him / and in the quietest manner you can take his dwarf / and go you your way with him as fast as ever you may / or Sir Beaumains awakes / For my sister Lynet tells me that he can tell of what kindred he is come / and what is his right name / And meanwhile I and my sister will ride to your castle to await when you bring with you the dwarf / And then when you have brought him into your Castle / I will have him in examination myself / until I know what is his right name / and of what kindred he is come / shall I.Sir Gryngamore said, \"Sister, all this shall be done according to your intention.\" And so he rode one day and night until he found Sir Beaumains lying by a water, with his head on his shield for sleep. And when he saw Sir Beaumains fast asleep, he crept quietly behind the dwarf and seized him under his arm. Then he rode away with him as fast as he could to his own castle. Sir Gryngamore's arms were all black, which pleased him. But as he rode with the dwarf toward his castle, he cried out to his lord for help. Sir Beaumains awoke and leapt lightly up, seeing where Sir Gryngamor rode away with the dwarf. Then Sir Beaumains put on his helmet, buckled his shield, took his horse, and rode after him through marshes and fields and great dales, many times..He plunged his horse over the head in deep mires, for he didn't know the way, but took the easiest path through the woods, which many times nearly cost him his life. At last, he happened upon a fair green way, and there he met a poor man of the countryside whom he greeted and asked,\n\n\"Have you not encountered a knight on a black horse and all black armor, a little dwarf sitting behind him with heavy countenance?\" The poor man replied, \"Sir Gryngamor, the knight with such a dwarf, is the one you describe. I advise you not to follow him, for he is one of the poorest knights in the world, and his castle is nearby, only two miles from here. Therefore, we advise you not to ride after Sir Gryngamor unless you wish to do so.\"\n\nSo we leave Sir Beaumains riding toward the castle and let us speak of Sir Gryngamor and the dwarf. As soon as the dwarf arrived at the castle, Dame Lioness and Dame Lynet her sister asked the dwarf where his master was born and of what lineage he was..And she said, \"Lady Lioness told me that you shall never escape this castle, but must always be its prisoner. As for that, the dwarf is not greatly concerned to tell his name and lineage. He is the son of a king, and his mother is the sister of King Arthur. He is the brother of the good knight Sir Gawain, and his name is Sir Gareth of Orkney. I have now told you his true name. I pray, fair lady, let me go to my lord Againe, for he will never leave this country without me, and if he is angry, he will do much harm or that he be stopped, and wreak vengeance in this country. Truly, Madame Lynet said, \"Well may he be a king's son, for he has many good qualities. He is courteous and mild, and the most.\".A suffering man I have ever met, I dare say, was never a more rude man than I have reprimanded. And as they sat talking, Sir Gareth entered through the gate with an angry countenance and his sword drawn. He cried out, \"Traitor, sir! By the faith I owe to the order of knighthood, I shall do you all the harm I can!\" Then Sir Gryngamor looked out of a window and said, \"Sir Gareth of Orkney, leave your boasting words. You will not get his dwarf back. Coward knight, bring him here and do battle with me. I will do so if I wish, but for all your great words, you will not get him.\" A fair brother, said Dame Lioness, \"I wish he had his dwarf back. I would not be angry with him now.\".told me: \"I keep no more of the dwarf, and my brother has done much for me, delivering me from the red knight of the red lands. Therefore, brother, I owe him my service above all knights living. I love him before all others, and I would gladly speak with him. But I would not have him know who I am, only that I am another strange lady. Well said, Sir Gawain, since I now know your will, I will obey him now and right away went down with him to Sir Gareth. I cry you mercy, and all that I have done wrong I will amend at your will. Shall I keep my dwarf, Sir Gareth? Yes, and all the pleasure that I can make you in this castle.\" Once my dwarf told me who you are and of what noble deeds you have done in these marches, I repent of my actions. Then, Sir Gareth..And his dwarf came and took his horse. \"O my fellow,\" said Sir Gareth, \"I have had many adventures for your sake. And so Sir Gareth was taken by the hand by Sir Gawain and led into the hall where his own wife was. Then Dame Lioness appeared, dressed like a princess, and she made him pass the time pleasantly and she did the same for him. They had delightful conversation and lovingly exchanged looks. Sir Gareth thought many times that the lady of the castle Perilous was as fair as she was. There were all manner of games and plays for dancing and singing. The more Sir Gareth beheld that lady, the more he loved her. And he burned in love so much that he was beyond himself in reason. And toward night they went to supper. Sir Gareth could not eat because of his love, which was so hot, and he did not know where he was. All the looks were observed by Sir Gawain. And after supper, he called Dame Lioness into a chamber and said, \"Fair sister, I have well observed.\".your counsel between you and this knight, and I will assure you he is a full noble knight, and if you can make him stay here, I will do him all the pleasure I can. For you were better than you are, you were well advised about him. Fair sister, said Dame Lioness, I understand well that the knight is good, and he comes from a noble house. Notwithstanding, I will try him better. Despite this, Sir Gawain went to Sir Gareth and said, \"Sir, make good cheer, for you shall have no other cause. For well you know, this lady my sister is yours at all times, her worship saved. For know well she loves you as well as you love her, and if better may be.\" And I knew that Sir Gawain said, Sir Gareth, there lived not a happier man than I would be, Upon my worship said Sir Gawain, trust in my promise. And as long as it pleases you, you shall sojourn with me, and this lady shall be with us daily and continually..nightly I make it my duty to please you all I can, Sir Gareth, I will gladly say, for I have promised to be near this country for the next twelve months. And I am certain that King Arthur and other noble knights will find me where I am within this twelve months, for I shall be sought and found if I am alive. Then the noble knight, Sir Gareth, went to Lady Liones, whom he greatly loved, and kissed her many times. And she promised him her love certainly, to love him and no other for the rest of her life. Then this lady, Lady Liones, with her brother's consent, revealed to Sir Gareth the truth: that she was the same lady for whom he had fought the battle; and that she was the lady of Castle Perilous. Therefore, to know the truth, she asked Sir Gareth, \"What is your name, and what is your lineage?\" Then she summoned Lynet the damsel, who had ridden with him in many ways, and Sir Gareth was even happier..And then they swore to each other to love, and never to fail while their life lasts. And so they burned with love that they were agreed to abate their desires secretly. Dame Lioness advised Sir Gareth to sleep in no other place but in the hall. And there she promised him to come to his bed a little before midnight. This counsel was not kept very privately, for they were both young and inexperienced in such crafts. Therefore, Damsel Lynet was a little displeased, and she thought her sister Dame Lioness was a little hasty, not being able to wait for the time of her marriage. And for saving their reputation, she thought to abate their hot desires.\n\nAnd so she let arrange by her subtle crafts that they had not their intentions with others until they were married. And it went on in this way. After supper was made a clean separation, every lord and lady.Sir Gareth replied that he would not go any further than the hall. He explained that such places were convenient for a knight to rest. Great couches were ordered, and there they began to kiss. Then he looked before him and saw an armed knight approaching with many lights around him. This knight carried a long lance in his hand and made a grim face as if to strike him.\n\nWhen Sir Gareth saw him approaching in this manner, he leapt out of bed, grabbed his sword, and charged straight toward the knight. The knight saw Sir Gareth coming fiercely and struck him with a blow that was a shaft-width broad and had cut through two veins and arteries. Sir Gareth struck him on the helmet with such force that he fell groaning..over him and unlaced his helmet, striking off his head from his body. He bled so fast that he could not stand, but he laid himself down upon his bed and swooned, appearing as if he were dead. Then Dame Lioness cried out loudly, and Sir Gringamore heard her brother. He came down and, upon seeing Sir wounded, was greatly displeased and said, \"I am ashamed that this noble knight is thus honored. Sir said, \"Sir Gringamore, how can this be that you are here, and this noble knight is wounded? Brother, she replied, I cannot tell you. For it was not done by me nor with my consent. For he is my lord and I am his, and therefore my brother, I will that you know I am not shamed to be with him nor to do him all the pleasure that I can.\" Sister said, Sir Gringamore, and I will that you and Sir Gareth know it was never done by me nor with my consent that this unfortunate deed was done. And they stopped his bleeding as well as they could, and great sorrow was made for Sir..Gryngamor and Dame Lioness, and with them Dame Lynet took up the head in sight of all, anointing it with an ointment as it had been struck off, and in the same way she did to the other side where the head touched. Then she set it to gyps, and it stuck as firmly as ever it had. The knight arose lightly, and Damsel Lynet put him in her chamber. All this saw Sir Gryngamor and Dame Lioness, and so did Sir Gareth. And well he recognized that it was Damsel Lynet who rode with him through the perilous passages. \"A fine damsel, Lady Lynet,\" said Sir Gareth. \"I thought you would not have acted as you did.\" \"Lord Gareth,\" said Lynet, \"I will acknowledge all that I have done, and all that I have done shall be for your honor and worship, and to us all.\" Within a while, Sir Gareth was near recovery, and he grew light and joyful, and sang, danced, and played, and he and Damsel Lynet were so hot in burning love that they made their vow at the tenth night after..that she should come to his bed / And because he was wounded before, he laid his armor and sword near his bedside\nRight as she promised, she came / and she was not soon in his bed / but she saw an armed knight coming toward the bed / therewith all she warned Sir Gareth / and lightly through the good help of Dame Lioness, he was armed / and they clashed to swords with great anger and might all about the hall / and there was great light, as if twenty torches were burning both before and behind / so that Sir Gareth wounded him / so that his old wound burst open and bled / but he was hot and courageous and took no heed / but with his great strength he struck down that knight / and severed his head / Then he cut the head into a hundred pieces / And when he had done so, he took up all those pieces and threw them out the window into the moat of the castle / and by this deed, he was so faint that he could scarcely stand for the bleeding..then he was almost unhorsed, he fell into a deadly swoon among the herd. And when he came to and found Sir Gareth in that plight, he made great sorrow and awakened him. He gave him a drink that relieved him wonderfully well. But the sorrow that Dame Lyones made there may no tongue tell, for she was so distraught with herself that she would have died. Right away, Lady Lynet appeared before them all. She had gathered all the pieces of the head that Sir Gareth had thrown out at a window, and there she anointed them as she had done before. \"Sir Gareth,\" she said, \"I have not deserved all this contempt that you do to me. I have done nothing but I will acknowledge it. And all that I have done shall be to your service and to ours all.\" Then Sir Gareth was stopped from bleeding. But the one who had caused no man's life to exist should not be believed through his wounds, unless he was the one who had struck him by enchantment..We found Sir Gareth with Sir Gryngamore and his sisters, and then we went to King Arthur, who was holding his feast next at Pentecost. And there came the Green Knight with fifty knights, and they all yielded to King Arthur. Then the Red Knight, his brother, came and yielded to King Arthur, along with three other knights, and they also yielded to King Arthur. The Green Knight's name was Percival, the Red Knight's name was Peredur, and the Blue Knight's name was Sir Persant of India. These three brothers told King Arthur how they had been overcome by a knight whom a damsel had with her, and they called him Beaumains. \"I wonder what knight that is,\" said the king. \"And what lineage does he come from?\" Ides (or Jesus) replied, \"He was with me for twelve months, poor and shamefully, and Sir Kay, in scorn, named him Beaumains.\"\n\nAs King Arthur stood there speaking with these three brothers, Sir Launcelot du Lake came and told the king that a noble lord had come with six others..Knighted fought with him then the king went out of Carlion, for there was the feast, and there came to him this lord. The king, in a goodly manner, asked, \"What will you say, King Arthur, and what is your errand?\" The knight replied, \"My name is the red knight of the red lands, but my name is Sir Ironside. Sir, you well know, I am sent to you by a knight called Beaumains. He challenges me to a plain battle hand to hand. And so it has been no knight but he who has ever had the better of me these thirty winters. The one who commanded me to yield myself to you at your will. You are welcome, said the king, for you have been a great foe to me and my Court for a long time. And now I trust that I shall treat you so that you will be my friend. Sir, both I and these five hundred knights shall always be at your summons to do you service as may lie in our powers. I, King Arthur, am much obliged to that knight who has put himself in such devotion to worship me and my Court.\".To the knight called IronSyde of the Reed Lands, you are called a perilous knight. And if you will hold by me, I shall worship the round table, but then you must be no more a murderer. Sir, I have promised Sir Beaumains never more to use such customs. For all the shameful customs I used, I did at the request of a lady I loved. Therefore, I must go to Sir Lancelot and to Sir Gawaine and ask them for forgiveness for the evil will I had towards them. For all that I put to death was only for the love of Sir Lancelot and Sir Gawaine. They are here now, said the king before them. Now may you say to them what you will. Then he knelt down before Sir Lancelot and Sir Gawaine and prayed them for forgiveness of his enmity towards them.\n\nGentlemen, they said at once, God forgive you and we do. Pray tell us where we may find Sir Beaumains.\n\nFair lords, said Sir IronSyde, I cannot tell..you are told, King Arthur knows this, I will do you honor for Sir Beaumains' love. As soon as I meet him, I will make you all knights of the round table on one day. Sir Persant, a very noble knight, and your three brothers have always been called so. But I marvel, King Arthur, that I do not hear of your black knight brother. He was a very noble knight, Sir Percival the Green Knight said. Sir Beaumains slew him in a retreat with his spear. His name was Sir Percival, great pity the king and many knights said. For these four brothers were well known in King Arthur's court as noble knights. They had waged war against the knights of the round table for a long time. Then Sir Percival the Green Knight told the king at a passage of the water of Moray, Sir Beaumains with two brothers attacked him, striking him on the head with such a blow that he fell down in the water..Sir Garard le Brewse was drowned, and his name was Sir Garard le Brewse. After he slew the other brother on the land, his name was Sir Arnold le Brewse. So then the king and they went to eat, and we were served in the best manner. And as they sat at the table, there came in the queen of Orkney with ladies and knights in great numbers. Then Sir Gawain, Sir Aggravain, and Gaheris rose and went to her, and asked her blessing. For in fifteen years they had not seen her. Then she spoke aloud to her brother, King Arthur, \"Where have you done my young son, Sir Gareth? He was here among you for twelve months, and you made a kitchen knave of him. That is shameful to you all. Alas, where have you done my dear son, who was my joy and bliss? Said Sir Gawain, \"I did not know him. Nor did the king say, 'I,' who now repents it, but thanked God he is proven a worthy knight, as any living now. I shall never be glad until I may find him.\" A brother said:.The queen to King Arthur and Sir Gawain and all her sons, you did great shame when among you, you kept my son in the kitchen and fed him like a poor hog. Fair sister, said King Arthur, you shall rightly know, I didn't know him, nor did Sir Gawain or his brothers. But since it is said that the king is thus gone from us all, we must find a remedy to find him. Also, sister, it seems to me that you might have told me of his coming, and then I would not have done him wrong. You might have blamed me, for when he came to this court, he asked me for three favors. The first was that I would give him enough food for twelve months. The second was that he might have the opportunity to woo the damsel Lynet. The third was that Sir Lancelot should make him a knight when he desired it. And so I granted him all his desires, and many in this Court marveled that he desired this..The queen of Orkney to King Arthur, her brother: \"He was sustained by us for twelve months. Therefore, many of us thought he was not from a noble house. The queen of Orkney said to King Arthur, 'Know well that I sent him to you rightly armed and horsed and with a worthy retinue, and with gold and silver in abundance to spend. But of this wealth, the king replied, 'perhaps it was taken from us.' Knights told me that a dwarf suddenly appeared and brought him armor and a good horse richly caparisoned. From that time on, we all deemed him to be of noble birth. The queen said, 'all that you say I believe. For ever since he has grown, he has been remarkably witty and always faithful and true to his promises. But I marvel, she said, that Sir Kay mocked him and scorned him, and gave him the name Beaumains. Yet, Sir Kay said the queen named him more rightly than he thought. For I dare say, and he is still alive, he is as fair a manned man and well-equipped as any.\".Sir said Arthur to this language, \"dispose yourself only as living. And by the grace of God, you shall be found, and you are within these seven realms. Let all this pass, and prove yourself to be a man of worship. And that is my joy.\nThen Sir Gawain and his brothers said to Arthur, \"Sir, and you will give us leave, we will go and seek our brother.\"\n\"Nay,\" said Sir Launcelot, \"you shall not need to do so. And so said Sir Baldwin of Brittany. For, by our advice, the king will send a message to Dame Lioness, asking her to come to court as quickly as she can. And do not doubt she will come.\"\nThe king said, \"Then, good letters were made, and the messenger was sent forth that night and day until he reached Sir Gareth. And when she understood this message, she bade him ride on his way to King Arthur, and she would come after in goodly haste.\"\nThen when she came to Sir Gringamor and to Sir Gaheris, she told them all how King Arthur had....Sir Gareth spoke to Lady Lyones, asking what he should say and how he should rule. Lady Lyones and her love, Sir Gareth, replied, \"Please do not reveal where I am, my lady. I know my mother is there, along with all my brothers, who will take care of me. But this lady I would advise you to tell the king when he inquired about me. Then you may say, 'This is your advisor, and he is like your good grace. The knight who proves himself best at the tournament in honor of the Assumption of our Lady shall rule you and all your land.' If he is a married man, his wife should wear a coronet of gold adorned with virtues' stones, worth a thousand pounds, and a white ermine fur.\" Lady Lyones departed and went to King Arthur, where she was nobly received. She was then thoroughly questioned by the king and Queen of Orkney. She answered:.where Sir Gareth could not tell / But thus much she said to Arthur, / my lord, I will let proclaim a tournament that shall be held before my castle at the Assumption of our lady, / and the cry shall be that you, my lord Arthur, shall be there, / and your knights, / and I will ensure that my knights shall be against yours. And then, I am sure you shall hear of Sir Gareth. This is well advised, said King Arthur, / and so she departed. / And the king and she made great provisions for the tournament. / When Dame Lioness came to the isle of Avalon, which was the same isle where her brother Sir Gawain dwelt, / then she told them all how she had done / and what promise she had made to King Arthur. / \"Alas,\" said Sir Gareth, \"I have been so afflicted with misfortunes since I came into this castle that I shall not be able to do at the tournament like a knight. / For I was never thoroughly healed since I was hurt.\" / \"Be of good cheer,\" said Dame Lynet, \"for I undertake as lustily as ever you did.\".she led an ointment and a salve to him, as it pleased her, that he had never been so fresh nor so lusty. Then said damsel Lynet, \"Send you to Sir Persant of India and summon him and his knights to be here with you, as they have promised. Also send to Sir Ironside, the red knight of the red lands, and charge him to be ready with you with his whole sum of knights. Then you shall be able to match with King Arthur and his knights.\" This was done, and all knights were summoned to Castle Perilous. The red knight answered and said to Dame Lioness and to Sir Gareth, \"Lady and my lord, Sir Gareth, you shall understand that I have been at King Arthur's court and Sir Persant of India and his brothers, and there we have done our homage as you commanded us. Also, Sir Ironside said, 'I have taken upon me with Sir Persant of India and his brothers to hold party against my lord Sir Launcelot and the knights of that court.'\".\"done for the love of my lady Dame Lyones and you, Lord Sir Gareth / \"You have done well,\" said Sir Gareth / \"But be aware, you will be severely tested by the most noble knights of the world,\" / so we must seek out good knights where we may find them / That is well said / said Sir Persistent and respectfully\n\nThe cry was made in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall, and in all the outlying islands, and in many countries. At the feast of our lady the Assumption next coming, men should come to Castle Perilous beside the isle of Avalon. And there, all the knights who came should have the choice whether they wished to be on one side with the knights of the castle or on the other side with King Arthur / and his knights of the Round Table. Two months were set for the tournament / and so many good knights came, who were mostly against King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table, joining the side of those from the castle.\".Sir Epyngor, the first-born son of Northumberland, was the king's son, and Sir Palamydes the Sarasin was another, along with Sir Safere, his brother, and Sir Segwarydes, another brother. But they were all crucified. Sir Malegryne was another, and Sir Bryan de l'Isles was a noble knight, and Sir Grummore Gummursum was a good knight from Scotland, and Sir Carados of the Dolorous Tower was a noble knight, and Sir Turquyn was his brother. Sir Arnold and Sir Gauter were two good knights from Cornwall. Sir Trystram de Liones came, and with him Sir Dinadas, the seneschal, and Sir Sadok. But Sir Trystram was not yet a knight of the Round Table at that time, although he was one of the best knights in the world. And so all these noble knights accompanied them, along with the lady of the castle and the Red Knight of the Red Lands. But Sir Gareth would not take on more than other common knights.\n\nThen King Arthur arrived with Sir Gawain Agrauaine, his brother, and his other brother..Sir Vincent of Wales and Sir Aglovale, Sir Tor, Sir Percival of Wales, and Sir Lamorak of Wales came, along with Sir Launcelot of the Lake and his brothers and cousins, Sir Lyonel, Sir Ector of Maris, Sir Bors of Gaunys, and Sir Galahodyn. Sir Galihud and many more of Sir Launcelot's blood and Sir Dinadan, Sir Lancelot du Lake's brother, a good knight, and Sir Sagramore, a good knight, were also present. The majority of the Round Table knights joined, including King Arthur, the King of Ireland, King Agwainne, the King of Scotland, King Carados, King Vryen of the Land of Gor, and King Bagdemagus and his son Sir Melyaganus and Sir Galahault, the noble prince. All these kings, princes, earls, barons, and other noble knights, such as Sir Brandiles, Sir Viane le Sauvage, and Sir Kay, Sir Bedivere, Sir Meliot of Logres, Sir Pertipasse of Winchelsea, Sir Godelake, and many more, came with King Arthur.\n\nNow let us leave these kings..and knights / and let us speak of the great array that was made within the castle and around it for both parties. The lady Dame Lyones ordered a great array for her party for all manner of lodging and victuals that came by land and water, and there was plenty available for her party as well as for the other, except for gold and silver for King Arthur and his knights. And then the heralds from King Arthur came to herald them for lodging him and his kings, dukes, earls, barons, and knights. And then Sir Gareth prayed to Dame Lyones and the red knight of the red lands, and Sir Persant and his brother, and Sir Gryngamor, that none of them should reveal his name and make no more of him than of the least knight who was there. For he said, \"I will not be known by either more or less, neither at the beginning nor at the end.\"\n\nThen Dame Lyones said to Sir Gareth, \"Sir, I will leave you a ring, but I would ask you, as you love me, \".\"Herately let me have it again when the tournament is done. For this ring enhances my beauty greatly, and its virtue is that: it turns to red when it is green, and what is red turns to resembling green; it turns to white when it is blue, and what is white turns to resembling blue; and so it does with all manner of colors. Whoever bears my ring shall lose no blood, and for great love I will give you this ring. 'Thank you, Sir Gareth, my own lady,' said Sir Gareth. 'For this ring suits me perfectly, as it will turn into all manner of likenesses that I am in, and that will cause me not to be recognized.' Then Sir Gawain gave Sir Gareth a fine bay courser, a passing good horse. Also he gave him good armor and a noble sword, which Sir Gawain's father once wielded against a pagan tyrant. And so every knight prepared himself for the tournament. King Arthur came two days before the assumption.\".And there were all manner of royalty of minstrelsy present. Queen Guenevere and the queen of Orkney, Sir Gareth's mother, were among them. On the assumption day, when mass and matins were done, heralds with trumpets were commanded to blow to the field. Sir Epynogrus, the son of Northumberland, came out from the castle and encountered him there. Sir Sagramor le Desirous was the other knight. Each broke his spear and took it in hand. Then Sir Palamides came out of the castle and encountered him, and Gawaine encountered Sir Segwarydes. Sir Palamides struck down Agrauaine, Sir Gawaine's brother, and Sir Segwarydes struck down Sir Gaheris. So Sir Safere struck down Agrauaine, Sir Gawaine's brother, and Sir Segwarydes..Sir Safety and Sir Malgryne, a knight of the Castle, encountered Sir Wayne le Blancmains. At this encounter, Sir Wayne gave Sir Malgryne a fall that almost broke his neck. Then, Sir Bryan de les Iles and Grummore, knights of the Castle, along with Sir Agand and Sir Tor, struck down Sir Gromere Gromorson to the ground. Next, Sir Carados of the Dolorous Tower and Sir Turquine knights of the Castle arrived and encountered Sir Percival and Sir Launcelot, who were two brothers. Sir Percival encountered Sir Carados, and they both drew their spears and struck down each other's horses and both fell to the earth. Each party then disengaged and remounted. Sir Arnold and Sir Gautere, knights of the Castle, encountered Sir Brandyles and Sir Kay. These four knights engaged in a fierce battle and drew their spears. Then Sir Tristram, Sir Saduk, and Sir Dinas arrived with their knights..Sir Tristram encountered Sir Trystram and Sir Bedvere there. At that encounter, Sir Bedvere was struck down, both horse and man. Sir Saduk met Sir Petipas, and Sir Saduk was overthrown. Then, Sir Gawaine and others defeated Sir Dinas the seneschal. Sir Persant of India, a knight of the castle, encountered Sir Lancelot du Lac there and struck him and his horse to the ground. Sir Percival encountered Sir Lyonel, and Sir Percival, the Green Knight, struck down Sir Lyonel's brother before Sir Lancelot. Sir Perymon, the Green Knight and Sir Persant's brother, who was also a knight of the castle, encountered Sir Ector de Maris. They struck each other so hard that both their horses and they fell to the ground. Then, the Red Knight of the Green Land appeared..syr Gareth from the castel / and there encountred with hem syr Bors de ganys and syr Bleoberys / and there the reed knyghte and syr Bors smote other so hard that her speres brast and their horses felle grouelynge to the erthe Thenne syr Blamor brake his spere vpon syr Gareth / but of that stroke syr Blamor felle to the erthe / whan syr Galyhon\u2223dyn sawe that / he had sir gareth kepe hym / & sire gareth smote hym to the erthe / thenne sire Galyhud gate a spere to auenge his broder / & in the same wyse sir gareth serued hym / & sir Dy\u00a6nadan & his broder la cote male tayle / & sir Sagramor desirus & sir Dodynas le saueage / All these he bare doun with one spe\u00a6re / Whan kyng Aguysau\u0304ce of Irland sawe syr Gareth fare so he merueiled what he my\u0292t be y\u2022 one tyme semed grene & another\ntyme at his ageyne comyng he semed blewe / And thus at e\u2223uery cours that he roand fro he chaunged his colour so that ther myghte neyther kynge nor knyghte haue redy cong\u2223uyssaunce of hym / Thenne syr Anguyssaunce the kyng of Ir\u2223land.Sir Gareth encountered Sir Gareth and he struck him from his horse, and then King Caradus of Scotland appeared, and Sir Gareth struck him down, horse and man. In the same way, he served King Vryen of the land of Gore. Then Sir Bawdemagus arrived, and Sir Gareth struck him down, horse and man. And Bawdemagus's brother Melygan broke a spear upon Sir Gareth mightily and knightly. Then Sir Galahaut, the noble prince, cried out, \"Brave knight with the many colors, you have fought well. Now make ready, so that I may fight with you.\" Sir Gareth heard him and took a great spear. They encountered each other, and there the prince broke his spear. But Sir Gareth struck him on the left side of the helmet, causing him to waver here and there. He would have fallen down had not his men recovered him. \"God help me,\" said King Arthur, \"the knight with the many colors is a good knight. Therefore, I call upon him, Sir Lancelot.\".that knight, Sir Launcelot, I can find in my heart to forget him now, for he has endured enough this day. And when a good knight does so well on some day, it is not becoming of a good knight to let him lose his honor. Especially when he sees a knight has done such great labor. For perhaps Sir Launcelot's quarrel is here today, and for certain, he is most beloved with this lady among all who are here. I see it well. He pays him and enforces him to do great deeds. And for this, Sir Launcelot said, \"For me, this day he shall have the honor, though it lay within my power to prevent it. I would not.\"\n\nOnce this was done, there was drawing of swords. Then there began a terrible turning point. Sir Lamerak performed marvelous deeds with his arms. Between Sir Lamerak and Sir Ironside, the red knight of the red laudes, there was a strong battle. Between Sir Palamides and Bleoberis, there was a strong battle. Sir Gawain and Sir Tristram met..And there Sir Gawain had the worse, for he pulled Sir Gawain from his horse. And there he was long on foot and defiled. Then came in Sir Launcelot and struck Sir Turquine and him. And then came Sir Caradus his brother, and both assailed him at once. Sir Launcelot, the most noble knight in the world, fought with them both worshipfully. All men marveled at the nobleness of Sir Launcelot. Then came in Sir Gareth and knew it was Sir Launcelot who fought with the two perilous knights. And then Sir Gareth came with his good horse and separated them, and no stroke would he strike at Sir Launcelot, whom he recognized as the good knight, Sir Gareth. And then Sir Gareth rode there and met with his brother Sir Gawain. And there he put Sir Gawain to the worse, for he took off his helmet, and so he served him five or six blows..knights of the round table who said he caused himself great pain and did his duty best. When Sir Tristram saw him initiate and fight so well with a sword, he rode to Sir Ironside and Sir Persant of India and asked them by their faith, what kind of knight is that yonder knight who appears in so many diverse colors? Truly, it seems to me, Sir Tristram replied, that he puts himself in great pain, for he never ceases. Do you not know, Sir Ironside, what he is called? No, replied Sir Tristram. Then you shall know that this is he who loves the lady of the castle and she him, and this is he who wanted me when I besieged the lady of this castle, and this he who wanted Sir Persant of India and his three brothers. What is his name, said Sir Tristram, and what is his lineage? He was called in King Arthur's court Beaumains, but his true name is Sir Gareth of Orkney, brother to Sir Gawain. Sir Tristram declared him a good knight..a bygge man of armes / & yf he be yong he shalle preite a ful noble knyghte / he is but a child they all saide & of syr Launcelot he was made kny\u0292t / therfor is he mykel the bet\u2223ter said Trystram / And thenne syr Trystram / syr Ironand his broder rode to gyders for to helpe sir ga\u00a6reth / & thenne there were gyuen many strong strokes / And then\u00a6ne syr Gareth rode oute on the one syde to amende his helme / & thenne said his dwerf take me your ryng that ye lese it not whyle that ye drynke / And so whan he had dronken he gat on his helme / & egerly took his hors & rode in to the felde & lefte his rynge with his dwerf / and the dwerf was gladde the ry\u2223ng was from hym / for thenne he wist wel he shold be knowen And thenne whan syr Gareth was in the felde all folkes sa\u2223we hym wel / & playnly that he was in yelowe colours / & the\u2223re he rassyd of helmes & pulled doun kny\u0292tes that kynge Ar\u2223thur had merueylle what kny\u0292t he was / for the kyng sawe by his here that it was the same knyght\nBVt by fore he was in so many.King Arthur addressed various knights and rode around him, inquiring about the type of knight he was, as I have encountered many knights today who are not on his side, and they all claim they do not know him. A knight rode near Gareth as he could, and he saw written around his helmet in gold: \"This helmet is Sir Gareth of Orkney.\" The knight cried out, seemingly mad, and many knights joined him. \"This is Sir Gareth of Orkney, in the yellow arms, whom all kings and knights of Arthur's court have beheld and acknowledged,\" they cried. When Sir Gareth realized he had been discovered, he increased his blows and struck down Sir Sagramore and his brother Sir Gawain. \"Brother,\" Sir Gawain protested, \"I had not intended to strike you.\" Hearing this, Sir Gareth struck him here and there, and with great pain, he managed to escape the crowd..Sir Gareth met with his dwarf. \"O boy, you have deceived me shamefully today, keeping my ring,\" he said. \"Give it back to me at once so I can hide my body completely.\" The dwarf gave it to him, and then no one knew where Sir Gareth had gone. Sir Gawain, in a way, had spotted where Sir Gareth rode, and then he rode after him with all his might. The one who had seen Sir Gareth and rode lightly into the forest was not known to Sir Gawain. And when Sir Gareth knew that Sir Gawain had passed, he asked the dwarf for advice. \"Sir,\" said the dwarf, \"it seems best now that you have escaped from spying that you send my lady, Dame Lioness, her ring back. It is well advised, said Sir Gareth. Now take it and give it to her. And say that I recommend myself to her good grace, and tell her I will come when I may. I pray her to be true and faithful to me as I will be to her.\" \"It shall be done as you command,\" said the dwarf, and he rode his way and completed his errand for the lady..Then she said, \"Where is my knight, Sir Gareth?\" The dwarf replied, \"He bade me tell you he would not be long. And so lightly the dwarf came back to Sir Gareth, who would gladly have given him lodging, for he was in need of rest. And then it began to thunder and rain heavily, as heaven and earth were about to collide. Sir Gareth was not a little worried, for both he and his horse had had but little rest that day. So this Sir Gareth rode for a long time in the forest until night came. It kept lightning and thundering as if it were wood. At last, by chance, he came to a castle, and there he heard footsteps on the walls.\n\nThen Sir Gareth rode up to the castle's gate and prayed the porter fair to let him in to the castle. The porter answered unkindly, \"You shall get no lodging here.\" Fair sir, say not that, for I am a knight of King Arthur's, and pray the lord or lady of this castle to give me lodging for the love of King Arthur.\" Then the porter,.The duchess heard that a knight from King Arthur's court sought lodging. \"Let him in,\" she said. \"I will meet that knight. For King Arthur's sake, he shall not be denied lodging. I'll go up to the tower above the gate with a great torch. When Sir Gareth saw the torch, he cried out, \"Lord or Lady Giant or Champion, I will take no force if I may have lodging this night. And if it is necessary that I must fight, spare me not until morning when I and my horse have rested.\" \"Sir knight, you speak boldly and nobly,\" the lady replied. \"But know this, the lord of this castle hates King Arthur and his court. For this reason, you would be wise not to enter this castle. If you come in tonight, you must come in disguise. Wherever you encounter my lord, either by gate or street, you must surrender to him as a prisoner.\" \"Lady,\" said Sir Gareth, \"what is your name?\".lord and what is his name? / My lord's name is Duke de La Rouse. / \"Madam, I shall promise you in what place I met your lord,\" I said. \"I shall yield myself to him and to his good grace. I understand that he will do me no harm.\" / And if I understand that and can with my spear and sword, / \"Well said, the duchess,\" she replied. / And then she let the drawbridge down / and he rode into the hall / and there were many good dishes / then Sir Gareth was eager to eat / and knightly he ate his meal / and there were many fair ladies by him / and some said they had never seen a more beautiful man or one who ate so well / then they made him pass through the hall with great cheer / and shortly when he had finished his meal, he rested all night / And on the morrow he heard mass and broke his fast and took his leave at the duchess's / and from them all / and thanked her graciously for her lodging and good cheer / and then she asked him his name / \"Madam, I am truly Gareth of Orkney,\" he said / and some men call me....me Bedeparted and rode up into a mountain, and there met him a knight, whose name was Sir Bendigeidubh. He said to Sir Gareth, \"Thou shalt not pass this way, or either thou wilt fight with me or be my prisoner.\" Then Sir Gareth replied, \"I will fight.\" And so they let their horses run, and there Sir Gareth struck him through the body. Sir Bendigeidubh rode forth to his castle there beside, and there he died. Sir Gareth wanted to rest, and he came riding to Bendigeidubh's castle. Then his knights and servants saw that it was he who had slain their lord. They armed twenty good men and came out to assault Sir Gareth. And so he had no recourse but his sword and put his shield before him. And there they attacked him fiercely. But ever Sir Gareth defended himself as a knight.\n\nWhen they saw that they could not overcome him, they rode from him and took counsel to seize his horse. And so they came upon Sir Gareth and:.with spheres they struck his horse, and then they assaulted him fiercely. But when he was on foot, none caught him but he gave such a blow that he never recovered. So he slew them one by one until there were only four left, and they fled. Sir Gareth took a good horse, one of theirs, and rode away. Then he rode a great distance until he came to a castle, and there he heard much noise of ladies and gentlewomen. A page came by him. \"Sir knight,\" said the page, \"what is this within this castle? Thirty ladies and all they are widows.\" For there is a knight who daily lays siege to this castle, and his name is the brown knight without mercy, and he is the cruel knight who now lives. Therefore, sir, said the page, I advise you to flee. \"No,\" said Sir Gareth, \"I will not flee, though you are afraid of him.\" Then the page saw the brown knight approaching. \"Look,\" said the page, \"he comes here.\".Sir Gareth said, \"Let me deal with him,\" said Sir Geraint. When either of them had a sight, they let their horses run, and the brown knight broke his spear and Sir Gareth struck him through the body, overthrowing him to the ground, dead. So Sir Gareth rode into the castle and prayed the ladies that he might rest. \"Alas,\" said the ladies, \"you may not lodge here.\" \"Make him comfortable,\" said the page. For this knight has slain your enemy. Then they made him comfortable as they could in their power. But know well, they made him comfortable because they could do no other, for they were poor. And so on the morrow he went to mass, and there he saw the thirty ladies kneeling, groaning upon diverse tombs, making great dole and sorrow. Fair ladies, said Sir Gareth, \"you must, at the next feast of Pentecost, be at the court of King Arthur. And say that I, Sir Gareth, sent you there.\" They agreed to do so..The knight departed and by fortune came to a mountain, where he encountered a noble knight who asked him to stay and join him. \"Who are you, Sir Gareth?\" the knight asked. \"I am Sir Gareth, the same knight you once lodged in your castle,\" the duke replied. \"Are you the proud knight who challenges my knights to fight?\" the duke asked. \"Prepare yourselves, I will deal with you,\" the duke challenged.\n\nThey let their horses run, and Sir Gareth struck the duke off his horse. But the duke lightly avoided his horse and drew his shield and sword, demanding that Sir Gareth dismount and fight him. Sir Gareth did so, and they engaged in a great battle that lasted more than an hour, each inflicting severe injuries on the other. At last, Sir Gareth knocked the duke to the ground and intended to kill him. The duke then yielded.\n\n\"Then you must go to Lord Arthur at the next feast,\" Sir Gareth instructed..Sir Gareth of Orkney sent you to him, the duke said, and I will do homage and serve you for all the days of my life. So the duke departed. Alone, Sir Gareth stood there. Then he saw an armed knight coming toward him. Sir Gareth took the duke's shield and mounted his horse. Without delay, they clashed. The thunder roared as they lighted their swords and gave great strokes, the blood trailing to the ground. They fought for two hours. At last, Lady Lynet arrived, riding on an ambulance. She cried out, \"Sir Gawain, Sir Gawain, cease your fighting, Sir Gareth!\" Hearing this, he threw away his shield and sword and ran to Sir Gareth, taking him in his arms. Then he knelt down and asked for mercy. \"What are you?\" Sir Gareth asked..that right now were so strong and so mighty / and now so suddenly yield to me, O Gareth. I am your brother, Sir Gawain. For your sake, I have had great sorrow and labor. Then Sir Gareth removed his helmet / and knelt down to him / and asked for mercy. Then they both rose and embraced each other in their arms and wept a great while before they could speak. And each of them gave the other the price of the battle. There were many kind words between them.\n\nAlas, my fair brother, said Sir Gawain, you should have perished, and you were not my brother, for you have worshipped King Arthur and all his court. For you have sent me more worshipful knights in these twelve months than six of the best of the Round Table have done, except for Sir Lancelot.\n\nThen the damsel Savage, who was Lady Lynet riding with Sir Gareth, appeared there and stopped Sir Gareth's wounds. And Sir Gawain asked, what will you do now, said the damsel Savage? It seems to me that it would be well done if Arthur were to decide..had you both for your horses are so bruised that they may not bear / Now fair damsel said to Sir Gawain, / I pray you ride unto my lord, my uncle King Arthur, / and tell him what adventure is to me here, / and I suppose he will not tarry long. / Then she took her reins and lightly she came to King Arthur, / who was but two miles thence. / And when she had told him, ladies came after who would. / And sadly and brightly were the queens' horses and princes' horses prepared. / So when the king came there as they were, he saw Sir Gawain and Sir Gareth sitting on a little hillside. / & then the king dismounted. / And when he came near Sir Gareth, he would have spoken, but he could not. / And therewith he sank down in a swoon for joy, / and so they started towards their uncle. / They required him of his good grace to be of good comfort. / Well you know the king made great joy and many a pitiful complaint he made to Sir Gareth..Every time he wept, as if he were a child. With that came Queen Morgause of Orkney, Lady Morgan le Fay. When she saw Sir Gareth's face, she could not weep but suddenly fell down in a faint, and lay there a long while, as if she were dead. Then Sir Gareth comforted his mother in such a way that she recovered and made good cheer.\n\nThe king commanded that all manner of knights who were under his obedience should make their lodgings there, for the love of his new knights. And so it was done, and all manner of provisions were provided so that there lacked nothing that could be obtained from tame or wild creatures for gold or silver.\n\nBy the means of Dame Savage, Sir Gawain and Sir Gareth were healed of their wounds, and there they stayed for eight days.\n\nThen King Arthur said to Dame Savage, \"I marvel that your sister, Lady Lioness, does not come here to me, and especially that she does not come to visit her knight, my new knight Sir Gareth, who has suffered so much.\".trauaille for her love / My lord said the damsel Lynet you must, of your good grace, hold her excused / For she knows not that sir Gareth is here / Go then for her said king Arthur that we may be appointed what is best to be done according to the pleasure of my new / Sir said the damsel, that shall be done, and so she rode unto her sister / And as lightly as she might make her ready, she came on the morrow with her brother, sir Gryngamor, and with her forty knights / And when she was come, she had all the cheer that could be done, both of the king and of many other kings and queens / And there the king, and many other kings and queen Guinevere and the queen of Orkney, came / And there the king asked his new sir Gareth whether he would have that lady as a paramour or to have her as his wife / My lord knows well that I love her above all ladies living / Now fair lady said King Arthur, what say you? / Most noble king said.dame Lyones wete yow wel that my lord syr Gareth is to me more leuer to haue and welde as my husband than ony kyng or prynce that is and yf I maye not haue hym I promyse yow I wylle neuer haue none / For my lord Arthur sayd dame Ly\u2223ones weand he shal be the laste / And yf ye wil suffre hym to haue his wyl and free choyse I dasaid syr Gareth / And I haue not you and weld not you as my wyf / there shal neuer lady ne gentylwoman reioyce me / What neuewe said the kynge is the wynde in that dore / for wete ye wel I wold not for the stynte of my croune to be causar to withdra\u2223we your hertes / And wete ye wel ye con not loue so wel but I shal rather encreace hit than dystresse hit / And also ye shal haue my loue and my lordship in the vttermest wyse that may lye in my power / And in the same wyse said sir Gareths mo\u00a6der / thenne there was made a prouysyon for the day of mary\u2223ge / and by the kynges aduyse it was prouyded that it shold be at Mychelmas folowyng at kynkenadon by the see syde / for ther is a plentyful.And so it was proclaimed in all places through the realm. Sir Gareth sent his messengers to all the knights and ladies whom he had won in battle, instructing them to be present at his wedding at Kinkenadon by the sands. And then Dame Lioness and the damsel Lynet, along with Sir Gryngamor, rode to their castle. She gave Sir Gareth a beautiful and rich ring, and he gave her another. King Arthur gave her a rich golden bee. And so she departed. King Arthur and his companions rode toward Kinkenadon. Sir Gareth brought his lady with him and came to the king again, riding with him. The great joy that Sir Lancelot showed Sir Gareth, and he to Sir Lancelot, for there was no knight whom Sir Gareth esteemed more than him, and for the most part he would be in Sir Lancelot's company. After Sir Gareth had seen Sir Gawain's condition, he withdrew himself from his brother Sir Gawain's company, for he was vengeable and where he hated..He would be avenged with murder and hated Sir Gareth. So it drew him fast to Michaelmas. And there came Dame Lioness, the lady of Castle Perilous, and her sister Dame Lynet with Sir Gringamor her brother. For he had the conduct of these ladies. And there they were lodged at the king's discretion. And upon Michaelmas day, the Bishop of Canterbury performed the wedding between Sir Gareth and Lady Lioness with great solemnity. And King Arthur made Gawain to wed Dame Savage, that was Dame Lynet. And King Arthur made Sir Agravaine to wed Dame Laurel, a fair lady. And when this solemnization was done, then came in the Green Knight, Sir Percival, with thirty knights. And there he did homage and fealty to Sir Gareth and these knights to hold of him forever. Also, Sir Percival said, \"I pray you that at this feast I may be your chamberlain.\" With a good will, said Sir Gareth, \"since it pleases you to take such a simple office.\".A knight in red entered with three score knights and did homage and fealty to Sir Gareth, requesting to be his chief butler at the high feast. I will gladly grant it, Sir Gareth replied.\n\nSir Perymonies then prayed Sir Gareth to make him his chief steward at the feast. I will gladly grant it, and it would be better, Sir Gareth replied.\n\nThen Sir Persant of India entered with an C knights and did homage and fealty, requiring their service and loyalty to him for eternity. He also asked Sir Gareth to make him his chief servant at the feast. I will gladly grant it, and it would be better, Sir Gareth replied.\n\nThe Duke of Lorraine entered with an C knights and did homage and fealty to Sir Gareth, pledging their lands to him for eternity. He requested that Sir Gareth serve him with the wine that day at the feast. I will gladly grant it, and it would be better, Sir Gareth replied.\n\nThe knight from the red lands, who was Sir Ironside, entered and approached..broughte with hym thre honderd knyghtes / and there he dyd homage & feaute / and al these knyghtes to hold their landes of hym for euer / And thenne he asked syr Gareth to be his keruer / I will wel said syr Gareth and it please you / Thenne came in to the courte thyrtty ladyes / and alle they semed wydowes / and tho thyrtty ladyes broughte with hem many fayre gentylwy\u2223mmen / And alle they kneled doune at ones vnto kyng arthur and vnto syr Gareth / and there al thtold the kyng how syr Gareth delyuerd hem from the dolorous And therfore we and oure heyres for euermore wille doo homage vnto syr Gareth of Orkeney / So thenne the kynges and quenes / prynces & erlys Barons and many bold knyghtes wente vnto mete / & well maye ye wete there were al maner of mete plentyuously / alle manere rules and games with al manere of mynstralsy that was vsed in tho dayes / \u00b6Also ther was grwold not suffre syre Gareth to Iuste by cause of his newe bryde / for as the frensshe book sayth that da\u2223me Lyones desyred of the kynge that.None who were married should fight at that feast, so the first day Sir Lamerak of Galis fought, as he overthrew thirty knights and performed marvelous deeds of arms. And King Arthur made Sir Persant and his two brothers knights of the round table to their lives' end and gave them great lands.\n\nThe second day Sir Tristram fought best and overthrew forty knights, performing marvelous deeds of arms. And King Arthur made Ironside, the red knight of the red lands, a knight of the round table to his life's end and gave him great lands to spend.\n\nBut when these tournaments were done, Sir Lamerak and Sir Tristram departed suddenly and would not be known..King Arthur and all the court were greatly displeased, and they kept the court for forty days with great solemnity. Sir Gareth was a noble knight, well-ruled, and fair-spoken.\n\nThis ends the tale of Sir Gareth of Orkney, who married Lady Lioness of the Perilous Castle, and Sir Gareth also married her sister, Lady Lynet, who was called the Damoiselle Savage. Sir Agravaine married Lady Laurel, a fair lady and great and mighty lands with great riches were given with them by King Arthur, so that they might live until their lives ended.\n\nIt was a king named Meliodas, and he was lord and king of the country of Lyonas. Meliodas was a likely knight, as any living at that time. By fortune, he married Markys sister of Cornwall, and she was called Elizabeth, who was called both good and fair. At that time, Arthur reigned, and he ruled England, Wales, and Scotland, and of many other realms; however, there were many kings who were lords of many countries..But all held their lands of King Arthur, for in Wales were two kings, and in the north were many kings. In Cornwall and the west were two kings. Also in Ireland were two or three kings, and all were under the obedience of King Arthur. So was the king of France and the king of Brittany and all the lordships subject to Rome. When this King Meliodas had been with his wife, within a while she grew great with child, and she was a full meek lady. And well she loved her lord, and he her in return. So there was great joy between them. Then there was a lady in that country who had long loved King Meliodas. And by no means could she get his love. Therefore, she ordered on a day that as King Meliodas rode hunting, for he was a great chaser, she would enchant him to chase a heart by himself alone. Until he came to an old castle, and there alone he was taken prisoner by the lady who loved him. When Elizabeth, King Meliodas, met his lord, and she was pregnant..A noblewoman, pregnant and distraught with grief, took a gentleman with her and ran into the forest to find her lord. Far into the forest, her labor pains grew intense, and she endured many painful throws. By a miracle of heaven, she gave birth, but her prolonged labor had left her so cold that she was near death.\n\nWhen Queen Elizabeth saw that there was no hope for her, she made great lament and said to her gentlewoman, \"When you see my lord Meliodas recommend me to him, tell him of the pains I endure for his love and how I must die here for his sake due to the lack of good help. Let him know that I am deeply sorry to leave this world from him. Pray him to be a friend to my soul.\".Now let me see my little child, for whom I have had all this sorrow. And when she saw him, she said thus: \"A little son, thou hast murdered thy mother, and therefore I suppose thou art a murderer so young. Thou art likely to be a manly man in thy age. And because I shall die from the birth of thee, I charge the gentlewoman that thou call him Trystan when my lord King Meliodas is anointed. That is as much to say as a sorrowful birth. And therewith this queen gave up the ghost and died. Then the gentlewoman laid her under an umbrella of a great tree, and then she wrapped the child as well as she could for cold. Right so, there came the Barons following after the queen. And when they saw that she was dead, and understood that none other but the king was destroyed, some of them would have slain the child because they would have been lords of the country of Lyonas. But then through the fair speech of the gentlewoman, and by her means, they were dissuaded..The most part of the barons would not consent to it, and then they allowed the dead queen to be taken home. Much mourning was made for her. Meanwhile, Merlin released King Meliodas from prison on the morning after his queen's death. And when the king returned home, the most part of the barons made great joy. But the king's sorrow for his queen was immeasurable.\n\nThe king allowed her richly to be brought in, and after that, he had his child christened as his wife had commanded before her death. And then he called him Trystan, the sorrowful born child.\n\nKing Meliodas endured seven years without a wife, and all this time Trystan was well nurtured.\n\nIt happened that King Howel's daughter from Brittany married him, and as soon as she had children by King Meliodas, she was heavy and angry that her children should not rejoice in the country of Logres. Therefore, this queen ordered poison to be put in a pie..In the chamber where Trystram and his children were, an agreement was made: whenever Trystram was thirsty, he should drink from that cup. One day, as Trystram was in the chamber, the queen saw the cup with poison in it. Believing it to be good drink, Trystram, who was thirsty, drank from it, and the child died instantly. When Queen Melyodas learned of her son's death, she was deeply saddened. However, King Melyodas remained oblivious to her treachery.\n\nDespite this, the queen would not let go of her plan. She ordered more poison and put it in a cup. By chance, King Melyodas found the cup with wine where the poison was. Thirsty, he took the cup to drink from it. The queen saw him and rushed to him, snatching the cup away from him just as he was about to drink.\n\nThe king was puzzled as to why the queen's behavior..King Meliodas took Lady Iseult by the hand and accused her, \"You false traitress, you will tell me what kind of drink this is, or I shall kill you.\" He drew his sword and swore a great oath that he would slay her, but if she told him the truth, \"Mercy, my lord,\" she replied. \"I will tell you all.\" She then revealed that she had intended to poison King Mark's drink to give Trystam the land, and Meliodas, understanding her motive, decreed that she would be condemned to be burned alive by the barons' consent. A great fire was made, and as she was about to be executed, Young Trystam knelt before King Meliodas and begged for a bone. Meliodas replied, \"I will give it to you. Why should you pity your stepmother, who unjustly hates her?\" Trystam argued that he ought to hate her for her intended treachery..\"Hague slain the woman with that poison and she might have had her will / For thy sake most is my cause that she should die, Sir said Tristram. As for my part, God forgive it her and I do / And so much it pleased your highness to grant me my boon / For God's love I require you to keep your promise / Then said the king, I will that you have her life / Then said the king, I give her to you / Go you to the fire and take her / And do with her what you will / So Sir Tristram went to the fire / And by the king's command delivered her from death / But after that, King Meliodas would never have dealt with her as at bed and board / But by the good means of young Tristram, he made the king and her reconciled / But then the king would not suffer young Tristram to abide any longer in his court / And then he ordered a gentleman, well learned and taught / His name was Governale / And then he\".Sent young Tristram with Gouvernal to France to learn the language and manners, and the arts of war. He remained there for more than seven years. And then, when he could speak the language fluently and had learned all that could be learned in that country, he returned to his father King Meliodas. And Tristram became a passing harper, surpassing all others in that art, and applied himself in his youth to music and instruments. As he grew in strength and might, he devoted himself to hunting and hawking, so that no gentleman was ever heard of who surpassed him in these pursuits. According to the book, he began to compose good measures for blowing of beasts of the chase and all kinds of game, and all the terms we have for hawking and hunting today. Therefore, the book of venery, of hawking and hunting, is called the book of Sir Tristram. Consequently, all gentlemen who bore old arms..oughte of ryght to ho\u2223noure syre Trystram for the goodly termes that gentilmen ha\u00a6ue and vse / and shalle to the daye of dome / that there by in a maner alle men of worship maye disseuer a gentylman fro a yoman / and from a yoman a vylayne / For he that gentyl is wylle drawe hym vnto gentil tatches / and to folowe the cus\u2223tommes of noble gentylmen \u00b6Thus syr Trystram endured in Cornewaile vntyl he was bygge / and stronge / of the age of xviij yeres / And thenne the kynge Melyodas had grete ioye of syr Trystram / and soo had the quene his wyfe / For euer after in her lyf by cause syre Trystram saued her from the fyre she dyd neuer hate hym more after / but loued hym euer after / and gaf Trystram many grete yeftes for eue\u00a6ry estate loued hym / where that he wente\nTHenne it befelle that kynge Anguysshe of Irland / sente vnto kynge Marke of Cornewaile for his tru\u2223age that Cornewaile had payed many wynters / And alle that tyme kynge Marke was behynde of the truage for sAnd kyng Marke and his Barons gaf vnto the.The messenger of Ireland gave these words and answer: they would pay nothing, and instructed the messenger to tell their king, Angus, that they would pay him no tribute but would always pay tribute to their lord of Cornewaille. They asked him to send a trustworthy knight from his land to fight for his right, and they would find another to defend their right. With this answer, the messengers departed into Ireland.\n\nKing Angus, upon understanding the messengers' answer, was greatly angered. He then called upon Sir Marhaus, the noble knight and a knight of the round table, who was also his brother-in-law, the queen of Ireland's brother.\n\nThe king said, \"Fair brother, Sir Marhaus, I pray you go to Cornewaille in my name and do battle for our rightful tribute. Whatever you spend, you shall have more than enough.\"\n\nSir Marhaus replied, \"You know well that I will not be both to do battle.\".In the right of you and your land, I, the best knight of the round table, will go on this journey for our right. So, in all haste, provisions were made for Sir Marhaus, and he had all that he required. He departed from Ireland and arrived in Cornwall, right near the castle of Tintagil. And when King Mark understood that he had arrived to fight for Ireland, he felt great sorrow. For they knew of no knight who dared to oppose him. At that time, Sir Marhaus was called one of the most famous and renowned knights in the world. And so, Sir Marhaus remained at sea, and every day he sent to King Mark to pay the tribute that was owed for seven years, or else to find a knight to fight with him for the tribute..A message in a manner sent daily by Sir Marhaus to King Mark. The men of Cornwall ordered cries to be made in every place, promising that any knight who would fight to save Cornwall's people would be rewarded, as Sir Marhaus was a knight of the Round Table. The knights were reluctant to engage with others, except for any knight who would fight disguised and unknown. King Mark and all his barons agreed it was worth seeking any knight of the Round Table.\n\nMeanwhile, the language and noise reached King Meliodas that Sir Marhaus remained at the battlefield near Tintagil. King Mark could find no manner of knight to fight for him. When young Tristram heard this, he was angry and ashamed that no knight in Cornwall would confront Sir Marhaus of Ireland.\n\nThere, along with Tristram, they went to his father, King Meliodas, and asked for counsel on how to recover this situation..\"Sir Tristram lamented that Sir Marhaus, the queen's brother of Ireland, would depart without being fought, for Sir Marhaus was known as one of the best knights in the world and a knight of the Round Table. I know of no knight in this country able to match him. Alas, said Sir Tristram, I am not made a knight. If Sir Marhaus were to depart to Ireland, may I never have worship if I were made a knight and could match him. Sir Tristram asked permission to ride to King Mark, and his father granted it, provided he was not displeased.\"\n\n\"Meanwhile, a messenger arrived with letters of love from Queen Faramon of France to Sir Tristram. The letters were very pitiful, and in them were written many complaints of love.\".Tristram took no joy in her letters or her, as the book states. She sent him a little bitch that was understood not to love her. The book also says she died from sorrow. And then the same squire who brought the letter and the bitch returned to Sir Tristram, as you will hear in the tale. So this young Sir Tristram rode to his own king, Mark of Cornwall. And when he arrived there, he heard that no knight would fight with Sir Marhaus. Then Sir Tristram went to his own king and said, \"sire, if you will give me third degree of knighthood, I will do battle with Sir Marhaus. What are you said, the king, and where do you come from? Sir Tristram replied, \"I come from King Meliodas, who married your sister, and you well know I am.\"\n\nKing Mark beheld Sir Tristram and saw that he was a young man of age, but he was passing well made and big.\n\nFair sir, said the king, what is your name and where were you born? Sir replied again, \"my name is Tristram, and\".in the country of Lioness I was born, you say rightly, said the king, and if you will do this battle, I shall make you a knight, therefore I come to you, said Sir Tristram, for no other reason.\nBut then King Mark made him a knight, and with that, he sent messages, saying, he had found a young knight ready to take the battle to the utmost, it may well be said, Sir Marhaus.\nBut tell King Mark, I will not fight with any knight but he be of royal blood, that is, the son of a king or queen, born of a prince or princess.\nWhen King Mark understood this, he sent for Sir Tristram of Lioness and told him what was Sir Marhaus' answer.\nThen Sir Tristram said, since he sees a mother's side of blood as noble as his,\nFor indeed, now you should know that I am King Meliodas, the son of your own sister, Dame Elizabeth, who died in the forest in my birth. O Jesu, said King Mark, welcome, fair sir..The king ordered Sir Tristram to be armed in the best way possible, with gold or silver. Then, King Mark sent a message to Sir Marhaus, informing him that a knight born before him would fight him, named Sir Tristram de Liones, the son of King Meliodas, and the brother of Mark's sister. Sir Marhaus was pleased to learn this and agreed to the arrangement, stipulating that they would fight within an island near Sir Marhaus's ship. Sir Tristram had no lack of supplies or companions for both himself and his horse.\n\nWhen King Mark and the Barons of Cornwall saw young Sir Tristram depart with such a grand entourage to fight for the right of Cornwall, there was neither man nor woman of nobility who did not weep at the sight..A young knight went to joust with him for their right / So, to summarize this tale, when Sir Tristram was arrived within the island, he looked to the farther side / and there he saw, at an anchor, six ships near the land / and under the shadow of the ships on the land, the noble knight Sir Marhaus of Ireland resided / Then Sir Tristram commanded his servant Governale to bring his horse to the land and prepare his armor at all readiness / And when he had done so, he mounted upon his horse, and when he was in his saddle well appointed, and his shield placed upon his shoulder, Tristram asked Governale, \"Where is this knight whom I am to have dealings with?\" \"Sir,\" said Governale, \"you don't see him? I thought you had seen him there, under the protection of his ships, on horseback with his spear in his hand and his shield upon his shoulder.\" \"That is true,\" said the noble knight, Sir Tristram. \"Now I see him clearly.\" Then he commanded his servant Governale, \"Go to your vessel.\".\"And command me to my king Mark, and pray him, if I am slain in this battle, to take my body as he seems best, and let him know I will never yield for cowardice. And if I am slain and do not flee, they have lost no comrade for me. And if it is that I flee or yield as a reproach, bid my king never bury me in Christian burials. And upon your life, Sir Tristram, tell Governale, come not near this land until you see me overcome or slain, or else that I conquer that knight. And Sir Marhaus addressed Sir Tristram and said, young knight Sir Tristram, what do you hear? I deeply regret your courage. Know well that I have been tested, and the best knights of this land have been said to be defeated by my hand. And also I have encountered the best knights of the world. Therefore, by my counsel, return again to your vessel. Fair and well proven knight, said Sir.\".Trystram, I cannot forsake you in this quarrel, for I am made knight for your sake, and you should know that I am the king's son, born on a queen, and I have made a promise at your request and my own seeking that I shall fight with him to the utmost, and deliver Cornwall from the old traitor. And know well, Sir Marhaus, that this is the greatest cause that encourages me to face him. For you are called one of the most renowned knights in the world, and because of the noise and fame that you have, you give me courage to face him. Since I took the order of knighthood this day, I am well pleased that I may face such a good knight as you are. And now know well, Sir Marhaus, that I cast myself to gain honor on your body. And if I am not proved, I trust to God that I shall be honorably proved upon your body, and to deliver the country of Cornwall..for ever from Ireland, for ever, when Sir Marhaus had heard him say what he would, he said then thus again, \"Fair Knight, wounded passing sore, that the blood ran down freshly from them upon the ground. By then Sir Tristram grew fresher than Sir Marhaus and better wounded and bigger. And with a mighty stroke he struck Sir Marhaus upon the helmet such a buffet that it went through his helmet and the coif of his steel and the brainpan. And the sword stuck so fast in the helmet and in his brainpan that Sir Tristram pulled on his sword or ever he might pull it out from his head. And there Marhaus fell down on his knees, the edge of Tristram's sword left in his brainpan. And suddenly Sir Marhaus rose groaning and threw his sword and his shield from him. And so he ran to his ships and fled his way. And Sir Tristram had ever his shield and his sword. And when Sir Tristram saw Sir Marhaus withdraw, he said, \"A knight of the round table.\".table why do you withdraw? You shame yourself and your kin great shame. I am but a young knight, or I was never proven. Rather than I should withdraw, I would rather be hewn into pieces. Sir Marhaus answered no word but went his way, sore grinding. Well, sir knight, said Sir Tristram, I promise to make her my lady, and her I will protect in all places where I ride on my adventures and in the sight of King Arthur and the Round Table.\n\nAnon, Sir Marhaus and his companions departed into Ireland. And as soon as he came to the king his brother, he let them search his wounds. And when his head was searched, a piece of Sir Tristram's sword was found therein and could never be had out for no surgeon's skill. And so he died by Sir Tristram's sword. And that piece of the sword the queen his sister kept with her forever, for she thought to be avenged and she might.\n\nNow turn we again to Sir Tristram, who was sore wounded and full sore bled..my jet not within a little while after he had taken cold underneath his limbs. And then he set himself down softly upon a little hill and bled profusely. Then Gouvernail, his man, came with his vessel. And the king and his barons came in procession against him. And when he had come to the land, King Mark took him in his arms. And the king and Sir Dinas, the seneschal, led Sir Tristram into the castle of Tyntygail. And then he was searched in the best manner and laid in his bed. And when King Mark saw his wounds, he wept heartily, and so did all his lords. So God help me, said King Mark, I would not give up all my lands for my new knight. So Sir Tristram lay there a month and more, and he was always on the verge of dying from the wound that Sir Marhaus had struck him with first, for the spearhead was poisoned, according to the French book, so that Sir Tristram could not be healed. Then King Mark and all his barons were passing heavy, for they thought of no other but.that Sir Tristram should not recover, then the king sent for all kinds of leches and surgeons, both to men and women, and there was none who would attend him. Then came there a lady who was a right wise lady, and she plainly spoke to King Mark and to Sir Tristram and to all his barons, that he should never be whole, but if Sir Tristram went into the same country where the poison came from, and in that country should he be held captive. And therein was Sir Tristram and governors appointed with him. And Sir Tristram took his harp with him, and was put on a ship to sail to Ireland, and by good fortune he arrived there quickly near a castle where the king and queen were. And at his arrival, he sat and played a merry lay on his harp such as none had heard in Ireland before that time. And when it was told the king and queen of such a knight who was such an harper, the king sent for him at once, and let them search his wounds, and then asked.In the land of Lyonas, I am named Tristram, the one who was wounded in battle while fighting for a lady's right. King Anguishswore you shall have all the help this land can offer. But I must inform you, in Cornwall, I suffered a great loss, as great as any king ever had. There, I lost the best knight in the world, named Marhaus, a noble knight and a Knight of the Round Table. King Anguish told Sir Tristram why Sir Marhaus was slain. Sir Tristram feigned insensitivity, but he knew more than the king.\n\nThe king, in recognition of your great valor, had Tristram placed in the care of his daughter, who was a skilled surgeon. When she examined him, she found poison in the depths of his wound and healed him within a short time. Because of this, Tristram developed great love for Lady Isoud, who was at that time the fairest maiden and lady in the world..Tramtryst learned her to play the harp, and she began to have a great fantasy for him. At that time, Sir Palamydes the Saracen was in that country and was well received by the king and queen. Every day, Sir Palamydes drew near to Lady Isoud, and offered her many gifts, for he loved her passionately. Tramtryst observed this and knew well Sir Palamydes, for Tramtryst had great contempt for him. Lady Isoud told Tramtryst that Palamydes intended to be baptized for her sake. Thus, there was great envy between Tramtryst and Sir Palamydes.\n\nIt happened that King Anguysh called for a great justice and a great tournament for a lady called the Lady of the Lands, who was nearly a cousin to the king. Whichever man won her, three days later he would marry her and have all her lands. This proclamation was made in England, Wales, Scotland, and France, and in Brittany.\n\nIt happened on a day that Lady Isoud, while watching the tournament, was accidentally struck by a stray arrow and died. When Tramtryst heard this news, he was filled with anger and vowed to avenge her death. He challenged Sir Palamydes to a duel, and the two engaged in a fierce battle. In the end, Tramtryst emerged victorious, and Sir Palamydes was slain.\n\nTherefore, Tramtryst was hailed as a hero and was rewarded with the lands and title that had belonged to Lady Isoud. He ruled justly and wisely, and the people of the land prospered under his rule. The end..Lady Isoud came to Sir Tristram and told him of this tournament. He answered and said, \"Fair lady, I am but a feeble knight, and but recently I have been dead. Had it not been for your good ladyship, I would be. Now, fair lady, what would you have me do in this matter? You know, my lady, that I cannot justify myself. Sir Tramtram asked, \"Lady Isoud, why will you not participate in the tournament? Fair lady, it may be so that Sir Palamydes will be there, and he will do what he may. And therefore, Tristram, I pray you to be there, for otherwise, Sir Palamydes is likely to win the degree.\" The lady said, \"Tristram, as for that, it may be so. For he is a proven knight, and I am but a young knight, newly made. But if I knew you would be my better lady, at that tournament I will be, so that you will keep my counsel and let no creature know that I will justify myself except yourself and such as you will keep in your counsel. My poor person shall leap into danger there for your sake.\".Sir Palamydes shall know when I come there. Beale Isoud said, \"Do your best and as I can, I shall procure horses and armor for you at my discretion.\" Sir Tratraist replied, \"I will be at your commandment.\"\n\nOn the day of Iustes, Sir Palamydes arrived with a black shield. He overwhelmed many knights, causing great marvel among the people. On the first day, Sir Palamydes struck down Gawaine, Gaheris, Agrauain, Bagdemagus, Kay, Dodyus le Sauage, Sagramor, and Gryflet le Fise de Dieu. All these knights fell before him, and then all manner of knights were afraid of Sir Palamydes, and many called him the knight with the black shield. Great worship was paid to him.\n\nKing Anguish then came to Tramtryst and asked him why he would not join Iuste. Sir he replied, \"I was only recently injured, and as yet I dare not engage.\"\n\nThe same squire who had been sent from the daughter of France to Sir Trystram then arrived..Sir Irishtra saw him, Iristra fell flat to his feet, All who saw Lady Isoud wondered at the courtesy the squire made to Sir Trystram, and therewithal Sir Trystram ran to his squire, whose name was Hebes, renowned, and prayed him earnestly to tell his name. Sir Hebes said, \"I will not reveal your name, but if you command me.\" Then Sir Trystram asked him what he did in those countries. \"I came here with Sir Gawain,\" he said, \"to be made a knight. And if it pleases you of your hands that I may be knighted, wait upon me until morning secretly, and in the field I shall make you a knight.\" Then Lady Isoud had great suspicion of Trystram that he was some man of worship proven, and therewithal she comforted herself and cast more love upon him than she had done before. And so on the morrow, Sir Palamides made him ready to come into the field as he did the first day. And there he struck down the king with the C knights and the king of Scotland. Then Lady Isoud..beale Isoud ordeyned\nand wel arayed syr Trystram in whyte hors and harneis / And ryght soo she lete putte hym oute at a preuy posterne / & soo he came in to the feld as it had ben a bryght angel / And anone syr Palamydes aspyed hym / and ther with he feutrid a spere vnto syr Tramtrist / and he ageyne vnto hym / And\nthere syr Trystram smote doune syr Palamydes vnto the erth And thenne there was a grete noyse of peple / some sayd / syre Palamydes hadde a falle / some said the knyght with the blak shelde had a falle / And wete you wel la beale Isoud was passynge gladde / And thenne sire Gawayne and his felawes ix had merueille what knyghte it myght be that had smyten doune syr Palamydes / Thenne wold there none Iuste with Tramtryst / but alle that there were forsoke hym / moost & lest / Thenne syr Trystram made Hebes a knyght / and caused hym to put hym self forthe / and dyd ryght wel that day / So af\u2223ter syr Hebes held hym with syr Trystram / And whan syre Palamydes had receyued this falle / wete ye wel that he.Sir Trystram was deeply ashamed. Privately, he withdrew from the field. All who saw Sir Trystram did so, and he lightly rode after Sir Palamydes, overtook him, and demanded that he surrender or engage in combat. Sir Palamydes surrendered and both men struck at each other with their swords. However, at the first stroke, Sir Trystram knocked down Palamydes and gave him such a blow on the head that he fell to the ground. Then Sir Trystram demanded that he yield and do his bidding or else he would kill him. When Sir Palamydes beheld his countenance, he feared his blows so much that he granted all his demands.\n\n\"This shall be your charge,\" said Sir Trystram. \"First, on pain of your life, you must abandon my lady Isoud and in no way draw near to her. Also, for twelve months and a day, you shall bear no arms or armor of war.\"\n\n\"Alas,\" said Palamydes, \"for eternity I am yours.\".Thenne he swore, as Sir Tristram had commanded him. Then, in spite and anger, Sir Palamydes cut off his armor and threw it away. And so Sir Tristram turned again to the Castle where was Lady Isoud. By the way, he met a damsel who asked after Sir Launcelot, who won the Dolorous Tower.\n\n\"What are you?\" she asked Sir Tristram, for it was told her that it was he who had struck down Sir Palamydes. The knights of King Arthur had been smitten down by him.\n\nThen the damsel prayed Sir Tristram to tell her what had happened there, for no knight in the world could do such deeds of arms except it were Launcelot.\n\n\"Fair damsel,\" said Sir Tristram, \"you know well that I am not Sir Launcelot, for I was never of such prowess. But in God is all that he may make me as good a knight as the good knight Sir Launcelot.\"\n\n\"Gentle knight,\" she said, \"put up your visor.\" And when she beheld his face, she thought she saw never a better-made visage..Sir Tristram was a better knight. When the damsel knew for certain that he was not Sir Lancelot, she took her leave and departed from him. Then, Sir Tristram rode privately to where Lady Isoud kept him, and there she made him welcome and thanked God for his safe return. Shortly thereafter, the king and queen came to understand that it was Tristram who had slain Sir Palamides. Then, Sir Tristram was more honored than before.\n\nSir Tristram was long cherished there with the king and queen, and especially with Lady Isoud. One day, the queen and Lady Isoud held a banquet in honor of Sir Tristram. While he was at the banquet, the queen and her daughter roamed around the chamber. Governail and Hebes attended to Tristram, and the queen gazed at his sword as it lay on his bed. Then, unexpectedly, the queen drew out his sword and examined it for a long time. Both she and Isoud thought it was significant..passing fair sword, but within a foot and a half of the point, there was a large piece broken off the edge. When the queen saw that gap in the sword, she remembered a piece of a sword that was found in the brain pan of Sir Marhaus, her brother. Alas, she said to her daughter, Lady Isoud, \"This is the same traitorous knight who killed my brother, Thynne.\" When Isoud heard her say this, she was greatly ashamed, for she loved Tristram deeply and well knew her mother the queen's cruelty. Immediately, they all went to her own chamber and sought her chest. There she took out the piece of the sword that had been pulled from Sir Marhaus's head after his death. Then she ran with that piece of steel and iron to the sword that lay on the bed and fitted it perfectly into the gap..The queen gripped the sword in her hand fiercely and, with all her might, she ran straight towards Tristram, where he sat in his bay. She would have run him through had Hebes not gotten her in his arms and pulled the sword from her. Once she was calmed down, she ran to King Anguish, her husband, and on her knees said, \"My lord, here is the traitor knight who killed my brother and your servant, the noble knight Sir Marhaus. This is King Anguish, isn't it? And where is he?\" Anguish replied, \"It is, my lady. He is a most noble knight I have ever seen in battle. But I command you, Queen, not to interfere with that knight. I will deal with him.\" Then, the king went into Tristram's chamber, and there he was, already armed and ready to mount..Upon seeing him on horseback, when the king saw him ready, the king said, \"Nay, Tristram, it will not avail you to compare against me. But I shall do this much for my worship and for your love, as long as you are within my court. It would not be fitting for me to kill you. Therefore, on this condition, I will give you leave to depart from this court safely. But you will tell me, who was your father, and what is your name, and if you killed Sir Marhaus, my brother.\"\n\nSir Tristram replied, \"Tristram I shall tell you the truth. My father's name is Sir Melyodas, king of Lyonesse. And my mother was high Lady Elizabeth, who was sister to King Mark of Cornwall. And because of this, when I was christened, they were commanded, or she died in the forest, that when I was christened, they should christen me Tristram. And because I would not be known in this country, I turned my name and let me be called Tramtryst. And for the wrong of Cornwall, I fought for my own sake, and for the right of Cornwall..You had possessed it for many years, and you knew well that I did the battle for the love of my uncle, King Mark, and for the love of the country of Cornwall, and to increase my honor. On that same day that I fought with Sir Marhaus, I was made a knight, and never since then did I engage in battle with any knight. From him, he went alive and left his shield and sword behind. So God help me, said the king. I may not say otherwise, but you acted as a knight should. It was your part to do so for your quarrel, and to increase your worth as a knight should. However, I cannot maintain you in this country with my favor, unless I should displease my barons and my wife and her kin. Said Sir Tristram, I thank you for your good lordship that I have had from you here, and the great kindness my lady your daughter has shown me. And so it may happen that you will win more by my life than by my death, for in the parties of England it may happen that I may do you service at some point..season that you shall be glad that you showed me your good lordship,\nWith more, I promise you, as I am a true knight, that in all places I shall be your daughter's servant, & knight in right and in wrong, & I shall never fail her to do as much as a knight may do.\nAlso, I beg your grace that I may take my leave at your daughter and at all the Barons and knights. I will well said the king.\nThen sire Tristram went to lady Isoud and took his leave of her,\nAnd then he told her all that he was and how he had changed his name because he would not be known, & how a lady told him he should never be whole till he came into this country where the poison was made.\nO gentle knight said lady Isoud, full woe am I of your departing, for I saw never man that I oughted so good will to, and there with all she wept tearfully.\nMadame said, sir Tristram, you shall understand that my name is sir Tristram de Liones..I, a knight born of King Meliodas's queen, promise you faithfully that I shall be your knight for the rest of my life. Lady Isoud said, \"Thank you,\" and I promise you in return that I shall not marry for the next seven years without your consent. To whomsoever you will, I shall be married to him if he desires me and I consent. Sir Tristram then gave her a ring, and she gave him another, and with that, he departed from her, leaving her with great sorrow and lamentation. At the court, among all the barons, he took his leave, both brief and lengthy. Fair lords, I must now depart. If there is any man here whom I have offended or who harbors ill will towards me, let him speak up before I leave, and I will make amends to the best of my ability. And if there is anyone who wishes to speak falsehoods about me or bring shame upon me, let him say it now..Sir Tristram departed and sailed away. With good wind, he arrived at Tintagil in Cornwall. King Mark was in high spirits when he learned of Tristram's arrival and healing. All the barons were pleased as well. When the time was right, King Meliodas and his queen departed from their lands and possessions to Sir Tristram.\n\nBy the permission of King Meliodas his father, Sir Tristram returned to King Mark's court and lived in great joy for a long time, until jealousy and unkindness arose between King Mark and Sir Tristram..Tristram, as they both loved the same lady, who was called Lady Segwaries. This lady loved Sir Tristram deeply, and he returned her affection because she was a very beautiful woman. The lady sent a messenger to Sir Tristram, asking him to come to her the next night, and instructing him to come only if he was well-armed, for her lord was a good knight. Sir Tristram replied to the messenger, reassuring his lady that he would not fail to keep his promise and be with her as she had requested. The messenger departed, and King Mark became jealous upon learning of this, as he also loved the lady deeply. It came to pass one day that this lady sent a messenger to Sir Tristram, asking him to come to her and instructing him to come only if he was well-armed, for her lord was a good knight. Sir Tristram answered the messenger, reassuring his lady that he would not fail to keep his promise and be with her as she had requested. The messenger departed, and King Mark, upon learning of this, summoned the messenger and forced him to reveal the reason for his errand..that he came with a message from King Tristram\nNow said King Mark, \"Go where you will, / and on pain of death, say nothing of what we spoke between us.\" / So the dwarf departed from the king.\n\nThat same night, the steel was set between Segwyn's wife and Sir Tristram. King Mark armed himself, made himself ready, and took two knights from his council with him. He rode ahead to wait along the way to ambush Sir Tristram.\n\nAnd as Sir Tristram rode on his way with his spear in hand, King Mark and his two knights suddenly attacked him. They all struck him with their spears. King Mark wounded Sir Tristram in the breast quite severely. Then Sir Tristram thrust his spear and wounded his uncle, King Mark, so severely that he fell to the earth, unconscious. Sir Tristram ran to one knight and killed him..They laid still, and Sir Tristram rode forward with all, going before them to the lady, who was waiting for him at a hidden place. She welcomed him warmly and embraced him. Then she had his horse led up in the best way, and afterwards she helped him disarm. They sat down to sup together, and Sir Tristram paid no heed to his green wound that King Mark had given him. Sir Tristram then bedazzled both the upper and lower sheets and the coverlet. A warning came to her that her lord was near at hand, within a bowshot. So she made Sir Tristram rise, and he armed himself and took his horse and departed. By then, Serwages, her lord, had arrived. When he saw her bed disturbed and broken, he approached by candlelight and saw that a wounded knight had lain there. \"Why have you betrayed me?\" he said angrily, and with that he drew his sword and demanded an answer..who has been here / here thou shall die / A my lord mercy saved the lady / and held up her hands / saying / sleep not / and I shall tell you all who have been here / Tell anyone said Serwydas to me all the truth / Anyone for fear she said here was Sir Tristram with me / and by the way as he came to me, he was sore wounded / A false traitress said Serwydas where is he become / Sir, she said he is armed and departed on horseback and rode after Sir Tristram, who rode straightway to Tintagil / And within a while he overtook Sir Tristram / And then he swung out his sword / and struck fast at Sir Tristram / Sir knight said Sir Tristram, I advise you not to fight any longer, however for the wrongs I have done you / I will forgive you as long as I may / Nay said Serwydas that shall not be / for otherwise you shall die or I / Then Sir Tristram drew out his sword and fiercely hurt his horse towards him / and through the waste of the body he struck..Sir Segwarides fell to the earth in a swoon, and therefore Sir Tristram departed and left him there. He rode to Tyntagil and took lodging secretly, for he did not want to be recognized as injured.\n\nSir Segwarides' men rode after their master, whom they found lying in the field severely wounded. They brought him home on a shield and he lay there for a long time until he recovered.\n\nKing Mark would not acknowledge Sir Tristram and he had encountered him that night. As for Sir Tristram, he was unaware that King Mark had met him. And so, King Mark came to comfort Sir Tristram as he lay sick in bed. But as long as King Mark lived, he never loved Sir Tristram after that, despite fair words; love was not present. And thus it passed many weeks and days, and all was forgiven and forgotten. Sir Segwarides dared not confront Sir Tristram due to his noble prowess and his newness..Sir Bleoberis, Bleoberis' brother to Blamore and near kinsman to Sir Lancelot du Lake, came to King Mark's court and asked for a boon. When the king heard him ask, he was surprised. But since Bleoberis was a knight of the Round Table and held great renown, King Mark granted him his request.\n\n\"I will have the fairest lady in your court that pleases me,\" said Bleoberis. \"I cannot refuse,\" replied King Mark. \"Choose at your adventure.\"\n\nSo Sir Bleoberis chose Segwarydes' wife and took her by the hand. He rode away with her, setting her behind his squire, and they both departed. When Segwarydes learned that his lady had been taken,.Sir Tristram went after a knight from King Arthur's court, intending to rescue his lady. When Bleoberis had taken this lady away, King Mark and the entire court were angry that she had been taken away. There were certain ladies who knew of the great love between Sir Tristram and this lady, and she loved Sir Tristram above all other knights. Then there was one lady who reprimanded Sir Tristram in the most horrible way, calling him a coward knight for shame of his knighthood, seeing a lady so shamefully taken away from his uncle's court. But she meant that either of them had loved each other completely. Sir Tristram answered her, \"Fair lady, it is not my place to interfere in such matters while her lord and husband is present here. And if it had been that her lord had not been here in this court, then, for the sake of this court, I would have been her champion. And if so, Sir Segwarides' speed was not good.\".It may happen that I will speak with that good knight, or ever he passes from this country. Then within a short time came one of Sir Segwarides squire, and told in the court that Sir Segwarides was beaten sore and wounded to the point of death, as he would have rescued his lady. Sir Bleoberis overthrew him and severely wounded him. Then was King Mark heavy about it, and all the court. When Sir Tristram heard of this, he was ashamed and deeply grieved. And then he was soon armed and mounted on horseback, and governed his servant, who bore his shield and spear. And so, as Sir Tristram rode quickly, he met with Sir Andret his cousin, who by the commandment of King Mark was sent to bring forth, and whatever lay in his power, two knights of Arthur's Court that rode through the country to seek their adventures. When Sir Tristram saw Sir Andret, he asked him, \"What news?\" \"God help me,\" said Sir Andret, \"there has never been worse with me. For by the commandment of King Mark, I was sent to.\".Sir Tristram rode after two knights of King Arthur's court. One struck and wounded me, disregarding my message. Farewell, cousin, said Sir Tristram. Ride on your way. If I meet them, it may happen I shall avenge you.\n\nSir Andret rode into Cornwall, and Sir Tristram followed the two knights, who were named Sagramore le Desirous and Dodinas le Sauage.\n\nShortly after, Sir Tristram saw two knights ahead of him. Sir Governale spoke to his master, \"Sir, I would advise you not to engage with them. They are two proven knights of Arthur's Court. As for that, Sir Tristram, have no doubt, but I will engage with them to increase my reputation, for it has been many days since I last performed any deeds of arms.\" Do as you please, said Sir Governale. And there, immediately, Sir Tristram challenged them, asking whence they came and what they did in those marches.\n\nSir Sagramore looked upon Sir Tristram and scorned his words..Sir Tristram asked, \"Are you a knight from Cornwall? A Cornish knight is seldom seen to be valiant in battle,\" Sir Sagramore replied. Within the past two hours, we encountered one of your Cornish knights, and he spoke great words. But with little might, he was brought to the ground. I believe I may withstand better than he did, Sir Sagramore. Whether you will or not, I will engage with you. He was my cousin, and therefore you shall face both of us. When Sir Dodinas Le Sauage heard this, he took a spear in his hand and said, \"Sir knight, it is you.\" Then they parted ways and came to a ford, as if it had been thunder. Sir Dodinas' spear shattered, but Sir Tristram struck him with his..Sir Tristram struck him cleanly over the horse's rump, nearly breaking his neck. When Sir Sagramore saw his companion fall in such a manner, he marveled at which knight it could be. He prepared his spear with all his might and faced Sir Tristram. They clashed like thunder, and Sir Tristram struck Sir Sagramore a strong blow that knocked him and his horse to the ground. In the fall, Sir Sagramore broke his thigh. After this, Sir Tristram asked, \"Fair knights, will you have any more? Are there no greater knights in King Arthur's court? It is a shame for us knights of Cornwall to be dishonored in this way. For it is true that we have proven ourselves, but I ask that you, Sir Sagramore, reveal your true name by the faith and truth that you owe to the high order of knighthood. You have accused me of a great wrong, and if you wish to know the truth, you shall.\".I understand that my name is Sir Tristram, son of King Mark, and new to King Marke. Then there were two knights who were glad to have met Tristram, and they prayed him to stay in their company. Nay, said Sir Tristram, for I must deal with one of your fellows; his name is Sir Bleoberis of Ganis. \"God speed you well, Sir Sagramore and Dodinas,\" said Sir Tristram, and departed, riding onward on his way.\n\nAnd then he saw before him in a valley where Sir Bleoberis rode with Sir Segwarides lady, who rode behind his squire on a palfrey. Then Sir Tristram rode more than a pass until he had overtaken him. \"Sir knight of Arthur's court, bring back that lady or deliver her to me,\" said Sir Tristram. \"I will not, for I fear no Cornish knight so much that I desire to,\" replied Sir Bleoberis. \"Why cannot a Cornish knight do as well as another knight?\" asked Sir Tristram on that same day, two knights of your court within this land..three miles met with me, and whenever we parted, they found a Cornish knight, good enough for both of them. His name, they said, was Sir Sagramore le Desirous, and the other was Dodyras le Sauage. \"Have you met them?\" said Sir Bleoberis to me. \"So help me God, they were two good knights and men of great worth. If you have bested them both, you must necessarily be a good knight. But if that is the case, you shall not fear me, but you shall best me or never have this lady.\" Then Sir Tristram said, \"Defend yourself.\" So they departed and came together like thunder, each bearing down the other and dismounting, then they drew their swords and fought mightily. They exchanged blows and traversed on the right and left for more than two hours. Sometimes they clashed together with such force that they both lay gasping on the ground..Sir Bleoberis of Ganys started speaking, saying, \"Gentle good knight, for a while hold your hands and let us speak in private. Speak first, Trystram, and I will answer you. Sir Bleoberis said, \"I would know whence you come and who you are. So help me God, said Sir Trystram, I am not afraid to tell you my name. Know well, Sir Bleoberis, I am the son of King Meliodas, and my mother is King Mark's sister. My name is Sir Tristram of Lyonesse. King Mark is my uncle. Truly, Sir Bleoberis replied, I am very glad of you, for you are he who slew Marhaus the knight hand in hand on an island because of the wrongs of Cornwall. Also, you overcame Sir Palamides the good knight at a tournament on an island, where you defeated Sir Gawain and his nine companions.\" So help me God, said Sir Trystram, I am indeed that knight. Now I have told you my name; tell me yours in good faith. Know well that my name is Sir Bleoberis, one of the best knights of the world.\" That is true, said Sir..Tristram / Sir Launcelot is called Percival of courtesy and of knighthood / and for Sir Launcelot's sake, I, Sir Tristram, will not willingly fight you any more / for the great love I have for Sir Launcelot du Lake. In truth, said Bleoberis / as for me, I will be reluctant to fight you / But then follow me here to have this lady / I shall offer you kindness, courtesy, and gentleness right here on this ground / This lady shall be between us both / and to whomshe will go, let him have her in peace / I will agree, said Tristan. For as I deem, she will leave you and come to me / you shall prove it soon, said Bleoberis\n\nWhen she was set between them both, she said to Sir Tristram: \"Know well, Sir Tristan, that but late you were the man in the world that I most loved and trusted. And I thought you had loved me above all ladies. But when you saw this knight lead me away, you made no sign to rescue me / but allowed my lord Segwarides.\".ride after me, but until the time I thought you had loved me. Therefore, I will leave you now and never love you more. She went with Sir Bleoberis. When Sir Tristram saw this, he was very angry with that lady and seemed to be going to the court. Sir Tristram said to Sir Bleoberis, \"You are at fault, for by these lady's words, she before this day trusted you above all earthly knights. And as she says, you have deceived her. Therefore, know well, there may no man hold that will away from her. And rather than you should be displeased with me, I would have had her and she would have stayed with you. Nay, said the lady, I will never go with him. For he whom I loved most, I thought he had loved me. And therefore, Sir Tristram, she said, ride on as you come, for though you had overcome this knight as you were likely to, with the never would I have gone. I shall pray this knight so fair of his knighthood that ever he passes this country.\".He will lead me to the abbey; there my lord Sir Segwarydes lies. So help me, Bleoberis, I let you know, good knight, Sir Tristram. Because King Mark gave me the choice of a gift in this court, and this lady pleased me best, notwithstanding she is married and has a lord, and I have fulfilled my quest, she shall be sent back to her husband again. And especially for your sake, Sir Tristram, if she would go with you, I would have preferred it. I thank you, Sir Tristram, but for her love I shall be wary of the lady I shall love or trust. For had her lord, Sir Segwarydes, been away from the court, I would have been the first to follow you. But since you have refused me, as I am a true knight, I shall know her well, passing well, that I shall love or trust. And so they took their leave of one another and departed. And so Sir Tristram rode to Tintagil, and Sir Bleoberis rode to the abbey where Sir Segwarydes lay mortally wounded, and there he died for his lady..And he departed as a noble knight. When Sir Segwaries saw his lady, he was greatly comforted. She then told him that Sir Tristram had engaged in great battle with Sir Bleoberis and had brought her back. These words pleased Sir Segwaries greatly, that Sir Tristram would do so much. And she told all the battle to King Mark between Sir Tristram and Sir Bleoberis.\n\nThen, when this was done, King Mark cast all his eyes in his heart how he might destroy Sir Tristram. He then imagined in himself to send Sir Tristram to Ireland for Lady Isoud. For Sir Tristram had so praised her beauty and her goodness that King Mark said he would wed her. Therefore, he prayed Sir Tristram to take his way to Ireland on his message. And all this was done with the intent to slay Sir Tristram. Nevertheless, Sir Tristram would not refuse the message for any danger or peril that might fall for the pleasure of his uncle. But to go, he made himself ready in the most..Sir Tristram took with him the most noble knights he could find in the court, and they were arrayed in the finest manner. So Sir Tristram departed and took to sea with all his companions. But as soon as they were in the broad sea, a tempest arose and drove them back to the coast of England. They arrived near Camelot and were eager to take the land.\n\nAnd when they were landed, Sir Tristram set up his pavilion on the land of Camelot and hung his shield on the pavilion. That very day, two knights of King Arthur came, one was Sir Ector de Maris and Sir Morgan. They touched the shield and demanded that he come out of the pavilion to fight, and he would fight, Sir Tristram replied. And they shall be answered, he said, and you will tarry a little while. So he prepared himself, and first he struck down Sir Ector de Maris, and then Sir Morgan..Morgan and all with one spear / and sore bruised them. when they lay upon the earth, they asked Sir Tristram what he was and of what knightly lineage. Fair lords, said Sir Tristram, you well know that I am of Cornwall. Alas, said Sir Ector, now I am ashamed that any Cornish knight should overcome me. And then, in spite, Sir Ector took off his armor from him and went on foot, refusing to ride.\n\nThen it fell out that Sir Bleoberis and Sir Blamore, brothers, had summoned King Anguish of Ireland to come to Arthur's Court under pain of forfeiting King Arthur's good grace. And if the king of Ireland did not come on the assigned day and set, the king should lose his lands. So it happened that on the assigned day, neither King Arthur nor Sir Lancelot could be there to give judgment. For King Arthur was with Sir Lancelot at Joyous Garde Castle. And so, King Arthur assigned King Carados and the king of Scots to be there that day..as I, Judges. When the kings were at Camelot, King Angusshire of Ireland came to know his accusers. Then was there Blamore de Ganys, who accused the king of Ireland of treason, claiming he had killed a cousin of his in Ireland through treachery. The king was greatly distressed by this accusation, for he had come to the summons of King Arthur. And when Sir Blamore spoke his will, the king understood that there was no other remedy but to answer him knightly, as it was the custom in those days for any man who was accused of treason or murder to fight body for body or find another knight to fight for him. And all murderers in those days were called traitors. When King Angusshire understood his accusation, he was deeply troubled, for he knew Sir Blamore de Ganys to be a noble knight. Then the king of Ireland was simply pursued for his answer. Therefore, the judges gave him respite..third day to give his answer / So the king departed to his lodging / meanwhile, a lady came to Sir Tristram's pavilion, making great dole / what ails you, Sir Tristram, that you make such dole? / A fair knight said the lady. I am ashamed, unless a good knight helps me / for a great lady of worship sent me a fair child and a rich one to Sir Lancelot of the Lake / and there I met with me a knight and threw me down from my palfray and took away the child from me / well, my lady, said Sir Tristram / and for my lord Sir Lancelot's sake, I shall get you that child back / or else I shall be beaten for it / And so Sir Tristram took his horse / and asked the lady which way the knight rode / Then she told him, and he rode after him / and within a while he overtook that knight / And then Sir Tristram asked him to come and give back the child.\n\nThe knight turned his horse / and he made him ready to fight / Then Sir Tristram struck him with a sword such a buffet / that.He tumbled to the earth. Then he yielded himself to Sir Tristram. Sir Tristram said, \"Come this way, bring the child to the lady again.\" So he mounted his horse and rode with Sir Tristram. By the way, Sir Tristram asked him, \"What is your name?\" Then he replied, \"My name is Brunis, have mercy.\" Once he had delivered the child to the lady, he said, \"Sir, this child is well healed.\" Sir Tristram let him go, but he regretfully looked back. For he was great and had been put in great distress. The knight told Sir Tristram how King Anguishe was summoned and accused of murder. Sir Tristram exclaimed, \"God help me! These are the best tidings that have ever come to me in these seven years! For now, the king of Ireland will need my help. I dare say there is no knight in this country who is not from Arthur's court who dares do battle with Sir Blamore de Ganis. And to win the love of the king of Ireland, I will take the battle upon myself.\".Then Governale went to King Anguishe of Ireland and saluted him freely. The king welcomed him, and asked what he wanted. Sir Governale replied, \"Here is a knight at hand who desires to speak with you. He offers to serve you. What knight is he, asked the king? Sir Governale replied, \"It is Sir Tristram, whom I encountered in your marches and lands. At that time, I promised you his service, and it has always been within my power. The king said to Sir Tristram, \"I have great need of you now. I have never had such great need of a knight's help. Sir Tristram replied, \"I will tell you, Your Majesty. I am summoned and called to account for the death of a knight who was kin to the good knight Sir Launcelot. Sir Blamor de Ganis, Sir Bleoberis' brother, has summoned me to fight him or to find a knight to fight in my stead.\".of kynge Bans blood as sir Launcelot & these other are passynge good knyghtes and hard good lordship ye shewed me in Ir\u00a6land and for my lady youre doughters sake / La Beale I\u2223soud I wille take the bataille for you vpon this condycyon / that ye shalle grau\u0304te me two thynges / that one is that ye shal swere to me that ye are in the ryght that ye were neuer consen\u00a6tynge to the kny\u0292tes dethe / Syr thenne said sir Tristram when that I haue done this bataille yf god yeue me grace that I spede that ye shalle gyue me a reward what thynge resonable that I wille aske of you / Soo god me help said the kyng ye shal haue what someuer ye will aske / It is wel said / said sir Trystram\nNOw make your ansuer that youre Champyon is redy For I shalle dye in your quarel rather than to be rshold haue adoo with sir Launcelot du lake / Syr said sir Tris\u00a6tram as for sire Launcelot he is called the noblest knyghte of the worlde / And wete ye wel that the knyghtes of his blood are noble men and drede shame / And as for Bleoberys broder.To Sir Blamor, I have fought a battle with him; therefore, it is no shame to call him a good knight. The king spoke, saying that Blamor is the harder knight. Refused, and as if he were the best knight now bearing shield or spear. So King Anguis departed to King Carados and the kings who were present at that time. And by the commandment of the kings, Sir Blamor de Ganys and Sir Tristram were sent for to hear the charge. When they had come before the judges, there were many kings and knights who held Sir Tristram in great esteem because he had slain Sir Mordant, for he had feared Sir Palomides the good knight.\n\nWhen they had taken their charge, they withdrew to make themselves ready for battle. Then Sir Bleoberis spoke to his brother Sir Blamore: \"Fair dear brother, remember from what kin we come; and what a man is Sir Lancelot du Lac. Neither farther nor nearer but brother.\".children and there was never one of our kin who was shameful in battle, and rather suffer death than be shamed. Broder said Blamore, have no doubt of me; for I shall never shame any of my blood, however it may be. I am sure that yonder knight is called a passing good knight, one of the best of his time in the world. Yet shall I never yield nor say the hateful word. Well may he happen to strike me down with his great might of chivalry, but rather shall he kill me than I shall yield. God speed you well, said Bleoberis, for you shall find him the mightiest knight that ever you have dealt with, all. For I know him, for I have had dealings with him, God speed, said Blamor de Ganis. And therewith he took his horse at one end of the lists, and Sir Tristram at the other end of the lists, and so they met as if it had been thunder. Then Sir Tristram, through great might, struck down Sir Blamore and his horse to the earth. Immediately, Sir Blamor avoided his horse..Sir Tristram pulled out his sword and threw his shield before him. He helped Sir Tristram down from his horse. Though a horse had failed me, I trust in God that the earth will not fail me. Then Sir Tristram dismounted and prepared for battle. They clashed fiercely, racing and trampling, feinting and dashing, exchanging many sad strokes. The kings and knights fought like men possessed, never had knights fought more fiercely than they did. Sir Blamore was so hasty he could not be stilled, and all wondered that they had breath to stand. The place was bloody where they fought. At last, Sir Tristram struck Sir Blamore such a blow on the helmet that he fell down on his side. When Sir Blamore could speak, he said, \"Sir Tristram of Lyones, I require you as you are a noble knight and the best knight I have ever encountered, to grant me mercy. I would not live to be made a lord.\".of all the earth, for I would rather die with honor than live with shame, and you, Sir Tristram, must kill me, or you shall never win the field, for I will never say the loathsome word. Therefore, if you dare kill me, kill me. I yield, Sir Tristram. When Sir Tristram heard him say so nobly, he did not know what to do, remembering the parties of what blood he came from. And for Sir Launcelot's sake, he was loath to kill him. In the other party, he could not choose but that he must make him say the loathsome word or kill him. Then Sir Tristram started to weep and went to the kings who were judges, and there he knelt down before them and begged them, in their wisdom and for King Arthur and Sir Launcelot's sake, to take this matter into their hands. For my fair lords, said Sir Tristram, it is shameful and pitiful that this noble knight who lies there should be slain, for he would not be. I pray.To God that he never be slain nor shamed on my account. And as for the king for whom I fight, I shall request of him, as I am his true champion and true knight in this field, that he will have mercy on this knight. So God help me, said King Anguish. I will, for your sake, Sir Tristram, be ruled as you will have me. I know you for my true knight.\n\nTherefore, I will heartily pray the kings who are judges, and called Sir Bleoberis to them, and asked him his advice.\n\nMy lords, said Bleoberis, though my brother has been beaten and has suffered wounds through my power in arms, I dare say that, though Sir Tristram has beaten his body, he has not beaten his heart. And I thank God that he is not shamed this day. And rather than he should be shamed, I request you, said Bleoberis, let Sir Tristram slay him outright.\n\nIt shall not be so, said the kings. For his adversary, both the king and the champion, have pity for Sir Blamor's knighthood.\n\nMy lords, said..Sir Bleoberis will treat me rightly as you will / Then the kings called the king of Ireland and received him kindly and courteously. Afterwards, Sir Tristram and Sir Bleoberis took hold of Sir Blamore, and the two brothers were reconciled with King Anguish. They kissed and made peace with each other, and Sir Blamor and Sir Tristram kissed and swore to each other that they would never fight against Sir Tristram. Sir Tristram also swore the same oath. For this noble battle, all the blood of Sir Launcelot loved Sir Tristram forever.\n\nKing Anguish and Sir Tristram took their leave and sailed into Ireland with great nobility and joy.\n\nWhen they were in Ireland, the king had it proclaimed throughout the land how Sir Tristram had acted on his behalf. The queen and all who were there made the most of him. However, the joy that fair Isoud made for Sir Tristram could not be matched..\"king Anghisquith asked Sir Tristram why he hadn't asked for his bone yet, as he had promised. Sir Tristram replied, \"Now is the time. I only desire that you give me Isoud, your daughter, not for myself but for my uncle, King Mark, who promised to marry her. Alas, I would rather have her than all the land I possess. If I were to wed her myself, I would be ashamed and false to my promise.\" King Anghisquith said, \"I would rather keep my promise to you. Grant me this request: I will give you Isoud to go with you to Cornwall to marry King Mark, my uncle.\" King Anghisquith added, \"You may have her with you to do as you please, that is, if you wish to marry her yourself, which would be my greatest pleasure.\"\".If you choose to give Lady Isoud to King Mark, and Lady Bragwayne accompanies her as her chief gentlewoman, along with many others, then Lady Isoud's mother gave to them both a drink and charged them that on the day King Mark wed, they should give him this drink. Therefore, King Mark would drink to Lady Isoud, and the Queen said, \"Either one shall love the other for the rest of their lives.\" This drink was given to Lady Bragwayne and to Governale. And then, immediately, Sir Tristram set sail. And it happened that they became thirsty while in their cabin. They saw a small flask of gold standing by them. It seemed, by its color and taste, to be noble wine.\n\nSir Tristram took the flask in his hand and said to Lady Isoud, \"Here is the wine.\".best drink that ever you drank, dame Brangaine and Gouvernal my servant, have kept for themselves,\nthen they laughed and made good cheer and each drank to the other freely. And they thought never a drink that they drank to each other was so sweet or so good. But by that drink in their bodies, they loved each other so well that neither their love ever parted for good or for bad. And thus it happened, the first love between Sir Tristram and Lady Isoud, which love never departed the days of their life. So they stayed until, by chance, they came near a castle that was called Pluere. And there they arrived, intending to have had good herbs, but anon, as Sir Tristram was within the castle, they were taken prisoners. For the custom of the castle was such: whoever rode by that castle and brought any lady with him, he must needs fight with the lord who was called Breunor. And if it happened that Breunor won the field, then the knight should be..Stranger and his lady were put to death, and if it were so that the strange knight won the field of Sir Breunor, then he and his lady both would die. This custom was used for many winters, for it was called the weeping castle.\n\nAs Sir Tristram and Lady Isoud were in prison, it happened that a knight and a lady came to them to comfort them. Tristram marveled and asked the knight and lady, \"What is the cause that the lord of this castle keeps us in prison? It was never the custom of any place of worship that I have come across, where a knight and a lady asked for hospitality and they were received, only to be destroyed by their hosts.\" The knight replied, \"This is the old custom of this castle. When a knight comes here, he must necessarily fight with our lord. And if he is weaker, he must lose his head. Furthermore, if his lady, whom he brings, is fairer than our lord's wife, she must lose her head as well.\".\"heede: And if she is fairer proven than our lady, then the lady of this castle shall lose her head. So God help me, said Sir Tristram. This is a foul custom and shameful. But I have a lady who is fairer than you, I have seen never in all my life days. And I doubt not, for lack of beauty, she shall not lose her head. Rather than I should lose my head, I will fight for it on a fair field. Therefore, Sir Knight, I pray you tell your lord that I will be ready, as tomorrow, with my lady and myself, to do battle if it be so, if I may have my horse and my armor. Sir said that knight, I undertake that your desire shall be speedily granted. And then he said, take your rest and look that you be up by times and make you ready and your lady. For you shall want nothing that you require. And therewith he departed. And on the morrow by times, that same knight came to Sir Tristram and fetched him out and his lady and brought him horse and armor.\".Sir Brunor, the lord of that castle, came with his lady, and asked Sir Tristram where his lady was. \"If your lady is fairer than mine,\" he said, \"then I must strike off her head with my sword. And if she is not, I will win her, and you will lose your head.\"\n\nSir Tristram replied, \"This is a foul custom and horrible. I would rather my lady lose her head than have mine taken. No, I will not agree to that.\"\n\n\"The ladies shall be brought together first,\" Sir Brunor insisted. \"The one shall have her judgment.\"\n\n\"I will not allow that,\" Sir Tristram replied. \"There is no one who will give a righteous judgment. But I am certain that my lady is fairer than yours, and I will prove it with my hand.\"\n\nWhoever it was who....Sir Tristram showed Isoud to Sir Breunor and turned her three times around with his naked sword in hand. When Sir Breunor saw that he was treating Isoud in the same way, but when Sir Breunor beheld beautiful Isoud, he thought he had never seen a fairer lady before. Then, he feared that his lady's head would be lost, and so did all the people present. They gave judgment that beautiful Isoud was the better made.\n\n\"It is a pity that my lady should lose her head,\" said Sir Tristram. \"But because you and she have long used this wicked custom, and by both of you many good knights and ladies have been destroyed, it is no loss to destroy you both.\"\n\n\"I shall win her,\" said Sir Breunor..Trystram, as daring as any knight who wants a lady, / and because of your own judgment, you would have done to my lady what you did, / Trystram, and therewith all, Sir Tristram strode up to him and took his lady from him, / and with an angry stroke he cleaved her head clean off. / \"Now take your horse,\" said Sir Breunor, \"unless I win your lady and may.\" / Then they took their horses and came to Gyders as if it were thunder, / and Sir Trystram struck Sir Breunor clean from his horse, / and lightly he rose up. / And as Sir Trystram came again near him, / he thrust his horse through both shoulders, and it threw him here and there, / and fell dead to the ground. / And ever Sir Breunor ran after to slay Sir Trystram, / but Sir Trystram was light and nimble and avoided his horse lightly, / and before Sir Trystram could dress his shield and sword, / the other gave him three or four..Then they fought to gyders like two boreas tragically and wisely, as two noble knights. Sir Breunor was a proven knight and had been before the death of many good knights, so it was pitiful that he had endured for so long. They fought hurling here and there for nearly two hours, and either was wounded sore. At last, Sir Breunor attacked Sir Trystram and took him in his arms, for he trusted much in his strength. Then Sir Trystram was called the strongest and the tallest knight in the world, for he was called bigger than Sir Lancelot, but Sir Lancelot was better bred. So Sir Trystram thrust Sir Breunor down gruelingly, and then he unlaced his helmet and struck off his head. And then all who longed to the castle came to him and did him homage and fealty, praying him that he would abide there a little while to destroy that foul custom. Sir Trystram granted them that. Meanwhile, one of the knights of the castle approached..Sir Galahad, the noble knight, son of Sir Brunor, came to King Arthur and related his father and mother's misfortune. Then, Sir Galahad and the king, along with their honored knights, prepared to go to battle on horseback with great courage. Sir Galahad challenged Sir Tristram to hand-to-hand combat, and they made ready. Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram met so fiercely that each knocked the other off their horses and to the ground. Noble knight, it is a great shame for you, said Sir Galahad. I swear to you there is no other way but you must yield to me, or else die, Sir Galahad told Sir Tristram. I would rather yield to you than die, Sir Tristram replied, for it is more for the might of your men than of your hands. And there, Sir Tristram took his own sword by the point and placed the pommel in..Sir Galahad and the king with the hundred knights approached, and they began to assault Sir Tristram. \"Sir Galahad, do not be so rash to touch him,\" the king said. \"I have granted this knight his life. Has he not killed your father and mother?\" The king with the C knights asked.\n\n\"I cannot hold Sir Galahad in high regard for my father kept him in prison and forced him to do battle with him,\" Sir Galahad replied. \"My father had such a custom that any knight who came there to ask for hospitality for his lady had to die, unless she was fairer than my mother. If my father overcame that knight, he had to die as well. This was a shameful custom and usage. I would never draw around such a knight.\"\n\n\"God help me,\" the king swore, \"this was a shameful custom.\" Sir Galahad agreed, \"It truly seemed so to me, and it seemed a great pity that this knight should have been subjected to it.\".Sir Trystram of Cornwall: I dare say you are the noblest man alive. But if it were Sir Launcelot of the Lake. Now, fair knight, Sir Galahad spoke, requiring me to tell him your name, whence you come, and where you will go. He replied, \"My name is Sir Trystram of Liones, sent by King Mark of Cornwall on a mission to fetch King Anguish of Ireland's daughter to be his wife. She is ready to go with me to Cornwall. Her name is Lady Isoud. Sir Trystram said to Sir Galahad, the high prince, \"Welcome, found in these marches. And if you promise me to join Sir Launcelot of the Lake and accompany him, you may go wherever you will, and your fair lady with you. I promise you that such customs will never be used in this castle as they have been.\" Sir Trystram added, \"So help me God, I took you for Sir Launcelot of the Lake when I first saw you, and therefore I feared you more. Sir, I promise you.\".Tristram as soon as I may, I will see Sir Launcelot and embrace him, for of all the knights in the world, I most desire his fellowship. And then Sir Tristram took his leave when he saw his time and took to the sea. Meanwhile, word reached Sir Launcelot and Sir Tristram that King Carados the mighty, who was like a giant, had fought with Sir Gawain and struck him such blows that he swooned in his saddle. And after that, he seized him by the collar and pulled him out of his saddle, and bound him fast to the saddle bow, and rode his way with him toward his castle. And as he rode, by chance Sir Launcelot met King Carados and Sir Gawain, who lay bound after him. Sir Launcelot said to Sir Gawain, \"How stands it with you?\" \"Never so hard,\" replied Sir Gawain, \"unless you help me. For I know of no knight who can but you or Sir Tristram.\" Sir Launcelot was heavy-hearted at Sir Gawain's words..And then Sir Launcelot told Sir Carados to lie down and fight with him. \"You are a fool, Sir Carados,\" he said. \"I will serve you as I would serve anyone.\" \"Do not warn me, Sir Launcelot,\" Carados replied. \"I will not hold back.\"\n\nThen Sir Launcelot seized Sir Gawaine, binding his hands and feet, and threw him to the ground. He drew his spear from his squire and departed from Sir Launcelot to fetch his horse. They met again and broke their spears in half, drawing swords instead. They fought for more than an hour on horseback. In the end, Sir Launcelot struck Sir Carados such a blow on the helmet that it knocked his braids loose.\n\nSo then Sir Launcelot took Sir Carados by the collar and pulled him under his horse's feet. He then alighted and removed his helmet, striking off his head.\n\nSir Launcelot released Sir Gawaine and this tale was told to Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram. Here you can hear of their nobility..Sir Trystram said, \"If we had received this message from the fair lady earlier, I would not have stopped until we found Sir Launcelot.\" Then, Sir Trystram and Lady Isoud went to Cornwall and were grandly wedded with great nobility. However, as the French book states, Sir Trystram and Lady Isoud loved each other deeply. There were great tournaments and feasts, and many lords and ladies were in attendance. Sir Trystram was most praised of all. The feast lasted for a long time. After the feast was over, by the agreement of two ladies who were with Queen Isoud, they planned to hate and destroy Dame Brangaine, who was a maiden and lady-in-waiting to Lady Isoud. She was sent into the forest to gather herbs, and there she was met and bound to a tree for three days. By chance, Sir Launcelot found her..Palamydes delivered Lady Bragwyne from death and brought her to a nearby nunnery for recovery. Queen Isoud, who deeply loved her above all earthly women because she had come from her country, walked in the forest to put her thoughts aside. There, she went to a well and wept. Suddenly, Palamydes appeared and heard her complaints. He said, \"Lady Isoud, grant me your favor. I will bring Lady Bragwyne safely to you.\" Delighted by his promise, the queen granted all his requests. \"Lady Isabella,\" Palamydes said, \"I trust your promise. If you will wait here for half an hour, I will bring her to you.\" Palamydes rode to the nunnery and soon returned..with Dame Bragwayne, but she would not come again, as she stood in favor with the queen for love. However, against her will, she went with Sir Palamydes to the queen. When the queen saw her, she was passing glad. Dame said to Palamydes, \"Remember your promise to me, for I have fulfilled mine.\" Sir Palamydes said, \"Queen, I do not know what you desire, but I will tell you that I promised you greatly, thinking no evil and warning you of no ill will. Dame said, \"Sir Palamydes, at this time you shall not know my desire, but before your lord, my husband, you shall know that I will have my desire which you have promised me.\" And with that, the queen departed and rode home to the king. Sir Palamydes rode after her. When Sir Palamydes came before the king, he said, \"King, I require you, as you are a righteous king, that you judge me rightly. Tell me your cause, and you shall have mine.\".Sir Palamydes said to Queen Isoud, \"I promised your queen, Brangaine, that I would bring her back to you, as per this agreement, and in return, you granted me a favor. What do you say, my lady?\" The queen replied, \"It is as he says, God help me. I made the promise to him out of love and joy that I would see her again.\"\n\nThe king asked, \"Well, madam, and if you were hasty in granting him which bone he would ask for, I will allow it.\" Palamydes then declared, \"I want you to know that I will have your queen to lead and govern where I please. The king stood still, considering Sir Tristram, and thought he would reclaim her.\n\nSuddenly, the king answered, \"Take her with the adventures that will follow. For, as I suppose, you will not enjoy her now. I am willing to let you go on this adventure, and I will make a short tale of it, sir.\" Palamydes replied, \"I am quite willing to face the adventure, and so on.\".Palamydes took her hand and said, \"Madame, don't go with me. I desire nothing but your own promise. As for that, the queen replied, 'I'm not greatly concerned if it's you. You have me at your disposal on my promise. I have no doubt I shall be respectfully released from him.'\n\n\"As for that, Sir Palamydes, let it be as it may.\n\n\"Queen Isoud was set behind Palamydes, and they rode on. The king sent after Sir Tristram but could not find him, for he was in the forest hunting, which was always his custom. But if he used weapons to chase and hunt in the forests,\n\n\"Alas, said the king, 'Now I am ashamed forever that by my own consent, my lady and my queen shall be devoured. Then a knight emerged, his name was Lambehus, and he was a knight of Sir Tristram. My lord,\" said the king, \"since you trust in Lord Tristram, welcome, for his sake I will ride after your queen and rescue her, or else I shall be ridden down after her at full speed.\".as he overtook Sir Palamydes, and then Sir Palamydes left the queen. What are you saying, Palamydes? Are you Tristram? No, he replied, I am Sir Lambegus. That grieves me, Palamydes, said Lambegus. But when you meet Tristram, you will have your hands full. And then they charged at each other and shattered their spears. They drew out their swords and hewed on helmets and hauberks. At last, Sir Palamydes gave Sir Lambegus such a wound that he fell to the earth like a dead knight. Then he looked after Lady Isoud, but she was gone. Wet yourselves, Sir Palamydes was never so heavy-hearted. So the queen ran into the forest and there she found a well. And there she had intended to drown herself. But as good fortune would have it, a knight came to her there, who had a castle by his name..Sir Adtherp found the queen and rescued her, bringing her to his castle. Upon discovering her identity, he armed himself and rode towards Palamydes. Palamydes wounded Sir Adtherp severely, forcing him to reveal the reason for their battle and the queen's abduction. Palamydes demanded Sir Adtherp be brought to him, or he would die. Wounded, Sir Adtherp instructed Palamydes to go that way, leading him to the castle where the queen was. Palamydes rode on until he reached the castle. At a window, Lady Isoud saw Palamydes and ordered the gates to be strongly shut. When Palamydes saw he could not enter the castle, he removed his bridle and saddle, set his horse to pasture, and sat down at the gate, appearing as a man who had been ejected from it..Sir Tristram returned home to find that Isoud had gone with Sir Palamydes. He was filled with anger and despair. \"Alas,\" he said, \"I am disgraced today.\" He called to Gouvernail, urging him to hasten and arm him and mount his horse. \"For Lambegus has no power or strength to withstand Sir Palamydes,\" Tristram lamented. \"Alas, that I was not in his place.\"\n\nGouvernail quickly armed and mounted Sir Tristram, and they set off in pursuit. Within a short time, they came upon Lambegus, nearly defeated. Tristram took him under his care and charged him to keep him safe. Then, he continued on and soon encountered Sir Athreid, who was gravely wounded. Athreid told Tristram how the queen had attempted to drown herself due to his absence, and how he had taken it upon himself to fight Sir Palamydes in her stead, out of love and loyalty. \"Where is my lady?\" Tristram asked. \"She is safe enough within my care,\" the knight replied..Sir Trystram rode until he approached the castle, where Sir Palamydes sat sleeping at the gate with his horse grazing before him. \"Go thou and wake him, Gouernaile, and make him ready,\" Sir Trystram commanded. Gouernaile rode up to him and repeated the order, but Sir Palamydes, engrossed in thought, did not hear. Gouernaile returned to Sir Trystram and reported that Sir Palamydes was either asleep or mad. \"Go back and tell him I am here, his mortal foe,\" Sir Trystram instructed. Gouernaile rode back to Sir Palamydes and threatened him with the butt of his spear. \"Prepare yourself, Sir Palamydes,\" Gouernaile warned, \"for your enemy is here.\" With that, Sir Palamydes arose without a word, saddled his horse, and mounted lightly..Gains his spear in hand, and either feudified their spears and hurried to giders, Tristram smote down Sir Palamydes over his horse's tail. Then lightly, Sir Palamydes put his shield before him and drew his sword. And there began strong battle on both sides, for they fought for the love of one lady, and she lay on the walls and beheld them, how they fought out of measure, and either was wounded posing sore, but Palamydes was much sorer wounded. They fought tracing and traumatizing more than two hours, and at last, Isoud swooned.\n\n\"Alas,\" she said, \"I loved one and yet do not, and it is great pity that I should see Sir Palamydes slain. For well I know by this time the end is done, Sir Palamydes is but a dead knight. By cause he is not christened, I would be both that he should die a saracen.\" And therewith all she came down and begged Sir Tristram to fight no more.\n\nA lady said he..what mean you/will you have me shamed? You well know I will be ruled by you. I will not say dishonor to Lady Isoud, but I would that you would, for my sake, spare this unhappy Palamydes. Madame said, Sir Tristram, I will leave fighting at this time for your sake. Then she said to Sir Palamydes, \"This shall be your charge: that you shall go out of this country while I am here. I will obey your commandment,\" said Sir Palamydes. \"This is sore against my will.\" Then she took her way to King Arthur's Court and recommended me to Queen Guinevere. Tell her that I send her word: there are within this land but four lovers: Sir Launcelot du Lake, Queen Guinevere, Sir Tristram de Lyones, and Lady Isoud. And so Sir Palamydes departed with great heaviness. Sir Tristram took the queen and brought her again to King Mark. There was great joy in her homecoming, who was cherished only by Sir Tristram..Sir Trystram ordered Sir Lambegus, his knight, to fetch him from the foster's house. It took a long time before he was fully recovered. But they lived happily and played for a long while. However, Sir Andrew, who was closely related to Sir Trystram, kept watch between Sir Trystram and Lady Isoud to catch them together and shame them. One day, Sir Tristram spoke with Lady Isoud in a secluded place. Sir Andrew saw this and informed the king. King Mark then took a sword in his hand and approached Sir Tristram, calling him a false traitor and attempting to strike him. But Sir Trystram was nearby and grabbed the sword from the king's hand. The king then cried out for his knights and men to seize the traitor. But at that moment, none were willing to move for his words. When Sir Trystram saw that no one was willing to oppose him, he brandished the sword at the king and made a threatening gesture..thenne King Mark fled, and Sir Tristram followed him, striking him five or six blows on the neck so forcefully that he caused him to fall on his nose. Afterward, Sir Tristram armed himself, took his horse and men, and rode into the forest. On a certain day, Sir Tristram encountered two knights who were brothers, serving under King Mark, and there he beheaded one and wounded the other mortally. He made the surviving brother carry his brother's head in his helmet before the king and queen. There, Sir Tristram wounded thirty more men. When the wounded knight came before the king to deliver his message, he died before them. Then King Mark summoned his council and asked for advice regarding Sir Tristram. Sir Dinas the Seneschal spoke up, \"Sir, we will give you counsel to summon Sir Tristram, for many will support him, and he is a formidable opponent.\".Sir, you shall understand that Sir Tristram is called peerless and unmatched among any Christian knight, and of his might and hardiness, we knew none so good. But if it be Sir Lancelot du Lake, and if he departs from your court and goes to King Arthur's court, know well he will gain such friends there that he will not set by your malice. Therefore, sir, I counsel you to take him to your grace. I will well say, the king, that he be sent for, so we may be friends. Then, the barons sent for Sir Tristram under a safe conduct. And so, when Sir Tristram came to the king, he was welcome, and no reproach was made. And there was game and play. The king and queen made their pavilions and their tents in that forest beside a river. And there was daily hunting and jousting, for there were ever twenty knights ready to joust for all those who came at that time. And there by..Sir Lamerak of Galys and Sir Dryaunt arrived, and at last Sir Dryaunt challenged him. But in the end, Sir Lamerak fell. Then Sir Lamerak offered to fight Sir Dryaunt, and when he began, not one of the thirty knights remained who did not give him a fall, and some of them were severely hurt. I marveled, said King Mark, what knight is this who performs such deeds of arms? Sir replied, Sir, Tristram, I know him well as a noble knight, few now living. And his name is Sir Lamorak of Galys. It would be a shame, said the king, that he should leave thus humiliated, since some of you have met with him before. Sir Tristram said, It seems to me that it is no honor for a nobleman to engage with him now, and moreover, at this time he has done far too much for any mean knight living. Therefore, it seems to me it would be a great shame and disgrace to tempt him any further, since both he and his horse are weary from the deeds of arms he has done this day..Sir Launcelot, it was sufficient for you, as you love me and Queen Isoud, Lady Beale, to take up arms and join Sir Lamorak of Galis. Sir Tristram bids me do something against knighthood. I can well judge that I shall give him a fall. It is no great feat; my horse and I are fresh, but his horse and he are not, and you should know that he will take it as a great act of unkindness. But because I will not displease you, as you require me, I will do as you command. And so, Sir Tristram armed him and sent him forth. There Sir Lamorak met him and dealt him a mighty blow with his own spear, and Sir Tristram's spear brought down Sir Lamorak's horse to the earth. Instantly, as lightly as he could, Sir Lamorak removed the saddle and his horse, and put his shield before him and drew his sword..Sir Tristram, you are to light a torch and you dare not, for I have done too much to my dishonor and to yours, Sir Lamorak. As for what Sir Lamorak said, I cannot thank you, since you have refused to lend me a horse. I ask you and I implore you, Sir Tristram, fight with me on foot. I will not.\n\nSir Tristram replied, \"I am Sir Tristan of Lion, and I well know you are Sir Lamorak of Galis. What I have done to you was against my will, but I was compelled to do it. But to say that I will do it at your request, as at this time I will have no more dealings with you, for it is on your part or mine to bear it. For though a maiden's son has failed me, now a Queen's son shall not fail me. And therefore, if you are such a knight as men call you, I implore you, light a torch and fight with me, Sir Lamorak.\" Sir Lamorak said to Sir Tristram, \"I, Sir Tristan.\".under youre heart is great, and because you have to say that, it would grieve me. And only a knight should keep himself fresh, and then to strike down a worthy knight, for that knight or horse was never formed to always stand or endure. And therefore, said Sir Tristram, I will not have dealings with you. As for that which Sir Lamorak said, I shall make amends to you, and whenever I see my time.\n\nThey departed from him with Sir Drystan, and by the way they met a knight who was sent from Morgan le Fay to King Arthur. And this knight had a fair horned helmet with gold, and the horn had such a virtue that no lady or gentlewoman could drink from that horn unless she was true to her husband. And if she was false, she would spill all the drink. And if she was true to her lord, she could drink peacefully. And because of Queen Guinevere and in the spite of Sir Lancelot, this horn was sent to King Arthur, and by force..Lamorak made the knight tell all the reason why he bore that horn. / Now shall you bear this horn said Lamorak to King Mark, or else choose to die for it. / For I tell you plainly in spite and reproof of Sir Tristram, you shall bear that horn to King Mark, your uncle, / and say to him that I sent it to him to test his lady. / And if she is true to him, he shall prove her. / So the knight went his way to King Mark and brought him that rich horn. / And he said that Sir Lamorak sent it to him. / And there he told him the virtue of that horn. / Then the king made Queen Isoud drink from it, and a hundred ladies. / And there were but four ladies of all those who drank cleanly. / Alas said King Mark, this is a great disgrace. / And he swore a great oath that she should be burned, and the other ladies. / Then the Barons gathered them together and said plainly they would not have those ladies burned for an horn made by sorcery that came from as false a sorceress and witch as she..tho lived / For that horn brought only trouble and strife, and she had always been an enemy to all true lovers. So, many knights made their avoidance of her a point of honor. And whenever they encountered Morgan le Fay, they would show her disrespect.\n\nSir Tristram grew angry because Sir Lamorak had sent the horn to King Mark, knowing full well that it was done in disrespect to him. And so, Sir Tristram sought to avenge Sir Lamorak.\n\nThen, Sir Tristram frequently visited Queen Isoud when he could, and Sir Andred, his cousin, watched over him night and day to capture him with Lady Beale Isoud. And on one night, Sir Andred saw the hour and the time when Sir Tristram went to his lady.\n\nThen, Sir Andred gathered twelve knights and, at midnight, they surprised Sir Tristram and found him naked in bed with Lady Beale Isoud. And so, he was bound hand and foot and kept until daybreak..Then, with the consent of King Mark and Sir Andrew and some of the barons, Sir Tristram was led to a chapel on the sea rocks for judgment. He was bound with forty knights. When Sir Tristram saw that there was no other recourse but to die, he said, \"Lords, remember what I have done for the country of Cornwall, and in what danger I have been for your welfare. When I fought for the cause of Cornwall with Sir Marhaus the good knight, I was promised better reward if you all refused to engage in battle. Therefore, as you are good, noble knights, do not see me shamefully die. It is a disgrace to all knighthood to witness such a thing. I dare say that I have never met a knight who was as good or better than I.\"\n\nFie upon Sir Andrew, false traitor, that you are with your auspices. For all your boasts, you shall die this day. O Andrew..Andred said to Sir Tristram, \"You should be my kinsman. Now, you act most unfriendly towards me. But if it were only the two of us, you would not put me to death.\"\n\n\"No,\" replied Sir Andred, \"and there I drew my sword to slay you.\"\n\nWhen Sir Tristram saw him make such a threat, he looked at both his hands, which were bound to two knights. Suddenly, he pulled them both towards him and turned his hands around. Then he leapt towards Sir Andred and drew his sword from their hands. He struck Sir Andred, who fell to the earth. Sir Tristram continued to fight until he had killed ten knights.\n\nThen Sir Tristram entered the chapel and kept it mightily. The cry was great, and the people drew towards Sir Andred in greater numbers than a hundred. When Sir Tristram saw the people drawing towards him, he remembered he was naked. He quickly broke the door's barricade and leapt out, falling upon the crowd..At that time, Sir Andrew and none of his companions could reach Sir Tristram. But when they had departed, Governale, Sir Lambegus, and Sir Sentraille de Lusignan, who were Sir Tristram's men, heard that he had escaped. They were passing by the rocks when they found him, and with tools they pulled him up. Sir Tristram asked them where Lady Iseult was, for he believed she had been taken away from Andrew's people. Sir Governale replied, \"She is in a leper house, alas.\"\n\nSir Tristram said, \"This is an unworthy place for such a fair lady. If I may, she shall not belong here.\" He took his men and went to the leper house where Lady Iseult was. He freed her and brought her to a lovely manor in the forest. Sir Tristram remained there with her. He sent his men away, saying, \"At this time, I cannot help you. They all departed except for Governale.\n\nOne day, Sir Tristram went into the forest..In the forest, Tristram fell asleep. A man, who had previously slain Tristram's brother at Tristram's command, found him there and shot him in the shoulder with an arrow. Waking up, Tristram killed the man. Meanwhile, King Mark learned that Tristram and Isoud were in the same manor. As soon as he could, he arrived there with many knights, intending to kill Tristram. However, when he arrived, he found that Tristram and Isoud had left. Mark took Isoud with him and kept her confined, preventing her from communicating with Tristram or vice versa. When Tristram reached the old manor, he saw the tracks of many horses and realized that Isoud was gone. Tristram was filled with great sorrow and endured long pain due to the poisoned arrow wound he had received. Through Isoud, a lady was informed..Sir Tristram was close to Dame Brangaine, and she went to him and told him that he could not be healed by any means, for Lady Isoud le Blanchemains could not help him. Therefore, she bade him hasten to Brittany to King Howel, and there he would find his daughter Isoud le Blanchemains, who would help him. Sir Tristram and Gouvernal then arranged for shipping and sailed to Brittany. When King Howel learned that it was Sir Tristram, he was very pleased with him. \"I have come to this country to have help from your daughter,\" he said, \"for I have been told that there is no one else who can help me but her, and soon she did help him.\n\nThere was an earl named Gryp, and this earl made great war upon the king and put him in a worse position. And once, Sir Kehidyus, who was the king's son, went out as he was issuing forth, and he was severely wounded near to death.\n\nThen Gouvernal went to the king and said, \"sire, I counsel you to ask my lord, sir.\".Tristram, to help you I will, said the king. And he went to Sir Tristram and prayed him in his wars to help him, for my son Kehidius cannot go into the field. \"I will go to the field and do what I can,\" said Sir Tristram. Then Sir Tristram issued out of the town with as much following as he could muster and did such deeds that all of Britain spoke of him. And then, by great might and force, he slew the Earl Gryp with his own hands and more than a hundred knights he slew that day. And then Sir Tristram was received worshipfully with a procession. Then King Howel embraced him in his arms and said, \"Sir Tristram, all my kingdom I will resign to you.\" \"God defend you,\" said Sir Tristram. \"For I am beholden to you for your daughter's sake to do this for you.\" Then, by the great means of King Howel and Kehidius his son, great love grew between Isoud and Sir Tristram, for that lady was both good..And a woman of noble blood and fame, and fair was Sir Tristram's lady, Isoud. Yet, due to Sir Tristram's charm, riches, and all other pleasures, he had mostly forsaken her. In time, Sir Tristram agreed to marry Isoud, the Fair Maid of the White Isle. They were married and their union was solemnized. Once they were in bed, Sir Tristram remembered his old lady, Isoud. Suddenly, he thought so much that he was overwhelmed. The only comfort he found was in clinging and kissing, as for other carnal desires Sir Tristram never thought or had with her. This is mentioned in the French book.\n\nAdditionally, the lady believed there had been no pleasure but clinging and kissing. Meanwhile, in Brittany, there was a knight named Suppynables. He came over the sea into England. Then he came to King Arthur's court and there he met Sir Launcelot du Lake..Sir Launcelot told him of Sir Tristram's marriage to Lady Isoud, Queen of Cornwall. \"Fie upon him, an untrue knight, to his first lady,\" Sir Launcelot said. \"Lady Isoud, the queen of Cornwall, is the noble lady Sir Tristram should have been faithful to. But tell him this: of all knights in the world, I loved him most and took greatest joy in him, all due to his noble deeds. Let him know that the love between us is done for eternity. And I warn him from this day forth that I am his mortal enemy.\"\n\nSir Suppynabyles then departed to Brittany and there found Sir Tristram. Sir Suppynabyles told him, \"I was in King Arthur's court. Have you heard anything about me?\" \"God help me,\" said Sir Tristram, \"I heard Sir Launcelot speak ill of you, accusing you of being false to your lady. He declared that he would be your mortal enemy wherever he could find you. I regret it,\" said Tristram, \"for I loved him above all.\".knights loved to be in his fellowship / Sir Tristram made great wealth and was ashamed that noble knights should defame him because of his lady / In the meantime, Lady Isoud wrote a letter to Queen Guinevere complaining about Sir Tristram and how he had married the king's daughter of Brittany / Queen Guinevere sent another letter / and urged her to be of good cheer / for she would have joy after sorrow / for Sir Tristram was such a noble knight that ladies would make such noble men wed them through sorcery / but in the end, Queen Guinevere said that he would hate her and love you better than ever before / So, leave\nSir Tristram in Brittany and let us speak of Sir Lamorak of Galis / As he sailed his ship, it fell on a rock and perished all / except for Sir Lamorak and his squire / and there he swam mightily / and fish from the island surrounded him / and the shipmen had great labor to save Sir Lamorak's life / for all the others were lost..Sir Nabon, the lord of that island, was a great and mighty giant. He hated all knights of King Arthur and showed them no favor. The fishermen told Sir Lamorak of Sir Nabon's behavior, how he had destroyed every knight of King Arthur. In the last battle, Sir Nanowe the Small was slain by Sir Nabon, who put him to a shameful death despite King Arthur. For Sir Nanowe was drawn limb from limb. Sir Lamorak thought this was a shameful death for his cousin. If I were at my ease, I would avenge his death. The fishermen begged him and said, \"Sir, make no words about this. Sir Nabon must know that you have been here, or else we would die for your sake. I, Sir Lamorak, am a knight of King Arthur. I was never afraid to renounce my lord.\".Sir Tristram and his wife Isoud, along with Sir Kay, her brother, set out to play costly games on a little barge. Once they were away from the land, a wind drove them to the coast of Wales, where Sir Lamorak was, and their barge was wrecked. There, Dame Isoud was injured, and they barely managed to enter the forest. By a well, Sir Tristram saw Segwaeries and a damsel. They recognized each other, and Sir Tristram said to Segwaeries, \"I know you as Sir Tristram of Lyones, the man in the world whom I have the most reason to hate because you took my love from me and my wife.\" But Segwaeries replied, \"I will never hate a noble knight for a light lady. Therefore, be my friend, and I will be yours to my power. You are badly situated in this valley, and we shall have enough to do to help each other.\" Then Sir Segwaeries brought Sir Tristram to a safe place..A lady there, born in Cornewaille, told him all the perils of that valley, and how no knight had ever come there without being taken prisoner or slain. Sir Tristram, you know well, fair lady, that I slew Sir Marhaus and delivered Cornewaille from the tyranny of Ireland. I am the one who delivered the king of Ireland from Sir Blamor de Ganis. I am the one who defeated Sir Palamides. Indeed, I am Sir Tristram de Lyones, who, by the grace of God, shall deliver this wretched isle from servitude. Sir Tristram was greatly relieved. One told him there was a knight of King Arthur who had wrecked on the rocks. What is his name, Sir Tristram? We don't know, said the fishermen, but he keeps it no secret that he is a knight of King Arthur's, and by the mighty lord of this isle, he sets no store by it. I pray you, Sir Tristram, and you may bring him here so that I may see him. And if he is one of Arthur's knights, I shall know him. Then the lady begged the fishermen to bring him..\"Sir Lamorak brought him to his place on the morrow. They brought him there in a fisherman's attire. As soon as Sir Tristram saw him, he smiled at him and recognized him, but he did not know Sir Tristram. Fair sir, you seem unwell, as if you have been sick recently, and I should have known you before, Sir Lamorak said. Fair sir, replied Sir Tristram, tell me your name. On a condition, you will tell me whether you are the lord of this island called Nabon le Noir, Sir Lamorak said. Indeed, Sir Tristram replied, I am not he, nor do I hold from him. I am his vassal, as you are. So it shall be found, or I will leave this island. Well said, Sir Lamorak, since you have spoken so freely to me. My name is Sir Lamorak, son of King Pellinore.\".Sir Trystram de Liones, a sir you may remember, gave me offense / and after refusing me permission to fight on foot, I would have engaged you, Sir Trystram, had I not felt shame at the time, for it seemed enough / but Sir Lamorack, for the sake of many ladies you put in peril, when you sent the horn from Morgan le Fay to King Mark, where you did this in contempt of me. \"Well said he,\" replied Sir Trystram, \"and I would do the same again. I would rather strive and debate in King Mark's court than Arthur's, for the honor of both courts is not the same. As for what Sir Trystram said, that was done in contempt of me, but all your malice, I thank God, did not harm greatly. Therefore, Sir Trystram, you shall leave off all your malice, and I will do the same, and let us try how we may win honor between you and me against Sir Nabon le Noir, lord of this island, to destroy him.\" Sir Lamorack said, sir..Lamorak, I now understand your knighthood; it is not false that all men say, for of your generosity, nobles, and chivalry, you are peerless among all knights. And for your courtesy and gentleness, I showed you unkindness, which now I regret.\n\nMeanwhile, word came that Sir Nabon had summoned all the people of that island to his castle on the fifth day after this, and on that same day, his son was to be knighted. All the knights of that valley and the surrounding areas were to be present for the ceremony, and all those from the Kingdom of Logrys were to be present with them from Northwalys. Five hundred knights came, and the people of the countryside brought Sir Lamorak, Sir Tristram, Sir Kehydyus, and Sir Segwarides, for they dared not do otherwise. Sir Nabon then lent Sir Lamorak a horse and armor at Sir Lamorak's request. Sir Lamorak participated in the ceremony and performed such deeds of arms that Nabon and all the people declared there had never been a knight who did such things..Sir Nabon proposed a duel, for the French book states that he summoned one hundred knights to remain with him in his saddle. Then Sir Nabon offered to engage with him in his game, for I have never seen a knight do so much in a single day. I will do my best, Sir Lamorak, to engage as you wish, but I am weary and badly bruised. Yet, either way, he threw a spear. But Nabon refused to face Sir Lamorak in combat; instead, he struck his horse in the forehead and killed him. Thereupon, Sir Lamorak dismounted and removed his shield, drawing his sword. A fierce battle ensued on foot. But Sir Lamorak, so badly bruised and short of breath, stumbled and hesitated slightly. Fair fellow, said Sir Nabon, hold your hand, and I shall show you more courtesy than I have ever shown a knight, for I have witnessed today your noble knighthood. And therefore, stand by, and I will see if any of your companions will join me. When Sir Tristram heard this, he stepped forward and said, \"Nabon, lend me your horse and armor, and I...\".Sir Nabon, go to the pawnshop and arm the best men you find there, I will play a marvelous trick with the one you find there, Sir Nabon replied. Then Sir Tristram said, \"Look, play well or I will teach you a new play, Sir Nabon said. So when Sir Tristram was armed as he liked and shielded and sworded, he put on his footwear. For well he knew Sir Nabon would not abide a spear stroke, so he intended to slay all knights and their horses.\n\nFair Sir Nabon, let us play, Sir Nabon agreed. So they fought for a long time on foot, tracing and traversing, striking and feinting, without any rest. At last, Sir Nabon begged him to tell him his name. Sir Tristram replied, \"I am Sir Tristram de Liones, a knight of Cornwall under King Mark.\" Welcome, Sir Tristram, Sir Nabon said. \"For of all knights, I have most desired to fight with you or Sir Launcelot.\" So they went eagerly to the forge, and Sir Tristram slew Sir Nabon..Sir Nabon and others approached Sir Tristram and struck off his head. The country then declared they would hold allegiance to Sir Tristram. \"I will not accept that,\" said Sir Tristram. \"Sir Lamorak of Galis is a worthy knight who will be lord of this country for me, as he has performed great deeds of arms here. I will not be lord,\" said Sir Lamorak. \"I have not deserved it as much as you.\" Give it to whom you will, for I will not have it,\" said Sir Tristram. \"Since neither you nor I want it, let us give it to him who has not deserved it as much.\" Do as you please, said Segwarydes, for the gift is yours, and I will not have it. It was given to Segwarydes, whom he thanked, and he became lord. Segwarydes then delivered all prisoners and established good governance in that valley. He then turned to Cornwall and informed King Mark and Lady Isoud of Sir Tristram's actions..announced him to the isle of Seruage, and there he proclaimed all the adventures of these two knights. It was openly known. But full woe was Lady Isoud when she heard tell that Sir Tristram was wedded to Lady Blanche. Therefore, we turned to Sir Lamorak, who rode toward Arthur's court. Sir Tristram's wife and Kehydius took a vessel and sailed into Brittany to King Howel, where he was welcome. And when he heard of these adventures, they marveled at his noble deeds. Now we turn to Sir Lamorak, who, when he had departed from Sir Tristram, rode out of the forest until he came to an hermitage. When the hermit saw him, he asked him whence he came. Sir Lamorak replied, \"I come from this valley.\" The hermit said, \"I marvel, Sir Lamorak, for this twenty winters I have seen no knight pass through this country but he was either slain or villainously wounded or passed as a poor prisoner.\" Thus, the ill customs said, Sir Lamorak are undone, for Sir Tristram slew your man..lord Sir Nabon and his son were pleased and all his brethren, for he said there was never such a tyrant among them. And therefore the hermit said, \"We will hold this valley and fiefdom from Sir Tristram.\"\n\nThe next morning, Sir Lamerak departed. As he rode, he saw four knights fighting against one. The one knight defended himself well but was eventually overpowered by the four knights. Then Sir Lamerak rode between them and asked why they would kill that one knight. It is a shame to fight against one, he said.\n\n\"You speak falsely,\" the four knights replied. \"That is your tale, Sir Lamerak,\" they added.\n\n\"A knight cannot excuse himself but with his word and hands,\" Sir Lamerak retorted. \"I will make good on that with one of the best of them, body to body.\"\n\n\"We will not risk our bodies for that,\" they all replied in unison..They said to you well and King Arthur was there himself, it should not be within his power to save his life. That is too much said, said Sir Lamorak. But all spoke at once to Sir Lamorak. But at two strokes, Sir Lamorak had slain two of them. And then Sir Lamorak turned again to that knight and asked him his name. Sir, he said, my name is Sir Frol of the Outer Isles. Then he rode with Sir Lamorak and kept him company. And as they rode along, they saw a handsome knight riding against them, all in white. \"Sir, that knight recently fought with me and knocked me down,\" said Frol. \"Therefore, I wish to fight with him.\" \"You shall not do so, said Sir Lamorak, by my counsel. And you will tell me your quarrel, whether you fought at his request or he at yours?\" \"No, Sir,\" said Frol. \"I fought with him at my request.\" \"Then I will counsel you to have no more dealings with him,\" said Sir Lamorak. \"For it seems to me, by his conduct, he should be a noble knight.\".And I think not that he should be excluded from the round table. Therefore, I will not oppose that, which the white knight said, for I have no desire to dispute with the red knight, but they feuded their spears and the white knight overthrew Sir Frol. Then, Sir Lamorak rode after him and prayed him to tell him his name, for it seems to me that you should be of the fellowship of the round table. On a couchant, he also said and that you will tell me yours. Then he said, \"My name is Sir Lamorak de Galis.\" And my name is Sir Launcelot of the Lake.\" They put up their swords and kissed each other heartily. Each made great joy of the other. Sir Lamorak said, \"Sir, it pleases me, I will do you service.\" God defend you, said Launcelot, \"of such noble blood as you are, should do me service.\" Then he said, \"Moreover, I am on a quest that I must do myself alone.\" Now God speed you, said Sir Lamorak, and so they departed. Then Sir Lamorak came to Sir Frol..and he replied to Sir Frol that it was not for him to know who the knight was, nor was it part of his charge. Sir Frol accused him of being uncourteous, and Sir Lamorak therefore decided to leave. In two or three days, Sir Lamorak encountered a knight sleeping by a well, with his lady sitting beside him and waking him. Sir Gawain arrived and took the knight's lady, placing her behind his squire. Sir Lamorak rode after Sir Gawain and demanded that he turn back. Sir Gawain asked what Lamorak intended to do with him, since he was new to King Arthur's court. Lamorak replied that for that reason, he would spare him. Either the lady would remain with him or Lamorak would fight him. Sir Gawain turned towards him and ran at him with his spear, but the knight, with greater strength, struck down Sir Gawain and took his lady with him..Sir Lamorak saw all this and said to himself, \"I will avenge my fellow knight. He will bring dishonor upon me in King Arthur's court.\" Then Sir Lamorak returned and challenged the knight, named Justin. \"I am ready,\" said Justin. And they came together at their horses, and there Sir Lamorak struck the knight through both sides, killing him. Then the lady rode to her brother, named Bellaguace the Proud, who was fighting nearby. She told him of her brother's death. \"Alas,\" he said, \"I will avenge myself.\" And he mounted and armed himself, and soon overtook Sir Lamorak. He demanded that Sir Lamorak release the lady, for \"you and I must play a new game. You have killed my brother, Sir Froll, who was a better knight than you ever were.\" Sir Lamorak might have replied, \"But today in the field, I found myself the better.\" So they rode at each other, unhorsed, tore their shields, and drew their swords, fighting mightily..Sir Bellyaunce: \"You are the man I hate most in the world. I killed my sons for your sake, where I could have saved your life, and now you have killed my brother, Sir Frol. Alas, how should I reconcile with you? Therefore, defend yourself; you shall die, there is no other remedy.\n\nSir Lamorak: \"I know you well. You are the man who has done the most for me. Then, with all due respect, I ask for your grace.\n\nSir Bellyaunce: \"Rise, or I will kill you as you kneel. I yield to you not out of fear of you or because of your strength, but because of your goodness makes me willing to face you. I implore you, for God's sake, and for the honor of knighthood, forgive me for all the offenses I have committed against you.\"\n\nSir Lamorak: \"Alas, I require the same from you.\".Belleauncet relinquish your kneeling or I shall kill you without mercy; then they went back to battle. The ground was bloody where they fought, and at last Belleauncet drew back and sat down softly on a little hill, for he was so faint from bleeding that he could not stand. Then Sir Lamorak threw his shield over his back and asked him what cheer; well said Sir Belleauncet, \"Sir, I will yet show you favor in your misfortune. A knight, Sir Belleauncet, said Sir Lamorak, you are a fool; for if I had been in your position and done to me as you have done me, I would have killed you. But your kindness is so good and so great that I must necessarily forgive your evil will.\" Then Sir Lamorak knelt down and first unlaced Belleauncet's armor, then his own, and then they both kissed each other with weeping tears. Then Sir Lamorak led Sir Belleauncet to an abbey fast by, and there Sir Lamorak would not depart from Belleauncet until he was.And then they swore to gyders that none of them should ever fight against each other. So Sir Lamorak departed and went to King Arthur's court.\n\nHere leaves us Sir Lamorak and Sir Tristram.\n\nAt King Arthur's court came a young man, handsomely attired, and he was richly seen. He desired to be made a knight by the king, but his oversized garment hung awkwardly. How was that? It was rich clothing of gold.\n\nWhat's your name, King Arthur, the knight replied. My name is Breunor le Noir, and within short time you shall know that I come from good kin. It may well be said, Sir Kay the Seneschal, but in mockery you shall be called la cote male taye, that is, the ill-shaped coat. It's a great thing that you ask, said the king. And for what purpose were you that rich coat? Tell me, for I can well think for some reason it is. The knight answered, I had a noble father. And as he rode hunting one day, it happened that he lay down..A knight, once my father's enemy, came upon me while I slept. He saw I was defenseless and attacked, damaging the same coat that had once belonged to my father. The coat now causes me discomfort due to the wounds inflicted upon it, and I, in turn, am reminded of my father's death. I come before you, the most noble king of the world, seeking to be made a knight in his memory. Sir Lamorak and Sir Gaheris agreed, \"It is well done to make him a knight,\" they said, \"for he possesses a fine appearance and countenance. He will prove to be a good man and a good knight, and powerful. Your father, Sir Lancelot du Lake, was remembered as such when he first arrived in this Court, and few knew his origin. Now, he is the most revered man in the world, and your entire Court and Round Table are held in greater esteem because of him.\".A knight living now, the king said, and I shall make him a knight at your request, on the morrow. So on the morrow, an heart was found, and there King Arthur rode with his knights to slay the heart. The young man named La Cote Male Tayle, whom Sir Kay had left behind with Queen Guinevere, was there. By sudden adventure, he broke free and came rushing before the Queen and her knights. When the Queen saw the lion, she cried and fled, and prayed her knights to rescue her. And none of them all remained but twelve, and all the others fled. Then La Cote Male Tayle said, \"Now I see well that not all coward knights are dead.\" And with all, he drew his sword and prepared himself before the lion. The lion opened wide and came rushing to kill him. And he then struck it in the middle of the head with such a mighty blow..that it clashed his head aside and dashed to the earth. Then the Queen was told how the young man Sir Kay named in scorn Lacelot had slain the lion. With that, the king returned home. And when the Queen told him of this adventure, he was well pleased and said, \"On pain of my head, he shall prove a noble man and a faithful knight, true to his promise.\" Then the king made him a knight on the spot. Sir Kay said, \"I require you and all the knights of your court to call me by no other name but Lacelot the Lamemart, for so Sir Kay has named me, so will I be called.\" The king assented.\n\nThat same day, a damsel came into the court, and she brought with her a great black shield, with a white hand in the middle holding a sword. No picture was in that shield, when King Arthur saw her, he asked her where she came from and what she wanted. Sir, she said, \"I have ridden.\".A long time ago, there was a knight who bore this shield. He had undertaken a great deed of arms, but unfortunately, another strong knight encountered him by surprise. They fought for a long time, and each was wounded severely. They grew weary and left the battlefield. The knight who owned the shield saw no other way but to die, so he commanded me to take the shield to King Arthur's court. He begged and prayed that a good knight would fulfill the quest he was on. King Arthur then asked, \"Who among you will take upon himself to wield this shield?\" No one spoke up. Then Sir Kay took the shield in his hands. The damsel asked Sir Kay, \"What is your name?\" He replied, \"You know well, it is Sir Kay.\".the seneschal who was widely known as Sir said that the damsel lay down her shield, for well you know it does not concern you. For he must be a better knight than you who shall wield this shield. The damsel said, Sir Kay, well you know I took this shield in my hands by your leave, not to this end but to go where you will, for I will not go with you. Then the damsel stood still for a great while and considered many of those knights. Then spoke the knight Lacote Maltaile, fair damsel, I will take the shield and that adventure upon me, so I knew whether my journey might be warded. For, because I was this day made knight, I would take this adventure upon me. What is your name, fair young man, said the damsel. My name is Lacote Maltaile, replied the damsel. Well may you be called so, said the damsel. But if you are so bold to take upon yourself to bear that shield and to follow me, well you know your skin shall be as..wel hewen as thou art clad, / When I am so hewn, I will ask you for no salute to heal me with all, / And forthwith all came in to the Court two squires and brought him great horses and his armor and his spears, / and anon he was armed and took his leave. / I would not, by my will, said the king, that you took upon you that hard adventure, / Sir, said he, this adventure is mine, / and the first that ever I took upon me, / and that will I follow whatever comes of me. / Then that damsel departed, / and Sir La Cote Male Tayle followed closely after, / And within a while he overtook the damsel, / and anon she mistook him in the foulest manner. / Then Sir Kay, King Arthur's fool, was ordered to follow after Sir La Cote Male Tayle, / and there Sir Kay ordered that Sir Dagonet was horsed and armed and bade him follow Sir La Cote Male Tayle, / and offer himself to Iseult, / So he did, / and when he saw Sir La Cote Male Tayle, he cried out and bade him make himself ready for Iseult. / So Sir La Cote Male Tayle..Sir Dagonet rode over his horse's rump. Then the damsel mocked his cowardly tail and said, \"Fie for shame! Now you are shamed in Arthur's court, when they send a fool to deal with the likes of you, and especially at your first, Sir Justice. Thus she rode along and scolded him.\n\nAnd soon they all fell to the ground. Then Sir Cote Male Tail arose lightly and drew his shield and sword, intending to do battle to the utmost. For he was a cowardly knight. A damsel, he said, \"I pray you, have mercy on me no more. My grief is enough, even if you give me no more. I have never called myself a true knight when a maiden's son mocks me, nor when I was dismounted by Sir Bleoberis.\"\n\nSo he rode with her for two days, and by chance Sir Palomides came and encountered him, and he treated him in the same way that Bleoberis had before.\n\n\"What are you doing here in my presence?\" the damsel asked. \"You know very well they have deserted.\" And he fell among the companionship..with the damsel Maledian struck down that knight of the castle who struck down Sir Mordred from his horse. The damsel Maledian then fought with that other knight, and each struck the other down from their horses to the ground. When they dismounted, the damsel Maledian rode to the knight who had struck down Sir Mordred and engaged him in combat. Sir Maledian injured and wounded him severely, knocking him off his horse as if he were dead. He then turned to the one who had met him before and fled toward Castle Orgulous. Sir Maledian rode after him and entered the castle, whereupon an hundred knights surrounded him. When he saw his horse was to be slain, he dismounted, placed the bridle under his feet, and put himself out of the gate. Once he had done this, he hurled himself among them and prepared his back to a lady..A chamber knight, thinking it preferable to die there with dignity rather than endure the rebukes of Lady Maledisant, stood his ground. In the meantime, as he hesitated, the lady slipped out of the chamber stealthily. Outside the gates, she found a horse with a white tail and quietly led it away, tying it to a nearby posterne. Then she returned to her chamber quietly to observe how one knight fought against a hundred. After watching him for a long time, she went to a window behind his back and said, \"Sir knight, you fight wonderfully well, but in the end, you must inevitably die. But if you can use your great prowess to win your way to that posterne, for I have tied your horse there. But remember, consider your dignity and do not think of dying, for you cannot reach that posterne without doing nobly and mightily.\" When Lady Maledisant spoke these words, the knight with the white tail heard her and drew his sword..his hands and placed his shield fair before him / and thrust his way through the thickest presses / And when he reached the posterior / he found there ready four knights / and at the first two strokes he slew two of the knights / and the other fled / and so he won his horse and rode away from them / and all this was recounted in King Arthur's court / how he slew twelve knights within the castle Orgulous / and so he rode on his way /\n\nIn the meantime, the damsel said to Sir Mordred, \"I think my foolish knight is either slain or taken prisoner\"; then we saw where he came riding / And when he was come to them / he told all how he had fared / and some of the best of them would not believe / \"You lie falsely,\" said the damsel, \"that I should let go / but as a fool and a coward to all knighthood / they have let him pass / that may you prove,\" said La Cote Male Taille, \"with that she sent a messenger of hers who rode always with her..know the truth of this deed / and so he rode thither lightly / and asked how and in what manner that la cote male tail was escaped from the castle / Then all the knights cursed him and said that he was a fiend and no man / For he had slain here twelve of our best knights / & we thought unto this day that it had been too much for Sir Lancelot of the Lake or for Sir Tristram of Lyones / And in spite of us all he is departed from us and mauled our heads / With this answer the currier departed and came to Maldesount his lady / and told her all how Sir Lancelot male tail had fared at the castle Orgulous / Then she struck down her head / and said little / By my head, said Sir Mordred to the damsel, you are greatly to blame to rebuke him / for I warn you plainly he is a good knight / and I doubt not / but he shall prove a noble knight / but as yet he may not yet sit sure on horseback / for he that shall be a good horseman / it must come of usage and exercise / But when he comes to..the strokes of his sword, he is then noble and mighty, and see Sir Bleoberis and Sir Palamides; for well you know they are wily men of arms, and immediately they know when they see a young knight by his riding, how they are sure to give him a fall from his horse or a great buffet. But for the most part, they will not light on foot with young knights, For they are heavy and strongly armed. In like manner, Sir Lancelot de Lake, when he was first made a knight, was often put to the worse on horseback, but ever on foot he recovered his renown, and slew and disgraced many knights of the Round Table. And therefore, the rebukes that Sir Lancelot gave to many knights cause those who are men of proof to beware, for often I have seen the old proven knights rebuked and slain by those who were but young beginners. Thus they rode, speaking sure words by the way to Gyders.\n\nHere leave we for a while of this tale and speak we of Sir Lancelot de Lake,\n\nWhen he was come to the.In the court of King Arthur, they heard tell of the young knight, the Lion Slayer, and how he took on the adventure of the black shield. This was named the bravest adventure at that time. Sir Launcelot spoke to many of his companions, \"It is shameful to all noble knights for such a young knight to take on such an adventure for his destruction. For I tell you, Sir Launcelot, that damsel, the Lady of the Lake, has borne that shield for many days, seeking out the most proven knights. It was she who Brunys, son of Peredur, took the shield from her. Afterward, Tristram of Lyones rescued the shield from him and gave it back to the damsel. A little before that time, Sir Tristram fought with my newfound father, Sir Blamore de Ganis, over a quarrel between the King of Ireland and him. Many knights were sorry that the Lion Slayer had gone forth on that adventure. Sir Launcelot added, \"I cast...\".Sir Launcelot rode after him, and within seven days he overtook La Cote Male Taile. Then he sold him, and the damsel Maledisant was with him. When Sir Mordred saw Sir Launcelot, he left their company. So Sir Launcelot rode with them all day. And the damsel rebuked La Cote Male Taile, and then Sir Launcelot answered for him. Then she left off, and rebuked Sir Launcelot.\n\nAt this time Sir Tristram sent a message to Sir Launcelot, excusing himself for the wedding of Isoud le Blanche Mains. He wrote in the letter that he had never physically touched Isoud le Blanche Mains. Passing courteously and gently, Sir Tristram wrote to Sir Launcelot, beseeching him to be his good friend, and to Lady Isoud of Cornwall, and that Sir Launcelot would excuse him if he ever saw her.\n\nAnd within a short time, by the grace of God, said Sir Tristram, he would speak with Lady Isoud and with him rightly..Sir Lancelot hastily departed from the damsel and Sir La Cote Male Taile to oversee that letter and write another to Sir Tristram de Lyones. In the meantime, Sir La Cote Male Taile rode with the damsel until they reached a castle called Pendragon. Six knights stood before him, and one of them challenged Sir La Cote Male Taile. Sir La Cote Male Taile struck him over his horse's rump. Then, the five knights attacked him all at once with their spears, and they quickly overpowered him. They seized him and led him to the castle, where they kept him as a prisoner. The next morning, Sir Lancelot arose and delivered the damsel and letters to Sir Tristram. Then, he set out after Sir La Cote Male Taile. Along the way, Sir Lancelot challenged Sir La Cote Male Taile and struck him down. They then fought a noble and mighty battle on foot. At last, Sir Lancelot emerged victorious..Launcelot struck him down, Gareth yielding on his hands and knees. Then Sir Launcelot received him kindly. The knight said, \"Sir, tell me your name, for much I owe you.\" Sir Launcelot replied, \"At this time I will not tell you my name unless you tell me yours.\" The knight replied, \"Sir, my name is Sir Gareth, made a knight by Sir Launcelot du Lake. Newlyn, son of Lancelot, said Sir Launcelot, \"I am glad that you have proven yourself a good knight.\" For now you know my name is Sir Launcelot du Lake.\" Sir Gareth lamented, \"What have I done?\" And he eagerly wanted to kiss them, but Sir Launcelot would not allow it. Then both were filled with great joy. Sir Gareth told Sir Launcelot that he should not go by the castle of Pendragon, for there is a mighty knight and many knights with him. And last night I heard that they took a knight prisoner the previous day..Sir Launcelot rode with a damsel, it is said he is a knight of the Round Table. A knight, said Sir Launcelot, is my comrade, and I will rescue him or else. Together they rode swiftly until they reached the Castle of Pendragon. There, five knights appeared and prepared to attack Sir Launcelot at once. Sir Launcelot readied his spear and struck down the first, splitting him in two. Three of them retreated, and three failed. Sir Launcelot passed through them and turned back, striking down another knight through the breast and out the back, more than an ell in length, and his spear broke. The remaining four knights drew their swords and attacked Sir Launcelot. At every stroke, Sir Launcelot parried skillfully, and they retreated from his sword. He charged into the castle, and the lord of the castle, who was called Sir [at the time].Sir Bryan of the Isles, a noble man and great enemy of King Arthur, prepared for battle on horseback. They charged at each other, thrusting their spears with great force. Their horses reared up and both fell to the ground. They dismounted, donned their shields, drew their swords, and clashed as if in a frenzy. Many blows were exchanged. At last, Sir Lancelot gave Sir Bryan such a powerful blow that he knelt on his knees. Sir Lancelot then struck him again with great force, removing his helmet. When Sir Bryan realized he was about to be killed, he surrendered and placed himself in Sir Lancelot's mercy. Sir Lancelot then made him release all his prisoners held within his castle. In the prisoners, Sir Lancelot found thirty knights and forty ladies, whom he released. He then continued his journey. As soon as Lady Lake-Tail was delivered, he received his horse, armor, and equipment..damoysel\nMaledysaunt / the meane whyle syre Neroueus that sir Laun\u2223celot had foughten with alle afore at the brydge / he sente a da\u2223moysel after sir Launcelot to wete hou he spedde at the Castell of Pendragon / And thenne they within the castel merueylled what knyght he was whan sir Bryan and his knyghtes de\u2223lyuerd alle tho prysoners / haue ye no merueille said the da\u2223moysel / for the best knyghte in this world was here / and dyd this iourney / and wete ye wel she said it was sire launcelott Thenne was sir Bryan ful gladde and soo was his lady / & alle his knyghtes / that suche a man shold wynne them / And whan the damoysel and la cote male tayle vnderstood that it was syr Launcelot du lake that had ryden with them in felau\u00a6ship / \u00b6And that she remembryd her hou she had rebuked hym and callyd hym coward / thenne was she passynge heuy\nSOo thenne they took their horses and rode forth a pas after sire Launcelot / And within two myle they ouer took hym / and salewed hym / and thanked hym / and the damoysel cryed.sir Launcelot, have mercy on my evil deed, for I now know that the flower of all knighthood has departed between you and Sir Tristram. The damsel who has sought you, my lord Sir Launcelot and Sir Tristram, for a long time, now thanks God that she has found you. I once met you at Camelot, and there Sir Tristram recovered this black shield with a white hand holding a naked sword. Sir Brunehaut's squire, Pite, had taken it from me. Fair damsel, Sir Launcelot asked, who told you my name? She replied, \"Sir, a damsel came from a knight whom you fought with at the bridge, and she told me your name was Sir Launcelot of the Lake.\" Sir Launcelot then said, \"Fair damsel, but who told you this? Sir Launcelot, upon this countess I will ride with you, so that you will not rebuke this knight, Sir Cote Male Taille, any longer. For he is a good knight, and I have no doubt that he will prove to be a noble knight, and for his sake.\".Sir, I pitied him that he should not be destroyed. I followed him to succor him in this great need. A damsel, Jesus thank you, said the maiden. For now, I will say to you and to him both. I reproved him never for any hate that I had for him, but for great love that I had for him. I supposed that he had been too young and too tender to take upon himself these adventures. Therefore, by my will, I would have driven him away out of jealousy of his life. It may not be a young knight's deed that shall achieve this adventure to the end. Perdieu said, sir Launcelot, it is well said. And where you are called the damsel Maledisant, I will call you the damsel Bienpensant. And so they rode on for a long time until they came to the border of the country of Surluse. There they found a fair village with a strong bridge, like a fortress. And when Sir Launcelot and they were at the bridge, there came forth before them many gentlemen and yeomen who said, \"Fair lords, you may not pass this.\".Sir, because one of you bears a black shield, and only one of you may pass at a time, choose which of you will enter the bridge first. Sir Launcelot volunteered to go first. Sir Lancelot of the Lake said, \"I beseech you, let me enter the fortress, and if I speak well, I will send for you. If it happens that I encounter the two brothers, one named Sir Payne de Force and the other Sir Payne de Amours, after striking down Payne de Amours, they donned their shields and swords and demanded that I yield. I did so, and there was clashing and clanging with swords. They began to assault Sir Lancelot of the Lake fiercely, inflicting many great wounds on his head, chest, and shoulders. He gave as good as he received in return. Then, the two brothers:\n\n(Note: The text seems to be complete and does not require any significant cleaning. However, I have corrected some minor spelling errors and added some missing words for clarity.).Sir La Cote Male Tayle used both hands against him, but he managed to fend them off with fine force and knightly prowess. When he felt himself severely wounded, he increased his attacks, inflicting numerous wounds on them, causing them to fall to the ground. He intended to kill them had they not surrendered. Sir La Cote Male Tayle then took the best horse and rode towards the next fortress and bridge. There he encountered the third brother, Sir Plenorius, a noble knight. They engaged in combat, striking each other down horse and man to the ground. They dismounted, donned their shields, and drew their swords, exchanging many heavy blows. At times, one knight was on the bridge, and at other times, it was the other. They fought for hours without rest.\n\n\"Alas,\" said the damsel, \"my knight is fighting most passionately and for too long.\".Sir Launcelot, seeing him, was preparing for his first battle and enduring his grievous wounds. It is amazing that he could last in this long battle in such a state. Meanwhile, Sir Cote Male Tail lay wounded and bleeding on the ground, unable to stand. The other knight felt pity for him and said, \"Brave young knight, do not be dismayed. If we had met when I was in my prime, I would not have lasted as long as you have.\" Because of your noble deeds in battle, I will show you kindness and gentleness in all that I can. Sir Plenorius then took him up in his arms and led him into his tower. He commanded La Cote Male Tail to withdraw from him and ordered him to go to the bridge. \"You will not know me for me,\" La Cote Male Tail replied..The knight spoke well, he shall be encountered with all that he is. Then Sir Plenorius heard a knight call out, \"Sir Plenorius, where are you? Either you must deliver me the prisoner you have brought to your tower, or come and do battle with me.\" Then Plenorius mounted his horse and came with a spear in hand, charging toward Sir Launcelot. They began to clash their spears, coming together like thunder, and struck each other so mightily that their horses fell down beneath them. They dismounted and drew their swords, and, like two bulls, they lashed at each other with great strokes and blows. But Sir Launcelot continually recovered ground on him, and Sir Plenorius tried to go around him. But Sir Launcelot would not allow that, but kept pushing him back until he came near his tower gate. Then Sir Launcelot said, \"I know you to be a good knight, but know this well, your life and death are in my hand.\".and therefore yield to me and your prisoner. The other answered no word, but struck me suddenly upon Sir Launcelot's helmet. The fire spread, pulling him gruesomely down. Then Sir Plenorius yielded him and his tower and all his prisoners at his will. Sir Launcelot received him and took his oath. Then he rode to the other bridge and there Sir Launcelot fought with three of his brothers: the one named Pillages, and the other Pellogris, and the third Sir Pellandris. First, on foot, he defeated them and made them yield to him. Then he returned to Sir Plenorius. There he found in his prison King Carados of Scotland and many other knights. They were all delivered. And then Sir La Hote Mal Taille and Sir Launcelot would have given him all these fortresses and these bridges. \"Nay,\" said Sir La Hote Mal Taille. \"I will not have Sir Plenorius living, with that he will grant you, my lord Sir Launcelot, to come to me.\".King Arthur requests that Sir Launcelot be allowed to have his livelihood. I will do so, Sir Launcelot, with the condition that he comes to King Arthur's court and becomes his man and brother. As for you, Sir Plenorius, I, Sir Launcelot, will undertake that at the next feast, provided there is a place set aside for you, you shall become a knight of the Round Table. Sir Plenorius replied, \"At the next feast of Pentecost, I will be at King Arthur's court, and at that time, I will be guided and ruled by King Arthur. Then, Sir Launcelot and Sir Cote Male Tail remained there until Sir Cote Male Tail was healed of his wounds. And there they had merry cheer and good rest and many good games. And there were many fair ladies.\n\nIn the meantime, Sir Kay the seneschal and Sir Brandyles arrived, and they joined them. And within ten days, those knights of King Arthur's court departed from there..Sir Launcelot came by Pendragon's fortress, where he took Sir Bryant le Isles' lands away for refusing to obey King Arthur. He gave the castle and its territory to Sir Lancelot's cousin, Sir Cote Male Taille. Lancelot then summoned Neroneus, granting him rule over the castle and country under Cote Male Taille. They rode to Arthur's court at Gyders.\n\nAt Pentecost following, Sir Plenorius and Cote Male Taille, also known as Sir Breune le Noir, were made knights of the Round Table. King Arthur granted them great lands. Breune le Noir wedded the damsel Maledysant, who later became known as Beau Vivant. Cote Male Taille proved to be a noble and mighty knight, performing many worthy deeds throughout his life. Sir Plenorius also proved to be a valiant knight..A noble knight, full of prowess, and for the most part, devoted himself to Sir Lancelot and Sir Plenorius. The brothers were knights of King Arthur, and, as the French book mentions, Sir Lancelot avenged his father's death.\n\nNow leave us here with Sir Lancelot and turn to Sir Tristram of Lyones, who was in Brittany. When Lady Isoud understood that he was married, she sent to him by her maiden Brangwen, with the message that she desired him to come to her court and bring with him Isoud the Fair Maiden, and they would be kept as well as she herself. Then Sir Tristram summoned Sir Kehidius and asked him if he would go with him to Cornwall secretly. He answered that he was ready at all times. And then he arranged privately for a small vessel, and in it went Sir Tristram, Sir Kehidius, Dame Brangwen, and Sir Tristram's squire, Gouvernal..When they were at sea, a contrary wind blew them towards the coast of North Wales, near the perilous castle. Then Sir Tristram said, \"Here I shall stay for ten days, and Gouvernail, my squire, with you. If I don't return by that day, take the next way to Cornwall. In this forest, there are many strange adventures, as I have heard, and some I intend to investigate before I depart. Whenever I can, I will follow you. Then Sir Tristram and Gouvernail departed from their company. They rode into the forest more than a mile, and at last, Sir Tristram saw before him a likely knight sitting by a well, with a strong, mighty horse tethered nearby, and a man leading a horse laden with spears. The knight at the well seemed very sad by his countenance. Then Sir Tristram rode near him and asked, \"Fair knight, why do you sit here so sadly? You seem to be an errant knight by your appearance.\".arms and armor, and dress yourself with one of us or both. There, the knight made no words but took his shield and placed it around his neck. He lightly took his horse and mounted it. Then he took a great spear from his hand and departed a furlong. Sir Kehydius asked leave of Sir Tristram to go first. \"Do your best,\" said Sir Tristram. So they met at the middle, and there Sir Kehydius fell and was severely wounded, high above the waist. Then Sir Tristram said, \"Knight, you are well armed. Now make yourself ready for me.\" \"I am ready,\" said the knight. And then that knight took a larger spear in his hand and encountered Sir Tristram. There, by great force, that knight knocked down Sir Tristram from his horse and had a great fall. Then Sir Tristram was sorely ashamed and lightly avoided his horse. He placed his shield before his shoulder and drew his sword. And then Sir Tristram required that knight's knighthood from him..Sir Tristram spoke up, \"I will fight you on foot,\" he said. The knight agreed, \"I will as well,\" and he dismounted, avoiding his horse, and put on his shield, drawing his sword. They fought a long battle that lasted nearly two hours.\n\nSir Tristram then said, \"Fair knight, yield and tell me whence you are from and what is your name.\" The knight replied, \"I will tell you, but you must first tell me yours.\"\n\n\"Fair knight,\" said Sir Tristram, \"my name is Sir Tristram of Lyones.\" The other knight replied, \"And mine is Sir Lamorak of Galis.\"\n\n\"Sir Lamorak,\" said Sir Tristram, \"we have met. Remember the insult you did me by sending the horn to King Mark's court with the intention of slaying or dishonoring my lady, Queen Isoud. Therefore, know this: one of us will die or we will part ways.\"\n\n\"Sir Lamorak,\" Sir Tristram reminded him, \"we were to meet in the isle of Sergis.\".And at that time you promised me great friendship. Then Sir Tristram made no longer delays but attacked Sir Lamorak. They fought for a long time until they both grew weary. Then Sir Tristram said to Sir Lamorak, \"In all my life, I have never met a knight as big and well-trained as you. It is a pity that one of us must be harmed. Sir Lamorak said, \"For your renown and name, I will yield to you.\" And with that, he raised the point of his sword to yield. \"No,\" said Sir Tristram. \"You shall not do that. I know your promises and more of your chivalry than I fear or dread you. And there, Sir Tristram offered himself to Sir Lamorak as a conquered knight.\"\n\nMeanwhile, Sir Palomides, the good knight, followed the questing beast..had a head like a serpent's head, and a body like a lion, buttocks like a lion, and feet like a heart. In his body there was such a noise, it was as if thirty couples of hounds were questioning, and such a noise that beasts made wherever he went. This beast followed Palamydes constantly, for it was called his quest. And just as he followed this beast, it came upon Sir Tristram and Sir Lamorak. To summarize this matter, he struck down Sir Tristram and Sir Lamorak with one spear each and departed after the White Hart, which was called the Questing Beast. Sir Palomydes would not fight on foot with them.\n\nIt is to be understood that he, who was worthy, was never formed to always be on top, but sometimes he was put to the worse by bad fortune, and at other times the weaker knight put the better one to shame. Then Sir Tristram and Sir Lamorak..Sir Kehydius led Sir Tristram to a foster's lodge, where they kept him for three days. Then, the two knights mounted their horses at the crossroads and parted ways. Sir Tristram rode near where Sir Kehydius had been, while Sir Lamorak continued until he reached a chapel. There, he put his horse out to pasture. Sir Melyagaunce, King Bagdemagus' son, arrived and also put his horse to pasture, unaware of Sir Lamorak's presence. Sir Melyagaunce then lamented the love he held for Queen Guinevere, making a woeful complaint. Sir Lamorak heard all this..Sir Lamorak took his horse and rode into the forest, and there he met two knights hiding under a wood shrine. \"Fair knights,\" said Sir Lamorak, \"what do you here and watching?\" And if you are knights in arrest, I am ready. \"No, sir knight,\" they replied, \"we do not remain here to arrest you, but we lie in wait of a knight who killed our brother.\"\n\n\"Which knight was that, the one you would challenge me to meet?\" asked Sir Lamorak. \"Sir Launcelot,\" they said. \"And if ever we may meet with him, he shall not escape but we shall kill him.\"\n\n\"You take upon you a great charge, Sir Lamorak,\" they said. \"For Sir Launcelot is a noble proven knight. As for that, we have no doubt. I will not believe that,\" Sir Lamorak replied. \"For I have never heard of any knight in my life but Sir Launcelot was a match for him.\"\n\nJust as they stood talking thus, Sir Lamorak was aware how Sir Launcelot came..Sir Lamorak rode towards them, then Sir Lamorak sold him (Wed) his horse, and he (Wed) sold it back to him. After that, Sir Lamorak asked Sir Launcelot if there was anything he could do for him in these marches. \"No,\" said Sir Launcelot, \"thank you.\" Then they both departed from each other. Later, Sir Lamorak found them hiding in the wooded glade. \"Shame on you, cowards!\" Sir Lamorak exclaimed. \"It's pitiful that one of you should hold the high order of knighthood. So, Sir Lamorak departed from them. Within a short time, he met Sir Melyagaunce. Sir Lamorak asked him why he loved Queen Guinevere as he did, for I was not far from you when you made your complaint by the chapel. \"I do,\" said Sir Melyagaunce, \"then I will abide by it. I love Queen Guinevere; what do you want with it? I will prove and make good that she is the fairest and most beautiful lady in the world.\" \"No,\" said Sir Lamorak..For Queen Morgause of Orkeney, mother of Gawaine, is the fairest queen and lady who bears the life, not so said Sir Meleagant, and that I will prove with my hands upon your body, Sir Lamorak, said you so? And in a better quarrel I would not keep from fighting, Lamorak replied. Then they parted from each other in great wrath. And then they came riding towards each other as if it had been thunder, and each struck the other so hard that their horses fell backward to the earth. And then they avoided their horses and donned their shields, and drew their swords. And then they charged at each other as wild boars, and thus they fought a great while. For Meleagant was a good man and of great might, but Sir Lamorak was strongly built for him and kept putting him on the defensive. But each had wounded the other sorely.\n\nAnd as they stood thus fighting, by fortune Sir Launcelot and Sir Bleoberis rode up. And then Sir Launcelot rode between them and asked them, What cause have you to fight?.Sirs, and you are both knights of King Arthur,\nMelwas spoke, \"I will tell you why we do this battle. I prayed to my Lady Guinevere, and said she was the fairest lady in the world. Sir Lamorak disagreed, for he said, \"Queen Morgan le Fay of Orkney is fairer than she and more beautiful.\" Sir Lamorak, why do you say so? It is not your place to disparage your princess whom you are under their obedience. We all,\nAnd there he alighted on foot, and said, \"Prepare yourselves, for I will prove it that Lady Guinevere is the fairest and most bountiful lady in the world.\"\nSir said, \"Sir Lamorak, I am loath to have a quarrel with you over this. Every man thinks his own lady is fairest. And though I praise the lady I love most, you should not be angry. For though my lady Queen Guinevere is fairest in your eyes, know well that Queen Morgan le Fay of Orkney is fairest in mine.\" And so every knight thinks his own lady..\"Sir, you are the man in the world I am most reluctant to face, except for Sir Tristram. But if you insist on fighting me, I will endure it as long as I can. Then Sir Bleoberis spoke and said, \"My lord, Sir Lancelot, I have never seen you behave so disrespectfully. Sir Lamorak only says that you speak reasonably and knightly. I warn you, I have a lady whom I believe to be the fairest lady in the world. Is this a great reason for you to be angry with me for such language? And you know well that Sir Lamorak is as noble a knight as I know, and he has always been good-willed towards you and us. Therefore, I pray you be good friends. Then Sir Lancelot said to Sir Lamoras, \"I pray you forgive my evil will. If I have wronged you, I will make amends. Sir, said Sir Lamoras, amends are quickly made between us. And so Sir Lancelot and Sir Bleoberis departed, and Sir Meleagant and Sir Lamoras took their horses.\".ether departed from other and within a while came King Arthur and met with Sir Lamorak. He challenged him and there he struck down Sir Lamorak, wounding him severely with a spear. Then he rode away. Sir Lamorak was angry that Arthur would not fight him on foot. Yet how could Sir Lamorak not know King Arthur?\n\nNow let us leave this tale and speak of Sir Tristram. As he rode, he met Sir Kay the seneschal. Sir Kay asked Sir Tristram which country he was from. He answered that he was from Cornwall. \"It may well be said, Sir Tristram,\" Sir Kay replied. \"For I have never heard of any good knight coming from Cornwall. That is poorly spoken, Sir Tristram, said Sir Kay. But if you please, tell me your name.\" I require it of you, Sir Tristram replied. \"Well then, know this: you are named the most shameful knight living among us. How can you be called a good knight?\".But you are called unfortunate, and passing over your tongue. And so they rode to Gyders, until they came to a bridge. A knight refused to let them pass until one of them engaged him in combat. This knight engaged with Sir Kay, and there that knight gave Sir Kay a fall. His name was Sir Tor, Sir Lamorak's half brother. Then they two rode to their lodging. And there they found Sir Brandyles, and Sir Tor arrived there shortly after.\n\nAnd as they sat at supper, these four knights heard all that they said. He spoke little, but he thought more. At that time, he did not yet discover his name.\n\nIn the morning, Sir Tristram took his horse and waited for them on their way. And there Sir Brandyles challenged Sir Tristram to combat. Sir Tristram struck him down, horse and all. Then Sir Tor, the false-faced one, encountered Sir Tristram, and there Sir Tristram struck him down. And then he rode on his way. Sir Kay..Sir Brandyles followed him, but he would not reveal his identity. Then Sir Brandyles came to Sir Kay and said, \"I would like to know what knight this is. Come on, let's ask him to tell us his name.\" So they rode to Gyders until they were near him. And then they saw where he sat by a well and had taken off his helmet to drink. When he saw them come, he quickly put on his helmet and mounted his horse, offering them peace. \"No, Sir Brandyles, we have recently encountered each other enough,\" they replied. \"But for this reason, we come to request that you tell us your name.\" The fair knights then said, \"If that is your desire, and to please you, we shall tell you that my name is Sir Tristram de Liones, new to King Mark of Cornwall.\" Sir Brandyles replied in good time, \"And may you be found, and know that we are a fellowship that would be glad to have your company, for you are the knight we have been seeking.\".The world that the noble fellowship of the Round Table most desire to have the company of is God, thanked them Sir Tristram for their great goodness, but I feel well that I am unable to join their fellowship. I have never been involved in such worthy deeds to be in the company of such a fellowship. Sir Kay spoke up, \"You are Sir Tristram of Lyones, you are the man called the most powerful now, except for Sir Lancelot of the Lake. For no one can find another knight to speak of his prowess and of his hands and his truth as they do of him. For no creature could ever say anything dishonorable about him and it not be false.\" They spoke at length, and then they parted from each other in various ways.\n\nNow you will hear the cause that King Arthur came into the perilous forest of North Wales. This was due to a lady, whose name was Annowre. And this lady came to King Arthur at Cardiff, and she made a fair promise to him..A noble beast led King Arthur to ride with her into the perilous forest. She was a great sorceress, and she had loved him for many days. Because she wanted him to lie by her, she came to that country. When the king was riding with her, many of his knights followed after him, including Sir Launcelot du Lake and others. When she had brought him to her tower, she desired him to lie by her, but then the king remembered his lady and would not lie with her, no matter what she could do. Every day she made him ride into the forest with his own knights, intending to have King Arthur killed. When this lady saw that she could not have him at her will, she worked by deceitful means to destroy King Arthur. The lady of the lake, who was always friendly to King Arthur, understood through her subtle crafts that he was in danger. Therefore,.This lady of the lake named Nyneve came to that forest to seek Sir Launcelot or Sir Tristram to help King Arthur. On that same day, this lady of the lake knew that Arthur would be slain, and he needed help from one of these two knights. She rode up and came upon Tristram. None other did she see, and she knew him. \"Well met, Sir Tristram,\" she said. \"Blessed be the time that I have met you. This very day, and within these two hours, the foulest deed will be done in this land.\" \"Fair damsel,\" said Sir Tristram, \"may I amend it. Come with me, and you may do so in all the haste you can. For you shall see the most worthy knight of the world in distress.\" Sir Tristram was ready to help such a noble man. He was neither better nor was God his defense, said Sir Tristram. Then they rode to Gyders a great pace until they arrived..Sir Tristram came to a small turret in a castle, and beneath it, the two knights faced each other. Tristram held them back, and in the end, the two knights struck down one knight. The defeated knight removed his helmet to attack him, and Lady Annore urged King Arthur to strike off his head. Sir Tristram arrived with all his might, crying, \"Traitoress, leave that!\" He struck down one knight through the body, and then he rushed to the other and struck his back. In the meantime, the Lady of the Lake cried out to King Arthur, \"Let not that false lady escape!\" King Arthur overtook her and, with the same sword, beheaded her. The Lady of the Lake picked up her head and placed it on the highest part of her saddle bow. Sir Tristram then helped King Arthur mount his horse, and they rode away together, but Sir Tristram warned the Lady of the Lake not to reveal his name at that time..Sir Tristram thanked Sir Tristram earnestly and asked to know his name, but he refused to tell him. He only revealed that he was a poor, adventurous knight. Sir Tristram then bore King Arthur's standard until he encountered some of his knights. Within a short time, he met Sir Ector de Maris, whom he did not know, and he desired to joust with one of them. Then Sir Tristram rode to Sir Ector and struck him from his horse. Afterward, he returned to the king and said, \"My lord, that yonder knight is one of yours. He can bring you felaship. And another day that I have wronged that man, I trust you will understand that I did it in your service.\"\n\nKing Arthur asked, \"Let me know who you are,\" but Sir Tristram replied, \"Not now.\" So he departed, leaving King Arthur and Sir Ector to their concerns.\n\nOne day, Sir Tristram and Sir Lamorak took care of the foster child at the fosterer's house and rode with him to the ship. They then left Dame Brangaine behind..Sir Gouvernal and they sailed into Cornwall, all hallowed to Guiders, and by the consent and information of Dame Brangwyn, when they were landed, they rode to Sir Dinas the seneschal, a trustworthy friend of Sir Tristram's. Dame Brangwyn and Sir Dinas then rode to King Mark's court, and told Queen Isoud of Beaumains that Sir Tristram was near her in this county. Then, for very pure joy, Queen Isoud fainted, and when she could speak, she said, \"Gentle knight Seneschal, help me speak with him, or my heart will burst.\"\n\nSir Dinas and Dame Brangwyn brought them together, and to tell the joys that were between the enamored ones, for very pure love, he could never withdraw it. And at the end, as you will hear or the book will tell, Sir Kehidius died for the love of Queen Isoud. Then, privately, he wrote her letters and ballads of the most beautiful that were used in those days.\n\nAnd when Queen Isoud understood his letters, she had pity..of his complaint / and unwelcome she wrote another letter to comfort him with all / Sir Tristram was all this while in a turret at the commandment of Lady Beale Isoud / and when she might / she came unto Sir Tristram / So on a day King Mark played at the chess under a chamber window / and at that time Sir Tristram and Sir Kehydius were within the chamber over King Mark / and as it happened, Sir Tristram found the letter that Kehydius had come to Lady Beale Isoud with, and said, \"Madame, here is a letter that was sent to you / and here is the letter that you sent to him who sent you that letter.\" Alas, madame, the good love that I have loved you, and many lands and riches I have forsaken for your love / and now you are a traitress to me, which does me great pain / but as for Sir Kehydius, I brought him out of Brittany into this country / and your father, King Howel, I wanted his lands / howbeit I wedded your sister Isoud le Blanche Mains for the goodness she did to me..Yet, as I am accused of treason you have done me, I will avenge it upon you. And there, with all, Sir Tristram drew out his sword and said, \"Sir Kehidius, keep the peace.\" And then Lady Isoud fainted to the earth. When Sir Kehidius saw Sir Tristram approaching him, he saw none other but leapt out at a bay window right over the head where sat the king. And when the king saw one coming hurling over his head, he said, \"Fellow, what art thou, and what is the cause thou leapt out at that window?\" My lord the king said, \"Kehidius, it happened to me that I was sleeping in the window above your head, and as I slept I dozed off and fell down.\" Thus Sir Kehidius excused himself.\n\nThen Sir Tristram feared lest he be discovered by the king that he was there, so he drew him to the strength of the tower and armed him in such armor as he had for fighting against those who would oppose him. And when Sir Tristram saw there was no resistance against him, he.Sir Gouvernal for his horse and spear, and knightly he rode out of the castle openly, called the Castle of Tyntagil. At the gate, he met Sir Gawain's son, Sir Gingalyn. Immediately, Sir Gingalyn thrust his spear into him and charged, breaking his spear against Sir Tristram's helmet. At that moment, Sir Tristram had only a sword and gave him such a blow on the helmet that he fell from his horse, and his sword severed his horse's neck. Thus, Sir Tristram continued his journey into the forest. King Mark witnessed this and sent a summons for him to come to him. He complied, and when King Mark knew it was Sir Gingalyn, he welcomed him and gave him a horse. He asked Sir Gingalyn what knight had encountered him. Sir Gingalyn replied, \"I don't know who the knight was, but I know that he is weeping and causing great sorrow.\" Later, Sir Tristram encountered a knight named Sir Fergal. Afterward,....Sir Tristram met him and caused him great sorrow, so much so that he fell off his horse in a swoon. The knight was in this state for three days and three nights. At last, Sir Tristram sent Sir Fergus to the court to inquire about the news. As he rode along, Sir Fergus encountered a damsel coming from Sir Palamydes to inquire about him. Sir Fergus told her that he was almost out of his mind.\n\n\"Alas,\" said the damsel, \"where shall I find him?\"\n\"In such a place,\" replied Sir Fergus.\n\nSir Fergus then found Queen Isoud ill in bed, making the greatest mourning any earthly woman had ever made. When the damsel found Sir Tristram, she grieved greatly because she could not comfort him. The more she tried to console him, the more pain he felt. In the end, Sir Tristram took his horse and rode away from her. For three days she could not find him, and then she brought him food and drink, but he refused. Again, Sir Tristram managed to escape..The damsel, by chance, rode by the same castle where Sir Palamides and Sir Tristram had battled when Lady Isoud departed from them. There, by fortune, the damsel encountered Sir Tristram, making the greatest mourning any earthly creature had ever made. She went to the lady of that castle and told her of Sir Tristram's misfortune.\n\n\"Where is my lord, Sir Tristram?\" asked the lady of that castle.\n\n\"Right here by your castle,\" replied the damsel.\n\n\"The lady replied, 'He shall have food and drink of the best, and I have a harp of his. Here, on it he taught me. For his beautiful harping, he takes pride in the world.'\n\nSo, this lady and damsel brought him food and drink, but he ate little of it. Then, on a night, he put his horse aside and then unlaced his armor. Sir Tristram then wished to go into the wilderness and break down trees and bows. Whenever he found the harp that the lady had sent him, then he would play the harp..And so they found Sir Tristram by the well in the forest, where he was wont to be. The weather was hot, and they dismounted to drink. Meanwhile, their horses... (The text appears to be in good shape and requires no significant cleaning.).Sir Tristram arrived and first submerged Sir Dagonet in the well, then his squires, and there the shepherds laughed. Immediately, he chased after their horses and brought them back, one by one. He made them mount and ride away. In this way, Sir Tristram endured half a year naked, refusing to enter a town or village.\n\nMeanwhile, the damsel sent by Sir Palomides to find Sir Tristram told him all the hardships Sir Tristram had faced. Sir Palomides sighed, \"It is a great pity that such a noble knight should be so ensnared by the love of a lady. But never mind, I will go and seek him out and offer him comfort if I can.\"\n\nBefore that, Lady Isoud had departed with a heavy heart. By chance, she encountered Sir Palomides, and they consoled each other over their shared love for Lady Isoud..Sir Palomides spoke up, \"Seek out Sir Tristram, who loved her as much as we do, and let us determine if we can recover him.\" They rode into the forest for three days and three nights, never taking lodging except in their search for Sir Tristram. One day they encountered King Mark riding alone. Sir Palomides recognized him, but Sir Kehidin did not. \"It is a pity you are alive,\" Sir Palomides told King Mark, \"for you are a destroyer of all worthy knights. By your deceit and vengeance, you have destroyed the most noble knight, Sir Tristram of Lyones. Therefore, defend Sir Palomides, for you will die today. That is shameful, said King Mark, for you are armed and I am unarmed. As for Sir Palomides, I will find a remedy. Here is a knight with me, and you shall have his forces.\" \"No,\" King Mark declared, \"I will not engage with you because you have none.\".For all the troubles that Sir Tristram caused me, it was due to a letter he found for me, to which I gave him no displeasure. And God knows I am truly sorry for his illness and affliction. Once the king had thus excused him, they were friends again. King Mark intended to bring them to Tintagil, but Sir Palomides refused and turned instead to the realm of Logres. Sir Kehidius said he would go to Brittany.\n\nNow let us return to Sir Dagonet once more. When he and his squires were on horseback, he claimed that the shepherds had sent the fool to harass them. They laughed at him, and so they rode to the keepers of the beasts and began to beat them. Sir Tristram saw them beating those who used to provide him with food and drink. He then ran there, seized Sir Dagonet by the head, and gave him such a fall to the ground that he lay still. Sir Tristram then drew his sword from his hand and ran to one of his squires, striking off his head..Sir Tristram and the other fled, and he ran wildly with his sword in hand. Then Sir Dagonet rode to King Mark and told him how he had fared in the forest. And Sir Dagonet said, \"King Mark, beware, for there is a fool naked near that well in the forest, and that fool and I encountered each other. He almost killed me.\"\n\nKing Mark said, \"That is Sir Mordred, who fell out of his wits because he lost his lady. For when Sir Gawain struck down Sir Mordred and took his lady from him, he has never been of sound mind since, and that is a pity, good knight.\"\n\nSir Andrew, who was Sir Tristram's cousin, made a lady, his paramour, to tell and swear to King Mark's court that she was with Sir Tristram until he died. And this tale she brought to King Mark's court by a well, and he begged King Mark to make Sir Andrew king of the land of Leonese before he died..Sir Trystram was lord of all this, as Sir Andred had caused, because he desired Sir Trystram's lands. And when King Mark heard told that Sir Tristram was dead, he wept and made great sorrow. But when Queen Isoud heard of these tidings, she made such sorrow that she was nearly out of her mind. And so, on a certain day, she thought to take her own life and never live after Sir Tristram's death. And so, on a day, Lady Isoud got a sword privately and bore it into her garden. And there she thrust the sword through a plum tree up to the hilts, so that it stood firmly and pointed high. And as she would have run upon the sword and slay herself, all this King Mark beheld. How she knelt down and said, \"Sweet Lord Jesus have mercy upon me, for I may not live after Sir Trystan of the Lion's death, for he was my first love, and he shall be the last.\" And with these words came King Mark and took her in his arms. Then he took up the sword..Sir Tristram took her with him to a tour and kept her there, guarding her closely. She was severely ill and near death. Meanwhile, Sir Tristram ran naked through the forest, sword in hand, and came across a hermitage. There, he lay down and slept. The hermit took away his sword and laid out food for him. Sir Tristram stayed there for ten days before leaving and returning to the herdsmen.\n\nIn the country was a giant named Tawleas, who was afraid of Sir Tristram for over seven years and seldom ventured far from his own secure castle. Tawleas had heard that Sir Tristram was dead due to the noise of King Mark's court. Afterward, Tawleas began to roam freely and, on one day, came across the herdsmen resting. Among them was:\n\nA man came towards them..A knight from Cornwall led a lady with him, named Sir Dynaant. When the giant, Talus, saw him, he left the herd men and hid under a tree. The knight came to a well and dismounted to rest. As soon as he was off his horse, Talus appeared between the knight and his horse and took the horse, mounting it himself. He intended to strike the knight's head, but the herd men called to Sir Tristram for help. \"Help that knight,\" Sir Tristram said. \"We dare not,\" the herd men replied. Sir Tristram then saw the knight's sword lying there and ran to take it. He struck Talus' head and proceeded to the herd men. The knight took Talus' head and carried it to King Mark, telling him of the adventure that had befallen him in the forest and how he had encountered a naked man..King Mark found a man, named Dyna Kent, at the fair fountain in his forest, where many adventurous knights met. King Mark declared he would see this wild man. Within a day or two, King Mark commanded his knights and hunters to be ready in the morning for hunting. The king went to the forest and found a fair naked man lying by the well, with a sword beside him. King Mark approached and summoned his knights to take the naked man gently and bring him to Tintagel. They did so and bathed and washed him, giving him hot supplies until he regained consciousness. However, there was no creature present during this time..Sir Tristram was unknown to the queen, Isoud, until she heard of a man who ran naked in the forest. The king had brought him to the court the previous day. The queen then called Dame Brangwayne and said, \"Come with me. We will go see this man that my lord brought home from the forest yesterday.\" They passed through the forest and asked where the sick man was. A squire told the queen that he was in the garden, resting and recuperating against the sun. When the queen saw Sir Tristram, she was not reminded of him but kept looking at Dame Brangwayne. However, as soon as Sir Tristram saw her, he recognized her, and then he turned away and wept. The queen always had a little dog with her that Sir Tristram had given her the first time she came to Cornwall, and she never wanted the dog to leave..from her on, Sir Tristram was near\nthere as was Lady Isoud, and this hound was sent from the king's daughter of France to Sir Tristram as a token of great love. As soon as this little hound felt the savior of Sir Tristram, she leapt upon him and licked his leathers and his ears, and then she whined and begged and she smelled at his feet and hands and all parts of his body that she could reach. A lady said to Lady Isoud, \"Alas, alas, said she, I see it is my own lord, Sir Tristram.\" And then Isoud fell down in a faint and lay there for a long time. When she could speak, she said, \"My lord, Sir Tristram, blessed be God, you have your life. And now I am certain that you will be discovered by this little hound, for she will never leave you. And also, I am certain that as soon as my lord King Mark finds out about you, he will banish you from the country of Cornwall or else destroy you. For God's sake, my own lord, grant King Mark his will.\".Then draw you unto King Arthur's court, for you are bidden, and whenever I may, I shall send unto you. And when you please, you may come to me. And at all times, early and late, I will be at your commandment, to live as poor a life as ever did queen or lady. O madam, said Sir Tristram, depart from me, for great anger and danger have I escaped because of your love.\n\nThen the queen departed, but the dog would not leave him. And therewith came King Mark and the dog sat upon him, and barked at them all. Therewith, Sir Andred spoke and said, \"Sir, this is Sir Tristram I see by the dog.\" \"Nay,\" said the king, \"I cannot suppose that.\" Then the king asked him on his faith what he was and what was his name.\n\nSo God help me, said he, my name is Sir Tristram de Liones. Now do with me what you will. The king replied, \"I repent of your recovery,\" and then he let call his barons to judge Sir Tristram to death. Then many of his barons would not assent to that, and in particular..Sir Dynas, the seneschal, and Sir Fergus banished Sir Tristram from the country for ten years. After that, he took an oath before the king and barons on a book. Sir Tristram was then ordered to leave the country of Cornwall. Many barons accompanied him to his ship, some of whom were his friends and some his enemies. A knight from King Arthur's court arrived, named Dynadan, intending to seek out Sir Tristram. They showed him where Sir Tristram was, fully armed and preparing to board the ship.\n\n\"Fair knight,\" said Sir Dynadan, \"if you pass through this court, you will fight with me. I require it of you with a good will,\" said Sir Tristram. \"These lords will grant me leave,\" the barons agreed, and they ran to their horses. There, Sir Tristram gave Sir Dynadan a fall. Then Sir Dynadan begged Sir Tristram for leave to go in his ship. \"You will be most welcome,\" Sir Tristram replied..Tristram and they took their horses and rode to their ships to Gyders. And when Sir Tristram was at sea, he said, \"Great welcome, King Mark and all my enemies. I will come again when I may. I am well rewarded for fighting with Sir Marhaus. I delivered this country from servitude. I am well rewarded for bringing and the costs of Queen Isoud out of Ireland. I was in great danger first and last, and coming home, what danger I had to bring Queen Isoud from the castle Pluere. I am well rewarded when I fought with Sir Bleoberis for Sir Segwary's wife. I am well rewarded when I fought with Sir Blamore de Ganis for King Anguish's father. I am well rewarded when I struck down the good knight Sir Lamorak de Galis at King Mark's request. I am well rewarded when I fought with the king and the hundred knights. Both of them would have put his land in servitude.\".and I was reprimanded for capturing Tantalus the mighty giant, and I have performed many other deeds for him. Now I have my warrant, and tell King Mark that many noble knights of the round table have spared the barons of this country on my account. Also, I am not well rewarded when I fought with the good knight Sir Palomides and rescued Queen Isoud from him. At that time, King Mark said before all his barons that I should have been better rewarded, and forthwith he took the sea.\n\nAt the next landing, near the sea, Sir Tristram and Sir Dynadan met Sir Ector de Maris and Sir Bors de Ganys. And there Sir Ector challenged Sir Dynadan, and he struck him and his horse down. Then Sir Tristram wanted to challenge Sir Bors, but Sir Bors said that he would not challenge any Cornish knights, for they are not called men of worth, and all this was done on a bridge. With this came Sir Bleoberis and Sir Dryaunt..Sir Bleoberis spoke to Sir Iuste and Sir Tristram, and it was Sir Tristram who struck down Sir Bleoberis. Then Sir Bors de Ganys said, \"I have never known a Cornish knight of greater valor or bravery than the knight who bears the trumpets encircled with crowns.\" After this, Sir Tristram and Sir Dynadan departed from them into a forest. There they encountered a damsel who came seeking the love of Sir Lancelot and was in search of noble knights from King Arthur's court to aid him, as Sir Lancelot had been ordered to be slain by Queen Morgan le Fay's treachery. Thirty knights were lying in wait for Sir Lancelot for this purpose, and the damsel knew of this treason. For that night or the following day, Sir Lancelot was to arrive at that place. The damsel met with Sir Bors, Sir Ector, and Sir Dryaunt, and she told them of the treason..hem all four of the treason of Morgan le Fay, and then they proposed to her that they would be near where Sir Lancelot should meet the knights, and if they set upon him, we will do rescues as we can. So the damsel departed. And by chance, the damsel met with Sir Tristram and Sir Dinadan. There the damsel told them all the treason that was devised for Sir Lancelot. Fair damsel, said Sir Tristram, bring me to that same place where they should meet with Sir Lancelot. Then Sir Dinadan said, what will you do? It is not for us to fight with thirty knights, and you well know I will not of that. As to matching one knight two or three is enough, and they are men. But to match fifteen knights, I will never undertake. For shame, said Sir Tristram, do your part. Nay, said Sir Dinadan, I will not of that, but if you will lend me your shield, for you bear a shield of Cornwall, and for the cowardice named to the knights of Cornwall by your shields, you are ever..Sir Tristram spoke. \"I will not leave my shield for her sake who gave it to me. But one thing I promise, Sir Dynadan. If you will promise to stay with me, I shall sleep here. I desire nothing more from her but an answer from one knight. And if your heart will not serve you, stand by and look upon me and them. Sir Dynadan replied, \"I promise you to look upon and do what I can to save myself. But I wish I had not met you.\n\nThen, these thirty knights came quickly upon these four knights, and they were aware of each other. And the thirty knights held back for this reason, so as not to anger them if it came to a fight with Sir Lancelot. And the four knights let them pass to this end, so that they could see and observe what they would do with Sir Lancelot. And so, the thirty knights passed on and came upon Sir Tristram and Sir Dynadan. Then Sir Tristram cried out loudly, \"Behold, here is a knight against me!\".you, for the love of Sir Lancelot, and there he slew two with one spear and ten with his sword. And then came in sight Dynadan, and he did passing well. And so of the thirty knights there went but ten away and they fled. All this battle saw Sir Bors de Ganyes and his three companions. And then they saw well it was the same knight who had fought with them at the bridge. Then they took their horses and rode to Sir Tristram and prayed him and thanked him for his good deeds. And they all desired Sir Tristram to go with them to their lodging. But he said no, he would not go to any lodging. Then all four knights prayed him to tell them his name. Fair lords said Sir Tristram, as at this time I will not tell you my name.\n\nThen Sir Tristram and Sir Dynadan rode forth their way until they came to the shepherds and their herdmen. There they asked them if they knew of any lodging or herbergh near at hand. Indeed, sirs said the herdmen, here by is good lodging in a house not far from here..But there's a custom that no knight will be lodged unless he fights with two knights, and if he is only one knight, he must fight with two. And you'll be matched soon. There's a cunning herald called Sir Dynadan. He said, \"Lodge where you will, for I won't lodge there.\" \"Shame on you, Sir Tristram,\" he said, \"why can't you, as a knight of the Round Table, refuse lodging?\" \"Not so,\" the heralds replied. \"If you're beaten and have the worse, you won't be lodged there. But if you beat them, you'll be well lodged.\" \"They are two sure knights,\" Sir Dynadan said, then he wouldn't lodge there in any way, but only as Sir Tristram requested of his knighthood. And they rode there. And to make it short, Sir Tristram and Sir Dynadan defeated them both, and entered the castle, and had good cheer as they could think or deserve. And when they were disarmed and thought to be merry and at rest..There came in Sir Palomydes and Sir Gaherys, requesting the custom of the castle. \"What is this, Sir Dynadan?\" I replied, desiring rest. \"We must defend the custom of this castle,\" said Sir Tristram, \"since we have the upper hand over the lords of this castle.\" Therefore, said Sir Tristram, \"you must make yourselves ready.\" Sir Dynadan entered our company, and Sir Gaherys encountered Sir Tristram. Sir Gaherys fell, and Sir Palamydes encountered Sir Dynadan, who also fell. Then the fight began on foot. Sir Dynadan refused, for he was still sore from the fall. Sir Palomydes gave him help. Sir Tristram removed Sir Dynadan's helmet and begged him to help him. \"I will not,\" said Sir Dynadan, \"for I am severely wounded from the thirty knights we had fought but a short while ago.\".Sir Dynadan spoke to Sir Tristram as if he were mad, urging him to throw himself away, and I curse the day I ever saw you, Sir, for in all the world there are not two such knights as Sir Launcelot and you. Once I fell into the fellowship of Sir Launcelot, as I have done with you now, and he set me a task that kept me in bed for a quarter of a year. I beseech you, Lord Jesus, to protect me from such two knights, and especially from your fellowship, Sir Tristram replied. I will fight them both, he said. Then Sir Tristram summoned them, for I will fight you, Sir Palomydes and Sir Gaherys responded, and they attacked each other. Dynadan struck Sir Gaherys a few times and then withdrew. \"It is too shameful for us, two knights, to fight one another,\" Sir Palomydes protested. \"Then let the knight who does not wish to fight stand by the side of the other,\" he suggested. They rode towards each other..Sir Tristram fought long and at last doubled his strokes, driving Sir Palomides back more than three strides. By mutual agreement, Sir Gahers and Sir Dynadan stepped between them and separated them. By Sir Tristram's consent, they intended to lodge together. But Sir Dynadan refused to lodge in that castle. He cursed the time he had ever come into their company and took his horse and armor and departed. Then Sir Tristram prayed the lords of the castle to lend him a man to bring him to lodging. They did so, and they overtook Sir Dynadan and rode two miles to their lodging with a good man in a priory. There they were well at ease. That same night, Sir Bors, Sir Bedivere, Sir Ector, and Sir Dryas, remained in the same place where Sir Tristram had fought with the thirty knights. They met Sir Launcelot that night and had made a promise to lodge with Sir Culgueance the same..A night, Sir Launcelot heard of Sir Tristram's shield, recognizing it as belonging to him. Sir Launcelot prayed to Sir Tristram and called him the most worthy man in the world. There was a knight in the priory named Pellinore, who desired to know Sir Tristram's name but could not. Sir Tristram departed, leaving Sir Dinadan behind, as he was too weary and sore bruised to ride. Sir Pellinore then told Sir Dinadan that if he would not reveal Sir Tristram's name, he would ride after him and make him tell him, or he would die. Sir Knight warned Sir Pellinore that if he followed Sir Tristram, he would regret it. Disregarding the warning, Sir Pellinore rode after Sir Tristram and demanded his name from Isodes. He then wounded Sir Tristram through the shoulder and continued on his way. The next day, Sir Pellinore followed Sir Tristram again..Tristram encountered pursuants and they informed him of a great turmoil between King Carados of Scotland and the King of North Wales. Each was to justify themselves at the Castle of Maidens, and the pursuants were searching throughout the country for good knights, specifically seeking out Sir Lancelot du Lake on behalf of King Carados and Sir Tristram de Lyonas for the King of North Wales. At that time, Sir Tristram intended to be present for the justices. By chance, they encountered Sir Kay the seneschal and Sir Sagramor le Desirous. Sir Kay requested that Sir Tristram justify himself, but Sir Tristram refused him, as he did not wish to be hurt or disturbed by the great justices that were to precede the Castle of Maidens. Sir Kay continually urged Sir Knight of Cornwall to justify with him or surrender to him. When Sir Tristram heard him say this, he turned to him..Sir Kay refused him and turned his back. Then Sir Tristram said, \"I shall take the [thing].\" Then Sir Kay turned with evil will, and Sir Tristram struck Sir Kay down. He rode away.\n\nSir Sagramor desired to ride after Sir Tristram and joined him with him. And there Sir Tristram struck down Sir Sagramor from his horse and rode on. That day he met a damsel who told him that he should win great worship from a knight adventurous who did much harm in that country.\n\nWhen Sir Tristram heard her say this, he was glad to go with her to win worship. So Sir Tristram rode with that damsel for a journey of six miles. Then he met Sir Gawain. And there, with all Sir Gawain, he knew the damsel. That she was a damsel of Queen Morgan le Fay, then Sir Gawain understood that she was leading that knight to some mischief.\n\n\"Fair knight,\" said Sir Gawain, \"why do you ride now with that damsel?\" \"Sir,\" said Sir Tristram, \"I know not.\".not why I shall ride / but as the damsel will lead me, / said Sir Gawaine. You shall not ride with her, / for she and her lady have never done good but ill, / and then Sir Gawaine drew his sword / and said, damsel, / but if you tell me at once / for what cause you lead this knight with thee, / you shall die for it right away. I know all your lady's treason, and yours. / Mercy, Sir Gawaine, she replied, / and if you will save my life, I will tell you. / Say on, said Sir Gawaine, / and you shall have your life. / Lady, said she, Queen Morgan le Fay my lady has ordered forty ladies to seek and spy after Sir Launcelot or Sir Tristram, / and by the trains of these ladies, whichever one may first meet any of these two knights, they should tear them unto Morgan le Fay's castle, / saying that they should do deeds of worship, / and if any of those two knights come there, there are forty knights lying and watching in a tower to waylay Sir Launcelot or Sir Tristram. / Fie for shame, said Sir Gawaine..Sir Gawayne spoke. \"Queen Morgan le Fay, send out your knights. You have laid a watch for Sir Lancelot and Sir Tristram. I know your treason. Through all places where I ride, men shall know of your treason. Now let it end.\".Sir Gawayne, if you will come out of your castle with your thirty knights, then the queen and all the thirty knights spoke up and said, \"Sir Gawayne, you well know what you do and say. We know the passage well. But all that you speak and do, you do it for the pride of that good Knight who is there with us. For some of us know the hands of that knight better than anyone. Sir Gawayne, you well know that it is more for his sake than for yours that we will not come out of this castle. Sir Gawayne and Sir Tristram parted and rode on their ways for a day or two to Gyders. And there, by chance, they met Sir Kay and Sir Sagramor le Desyrus. They were glad to see Sir Gawayne, and he of them, but they did not know what he was carrying the shield of Cornwall for. But by questioning them.\" And thus they rode to Gyders for a day or two..And then they encountered Sir Breuse, who was about to kill a lady because he had previously slain her paramour. \"Hold yourselves still,\" said Sir Gawain, \"and make no move forward. I will deal with this false knight over there. He is so well-mounted that he will surely escape.\"\n\nSir Gawain rode between Sir Breuse and the lady and said, \"Leave her, false knight, and come with me instead.\" When Sir Breuse saw no one but Sir Gawain, he feinted his spear. Sir Gawain countered and fought against him. Sir Breuse overthrew Sir Gawain and then rode over him, striking him twenty times to ensure his destruction.\n\nWhen Sir Tristram saw him commit such a vile deed, he hurled his spear at him. When Sir Breuse saw him with the shield of Cornwall, he recognized him and fled. Sir Tristram pursued him, and Sir Breuse, feeling no remorse, rode away quickly. Sir Tristram continued to follow..Once upon a time, Sir Tristram long pursued his enemy and, weary from the chase, came upon a fair well. He dismounted there and tied his horse to a tree. He removed his helmet, washed his face and hands, and fell asleep.\n\nMeanwhile, a damsel arrived who had been searching for Sir Tristram in this land for a long time. When she reached the well, she recognized him by his horse, Passer, which had belonged to Sir Tristram for many years. For when Sir Tristram was mad in the forest, Sir Fergus had kept him. Lady Brangaine remained still until he awoke. Once she saw him awake, she greeted him, and he greeted her in return, for they both knew each other from old acquaintance. Then she told him how she had long and arduously sought him and there she showed him letters from Queen Isoud.\n\nImmediately, Sir Tristram read them..them and wet you well, he was glad that the mourning was many a pitous complaint. Then Sir Tristram said, \"Lady Brangwaine, you shall ride with me until that turnament is done at the Castle of Maidens. And then you shall bear letters and tidings with you. And then Sir Tristram took his horse and sought lodging. And there he met with a good ancient knight and asked him to lodge with him. Right so came Gouvernail to Sir Tristram, who was glad of that lady. So this old knight's name was Sir Pellounus. And he told of the great turnament that should be at the Castle of Maidens. And there Sir Launcelot and forty knights of his blood had ordained shields of Cornwall. And right so there came one to Sir Pellounus and told him that Sir Persides de Blois was come home. Then that knight held up his hands and thanked God for his coming home. And there Sir Pellounus told Sir Tristram that in two years he had not seen his son Sir Persides. \"Sir,\" said Sir Tristram, \"I know your son well.\".Sir Tristram and Sir Persides came to their lodging at the same time. They disarmed and put on their clothing. Then these two knights greeted each other. And when Sir Persides understood that Sir Tristram was from Cornwall, he said, \"I was once in Cornwall. I served before King Mark. And it happened to me at that time to overthrow ten knights. And then Sir Tristram of Lyones came to me and overthrew me, taking my lady away from me. I shall never forget this, but I will remember it and every time I see my time.\"\n\n\"Now I understand that you hate Sir Tristram,\" Sir Tristram said. \"What judgment do you seek? Do you think Sir Tristram cannot withstand your might?\"\n\n\"I know well that Sir Tristram is a noble knight and much better than I,\" Sir Persides replied. \"Yet I will not owe him my goodwill.\"\n\nAs they stood there talking by a bay window in the castle, they saw many knights approaching..Sir Tristram saw a knight riding toward the tournament, on a great black horse with a black covered shield. \"Who is that knight with the black horse and the black shield?\" asked Sir Tristram. \"I recognize him,\" replied Sir Persides. \"He is one of the best knights in the world.\" \"Is it Sir Palomides?\" asked Sir Tristram. \"No, it's Sir Palomides, but he is not yet knighted,\" corrected Sir Persides.\n\nThey saw many people from the countryside following Sir Palomides. Shortly after, a squire from the castle arrived and informed Sir Pellounes, the castle's lord, that a knight with a black shield had slain thirteen knights.\n\n\"Fair brother,\" Sir Tristram said to Sir Persides, \"let us put on our cloaks and go see the play.\" \"We will not go like fools there,\" replied Sir Persides. \"We will ride like men and good knights to confront our enemies.\" They armed themselves and took their horses and great spears and went there..they went there; many knights tried before the tournament. Sir Palomydes saw Sir Persides, and then he sent a squire to him, saying, \"Go to the knight with the green shield and the golden lion, and tell him I require his presence. My name is Sir Palomydes.\" When Sir Persides understood Sir Palomydes' request, he prepared himself, and they met each other. But Sir Persides fell. Then Sir Tristram dressed him for revenge against Sir Palomydes, who was ready. But Sir Tristram was not, and Sir Tristram took him under his protection. Sir Tristram struck him over his horse's tail when he had no spear in his hand. Then Sir Tristram mounted his horse lightly and was extremely angry and ashamed of his fall. Sir Tristram sent a message to Sir Palomydes through Gouvernail, asking him to join him at his request. \"No,\" said Sir Palomydes at that time..Iuste with that knight, for I know him better than he thinks. If he is angry, he may go to the castle of Maydens tomorrow, where he can see me and many other knights, including Sir Dynadan. A man may never be so good that he cannot fall, and he was never so wise that he could not be overcome. Sir Tristram was passing angry and said to Sir Persides and to Sir Dynadan, \"I will avenge myself.\" Right so, as they stood talking there, a likely knight riding soberly and heavily with a black shield passed by. \"Who is that knight?\" said Sir Tristram to Sir Persides. \"I know him well,\" said Sir Persides. \"For his name is Sir Bryant of Northwalys. He joined the other knights of Northwalys. And there came in Sir Lancelot du Lac with a shield bearing the arms of Cornwall. He sent a squire to Sir Bryant.\".Sir Justin requested that I join him, said Sir Bryant. I am required to join Sir Justin, I will do what I can. Then Sir Lancelot struck down Sir Bryant from his horse with a great fall. And Sir Tristram marveled at what knight bore the shield of Cornwall. Whoever he is, said Sir Dynan, I guarantee he is of King Banner's blood, the most noble knights in the world, capable of assembling such a large number.\n\nTwo knights from Northgalis then arrived, one named Hewe de la Montagne, and the other Sir Madok de la Montagne. They challenged Sir Lancelot on foot. Sir Lancelot did not refuse them but made himself ready. With one spear, he struck them both down over their horse's rumps. And so Sir Lancelot rode on.\n\n\"Sir, he is a good knight who bears the shield of Cornwall,\" said Sir Tristram. \"He seems to me to ride in the best manner I have ever seen a knight ride.\"\n\nThen King Northgalis rode up to Sir Palomides..And Sir Palomides prayed heartily to Justice for his sake, to join forces with the knight who had slighted us from Northgalis. Sir Palomides said, \"I am loath to have dealings with that knight,\" and asked, \"Why is this?\" The king of Northgalis replied, \"I implore you to ask him to join forces with Justice.\" Sir Palomides said, \"I will ask Justice at your request and require that knight to join forces with me.\" I have often seen a man fall at his own request.\n\nThen Sir Palomides sent a squire to Sir Lancelot and requested him to join forces with Justice. Sir Launcelot said, \"Tell me your lord's name,\" the squire replied, \"My lord's name is Sir Palomides, the good knight.\" Sir Launcelot replied, \"In good honor, there is no knight that I have seen in these seven years whom I would rather accompany than him.\"\n\nAnd so both knights made themselves ready with two great spears. Sir Dinadan said, \"You will see that Sir Palomides will settle this rightly.\" It may be so..Sir Tristram spoke thus, \"but I assure you that the knight with the shield of Cornwall will give him a fall.\" Sir Dynadan disagreed, \"Right so they prepared their horses and armed their spears, and each one faced the other. Sir Palomides thrust a spear at Sir Launcelot, and he sat unmoved. But Sir Launcelot struck him so lightly that his horse shied away from the saddle. The blow broke his shield and hauberk, and if he had not fallen, he would have been slain. \"How now, Sir Tristram?\" I knew well by their riding that Sir Palomides was due for a fall. \"Right so Sir Launcelot rode on and came to a well to drink and rest. The men of Northgalis saw him riding on and then followed him with twelve knights to cause him mischief. For this reason, at the morning tournament at the castle of the Maidens, he should not win the victory.\" So they suddenly appeared before Sir Launcelot and he could not put on his helmet in time..And he took his horse, but they had him in check; and then Sir Launcelot took his spear and rode through them. There he slew a knight and broke his spear in his body. Then he drew his sword and struck upon the right hand and left hand, so that within a few strokes he had slain other three knights. And the remaining ones who remained he wounded severely. Thus Sir Launcelot escaped from his enemies of North Wales. And then Sir Launcelot rode his way to a friend and lodged him until the morrow. For he would not the first day have engaged in the tournament because of his great labor. And on the first day he was with King Arthur there, as he was set on high upon a scaffold to determine who was most worthy of his deeds. So Sir Launcelot was with King Arthur, and he did not engage on the first day.\n\nNow turn we unto Sir Tristram de Liones, who commanded Governale his servant to prepare a black shield with no other remembrance therein.\n\nAnd so Sir Persides and Sir Tristram..They departed from Sir Pellounes' host and rode early toward the tournament. Then they drew near to King Carados' side in Scotland. Knights began to engage in battle, distinguishing those of King Northgalis' party from those of King Carados'. A great battle ensued. Sir Persides and Sir Tristram arrived, and they put King Northgalis to flight. Sir Bleoberis de Ganys and Sir Gaherys came in with their men from Northagyl. Sir Persides was struck down and most were slain, for more than forty horsemen attacked him. Sir Bleoberis performed great deeds of arms, and Sir Gaherys did not fail him. When Sir Tristram saw them do such deeds of arms, he marveled at them. Sir Tristram also felt shame that Sir Persides had been treated thus, and he took a great spear in his hand. Then he rode to Sir Gaherys and struck him down from his horse. Afterward, Sir Tristram....Sir Bleoberis drew a spear and rode against Sir Tristram in great anger / And there Sir Tristram met him / and struck Sir Bleoberis from his horse / Then the king, with a hundred knights, grew angry / and mounted Sir Bleoberis and Sir Gahers again / And a great battle ensued / and ever Sir Tristram kept them at a distance / and ever Sir Bleoberis was pressing hard upon Sir Tristram / And then Sir Dynadan came against Sir Tristram / and Sir Tristram gave him such a blow that he swooned in his saddle / Then Sir Dynadan came to Sir Tristram / and said, \"Sir, I know better than you think / But here I promise you my truth, I will never come against you again / for I promise you that sword of yours shall never come upon my helmet.\" With that, Sir Bleoberis came / and Sir Tristram gave him such a blow that he fell to the ground / and then he seized him so hard by the helmet / that he pulled him under his horse's feet / And then King Arthur called for lodgings..Sir Tristram departed and was joined by Sir Dynadan. King Arthur and the kings on both sides marveled at the knight with the black shield. Some identified him as Sir Tristram, but most remained silent. On the first day, King Arthur and all the kings and lords, as judges, granted Sir Tristram his prize, acknowledging him only as the knight with the black shield.\n\nThe next morning, Sir Palomides returned from the king of Northgalis and rode to King Arthur's side, where were King Carados and the king of Ireland, as well as Sir Launcelot's kin and Sir Gawain's kin. Sir Palomides asked Sir Tristram who he was and what his name was. Sir Tristram replied to Sir Palomides, \"You shall not know this at present. But let him know this much, I am the same knight I defeated in every encounter at the tournament.\".Sir Palomides will be on King Arthur's side, I will be on the contrary, the damsel said. Sir Palomides will be with King Arthur, where the most noble knights of the world are, Sir Tristram replied. Then, I will be with the king of Northgalis, Sir Palomides insisted, only for his sake.\n\nWhen King Arthur arrived, they went to the field, and a great battle ensued. King Carados fought with the hundred knights, and there he suffered a defeat. There was much hurling and rushing about. Then, knights from King Arthur's side entered the fray, driving back Northgalis knights. Sir Tristram came in and began to fight fiercely, and no one could withstand him. Sir Tristram continued to fight until he fell among the throng of King Ban's men. There, he was struck down..Sir Boris de Ganys and Sir Ector de Maris, along with Sir Blamor de Ganys and many other knights, were present. Then Sir Tristram struck on the right hand and left hand, and all lords and ladies spoke of his noble deeds. But in the end, Sir Tristram would have had the worse fate had not the king with a hundred knights been present. He came with his retinue and rescued Sir Tristram, bringing him away from the knights bearing the shields of Cornwall. Sir Tristram saw another retinue by themselves, and there were forty knights gathered together. Sir Kay the Elder was there, and Sir Tristram struck him down from his horse. He fought among those knights like a greyhound among hares. Then Sir Launcelot asked, \"Sir, who wounded you so severely?\" \"Sir,\" replied the knight, \"a knight who bears a black shield,\" and I curse the day I ever encountered him, for he is a devil and no man. Sir Launcelot departed from him and intended to meet Sir Tristram. He rode with.His sword drawn, he saw Sir Tristram, and saw how he hurled it here and there. At every stroke, Sir Tristram came close to defeating a knight. \"O mercy, Jesus,\" said the king, \"since I bore arms, I have never seen a knight perform such marvelous deeds with a sword.\" If I were to engage this knight, Sir Launcelot thought to himself, I would shame myself. And then, the King and the twenty knights of the Round Table, along with a hundred more from North Wales, joined the fight for Sir Launcelot's kin. The twenty knights held them together, like wild boars, and none of them wavered. When Sir Tristram beheld the nobility of these twenty knights, he marveled at their good deeds. For he saw in their faces and their rule that they would rather die than leave the battlefield.\n\nNow Jesus said to Sir Tristram, \"It is fitting that he is valiant and full of prowess who has such a sort of noble knights in his kin, and he is just as noble a man who is their leader.\".leder and governor / he meant it by Sir Launcelot du Lake / So once Sir Tristram had held them long, he thought shame to see / two knights battering / twenty knights / Then Sir Tristram rode to the king with the hundred knights / and said, \"sire, leave your fighting with those twenty knights, / for you win no respect from them, being so many and they so few, / And know well they will not leave the field, I see it in their faces and countenance, / and respect you gain none and you slay them, / therefore leave your fighting with them, / for I, to increase my respect, will ride to the twenty knights and help them with all my might and power.\" / \"Nay,\" said the king with the hundred knights, \"you shall not do so.\" / \"Now I see your courage and courtesy,\" I will withdraw my knights for your pleasure / for every good knight will favor another / and like will draw to like.\n\nThe king with the hundred knights withdrew his knights / And all this while and before, Sir..Launcelot watched Sir Tristram, determined to join him. Suddenly, Sir Tristram, Sir Dynadan, and Governale rode into the forest, leaving no trace of their passage. King Arthur then stopped to lodge, giving the King of Northgalis the agreed price since Sir Tristram was in his vicinity. Displeased that Sir Tristram had escaped, Launcelot rode through the woods like a lion in search of him. Returning to King Arthur, Launcelet was dismayed to hear the noise in the field, two miles away, of the lords and ladies crying that the knight with the black shield had won the battle.\n\n\"Alas,\" King Arthur lamented, \"where is that knight gone? It's a disgrace to us all to let him escape. But with gentleness and courtesy, we could have brought him to me at the Castle of Maidens.\"\n\nThen, the noble King Arthur went to comfort the distraught crowd in the best way he could..My fair fellows, be not dismayed, for we have lost the field today, and many were hurt and sorely wounded, and many were slain. My fellows said, \"King Arthur, look that you be of good cheer, for tomorrow I will be in the field with you and avenge you of your enemies.\" So that night, King Arthur and his knights rested themselves.\n\nThe damsel who came from Lady Beale Isoud was with Sir Tristram the whole time the tournament was in progress. She was with Queen Guinevere, and the Queen asked her continually why she had come to this counterfeit, \"I come for no other cause but from my lady Lady Beale Isoud to inquire about your welfare.\" She did not tell the Queen that she had come for Sir Tristram's sake.\n\nSo this lady Dame Brangaine rode after Sir Tristram. And as she rode through the forest, she heard a great cry. Then she commanded her squire to go into that forest to discover what was the noise, and he came to a well and there found a Knight bound to a tree, crying as if he were mad..his harneis standing by him, and when he had looked at the squire, there he seized and broke him free, and took his sword in his hand, and ran to flyne the squire. Then he took his horse and fled all the way he could to Dame Brangwayne, and told her of his adventure. Then she rode to Sir Tristram's pavilion and told Sir Tristram what adventure she had found in the forest. \"Alas,\" said Sir Tristram upon my head, there is some good knight at mischief. Then Sir Tristram took his horse and his sword, and rode there. There he heard how Sir Palomides lamented to himself and said, \"I, woeful knight, Sir Palomides, what misfortune has befallen me, that thus I am defiled with falsehood and treason through Sir Boras and Sir Ector. Alas, why do I live so long? And then he got his sword in his hands and made many strange signs and tokens, and so through his rage he threw his sword into that fountain. Then Sir Palomides walked and wrangled with his hands..at the last, for pure sorrow he ran into that fountain over his belly, and sought after his sword. Then Sir Tristram saw that, and ran upon Sir Palomides, and held him in his arms fast. What art thou, said Palomides, who holds me so? I am a man of this forest who would do no harm. Alas, said Sir Palomides, I can never win respect where Sir Tristram is. For wherever he is, and I am there, then I get no respect. And if he is away, for the most part I have the upper hand, unless Sir Launcelot or Sir Lamorak are there. Then Sir Palomides said once in Ireland, Sir Tristram, you put me to the worse, and another time in Cornwall, and in other places in this land. What would you do, said Sir Tristram, and you had Sir Tristram, I would fight him and ease my heart upon him. And yet to say the truth, Sir Tristram is the most chivalrous knight in this world living. What will you do, said Sir Tristram, will you go with me to your lodging? Nay, said he. I will go to the.King with the hundred knights, for he rescued me from Sir Boris de Gannes and Sir Ector; otherwise, I would have been traitorously slain. Sir Tristram spoke such kind words to him that Sir Palomides followed him to his lodging. Then Governail went before and ordered Dame Brangwin to leave the way for her lodging and bade Sir Persides make no quarrels. They rode to Gyders until they reached Sir Tristram's pavilion, and there Sir Palomides had all the cheer that could be had all that night. But in no way could Sir Palomides know who Sir Tristram was, and so after supper they went to rest. Sir Tristram slept deeply due to his great weariness until it was day, but Sir Palomides could not sleep because of his anguish. In the dawning of the day, he took his horse privately and rode his way to Sir Gawain and Sir Sagramore le Desirous, where they were in their pavilions, for they were three felaws at the beginning of the tournament. Up on the morrow the three of them....King arrived at the tournament on the third day /\nKing of Northgalis and the king with the hundred knights encountered King Carados and the king of Ireland / and there, the king with the hundred knights defeated King Carados / and King of Northgalis defeated the king of Ireland / Then Sir Palomides arrived, and when he came, he caused great commotion, for by his emblazoned shield he was well known / So King Arthur arrived and performed great deeds of arms against many / and put King of Northgalis and the hundred knights at a disadvantage / Then Sir Tristram arrived with his black shield / And immediately he engaged Sir Palomides / and there, by force, Sir Tristram cried out, \"Knight with the black shield, make ready to me,\" and in the same way, Sir Tristram struck King Arthur / Then, by the force of King Arthur's knights, the king and Sir Palomides were remounted /\n\nKing arrived at the tournament on the third day. King of Northgalis and the king with the hundred knights encountered King Carados and the king of Ireland. There, the king with the hundred knights defeated King Carados, and King of Northgalis defeated the king of Ireland. Then Sir Palomides arrived, and when he came, he caused great commotion, for by his emblazoned shield he was well known. So King Arthur arrived and performed great deeds of arms against many, putting King of Northgalis and the hundred knights at a disadvantage. Then Sir Tristram arrived with his black shield and immediately engaged Sir Palomides. By force, Sir Tristram cried out, \"Knight with the black shield, make ready to me,\" and in the same way, Sir Tristram struck King Arthur. The king and Sir Palomides were remounted by the force of King Arthur's knights. King, with a great heavy heart, took a spear in his hand..and thereupon he struck Sir Tristram over his horse. Then footed hot Sir Palomydes approached Sir Tristram as he was dismounting. Sir Tristram was aware of him and stopped to one side. With great anger, he seized him by the arm and pulled him down from his horse. Then Sir Palomydes lightly arose, and they clashed mightily with their swords. And many kings, queens, and lords stood and beheld them. At last, Sir Tristram struck Sir Palomydes on the helmet three mighty blows. With each blow he gave him, he said, \"Have this for Sir Tristram's sake.\" With that, Sir Palomydes fell to the earth, groaning. Then the king arrived with a hundred knights and brought Sir Tristram a horse. And so, he was remounted. By then, Sir Palomydes was remounted. And with great anger, he thrust his spear at Sir Tristram as it was in the rest and gave him a great wound with his sword. Then Sir Tristram avoided his spear..And he grabbed him by the neck with both hands, and pulled him clean out of his saddle. Then he bore him before him the length of ten spears, and then, in the presence of them all, he let him fall at his adventure. Then Sir Tristram was aware of King Arthur, with a naked sword in his hand. And with his spear, Sir Tristram ran upon King Arthur. And then King Arthur boldly awaited him, and with his sword he struck at his spear. It stayed fast, and so King Arthur gave him three or four great strokes until he might get out his sword. And at last, Sir Tristram drew his sword and assailed him passing hard. With that, the great pressure departed. Then Sir Tristram rode here and there, doing his great pain, and eleven of the good knights of King Ban's blood, that day Sir Tristram struck down. All the estates marveled at his great deeds, and all cried out upon the knight with the black shield.\n\nThis cry was so large that Sir Launcelot heard it..And then he took a great spear in his hand and came towards the cry. Then Sir Launcelot cried, \"The knight with the black shield prepare to justify with me.\" When Sir Tristram heard him say so, he took his spear in hand, and both bowed their heads and came together like thunder. Sir Tristram's spear broke into pieces, and Sir Launcelot, by mere fortune, struck Sir Tristram on the side with a deep wound near to death. But Sir Tristram did not abandon his saddle, and so the spear broke, along with all of Sir Tristram that was wounded, who drew his sword and rushed at Sir Launcelot. He gave him three great blows upon the helmet, and the fire flew out from it. Sir Launcelot bowed his head towards his saddle, and there Sir Tristram departed from the field, for he thought he should have died. And Sir Dinadan saw him and followed him into the forest. Then Sir Launcelot remained and did many marvelous deeds..Sir Tristram alighted by the forest side, unlaced his armor, and dismounted. \"Nay, nay, Sir Tristram,\" Dynadan said. \"Fear not, for I am whole hearted, and I shall soon recover from this wound, by God's mercy.\n\nSir Palomydes approached them riding swiftly. Sir Tristram became aware that Sir Palomydes intended to destroy him. Dynadan gave him warning and said, \"My lord, you are so severely wounded that you cannot cope with him. I will ride against him and do what I can. And if I am slain, you may pray for my soul, and in the meantime, you may withdraw and go to the castle or into the forest, so that you will not encounter him.\"\n\nSir Tristram smiled and replied, \"I thank you, Sir Dynadan, for your goodwill. But know that I am capable of dealing with him.\" He then quickly armed himself, took his horse, and took a great spear in hand. \"Farewell, Sir Dynadan,\" he said..Sir Palamydes rode towards him. Then, when Sir Palamydes saw that he made no attempt to rein in his horse, but did so for this reason: he was holding back for Sir Gaherys, who followed him. And when he had come, he rode towards Sir Tristram. Then Sir Tristram sent word to Sir Palamydes, requesting that he join him, and if he struck him down, he would do no more harm. And if it happened that Sir Palamydes struck down Sir Tristram, he bade him do the same. So they came to an agreement. Then they met at the ford, and Sir Tristram struck down Sir Palamydes, causing him to fall gravely, lying still as if dead. Then Sir Tristram ran upon Sir Gaherys and he would not yield, but Sir Tristram struck him over the horse's rump, causing him to fall still as if dead. Sir Tristram then rode away, leaving Sir Persides' squire within the pavilions. Sir Tristram and Sir Dynadan rode on..An old knight invited them to lodge at his place, and he had five sons at the tournament for whom he earnestly prayed for their safe return. And so, according to the French book, they all came home well and in good spirits. When Sir Tristram departed into the forest, Sir Launcelot persisted in staying behind, disregarding his own safety. There were many noble knights against him. When King Arthur saw Sir Launcelot perform such marvelous deeds in battle, he armed him, mounted his horse, and donned his armor, then rode out to help Sir Launcelot. And many knights followed King Arthur. In conclusion, the king of Northgalis and the king of the hundred knights were defeated, and since Sir Launcelot remained and was the last in the field, the prize was given to him. But Sir Launcelot refused the prize from king, queen, or knight, and instead, wherever the cry was heard through the field, \"Sir Launcelot, Sir Launcelot has won!\".the field today, Sir Launcelot allowed for an opposing cry, for Sir Tristram had won the field; he had begun and ended the fight, and so he had done on the first, second, and third days. Then all the estates and degrees, high and low, praised Sir Launcelot greatly for the honor he had done to Sir Tristram. For this honor, Sir Launcelot was more revered and renowned than ever before, even surpassing the overthrow of five knights. And all the people, both high and low, cried out together, \"Sir Launcelot has won the field! Whoever says otherwise is lying!\"\n\nSir Launcelot was then angry and ashamed. And so, with all, he rode to King Arthur. \"Alas,\" said the king, \"we are all dismayed that Sir Tristram has departed from us in this way.\" \"By God,\" said King Arthur, \"he is one of the noblest knights that I have ever seen wield spear or sword in hand, and the most courteous knight in combat.\".King Arthur saw him, Sir Palomides, as he struck him on the helmet three times, causing him to lower his helmet with his blows. He also said, \"Here is a stroke for Sir Tristram.\" Three times he said this. Then King Arthur, Sir Launcelot, and Sir Dodinas le Sauvage mounted their horses to seek out Sir Tristram, following the men of Sir Persides. Sir Persides had told King Arthur where Sir Tristram was in his pavilion. But when they arrived, Sir Tristram and Sir Dinadan were gone. King Arthur and Sir Launcelot were angry and returned to the castle of the maidens. \"Help me, God,\" King Arthur said. \"I am heavier than I can bear, that I cannot meet him. Then Sir Gareth arrived and told King Arthur how Sir Tristram had struck down Sir Palomides, and it was at Sir Palomides' own request. Alas,\" King Arthur said, \"that was great dishonor to Sir Palomides, inasmuch as Sir Tristram was severely wounded.\".\"Sir Tristram can be called a noble knight and one of the best I have ever seen in my life. King Arthur testifies to this, for I have never seen a knight perform such marvelous deeds as he has in the past three days. He was the first to begin and the one who lasted the longest, except for this last day. Although he was injured, it was a manly encounter between two noble knights. When two noblemen encounter needs, one must have the worse fate, as God wills at that time. As for me, Sir Launcelot, for all the lands that my father left me, I would not have harmed Sir Tristram had I known him then. I hurt him because I did not see his shield. If I had seen his black shield, I would not have interfered for many reasons. He had fought with thirty knights, and his only help was Sir Dynadan. I will say one thing.\".Promyse told Sir Launcelot and Sir Palomides that they should repent for following the noble knight whom I accidentally harmed. Sir Launcelot spoke all the respect due to him. King Arthur then held a great feast for all who wished to attend. We let King Arthur pass, and we will soon turn to Sir Palomides, who, after falling behind Sir Tristram, was close to losing his wits due to his anger towards him. He followed him by chance. As he came to a river in the woods, he intended to make his horse leap over it, but the horse stumbled and fell into the river. Frightened that he would be drowned, Sir Palomides dismounted and swam to the shore, leaving his horse behind. Upon reaching the land, he removed his armor and sat down, crying like a man out of his mind. Just then, a damsel appeared by Sir Palomides, sent from elsewhere..Sir Gawayne and his brother went to Sir Mordred, who lay sick in the same place where Sir Tristram was. According to the French book, Sir Persides injured Sir Mordred ten days before, and if not for the love of Sir Gawayne and his brother, Sir Persides would have slain Sir Mordred. This damsel came to Sir Palomides, and they were able to communicate. The damsel pleased neither of them, and she rode until she reached the old knight's place. There, she told the old knight about the woodest knight she had ever met, whose shield was emblazoned with white and black. \"That is Sir Palomides,\" said Sir Tristram. \"I know him well. He is one of the best knights living in this realm.\" Then, the old knight rode to fetch Sir Palomides and brought him to his manor, where he was well known..Sir Tristram of Palomides spoke little, for at that time Sir Tristram was walking on his feet and well recovered from his wounds. Whenever Sir Palomides saw Sir Tristram, he would gaze at him marvelously, and he would say to Sir Dynadan, \"I will surely meet with Sir Tristram; he shall not escape my hands.\" Sir Dynadan replied, \"You boast behind Sir Tristram, for it is not long since he was in your hands, and you in his. Why did you not keep him when you had him, since I saw myself twice or thrice that you gained but little respect from Sir Tristram. Then Sir Palomides was ashamed. Let us leave them alone for a little while in the old castle with the old knight, Sir Darras.\n\nNow let us speak of King Arthur, who said to Sir Launcelot, \"Had you not been, we would not have lost Sir Tristram, for he was here daily until the time you encountered him. And in an unfavorable moment, my lord Arthur said, \"Sir Launcelot, \".Launcelot put upon me that I should be the cause of his departure; God knows it was against my will. But when men are hot in deeds of arms, they often harm their friends as well as their enemies. My lord said, \"Sir Launcelot, you shall understand that Sir Tristram is a man whom I am loath to offend, for he has done more for me than I have ever done for him. But then Sir Launcelot brought forth a book and said, \"Here are ten knights who will swear upon this book never to rest one night where another rests this twelve months until we find Sir Tristram. And I promise you on this book that if I meet him, whether with fairness or foulness, I shall bring him to this court, or else I shall die.\" The names of these ten knights who undertook this quest were: First, Sir Launcelot; Sir Ector de Maris; Sir Bors de Ganis and Bleoberis and Sir Blamor de Ganis; and Lucan..knight/Sir Vwa\u00ffne/Sir Galahad/Lionel and Galahad/These three noble knights departed from King Arthur's court/and they rode towards Gyders until they came to a crossroads where four ways parted/and the fellowship split into four to seek Sir Tristram/As Sir Launcelot rode by chance, he encountered Dame Brangwain, who had been sent to that country to seek Sir Tristram/and she fled as fast as her palfrey could go/So Sir Launcelot met her and asked why she fled/\n\n\"A fair knight,\" said Dame Brangwain, \"I flee for fear of my life/for Sir Breuse sans Pity follows me to kill me.\"/\n\"Stay near me,\" said Sir Launcelot/\n\nThen when Sir Launcelot saw Sir Breuse sans Pity, Sir Launcelot cried out to him/and said/\n\n\"False knight, destroyer of ladies and damsels, now are your last days come/when Sir Breuse sans Pity saw Sir Launcelot's shield, he knew it well/for at that time he did not bear the arms of Cornwall/but he bore.Sir Breuse fled with his shield, and Tristram followed after him. Breuse, being well-mounted, could easily flee when he wished and also remain when he wished. Later, Sir Lancelot returned to Dame Brangwaine and she thanked him for his great labor.\n\nNow we will speak of Sir Lucan, the butler, who by chance arrived at the same place where Tristram was. He came only to ask for lodging. The porter asked what his name was. \"Tell your lord that my name is Sir Lucan, the butler, a knight of the Round Table,\" he replied. The porter went to inform Sir Darras, the lord of the place, of the stranger's arrival.\n\n\"No, no,\" said Sir Darras to Sir Lucan, who was new to him, \"tell him he shall not be lodged here. But let him know that I, Sir Darras, will meet him shortly and bid him make himself ready.\" Sir Darras rode out on horseback and met Sir Lucan face to face with spears. Sir Lucan struck down Sir Darras..Sir Danaher rode off with his horse's tail and Sir Lucan pursued him, asking after him frequently. Sir Dynadan told Sir Tristram it was shameful to see the cousin of this place defeated. Sir Tristram replied that he would rectify it and remained on horseback, with Sir Dynadan riding alongside Lucan. Sir Lucan struck Sir Dynadan through the thigh, and he rode away. Sir Tristram was angry that Sir Dynadan had been hurt and followed to avenge him. They soon met again, and Sir Tristram injured Sir Lucan severely and knocked him down. Sir Wayne, a noble knight, arrived and when he saw Sir Lucan injured, he called for Sir Tristram to join him.\n\n\"Sir knight, I know your name,\" Sir Tristram said. \"Sir knight, you should know mine is Sir Wayne le Fise de Royne.\".Sir Tristram, against my will, I would not have dealt with you at any time / You shall not say that, Sir Wayne, but you shall deal with me / Then Sir Tristram saw none other but rode against him and overthrew Sir Wayne and hurt him in the side / and so he departed to his lodging again / And when Sir Dynadan understood that Sir Tristram had hurt Sir Lucan, he would have ridden after Sir Lucan to kill him / but Sir Tristram would not allow it /\n\nSir Wayne ordered a light horse prepared / and brought Sir Lucan to the abbey of Ganis / and the castle there, which was called the Castle of Ganis / Lord of which was Sir Bleoberis / And at that castle, Sir Launcelot promised all his knights to join in the quest for Sir Tristram /\n\nSo when Sir Tristram arrived at his lodging, a damsel came who told Sir Darras that three of his sons had been killed and two seriously wounded at the tournament, and they were never likely to help themselves / All this was done by a noble knight..Sir Darras bared the black shield, and it was he who carried the prize. Then, a knight arrived and informed Sir Darras that the same knight bearing the black shield was within. Sir Darras went to Sir Tristram's chamber and found his shield there, showing it to the damsel. A knight said to the damsel, \"That is he who killed your three sons.\" Sir Darras immediately imprisoned Sir Tristram, Sir Palomides, and Sir Dinadan in a stronghold. Sir Tristram was ailing severely, and every day Sir Palomides reproached him for their old hatred. Sir Tristram spoke gently, but when he saw Sir Palomides' concern for his failing health, he was moved and comforted him in every way he could. According to the French book, forty knights came to Sir Darras, who were of his own kin, intending to kill Sir Tristram and his companions. However, Sir Darras would not allow it..Sir Tristram endured great pain in prison, as he was kept there with meager rations and no drink. His health was his only hope in such a situation, but when sickness took hold of him, he wept so much that he came close to taking his own life.\n\nNow let us speak of Sir Tristram, Sir Palomides, and Sir Dinadan in prison. Other knights sought after Sir Tristram in various parts of the land. Some went to Cornwall, and by chance Sir Gareth encountered King Mark and was warmly received by him. Mark placed him at his own table and shared a meal with him.\n\nKing Mark then asked Sir Gareth about news in the realm of Logris. Sir Gareth replied, \"The king reigns as a...\".A noble knight had recently participated in a great justice and tournament, the like of which I had never seen in the realm of Logres. The most noble knights were present at this justice. However, there was one knight who performed marvelously in three trials, and he bore a black shield. Then King Mark, who was either Sir Launcelot or Sir Palomides the pagan, said, \"Not so,\" Sir Gareth replied. In truth, both Sir Launcelot and Sir Palomides were on the opposing side against the knight with the black shield. Then Sir Tristram spoke to the king, \"You said, Sir Gareth,\" and there, with all the king, he struck down his head. King Mark felt deeply distressed that Sir Tristram would receive such worship in the realm of Logres, a place where he himself could not withstand him. Thus, Sir Gareth had great cheer with King Mark, and with Queen Isoud, who was glad of Sir Gareth's words. She well knew, through his deeds and manners, that it was indeed Sir Gareth..And then the king made a royal feast, and to this feast came Sir Wayne le Fysel Reynolds, also known as Sir Wayne Blanchemains. Sir Wayne challenged all the knights of Cornwall. The king was angry that he had no knights to answer him. Sir Andrew, a newcomer, rose and said, \"I will encounter Sir Wayne.\" The king armed and mounted him in the best manner. At this encounter, Sir Wayne met Sir Andrew and struck him down, rendering him unconscious. The king was sorry and extremely angry that he had no knight to avenge his new knight, Sir Andrew. So the king called upon Sir Dinas, the seneschal, and begged him, for his sake, to take on the challenge with Sir Wayne. Sir Dinas replied, \"Sir, I am quite capable of dealing with any knight of the Round Table. Yet, for your love, I will do it.\" Sir Dinas prepared himself, and soon they encountered each other with great spears..Sir Dynas was overthrown both horse and man in a great fall. Who was angry but King Mark. \"Alas,\" he said, \"have I no knight who will encounter that knight, Sir Gareth? I will, for your sake,\" Sir Gareth replied. So Sir Gareth made himself ready, and when he was armed, he rode into the field. And when Sir Gawain saw Sir Gareth's shield, he rode to him and said, \"Sir, you do not do your part. For the first time you were made Knight of the Round Table, you swore that you should not have a quarrel with your kin without cause. And so do I know you by your shield, and you know me by mine. And yet you would break your oath, I would not break mine. For there is not one here nor you that shall think I am afraid of you. But I would rightfully have a quarrel with you. And yet we are brother sons.\" Then Sir Gareth was ashamed, and so, with every knight, they all went their way. And King Mark armed himself and took his horse and his spear with a squire..With him, Sir Wayne rode ahead of Sir Vwayne, and suddenly at a gap, he encountered him, catching him unawares. There, he struck him nearly through the body, and then left. Within a short time, Sir Kay arrived and found Sir Vwayne. He asked him how he was injured. \"I don't know,\" Sir Vwayne replied. \"But I'm certain it was by treason. A knight appeared suddenly before me and injured me.\"\n\nThen, Sir Andrew arrived to seek King Mark.\n\n\"Traitor knight,\" Sir Kay accused. \"I believe it was you who treacherously injured this noble knight. You should never pass my hands.\"\n\n\"I never injured him,\" Sir Andrew protested. \"I will report this to him myself.\"\n\n\"Fie on you false knights from Cornwall,\" Sir Kay retorted. \"You are not worthy.\"\n\nSir Kay had Sir Vwayne taken to the abbey of the Black Cross, and there he was healed. Before Sir Gareth departed, he said to King Mark, \"Sir king.\".You did shamefully banished Sir Tristram from this country, and you need not have doubted him, for he would have been here, and so he departed. Then Sir Kay, the Seneschal, came to King Mark, and there he received a warm welcome, showing himself outwardly. \"Fair lords,\" he said, \"will you prove any adventure in the forest of Moris, which I well know is as hard an adventure as any?\" \"Sir,\" said Sir Kay, \"I will prove it.\" And Sir Gareth said he would assist. For King Mark was ever full of treason, and there with all Sir Gareth departed and rode his way. And by the same way that Sir Kay should ride, he laid him down to rest, charging his squire to wait upon Sir Kay and warn me when he comes. So within a while Sir Kay came riding that way, and then Sir Gareth took his horse and met him, saying, \"Sir Kay, you are not wise to ride at the request of King Mark, for he deals with treason.\" Then said Sir Kay, \"I require you to let us.\".I. Prue this adventure; I shall not fail, you said, Sir Gawain, and so they rode until they reached a lake, which was then called the Perilous Lake. And there they stayed under the shade of the wood.\n\nII. In the meantime, King Mark, within the castle of Tintagil, excluded all his barons and all others except those who were private with him. They were excluded from his chamber. And then he summoned his new knight, Sir Andred, and bade him arm himself and his horse lightly. It was already midnight. And so King Mark armed himself in black horse and all, and the two of them, along with their attendants, rode until they reached that lake.\n\nIII. Then Sir Kay first saw them and took up his spear, offering to joust. King Mark rode against him and struck him hard. The moon shone as brightly as the day. And there, at that joust, Sir Kay's horse fell down, for his horse was not as big as the king's horse, and Sir Kay's horse threw him violently.\n\nIV. Then Sir Gawain was present..Sir Kay was angry that Sir Gawain had fallen. Then Sir Gawain called out, \"Knight, sit fast in your saddle, for I will avenge my friend.\" King Mark was afraid of Sir Gawain and rode against him. Sir Gawain gave him such a stroke that he fell down. Immediately, Sir Gawain ran to Sir Andred and struck him from his horse, splitting his helmet and nearly breaking his neck. Then Sir Gawain dismounted and helped Sir Kay up. They both went on foot to their enemies and demanded they surrender and reveal their names or die. Sir Andrew spoke first and said, \"I am King Mark of Cornwall. Be careful what you do. I am Sir Andrew, his cousin.\" Sir Gawain cursed them both for false traitors and false treason they had wrought. It would be a pity, Sir Gawain lamented, that Sir Andrew should live any longer. \"Save my life,\" begged King Mark, and I will..make amends and consider that I am a king anointed / it would be more shameful, said Sir Gareth, to save your life / you are a king anointed with cream / and therefore you should hold yourself in high regard / And therefore you are worthy to die / with that he struck at King Mark without saying anything more & covered him with his shield and defended him as he could / and then Sir Kay struck at Sir Andrew / and therewith all King Mark yielded himself to Sir Gareth / And then he knelt down / and made his oath upon the cross of the sword that never while he lived he would be against arrant knights / And also he swore to be a good friend to Sir Tristram / if ever he came into Cornwall / By then Sir Andrew was on the ground / and Sir Kay would have killed him / let him live, said Sir Gareth / it would be a pity, said Sir Kay, that he should live any longer / for this is nearly a traitor to Sir Tristram / and by him he was exiled from Cornwall..And therefore I will tell Sir Kay, \"you shall not,\" said Sir Gawain, since I have given the king his life. I pray you, give him his life. And therewith, let Sir Kay and Sir Gawain ride on to Dinas, the Seneschal, for we had heard that he loved Sir Tristram well. They stayed there for a little while, and then rode on to the round table of Logres. Within a short time they met with Sir Launcelot, who always had Dame Brangaine with him. He intended to meet Sir Tristram sooner. Sir Launcelot asked what news in Cornwall and whether they had heard of Sir Tristram. Sir Kay and Sir Gawain answered and said that they had not. Then Sir Launcelot smiled and said, \"It is hard to extract what is bred in the bone.\" And so they made merry together.\n\nNow let us leave this tale and speak of Sir Dinas, who had within..the castle of Peramour, and she loved another knight better than him. When Sir Dynas went out hunting, she slipped down by a tower, and took with her two hounds. Then she went to the knight she loved, and he received her in return.\n\nWhen Sir Dynas returned home and asked for his castle and hounds, he was angrier about the hounds than the lady. So Sir Dynas rode after the knight who had Peramour and demanded that he tear and justify himself. Sir Dynas struck him down with the fall, and his leg and arm were broken. Then his lady and Peramour cried out, \"Sir Dynas, mercy!\" and said they would love him better than ever. But Sir Dynas replied, \"I shall never trust those who have betrayed me once,\" and so, as you have begun, so shall it end. For I will never meddle with you again.\" And so Sir Dynas departed, taking his hounds with him, and rode to his castle.\n\nNow we will turn to Sir Launcelot, who was very sad that he could hear no news of Sir Dynas..For the entire time that Tristram was in prison with Sir Darras, Palomides, and Dinadan, Dame Brangwen took her leave to go to Cornwall. Sir Lancelot, Sir Kay, and Sir Gaheris rode to seek Sir Tristram in the country of Surleuse.\n\nNow begins the tale of Sir Tristram and his two companions. Every day, Sir Palomides quarreled with Sir Tristram and spoke against him. Sir Dinadan marveled at Sir Palomides and said, \"If Sir Tristram were here, you would not harm him.\"\n\n\"Sir Tristram is indeed Sir Tristram at a word,\" said Sir Dinadan. \"Now you can do your best with him. Let's see if you can overpower him with your hands.\"\n\nSir Palomides was ashamed and said, \"Sir Palomides then said to Sir Tristram, 'I have heard much of your abuse against me, but I will not engage with you at this time because I fear the lord of this place.'\".A place under Sir Darras' control, I feared him no more than I do one who is soon to be shifted. They reconciled themselves right away. A damsel then entered and said to the knights, \"Be of good cheer, for you are assured of your lives.\" I heard this from my lord, Sir Darras. Then they were all glad. They daily expected to die.\n\nSoon after this, Sir Tristram fell ill and thought he was going to die. Then Sir Dinadan wept, and so did Sir Palomides under them, both making great sorrow.\n\nA damsel came to them in the morning. She went to Sir Darras and told him that a mighty knight bearing the black shield was likely to die. Do not be alarmed, said Sir Darras, for when knights come to me for aid, I should not let them die within my prison. Therefore, Sir Darras said to the damsel, \"Fetch that knight and his companions before me.\" And then Sir Darras saw Sir Tristram brought before him. He said, \"Sir Knight, come here.\".Sir Darras: \"You repent your sickness, for you are called a full noble knight, and it seems so by the and know this, it shall never be said that Sir Darras shall destroy such a noble knight as you in prison, however, that you have slain three of my sons, in which I was greatly grieved. But now you and your fellows shall go, and your armor and horses have been fairly and clean kept. You, knight, will promise me to be good friends to my two living sons, and also tell me your name. Sir Tristram replied, \"As for me, my name is Sir Tristram de Lyones. I was born in Cornwall, and I am new to King Mark. Concerning the deaths of your sons, I could not have done otherwise, for they were next in line to me, and I would have done no differently. And if I had killed them by treason or treachery, I would have been worthy to die.\" Sir Darras considered all this..knight/ And that was the reason I wouldn't put you to death/ But since you are Sir Tristram, the good knight, I earnestly request you to be my good friend and to my sons/ Sir Tristram replied, \"I promise you by the faith of my body as long as I live, I will serve you.\" For you have done to us as a natural knight ought to do/ Then Sir Tristram rested there until he was well again/ And when he was strong, they took their leave/ And every knight took his horses and so departed and rode to Gyders, until they came to a crossroads/ Now, friends, said Sir Tristram, \"Here we will part in different ways/ And since Sir Dynadan had the first adventure with him, I will begin/ So, as Sir Dynadan rode by a well/ He found a lady making great sorrow/ What ails you, lady, said Sir Dynadan, Sir knight asked the lady. The lady replied, \"I am the most wretched lady in the world/ For within these five days, a knight called Sir Breuse came, pitilessly/ And he slew my own brother.\".He has kept me against my will, and of all men in the world, I hate him most. Therefore, I request you, knight, to avenge me, for he will not delay but be here soon. Let him come, said Sir Dynadan. And because of the honor of all women, I will do my part. With this, comes Sir Breuse. And when he saw a knight with his lady, he was wood and wroth. Then he said, Sir Knight, keep her from me. So they hurled themselves together, like thunder, and each struck the other passing sore. But Sir Dynadan thrust him through the shoulder, a grievous wound. And before Sir Dynadan's might tore Sir Breuse apart, he was gone and fled. Then the lady prayed him to bring her to a castle nearby, only four miles thence. And so Sir Dynadan brought her there, and she was welcome, for the lord of that castle was her uncle. And so Sir Dynadan rode his way on his adventure.\n\nNow turn we this tale to Sir Tristram, who by adventure came to a castle to ask lodging, in which was Queen Morgan le Fay, and so when Sir....Tristram was let into the castle; he had good cheer there all night. And upon the morrow, when he would have departed, the Queen said, \"Know well that you shall not depart lightly, for you are here as a prisoner.\" Ihesu defend, said Sir Tristram. \"For I was but late a prisoner,\" replied the fair knight. \"Lady, you shall keep me with you until I know what you are and whence you come,\" said the Queen. And the Queen would always set Sir Tristram on her own side, and her desire on the other. And Queen Morgan would behold Sir Tristram, and there the knight was jealous, and was in will suddenly to have run upon Sir Tristram with a sword, but he left it for shame. Then the Queen said to Sir Tristram, \"Tell me your name, and I shall suffer you to depart when you will. Upon this condition, I tell you my name is Sir Tristram de Lyones. I am Morgan le Fay, and I had known that you would not have departed so soon as you shall. But since I have made a promise, I shall keep it. With that, you will promise as well.\".Sir Tristram, I will be on the shield that I will deliver to the castle of the hard rock, where King Arthur has called a great tournament. I ask that you be there and do as many deeds of arms as you can. At the Castle of Maidens, sir Tristram, you did marvelous deeds of arms, as I have ever heard a knight do. Madame requested to see the shield. Then the shield was brought forth. The field was golden with a king and a queen painted on it, and a knight standing above them on each head. Madame said, \"Sir Tristram, this is a fair and mighty shield. But what does this king and this queen signify, and that knight standing above both their heads?\" I will tell you, Madame,\" said Sir Tristram. \"Morgan le Fay, it signifies King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, and a knight who holds them both in bondage and servitude. I will not tell you, however, who that knight is,\" said the queen..A French book states that Queen Morgan loved Sir Launcelot deeply and continually, but he never loved her or did anything at her request. Therefore, she gathered many knights to capture him by force. Since she believed that Sir Launcelot loved Queen Guinevere passionately and she loved him in return, Queen Morgan le Fay arranged for a shield to be presented to Sir Launcelot, intending that King Arthur would understand their love. Then, Sir Tristram took the shield and promised to bear it at the Castle of Hard Roche. However, Sir Tristram was unaware that the shield was intended for Sir Launcelot. He later discovered this.\n\nTherefore, Sir Tristram took his leave of the queen and took the shield with him. Then, the knight who held Queen Morgan le Fay arrived, named Sir Hymes. He prepared to follow Sir Tristram. \"Do not ride after that knight, fair friend,\" Morgan said. \"You will not win his favor.\" Fie!.Sir Hemyson said, \"I have never known a good knight to come out of Cornewaille, except for Sir Tristram of Lyones. Who is this, lady, that you speak of? Nay, nay, you are mistaken. He is with Lady Isoud, and this is but a foolish knight. But for your sake, Sir Hemyson, I will kill him.\n\n\"A fair friend,\" the Queen said, \"I regret that you will follow that knight. I fear for your safety, returning with him.\"\n\nThis knight rode away, filled with wrath, and pursued Sir Tristram as fast as he had been chased by knights. When Sir Tristram heard a knight coming after him so quickly, he turned about and saw a knight approaching him. And when he came near to Sir Tristram, he cried out, \"Sir knight, keep him from me!\"\n\nThen they charged towards each other, as if it were thunder. Sir Hemyson thrust his spear at Sir Tristram, but his armor was so good that it deflected the blow..Sir Tristram couldn't harm him. Sir Tristram struck him harder and pierced him through the body, filling his horse's croupe with blood. Sir Tristram intended to do more with his sword, but seeing so much blood loss, he departed from him. He came to a fair manor and there Sir Tristram lodged.\n\nNow let's speak of the wounded knight instead. His varlet fought and removed his helmet. The knight asked his lord if there was any life left in him. \"There is life in me, but it is little,\" the knight replied. \"Help me up, leap behind me, hold me fast so I don't fall, and bring me to Queen Morgan le Fay. For deep draws of death are pulling at my heart, and I must speak with her or die. For my soul will be in great peril and I will die if I don't.\"\n\nHis varlet brought him to the castle..Sir Hemyson fell down dead; when Morgan le Fay saw him dead, she made a great outcry without reason. Then she let him be despoiled at his side, and allowed him to be put in a tomb. Around the tomb, she let write: \"Here lies Sir Hemyson, slain by the hands of Sir Tristram of Lyones.\"\n\nNow we turn to Sir Tristram, who asked the knight if he had seen any adventurous knights lately. The knight replied that the night before, he had lodged with me, Ector de Maris, and a damsel with him. And the damsel told me that he was one of the best knights in the world. That is not so, Sir Tristram replied. For I know four better knights of his own blood: the first is Sir Launcelot du Lake, whom I call the best knight; Sir Bors de Ganis, Sir Bleoberis; Sir Blamor de Ganis, and Sir Gaheris. \"Nay,\" his host said, \"Sir Gawain is a better knight than he.\" That is not so, Sir Tristram replied, \"for I have met both of them, and I felt Sir Gaheris to be the better knight, and Sir Lamorak I call the best.\".Sir Humphrey was as good as any of them, except for Sir Lancelot, said his host. For I count him as good as any of them. I do not know, Sir Tristram said, Tristram. They talked and bordered as long as they pleased, and then went to rest. And on the morrow, Sir Tristram departed and took his leave of his host. He rode toward the Roche dure. And none adventure had Sir Tristram, but that. So he rested not till he came to the castle where he saw five tents.\n\nThen the king of Scots and the king of Ireland held against King Arthur's knights. And there began a great melee. Sir Tristram came in and did merciless deeds of arms. For there he struck down many knights. And ever he was before King Arthur with that shield. And when King Arthur saw that shield, he marveled greatly at its intent. But Queen Guinevere thought as it was why she was heavy. There was then a damosel of Queen Morgan in a chamber by King Arthur. And when she heard this,.King Arthur spoke of the shield. A damsel addressed him openly, \"Sir King, you should know that this shield was designed to warn you of your shame and dishonor, concerning you and your Queen. And then, that damsel disappeared privately, so that no one knew where she had gone. King Arthur was saddened and angry and asked where the damsel had come from. No one knew her or knew where she had gone. Then Queen Guinevere called for Sir Ector de Maris, and there she made her complaint to him. She said, \"I know well that this shield was made by Morgan le Fay, in contempt of me and of Sir Lancelot. That is why I fear greatly that I will be destroyed. And King Arthur beheld Sir Tristram, who performed such marvelous deeds with arms, and he was worried greatly about who this knight could be. And it was told to him that Sir Tristram was in love with Isoud le Blanchemains in Brittany, for he had been there.\".Realm of Logrys, Sir Lancelot or some of his companions who were on the quest of Sir Tristram were to find him at that time. King Arthur marveled at what knight he might be, and his eyes were fixed on that shield. All who beheld the Queen were filled with fear. Then Sir Tristram struck down knights in an amazing way, and neither on the right hand nor the left could any knight withstand him. The king of Scotland and the king of Ireland began to withdraw. When Arthur saw this, he thought that the knight with the strange shield should not escape him. He called out to him, \"Sir Vwan, White Hands,\" and bade him arm himself and make himself ready. King Arthur and Sir Vwan quickly prepared themselves before Sir Tristram and asked him to tell them where he had obtained that shield. Sir he replied, \"I had it from Queen Morgan le Fay, sister to King Arthur.\"\n\nSo ends this history of this book. It is the first book of Sir..Tristram of Lyones / The second book of Sir Tristram\n\nSir Tristram struck down King Arthur and Sir Gawain,\nbecause he would not tell them why the shield was made.\nBut Sir Tristram could not tell the reason,\nfor he did not know it.\n\nIf you can describe what you bear,\nyou are worthy to bear the arms.\nAs for that shield given to me by Queen Morgan le Fay,\nI cannot describe these arms, for it is not my concern.\nYet I trust in God to bear them with honor.\n\nKing Arthur said, \"You ought not to bear any arms,\nunless you know what you bear. But pray tell me your name,\nSir Tristram, to what end did you say, Sir Arthur?\"\n\nSir Tristram replied, \"You shall not know as yet,\nthen shall we do battle at this time, said King Arthur.\nWhy does Sir Tristram wish to do battle with me,\nunless I tell you my name, and it little concerns you,\nand you were a man of...\".In this text, there is no meaningless or unreadable content, and no modern additions or translations are required. The text appears to be in Early Modern English, but it is clear and readable as is. Therefore, I will simply output the text as given:\n\nworship/ for you have seen me today have had great trouble / And therefore you are a valiant knight to ask battle of me, considering my great trouble / how it is I will not fail you / and have you no doubt that I fear not you / though you think you have me at a great disadvantage / yet shall I right well endure you / And therewith King Arthur donned his shield and his spear and Sir Tristram against him / and they came so eagerly to grips / And there King Arthur broke his spear all to pieces upon Sir Tristram's shield / But Sir Tristram hit Arthur again that horse and man fell to the earth / And there was King Arthur wounded on the left side a great and perilous wound / Then Sir Gawain saw his lord Arthur lie on the ground sore wounded, and he was passing heavy / And then he donned his shield and his spear / and cried aloud to Sir Tristram and said, knight defend / So they came to grips as thunder / and Sir Gawain broke his spear all to pieces upon Sir Tristram's..Tristram struck him harder and sorer with such might that he knocked him clean out of his saddle to the earth. Then Sir Tristram turned about and said, \"Fair knights, I had no need to fight with you. I have had enough to do today.\"\n\nArthur rose and went to Sir Vaughan and said to Sir Tristram, \"We have had our due. For through our arrogance we demanded battle from you, not knowing your name. Yet, by Saint Cross, Sir Vaughan says he is a strong knight at my advice as any now living.\"\n\nThen Sir Tristram departed. In every place he asked and demanded after Sir Lancelot, but in no place could he hear of him, either dead or alive. Therefore, Sir Tristram made great dole and sorrow.\n\nSo Sir Tristram rode by a forest and there saw a fair tower by a marsh on one side and a fair meadow on the other. And there he saw ten knights fighting together. And as near as he came, he saw:\n\n\"Ten knights fighting together;\n Five and two were mine, and one was Sir Palomides,\n And two were of the Carlion garden,\n And one was of the Red Crozier,\n And one was of the White Hart,\n And one was called the Heidelberg,\n And the last I saw was the Knight of the Swan.\".A single knight fought against nine, and he performed so marvelously that Sir Tristram was greatly astonished that one knight could do such great deeds of arms. Within a little while, he had killed half their horses and unhorseed them. Their horses ran through the fields and forest. Then Sir Tristram felt such great pity for that one knight who endured such pain, and he thought it should be Sir Palomides by his side. So he rode to the knights and cried out to them, urging them to cease their battle, for it brought them great shame to fight with one. The master of those knights, named Breusen, answered, \"Sir, if you are wise, depart from your way as you came, for this knight shall not escape us, said Sir Tristram. Such a good knight as he is should not be killed so cowardly. Therefore, I warn you, I will support him with all my strength.\" So, Sir..Tristram dismounted from his horse because they were on foot, and then Theron dressed him with his sword in hand. He struck on the right hand and the left, dealing severe blows that nearly brought down a knight with every stroke. When they saw his strikes, they all fled in terror towards the tower. Sir Tristram followed quickly after with his sword in hand, but they managed to escape into the tower. When Sir Tristram saw this, he returned to Sir Palomides, who was sitting under a tree, severely wounded. A fair knight said to Sir Tristram, \"Sir, I am glad you have found me.\" \"Thank you, Sir Palomides,\" replied Sir Tristram. \"What is your name?\" \"Sir Palomides,\" he said. \"Jesus, Sir Tristram,\" said Sir Palomides, \"you have granted me grace today by rescuing me from death. You are the man in the world that I most wish to meet.\".\"but now I'm ready. I will do battle with you, Palomydes, for you asked who I am. \"Sir, I am Sir Tristram, your mortal enemy,\" Palomydes replied. \"Perhaps so,\" Palomydes said. \"But you have done too much for me today that I should fight you. For as much as you have saved my life, it would be no honor for you to face me. You are fresh, and I am severely wounded. Therefore, if you must have a fight with me, assign me a day, and I will meet you without fail. \"Very well, Sir Tristram,\" Palomydes said. \"I assign you to meet me in the meadow by the river of Camelot, where Merlin placed the stone.\" So they agreed. Then Sir Tristram asked Sir Palomydes why the ten knights fought with him. \"For this reason,\" Sir Palomydes explained, \"as I rode up my adventures in a forest nearby, I saw where a dead knight lay and a lady weeping beside him. And when I saw her making such sorrow, I asked her who killed her lord. 'Sir,' she said, 'the false knight.'\".the world now living and he is the most villainous that over man heard speak of /\nand his name is Sir Breuse Sans Piti\u00e9 / Then, for pity, I made the damsel leap on her palfrey / and I promised her to be her champion / and to help her enter her lord / And so suddenly as I came riding by this tower / there came out Sir Breuse Sans Piti\u00e9 / and suddenly he struck me from my horse / And then, or I might recover my horse, this Sir Breuse slew the damsel / and so I took my horse again / and I was sore ashamed / and so began the quarrel between us. This is the cause why we fought this battle.\n\nWell said, Sir Tristram, now I understand the nature of your battle / but in any way, have remembrance of your promise that you made with me to fight battle with me this day fourteenight / I shall not fail you, said Sir Palomides / Well said, Sir Tristram, as at this time I will not fail you until you are out of danger from your enemies.\n\nThey mounted upon their horses & rode to the fight..Sir Tristram and his companions came across a forest and found a fair well with clear water bubbling up. \"Fair sir, I'll drink from this water,\" said Sir Tristram. They dismounted their horses. Nearby, they saw a great horse tethered to a tree. The horse neighed and then they saw a fair knight, fully armed except for his helmet, lying under the tree. \"By the good lord,\" said Sir Tristram, \"there lies a worthy knight. What should we do?\" \"Awaken him,\" suggested Sir Palomides. So Sir Tristram used the butt of his spear to rouse the knight. The knight quickly rose, put on his helmet, and took a great spear in hand. Without a word, he hurled it at Sir Tristram, striking him from his saddle to the ground and wounding him on the left side. Sir Tristram was in grave danger. The knight then mounted his horse and charged towards Sir Palomides, striking him through part of his body..body filling himself from his horse to the earth. Then this strange knight left them there and took his way through the forest. Sir Palomydes and Sir Tristram were on foot and retrieved their horses again. Each asked counsel of the other as to what was best to do. \"I will follow this strong knight who has shamed us,\" said Sir Tristram.\n\n\"Agreed,\" said Sir Palomydes. \"I will rest here with a friend.\"\n\n\"Be careful, Sir Palomydes,\" warned Sir Tristram. \"Do not fail on the day you have set to do battle with me, for I believe you will not keep it, for I am much larger than you.\"\n\n\"As for that,\" replied Sir Palomydes, \"it may be as it may. I do not fear you. If I am not sick or a prisoner, I will not fail you. But I have reason to doubt you more than you will meet me, for you ride after that strong knight. And if you meet him, it is a hard adventure, and ever you escape his hands.\"\n\nRight so Sir Tristram and Sir Palomydes departed..and eyther took their wayes dyuerse\nANd so syre Tristram rode longe after this stronge kn\u2223yght / And at the laste he sawe where lay a lady ouer thwarte a dede knyght / Faire lady said sir Tristram who hath slayne your lord / Syr she said here came a knyght rydyng as my lord and I rested vs here / and asked hym of whens he was / and my lord said of Arthurs courte / therfore said the stronge knyght I wille Iuste with the / for I hate alle these that ben of Arthurs Courte / And my lord that lyeth here dede amounted vpon his hors / and the stronge knyght and my lord encountred to gyder / and there he smote my lord thorugh oute with his spere / and thus he hath broughte me in grete woo and dammage / That me repenteth said sire Tristram of your grete anger / and hit please you / telle me your husbandes name / syr said she his name was Galardoun that wold ha\u2223ue preued a good knyghte / Soo departed sir Tristram from that dolorous lady and hadde moche euylle lodgyng / Thenne on the thyrdde day syr Tristram mette with.Sir Gawain and Sir Bleoberis encountered a knight in a forest at a lodge. Both were wounded by him. Then Sir Tristram asked Sir Gawain and Sir Bleoberis if they had met with such a knight with such a distinctive shield. \"Fair sirs,\" said these knights, \"such a knight did meet us to our great harm. He first struck down my companion, Sir Bleoberis, and wounded him severely. He did this because I had told him I should not touch him, which he said in mockery. And then they rode away. When he had done this, I could not, for shame, but engage in combat with him. At the first encounter, he knocked me down and my horse to the ground. There he had almost killed me, and took his horse and departed. In an unfortunate turn of events, we encountered him again. Fair knights,\" said Sir Tristram, \"he met me and another knight named Palomides, and struck us both down with one spear, and injured us severely.\" By my faith, Sir Gawain, you shall let [him go]..\"hym passes/seek him not further/for at the next feast of the round table, on pain of my head, you shall find him there, said Sir Tristram. I shall never rest until I find him, and then Sir Gawaine asked him his name. Then he replied, my name is Sir Tristram, and so did others. Departed Sir Tristram and rode his way. By fortune, in a meadow, Sir Tristram met Sir Kay the seneschal and Sir Dynadan. What tidings with you, knights, said Sir Tristram. Not good, replied these knights. Why so, said Sir Tristram, pray tell me. For I ride to seek a knight, said Sir Tristram. He bears a covered shield, close with a cloth, replied Sir Kay. That is the same knight who was with us, for this night we were lodged in a widow's house. And when he knew we were of Arthur's court, he spoke great vileness by the king and especially by the queen.\".And then, on the morning, a battle was waged against him for that reason. At the first retreat, Sir Kay claimed he had knocked me off my horse and injured me severely. And when my comrade, Sir Dynadan, saw me struck down and hurt, he would not avenge me but fled from me instead. And thus he departed. Then Sir Tristram asked them their names, and each told the other. And so Sir Tristram departed from Sir Kay and from Sir Dynodan. He passed through a great forest until he came upon a priory. There he rested for six days. And then he sent his man named Governale and commanded him to go to a city there to fetch him new armor, for it had been a long time since Sir Tristram had been refreshed. His armor was broken and battered. And when Governale, his servant, had come with his equipment, he took his leave at the widow's house and mounted his horse. He rode early in the morning, and by chance,.Sir Tristram encountered Sir Sagramore le Desirous and Sir Dodinas le Sauage. These two knights questioned Sir Tristram and asked if he would join them in battle. Fair knight that I am, said Sir Tristram with good will, I would join you. But I have promised to fight a strong knight on a day near at hand, and therefore I am reluctant to engage with you. For if I am hurt here, I would not be able to fulfill my promise to fight that battle. Sagramore threatened, \"Strike my head off if you will, we will fight with you or leave.\" Sir Tristram replied, \"If you force me to, I must do what I can. Then they prepared their shields and came charging towards us with great anger. But through Sir Tristram's great force, he struck Sir Sagramore from his horse. Then he hurled his horse farther away and said to Sir Dodinas, \"Knight, make ready.\" And through fine force, Sir Tristram struck Sir Dodinas from his horse. When he saw this,.Sir Tristram lay on the earth. He took his spear and rode forth with his man Gouvernal. When Sir Tristram saw them come so fast after him, he turned his horse back to them and asked, \"What do you want? It isn't long since I struck you to the ground at your own request. I wanted to ride by you, but you wouldn't allow it. And now it seems you want to do battle with me again. That is true,\" said Sir Sagramore and Sir Dodinas. \"Fair knights, said Sir Tristram, it will little need you for all that I did to you. You caused it. Therefore, I release you from your knighthood. Leave me now, for I am sure that I shall not escape without great hurts, and I suppose you shall not escape unscathed either. This is the cause.\".Sir I am loath to deal with you, for I must fight within three days with a good knight and as valiant as any living, and if I am hurt I shall not be able to do battle with him. Who is that knight, Sir Sagramor, that you will fight with all? Sir replied, it is a good knight named Sir Palomides. By my head, said Sir Sagramor and Sir Dodinas, you have cause to fear him, for you shall find him a passing good knight and a valiant one. And because you will have dealings with him, we will postpone you at this time, and else you would not easily escape us. But fair knight, said Sir Sagramor, tell us your name. Sir replied, my name is Sir Tristram of Lyones. Sir Sagramor and Sir Dodinas, may we find you, for much worship have we heard of you. Then each took leave of the other and departed on their way.\n\nSir Tristram departed and rode straight to Camelot to the Peron that Merlin had made before, where Sir Lanclot, the king's son of Ireland, was..Sir Lanceor was slain by the hands of Balin, and in that same place was the fair lady Columba slain, who was in love with Sir Lanceor. After his death, she took his sword and thrust it through her body. By Merlin's craft, he made Sir Lanceor and his lady Columba become one under one stone. At that time, Merlin prophesied that in that same place would fight the two best knights that ever were in Arthur's court, and the best lovers.\n\nWhen Sir Tristram came to the tomb where Lanceor and his lady were buried, he looked around for Sir Palomides. Then he saw a handsome knight coming towards him, all in white, with a covered shield. When he came near Sir Tristram, he said, \"Welcome, Sir Knight, and may you keep your promise well and truly.\" Then they prepared their shields and spears and came together. They met so fiercely that both their horses and knights fell to the earth. As quickly as they could, they avoided their horses and fought..They stood before each other, and they struck at gydes with bright swords, as if they were mighty men, and either one marveled greatly that the blood ran out upon the grass. And thus they fought for the space of four hours, neither one speaking a word to the other. And of their armor they had hewn many pieces. O Lord Jesus, said Gawaine, I marvel greatly at the blows my mother has given to your master. By my head, said Sir Lancelot's servant, your master has not given so many but my mother has received as many or more. O Jesus, said Gawaine, it is too much for Sir Palomides or Sir Lancelot. And yet, pity it were that either of these good knights should shed the other's blood. So they stood and wept, and made great dole, when they saw the bright swords covered with the blood of their bodies. Then at last spoke Sir Lancelot and said, knight, you fight wonderfully well, as ever I saw knight. Therefore, and it please you, tell me your name, Sir said..Sir Tristram spoke, \"I am reluctant to reveal my name to anyone. / Sir Launcelot and I were required, I have never been reluctant to reveal my name. / It is well said, Sir Tristram, I ask that you reveal your name to me. / Fair knight, you say, your name is Sir Launcelot of the Lake. / Alas, Sir Tristram said, what have I done? For you are the man in the world that I love best. / Fair knight, Sir Launcelot said, tell me your name. / Truly, he replied, my name is Sir Tristram of Lyones. / Sir Launcelot said, \"Jesus, what adventure has befallen me? / And there, Sir Launcelot knelt down and yielded himself to him. / And so did Sir Tristram. / They both then gave each other the degree. / And then they both sat down upon the stone and took off their helmets to cool themselves. / And they each kissed the other a hundred times. / Afterward, they took off their helmets and rode to Camelot. / There they met Sir Gawain and Sir Gaheris..Sir Launcelot returned, saying, \"Your quest is completed. I have met Sir Tristram here. Behold, it is his own person. Sir Gawaine was pleased and said to Sir Tristram, \"Welcome, sir. You have greatly eased me from my labor. Why have you come to this court, fair sir?\" Sir Tristram replied, \"I have come to this country because of Sir Palomides. We had assigned to have a battle at the Perilous Gate today. I marvel that I do not see him here. And so, Sir Launcelot and I met at the Perilous Gate. King Arthur then came, and when he knew that Sir Tristram was present, he ran to him and took him by the hand, saying, 'Sir Tristram, you are as welcome to this Court as any knight who has ever come here. And when the King had learned that Sir Launcelot and he had fought and each had wounded the other severely, \"\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, but it is mostly readable as is, with only minor corrections needed for modern English clarity. Therefore, no significant cleaning is required.).Then the king made great sorrow. Sir Tristram told the king how he had come there to have a quarrel with Sir Palomides. He told the king how he had rescued him from the nine knights and Breuse, out of pity. And how he found a knight lying by a well. This knight struck down Sir Palomides and me, but his shield was covered with a cloth. So Sir Palomides left me, and I followed after that knight. In many places I found where he had slain knights and avenged himself. Sir Gawaine said that same knight had struck me down and Sir Bleoberis, and injured us both severely. He wore a covered shield. A said Sir Kay that knight had struck me down and injured me severely. I wished to know him, but I could not. \"Jesus have mercy,\" said Arthur, \"What knight was that with the covered shield?\" \"I don't know,\" said Sir Tristram. \"And so said they all.\" Then King Arthur knew it was Sir Lancelot. They all looked upon Sir Lancelot and said, \"You have deceived us.\".with your shield, Arthur had not been the first time he had done so, my lord said Sir Launcelot, truly you know I was the same knight who bore the shield. And because I would not be known that I was of your court, I said no worship to your houses. That is true, said Sir Gawaine. Sir Kay and Sir Bleoberis then King Arthur took Sir Tristram by the hand and went to the round table. Then Queen Guinevere and many ladies came with her, and all the ladies said at once, \"Welcome, Sir Tristram.\" \"Welcome,\" said the damsels. \"Welcome,\" said knights. \"Welcome,\" said Arthur, \"for one of the best knights, the gentlest of the world, and the man of most worth. For all kinds of hunting, you bear the prize, and of all measures of blowing, you are the beginning. And of all the terms of hunting and hawking, you are the beginner. Of all instruments of music, you are the best. Therefore, gentle knight, you are welcome to this court. And also, I pray you, said King Arthur..Arthur granted me a bone; it shall be at your commandment, said Tristram. Wel said Arthur, I will request of you that you will abide in my court. Sir said Sir Tristram thereunto: it is my will. Arthur said, you have promised it to me; you may not say no. Sir said Sir Tristram, I will do as you will. Then Arthur went to the seats about the round table and looked in every seat which were vacant that lacked knights. And then the king saw in the seat of Marhaus letters that said, \"this is the seat of the noble knight, Sir Tristram.\" And then Arthur made Sir Tristram a knight of the round table with great nobility and great favor. And that was well known at that time in Arthur's court, for Marhaus was a worthy knight. And for evil deeds that he did to the country of Cornwall, Sir Tristram and he fought. They fought so long tracing and traversing the earth that they could not stand for bleeding. And Sir Tristram, by fortune, recovered..and Sir Marhaus was struck through the head by him. Let us now speak of Sir Tristram and King Mark.\n\nKing Mark had great contempt for Sir Tristram's renown, and he chased him out of Cornwall. Yet Sir Tristram was new to King Mark, but he had great suspicion towards Sir Tristram due to his Queen, fair Isoud, for it seemed there was too much love between them. So when Sir Tristram departed from Cornwall to England, King Mark heard of the great prowess that Sir Tristram displayed there, which grieved him sorely. Therefore, he sent his men to spy on what deeds he did. And the Queen sent her spies privately to know what he had done, for there was great love between them. So when the messengers returned, they told the truth as they had heard, that he surpassed all other knights, but if it were Sir Lancelot, then King Mark was greatly displeased by these tidings. And Queen Isoud was equally glad. In great anger, King Mark took:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English or Middle English. Translation into modern English would be required for full understanding.).with him were two good knights and two squires. He disguised himself and took his way into England to the court for Sir Tristram. One of these two knights was named Bersuile, and the other knight was called Amant. As they rode, King Mark asked a knight he met where he should find King Arthur. He said at Camelot. Mark also asked that knight about Sir Tristram whether he had heard of him in King Arthur's court. \"You know well,\" that knight replied, \"that you will find Sir Tristram there, for he is a man of as great worship as is living now, on account of his prowess. He was the winner of the tournament at the castle of the virgins, which stands by the hard rock. And since then, he has won with his own hands thirty knights who were men of great honor.\n\nAnd the last battle that ever he did fight was the one with Launcelot. And that was a marvelous battle. And Sir Launcelot did not bring Sir Tristram to the court by force. And King Arthur made great joy passing when he saw him, and so made him a knight of the Round Table and assigned him a seat..was where Sir Marhaus' seat was / Then King Mark was passing sadly when he heard of Sir Tristram's honor / and so they parted / Then King Mark said to his two knights, / I will now tell you my counsel, you are the men I trust most to live / and I will that you know my coming here is for this purpose: to destroy Sir Tristram by deceit or treason / and it will be hard if he escapes our hands / Alas, said Sir Bercilak, what do you mean? For you set us in such a way, you disgracefully betray him. For Sir Tristram is the knight of most worship that we know living. Therefore, I plainly warn you, I will never consent to do him harm / and therefore I will yield my service / and forsake you when King Mark heard him say so / Suddenly he drew his sword and said, A traitor! & struck Sir Bercilak on the head, the sword went to his teeth / When Amant the knight saw him do this base deed / and his squires / they said it was foul..done and I, Mark, have finished our service, and you know this. We will appear before King Arthur to answer charges of treason. Then King Mark was very angry and wanted to kill Amant, but he and the two squires held him back. They paid no heed to his anger. When King Mark saw he could not take revenge on them, he said to Knight Amant, \"You know well that you have appeased me of treason. I will defend myself against King Arthur, but I ask that you not reveal my name, whatever happens to me. As for you, Sir Amant, I will not reveal your name. And so they parted. Amant and his companions took the body of Bersules and buried it.\n\nKing Mark rode until he came to a fountain. There he hesitated, unsure whether he would go to Arthur's court or return to his country. As he stood by the fountain in doubt, a knight appeared, well-armed on horseback. He dismounted and approached Mark..The knight dismounted by a tree and sat down by the brink of the fountain. There he made great lament and a most mournful complaint of love, the most pitiful anyone had ever heard. And all this while he was not aware of King Mark. This was a great part of his complaint. He cried and wept, saying, \"O fair Queen of Orkney, King Lot's wife, and mother of Sir Gawain and mother to many others, for your love I am in great pains.\" Then King Mark arose and approached him. \"Fair knight, you have made a pitiful complaint,\" he said. \"True, said the knight, it is a hundredfold more sadly expressed than my heart can utter. I ask you, King Mark, tell me your name.\" \"Sir,\" said he, \"as for my name, I will not hide it from any knight who bears a shield. And my name is Sir Lamorak of Galis.\" But when Sir Lamorak heard King Mark speak, he knew well by his speech that he was a Cornish knight. \"Sir Lamorak,\" said King Mark, \"I understand by your tongue that you are from Cornwall.\".There dwells the shameful king who is now living, for he is a great enemy to all good knights and proves well. He has chased out Sir Tristram from that country, the most worshipful knight who is living, and all knights speak of him with worship. And because of his queen's jealousy, he has chased him out of his country. It is a pity, said Sir Lamorak, that such a false and cowardly knight as King Mark is should be matched with such a fair and good lady as Lady Isoud is. For the world speaks shame of him, and of her worship, for any queen may have. I have not added to this matter, said King Mark, nor do I wish to speak of it. Well said, said Sir Lamorak. I can tell you, said Sir Lamorak, that there will be a great tournament soon beside Camelot at the castle of Ileach. The king with the C knights and the king of Ireland, as I suppose, are making that tournament.\n\nThen a knight came who was called Sir Dinadan..And he sold them both. When he knew that King Mark was a knight from Cornwall, he reproved him a thousand fold more for the sake of King Mark than Sir Lamorak. Then he proposed a duel with King Mark, and he was very reluctant. But Sir Dinadan goaded him, and he fought with Sir Lamorak. Sir Lamorak struck King Mark so hard that he impaled him on the tip of his spear at the horse's tail. Then King Mark rose again and pursued Sir Lamorak, but Sir Dinadan would not fight with Sir Lamorak. Instead, he followed and overtook him, and ordered him to wait. What will you do, said Sir Lamorak? He replied, I will fight with a sword, for you have shamed me with a spear. And there they engaged in a fierce battle with swords. Sir Lamorak yielded and held back. King Mark was passing hasty, and struck thickly. Sir Lamorak saw that he would not yield..Sir Staunton and waxed somewhat angry / and doubled his strokes, for he was one of the noblest knights of the world. He struck him so hard on the helmet that his head hung near the saddle bow when Sir Lamorak saw him. He said, \"Sir knight, what cheer seems to you, you seem near your fill of fighting. It would be a pity to do you any more harm, for you are but a mean knight. Therefore, I give you leave to go where you please.\"\n\n\"Thank you, King Mark,\" said Sir Gawain.\n\n\"You and I are not matches,\" then Sir Dinadan mocked King Mark and said, \"You are not able to match a good knight, as this Knight you refused at the first time. Think you that it is a shame to me, Sir Dinadan, said Sir Gawain, \"No, Sir, it is ever honorable for a knight to refuse that which he cannot achieve. Therefore, your worship had been much more honorable to have refused him as I did. For I plainly warn you, he is able to beat such five as you.\"\n\nI am, for the knights of Cornwall are no men of worth, compared to other knights..And because you are not men of worship, you hate all men of worship. For never in your country was there born such a knight as Sir Tristram.\n\nThen they rode forth with King Mark, Sir Lamorak, and Sir Dynadan, until they came to a bridge. At the end of it stood a fair tower. There they saw a knight on horseback, well-armed, brandishing a spear and challenging himself to a duel.\n\nNow Sir Dynadan spoke to King Mark, \"There are two brothers, one named Alain and the other named Tristan, who will fight with anyone who passes this passage. Now offer yourself, Sir Dynadan, to King Mark, for as long as you are laid on the earth.\"\n\nThen King Mark was ashamed and drew his spear. Both knights broke their spears and passed through. Then Sir Tristan sent another spear to King Mark to duel, but he would not fight anymore.\n\nThey came to the castle, and the three knights prayed to the lord of the castle..herburgh/ You are rightly welcome said the knights of the castle/ For the love of its lord, Sir Tor le Fiseaux, and then they came into a fair court well repaired/ And they had passing good cheer till the lieutenant of this castle, Berluse, saw King Mark of Cornwall/ Then Berluse said, Sir Knight, I know you better than you suppose/ For you are King Mark, who slew my father before my own eyes, and had I not escaped into a wood, you would have slain me/ But know this, for the love of my lord, Sir Tor, and for the love of Sir Lamorak, the honorable knight who is lodged here, you shall have no ill lodging/ For it is a pity that ever you should be in the company of good knights, for you are the most vile knight or..King known to live, for you are a destroyer of good knights and all that you do is treason, /\nThen was King Mark ashamed and said but little in response, / but when Sir Lamorak and Sir Dynadan recognized him, they were sorry for his folly. / After supper, they went to lodging. / Early in the morning, King Mark and Sir Dynadan rode to Gyders, / and three miles from their lodging, they met with three knights. / Sir Berlus was one, and his two cousins were the other two. / Sir Berlus saw King Mark and then cried out loudly, \"Traitor, keep away from me! You well know that I am Berlus!\" / \"Sir knight,\" said Sir Dynadan, \"I advise you to leave him now, / for I have promised to escort him to my lord King Arthur. / And since I must take a part with him, / I reluctantly agree, although I dislike his condition.\" / \"Sir Dynadan,\" said Sir Berlus, \"I regret that you will take his side.\".But now do your best. Then he hurtled to King Mark and struck him hard on the shield, knocking him clean off his saddle to the earth. Sir Dynadan saw this and thrust his spear, running to one of Berlus' companions and knocking him off his horse in the same way. Then Dynadan turned his horse and struck the third knight in the same manner to the earth. Sir Dynadan was a good knight on horseback, and thus began a great battle for Berlus and his companions, who held their ground strongly. Through the great force of Sir Dynadan, King Mark knocked Berlus to the earth, and his two companions fled. Had it not been for Sir Dynadan, King Mark would have slain him. Then Sir Dynadan granted him his life, for King Mark was but a murderer. And they took their horses and departed, leaving Sir Berlus there severely wounded. Then King Mark and Sir Dynadan rode forth on four-legged English steeds until they came to a bridge where a knight on horseback, armed and ready, awaited them..Iuste, Sir Dynadan said to King Mark, there is a knight who will only let this bridge be passed if he justice with him. None shall pass except he does justice with that knight. It is well said, King Mark, for this justice falls with the knight. Sir Dynadan knew the knight well, that he was a noble knight, and he was eager to do justice, but he would have preferred King Mark to do it with him. But by no means would King Mark do justice. Then Sir Dynadan could not refuse him in any way. And then they both donned their spears and shields and fought fiercely. Through fine force, Sir Dynadan was struck to the ground. He lightly rose up and got his horse, and he requested that knight to do battle with swords. And he answered and said, \"Fair Knight, as at this time I may not have the opportunity to deal with you anymore, for the custom of this passage is such.\" Then Sir Dynadan was so angry that he could not be avenged of that knight and so he departed. And in no way would that knight reveal his name..But ever Sir Dinadan thought he should know him by his shield, that it should be Sir Tor. So as they rode by the way, King Mark then began to mock Sir Dinadan and said, \"I wend you, knights of the Round Table, not in any way find your matches.\" \"You speak well,\" said Sir Dinadan. \"But truly, you call me none of the best knights. But since you have such a hatred for me, I require you to justify yourself with me to prove my strength.\" Not so, said King Mark, \"for I will not have dealings with you in any way. But I require one thing of you: when you come to Arthur's court, discover not my name. For I am hated there so much. It is a shame for you,\" said Sir Dinadan, \"that you govern yourself so shamefully. For I see by you that you are full of cowardice and a murderer, and that is the greatest shame that a knight may have. For never has a knight, being a murderer, had worship, nor shall he ever have.\" I saw but late there, my force, you would have slain Sir Bersuce, a better knight than you, or ever shall..They rode on until they reached a fair place where a knight stood and asked them to take lodging with him. So they rested there and were made welcome. The knight was hospitable to all knights, especially those of King Arthur's court. Sir Dinadan asked his host, \"What is the name of the knight who guards the bridge?\" His host replied, \"For what purpose do you ask, Sir Dinadan? For he is not long ago the one who bested me.\" A fair knight, the host added. \"You need not be surprised, for he is a passing good knight, and his name is Sir Tor, the son of Sir Arieus le Fayre.\" Sir Dinadan recognized him as Sir Tor. \"Indeed, that is he,\" Sir Dinadan said. \"As we stood there talking, six knights from King Arthur's court rode up to us, well-armed. By their shields, Sir Dinadan recognized them.\" The first was the good Sir Lancelot..knight Sir Gawain, the second was Sir Brandiles, third was Ozana le Cure Hardy, fourth was Sir Wayne les Aventurous, fifth was Sir Agrauaine, sixth was Sir Mordred, brother to Sir Gawain. When Sir Dinadan had seen these six knights, he thought within himself he would bring King Mark by some means to join battle with one of them. And they immediately took their horses and rode after these knights, gaining on them by about three miles. Then King Mark was aware of them, where they sat all six around a well and ate and drank such food as they had, and their horses grazing and some tethered, and their shields hung in various places about them. \"Lo, there are knights who wish to join us,\" said Sir Dinadan. \"God forbid,\" said King Mark, \"for they are six and we but two.\" \"As for that,\" said Sir Dinadan, \"let us not spare, for I will try the first one.\" And with that, he made himself ready. When King Mark saw him ride toward them so quickly, King Mark....Sir Dynan rode forward with all his main meeny. When King Mark saw this, Sir Dynan set the spear out of the rest and threw his shield on his back. He came riding towards the round table's fellowship. Then Sir Wayne knew Sir Dynan and welcomed him, and so did all his fellowship.\n\nThey asked him about his adventures and if he had seen Sir Tristram or Sir Launcelot. \"So help me God,\" said Sir Dynan, \"I have not seen them since I left Camelot.\"\n\n\"Which knight is it that suddenly departed from you,\" asked Sir Brandiles, \"and rode over yonder field?\" \"It was a knight from Cornwall,\" replied he. \"What is his name?\" asked all the knights. \"I don't know,\" said Sir Dynan.\n\nAfter they had rested and spoken to each other, they took their horses and rode to a castle where an old knight dwelled who made all knights merry with good cheer.\n\nMeanwhile, as they were talking, another knight arrived..In the castle of Sir Gawain, King Mark welcomed him, and they all asked him if he had seen Sir Lancelot or Sir Tristram. He answered, \"I have not seen him since he departed from Camelot.\" As Sir Dynadan walked and beheld the castle, he saw King Mark in a chamber. He reprimanded him and asked why he had departed so suddenly. Sir Dynadan replied, \"I dared not stay because there were so many.\" King Mark asked, \"How did you escape?\" Sir Dynadan replied, \"Sir Dynadan protected me. Who is the captain of that ship?\" The king asked, then, to fear him, Sir Dynadan replied that it was Sir Lancelot. \"I know Sir Lancelot by his shield,\" said the king. \"You said Dynadan,\" Sir Dynadan explained, to reassure the king, as Sir Lancelot was not in his ship. The king then asked, \"Please ride in my ship, Sir Dynadan. It is distasteful to me to do so,\" replied Sir Dynadan, \"because you abandoned me.\".Sir Dynadan left King Mark and went to his own ship. They mounted their horses and rode away, discussing the Cornish knight. Dynadan told them that the Cornish knight was in the castle where they were lodging.\n\nSir Gawain said, \"That's well said, Sir Dynadan. I have brought Sir Dagonet, King Arthur's fool, the best and merriest knight in the world.\"\n\n\"We'll do well?\" asked Sir Dynadan. \"I've told the Cornish knight that Sir Lancelot is here. The Cornish knight asked me what shield he bore. I truthfully told him that Sir Lancelot bore the same shield that Sir Mordred does.\"\n\n\"We'll do well?\" asked Sir Mordred, who was injured and unable to wear his shield or armor. \"Then put my shield and armor on Sir Dagonet and let him sit on the Cornish knight. That shall be done, Sir Dagonet, by my faith.\"\n\nImmediately, Sir Dagonet was armed in Mordred's armor and shield. He was mounted on a great horse and given a spear. Now said,.Dagonet showed me the knight, and I believe I will bring him down. All these knights rode to a woodside and waited until King Mark passed by the way. Then they presented Sir Dagonet, and he rode as fast as his horse could straight towards King Mark. When he came near King Mark, he cried out as if he were mad and said, \"Keep the Knight of Cornwall from him, for I will kill him.\" As soon as King Mark saw his shield, he said to himself, \"There is Sir Lancelot. Alas, now I am destroyed.\" And with that, he made his horse run as fast as it could through thick and thin. And ever Sir Dagonet followed after King Mark, crying and roaring through a great forest. When Sir Gawain and Sir Brandiles saw Dagonet chase King Mark in this way, they laughed at him as if they were mad. Then they took their horses and rode after to see how Sir Dagonet fared, for they would not believe that Sir Dagonet was a threat. King Arthur loved him exceedingly and made him a knight..His own hands / And at every turn, he caused King Arthur to laugh. Then the knights rode here and there crying and chasing after King Mark, so that all the forest rang with the noise.\n\nSo King Mark rode on by fortune, by a well in the way, where stood a knight errant on horseback, armed at all points with a great spear in his hand. And when he saw King Mark coming, fleeing, he said, Knight, return again for shame and stand with me. I shall be your warrant. A fair Knight said King Mark, let me pass; for yonder comes after me the best knight in the world with the black bent shield. Fie for shame said the knight. He is none of the worthy Knights. And if he were Sir Lancelot or Sir Tristram, I should not doubt meeting the better of them both.\n\nWhen King Mark heard him say that word, he turned his horse and halted by him. Then that strong Knight bore a spear to Dagonet and struck him so sore that he bore him over his horse's tail, and near he had broken his neck..And anyone after him came Sir Brandyles, and when he saw Dagonet fall passively, he was very angry and cried, \"Keep the knight!\" They charged at each other fiercely. But the Knight struck down Sir Brandyles, who fell both horse and man. Sir Yvaine came after and saw all this. Jesus said, \"Behold, a brave knight!\" Then they engaged their spears, and this knight came so eagerly that he struck down Sir Yvaine. Then came Ozana with a brave heart, and he was struck down. Sir Gryflet, by my counsel, let us send to that arrant knight yonder and find out if he is of King Arthur's Court, for in my opinion, it is Sir Lamorak of Galis. So they sent to him and asked the strange knight to tell his name and if he was of King Arthur's Court or not. As for my name, they shall not know, but tell them I am a knight errant like them, and let them know that I am no knight of King Arthur's Court. So the squire rode back to them and reported:.Sir Agrauane is one of the strongest knights I have ever seen, having overcome three noble knights. We must face him, for shame. Sir Agrauane readied his spear, and the other was ready as well. He struck him down from his horse to the earth, and in the same way he struck down Sir Vvan and Sir Gryflet. He would have served them all, but Sir Dynadan was behind, and Sir Mordred was unarmed, and Dagonet had his armor removed.\n\nOnce this was done, this strong knight rode on in a soft pace, and King Mark rode after him, urging him to sing, but he answered no words, only sighed sorely, hanging his head and paying no heed to words. They rode well for three English miles, and then this knight called to him a varlet and bade him ride until the fair manor, and recommended me to the lady of that castle and place, and asked her to send him refreshment..And he, the knight who follows the questing beast, told her that when she asked what I am, she should be told that I am the knight who follows the questing beast, in English called the questioning beast, for wherever he went, he sought in the belly with such a noise as if it had been thirty couplings of hounds.\n\nThen the servant went on his way and came to the manor and announced to the lady and told her where he came from. And when she understood that he came from the knight who followed the questioning beast, she said, \"O sweet Lord Jesus, when shall I see that noble knight, my dear son Palomides? Alas, will he not stay with me? And therewith she swooned and wept, and made great dole. And then, as soon as she could, she gave the servant all that he asked for. And the servant returned to Sir Palomides, for he was a servant of King Mark. And as soon as he came, he told the knights that the name of the knight was Sir Palomides. \"I am well pleased,\" said King Mark, \"but hold your tongue and say nothing.\" Then they....Sir Palomides alighted and set them down, making them rest a while. King Mark fell asleep with all of them. But when Sir Palomides heard him snoring, he took his horse and rode away, saying, \"I will not be in the company of a sleeping knight.\" He rode off at a great pace.\n\nNow let us turn to Sir Dinadan, who encountered these seven knights passing by heavily. And when he knew how they were faring, Sir Dinadan was grieved. Sir Gawain said to Dinadan, \"I vow it is Sir Lamorak of Galatia. I promise you all, I will find him. He may be found in this country.\" And so Sir Dinadan rode after Sir Lamorak, and King Mark did the same, riding through the forest in pursuit.\n\nAs King Mark rode after Sir Palomides, he heard a mournful noise. Then King Mark rode as near as he dared to the noise. There he found a knight dismounted from his horse and had removed his helmet. The knight made a pitiful complaint and a dolorous lament..Now let us leave that and speak of Sir Dynadan, who rode to seek Sir Palomides. As he came within a forest, he met with a knight, a chaser of a deer. Sir Dynadan said, \"Sir, did you meet with a knight with a shield of silver and a lion's head? The fair knight replied, \"With such a knight I met but a while ago, and he went that way yonder.\" Gramercy, said Sir Dynadan. \"For I would not fail to find that knight if I could find the track of his horse.\" Rightly as Sir Dynadan rode in the evening late, he heard a mournful noise, as of a man. Then Sir Dynadan rode toward that noise. And when he came near it, he dismounted from his horse and went near him on foot. Then he saw a knight standing under a tree, and his horse tethered by him, and the helmet of his head in his hand. The knight made a mournful complaint, as a knight ever did, and always made his complaint about Lady Isoud, the Queen of Cornewaille, and said, \"A fair lady, why do I love thee?\".thou art fairest of all others / yet you show no love to me / nor kindness. Alas, I must love thee, / and I cannot blame the fair lady / for my eyes cause me this sorrow. And yet to love thee I am but a fool, / for the best knight in the world loves thee, / and he loves her in return - that is Sir Tristram de Lyones. / The falsest king and knight is your husband, / and the most cowardly and full of treason is your lord King Mark. / Alas, that ever so fair a lady and peerless among others should be matched with the most vile knight in the world. / All this language King Mark heard, / what Sir Palomides said to him. / Therefore he was afraid, / when he saw Sir Dinadan, / lest he would tell Sir Palomides that he was King Mark. / And so he withdrew him and took his horse and rode to his men, / commanding them to stay. / And thus he rode as fast as he could to Camelot, / and on the same day he found there Amant the knight, ready, / whom Arthur had summoned before him..\"The king lightly commanded them to battle. By chance, King Mark struck Amant through the body. Yet Amant was righteous in the quarrel and, right away, he took his horse and departed from the court, fearing Sir Dinasan who would tell Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides what had happened. Then there were maidens that Lady Isoud had sent to Sir Tristram who knew Amant well. With the king's permission, they went to him and spoke with him while the spear shaft remained in his body. He said, \"Fair damsels, recommend me to Lady Isoud and tell her that I am slain for the love of her and of Sir Tristram. Here I tell you how cowardly King Mark killed me and my companion, Sir Bersilles, for that deed I accused him of treason, and here I am slain in a righteous quarrel. It was all because of Sir Bersilles, and I would not consent to flee the noble knight, Sir Tristram, by treason.\" Then the damsels...\".Two maidens cried aloud that all the court might hear, and they said, \"O sweet Lord Jesus, who knows all hidden things, why do you allow a false traitor to vanquish and slay a true knight who fought in a righteous quarrel?\"\n\nImmediately, it was reported to King Arthur and the queen and all the lords that it was King Mark who had slain Sir Amis and Sir Isodore. Therefore, King Arthur and all the other knights were filled with great wrath.\n\nBut when Sir Tristram learned the whole matter, he made great sorrow and wept out of measure for the loss of the noble knights, Sir Amis and Sir Isodore.\n\nWhen Sir Launcelot saw Sir Tristram weep, he went hastily to King Arthur and asked, \"Sir, please grant me leave to return to that false king and knight. I pray you, sire,\" said King Arthur, \"fetch him back, but I would not have him slain for my sake.\" Then Sir Launcelot armed himself in haste..Sir Launcelot rode after King Mark, three miles behind him in English. He confronted him, demanding that Mark turn back and join King Arthur's court. Mark recognized Launcelot and quickly surrendered, crying out, \"I yield to Sir Launcelot, honorable knight.\" But Launcelot refused to accept Mark's surrender and attacked him instead. Mark made no defense and fell to the ground, begging for mercy. \"Arise, King Mark, and I will not fight you,\" Mark pleaded. But Launcelot refused, and Mark lay there, still and crying for mercy..give the one buffet for the love of Sir Tristram and of Lady Isoud, and for the two knights that thou hast traitorously slain. And so he mounted upon his horse and brought him to King Arthur, and there King Mark alighted in that same place and threw his helmet from him upon the earth, and his sword and shield flat to the earth before King Arthur's feet, and put him in his grace and mercy.\n\nSo God help me, said Arthur, you are welcome in a manner, and in a manner, you are not welcome. In this manner, you are welcome, that you come here to maul me with your head as I suppose.\n\nThat is true, said King Mark, and else I would not have been here. For my lord, Sir Launcelot, brought me here through his fine force, and to him am I yielded as a recreant.\n\nWell said, Arthur, you understand that you ought to do me service, homage and fealty. And never would you do me any, but ever you have been against me, and a destroyer of my knights. Now, how will you acquit yourself, Sir said King Mark..I will make a large amends / For he was a fair speaker and false beneath / Then, for great pleasure of Sir Tristram to make them agree / The king withheld King Mark / and made a broken truce between them /\n\nNow, turning again to Sir Palomides, how Sir Dyndan comforted him in all that he could from his great sorrow / What Knight are you, Sir Palomides? / Sir, I am an errant knight, like you, who has sought you long by your shield / Here is my shield, said Sir Palomides / do you know and will you acknowledge / I will defend it, said Sir Palomides / Nay, said Sir Dyndan / I will not have dealings with you / but in good manner / And if you will, you shall find me soon ready /\n\nSir said, Sir Dyndan, why do you ride this way? / By my head said Sir Palomides, I do not know but as fortune leads me / Have you heard or seen anything of Sir Tristram? / So God help me, I have heard and seen / and not / for then we loved not inwardly well together / yet at my misfortune, Sir..Tristram rescued me from death / but we had both agreed to meet at the stony grave, the Merlin's seat by Camelot, to decide the matter with swords. I was prevented from keeping my appointment, Sir Palomides told me, and I am deeply sorry for it. But I have a good excuse: I was a prisoner with a lord and many others. Sir Palomides then informed Sir Dinadan of the same appointed day. By God's help, Sir Dinadan met Sir Lancelot and Sir Tristram at the same grave on that day. And there took place the most magnificent battle ever seen in this land between two knights, lasting more than two hours. They both bled profusely, astonishing all onlookers that they could endure it. In the end, by mutual consent, they became friends..And sworn brothers forever, and no man can judge the better knight, and now Sir Tristram is made a knight of the Round Table, and he sits in the seat of the noble knight, Sir Marhaus. By my head, said Sir Palomides, Sir Tristram is far bigger than Sir Lancelot and the harder knight. Have you tried them both, said Sir Dynadan? I have seen Sir Tristram fight, said Sir Palomides, but never Sir Lancelot, to my knowledge. But at the fountain where Sir Lancelot lay sleeping, there with one spear he brought down Sir Tristram. And Palomides said, \"But at that time they knew not each other.\" Fair knight, said Sir Dynadan, as for Sir Lancelot and Sir Tristram, let them be, for the worst of them will not lightly be matched against any knights that I know living. \"No,\" said Sir Palomides, \"but if I had a quarrel between the two of them, I would willingly fight with him as with you.\" Sir, I require you to tell me your name, and in good faith I shall hold you..company/we come to Camelot/and there shall you have great worship now at this great tournament, for there shall be Queen Guinevere and Lady Isoud of Cornwall. Sir, for the love of Lady Isoud, I will be there and not otherwise, but I will not have adversity in King Arthur's court. Sir Dynadan said, I shall ride with you and serve you, if you will tell me your name. Sir, you shall understand my name is Sir Palomides, brother to Sagare, the good and noble knight. Sir Segwaries and I are Sarasins, born of father and mother. Sir Dynadan said, I thank you much for telling me your name. I am glad to know it. I promise you by the faith of my body, you shall not be harmed by me against your will, but rather aided. And to that I promise you help with all my power. I promise you. Do not doubt it. And certainly, on my life, you shall win great worship in the court of King Arthur. And be right welcome. So they dressed themselves then..On their helms they donned their shields and mounted their horses, taking the broad way to Camelot. They then came upon a castle that was fair and rich, and remarkably strong, the like of which was not within the realm. Sir Palomides said, \"This is a castle I know well. In it dwells Queen Morgan le Fay, King Arthur's sister. King Arthur gave her this castle, which he has regretted countless times since, for he and she have been at dispute and strife. Yet he could never take nor win it from her by any means, and she continually made war on King Arthur. She holds with her all dangerous knights to destroy those knights whom King Arthur loves. No knight may pass this way without engaging in a duel with one, two, or three. If it happens that one of King Arthur's knights is defeated, he must leave his horse and armor, and if he escapes, it will be with great difficulty..But he shall be a prisoner /\nSo God help me, said Palomydes. This is a shameful custom and a disgraceful behavior for a queen to use, and in particular to make war on her own lord, who is called the flower of chivalry, whether Christian or pagan. With all my heart, I would destroy this shameful custom. And I will have no service from her if she sends out any knights, as I suppose she will, for justice. And I, Sir Dinadan, assure you before God on my life, that as they stood on horseback before the castle, a knight with a red shield and two squires followed him. He came straight to Sir Palomydes, the good knight, and said to him, \"Fair and noble knight, errant I require you for the love you owe to knighthood that you will not do this here with these men of this castle. For I came here to seek this deed, and it is I, Sir Lamorack, who speak.\".my request. And therefore, I beseech you, knight, let me deal, and if I am struck, avenge me, in the name of God, said Palomydes. Let us see how you will act, and we shall behold you. Then a knight from the castle came forth and offered to fight with Iuste and the knight with the reed shield. Immediately they encountered each other, and he with the reed shield struck him so hard that he was borne to the earth. Then another knight from the castle came, and he was struck so sore that he avoided his saddle. And forthwith came the third knight, and the knight with the reed shield struck him to the earth. Then came Sir Palomydes and begged him that he might help him to aid Iuste, Fair knight, said he to him, suffer me at this time to have my will. For if they were twenty knights, I should not doubt them. And ever there were many lords and ladies on the walls of the castle who cried and said, \"Well done, Iuste, knight with the reed shield,\" But as soon as the Knight had struck them..The fourth knight emerged from the castle, and offered to fight the knight with the red shield. The latter was ready, and they clashed. The fourth knight struck him so hard that horse and rider fell to the ground. \"Sir Palomides, that is a passing good knight, the best I've ever seen,\" he exclaimed. \"Sir Dynadan agrees,\" Palomides added. \"He is as good as Sir Lancelot or Sir Tristram, whichever knight he may be.\"\n\nThen another knight emerged from the castle, wielding a shield with a black and white design. The knight with the red shield encountered him, and they clashed so fiercely that the knight from the castle was pierced through his shield and body, and his horse's back was broken. \"Fair Knight,\" Palomides said to the victor..On hand, therefore I pray you let me justify, for you had need to be reposed. Why, sir said the knight, seem you that I am weak and feeble? And sir, I think you offer me wrong and to my shame when I do well enough. I tell you now as I told you before, for if there were twenty knights, I shall beat them. And if I am beaten or slain, then may you revenge me. And if you think that I am weary, and you have an appetite to justify with me, I shall find you justifying enough. Sir Palomydes said, I said it not because I would justify with you, but it seems to me that you have too much on hand. & therefore, and you were gentle, said the knight with the reed, you should not offer me shame. Therefore, I require you to justify with me, and you shall find that I am not weary. Sir Palomydes said, since you require me, take care of yourself.\n\nThen the two knights came to swords as fast as their horses might run. And the knight struck Sir Palomydes so sore on the shield that the spear went in to his side, a great wound..And there, Sir Palomydes avoided his saddle, and the knight turned to Sir Dynadan. When he saw him coming, Sir Dynadan cried out loud and said, \"Sir, I will not have dealings with you, but he would not let it be. Instead, he charged upon him. So Sir Dynadan, ashamed, drew his spear and thrust it at the knight. But he struck Sir Dynadan so hard that he knocked him off his horse. However, he would not allow his squires to interfere, and since they were errant knights, he dressed himself again and went to the castle and lodged with seven knights more. And none of them could withstand him but knocked them to the ground. Of these twelve knights, he slew four in earnest, and the remaining eight he made swear on the sword's cross that they would never use the evil customs of the castle. And when he had made them swear, he let them pass. And he always stood before the lords and ladies..Castle walls crying and saying, \"Knight with the Reed shield, you have marvelously well done, as we have ever seen a knight do,\" and with that, a knight came out of the castle unarmed and said, \"Knight with the Reed shield, you have caused too much damage to us today. Therefore, return, for there is no more willingness to deal with you. We deeply regret that you ever came here. For by the Lord, this castle's old custom is destroyed.\" And with that, he turned around and went back into the castle and shut the gates. Then, the Knight with the Reed shield turned and called his squires and passed forth on his way, riding a great pace. And when he was past, Sir Palomides went to Sir Dinadan and said, \"I have never seen such shame from one knight that I have met,\" and therefore, I cast myself to ride after him and be avenged with my sword, for on horseback, I deem I shall get no worship from him.\" Sir Palomides said to Dinadan, \"You shall not interfere with him by my command, for you shall get no worship. \".Palomydes: \"By Almighty Jesus, I shall never be at ease until I have dealt with him. Sir Dynadan: \"I shall give you my regard.\" Palomydes: \"Then you shall see how we shall redress our mights.\" They took their horses from their grooms and rode after the Knight with the reed shield. In a valley beside a fountain, they found where he had stopped to rest and removed his helmet to drink. Palomydes rode quickly until he approached him. Palomydes: \"Knight, remember the shame you did to me at the castle. Therefore, prepare yourself, for I will have my revenge.\" Knight: \"Fair knight, you win no respect from me. For today, I have been sorely troubled.\" Palomydes: \"I will not let that go. You should know, I will be avenged.\" Knight: \"I may be able to endure you.\".There, with all he motivated upon his horse and took a great spear in his hand, ready to justify / Nay said Palomydes, I will not justify / for I am sure at justing I get no price / Fair knight said that knight, It would become a knight to justify and to fight on horseback. You shall see what I will do, said Palomydes. And then he alighted down upon foot, and dressed his shield before him and pulled out his sword. Then the knight, with the red shield, descended down from his horse, and dressed his shield before him, and so he drew out his sword. And then they came to gyders, a soft pass. And wonderfully they lashed to gyders, passing thick. The motivation of an hour or ever they breathed. Then they traced and traversed and grew wonderfully wrathful, and either begged death from the other. They hewed so fast with their swords that they cut down half their swords, and the bare flesh in some places stood above the harness.\n\nAnd when Sir Palomydes beheld his fellow's sword overhilled..With his blood, he grieved him sore; some while they feigned, some while they struck as wild men. But at the last, Sir Palomides grew faint due to his first wound, which he had received at the castle with a spear; for that wound grieved him wonderfully sore. Fair knight said Palomides, it seems we have tested each other passing sore. And if it pleases you, I require of your knighthood to tell me your name. Sir said the knight to Palomides, I am loath to do so; for you have wronged me, and no knighthood would oblige me to battle, considering my great tribulation. But if you will tell me your name, I will tell you mine. Sir he was, and he knew well that my name is Palomides. A sir, you shall understand, my name is Sir Lamorak of Galis; son and heir to the good knight and king, King Pellenore; and Sir Tor, the good knight, is my half brother. When Sir Palomides heard him say so, he knelt down and asked for mercy, for outragously have I acted towards you this day. Considering the great deeds..Sir Palomides spoke to Sir Lamorak, saying, \"You have acted shamefully and unknightly. In battle, I have seen you disgracefully. I have asked you to fight, and Sir Palomides, the worthy knight in all this land, is no better than you or more skilled. I regret that we must fight each other. Yet, I am sorrier wounded than you. But soon I will be healed. I would not, for the fairest castle in this land, but if you and I had met, I would love you the days of my life above all other knights except my brother, Sir Safere. Sir Lamorak agreed, except for my brother, Sir Tor. Then Sir Dinadan arrived and rejoiced at Sir Lamorak's condition. They both dressed their shields and armor and stopped their wounds. And there, at a priory, they rested all night.\n\nNow, torn apart once more, Sir Gainys and Sir [...].bran\u00a6dyles with his felawes came to the Courte of kyng Arthur / they told the kynge / syr Launcelot and sir Tristram / how sire Dagonet the foole chaced Kynge Marke thurgh the forest / and how the stronge knyght smote\u25aa them doune al seuen with one spere / There was grete laughynge and Iapynge atte Kynge Marke and at sire Dagonet / But all these knyghtes coude not telle what kny\u0292t it was that rescowed kyng mark Thenne they asked kynge Marke yf that he knewe hym / and he ansuerd and said / he named hym self the Knyght that fo\u2223lowed the questynge beest / and on that name he sente one of my varlets to a place where was his moder / and when she herd from whens he cam / she made passyng grete dole and discouerd to my varlet his name and said / O my dere sone sire Palomy\u2223des why wolt thou not see me / and therfor syr said kyng ma\u2223rk it is to vnderstande his name is sir Palomydes a noble kn\u2223yght / Thenne were alle these seuen knyghtes gladde that they knewe his name / \u00b6Now torne we ageyne / for on the morne they toke.Sir Lamorak and Palomydes, with their squires and servants, came upon a fair castle that stood atop a mountain, well fortified. They rode there and found a knight named Galahalt, who was the lord of the castle. They were given a warm welcome and allowed to rest. Sir Dynadan asked Sir Lamorak what they would do next.\n\nSir Lamorak replied, \"I will go to King Arthur's court tomorrow.\"\n\nSir Palomydes said, \"I will not ride for three days. I am badly injured and have bled much. I wish to rest here.\"\n\nSir Lamorak agreed, \"I will stay here with you. When you ride, I will ride as well, unless you tarry too long. Then I will take my horse. I ask you, Sir Dynadan, to stay and ride with us.\"\n\nSir Dynadan replied, \"I will not stay. I have a strong desire to see Sir Tristram and cannot remain away from him long.\"\n\nSir Dynadan then understood Sir Palomydes' feelings and asked, \"So you love my mortal enemy?\".Sir Dynadan told me, \"I love my lord, Sir Tristram, above all others. I will serve him and do his bidding. I swear, Sir Lamorak, in all that lies within my power. One morning, Sir Dynadan rode to King Arthur's court. As he rode, he saw a errant knight standing there, and prepared for battle. But Sir Dynadan replied, \"I have no wish to fight. Will you insist on fighting, or must I pass this way?\" The knight answered, \"I ask for love, not hate.\" Sir Dynadan replied, \"It may be so, but you offer me harsh love. When you wish to fight with me, use a sharp spear. But, fair knight, say instead, 'Meet me in King Arthur's court, and there I will fight with you.' \" The knight agreed, \"Very well, Sir Dynadan, I know you well.\" Sir Dynadan acknowledged, \"I recognize you too.\".A good knight and a gentleman, I tell you in earnest, I love you heartily. Then there should be no unjust words spoken between Sir Dynadan and parted ones. On the same day, he came to Camelot where lay King Arthur, and there he greeted the king and queen, Sir Lancelot and Sir Tristram, and all the court was pleased with Sir Dynadan, for he was gentle, wise, and a good knight. And in particular, the valiant knight, Sir Tristram, loved Sir Dynadan more than all other knights save Sir Lancelot. Then the king asked Sir Dynadan about his adventures. \"Sir,\" said Dynadan, \"I have seen many adventures, and some King Mark knows of, but not all. Then the King listened to Sir Dynadan as he recounted how Sir Palomides and he were before the castle of Morgan le Fay, and how Sir Lamorak took the knights before them, and how he challenged twelve knights, and of them four he slew. And how after he defeated Sir Palomides and me both, I may not believe that, said the king. For Sir Palomides is a noble knight..A passing good knight, Sir Dynadan said, but I saw him prove better in hand-to-hand combat. Then he told King Arthur about the battle and how Sir Palomides was weaker and more injured, with more blood loss. Sir Dynadan added that, had the battle lasted longer, Palomides would have been slain. \"O Jesu,\" King Arthur exclaimed, \"This is a great marvel! Sir,\" Tristram replied, \"It's no surprise to me, for among my adversaries, there isn't a valiant knight in the world worth mentioning, except for Sir Launcelot. I would do as well against Sir Lamorak if it weren't for Sir Launcelot. So help me God, I would like Sir Lamorak to come to this Court. Sir Dynadan said he would be here soon, and so would Sir Palomides. But I fear that Palomides may not yet recover.\"\n\nThree days after the king held a jousting tournament at a priory, and there it was held..Hem ready many knights of the Round Table,\nFor Sir Gawain and his brothers made them ready to join,\nBut Tristram, Lancelot, nor Dinadan would not join,\nBut suffered Sir Gawain and his four brothers to win, if they might.\nThen on the morrow they arrayed themselves to join,\nSir Gawain and his four brothers, and did there great deeds of arms,\nSir Ector de Maris performed marvelously well,\nBut Sir Gawain surpassed all that fellowship.\nWherefore,\nKing Arthur and all the knights gave Sir Gawain the honor at the beginning.\n\nRight so, King Arthur was aware of a knight and two squires,\nWho came out of a forest side with a shield covered with leather,\nAnd then he came sneakily and hurtfully here and there,\nAnd immediately with one spear he had struck down two knights of the Round Table.\nThen with his hurting he lost the keeping of his shield,\nThen was the king and all others aware that he bore a red shield,\nOh Jesus, said King Arthur, see where rides a stout knight..Knight with the red shield, and there was noise and crying, \"Beware the knight with the red shield.\" A little while later, he had overthrown three brothers of Sir Gawain. So God help me,\" said King Arthur. \"There, I see the best Ithurion I have ever seen.\" With that, he saw him approaching with Sir Gawain. And he struck him down with such great force that he caused his horse to avoid its saddle.\n\n\"How now, Sir Gawain has fallen,\" said the King. \"Woe is me, and I knew which knight it was with the red shield. But as it stands, at this time you shall not know his name,\" said Dinadan. \"But Sir Tristram says, he is a better Ithurian than Sir Palomides. And if you wish to know his name, know well his name is Sir Lamorak of Galis.\n\nAs they stood there talking, Sir Gawain and he encountered each other again. And there, he struck Sir Gawain from his horse and injured him severely. In the sight of King Arthur, he struck down twenty knights besides Sir Gawain and his brothers..And so clearly was the price given to him as a peerless knight / Then, subtly and marvelously, Sir Lamorak drew him into the forest side / King Arthur saw this clearly / for his eye never left him /\n\nThen, Sir Lancelot, Sir Tristram, and Sir Dinadan took their horses / and rode straight after the good knight Sir Lamorak of Galis / And there they found him / And the king said, \"Fair knight, well met!\" / When he saw the king, he removed his helmet and greeted him / and when he saw Sir Tristram, he dismounted from his horse and ran to him to take him by the hands / but Sir Tristram would not allow it / instead, they embraced each other and made great joy /\n\nThe king was pleased, and so were all the knights of the Round Table, except Sir Gawayne and his brothers / And when they knew it was Sir Lamorak, they had great contempt for him and were very angry with him / that he had put them to shame..dishonour that day / Thenne Gawayn called pryuely in cou\u0304\u00a6ceille alle his bretheren / and to them said thus / Faire brethe\u2223ren here may ye see whome that we hate / kynge Arthur loueth And whome that we loue he hateth / \u00b6And wete ye wel my fayr bretheren / that this sir Lamorak wille neuer loue vs / by cause we slewe his fader Kynge Pellenore / for we demed that he slewe our fader Kynge of Orkeney / And for the despyte of Pellenore syr Lamorak dyd vs a shame to oure moder / ther\u2223fore I wille be reuenged / Syr said sir Gawayns bretheren / lete see how ye wylle or maye be reuenged / and ye shalle fyn\u00a6de vs redy / Wel said Gawayne hold you stylle and we shalle aspye oure tyme / \nNOw passe we oure matere / and leue We sire Gawayn and speke of Kynge Arthur that on a day sayd vn\u00a6to Kynge Marke / Syr I pray yow gyue me a yefte that I shall axe yow / Syr said Kyng Mark I will gyue you what someuer ye desyre and hit be in my power / Syre gramercy sa\u2223id Arthur / This I wille aske yow that ye wille be good lo\u2223rd vnto sir.Sir Tristram, a man of great honor, whom you will take with you to Cornwall, and let him see his friends, and comfort him for my sake, said King Mark. I promise you by the faith of my body and by the faith that I owe to you and to God, I will worship him for your sake in all that I can or may, replied Sir Mark. And I will forgive you all the evil will that I ever owed you, said Sir Arthur. And so, if you swear upon a book before me with a good will, said King Mark. And he did so, swearing upon a book before him and all his knights. But King Mark thought falsely, as it proved afterward, for he put Sir Tristram in prison and cowardly intended to kill him. Then, after taking his leave to ride to Cornwall, Sir Tristram made ready to ride with him. Most of the round table were angry and heavy about this, and.Sir Launcelot, Sir Lamorak, and Sir Dynadan were filled with anger beyond measure. They knew that King Mark intended to harm or kill Sir Tristram. Dynadan spoke up, \"Alas, my lord Sir Tristram must depart.\" Sir Tristram was devastated and appeared foolish with sorrow.\n\nSir Launcelot confronted King Arthur, \"What have you done, sir? You will lose the most noble man who has ever entered your court.\" Arthur replied, \"It was his own desire, and I could not intervene. I have done all I could and made them reconcile.\"\n\nSir Launcelot scoffed at the reconciliation, \"Woe is this accord! You shall hear that he will kill Sir Tristram or imprison him. He is the most cowardly and vile king and knight living.\" With that, Sir Launcelot departed and went to King Mark, warning him, \"Beware, I warn you of treason. I forbid you, by any means, to deceive or harm that knight.\".Sir Launcelot spoke to King Mark, \"By my faith I owe allegiance to God and the order of knighthood. I will kill him with my own hands.\"\n\nKing Mark said to Sir Launcelot, \"You have said too much to me. You have sworn before King Arthur in the presence of all his knights that you will not harm or betray him. It would bring me greater shame to break my promise. You speak truly, Sir Launcelot, but you are called false and treasonous, and no one believes you.\"\n\n\"Indeed, it is well known why you came to this country, and for no other reason than to kill Sir Tristram,\" King Mark continued. \"With great sorrow, King Mark and Sir Tristram rode to Gydersleigh. Sir Tristram went with King Mark because it was Sir Tristram's wish and means to do so, and the intent was to see Isoud, for without her sight, Sir Tristram could not endure.\"\n\n\"Now let us turn our attention back to Sir Lamorak. Speak to us of his brothers. Sir Tor, who was King Pellinore's firstborn son and begotten of Nimue, the witch, for he was a bastard. Sir Aglois was his other brother.\".First, Sir Lamorak had the following sons in wedlock: Dorian, Percival. When King Mark and Sir Tristram had departed from the court, great sorrow and mourning ensued. The king and his knights observed eight days of mourning. On the eighth day, a knight arrived at the court with a young squire. The knight disarmed and went to the king, requesting that he make the young squire a knight. \"What lineage is he from, King Arthur?\" the king asked. \"Sir,\" replied the knight, \"he is the son of King Pellenore, who once served you well. He is the brother of Sir Lamorak of Galis, the good knight.\" \"Well said, my lord, the king replied. \"Do you ask this of me because this young squire is related to me as much as to Sir Lamorak? And my name is Aglavaine. Sir Aglavaine spoke, Arthur.\".The king shall make him knight tomorrow / Now tell me, said Arthur, what is his name? / \"Sir,\" said the Knight, \"his name is Percival of Galis.\" / So on the morrow, the king made him knight at Camelot. But the king and all the knights thought it would be long or that he would prove a good knight. / Then, at dinner, when the king was seated at the table and every knight was seated according to his prowess, the king commanded him to be seated among the common knights. And so Sir Percival was commanded. / Then there was a maiden in the queen's court who was of high birth. She was beautiful and never spoke a word. Right away, she came straight into the hall and went to Sir Percival, took him by the hand, and said aloud so that the king and all the knights could hear: \"Arise, Sir Percival, noble knight and God's knight, and go with me. And he did so. / And there she led him to the right side of the perilous seat and said, \"Fair knight, take this seat, for it belongs to you and none other.\".Right so she departed and asked a priest. And as she was confessing and housed, then she died. Then the king and all the court made great joy of Sir Percival. Now turn we unto Sir Lamorak, who was much praised there. Then, through Sir Gawain and his brothers, they sent for his mother there beside a castle beside Camelot. All were intent on slaying Sir Lamorak. The Queen of Orkney was there for a while, but Sir Lamorak knew of their presence and was very fine. To end this matter, he sent word to her. A night was assigned that Sir Lamorak should come to her. Sir Gawain was aware of this and rode before the same night, waiting for Sir Lamorak. When he saw where he came, all armed, and where Sir Lamorak alighted, he dismounted to a secluded corner and waited in a parlor and disarmed himself. Then he went to the queen's bedchamber. She made great joy of him, and he of her in return..Either he loved another greatly / So when Sir Gawain saw his time, he came to their bedsides, all armed with his sword naked, and suddenly seized his mother by the hair and struck her severely. Wet yourselves well, he was greatly ashamed and dismayed by that dreadful knight. And there, with all Sir Lamorak, leapt out of the bed in his shirt, as a knight dismayed, saying, \"Sir Gawain, knight of the Round Table, foul and wicked have you been, and to great shame! Alas, why have you slain your mother who bore you with more right, you should have slain me instead! / The offense you have spoken, Gawain, notwithstanding, a man is born to serve, but you should beware with whom you meddle, for you have put me and my brothers to shame, and your father slew our father, and you lying with our mother is too much shame for us to endure. And as for your father, King Pellinore, my brother Sir Gawain and I slew him, you did him a greater wrong said Sir Lamorak.\".\"Father it was not yours, it was Balin the Savage, and yet my father's death is not avenged. Leave those words, Sir Gawain. But if you speak falsely, I will kill you. But since you are naked, I am ashamed to kill you. But know this, in what place I may find him, I will kill him. And now my mother is quieted and withdraws, and take your armor, go where you were going. Sir Lamorak saw there was no other help but to arm himself and take his horse and rode away, making great sorrow. But because of the shame and sorrow, he would not ride to King Arthur's Court, but rode another way. But when it was known that Gaherys had slain his mother, the king was very angry and commanded him to leave his court. Sir Gawain was angry that Gaherys had slain his mother and let Sir Lamorak escape. And for this reason, the king was very angry, and Sir Lamoras and many other knights were as well. Sir Launcelot said, 'There is a great misfortune that has befallen us.'\".\"felony / and by forecast, treason is the reason your sister is so shamefully slain. I dare say it was caused by treason. I dare say you will lose Sir Lamorak, a great pity, for I well know and Sir Tristram was aware of it. He would never come within your courts again, which would grieve you and all your knights. God defend the noble King Arthur, I should lose Sir Lamorak or Sir Tristram. For then two of my chief knights of the Round Table would be gone. Sir Launcelot said, \"Sir, I am sure you will lose Sir Lamorak because Sir Gawaine and his brothers will kill him, one way or another. They have among them concluded and sworn to do so. I will let Sir Arthur know this.\"\n\nNow let us leave Sir Lamorak and speak of Sir Gawaine's brothers, and especially of Sir Agrivaine and Sir Mordred. As they rode on their adventures, they encountered a knight flying, severely wounded. They asked him what had happened.\".A knight named Faire Knightes said there comes a knight after me who will kill me. Sir Dinadan arrived by chance and promised them no help. Sir Agrauaine and Sir Mordred promised him protection. The knight arrived and offered combat to Iuste. Iuste saw Mordred and rode to him, but the knight struck Mordred over his horse's tail. Iuste then saw Agrauaine and rode towards him. He treated Agrauaine the same way he treated Mordred and said, \"Sirss, know well that I am Breuse, pity that has done this to you both.\" He rode over Agrauaine five or six times.\n\nWhen Dinadan saw this, he had to join Iuste out of shame. Dinadan and he encountered each other. With pure strength, Dinadan struck him over his horse's tail. The knight then fled, for he was one of the valiantest knights in Arthur's days and a great destroyer of good..Sir Dynadan rode to Sir Mordred and Sir Agrauine. The knights greeted each other, acknowledging they had avenged their sides well. \"Tell us your names,\" Sir Knight requested. \"Fair sirs, you ought to know mine, which is called Sir Dynadan.\" When they understood it was Dynadan, their anger intensified due to their hatred for him because of Sir Lamorak. Dynadan had a custom of loving valiant knights and hating those who destroyed good knights. No one hated Dynadan except those called murderers.\n\nThe injured knight, Breuse sans Pity, spoke up. His name was Dalan. \"If you are Dynadan, you killed my father,\" Dalan accused. \"It may be so,\" Dynadan replied. \"But then it was in my defense and at his request.\" \"You shall die for it,\" Dalan vowed and drew his spear and shield. Sir Dynadan struck back..Sir Dynadan dismounted from his horse, nearly breaking its neck. He struck down Sir Mordred and Sir Agrauaine in the same manner. Afterward, in the pursuit of the Sandgamers, Dynadan flew down Dinadan, who caused great damage due to his great size and exceptional knightly skills.\n\nSir Dynadan rode to a castle named Beale Isle. There he found Sir Palomides, who was not yet healed from the wound Sir Lamorak had given him. Dynadan shared with Palomides all the news and sightings of Sir Tristram, who had gone with King Mark and took all his will and desire with him.\n\nPalomides grew angry with Dynadan and Sir Palomides in the castle of Beale Isle. We leave them and return to King Arthur.\n\nA knight emerged from Cornwall, his name was Fergus, a fellow of the Round Table. There he informed the King and Sir Launcelot of good news about Sir Tristram..Then the damsel brought good letters to King Arthur and Sir Launcelot, and she had passing good cheer of the King, Queen Guinevere, and Sir Launcelot. They wrote lovely letters in response. But Lady Guinevere begged Sir Launcelot to warn Sir Tristram against King Mark, who called himself \"King Fox\" in his letters, implying that he dealt in wiles and treason. Sir Tristram thanked Sir Launcelot in his heart for the warning.\n\nThe damsel went to Lady Isoud and delivered the King's and Sir Launcelot's letters to her, bringing her great joy.\n\nFair damsel, said Lady Isoud, how fares my lord Arthur, Queen Guinevere, and noble knight Sir Launcelot? She answered, \"May it go well with you all. The better that you and Sir Tristram are in joy.\"\n\nGod reward them, said Lady Isoud, for Sir Tristram suffers great pain for me, and I for him..The damosel departed and brought letters to King Mark. Upon reading and understanding them, King Mark grew angry with Sir Tristram, believing he had sent the damosel to King Arthur. The damosel told King Mark that she would ride again to bring letters to Arthur. \"Will you ride again and bring letters to King Arthur?\" King Mark asked. \"I will be at your command to ride when you will,\" she replied. \"Very well,\" said the King. \"Come again tomorrow and fetch your letters.\" She departed and informed La Beale Isoud and Sir Tristram that they should come when they had received their letters so that they might see their private contents. \"I must do whatever I can for Sir Tristram,\" she said, \"for I have been his maiden for a long time.\" The following morning, the damosel went to King Mark to have her letters..The varlet delivered King Mark's letters and departed. He found King Arthur and Queen Guinevere in Wales at Carlion. When mass was finished, they opened the letters privately with the king and his queen, as well as his knights. King Arthur understood the letter and pondered many things, considering his sister Morgan le Fay's words between Queen Guinevere and Sir Lancelot. He thought about his sister being his own enemy and hating the queen and Sir Lancelot. But he put these thoughts aside.\n\nKing Arthur read the letter again..And the later clause stated that King Mark took Sir Tristram as his mortal enemy. Therefore, Arthur was certain he would be avenged by Sir Tristram. Then, King Arthur was angry with King Mark. When Queen Guinevere read her letter and understood it, she was extremely angry, as it brought shame upon her and Sir Lancelot. Privately, she sent the letter to Sir Lancelot. When he learned the letter's intent, he was so angry that he lay down on his bed to sleep. Sir Dinadan was aware of this, as it was his custom to be discreet with all good knights. As Sir Lancelot slept, Dinadan stole the letter from his hand and read it word by word. Then, Sir Lancelot felt great sorrow and anger. Sir Dinadan asked, \"Why are you angry, Sir Lancelot? Reveal your heart to me. For truly, you know I have good will towards you. I am but a poor knight and\".A servant to you and to all good knights, for I am not of noble birth myself but I love all who are. Sir Launcelot speaks truly, you are a trustworthy knight, and for great trust I will share my counsel with you. When Dinadan understood this, he said, \"This is my counsel: Set right nothing by these thirty. King Mark is so unyielding that no man will gain anything from him through fair speech. But you shall see what I will do. I will compose a lay for him, and when it is completed, I will teach it to an harper named Elyot. And when he could perform it, I taught it to many harpers.\n\nAnd so, by the will of Sir Launcelot and King Arthur, the harpers went directly to Wales and Cornwall to sing the lay that Dinadan composed for King Mark, which was the worst lay that any harper ever sang with harp or any other instruments.\n\nNow let us turn again to Sir Tristram and..King Mark / As Sir Tristram was at Istenford and at the tournament, / it happened he was severely wounded with a spear and with a sword, / but yet he always maintained his dignity. To rest himself, he went to a good knight who dwelt in Cornwall in a castle, whose name was Sir Dinas le Seneschal. Then, unfortunately, a great number of men-at-arms came out of Seyne, and an ugly host, and they entered near the castle of Tintagil, and their captain's name was Elias, a good man-at-arms. When King Mark understood that his enemies had entered his land, he made great sorrow and regret, for in no way did King Mark wish to send for Sir Tristram, for he hated him mortally. So when his council had come, they devised and cast many plans regarding the strength of their enemies. And then they all concluded at once and said to King Mark, \"Sir, you well know that you must send for Sir Tristram the good knight, or else they will never be overcome. For by Sir Tristram, they must be fought.\".Sir Tristram and all or else we row against the stream, King Mark said I will do by your counsel, but yet he was both there to, but needed to be constrained to send for him. Then he was sent for in all haste, that might be, that he should come to King Mark. And when he understood that King Mark had sent for him, he mounted upon a soft ambulator and rode to King Mark. And when he was come, the King said thus, \"Fair Sir Tristram, this is all, Here come our enemies of Sessayne, that are here near hand, and without delay they must be met with shortly or else they will destroy this country. Sir Tristram said, \"Know ye well, all, my power is at your commandment. And know ye well, sir, these eight days I may bear no arms for my wounds are not yet whole. And by that day I shall do what I may. You speak truly, said King Mark. Then go again and rest and make yourself fresh. I shall go and meet the Sessayns with all my power.\" So the King departed unto..Tyntagyl and Sir Tristram went to rest, and the king raised a great host and left them with a three-part division. The first part was led by Sir Dinas, the Seneschal, and the second by Sir Andrew. Sir Arguis led the third part, who was of King Mark's blood. The Sessoyns had three great battles, with many good men-at-arms. And so, with the advice of his knights, King Mark issued out of Castle Tyntagyl against his enemies. Dinas, the good knight, rode out beforehand and slew two knights with his own hands. Then the battles began, and there was marvelous breaking of spears and smiting of swords, slaying many good knights. And ever was Sir Dinas, the Seneschal, the best of King Mark's party. The battle lasted long with great mortality. But at last, King Mark and Sir Dinas could no longer endure; they withdrew to Castle Tyntagyl, causing great slaughter of people. The Sessoyns followed on quickly, and ten of them were put within the castle..King Mark sent for Sir Tristram through a servant, who informed him of all the turmoil. Then he sent the servant back and instructed him to tell King Mark that I would come as soon as I was well. First, I could do him no good. Then King Mark had an answer. There, Elyas arrived and demanded that the king surrender the castle, for you cannot hold it much longer. Sir Elyas said the king would surrender the castle if he was not immediately rescued. King Mark then sent again for rescue to Sir Tristram. By then, Sir Tristram was well and had gathered ten good knights from Arthur's court. With them, he rode to Tintagil. When he saw the great host of Seyssin's men, he marveled greatly. Then Sir Tristram rode through the woods and along the ditches as secretly as he could until he approached the gates. There, a knight confronted him, but Sir Tristram killed him and three more before he could enter..And every one of these ten knights slew a man at arms. So Sir Tristram entered into the castle of Tintagil. And when King Mark knew that Sir Tristram had come, he was glad of his coming, and so were all the people. And from him they made great joy.\n\nSo on the morrow Elias the captain came and bade King Mark come out and do battle, for now the good knight Sir Tristram has entered. It will be shame for the said Elias to keep his walls when King Mark understood this, he was angry and said no word, but went to Sir Tristram and asked him for counsel.\n\n\"Sire,\" said Sir Tristram, \"will you allow me to give him his answer?\" \"I will gladly say so, King Mark,\" then Sir Tristram said to the messenger, \"tell your lord from the king and me that we will do battle with him tomorrow in the open field. What is your name?\" said the messenger. \"You well know,\" replied Sir Tristram.\n\nThere, all the messenger departed and told his lord Elias all that he had heard. \"Sir,\" said Elias..Sir Tristram asked King Mark for permission to lead the battle. \"Grant me the command, King Mark,\" he pleaded.\n\nKing Mark granted his request, \"Then, Sir Tristram, you may decide how the battle should be fought.\"\n\nSir Tristram divided his host into six parties and appointed Sir Dinas, the Seneschal, to lead the vanguard, along with other knights to rule the remainder. That very night, Sir Tristram burned all the Sessoyn ships to the water's edge.\n\nAs Elias learned of this, he lamented, \"Alas, fair companions, fight bravely tomorrow. Do not be disheartened by any knight, no matter how skilled, for he cannot contend with us all.\"\n\nThey arranged their battles in four divisions, each impressively arrayed and equipped with armed men. They advanced within, while the enemy set upon them from without. Sir Dinas and his companions performed great deeds of valor.\n\nSir Dinas and his companions were later put in a difficult situation..Sir Tristram arrived, killing two knights with one spear. He killed on the right and left hand, astonishing onlookers with his armored prowess. The battle wavered between the castle and its gates. Elyas, the captain, charged here and there, causing King Mark to abandon his saddle. Sir Dinas returned to horseback. Sir Tristram entered like a lion and encountered Elyas, striking him so hard on the helmet that he abandoned his saddle. They fought until nightfall, and due to great slaughter and wounded people, each side retreated to rest. When King Mark entered the castle of Tintagil, he lacked one hundred knights, while they outside lacked two hundred. They searched the wounded men on both sides..Elyas went to council and understood that either party were reluctant to fight again, so that either might escape with their lives. When Elyas learned of the death of his men, he grieved greatly. And when he knew that they were reluctant to go to battle again, he was very angry. Then Elyas sent word to King Mark, in great contempt, whether he would find a knight who would fight for him, body for body. And if he could kill King Mark's knight, he would have the land of Cornwall yearly. And if his knight was killed, I fully release my claim for ever. Then the messenger departed to King Mark and told him how his lord Elyas had sent him to find a knight to do battle with him, body for body. When King Mark understood the messenger, he bid him wait and he would have an answer. Then he called all the barons together to advise what was the best course of action. They all said at once, \"We have no desire to fight in a field, for had not been the case, sir.\".Tristram's prowess had likely prevented us from escaping. Therefore, Sir, as we judge, it is well done to find a knight who will engage in battle with him, for he challengingly proposes it, not when all this was said, they could find no knight who would engage in battle with him. Sir King said they all, \"There is no knight who dares fight with Elia.\" King Mark then said, \"Alas, I am utterly ashamed and utterly destroyed, unless my new sir Tristram will take the battle upon himself.\" They said, \"He had too much on hand yesterday, and he is weary from labor and sore wounded. Where is he, King Mark?\" Sir said they, \"He is in his bed to rest.\" King Mark said, \"But I have the support of my new sir Tristram. I am utterly destroyed for ever.\" One went to Sir Tristram and told him what King Mark had said. And there, Sir Tristram arose lightly and put on a long gown and came before the King and all..lords / And when he saw them all so dismayed, he asked the King and the lords what news were with them. Never worse said the King. And therewith he told him all how he had word of Elijah to find a knight to fight for the truth of Cornwall, and none can I find. And as for you, said the King and all the lords, we may ask no more of you for shame. For through your bravery yesterday you saved all your lives. Sir Tristram, said Sir Tristram, now I understand you would have my support. Reason would that I should do all that lies in my power to do, saving my worship and my life. How be it, I am sore bruised and hurt. And then, Sir Elijah, proposes so largely. I shall fight with him or else I will be slain in the field, or else I will deliver Cornwall from the old tyranny. And therefore lightly call his messenger and he shall be answered. For as yet my wounds are green, and they will be sorer seven nights after than they are now. And therefore he shall have his answer. That I will do..Buttle to morrow with him / Then the messenger was departed, brought before King Mark. Herkemy fellow said, \"Sir Tristram, go quickly to your lord and bid him make true assurance on his part, for the truce, as the king here shall make on his part. And then tell your lord, Sir Elyas, that I, Sir Tristram, King Arthur's knight and knight of the round table, will meet with him tomorrow, on horseback, to do battle as long as my horse may endure. And after that, to do battle on foot to the utterance. The messenger beheld Sir Tristram from the top to the toe. And there, with all, he departed and came to his lord and told him how he had seen Sir Tristram. And there, with all, hostages were taken on both parties, and made it as secure as it might be, that whichever party had the victory, so it would end. And then both hosts were assembled on both parties of the field, without the castle of Tintagil. And there was none but Sir Tristram and Sir Elyas armed. So when the:.They departed and came to Gyders, each with all the might their horses could run. They struck each other so hard that horses and knights both fell to the earth. Neither lightly arose, but dressed their shields on their shoulders with naked swords in their hands. They dashed to Gyders, and it seemed a flaming fire was around them. They traced and traversed, hewed on helms and harnesses, and cut away many pieces of their shields. Each wounded the other passing by, so that the hot blood fell freshly on the earth.\n\nBy then they had fought for an hour. Sir Tristram grew faint and faltered. Sir Elyas saw this and followed closely behind, wounding him in many places. Sir Tristram traced and traversed, went forward here and there, and covered him with his shield as much as he could, so that all men said he was overcome..Sir Elyas had given him twenty strokes against one. Then the Seysins party laughed, and great sorrow was on King Mark's party. Allas spoke, \"We are ashamed, and we are destroyed forever. For, as the book says, Sir Tristram was never so matched unless it were Sir Launcelot. As they stood and beheld both parties, one laughing and the other weeping, Sir Tristram remembered his lady, Isoud, who looked upon him and seemed unlikely to let him come into her presence. Then he pulled up his shield that hung low and dressed it up for Elyas, giving him many sad strokes, twenty against one, to break his shield and his hauberk. The hot blood ran down to the earth. Then King Mark began to laugh, and all Cornishmen did the same, while the other party wept. And ever Sir Tristram said to Sir Elyas, \"Yield.\"\n\nThen, when Sir Tristram saw him lying on the ground,\nhe said, \"Sir Elyas, I am right.\".Sir, I'm sorry for the inconsistencies in the text. I'll remove unnecessary elements and correct errors while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nsory for the inconsistencies in the text. I'll remove unnecessary elements and correct errors while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nFor the passing good knight, Sir Launcelot, except for Sir Lancelot and Sir Elias' party, departed, and King Mark took many prisoners to redress the harms and scathes they had inflicted. The remainder he sent back to their country to borrow out their fealties. Sir Tristram was then searched and well held. Yet, despite all this, King Mark wished to slay Sir Tristram. But for all that Sir Tristram had seen or heard from King Mark, he would never beware of his treason. Instead, he would remain, as La Beale Isoud was.\n\nNow, let us move on from this matter and speak of the harpers that Sir Launcelot and Sir Dinadan had sent to Cornwall. And at the great feast that King Mark made for joy, as the Sessays were put out of his country, then came Elias the harper with them..Lay that Dynadan had made and secretly brought to Sir Tristram, he told him the lay that Dynadan had made by King Mark. When Sir Tristram heard it, he said, \"O Lord Jesus, Dynadan can make wonderfully well and ill, as it shall be.\" Sir said Elyas, \"Dare I sing this song before King Mark? You put yourself at risk, Sir Tristram, for I shall be your warrant.\" Then Elyas the harper came in at the meal, and since he was a curious harper, men heard him sing the same lay that Dynadan had made. The harper spoke the most treasonous words about King Mark's treason that anyone had ever heard. When the harper had finished singing his song, King Mark was very angry. \"Harper,\" he said, \"how dare you be so bold on your head to sing this song before me?\" Sir Elyas replied, \"You know well that Sir Dynadan, a knight of the round table, made this song, and made me sing it before you.\".yow / Thow sayest wel sayd kynge Marke And by cause thow arte a mynstral / thow shalt go quyte / but I charge the hyhe the fast oute of my syghte / Soo the harper departed and wente to sir Tristram and told hym how he had sped / Thenne syre Tristram lete make / letters as goodely as he coude to launcelot and to sire Dynadan / And soo he lete con\u2223duyte the harper oute of the cou\u0304trey / but to say yt Kyng Mark was wonderly wrothe he was / for he demed that the lay that was songe afore hym was made by sir Tristrams counceylle / wherfore he thoughte to slee hym / and alle his wel wyllars / in that countrey\nNOw torne we to another mater that felle bitwene kyng Marke and his broder that was called the good pry\u2223nce Bodwyne that alle the peple of the countrey loued passy\u2223nge wel / So hit befelle on a tyme that the mescreaunts Sa\u2223rasyns londed in the countreye of Corne Waile soone after the\u2223se Sessoyns were gone / And the\u0304ne the good prynce Boudw\u2223yne at the landynge he areysed the countrey pryuely and ha\u2223stly / And or.hit was the day / he let put wild fire in three of his own ships / and suddenly he raised the An and with the wind he made the ships to be driven among the navy of the Saracens / And to make a short tale, the three ships set on fire, all the ships were saved / And at the point of the day, Prince Boudwin with all his followers set on the merchants with shouts and cries and slew to the number of 40, M, and left none alive / When King Mark witnessed this, he was wonderfully angry that his brother should win such worship / And because this prince was better beloved than he in that country / And that also Boudwin loved well Sir Tristram / therefore he thought to kill him\nAnd thus hastily, as a man out of his wits, he sent for Prince Boudwin and Anglides his wife / and bade them bring their young son with them that he might see him / All this he did to the intent to kill the child as well as his father / for he was the falsest traitor that ever was born / Alas for his..Prince Boudwin was killed for his good deeds. When he came with his wife Anglyde, the king made them appear pleasant to them until they had dined. And when they had dined, King Mark sent for his brother and said, \"Brother, how did it go when the messengers arrived at your place? It seems to me that it should have been your part to have sent me word, so that I might have been on the journey. Reason dictated that I should have had the honor instead of you, my lord,\" said Prince Boudwin. \"But if I had delayed until I had sent for you, my country would have been destroyed by messengers.\" \"You lie, traitor,\" said King Mark. \"For you are always trying to win favor from me and put me to dishonor. And you cherish what I hate.\" And with that, he struck him in the heart with a dagger, and he never spoke another word again. Lady Anglyde made great mourning and fainted, for she saw her lord killed before her eyes. Then there was nothing left to do but to despoil Prince Boudwin..Anglesey quietly obtained her husband's doublet and shirt, keeping them secretly. There was much sorrow and crying, and great grief was shown by Sir Tristram, Sir Dinas, Sir Fergus, and all the knights who were present, for the prince was greatly beloved. Lady Isoud sent word to Anglesey, the wife of Prince Budwyn, ordering her to leave immediately or her young son, Alexander the Orphelin, would be killed. When she heard this, she took her horse and her child and rode away with such poor men as dared to accompany her.\n\nKing Mark, however, was not finished with his vengeance. With his sword in hand, he searched from chamber to chamber to find Anglesey and her son. When he could not find them, he summoned a good knight named Sadok and commanded him to bring Anglesey back, along with her son. So Sir Sadok departed and rode after Anglesey. Within ten miles, he overtook her..\"Badde she therefore turn away and ride with him to King Mark. \"Fair knight,\" she said, \"what shall you win by my sons death or by mine? I have suffered much harm and great loss. \"Madam, Sadok replied, \"your loss is sad and pitiful, but, Madam, would you allow you and your son to leave this country and keep him until he is of age, so that he may avenge his father's death? Then I would permit you to depart from me. \"So you promise me to avenge Prince Boudwin's death? A gentle knight, I thank you. And if ever my son Alexander le Orphelin lives to be a knight, he shall have his father's doublet and his shirt with the bloody marks. I will give him such a charge that he will remember it while he lives. \"And therewith, all departed from her. And when Sadok came to King Mandate by chance, outside of Cornwall, and little and in few places she rested, but ever she drew southward to the sea side, until by fortune she came to a castle.\".That is called Magouns, now called Arundel in Southsex, and the Constable of the castle welcomed her and said she was welcome to her own castle. And Anglyde was reverently received, for the Constable's wife was near her cousin. The Constable's name was Belanger. And that same Constable told Anglyde that the same Castle was hers by right inheritance. Thus Anglyde endured years and winters until Alexander was built and strong. There was none so mighty in all that country, nor was there anyone who could do any kind of craft before him.\n\nThen upon a day, Belanger the Constable came to Anglyde and said, \"Lady, it is time, my lord Alexander was made a knight, for he is a passing strong young man.\" The lord said, \"I would he were made a knight,\" but then must I give him the most charge that a sinful mother ever gave to her child. Do as you please said Belanger. And I shall give him warning that he shall be made a knight. Now it will be well done that he may be made..A knight was to be made at Our Lady's Day in Lent, said Anglesey; and I pray you prepare accordingly. The Constable came to Anglesey and informed him that he should be knighted at Our Lady's Day in Lent. \"I thank God for this good news that has come to me,\" replied Anglesey.\n\nThe Constable then ordered twenty of the greatest gentlemen's sons and the best born men of the country to be made knights that same day that Anglesey was to be knighted. On the same day that Anglesey and his twenty companions were made knights, at the offering of the mass, Anglesey's mother came to him and said:\n\n\"O fair, sweet son, I commit you to God and the high order of chivalry, that you take on this day. Understand what I shall say, and I charge you with all this. Here with all this, she pulled out a bloody dollet and a bloody shirt, stained with old blood.\"\n\nWhen Anglesey saw this, he recoiled and grew pale, and said, \"Fair mother, what is this?\".I shall tell you this fair story: Your father, doublet and shirt on, was the one who was slain on the very day he was enslaved. And there she told him why and why he was killed by King Mark with his dagger before my own eyes. Therefore, this is your charge: I shall give you revenge upon King Mark for the death of your father. Now I require and charge you, in the name of my blessing and by the high order of knighthood, to avenge your father's death. And there, with all her fainting, Alexander leapt to his mother and took her up in his arms, saying, \"Fair mother, you have given me a great charge. I promise you I shall avenge King Mark when I can, and I promise this to God and to you.\" So this feast ended, and the constable, by Anglesey's advice, allowed Alexander to be well horsed and armed. Then he and his twenty companions, knighted with him, rode out. (Note: There is a missing word in the original text before \"he overthrew,\" which I have assumed to be \"his enemies\" based on the context.).\"alle the twenty who could not withstand him a blow / Then one of the knights departed to King Mark / and told him how Alexander was made a knight / and all the charge that his mother gave him, as you have heard before / \"Alas, false treason,\" said King Mark, \"I thought that young traitor had been dead / \"Alas, whom may I trust? / And there, with all King Mark, took a sword in his hand / and sought Sir Sadok from chamber to chamber to kill him / \"When Sir Sadok saw King Mark come with his sword in his hand, he said, \"Beware, King Mark, and come not near me / for well you know that I saved Alexander's life / which I never regret / for you falsely and cowardly killed his father Boudwin, traitorously, for his good deeds / therefore I pray almighty Jesus send strength and vengeance to Alexander / \"Alas,\" said King Mark, \"that ever I should hear a traitor speak so before me / \"And there with\".Four knights of King Mark drew their swords to kill Sir Sadok, but immediately Sir Sadok killed them all in King Mark's presence. Then Sir Sadok passed through to his chamber, took his horse and armor, and rode on his way. Neither Sir Tristram, Sir Dinas nor Sir Fergus would harm Sir Sadok.\n\nKing Mark was angry and planned to destroy Sir Alexander and Sir Sadok, who had saved him. For King Mark feared and hated Alexander most of anyone living.\n\nWhen Sir Tristram understood that Alexander had been made a knight, he sent him a letter at once, urging him to come to King Arthur's Court and placing him under the rule and authority of Sir Launcelot.\n\nThis letter was sent to Alexander from his cousin, Sir Tristram. At that time, Alexander intended to carry out Tristram's command. Then King Mark called a knight who brought him the news..Sir Alysander behaved in that country, said the knight, who must do so, for I dare not come to my own country. No force, said King Mark. I shall give you double the amount of lands that you ever had of your own. But within a short time, Sir Sadok encountered that false knight and slew him. Then King Mark was extremely angry. He sent messages to Queen Morgan le Fay and the queen of Northgalis, asking them, in his letters, to set the entire country on fire with their sorceress powers, along with the enchantress ladies. And by means of dangerous knights such as Malgryn Breuse, he hoped that Alysander le Orphelin could neither be taken nor killed. This was King Mark's plan to destroy Alysander.\n\nNow let us return to Sir Alysander. When he was departing, his mother took with him his father's bloody shirt, so that he always carried it with him until his death as a reminder to think of his father..Soo Alysander was purposed to ride to London by the coucil of Sir Tristram to Sir Launcelot. By fortune, he went by the sea side and rode wrong. There he encountered a tournament that King Carados had made. And there he struck down King Carados and twenty of his knights, as well as Sir Safere, a good knight who was Sir Palomides' brother. All this saw a damsel, and she saw the best knight, Sir Justice, that she had ever seen. And ever as he struck down knights, he made them swear to wear no armor for twelve months and a day. This is well said, said Morgan le Fay. This is the knight I would like to see. So she took her palfrey and rode a great while, and then she rested in her pavilion. Then came four knights, two were armed and two were unarmed. They told Morgan le Fay their names: the first was Elyas de Gomerez, the second was Carde Gomoret, the armed ones, and the other two were from Camelot, cousins to Queen Guinevere..And there were two knights, a tall one named Garaut, and another tall one. They told Morgan le Fay that a young knight had struck them down before a castle. The maiden of the castle said that he was recently made a knight and young, but if it were Sir Tristram, Sir Lancelot, or Sir Lamorak, the good knights, there is none who could stand against him with a spear. Well said Morgan le Fay. I will meet that knight, or it will be a long time.\n\nSo we went to the damsel of the castle. Alysander le Orphelin called him and said, \"Sir knight, will you, for my sake, fight with a knight named Malgryne for my sake, from this country that has long been a bad neighbor to me? He will not allow me to marry in any way, nor any knight for my sake.\"\n\nDamsel said, \"Alysander, come here. I will fight him while I am here.\" And my poor body..for your sake I will joust with you / And she sent for him at your commandment / He was with her at the time / And when either had sight of the other, they prepared to justify / and they came together eagerly / Malgryn thrust his spear at Alexander / and Alexander struck him back so hard that he was knocked from his saddle to the earth / But this Malgryn rose lightly and dressed his shield and drew his sword / and demanded that Alexander yield / \"You shall find that I shall endure like a knight on foot,\" said Alexander / And so lightly he avoided his horse and beckoned to his servant / Then they rushed together like boars and put on their helmets and shields for a long time, three hours straight, and no man could say which was the better knight.\n\nMeanwhile, Morgan le Fay came to the damsel of the Castle / and they watched the battle / But this Malgryn was an old, rotten knight / and he was called one of them..The dangerous knights of the world fought not only on foot but also on horseback. And ever this Malgryne avoided battling Alexander. He wounded him severely, and it was marvelous that Alexander could still stand, for he had lost so much blood. Alexander fought wildly and not wisely, and the other was a felonious knight who attacked him and wounded him severely. At times, they clashed shields, like two boars or rams, and both fell to the earth.\n\nNow, knight, said Malgryn, hold your hand a while, and tell me what you are. I will not say, Alexander, but if it pleases you. But tell me your name, and why you keep this country, or else you shall die by my hands. Malgryne said, for the love of this maiden and this castle, I have slain ten good knights by chance. And by my outrage and pride, I have slain ten other knights. So help me God, said Alexander, this is the foulest confession I have ever heard, knight..make or never have I spoken of such shameful men/therefore it was great pity and great shame to me that I should let life continue/therefore keep him as well as you can/for I am a true knight, either you shall kill me or I shall kill you/I promise faithfully\nThen they hastily tied ropes around Malegryne's body/And at last Alexander struck Malegryne to the ground/And then he quickly removed his helmet/and lightly struck off his head/\nAnd when he had finished and ended this battle/immediately he called for his servant/who brought him his horse/And then, intending to be strong, he mounted the lighter horse/\nAnd so she led Sir Alexander into the castle/for he had no foot or strength to stand on the ground/for he had sixteen great wounds/and in particular one of them was like to be his death/\nThen Queen Morgan le Fay searched his wounds/and gave him such an ointment that he would have died/And on the morrow..When she came to him, he complained to him severely. Then she put other ointments on him, and he was out of his pain. Afterward, the damsel of the castle came and asked Morgan le Fay to help her so that this knight might wed her, for he had won her with his hands. Morgan le Fay went to Alexander and begged him in some way to refuse this lady, for she was not suitable for him. The damsel came and asked him for marriage. She said, \"Orphelin, I thank you, but as yet I have not decided to marry in this country.\" The queen said, \"Then, if you will not marry me, I pray you to give me to a knight of this country who has been my friend and loved me for many years.\" With all my heart, Alexander agreed. Then the knight was summoned; his name was Gawain le Gros. And at once they joined their hands and married them. Then Queen Morgan arrived..Le Fay told Alisander to arise and mount a light horse, giving him a drink that kept him awake for three days and three nights. She brought him to her own castle, then called La Beale Regard. Morgan le Fay approached Alisander and asked if he would agree to be healed. Alisander replied that he would be sick if he wished to be well. Morgan le Fay then promised that for twelve months and a day, he would not pass the castle's boundaries and would quickly recover. Alisander agreed.\n\nOnce Alisander was healed, he regretted his oath as he could no longer avenge himself against King Mark. A damsel arrived, related to the Earl of Pas, and was also a cousin to Morgan le Fay. By right, the castle of La Beale Regard should have been hers through inheritance. This damsel.\"entered this castle where lay Alexander, and there she found him on his bed, passing heavy and all sad. The damsel said to the knight, \"And you would be merry, I could tell you good tidings.\" \"Were it so,\" said Alexander, \"and I might hear of good tidings. But now I stand as a prisoner by my promise.\" \"Sir,\" she said, \"you are a prisoner, and worse than you think. For my lady, my cousin Queen Morgan le Fay, keeps you here for no other intent but to please herself with you whenever she pleased. O Jesus defend me,\" said Alexander, \"from such pleasure. I'd rather cut away my limbs than I would do her such pleasure.\" \"As God helps me,\" said the damsel, \"and you would love me and be ruled by me, I shall make your deliverance with your worship. Tell me,\" said Alexander, \"by what means, and you shall have my love. Fair knight,\" she said, \"this castle rightfully ought to be mine. I have an uncle, who is a mighty earl. He is Earl of Pas, and among all people, he hates most.\"\".Morgan le Fay will send someone to him, and I will ask him to destroy this castle for the wicked customs used there. Then he will come and set wild fire on every part of the castle. I will get you out through a private entrance, and there you will have your horse and your armor. \"You speak well, damsel,\" said Alexander. \"You speak the truth,\" she replied. Then he kissed her and gave her pleasure as they both desired. So she sent word to her uncle to come and destroy the castle; for the book says he would have destroyed it beforehand, had it not been for that damsel. When the earl understood her letters, he sent word back that on such a day he would come and destroy the castle. So when that day came, she showed Alysander a private entrance through which he should flee..In the garden/ and there he should find his armor and his horse/ when the day came that was set, the earl of Pas came with four hundred knights/ and set fire to all the parties of the castle/ leaving not a stone standing if they ceased/ And all this while the fire was in the castle, he remained in the garden/ And when the fire was out, he let make a cry/ that he would keep that piece of earth/ there, as the castle of La Beale Regard was twelve months and a day/ from all manner of knights who would come/\n\nSo it happened that there was a duke named Anselm/ and he was of Sir Lancelot's kin/ And this knight was a great pilgrim/ for every third year he would be at Jerusalem/ And because he devoted his life to pilgrimage, men called him Duke Anselm the Pilgrim/\n\nAnd this duke had a daughter named Alice/ who was a passing fair woman/ And as soon as she heard of this cry/ she went to/.Arthur's court spoke openly about a knight who could conquer the one keeping a piece of land, and when the knights of the Round Table heard her say this, many were pleased, for she was passing fair and of great rents. She cried out in castles and towns as fast on her side as Alexander did on his, then she straightened her pavilion near the land that Alexander kept. She was not long there before a knight from Arthur's court named Sagramore le Desirous appeared, and he challenged Alexander to a duel. They encountered each other, and Sagramore le Desirous thrust his spear at Sir Alexander, but Sir Alexander struck him so hard that he avoided his saddle. When Lady Fair Alys saw him fight so well, she thought him a passing good knight on horseback. Then she leapt out of her pavilion and took Sir Alexander by the bridle, and she said, \"Fair knight, I require you.\".thy knighthood, show me your face; I dare say, Alexander, show me your face. And then he removed his helmet, and she saw his face. She said, \"Oh sweet Jesus, I must love, and never another, except you show me yours.\" He then unveiled his face, and when he saw her, he said, \"Here I have found my love and my lady.\" Truly fair lady, he said, \"I promise you to be your knight, and none other who bears life.\" Now, gentle knight, she said, tell me your name. \"My name is Alexander of Orphelin,\" he said. Now damsel, tell me your name, he said. \"My name is Alys, the fair pilgrim,\" she replied. And when we are more at our hearts' ease, both you and I shall tell of what lineage we come from. So there was great love between them. And as they thus spoke, there came a knight who was called Harstus le Berbus, and he asked part of Sir Alexander's spears. Then Sir Alexander encountered him, and at first, Sir Alexander struck him over his horse's rump. And then....A knight named Sir Hewgon, who was Sir Hewgon's subordinate, was struck down by Sir Alexander. After Sir Hewgon proposed a foot battle, Sir Alexander overcame him with three strokes, intending to kill him had he not yielded. Sir Alexander then made both knights swear to go without armor for a twelve-month and a day. Afterward, Sir Alexander alighted and rested. The damsel who had helped Sir Alexander out of the castle told him that Lady Beauregard had kept him prisoner and revealed how she had freed him. Sir Alysander said to Lady Beauregard, \"You seem overly concerned about this maiden. That is true,\" and Sir Alysander learned from her that she was of the lineage of King Ban, who was Sir Lancelot's father. Lady Beauregard said, \"My mother told me that my father was a brother to a king, and I am close to the same.\".Sir Cynon came there at that time three knights: one was named Vains, another Harus from the marches, and the third Perin de la Montagne. Sir Alysander struck them down all three with one spear, leaving them unwilling to fight on foot. He made them swear to bear no arms for a twelve-month. When they had departed, Sir Alysander beheld his lady Alys on horseback as he stood in her pavilion. So enamored was he that he knew not whether he was on horseback or on foot. Then the false knight, Sir Mordred, arrived and saw Sir Alysander was attached to his lady. With that, he seized his horse by the bridle and led him here and there, intending to lead him out of that place to shame him. The damsel who had helped him out of the castle saw how shamefully he was led. She armed herself and set a shield on her shoulder. With it, she mounted upon him..Sir Alysander and his wife, wielding a naked sword, attacked him. She struck him with all her might, causing him to believe fire was flying from his eyes. Upon feeling the blow, Alysander looked around and drew his sword. When he saw that she and Mordred had fled into the forest, and the damsel had fled into the pavilion, Alysander was angry with himself that he had not been able to capture Sir Mordred. However, Sir Alysander and his wife continued their daily battles, with Alysander engaging in many battles on foot against knights of King Arthur's court and foreign knights. Telling all the battles he fought would be too much to recount, as he had combat with one knight or another every day for the twelve-month period..had experience with three or four, and there was never a knight who put him to the worse, & at the end of twelve months he departed with his lady Alys la belle pilgrim, and the damsel would never leave him, and so they went into the country of Benoye and lived there in great joy. But as the book says, King Mark would never cease until he had slain him through treason. By Alys, he had a child named Bellenger le Beuse. And by good fortune, he came to King Arthur's court and proved himself a passing good knight, and he avenged his father's death for false King Mark had slain both Sir Tristan. It happened so that Alexander had never had the grace or fortune to come to King Arthur's court. For had he come to Sir Lancelot, all the knights who knew him said that he was one of the strongest knights who was in Arthur's days, and great sorrow was made for him. Let us leave him and turn to another tale. It is fitting for the country of Surluce, from which came many good things..A noble prince, who was an excellent warrior and always maintained a noble disposition towards jousting, came to King Arthur's court and shared his intention. He wished to allow a jousting tournament to be held in the country of Surlace, which was within King Arthur's lands. He asked for permission to organize the tournament there. \"I will give you permission,\" said King Arthur. But be aware, said King Arthur. I cannot be there. \"Please grant me leave to attend the tournament,\" requested Queen Guinevere. \"I will gladly grant it,\" said Arthur. For Sir Gawain, the high-ranking prince, will have you under his command. \"I will do as you wish,\" said Gawain. \"Then, I will join you, along with the knights who please me best,\" said the queen. \"Do as you please,\" said King Arthur. She immediately commanded Sir Launcelot to prepare, along with the knights he thought best. In every good town and castle of this land, a call was made for the tournament to be held in the country of Surlace, under the command of Sir Galahalt..Should make a justice that should last eight days, and how the high prince, with the help of Queen Guinevere's knights, should justify against all manner of men who would come when this cry was known. Kings and princes, dukes and earls, barons and noble knights made themselves ready for that justice. And at the day of justicing, Sir Dinadan came in, disguised, and did many great deeds of arms. Then, at the request of Queen Guinevere and King Bagdemagus, Sir Lancelot came into the ring, but he was disguised, and that was the cause that few people knew him. And there met him Sir Ector de Maris, his own brother, and each broke their spears upon the other's hand. Then each took another spear. And then Sir Lancelot struck down Sir Ector de Maris, his own brother. That saw Sir Bleoberis, and he struck Sir Lancelot such a buffet upon the helmet that he did not know well where he was. Then Sir Lancelot was angry and struck Sir Bleoberis so hard..helm lowered his head backward, and he struck another blow to avoid his saddle, and so he rode on and charged towards the thickest part. When King of Northgalis saw Sir Ector and Bleoberis lying on the ground, he was angry because they came against his party from Surleus. So King of Northgalis ran to Sir Launcelot and thrust a spear at him, shattering it into pieces. With Sir Launcelot, King of Northgalis encountered, and he struck him such a buffet on the helmet with his sword that he made him avoid his horse. The king was terrified again. Both kings charged at each other, and then a strong melee ensued. However, the party of Northgalis was much larger when Sir Launcelot saw his party suffering. He thrust himself into the thickest press with a sword in hand, and there he struck down on the right hand and left hand, pulling down knights and tearing off their helmets, astonishing all men..that ever one knight might do such deeds of arms, when Sir Meleagant, who was close to King Bagdemagus, saw how Sir Launcelot fought, he marveled greatly. And when he understood that it was he, Sir Meleagant prayed a knight to kill Sir Launcelot's horse with sword or spear. At that time, King Bagdemagus met a knight named Savage, a good knight, to whom he said, \"Now, fair Savage, encounter with my son Meleagant, and give him generous payment; for I would he were well beaten by your hands, so that he might depart from this field.\" Then Sir Savage encountered Sir Meleagant, and they struck each other down. And there, Savage would have won against Sir Meleagant had not rescuers come. So then the high prince signaled for lodgings. And every knight disarmed himself and went to the great feast.\n\nIn the meantime, a damsel came to the high prince..A damsel complained that there was a knight named Goneries who was withholding all her lands. The knight was present and threw his glove to him or to anyone who would fight in her name. The damsel took up the glove sadly, as she lacked a champion. Then a servant came to her and said, \"damsel, will you do as I do?\" The damsel replied, \"yes, then go to such a knight who lies nearby in an hermitage and follows the quest best. Ask him to take up the battle on your behalf. I am sure he will grant you that.\"\n\nShe took her palfrey and soon found that knight who was Sir Palomides. When she requested him, he armed him and rode with her. He took her to the high prince and asked for leave for her knight to do battle. \"I will grant it,\" said the high prince.\n\nThen the knights were ready in the field and each took a spear in their hands and met so fiercely that their spears clashed..alle they showed themselves, then Palomydes struck down Sir Gonereys to the earth. He ripped off his helmet and struck off his head. They went to supper, and the damsel loved Palomydes as a paramour. But the book says she was of his kin. So Palomydes disguised himself in this manner: in his shield he bore the questioning beast, and in all his trappings. And when he was thus ready, he sent word to the high prince to give leave to Iuste and other knights. But he was doubted by Sir Launcelot. The high prince sent word back that he should be welcome, and that Sir Launcelot should not fight with him. Then Sir Galahalt, the high prince, let it be proclaimed whoever he might be that had struck down Sir Palomydes should have his damsel for himself.\n\nHere begins the second day. Immediately as Sir Palomydes entered the field, Sir Galahalt, the high prince, was at the other end and met him. And he, with him, greeted each other with great honor..And then they came so hard to gydes that their spears all shattered / But Sir Galahalt struck him so hard that he was thrown backward over his horse / but he did not lose his reins /\nThen they drew their swords and lashed out many sad strokes / that many worthy knights left their business to watch / But at the last Sir Galahalt, the high prince, struck a mighty blow onto Palomydes' helmet / but the helmet was so hard that the sword could not bite but slipped and struck the horse of Sir Palomydes instead / when the high prince knew and saw the good knight fall to the earth / he was ashamed of that blow / And therewith he alighted down from his own horse / and prayed the good knight Palomydes to take that horse from him as a gift / and to forgive him that deed / Sir Palomydes said, \"I thank you for your great kindness / from a man of worth, a knight shall never forget /\" and so he mounted upon that horse / and the high prince had another one ready. / Now said.The high prince releases the maiden to you, for you have won her. Palomides, the damsel, and I are at your command. They departed. Sir Galahad performed great deeds of arms. And right away came Dinadan. He encountered Sir Galahad, and they came to each other so fast with their spears that their spears broke in their hands. But Dinadan had thought the high prince was more weary than he was. Then he struck many sad strokes at the high prince, but when Dinadan saw he could not get him to the ground, he said, \"My lord, I pray you leave me. Take another.\" The high prince did not know Dinadan and left graciously because of his fair words. But soon another came and told the high prince that it was Dinadan. Therefore, the prince is heavy that he has escaped from me, for with his jests and pranks, now I shall never be rid of him. And then Galahad rode fast after him and ordered him to wait for Dinadan for King Arthur's sake..Nay said Dynadan, \"We shall not assemble any more today.\" Then, in his wrath, the high prince met with Melyagant. He struck him in the throat, and his neck would have been broken if not for the same spear he used to bring down another knight. The men of Northgalis arrived and threatened to worsen the situation for those of Surly, for Sir Galahalt the high prince had taken on too much. So, the good knight Sir Semeund with forty knights arrived and put them all to flight. Then, Queen Guinevere and Sir Lancelot signaled for lodging, and every knight disarmed and prepared for the feast.\n\nWhen Palomides was disarmed, he asked for lodging for himself and the damsel. The high prince immediately commanded them to lodging. But before they could settle in, a Knight named Archade arrived. He was the brother of Gomory, whom Palomides had slain in the damsel's quarrel. Knight Archade called out,.appelled him for his brother's death, Palomydes replied, I will answer you when Sir Galahalt understands our quarrel. He ordered them to dinner. And as soon as you have dined, let either knight be ready in the field. So when they had dined, they were both armed and took their horses. The queen and the high prince, and Sir Launcelot, watched them. And when they let their horses run, Sir Palomydes held Archade on his spear over his horse's tail.\n\nPalomydes dismounted and drew his sword, but Sir Archade could not rise. And there, Sir Palomydes tore off his helmet and struck his head.\n\nThen the high prince and Queen Guenever went to supper.\n\nKing Bagdemagus sent away his son Meleagant because Sir Launcelot should not meet him, for he hated Sir Launcelot, and he knew it not.\n\nNow begins the third day of Judgment. And on that day, King Bagdemagus made himself ready, and Sir Mordred came against him..King Maris, who had been given an island named Pomfret by King Galahalt the High Prince, met King Bagdemagus there. The island was called Pomfret. One day, King Maris and King Bagdemagus encountered each other on the battlefield with spears. King Maris received such a blow that he fell off his horse's rear end. Then, a knight from King Maris's army came to avenge his lord. King Bagdemagus struck him down, horse and rider.\n\nAn Earl named Arthurs arrived, along with Sir Briatis and a hundred knights from Pomfret. The King of Northgalis was with them, and they were all against those from Surleys. A great battle ensued, and many knights were trampled under horses' feet. King Bagdemagus always did well, as he was the first to begin the fight and continued to do so. Gawain's brother, Gaheris, struck King Bagdemagus in the face throughout the battle. In the end, King Bagdemagus knocked Gaheris off his horse.\n\nBy chance, Sir Palomides the good Knight met Sir Percival of Ganis. Sir.Sir Bleoberis and his brother clashed with great spears, causing both their horses and knights to fall to the ground. Sir Bleoberis took a severe fall, coming close to breaking his neck. Blood gushed from his nose, mouth, and eyes, but he eventually recovered with the help of skilled surgeons.\n\nThe Duke of Clarance and his men performed great deeds in battle. The third day had passed before any man excelled, except for King Bagdemagus and Sir Palomides. The prize was awarded to King Bagdemagus that day.\n\nAnd then they retired to lodging, disarmed, and went to the feast. Right away, Dynadan mocked and jested with King Bagdemagus, entertaining all the knights with his fine jests..Par: Anyone who had dined there came a servant bearing four spears on his back and went to Palomydes. He said, \"A knight has sent you the choice of four spears, and for your lady's sake, take half of these spears and fight with him in the field.\"\n\nPar: Palomydes replied, \"I will not fail him,\" and Galahad instructed Palomydes to prepare.\n\nThe queen Guinevere and Sir Launcelot were seated on judgment thrones to pass judgment on these two knights.\n\nThen, Sir Palomydes and the stranger knight ran so eagerly to their swords that their spears broke in their hands. They both took a large spear in their hands and shattered them. And then, each took a larger spear. The stranger knight struck down Palomydes' horse and rider to the ground. As he was about to pass over him, the stranger knight's horse stumbled and fell upon Palomydes.\n\nThey drew their swords..The knights fought fiercely for a great while. Then, the high prince and Sir Launcelot declared they had never seen two knights fight better. The strange knight doubled his strokes, subduing Palomides. The high prince and others cried out in awe. Once disarmed, they recognized it was Sir Lamorak. Sir Launcelot was overjoyed, for he loved him above all earthly men except for Sir Tristram. Queen Guinevere commended him, as did all other good knights, except Sir Gawain's brothers. Queen Guinevere then requested that Sir Launcelot promise not to joust with any of King Arthur's blood. He pledged he would not at that time.\n\nHere begins the fourth day. The king entered the field with a hundred knights, accompanied by those from Northgalis and the duke..Chivalries of Clareance and King Marcil of Pompanoon came, and Safyr Palomides, his brother, arrived, telling him news of his mother. He was called the Earl, and so he was summoned before King Arthur, as he waged war against our father and mother. I slew him in plain battle. So they went into the field, accompanied by the damsel, and encountered Sir Bleoberys de Ganis and Sir Ector. Palomides engaged Sir Bleoberys, and they struck each other down. In the same way, Sir Safere and Sir Ector fought. The two couples then fought on foot. Sir Lamorak arrived and encountered the king with his hundred knights, striking him over the horse's tail. He served the same fate to the king of Northgalis and also struck down King Marcil. He continued to fight with his spear and sword, striking down thirty knights when Duke Chaleyns saw Lamorak display such great prowess. He wanted to join the battle..not meddle with him for shame, and then he charged all his knights in pain of death that none of you touch him. For it was shame to all good knights, and that knight was shamed. Then the two kings gathered them together and all they set upon Sir Lamorak, and he did not fail them but he struck here and there, smiting on the right hand and on the left, and racing through many helmets. So that the high prince and Queen Guenevere said they saw never a knight do such deeds of arms on horseback. Alas, said Launcelot to King Bagdemagus, I will arm myself and help Sir Lamorak. And I will ride with you, said King Bagdemagus. And when they two were mounted they came to Sir Lamorak, who stood among thirty knights. It was well for him that he might reach him a buffet, and ever he struck back mightily. Then came there into the press Sir Launcelot, and he threw down Sir Mador de la Porte. And with the butt of that spear he threw down many knights. And King Bagdemagus struck on..If this text is from an Old French or Middle English source, I would need to translate it into Modern English first before cleaning it. However, based on the given text, it appears to be in Early Modern English. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"Lift your left hand and on your right hand marvelously well, / And then the three kings fled back there. / Sir Galahad gave the prize to Sir Lamorak, / And all this while Palomides fought and matched. / And then they were parted and went to their lodgings, / unarmed, and so they went to the great feast. / But when Sir Lamorack came into the court, Queen Guenever took him in her arms and said, \"Sir, well done today.\" / Then came the high prince and made great joy of him, / and so did Dinadan, for he wept for joy. / But the joy that Sir Launcelot made for Sir Lamorak there might no man tell. / Then they went to rest. / And on the morrow, the high prince blew the horn to the field.\n\nHere begins the fifth day, / So it happened that Sir Palomides came in the morning time, / and offered himself as King Arthur was in a castle by the side of Surleuse, / and there he encountered with him a worthy duke, / and there...\".Palomydes struck him over his horse's back. This duke was unwelcome to King Arthur. Then Sir Elyses' son rode up to Palomydes, and Palomydes served Elyses in the same way he had been angry. He took his horse and encountered Sir Palomydes. Palomydes struck him so hard that horse and rider fell to the earth. To make a short tale, he struck down three brothers of Sir Gawain: Mordred, Gaheris, and Agrauaine. \"O Jesus,\" said Arthur, \"this is a great disgrace for a Saracen that he shall strike down my kin.\" And there, all the army of King Arthur was displeased, and he thought to make himself ready for justice. Sir Lamorak saw that Arthur and his kin were discomfited, and he was ready and asked Palomydes if he would fight justice again. \"Why not?\" said Palomydes. Then they charged at each other and broke their spears. All the castle ranges of their dynasties came to shield them. Each took a greater spear in his hand and they came towards each other..Sir Palomides fiercely charged at the girders, but Sir Palomides himself desired to shatter and subdue Lamorak. There, Palomides lost all his strength and lay down on his horseback. Then, Palomides returned and took his damsel. Safere also returned his way.\n\nWhen he had departed, King Arthur came to Sir Lamorak and thanked him for his kindness. He asked Lamorak to reveal his name. Sir Lamorak said, \"You well know, my lord, I owe you my service. But at this time, I will not remain here. I see many of my enemies around me.\"\n\n\"Now I know well,\" said Arthur, \"it is Sir Lamorak of Galis. O Lamorak, stay with me. By my crown, I shall never fail you. And neither will I nor any of his brothers do you any wrong.\"\n\n\"Wrong have they done us both,\" said Sir Lamorak. \"That is true, said the king, for they killed their own mother and my sister. This grieves me deeply. It would have been more fitting and better if you had married her. For you are a king's son.\".as well as Jesus said, the noble knight Sir Lamorack to Arthur, at his death I shall never forget / I promise you and make my oath to God, I shall avenge her death as soon as I see time convenient / And if it were not for the reverence of your highnesses, I would now have avenged myself upon Sir Gawain and his brothers / truly said Arthur, I will make you an accord / Sir said Lamorak, as at this time I may not abide with you, for I must go to the Justices; where is Sir Launcelot and the high prince Sir Galahad. Then there was a damsel, the daughter of King Baudes, and there was a Saracen knight named Corsabrin. He loved the damsel and in no way would he allow her to be married, for ever this Corsabrin annoyed her and named her as if she was out of her mind. Therefore, by fortune, this damsel heard tell that Palomides did much for damsels' sake. So she sent to him a message and prayed him to fight with Sir Corsabrin..her love and he should have her and her lands from her father's that should fall to her\nThen the damsel sent unto Corsabryn and bade him go to Sir Palomydes, who was a pagan as well as he, and she gave him warning that she had sent him her pen; if he might overcome Palomydes, she would wed him. When Corsabryn knew of her deeds, then he was wood and angry, and rode to Surluse where the high prince was. There he found Sir Palomydes ready, who had the pen. So they waged battle against each other before Galahalt. \"Well said the high prince,\" he said, \"this day must noble knights be just, and at after dinner we shall see how you can fare.\" Then they came to meet Iustes. And there came Dynadan and met Sir Geryn, a good knight, and he threw him down over his horse's rump. And Sir Dynadan overthrew four knights more. And there he did great deeds of arms, for he was a good knight, but he was a scoffer, and a jester, and the merriest knight among fellowship..That was that time living, and he had such a custom that he loved every good knight, and every good knight loved him in return. So then, when the high prince saw Dynadan do so well, he sent to Sir Launcelot and commanded him to strike down Sir Dynadan. And when that had been done, bring him before me and the noble queen Guenevere. Then Sir Launcelot did as he was required. Then Sir Lamorak and he struck down many knights and took their helmets, and drove all the knights before them. And so Sir Launcelot struck down Sir Dynadan and made his men arm him, and brought him to the queen and the high prince. They laughed at Dynadan so hard that they could not stand. \"Well said, Sir Dynadan,\" yet have I no shame, for the old rogue Sir Launcelot struck me down.\" So they went to dinner. All the court had good sport at Dinadan's expense.\n\nWhen the dinner was done, they went to the field to behold Sir Palomides and Corsabrin. Sir Palomides took up his pen in the midst of.The field/ and they charged at each other with their javelins, as if with thunder, and struck one another to the ground. Then they drew out their swords, donned their shields, and clashed mightily, so that no piece of armor could hold them back. For Corisabrin was a notorious knight. Corisabrin said, \"Palomides, release that damsel and the penitent,\" then Corisabrin was enraged beyond measure and gave Palomides such a blow that he fell to the ground right away. Palomides rose lightly and struck him on the helmet, causing him to fall to the ground again. \"Corisabrin, yield or die by my hand,\" Palomides threatened, then he struck off his head. And with that, a stench rose from his body when his soul departed, so that no one could remain near the stench. Thus, the corpse was taken away and buried in a wood because he was a notorious knight..paynym / \n\u00b6Thenne they blewe vnto lodgynge / and Palomydes was vnarmed \u00b6Thenne he wente vnto Quene Gue\u2223neuer / to the haute prynce / and to syre launcelot / \u00b6Syre sayd the haute prynce / here haue ye sene this day a grete myrakel by Corsabryn / what sauour there was whanne the soule departed from the body / There for syre we wylle requyre yow to take the baptym vpon yow / and I promyse yow alle knyghtes wyll sette the more by yow / and say more worship by yow\n\u00b6Syre said Palomydes I wille that ye alle knowe / that in\nto this land I came to be crystened / and in my herte I am crystened / and crystend wille I be / \u00b6 But I haue made suche an auowe that I maye not be crystend tyl I haue done seuen true batails for Ihesus sake / And thenne wil I be crystend / And I truste god wylle take myn entent for I meane truly / Thenne sire Palomydes prayed Quene Gue\u2223neuer and the haute prynce to soupe with hym / And soo they dyd bothe sire Launcelot and sire Lamorak / and many other good knyghtes / Soo on the morne they herd.knights charged and cleared the field. Then Sir Gaheris arrived and encountered him, Sir Ossaise of Surluse. Sir Gaheris struck him across his horse's rump. Both parties then encountered others, and many spears were broken. Sir Cador and Sir Aglouale, brothers to Sir Lamorak, met two other knights and struck each other so hard that all four knights and horses fell to the ground. When Sir Lamorak saw his two brothers down, he became enraged. He took a great spear in his hand and struck down four good knights with it. His spear then broke. He drew his sword and struck about him on the right and left, splitting helmets and pulling down knights. Men marveled at such feats of arms he displayed, for he fought so fiercely that many knights fled. Then he mounted his horse..Brothers again and said, brothers, you ought to be ashamed to fall from your horses. What is a knight but when he is on horseback? I set not by a knight when he is on foot. For all battles on foot are but pitiful battles. A knight should not fight on foot, but only if it were for treason or if he were driven to it by force. Therefore, brothers, sit fast on your horses or else fight never more before me. With that, the duke of Clarance came in, and he encountered the earl of Surly with him, and either of them struck the other down. Then the knights of both parties mounted their lords again. Sir Ector and Bleoberis were on foot, waiting on the duke of Clarance. And the king with the hundred knights was with the earl of Surly. With that, Gawain came, and challenged the King with the hundred knights, and he to him again. Then the duke of Clarance departed from them. After that, they went to lodging, and the knights disarmed them and drew them to their tents..Dynadan entered the hall and approached the middle of the table where the prince was sitting, looking angry about something. The prince seemed displeased because he hated fish and was served fish at dinner. When Dynadan saw the prince, he noticed a fisherman serving the prince with fish. Dynadan then said, \"Sir Galahad, I can liken you to a wolf, for he will never eat fish but meat.\" The prince laughed at Dynadan's words. Dynadan turned to Lancelot and asked, \"What devilry is going on in this country? Here, no mean knights can win favor, for I will no longer meet with the prince or with your great spear. I cannot sit in my saddle when it threatens me, and if I am happy, I shall beware of your boisterous body.\" Lancelot replied, \"Make good watch, God forbid that we ever meet again.\".If the text is in Old English or contains significant OCR errors, I cannot clean it without making assumptions or introducing modern English words. However, based on the given text, it appears to be in Middle English, and there are only minor issues that can be corrected. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"if it be at a dispute of meat, then the Queen and the high prince could not sit at their table. Thus they made great joy until the morning. And then they heard mass and blew their trumpets. Queen Genevieve and all the estates were seated, and the judges were armed clean with their shields to maintain justice.\n\nNow begins the seventh battle. The duke of Cambys came in, and there he encountered Sir Arystan, who was counted a good knight. They met so hard that each knocked the other down horse and man. Then the Earl of Lambayle came and helped the duke again to horse. Then Sir Ossaise of Surly came, and he struck the Earl Lambayle down from his horse. Then they began to do great deeds of arms, and many spears were broken, and many knights were cast to the earth.\n\nThe king of Northgalis and the Earl Ulbawes struck at each other, and all the judges thought it was like mortal death. Meanwhile, Queen Genevieve and the high prince and Sir [name missing]\".Sir Launcelot made Sir Dynadan ready to join him at the tournament. I would have said Dynadan rode into the field, but one of you two would meet me. The high prince said, \"You may see how we sit here as judges with our shields. And you may always behold whether we sit here or not.\" So Sir Dynadan departed and took his horse, riding with many knights and passing well. As he was leaving, Sir Launcelot disguised himself, putting on a maiden's freshly dressed garment. Then Sir Launcelot, in the maiden's attire, made Sir Galahad leave him through the crowd. All men wondered what maiden it was. And when Sir Dynadan entered the crowd, Sir Launcelot, who was in the maiden's attire, got Galahad's spear and ran to Sir Dynadan. Sir Dynadan looked up and saw a man sitting in the place of Sir Launcelot, armed. But when Dynadan saw a woman-like figure, he feared it was Sir Launcelot..Sir Launcelot came upon Sir Dynadan so quickly that he struck him over his horse's back. Then Sir Dynadan was led into the forest nearby, where they disrobed him and put a woman's garment on him. They brought him to the field, and everyone disarmed. Sir Dynadan was then brought among them all. When Queen Guinevere saw Sir Dynadan among them, she laughed so hard that she fell down, and everyone else did too. Dynadan accused Launcelot, \"You are false, and I can never trust you.\" By everyone's consent, Launcelot received the prize. Next came Sir Lamorak of Galis, followed by Sir Palomides, and King Bagdemagus. These four knights received the prize, and there was great joy and nobility in the entire court. The next morning, Queen Guinevere and Sir Launcelot departed to King Arthur. However, Sir Launcelot was not with them..Sir Lamorak would not go with them, I shall undertake, said Sir Launcelot. And you will go with us, King Arthur will charge Sir Gawain and his brothers, never to do you harm. But that, said Sir Lamorak, I will not trust Sir Gawain or any of his brothers. And you know well, Sir Launcelot, and it were not for my lord King Arthur's sake, I would match Sir Gawain and his brothers well. But to say that I would trust them, that I shall never. And therefore, I pray you recommend me to my lord Arthur and to all my lords of the Round Table. And in what place that ever I come, I shall do you service to my power. And, Sir, it is but late since I returned from that time when my lord Arthur's kin were put to the worse by Sir Palomides. Then Sir Lamorak departed from Sir Launcelot, and either wept at their parting.\n\nNow turn we from this matter and speak we of Sir Tristram, from whom this book is principal. Sir Launcelot and Sir Lamorak..Here begins the treason of King Mark against Sir Tristram. There was cried by the courts of Cornwall a great tournament, and it was organized by Sir Galahad, the high prince. King Bagdemagus, with the intent to slay Launcelot or shame him utterly because Launcelot always held the higher degree, planned this tournament against Sir Launcelot. And thus their conspiracy was discovered to King Mark, whom it greatly pleased. Then King Mark thought to himself that he would have Sir Tristram attend the tournament disguised, so that the high prince would believe Sir Tristram to be Sir Launcelot. So at these tournaments came in Sir Tristram. And at that time Sir Launcelot was not there. But when they saw a knight disguised doing such deeds of arms, they thought it was Sir Launcelot. And in particular, King Mark said it was Sir Launcelot plainly. Then they set upon him both..King Bagdemagus and the high prince and their knights were amazed that Sir Tristram could endure such pain. Sir Tristram won the degree at the tournament despite all the pain he had suffered. He injured many knights and bruised them, and they injured him severely in return.\n\nOnce the justices were all finished, it was known that it was Sir Tristram of Lyones. All those on King Mark's side were glad that Sir Tristram was injured, and the remainder were sorry for his injury, for Sir Tristram was not as hated within the realm of England as Sir Launcelot.\n\nThen King Mark came to Sir Tristram and said, \"Fair newcomer, I am sorry for your injuries. Sir Tristram replied, \"Thank you, my lord.\"\n\nKing Mark had Sir Tristram put on a horse in great sign of love and said, \"Fair cousin, I shall be your healer myself.\" He rode out with Sir Tristram and brought him to a castle by daylight. King Mark then made:\n\n(The text ends abruptly here).Sir Tristram ate, and then gave him a drink. After he had finished his meal and drink, Sir Tristram was missed for a long time. Then, Lady Isoud privately went to Sir Sadok and asked him to find out where Sir Tristram was. Sadok discovered that Sir Tristram was imprisoned by King Mark and Magos' traitors. With two of his cousins, Sadok confronted them in an ambush near Tyntagyl Castle. By chance, King Mark and four of his new men, along with some of Magos' traitors, arrived. When Sadok saw them, he broke out of the ambush and attacked them. King Mark noticed Sadok and fled, but Sadok killed all four of King Mark's new men. However, Magos' traitors wounded one of Sadok's cousins severely..Sir Sadok struck down the other and took him to his death. Then, he rode on to a castle called Lionas, where he discovered the treason and treachery of King Mark. They rode with Sir Sadok until they reached a castle named Arbray. There, they found Sir Dynas, the Seneschal, who was a good knight. But when Sir Sadok had told Sir Dynas of all King Mark's treason, he defied such a king and said he would surrender his lands that he held from him. And when he said these words, all the knights agreed. Sir Dynas then allowed them to plunder all the towns and castles within the country of Lyones and summoned all the people they could gather.\n\nNow let us turn to King Mark, who, after escaping from Sir Sadok, rode to the castle where he made great cries and noise and called upon all who could bear arms. They assembled and found the bodies of four of King Mark's cousins..King Mark, upon learning of Sir Sadoc and Sir Dinas' uprising in the Liones country, remembered their deceit. He ordered the creation and forgery of letters from the pope, commissioning a strange clerk to deliver them to King Marke. These letters instructed King Mark to prepare himself, under threat of cursing from his host, to visit the pope to aid in the campaign against the Saracens. Upon the clerk's arrival, King Mark dispatched the letters to Sir Tristram, offering him freedom and full power if he would wage war against the rebels. When Sir Tristram comprehended this message, he replied:.Clerke: You have always been a traitor, and you always will be. But Clerke replied, \"Sir Tristram, tell King Mark that the pope has summoned him. He bids him come to see him personally to tell him of your treachery. I will not go at his command. I will try to get out of prison as I can, for I see I am well rewarded for my loyal service.\"\n\nThe Clerge returned to King Mark and reported his answer. \"Very well,\" said King Mark, \"he will be deceived.\" So he went into his chamber and forged letters. The letters stated that the pope wanted Sir Tristram to come to make war on the messengers when the Clerge returned to Sir Tristram and gave him these letters. Then Sir Tristram read them and immediately saw they were forgeries. \"You are a false one, always have been, and so you shall end,\" Sir Tristram said. Then the Clerge departed from Sir Tristram and returned to King Mark..By then there were four wounded knights within the castle of Tintagil. One had his neck nearly broken in two, another had his arm torn away, the third was carried in with a spear, and the fourth had his hand injured. When they came before King Mark, they cried out and said, \"King, why do you flee? The entire country is clearly rising against you.\" King Mark became extremely angry, and in the meantime, Sir Percival of Galis entered the country to seek out Sir Tristram. When he heard that Sir Tristram was in prison, Sir Percival arranged for his release through knightly means. And when he was released, Sir Tristram rejoiced greatly over Sir Percival, and so did everyone else. Sir Tristram said to Sir Percival, \"You will stay in these marches, and I will ride with you.\" \"No,\" said Percival, \"in this country I cannot tarry, for I must go to Wales.\" So Sir Percival departed from Sir Tristram and rode straight on..King Mark told him how he had delivered Sir Tristram and also informed the king that he had brought shame upon himself for imprisoning Sir Tristram. For he is now the most renowned knight in the world, living. You know well that the noblest knights of the world love Sir Tristram, and if he declares war on you, you cannot withstand it. That is the truth, said King Mark. But I cannot love Sir Tristram because he loves my queen, Isoud, and my wife. Alas, said Sir Percival, say no more of that. Are you not uncle to Sir Tristram and he your newfound relation? You should never think that such a noble knight as Sir Tristram would do himself such a great wrong to hold his uncle's wife. Sir Percival departed from King Mark. However, after his departure, King Mark began to consider more treachery. Despite this, King Mark granted Sir Tristram's request..Percyval could not harm Sir Tristram in any way. King Mark sent word to Sir Dinas, the Seneschal, to disperse all the people he had raised, for he was taking an oath to go to the pope of Rome to wage war against the Mescreantes. It was a fairer war than raising the people against your king. When Sir Dinas understood that King Mark was going to war against the Mescreantes, he dispersed all the people as quickly as possible. Then, King Mark discovered where Sir Tristram was with La Beale Isoud, and through treachery, he had him taken and imprisoned, contrary to his promise he made to Percival. When Queen Isoud learned that Sir Tristram was in prison, she made as great sorrow as any lady or gentlewoman ever had. Then, Sir Tristram sent a letter to La Beale Isoud, begging her to be his good lady, and if it pleased her, to prepare a vessel..Ready for her and him, he would go with her to the realm of Logrys, this land. When Lady Isoud understood Sir Tristram's letters and his intent, she sent him another and encouraged him, for she would make the vessel ready and all things necessary. Then Lady Isoud sent to Sir Dinas and Sadok and asked them in any way to capture King Mark and imprison him until she and Sir Tristram had departed to the realm of Logrys. When Sir Dinas, the Seneschal, understood King Mark's treason, he promised her again and sent word that King Mark should be imprisoned. And as they had agreed, it was done. Then Sir Tristram was released from prison. And immediately, Queen Isoud and Sir Tristram took their counsel and those they would take with them when they departed.\n\nLady Isoud and Sir Tristram took their vessel and came by water into this land. They were not in this land for more than four days..Sir Tristram heard of a tournament that King Arthur arranged, and when he did, Tristram disguised himself, along with Isoud, and rode to the tournament. When he arrived, he saw many just and turney knights. Tristram prepared himself for the contest and overthrew fourteen knights of the Round Table.\n\nSir Launcelot saw these knights overthrown and dressed himself to join Sir Tristram. Isoud sent a ring to Sir Launcelot, instructing him that it was Sir Tristram of Lyones. Once Sir Launcelot recognized Sir Tristram, he was glad and refused to fight. Sir Launcelot followed Sir Tristram and they both took great joy in the victory. Sir Launcelot brought Sir Tristram and Isoud to his joyous garden, which was his own..Castel, which he had won with his own hands, was placed in the control of Sir Launcelot for them. And you should know that Castel was adorned and furnished as a royal king and queen's residence. Sir Launcelot charged all his people to honor them and love them as they would him. So Sir Launcelot departed to King Arthur. And then he told Queen Guinevere about the knight who had performed so well at the last tournament, Sir Tristram. He also told her about his encounter with Lady Isoud, King Mark's wife. Queen Guinevere told all this to King Arthur.\n\nWhen King Arthur learned that Sir Tristram had escaped and come from King Mark, bringing Lady Isoud with him, he was greatly pleased. A joust was to be held before the castle of Lonazep. And this castle was situated near a joyous garden. King Arthur devised that all the knights of this land, Cornwall, and North Wales should joust against these countries: Ireland..In Scotland and the remainder of Wales & the countries of Gore and Surulus and Lestynoyse, and those of Northumberland who held lands from Arthur at this time, many knights were glad and many were unhappy when this cry was made. Sir Launcelot spoke to Arthur about it, saying, \"You have made this cry, and we who are around you will be put in great jeopardy. There are many knights who have great envy towards us. Therefore, when we meet at the day of Justice, there will be hard strife among us.\" Arthur replied, \"I care not. We shall prove who will be best with his hands there.\" When Sir Launcelot understood why King Arthur made this proclamation, he made such preparations that Lady Isoud should observe the Justices in a secret place that was honorable for her estate.\n\nNow let us turn to Sir Tristram and Lady Isoud. They made great joy daily with all manner of mirths that they could devise, and every day Sir Tristram would go ride on his horse..hunting was called the best chase of the world and the noblest blower of an horn of all measures, according to reports in Sir Tristram's books. He provided us with all the terms of hunting and those of venery, as well as the systems and measures of blowing a horn, and of hawking. He first listed the terms for uncoupling, seeking, rechasing, flight, death, and striking, and many other terms that gentlemen use to the end of the world to praise Sir Tristram and pray for his soul.\n\nOne day, Lady Isoud said to Sir Tristram, \"I marvel greatly at you, sir,\" she said, \"that you do not remember yourself, being here in a foreign country where there are many dangerous knights. And you well know that King Mark is full of treason, and yet you will ride out to chase and hunt, unarmed.\".Sir Tristram rode daily on hunting, armed and carrying his spear. One day, before the month of May, Sir Tristram pursued a heart passing by, eagerly chasing it. The heart passed by a fair well. Then, Sir Tristram dismounted and removed his helmet to drink from that bubbling water. Right away, he heard and saw the questing beast approach the well. When Sir Tristram saw the beast, he put on his helmet, for he thought he should face Sir Palomides, for that beast was his quest. Right away, Sir Tristram saw a knight approaching on a noble horse, and he greeted him. They spoke of many things, and this knight's name was Breunor (or Bruenor) de St. Trinian. And right along with him came the noble knight, Sir Palomides. They greeted each other and spoke kindly to one another.\n\nFair knights, said Sir Palomides, I can tell you tidings. What is that, knights? Sirs, you well know that King Mark....Mark is put in prison by his own knights / and it was all for love of Sir Tristram / for King Mark had put Sir Tristram in prison twice / And once Sir Percival delivered the noble knight Sir Tristram out of prison\nAnd lastly, Queen Isoud the Fair delivered him / and went clearly away with him into this realm / And meanwhile, King Mark the false traitor is in prison / Is this true, Palomides? Then we shall quickly hear from Sir Tristram. And as for me, I say that I love Fair Isoud passionately. I dare prove it, and she has my service above all other ladies, and shall have the term of my life. And just as they were speaking, they saw before them a Knight all armed on a great horse / and one of his men bore his shield / and the other his spears / And as soon as that Knight espied them, he got his shield and his spear / and prepared for battle.\nFair companions, said Sir Tristram, that Knight will battle with us / let us see which of us..\"You will encounter him, for I see he is of King Arthur's court. It will not be long before you meet him, Sir Palomides, for I have never found any knight in my quest for this Glaston beast but him. If he is just, I would not refuse him. Sir Breus, follow that beast as you will, then you shall do battle with me, Sir Palomides. So Sir Palomides dressed himself for the other knight, Sir Bleoberis, who was a very noble knight related to Sir Launcelot. They met so fiercely that Sir Palomides fell to the ground, along with his horse.\n\nSir Bleoberis cried out loudly and said, \"Prepare yourself, you false traitor knight, Sir Breus, for you have falsely betrayed.\"\n\nWhen this false knight and traitor, Sir Breus, heard him say this, he took hold of his horse's reins and fled as fast as his horse could run. He was greatly afraid of him.\".Through Thynnes / And by fortune, as Sir Breuse fled, / he saw even before him three knights of the round table, / of whom one was named Sir Ector de Maris, / the other Sir Percival de Galis, / the third Sir Harre de Fyse, a good knight and hardy. / And as for Sir Percival, he was called at that time one of the best knights of the world and the most assured. / When Breuse saw these knights, he rode straight to them and cried out to them, \"Sir Ector, fair knights, here follows me the most traitorous knight and the most cowardly, and the most vile, Breuse sans pitie. / And if he may get me, he will slay me without mercy and pitied. / Abide with us and we shall warrant you.\" / Then they were aware of Sir Bleoberis, who came riding up with all his might. / Then Sir Ector put himself forward to justify himself before them all. / When Sir Bleoberis saw that they were four knights and he but himself, he....Sir Percival stood in doubt, deciding whether to turn or hold his way. He said to himself, \"I am a knight of the Round Table. I would rather shame my oath and my blood than yield. I will hold my way, no matter what befalls me.\" Then Sir Ector charged at him and struck him hard. Sir Ector fell to the earth. Seeing this, Sir Percival prepared his horse and rode towards him as fast as he could. However, Sir Percival received such a heavy blow that horse and rider both fell to the ground.\n\nWhen Sir Harlech saw them both fallen, he exclaimed, \"Never before have I seen such prowess from Sir Breuse.\" Sir Harlech mounted his horse and they met each other strongly. Both horses and knights fell to the ground. But Sir Bleoberis' horse began to recover. Seeing this, Sir Breuse came charging in and struck him repeatedly, intending to kill him as he lay on the ground. Then Sir Harlech worshipfully approached and joined the fray, calling upon good knights to help..Sir Breuse would not let Sir Bleoberis choose Sir Harre at this time. When Sir Bleoberis saw he could not choose or have his way, he spoke politely. Then Sir Harre allowed him to go. Immediately, Sir Bleoberis made his horse charge towards Sir Bleoberis and threw him to the ground as if he intended to kill him. When Sir Bleoberis saw him act so treacherously, he cried, \"Traitor, knight, shame on you!\" As Sir Harre prepared to fight Sir Bleoberis, Sir Bleoberis ran towards him and struck him down both horse and man, nearly killing Sir Harre the good knight. Sir Percyval saw this and cried, \"Traitor, knight, what are you doing?\" When Sir Percyval was on his horse, Sir Bleoberis took it and fled as fast as he could. Sir Percyval and Sir Harre pursued him, but the farther they chased, the farther behind they became. They then turned around and returned to Sir Ector..Sirs and to Sir Bleoberis, a fair knight spoke, \"Why have you aided that false knight and traitor?\" asked Sir Bleoberis. \"Who is this knight?\" inquired Sir Harre. \"I well know it is a false knight, a coward, and a felonious knight,\" replied Sir Harre. \"Sir, he is the most cowardly knight and a devourer of ladies, a destroyer of good knights, especially of Arthur's,\" said Sir Bleoberis. \"What is your name?\" asked Sir Ector. \"I am Sir Bleoberis de Ganis,\" replied Sir Ector. \"Alas, fair cousin,\" said Ector. \"Forgive me. I am Sir Ector de Maris.\" Then Sir Percival and Sir Harre rejoiced that they had met Bleoberis. But they were grieved by what had transpired.\n\nJust as they stood there, Sir Palomides arrived. Upon seeing Bleoberis' shield on the ground, Sir Palomides said, \"He who owns this shield, let him come to me. He struck me down here by a fountain. I will fight him on foot.\" \"I am ready,\" answered Bleoberis. \"Come and face me.\".Sir Knight, it was I, and my name is Bleoberis de Ganys. And you, Palomydes, said, \"And well you know my name is Palomydes the Sarasin. And either of them hated the other to death. Sir Palomydes said, \"Ector, if you are well, there is neither you nor any knight who kills one of our blood but he shall die for it. Therefore, if you wish to fight, seek Sir Lancelot or Sir Tristram; with them you will find your match. But I have never held any worship of them. Yes, Palomydes said, \"There was a third good knight, one of them, and of his age he was the best I ever found. For had he lived longer, he would be such a knight now. And his name was Sir Lamorak de Galis. And as he had jousted at a tournament, there he overthrew me and more than thirty knights, and there he won the degree.\".his parting there met him Sir Gawain and his brothers. They slew him unfairly before all good knights, causing great damage. As soon as Sir Percival heard that his brother was dead, Sir Lamorak, he fell from his horse mourning. And when Sir Percival arose, he said, \"Alas, my good and noble brother Sir Lamorak, we shall never meet again. I believe in all the wide world that no man may find such a knight as he was of his age. It is too much to bear the death of our father King Pellinore, and now the death of our good brother Sir Lamorak.\n\nMeanwhile, a servant came from King Arthur's court and told them about the great tournament that was to be at Lonazep, and how Cornwall and Northgalis were to be against all those who would come.\n\nNow let us turn to Sir Tristram, who as he rode hunting met Sir Dynadan coming into that country to seek Sir Tristram..Sir Dynadan told Sir Tristram his name, but Sir Tristram refused to reveal his own. Angered by this, Sir Dynadan remarked, \"You are a foolish knight, Sir Tristram. I saw one just like you lying by a well not long ago. He slept as you do now, lying there like a fool, unwilling to speak. His shield was beside him, and his horse stood nearby. I am certain he was in love. Are you not a lover as well, Sir Tristram? 'Fie on that craft!' you exclaimed. 'It's evil,' you added. 'A knight can never be truly powerful,' you continued, 'unless he is in love.' Now, tell me your name, lover, or I will challenge you to battle.\n\n\"There is no reason for us to fight,\" Sir Tristram replied. \"But I will tell you this: my name shall not be known to you at this time. Shame on you, Sir Dynadan, for you are a knight and yet you dare not learn my name.\"\n\nSir Tristram repeated himself: \"There is no reason for us to fight.\".I will not fight, but if it pleases me. Sir Tristram, you are not able to withstand me, said Sir Tristam. Fie on the coward, said Sir Dinadan. And thus as they stood there, they saw a knight coming riding against them. \"Lo,\" said Sir Tristram, \"see where comes a knight riding. Shall I join you, Sir Tristram?\" Immediately, as Sir Dinadan beheld him, he said, \"That is the same doted knight I saw lying by the well, neither sleeping nor waking. Well said, Sir Tristram. I know that knight well with the covered shield of asure. He is the king's son of Northumberland. His name is Epyngenus. And he is as great a lover as I know. He loves the king's daughter of Wales, a very fair lady. And now I suppose, Sir Tristram, and you require him, he will join you. Then you shall prove whether a lover is a better knight or you who will not love any lady.\" \"Now shall you see what I shall do,\" said Sir Dinadan aloud..Iuste with me, for it is the custom of errant knights one to Iuste with another. Sir said Epinegris is it the rule of you arraunt knights to make a knight to Iuste, will he or not? / As for that said Dinadan, make ready. For here is for me. And there with all they spurred their horses and met to gyders so hard that Epinegris struck down Sir Dinadan. Then Sir Tristram rode to Sir Dinadan and said, \"How now, it seems the lover has well succeeded.\" \"Fy on the Coward,\" said Sir Dinadan, \"and if you are a good knight, avenge me.\" \"Nay,\" said Sir Tristram, \"I will not Iuste as at this time, but take your horse and let us go hence.\" God defend me, said Sir Dinadan, from your felaship. For I never sped well since I met with thee.\" And so they departed. \"Well said, Sir Tristram,\" said Dinadan. \"Perhaps I could tell you tidings of Sir Tristram.\" God defend me, said Dinadan, from your felaship, for Sir Tristram was much the worse. And he was in your company. Then they departed. Sir said Sir Tristram. Yet it may..happen I shall meet with you in other places. Sir Tristram rode to Joyous Gard, and there he heard in that town great noise and cry, \"What is this noise?\" said Sir Tristram. \"Sir,\" they replied, \"there is a knight from this castle who has been among us for a long time, and right now he has been killed by two knights. And for no other reason than that our knight said that Sir Lancelot is a better knight than Sir Gawain. That is a trivial reason,\" said Sir Tristram, \"to kill a good knight because of praising his master. That is little remedy to us,\" said the men of the town. \"If Sir Lancelot had been here, we would have avenged ourselves upon the false knights long ago,\" they added. When Sir Tristram heard them say this, he sent for his shield and spear and soon overtook them. He reprimanded them harshly for their misdeed. \"What reprimands would you have said, one knight?\" they retorted, and with that, they charged at each other, and Sir Tristram struck down the one he faced..knight over his horse tails. Then the other knight dressed him as Sir Tristram and served him in the same way. And then they dismounted their horses as well as they could and dressed their shields and swords to do battle against the utmost knights. Knights said, \"Sir Tristram, you shall tell me whence you are and what your names are, for such men you might be the ones who should pass quite by my hands.\" Sir Tristram said, \"Sir Gaheris and Ag Bevan, we have no fear in telling our names. For King Arthur's sake, I shall let you pass at this time. But it is a shame, Sir Tristram, that Sir Gawain and you come from such a great lineage that your four brothers are so named as you are. For you are called the greatest destroyers and despoilers.\".murders of good knights who are now in this realm, for it is said that Sir Gawain and you killed among you a better knight than any of you ever were - that was the noble knight Sir Lamorak of Galis. And it pleased God, said Sir Tristram, that I had been by Sir Lamorak at his death. Then Sir Gaheris said, Fair knight, there must have been many more knights than you. And therewith all, Sir Tristram departed from them toward Joyous Gard. When he had departed, they took their horses, and one said to the other, we will overtake him and take revenge upon him in the spite of Sir Lamorak.\n\nSo when they had overtaken Sir Tristram, Sir Agravaine demanded that he turn traitor knight - that is evil, said Sir Tristram. And therewith he pulled out his sword and struck Sir Agravaine such a buffet upon the helmet that he tumbled down from his horse in a swoon, and he had a grievous wound. Then Sir Tristram turned to....Gaheris and Sir Tristram struck their swords and helmets against each other with such might that Gaheris fell from his saddle. Sir Tristram rode on to Joyous Gard and dismounted there, disarming himself. Therefore, Sir Tristram told Lady Isoud of all his adventures, as you have heard before. When she heard him mention Sir Dynadan, Lady Isoud said, \"That is not he who composed the song by King Mark. Sir Tristram replied, \"That is indeed he, for he is the best border and jester, a noble knight of his hands, and the best companion I know. And all good knights love his companionship. Alas, Lady Isoud asked, \"Why did you not bring him with you? Did you not care, Sir Tristram? For he rides to seek me in this country, and therefore he will not depart until he has met me.\" Sir Tristram told Lady Isoud how Sir Dynadan opposed all lovers. Suddenly, a servant entered and informed Sir Tristram that an errant knight had come into the town with such colors on his shield..Sir Dynadan said to Sir Tristram, \"Do you know what you will do?\" asked Sir Tristram. \"Send for Lady Isoud,\" replied Sir Tristram. \"I will not be seen, and you shall hear the merriest knight and the madest talker. I implore you to make him welcome.\"\n\nAnon, Lady Beale Isoud sent word into the town and asked Sir Dynadan to come to the castle and rest there with a lady, with a good will he said. Sir Dynadan then mounted his horse and rode to the castle, dismounting there and being brought in.\n\nLady Beale Isoud came to him and greeted him. Then she asked, \"From whence are you?\" said Lady Isoud. \"I am from King Arthur's court and knight of the round table,\" replied Sir Dynadan. \"What do you do in this country?\" asked Lady Isoud. \"I seek Sir Tristram, the good knight, for I was told he was in this country,\" said Sir Dynadan..I'm not aware of him, said Dynadan to Madame. I, Meriuelle, daughter of Sir Tristram and others, are so mad and so footed upon women, Madame Isoud asked. Why, said she. Are you a knight and not a lover? It is a shame for you, for if you make a quarrel for a lady, God defend me, said Dynadan. For the joy of love is too short, and the sorrow and what comes after it lasts too long, Madame Isoud replied. But here, right beside us, was the good knight Sir Bleoberis, who fought with three knights at once for a damsel's sake, and he won her before the king of Northumberland. I know him well, for he is a good knight and noble, coming from noble blood, said Sir Dynadan. Now, please tell me, Madame Isoud, will you fight for my love with the three knights who did me great wrong, and since you are a knight of King Arthur's court, I require it of you..Then Sir Dynadan said, \"You will do battle for me. I shall tell you that you are as fair a lady as I have ever seen, and far fairer than is my lady queen Guenever. But be warned, at one word I will not fight for you with three knights. Iesus protect me. Then Isoud laughed and had good sport with him. She made him all the cheer she could. And there he lay all that night.\n\nIn the morning, Sir Tristram armed himself and Lady Isoud gave him a good helmet. Then he promised her that he would meet Sir Dynadan, and they two would ride together to Gyders unto Lonazep where the tournament would be. I will make ready for you there where you shall see the tournament.\n\nAfter that, Sir Dynadan departed and rode a great distance until he had overtaken Sir Tristram. When Sir Dynadan had overtaken him, he knew him at once. And he hated his familiarity above all other knights..A knight named Sir Dynadan is the coward you are, as I encountered you yesterday, / keep away, for I will avenge myself on your head, / said Sir Tristram. And we both prepared to fight, / but Sir Tristram missed on purpose, / and Sir Dynadan broke a spear on Sir Tristram. / \"Not so,\" said Sir Tristram, \"why are you so angry? I will not fight.\" / \"Shame on the coward,\" said Sir Dynadan, \"you shame all knights.\" / \"I don't care about that,\" said Sir Tristram, \"I will wait upon you and come under your protection, / for you are such a good knight that you can save me. / The devil deliver me from Sir Dynadan, / for you are as good a man of arms and in person as I have ever seen, / and the most cowardly man I have ever seen. / What will you do with those great spears you carry? I will give them to some good knight when I reach the tournament. / And if you best me, I will...\".They shall give them to you / As they rode, they saw an errant knight approaching them, dressed for justice. \"Sir Tristram, this one will dress himself for justice now,\" said Sir Tristram. \"A shame it is, said Sir Dynadan, but that knight looks like a rogue.\" Then Sir Dynadan and they prepared their shields and spears. They met each other so fiercely that the other knight knocked Sir Dynadan off his horse. \"Sir Tristram, it would have been better if you had withdrawn,\" he said. \"Fie on the coward,\" retorted Sir Dynadan. Then Sir Dynadan got up and took his sword in hand, offering to do battle on foot. \"Whether in love or in anger, let us do battle in love,\" said the other knight. \"What is your name?\" asked that knight. \"You know well that my name is Sir Dynadan,\" he replied. \"And my name is Gareth, the youngest brother of Sir Gawain,\" said that knight. Both made great cheer then for this Gareth..Sir Tristram was the best knight among all the brethren. He proved himself a good knight. Then they mounted their horses and spoke of Sir Tristram, calling him a coward. Sir Tristram heard every word and laughed at them in scorn.\n\nSuddenly, a knight appeared before them, well-mounted and armed. He prepared for battle. \"Fair knights,\" said Sir Tristram, \"which of you will fight this knight? I warn you, I will not engage with him.\"\n\n\"I will,\" said Sir Gareth.\n\nThey encountered each other. There, that knight struck down Sir Gareth over his horse's rump.\n\n\"How now, Sir Dynadan,\" said Sir Tristram. \"Dress yourself and avenge the good knight, Gareth.\"\n\n\"I will not,\" said Sir Dynadan. \"He has struck down a much bigger knight than I am.\"\n\n\"Sir Dynadan, I see and feel that your heart fails you,\" said Sir Tristram. \"Now you shall see what I will do.\"\n\nThen Sir Tristram charged at the knight and struck him down completely..his horse, and when Sir Dynadan saw that, he marveled greatly. Then he deemed it was Sir Tristram. The knight who was on foot drew out his sword to do battle. \"What is your name, Sir Tristram?\" asked Sir Tristram. \"You know well,\" replied that knight, \"my name is Sir Palomides.\" \"Who do you hate most?\" asked Sir Tristram. \"Sir knight,\" replied he, \"I hate Sir Tristram to the death. For if I meet him, one of us shall die.\" \"You speak truly,\" agreed Sir Tristram. \"And I am Sir Tristram de Liones. Now do your worst, Sir Palomides. When he heard him say so, he was astonished. And then he said, \"I pray you, Sir Tristram, forgive me all my evil will. And if I live, I shall serve you above all other knights that are living. And there, as I have owed you evil will, I deeply regret it. I know not what ails me. For it seems to me that you are a good knight, and none other knight who names himself a good knight should hate you for that reason. I require you, Sir.\".Sir Palomides said to Sir Tristram, \"I mean you no displeasure with my unkind words, Sir Tristram. You speak truly, and I well know you are a good knight, for I have seen you prove yourself in many great enterprises and successfully complete them. Therefore, Sir Tristram, if you have any ill will towards me, show it now, for I am ready at your command. Not so, my lord, Sir Tristram. I will serve you knightly in all things as you command, and I will take you, said Sir Tristram. And so they rode on, discussing many things.\n\nSir Dynadan said, \"Foul jests have you made of me, Sir Tristram. For God knows I came into this country for your sake, and it was at the advice of Sir Launcelot that I did not tell me where to find you.\"\n\n\"Sir Launcelot certainly knew where I was,\" said Sir Tristram, \"for I was staying in his own castle.\"\n\nThey continued riding until they were aware of Castle Lonazep. And then they were aware of....four hundred tents and pavilions / and magnificent great order / \"So God help me, said Sir Tristram, yonder I see the greatest order I have ever seen / Sir said Palomides / It seems to me that there was equally great order at the castle of maidens on the rock where you won the prize / for I saw myself where you encamped thirty knights / Sir said Dinadan and at the tournament in Surluse, where Galahad of the Long Isles made the one that lasted seven days, was as great a gathering as this / for there were many nations / Who was the best, said Sir Tristram? / \"Sir, it was Sir Lancelot of the Lake and the noble knight Sir Lamorak of Galis / and Sir Lancelot won the degree / \"I doubt not, said Sir Tristram, that he won the degree / So he had not been overmatched by many knights / and of the death of Sir Lamorak, said Sir Tristram, it was over great pity / for I dare say, he was the cleanest and most chivalrous man and the best winded of his age / that was alive / for I knew him that he was..the biggest knight that I have ever met, except for Sir Launcelot / \"Alas,\" said Sir Tristram, \"I am deeply troubled by his death.\" And if they were not relatives of my lord Arthur, who killed him, they would have died for it, along with all those who consented to his death. Sir Tristram further stated to Gareth and Mordred, \"But as for me, Sir Gareth, I have no involvement in their affairs. And since I understand they are murderers of good knights, I left their company. I wish I had been there, God help me, when the noble knight, Sir Lamorak, was slain. Now, as I swear by Jesus, Sir Tristram said, \"It is well said of you. I would have rather than all the gold between here and Rome have been there. You said wisely, Palomides, and I would have been there too. But he put me at a disadvantage, either on foot or on horseback.\".That day, Sir Gawain and his three brothers, Agravaine, Gaheris, and Mordred, slayed him in a private place. They took away his horse and fought with him on foot for more than three hours, both in front of and behind him. Mordred gave him his fatal wound in the back. Sir Trystram exclaimed, \"Fie on treason!\" For this deed, I shall never love nor draw close to my brothers, Gareth and his kin.\n\nPalomydes spoke of other deeds and fell silent. His life could not be retrieved, making it all the more pitiful, said Dinadan. Sir Gawain and his brothers, except for you, Sir Gareth, hated all the good knights of the Round Table for this reason..party/for I voted and they hate my lord Sir Launcelot and all his kin / and great private spite they bear him / and that is my lord Sir Launcelot, beware of / and that causes him to have the good knights of his kin around him /\n\nSir Palomides, let us leave this matter; let us see how we shall do at this tournament / By my advice, Sir Palomides, let us four hold to gyres against all who will come / Not by my counsel, said Sir Tristram, / for I see by their pavilions there will be four hundred knights / and doubt not, Sir Tristram, but there will be many good knights / and be a man never so valiant or so big, yet he may be overmatched / And so I have seen knights do many times / And when they think best to have won worship, they lost it / For manhood is not worth, but if it is mixed with wisdom / And as for me, Sir Tristram, it may happen I shall keep my own head as well as another / So they rode until.They came to Humber bank where they heard a cry and a doleful noise. Then they saw a rich vessel approaching, covered in red silk, and it landed near them. Sir Tristram disembarked with his knights. And so Sir Tristram went ahead and entered the vessel. Upon entering, he saw a richly covered bed and on it lay a dead, seemingly good knight, fully armed except for his head, which was covered in deadly wounds.\n\n\"How can this be, Sir Tristram?\" the mariners asked. \"That this knight is slain?\"\n\n\"Sir,\" Tristram replied, \"I see a letter in the dead knight's hand. Mariners, what does this letter mean?\"\n\n\"Sir,\" they said, \"in that letter you shall hear and know how he was slain, and for what cause, and what his name was. But, Sir, only a good knight may take that letter and read it, and he must do so faithfully.\".A promise to avenge his death / else no knight shall see that letter opened / well you know, Sir Tristram, that some of us may avenge his death as well as others. And if it is true as you mariners say, his death shall be avenged. And therewith, Sir Tristram took the letter from the knight's hand and said, \"Harmance, King and lord of the red City, I send unto all errant knights, commanding you, noble knights of Arthur's court, to find one knight who will fight for my sake against my two brothers who, wickedly and traitorously, have killed me. I beseech one good knight to avenge my death. And he who avenges my death, I will grant him my red City and all my castles.\" Sir Tristram said, \"Well you know, this king and knight who lies here was a most worthy man and of great prowess. He loved all errant knights greatly.\" So say I, Sir Tristram, this is a pitiful case..And I would gladly take on this enterprise, but I have made such a promise that I must attend this great tournament, or I will be shamed. For I well know that, for my sake in particular, my lord Arthur arranged this justice and tournament in this country, and I well know that many worthy people will be there to see me. Therefore, I fear to take on this enterprise lest I not return in time for the tournament.\n\nSir Palomydes spoke, \"Grant me this enterprise, and you shall see me carry it out honorably, or else I shall die in this quarrel.\"\n\n\"Very well, Sir Palomydes,\" said Sir Tristram. \"I give you this enterprise, and may we both be at the tournament, which will be seven nights from now.\"\n\n\"I promise you that I will be there by that day, if I am not slain or incapacitated,\" Sir Palomydes replied.\n\nThen Sir Tristram, Gareth, and Sir Dinadan departed, leaving Sir Palomydes in the vessel. And Sir Tristram watched as the mariners sailed on..And when Sir Palomydes was out of their sight, they took their horses and looked about them. Then they were aware of a knight coming riding against them, unarmed, with nothing about him but a sword. When this knight came near them, he challenged them, and they challenged him in return. \"Fair knights,\" said the knight, \"I pray you, inasmuch as you are errant knights, come and see my castle and take such as you find there. I pray you earnestly,\" and they rode with him until they reached his castle, and there they were brought into the hall, which was well appointed, and they were disarmed and seated at a table. And when this knight saw Sir Tristram, he knew him at once. Then this knight grew pale and angry at Sir Tristram. When Sir Tristram saw his host making such cheer, he marveled and said, \"Sir, why do you make such cheer? You well know that I am Sir Tristram de Liones. You slew my brother, and therefore I give you...\".Sir knight said to Sir Tristram, \"I have never slain any brother of yours. If you say I have, I will make amends to the best of my ability. I will make no amends,\" the knight replied, \"but keep away from me. After dinner, Sir Tristram asked for his arms and departed. They continued on their journey. Within a short while, Sir Dinadan saw a knight well armed and well horsed approaching without a shield. \"Sir Tristram,\" said Sir Dinadan, \"take care of yourself. That is your host coming to give you trouble. I will stay here and face him.\" \"I will face him as well as I can,\" Sir Tristram replied. The knight, when he came near Sir Tristram, cried out and begged him to wait and keep away. They charged at each other. But Sir Tristram struck the other knight so hard that he was thrown over his horse's rump. The knight rose lightly and took his horse again. He rode furiously toward Sir Tristram and struck him twice hard on the helmet. \"Sir knight,\" said Sir Tristram..Tristram, I pray you leave me and strike me no more,\nI would be loath to deal with you, & I must choose,\nFor I have your meat and your drink within my body,\nFor all that he would not leave, and then, sir Tristram,\nGave him such, and so he lay likely to be dead.\nThen sir Tristram said, \"Repent of this buffet\nThat I struck so sore, for as I suppose he is dead,\nAnd so they left him and rode on their ways.\n\nThey had not ridden long but they saw riding against them\nTwo likely knights well armed and well horsed,\nWith goodly servants about them.\nThe one was Berrant le Appres,\nAnd he was called the king with the hundred Knights,\nAnd the other was Sir Segwarides,\nWho were renowned as two noble knights.\nAs they came near each other,\nThe king looked upon Sir Dynadan,\nWho at that time had Sir Tristram's helmet on his shoulder,\nThe which helmet the king had seen before with the Queen of Northgalis,\nAnd that queen the king loved dearly,\nAnd that helmet the queen of Northgalis had..Sir Galahad had given the helmet to Queen Isoud, and Queen Isoud had given it to Sir Tristram. Sir Knight said, \"Berraunt, where did you get that helmet? I will have a hand in dealing with the king for the love of her who owned that helmet.\" They departed and came to Gyders with all their might on their horses. There, the king with a hundred knights attacked Sir Dynadan's horse and all to the ground. Then he commanded his servant, \"Go and take off his helmet and keep it.\" So the varlet went to unbuckle his helmet.\n\n\"What helmet?\" asked Sir Tristram.\n\n\"Why do you want it, sir knight?\" asked the king. \"Do you mean to meddle with that helmet?\"\n\n\"Well you know,\" replied Sir Tristram, \"that helmet shall not depart from me unless it is dearly bought.\"\n\n\"Prepare yourself, Sir Tristram,\" said Sir Berault.\n\nThey charged at each other and there Sir Tristram struck him down over his horse's tail. The king rose lightly..Sir Gareth gained back his horse lightly and then Sir Tristram struck him fiercely with many great strokes. Sir Tristram yielded. \"Lo, Sir Dynadan said, this helmet is unlucky for us two; for I fell for it, and now, Sir King, have another one.\"\n\nSir Segwaries asked, \"Who will fight with me?\" I pray you, Sir Gareth, replied Sir Dynadan. \"Let me have these jousts.\" \"Sir, I pray you take it as my gift,\" Tristram said. \"That is no reason,\" Tristram replied. \"This joust should be yours.\"\n\n\"I will not agree to that,\" Sir Dynadan said.\n\nSir Gareth then dressed himself for Sir Segwaries, and there Sir Segwaries struck both Sir Gareth and his horse to the ground.\n\n\"Sir Tristram said to Sir Dynadan, 'Let us joust with that knight.' I will not agree,\" Sir Dynadan replied. \"Then I will,\" Sir Tristram said, and he ran to him and gave him a fall. They left them on foot, and Sir Tristram rode to Ioys' garden. Sir Gareth would not, out of courtesy, enter this castle with him, but Sir Tristram did..Sir Tristram would not allow him to depart. So they disembarked and disarmed them, and they had great cheer. But when Dinadan came before Lady Isoud, he cursed the time that he ever bore Sir Tristram's helmet. There, he told her how Sir Tristram had mocked him. Then there was laughter and japing at Sir Dinadan, as they didn't know what to do with him.\n\nNow we will leave them merry within the joyous garden and speak of Sir Palomides. Then Sir Palomides sailed even to the coasts of the sea, where was a fair castle. And at that time it was early in the morning before day, around the marshlands. Then the mariners went to Sir Palomides, who slept soundly. Sir Knight said to the mariners, \"You must arise, for there is a castle there you must enter.\" \"I assent,\" said Sir Palomides. And there with all, he arose. And then he blew his horn that the mariners had given him. And when they within the castle heard that horn, they put forth many knights and stood upon the walls, saying with one voice,.Sir Palomides entered the castle, and as it grew clear day, he was served with various dishes. Then Sir Palomides heard much weeping and great sorrow around him. \"I don't like to hear such sorrow,\" he said. \"I'd like to know what it means.\" A man named Sir Ebel then appeared before him and said, \"You know well, Sir Knight, that this sorrow and mourning are made every day.\n\nThere was once a king named Hermance, ruler of the city. This king, who was a noble knight generous with his expenses, loved nothing in the world more than errant knights from King Arthur's court. He cherished all kinds of chivalric pursuits and games. Such a kind and noble king and knight had never ruled over poor people as he did. And because of his goodness and gentleness, we mourn him, and we shall always mourn him. All kings and estates..may beware by oure lord for he was destroyed in his owne defaute / for had he cherisshed them of his blood / he hadde yet lyued with grete rychesse and reste / but alle estates may beware by our kynge / But allas sayd Ebel that we shalle gyue alle other warnynge by his dethe / \u00b6Telle me said palomydes / and in what manere was youre lord slayne and by whome / Syr said sir Ebel / oure kyng br\u2223ought vp of children two men that now are peryllous knygh\u00a6tes / & these two knyghtes oure kynge had soo in cherete that he loued no man nor trusted no man of his blood / nor none other that was aboute hym / And by these two knyghtes oure kyng was gouerned / and soo they ruled hym peasybly and his lan\u00a6des / and neuer wolde they suffre none of his blood to haue\nno rule with oure kynge / And also he was soo free and soo gentyl / and they so fals and deceyuable that they ruled hym peasybly / and that aspyed the lordes of our kynges blood / & departed from hym vnto their owne lyuelode / Thenne whan these two traytours.understood that they had driven all the lords of his blood from him. They were not pleased with that rule, but then they thought to have more. As ever it is an old saw, give a peasant rule, and there by he will not be satisfied. For whatever he be that is ruled by a peasant born and the lord of the soil to be a gentleman born, that same peasant shall destroy all the gentlemen around him. Therefore, all estates and lords, beware, whom you take about you. And if you are a knight of King Arthur's court, remember this tale, for this is the end and conclusion. My lord and king rode unto the forest here by the advice of these traitors. And there he chased at the red deer, armed at all points as a good knight. And so, for labor, he grew weary. Then he alighted and drank at a well. And when he was lighted by the assent of these two traitors, one that highted Helius, he suddenly struck our king through the body with a spear. And so they left him there..I. Parting from there, by fortune I arrived at the well, and found my lord and king mortally wounded. Hearing his complaint, I had him brought to the water's edge, and in the same ship I put him aboard to live. When my lord king's condition was in that vessel, he requested me, for the true faith I owed him, to write a letter in this manner:\n\nRecommending to King Arthur and all his knights, earnestly requesting them all, that inasmuch as King Hermes, king of the red city, has been slain by felony and treason through these two knights of mine, and bringing up and making one who will avenge my death, I, inasmuch as I have always been willing to come to Arthur's court, and whoever will adventure his life with these two traitors for my sake in one battle, I, King Hermes, king of the red city, freely give him all my lands and rents that I ever held in my life. This letter I, Ebel, wrote by my lord's commandment, and then he received his creature..and when he was dead, he commanded me to place that letter in his hand continually, and then he commanded me to lower that same vessel down the Humber. I was to give these mariners in command never to stop until they reached Logris, where all the noble knights would assemble at that time. And there, some good knight would have pity on me to avenge my death, for there was never a king or lord more falsely or traitorously slain than I am here. \u00b6 This was the complaint of King Hermau\u00e7on. Now said Sir Ebel, \"We all know how our lord was betrayed. We implore you, for God's sake, have pity on his death. And then you may rule all these lands. For we all know that you may slew these two traitors, the Red City and all those who are in it will take you for their lord. Truly, Sir Palomydes, it grieves my heart to hear you tell this sorrowful tale, and to tell the truth, I saw the same letter..that ye speke of / and one of the best knyghtes on the er\u2223the redde that letter to me / and by his commaundement I cam hydder to reuenge your Kynges deth / and therfor haue done / and lete me wete where I shall fynde tho traitours / for I shal neuer be at ease in my herte tyl I be in handes with them / \u00b6 Syr said sire Ebel thenne take your ship ageyne / and that shyp must brynge you vnto the delectable yle fast by the reed Cyte / and we in this castel shalle pray for yow / and abyde yo\u2223ur ageyne comynge / for this same castel and ye spede wel must nedes be yours / for oure kyng Harmaunce lete make this cas\u2223tel for the loue of the two traytours / and so we kepte it with stronge hande / & therfore ful sore are we threted / \u00b6 wote ye what ye shal do said sir Palomydes what somme euer come of me / loke ye kepe wel this castel / for & it mysfortune me soo to be slayn in this quest / I am sure there wil come one of the best knyghtes of the world for to reuenge my deth / and that is sir Tristram de lyones or els sir.Sir Palomides then departed from the castle. Near the city, a knight emerged from a ship, armed with his shield on his shoulder and his hand on his sword. As he approached Sir Palomides, the knight said, \"Sir knight, what brings you here? Leave this quest, for it was mine or ever it was yours. I will have it.\" Sir Palomides replied, \"It may be that this quest was yours or mine, but when the letter was taken from the dead king's hand at that time, no knight had dared to avenge his death. I promised to do so, and I shall, or I am ashamed. You speak truly,\" said the knight. \"Then, let us fight to determine which of us is the better knight. I agree,\" said Sir Palomides. They prepared their shields and drew their swords, and engaged in battle..Sir Palomides, this fighting continued for more than an hour, but at last, Sir Palomides grew weary and better winded. He struck the knight such a blow that he made him kneel on his knees. Then the knight spoke aloud and said, \"Gentle knight, hold your hand. Sir Palomides was gracious and drew his hand. Then the knight said, \"Knight well know that you are more worthy to have this battle than I, and ask of knighthood to tell me your name.\" Sir Palomides replied, \"I am Sir Palomides, a knight of King Arthur and of the Round Table, here I came to avenge the death of this dead king.\"\n\nThe knight said, \"You are welcome, Sir Palomides. Of all knights who live, except for three, I would have chosen you. The first is Sir Lancelot of the Lake and Sir Tristram of Lyones. The third is my nephew, Sir Lamorack of Galis, and I am brother to King Harmaence who is dead. My name is Sir Hermyndes. You speak truly, Sir Palomides, and you shall see how I will fare, and if...\".I am there slain; go tell my lord, Sir Launcelot or Sir Tristram, and ask them to avenge my death. Sir Lamorak you shall never see in this world. Alas, said Sir Hermund, how can that be? He is slain, said Sir Palomides, by Sir Gawain and his brothers. So help me God, said Hermund, there was not one for one who killed him. That is true, said Sir Palomides, for they were four dangerous knights who killed him: Sir Gawain, Sir Agravere, Sir Gaheris, and Sir Mordred. But Sir Gareth, the fifth brother, was away; he was the best knight of them all. And so Sir Palomides told Hermund all the details and how they killed Sir Lamorak, only by treason. Sir Palomides then took his ship and arrived at the delightful isle. Meanwhile, Sir Hermund, who was the king's brother, arrived at the Red City, and there he told them that a knight from King Arthur's court had come to avenge King Hermund's death, and his name is Sir Palomides, the good knight..For the most part, he follows the best Glaston. Then all the city made great joy, for they had heard much of Sir Palomides and his noble prowess. So they ordered a messenger and sent him to the two brothers, and had them prepare, for there was a knight coming who wished to fight them both. The messenger went to them where they were at a castle nearby, and there he told them that a knight had come from King Arthur's court to fight them both at once. He is welcome, they said. But tell us, we pray you, if it is Sir Lancelot or any of his blood. He is not of that blood, said the messenger. Then we care less, said the two brothers, for with none of Sir Lancelot's blood do we refuse to fight all. Wete ye well, said the messenger, that his name is Sir Palomides, who is still unbaptized, a noble knight. Well said they, and he is still unbaptized. He shall never be baptized. They appointed to be at the city within..Two days had passed, and when Sir Palomydes arrived at the city, they made great joy of him. They beheld him and saw that he was well-made, clean and unharmed, neither young nor old. All the people praised him, and though he had not yet been baptized, he behaved himself in the best manner and was faithful and true to his promise. He was also well-conditioned. Since he made an oath that he would never be baptized until he had fought seven battles within the lists, within the third day, these two brothers came to the city. One was named Holy, the other Helake. They were men of great prowess, yet false and full of treason. Despite their poverty and low birth, they were noble..brothers brought forty knights to that tent, intending to build enough for the red city. The two brothers arrived with great pride, for they had put the red city in fear and damage. They were brought to the lists, and Sir Palomydes entered the place and said, \"Are you the two brothers, Helyus and Helake, who killed your king and lord, Sir Hermance, through treason and felony? I have come here to avenge his death.\"\n\n\"Yes, we are the same knights who killed King Harmance,\" said Sir Helyus and Sir Helake.\n\n\"Sarasyn, Sir Palomydes, knows this,\" Sir Helyus added.\n\n\"It may well be said, Sir Palomydes,\" Sir Helyus continued. \"For I would not die if I were baptized. And yet I am not afraid of you both. But I trust in God that I shall die a better Christian man than either of you.\"\n\n\"You need not doubt it, Sir Palomydes,\" Sir Helyus concluded. \"Either you or I shall be left alive.\".In this place, the two brothers came against Sir Palomydes, and he against them as fast as their horses could run. By fortune, Sir Palomydes struck Helake through his shield and breast with a great blow. All this while, Sir Helyus held up his spear. For pride and arrogance, he would not strike Sir Palomydes with his spear, but when he saw his brother lying on the ground and no help was forthcoming for Sir Palomydes, he came hurlingly at him with his spear and struck him quite from his saddle. Then Sir Helyus rode over Sir Palomydes twice or thrice, and there Sir Palomydes was ashamed and took the horse from Sir Helyus by the bridle. With this, all the horses were aroused, and Sir Palomydes helped after. They both fell to the earth, but anon Sir Helyus started up lightly and there he struck Sir Palomydes a great stroke upon the helmet, causing him to kneel on his own knee. Then they lashed out with many sad strokes..Tracyd and Trauercyd fought back-to-back or side by side, hurting each other fiercely like two lords. At the same time, they both fell heavily to the ground. They continued to fight without respite for two hours without taking a breath. Sir Palomydes grew weary, while Sir Helyus grew increasingly strong and doubled his blows. Sir Palomydes was driven across the field by Sir Helyus. When the people of the city saw Sir Palomydes in this condition, they wept and cried greatly. The opposing party made great rejoicing noises. \"Alas,\" the men of the city said, \"this noble knight should not be slain for our kings' sake.\" As they wept and cried, Sir Palomydes, who had endured a hundred blows, marveled at his ability to still stand. At last, Sir Palomydes beheld the approaching crowd and then said to himself, \"Shame on me, Sir Palomydes, why do you lower your head so?\" With that, he raised his shield and looked Sir Helyus in the face..He struck him a great blow on the helmet, and after that another and another. Then he struck Sir Helius with such might that he fell to the earth, groaning. Removing his helmet, he struck him such a buffet that his head separated from his body. The people of the city were the happiest that could be, so they brought him to his lodgings with great solemnity. And there, all the people became his men. Sir Palomydes then prayed them all to take care of the lordship of King Hermance, for fair sirs, you well know I cannot stay with you now. For I must be with my lord king Arthur at the castle of Lonazep, which I have promised.\n\nThe people were very sad at his departure, for the entire city offered Sir Palomydes the third part of their goods, so that he would stay with them. But in no way could he stay at that time. And so Sir Palomydes departed, and so he came..Sir Ebel, as lieutenant, went to the castle where Palomydes was. When they learned of Palomydes' fate in the castle, there was great joy. Palomydes then departed and went to Lonazep's castle. Upon arriving at the Joyous Garden where Tristram and Isoud were, Tristram had commanded that any passing knight should report to him in the town. A townsperson came and informed Tristram of a handsome man in the town. \"What kind of man is he?\" Tristram asked. \"And what sign does he bear?\" The man relayed all the tokens of him, which were those of Palomydes, according to Dynadan. \"It may well be him,\" Tristram replied. \"Go to him,\" he instructed Dynadan. Dynadan went to Palomydes and they rejoiced in each other's company. That night, early in the morning, Tristram and Gareth arrived and found them in bed together..and so they arose and broke their fast. Sir Tristram then requested that Sir Palomides ride into the fields and woods. They were granted leave to rest in the forest. After they had played for a while, they rode to a fair well. And suddenly they saw an armed knight approaching them. They greeted each other. Then this armed knight spoke to Sir Tristram and asked, \"What are these knights who are lodged in Joyous Gard? I don't know what they are called, Sir Tristram. Are you knights errant? I don't seem to see any knights here. Are you knights or not? We don't want to tell our names. Will you not tell me yours?\" Then that knight kept silent, drawing his spear. He intended to run Sir Tristram through. Sir Palomides saw this and struck the knight's horse in the middle of the side. Both man and horse fell to the ground. With Sir Palomides..Sir Tristram pulled out his sword to kill him, \"Let him live, Sir Tristram,\" pleaded the knight. \"He is but a fool. It would be a shame to kill him. Instead, take away his spear and let him mount his horse and go where he will.\" The knight rose, groaning from his fall, took his horse, and rode away.\n\nWhen this knight was gone, Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides asked each other who they were. \"You know well that my name is Sir Tristram de Lyones,\" said Sir Tristram. \"And this knight's name is Sir Palomides.\" When he learned their identities, the knight took his horse and spear, fearing they would ask his name, and rode off swiftly through the thick and thin.\n\nA knight with a bent shield of ash appeared, named Epynogrys, who came towards them with a great charge. \"Tell me, my fair lords,\" he demanded of Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides, \"I follow the false knight who bears the life. I require you to tell me which way he went.\".Sir, have you seen him? He bears a shield with a reed case over it. Such a knight departed from us not a quarter of an hour ago. Please tell us his name.\n\nAlas, said Epynogrys, why let him escape from us? And he is the greatest fool among all errant knights. His name is Breuse, pity him not.\n\nAlas, that he ever escaped my hands, for he is the man in the world that I hate most. Then every knight made great sorrow to others. And so Epynogrys departed and followed the chase after him.\n\nThen Sir Tristram and his three companions rode to Joyous Gard. And there Sir Tristram spoke to Sir Palomydes about his battle at Red City. And as you have heard before, it ended thus.\n\nTruly, said Sir Tristram, I am glad you have fared well. Well said, Sir Tristram. We must move on now. And then he devised how it should be. Sir Tristram devised to send his two pages to set them up..fast by the well of Lonazep, and there shall be Queen Isoud. It is well said, said Sir Dynadan, but when Sir Palomydes heard of that, his heart was roused out of measure. Notwithstanding, he said little. So when they approached, Sir Palomydes would not have gone into the castle, but as Sir Tristram took him by the finger and led him into the castle. And when Sir Palomydes saw Queen Isoud, he was roused so much that he could not speak. So they went to dinner, but Palomydes could not eat, and there was all the cheer that could be had. And on the morrow they were appareled to ride towards Lonazep. So Sir Tristram had three squires, and Queen Isoud had three gentlewomen, and both the Queen and they were richly appareled, and they had no other people with them but varlets to bear their shields and spears. And thus they rode forth. So as they rode, they saw before them a route of knights, it was Sir Galahad with twenty knights..with hym / Fair felawes said Galyhodyn / yonder comen foure knyghtes and a ryche and a wel fayre lady / I am in wylle to take that lady fro them / That is not of the best coun\u00a6ceil said one of Galyhodyns men / but sende ye to them / and we\u00a6te what they wille saye / and soo hit was done / there came a sq\u2223uyer vnto sire Tristram / and asked them whether they wold Iuste or els to lese their lady / Not soo said sire Tristram telle your lord I byd hym come as many as we ben and wynne her and take her / Syre said Palomydes and hit please you le\u2223te me haue this dede / and I shalle vndertake them all foure / I wyll that ye haue it said sire Tristram at your pleasyr / Now goo and telle your lord Galyhodyn / that this same knyghte wylle encountre with hym and his felawes\nTHenne this squyer departed and told Galyhodyn / & thenne he dressid his shelde / and put forthe a spere / & sir Palomydes another / and there sire Palomydes smote Galy\u00a6hodyn soo hard that he smote bothe hors and man to the erthe\nAnd there he had an.Horrible fall / Then came another knight / and in the same way served him / and so he struck the third and fourth, hitting them over their horse's rumps / Sir Palomydes' spear was always whole / Then came six more knights from Galahodyn's men / and wanted to avenge themselves on Sir Palomydes / Let it be said, Sir Galahodyn, do not be so hasty / None of you all interfere with this knight / for he is a man of great generosity and honor / And if you were not able to interfere with him / and rightly so they held back\n\nSir Palomydes was ready for justice / And when he saw they would not / he rode to Sir Tristram / \"Well done, sir,\" said Sir Tristram / \"And may you have done so honorably, as a knight should\"\n\nGalahodyn was nearly a cousin to Galahad, the high prince / And this Galahodyn was a king within the country of Surlys / So, as Sir Tristram, Sir Palomydes, and Lady Isoud rode on, they saw before them four knights / And every man had his spear in his hand..The first was Sir Gawaine, the second Sir Viane, the third Sir Sagramore le Desirous, and the fourth was Dodinas le Sauvage. When Sir Palomides beheld them as the four knights were ready to joust, he prayed Sir Tristram to let him join as well, and if he struck him down, he asked Tristram to avenge him. \"Well said, Sir Tristram,\" he replied. \"You are not so unwilling to grant honor, and I would gladly increase your honor. And there, Sir Gawaine thrust his spear, and Sir Palomides, another, and they came so eagerly to the encounter that Palomides struck Gawaine to the ground, horse and all, in the same way he served Viane, Dodinas, and Sagramore. All these four knights, Sir Palomides struck down with various weapons. Then Sir Tristram departed towards Liones. And when they had departed, there came thither Galihodin with his ten knights to Sir Gawaine, and there he told him all how he had fared. \"I marvel,\" said Sir Gawaine, \"what knights they are.\".Sir Gawain, who was arrayed in green, and the knight upon the white horse who struck me down said, \"Galihodyn, and these are my three companions.\" He said the same to me, and so he did. Sir Gawain asked, \"Is it Sir Tristram or Sir Palomydes upon the white horse? And is that fair lady, Queen Isoud?\" They spoke of one thing and another. In the meantime, Sir Tristram continued on until he reached the well where his two pavilions were set up. There they alighted and made great preparations. Then Sir Tristram left Sir Palomides and Sir Gareth with Lady Beale Isoud, and Sir Tristram and Sir Dynadan rode to Lionesse to hear news. Sir Tristram rode upon Sir Palomides' white horse. When he entered the castle, Sir Dynadan heard a great horn blow. To the horn drew many knights. Sir Tristram asked a knight, \"What does the blast of that horn mean?\" The knight replied, \"It is a summons to all who will oppose King Arthur at this time.\".The first are the kings of Ireland, Suruluse, Lystynoyse, Northumberland, and the best part of Wales, and many other countries. They convened to understand what governance they shall be under. But the King of Ireland, whose name was Marhalt, father to the good knight Sir Marhaus, who slew Sir Tristram, had all the speech that Sir Tristram could hear. He said, \"Lords and fellows, let us look to ourselves. For well you know that King Arthur is surely of many good knights, or else he would not have come with so few knights against us. Therefore, by my counsel, let every king have a standard and a recognition by himself. That every knight may draw to their natural lord. Then may every king and captain help their knights if they have need. When Sir Tristram had heard all their counsel, he rode to King Arthur to hear of his counsel.\"\n\nBut Sir Tristram was not soon come to the place but Sir [...].Gawayne and Sir Galahad went to King Arthur and told him that the same green Knight in the green armor with the white horse had struck us down, and five of our fellows this same day. Arthur said well, and then called Sir Tristram and asked him what his name was. Sir Tristram replied, \"Sir, I shall be excused from telling you my name at this time. You shall not know it.\" And there Sir Tristram turned and rode his way. I am astonished, said Arthur, that that knight will not tell me his name. But go, Grifflet, in the name of God, and ask him to speak with me between us. Then Sir Gawain rode after him and overtook him. Sir Gawain told him that King Arthur had asked him to speak with him secretly. Sir Tristram replied, \"I will speak with him if I may turn back again, so long as you will ensure me that I will not be required to reveal my name.\" Sir Gawain agreed that he would not greatly desire to know it. So they rode to the appointed place until they came to King Arthur..Sir Kynge Arthur asked Sir Tristram, \"Why won't you tell me your name?\"\nSir Tristram replied, \"I have no reason to hide it.\"\n\"On which side will you fight?\" asked King Arthur.\n\"I have not decided yet,\" replied Sir Tristram. \"I will choose when I reach the field, and there I will stand.\"\nThe following day, they all armed themselves in green and went to the field. Young knights began to fight and perform noble deeds.\nGareth spoke to Sir Tristram and asked him to let him break his spear, as he felt shame to carry it again whole. When Sir Tristram heard this, he laughed and said, \"Do your best.\"\nThen, Sir Gareth took a spear and prepared to fight. A new knight, named Selyses, was present with the hundred knights. He was a good man..Sir Selyses then dressed Sir Gareth and they met in a fierce battle, striking each other so hard that both were knocked off their horses and to the ground. They were bruised and hurt, and the King with his hundred knights helped Selyses up. Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides helped Gareth back up, and they rode with Gareth to their pavilions. They removed his helmet.\n\nWhen Lady Beale Isoud saw Sir Gareth bruised in the face, she asked him what had happened. \"Lady,\" he replied, \"I had a great encounter, and as I suppose, I gave as good as I got. But none of my companions would come to my aid. Palomides said it was not just for any of us today, for there were no proven knights present, and they needed no help. When the other party saw you engage with them, they offered you a passing good knight of your age as a gift, for I know him well, his name is Selyses, and you worshipfully met him.\".Neither of you are dishonored, and therefore refresh yourselves, so that you may be ready and whole to justify ourselves tomorrow. As for that said Gareth, I shall not fail you, and I can mount my horse. Now, on which side does Tristram stand? We are all to meet there tomorrow. Sir Palomides said, \"You shall have my advice against King Arthur, as we are to meet there, for on his side will be Sir Launcelot and many good knights of his blood with him, and the more worship we shall win. That is truly knightly spoken,\" said Sir Tristram. \"And right so shall we do,\" they all replied. So they might have been lodged with the best, and on the morrow all were arrayed in green tents, and Lady Isoud in the same color and her three damsels. And right so these four knights came into the field and through it, and led Lady Isoud there, so that she should stand and behold all the justices in a bay window..but always she was concealed so that no man might see her face. Then these three knights rode straight to the party of the king of Scotes. When King Arthur had seen him do all this, he asked Sir Launcelot what those knights and that queen were. Sir Launcelot replied, \"I cannot tell you for certain, but if Sir Tristram is in this country or Sir Palomides, then it is they in certainty. And Isoud is the fair lady.\"\n\nArthur called to him Sir Kay and said, \"Go lightly and find out how many knights there are lacking at the round table. You may know by the seats.\" So Sir Kay went and saw, by the writing in the lack, that ten knights were missing. And these are their names that are not present: Sir Tristram, Sir Palomides, Sir Percival, Sir Gahers, Sir Epynogrances, Sir Dinadan, Sir La Hote Mal Taille, and Sir Pelleas the noble knight.\n\nArthur said, \"Some of these I dare undertake are here today against us.\" Then two brothers, cousins, came unexpectedly to Sir Gawaine. One was named Sir Edward..Sir Sadok, one of the high-ranking knights from Orkeney, approached King Arthur and requested the first place in the tournament. The king granted their request. Meanwhile, Sir Edward encountered the King of Scotes, who was accompanied by Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides. Edward defeated the King of Scotes, and Sadok brought down the King of Northwalys, causing a great cry on Arthur's party. Palomides grew enraged and prepared his shield and spear, charging towards Edward of Orkeney. Their clash was fierce, and Edward was knocked off his horse. Palomides then struck down Sadok over his horse's rump. \"I Jesu,\" Arthur exclaimed, \"What knight is that, dressed all in green? He is just, indeed.\" \"You know well, Sir Gawaine,\" Gawaine replied, \"He is a good knight, and yet shall be.\".You see Sir Gawain betters himself or he departs, and yet you will see Sir Gawain build another knight in the same color as he is. For the knight who struck you down, Sir Gawain, within these two days and seven, was the one who struck down my four cousins. He struck me down. While they were thus speaking, Sir Tristram came into the place on a black horse, and he did not stop. He struck down with one spear four good knights of Orkney, who were kin to Sir Gawain, Sir Gareth, and Sir Dinadan. Each of them struck down a good knight. Jesus said, \"Arthur, look at the knight on the black horse. He mightily and marvelously avenges.\" \"Wait,\" said Sir Gawain to the knight with the black horse, who had unseated Edward and Sadok at the beginning. Then Sir Tristram mounted his horse again and rode against the Orkney men, drawing his sword. He rode into the thickest press and there he struck down knights..helms and pulled away their shields / and hurled down many knights / he fought so fiercely that Sir Arthur and all knights were greatly astonished when they saw one knight do such great deeds of arms / and Sir Palomides did not fail on the other side / but did so marvelously well that all men were amazed / For King Arthur likened Sir Tristram, who was on the black horse, to a wild lion / and likened Sir Palomides, on the white horse, to a wild boar / and Sir Gareth and Sir Dinadan to eager wolves / But the custom was such among them that none of the kings would help each other / but all the fellowship of every standard would help each other as they could / but Sir Tristram did so many deeds of arms that the men of Orkeney grew weary of him / and so drew them towards Lonezep\n\nThen was the cry of Hercules and all manner of common people, \"The green knight has done marvelously and beaten all those of Orkeney.\" & there the heralds named Sir Tristram who sat upon the black horse had smitten..knights and Sir Palomides had defeated twenty knights, and most of these knights were from King Arthur's house and proved knights. So help me God said Arthur to Sir Lancelot. \"This is a great shame for us to see four knights defeating so many knights from my house,\" said Arthur. \"Therefore, make yourselves ready, for we will deal with them.\" \"Sir,\" said Lancelot, \"you know that there are two passing good knights, and it is not fitting for us now to deal with them, for they have suffered greatly today.\" \"I will avenge myself,\" said Arthur, \"and therefore take Sir Bleoberis and Sir Ector with you, and I will be the fourth,\" said Arthur. \"Sir, I will find myself ready, and my brother Sir Ector and my cousin Sir Bleoberis,\" they were ready and mounted. \"Choose, Sir Arthur, with whom you will encounter,\" said Sir Lancelot. \"I will meet with the Green Knight on the black horse that was Sir Gareth's.\".Tristram and Sir Bleoberis shall face the Green Knight on the white horse that was Sir Palomides, and my brother Sir Ector shall face the Green Knight on the white horse that was Sir Gareth. Then I must say that Sir Arthur must fight the Green Knight on the gray horse, which was Sir Dynadan. Now every man be careful with his companion, said Sir Launcelot, and they continued on to Gyders. There they encountered Sir Launcelot against Sir Tristram. So Sir Launcelot struck Sir Tristram so hard on the shield that horse and rider fell to the earth, but Sir Launcelot thought it was Sir Palomides and passed on. Then Sir Bleoberis encountered Sir Palomides and struck him so hard on the shield that Sir Palomides and his white horse fell to the earth. Sir Ector de Maris struck Sir Gareth so hard that he fell from his horse. And King Arthur encountered Sir Dinadan and struck him completely off his saddle..then the noise turned for a while about the green knights being slain down / when the King of Northgalis saw that Sir Tristram had fallen / then he remembered how great desires for arms Sir Tristram had shown / Then he prepared many knights according to custom, and such was the cry that what knight was struck down and could not be mounted again by his fellows or by his own strength that day he should be a prisoner to the party that had struck him down / So the King of Northgalis came in, and he rode straight towards Sir Tristram / And when he came near him / he alighted suddenly and took Sir Tristram's horse / and said, \"Noble knight, I know you not / from what country you are / but for the noble deeds that you have done today, take my horse / and let me do as well as I may\" / For as I help Jesus, you are more worthy to have my horse than I myself / \"Thank you, Sir Tristram,\" he said / \"and if I may, I shall repay you / look that you go not far from us.\".suppose I shall win you another horse / And there, Sir Tristram mounted upon his horse / and there he met with King Arthur / and he gave him such a blow on the helmet with his sword that King Arthur had no power to keep his saddle / Then Sir Tristram gave King of Northgalis, King Arthur's horse / then was there great press about King Arthur to mount again / But Sir Palomides would not allow King Arthur to mount again / but ever Sir Palomides struck on the right hand and on the left hand mightily as a noble knight / And this meantime Sir Tristram rode through the thickest of the press / and struck down knights on the right and on the left hand and raced off with helmets and so passed forth unto his pavilions / and left Sir Palomides on foot / and Sir Tristram changed his horse and disguised himself all in red horse and harness /\n\nWhen Queen Isabelle, Lady Isoud, saw that Sir Tristram was unhorsed and she did not know where he was, then she wept greatly / But sir..Tristram, upon arriving lightly in the field, was spotted by Lady Isoud. He performed great deeds with one large spear, slaying five knights without ceasing. Then, Sir Launcelot recognized him and regretted having struck him down. Sir Launcelot exited the press to rest, and soon returned. When Sir Tristram entered the press due to his great strength, he mounted Sir Palomides' horse, along with Sir Gareth and Sir Dinadan. They began to act marvelously, but neither Sir Palomides nor his two companions knew who had helped them back onto their horses. However, Sir Tristram was always near them, aiding them without their recognition, due to his change into red armor. Meanwhile, Lady Isoud was passing gladly when she recognized Sir Tristram on horseback. She laughed then..Sir Palomides beheld Isoud in the window, and when he saw her laugh, he took such rejoicing that he struck down whatever he met through the sight of her, so enamored was he with her love. Both Sir Tristram and Sir Launcelot would have had no sway over him at that time. In his heart, Sir Palomides wished that with his worship, he might have a duel with Sir Tristram before all men because of Lady Beale Isoud. Then Sir Palomides grew stronger, and all marveled at him. Whenever he cast his eye upon Isoud, he seemed like a lion, no man could withstand him. Sir Tristram then beheld Sir Palomides' behavior and said to Sir Dynadan: \"So God.\".Sir Palomydes is a passing good knight and well enduring. I have never seen him do such deeds nor have I heard tell that he ever did so much in one day. It is his day, said Dynadan, and he would say no more to Sir Tristram, but to himself he said, \"If you knew for whose love he does these deeds of arms, Sir Tristram would soon abate his courage.\" \"Alas,\" said Sir Tristram, \"Sir Palomydes is not christened.\" \"So said King Arthur, and so said all who beheld him. Then all the people gave him the prize as for the best knight that day, whether it be Sir Launcelot or Sir Tristram. Dynadan to himself: all this worship that Sir Palomydes has here this day, he may thank Queen Isoud. For had she been away this day, Sir Palomydes would not have received the prize.\n\nRight so came into the field Sir Launcelot du Lake and saw and heard the noise and cry and the great worship that Sir Palomydes had received. He armed himself against Sir Palomydes with great determination..myghty spear and long one, intending to strike him down. When Sir Palomides saw Sir Lancelot approaching him so quickly, he ran towards him with his sword as fast as he could. As Sir Lancelot was about to strike him, Sir Palomides struck his spear aside and struck it again with his sword. Sir Palomides charged at Sir Lancelot and thought to shame him. With his sword, he struck the neck of the horse Sir Lancelot rode. Then Sir Lancelot fell to the ground.\n\nA great and loud cry arose. \"Behold, Sir Palomides, the Saracen, has struck down Sir Lancelot's horse!\"\n\nAt that moment, many knights were angry with Sir Palomides because he had acted unfairly by killing the horse in a tournament instead of a life-or-death battle.\n\nWhen Sir Ector de Maris saw his brother, Sir Lancelot, treated with such disrespect and set upon him, he quickly grabbed a spear and charged at Sir Palomides..He struck him so hard that he knocked him off his horse. Sir Tristram saw Sir Torrance in readiness for battle. He then struck Sir Ector de Maris off his horse. Sir Lancelot donned his shield on his shoulder and, with his sword naked in his hand, approached Sir Palomides fiercely. \"Know well that you have done me the greatest disrespect that any knight has ever done to me in a tournament or in justice,\" he said. \"Therefore, I will avenge myself upon you. So be warned. A mercy, noble knight, said Palomides. And forgive my unknightly deeds, for I have no power or might to withstand you. I have done much today that I well know I have never done before or will ever do again in my life. Most noble knight, I beg for your mercy today. I promise you I will always be your knight as long as I live. And you take away my worship now. You take away the greatest worship that I have ever had or will ever have in my life. Well said, sir..Sir Launcelot: I must tell you, you have done most admirably today, and I understand which lady's love motivates you. Love is a great master, and if my lady were here instead, Sir Palomides, you should not take away the worship. But beware, lest your love be discovered, for Sir Tristram may regret it. And since my quarrel is not here, you shall have this day the worship, considering the great trouble and pain you have endured. With that, Sir Launcelot allowed Sir Palomides to depart.\n\nSir Launcelot, by great force and might, gained control of his own horse and twenty knights. Once Sir Launcelot was mounted, he performed many marvels, as did Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides in like manner. Then Sir Launcelot struck down Sir Dinadan and the kings of Scotland, Wales, and Northumberland with a spear..and the king of Lystines / Then Sir Launcelot and his companions defeated about forty knights / Next, the king of Ireland and the king of the Marches came to rescue Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides / A great battle ensued, and many knights were struck down on both sides / Sir Launcelot spared Sir Tristram, and he in turn spared him / Sir Palomides refused to engage with Sir Launcelot / There were skirmishes here and there / And then King Arthur sent out many knights from the Round Table / Sir Palomides was always at the forefront / And Sir Tristram fought so valiantly that the king and all others were amazed / Then the king signaled for lodgings / Since Sir Palomides had begun the fight first and never retreated nor left the field to rest, but continued to perform marvelously on foot or on horseback / And longest during the battle, King Arthur and all the kings granted Sir Palomides the honor and the praise for that day / Then Sir.Tristram commanded Sir Dynadan to fetch Queen Isoud and bring her to his two pavilions by the well. And so Dynadan did as he was commanded. But when Sir Palomides understood and knew that Sir Tristram was in the red armor and on the red horse, then were they all glad, and so were Sir Gareth and Sir Dynadan. For they all thought that Sir Tristram had been taken prisoner. Then every knight drew to his inn. And King Arthur and every knight spoke of those knights. But above all men, they gave the prize to Sir Palomides, and all knights who knew Sir Palomides were amazed at his deeds. Sir Launcelot said to King Arthur, \"As for Sir Palomides, he is the Green Knight. I dare say that for this day he is most worthy to have the degree. For he never wavered, never changed his ways, and began first and held on longest.\" And yet, well I know, said Sir Launcelot, \"there is a better knight than he, and that shall be proven or we shall see.\".Departed upon pain of my life / Thus they spoke on either side, and Sir Dynadan railed with Sir Tristram, saying, \"What the devil is upon this day, for Sir Palamides' strength never weakened but increased. And you, Sir Tristram, behaved yourself today as if you had been asleep. And therefore I call you a coward, Sir Tristram,\" said Sir Dynadan. \"I have never been called a coward by any earthly knight in my life,\" replied Sir Tristram. \"And you need not doubt, Sir Dynadan, that Sir Launcelot and I have a quarrel. He is too good for any knight who is living. And yet, from his suffering, largesse, bounty, and courtesy, I call him Sir Percival. And so, Sir Tristram was, in a manner, angry with Sir Dynadan. But all this language, Sir Dynadan spoke, intending to anger Sir Tristram and awaken his spirits.\".Dynas and Sir Tristram were thoroughly angry that Sir Palomides should receive the prize on the morrow. I do not know his peer, for today Sir Palomides said I acted uncourteously and unchivalrously towards Sir Lancelot and unknightly towards me in return. If he had been as uncourteous to me as I was to him this day, I would have gained no respect. Palomides said, \"I shall be Sir Lancelot's knight as long as my life lasts.\" This conversation took place in the halls of the kings, but all kings, lords, and knights spoke of clear knighthood and pure strength, bounty, and courtesy. Sir Lancelot and Sir Tristram bore the prize above all knights who ever were in Arthur's days. And there were not half as many deeds recorded as they did. No ten knights did half the deeds that they did, and there was never a knight in their days who required Sir Lancelot or Sir Tristram for any quest, except it was not to their shame, but they performed it..Sir Launcelot departed, and Sir Tristram was ready, along with Lady Isoud and Sir Palomides. They rode together happily into the forest. Sir Tristram left Sir Dinadan sleeping in his bed. As they rode, Launcelot stopped at a window and saw Sir Tristram ride by with Isoud. \"That is the fairest lady in the world, except for your queen, Dame Guinevere,\" Sir Launcelot said. \"Who is that, Sir?\" asked Sir Arthur. \"It is Queen Isoud,\" Sir Launcelot replied. \"She is beautiful.\"\n\n\"Take your horse,\" said Arthur. \"Armor up, and we will both ride to the forest. I promise you, I will see her.\"\n\nThey armed and mounted their horses, each taking a spear, and rode towards the forest. \"It is not good that you go so close to them,\" Sir Launcelot advised. \"For there are two knights as good as those living there. Therefore, be not hasty. There may be some...\".knights are displeased and suddenly approach them. I will see her, Arthur replied, for I harm none whom I grieve. Sir Launcelot, you put yourself in great danger, Launcelot retorted. As for that, the king replied, we will take the adventure. Right away, the king rode directly to her, greeted her, and said, \"God save you.\" She replied, \"Welcome, sir.\" The king then beheld her and was greatly pleased. Then Sir Palomides arrived and asked Arthur, \"Unknightly knight, what brings you here? You are unknightly to come uninvited to Queen Guinevere.\" Sir Palomides was angry, and with that, he took a spear and charged at King Arthur, striking him down with a spear. When Sir Launcelot saw this, despite his anger towards Sir Palomides, he thought not for his own sake but for Sir Tristram's. One thing I am sure of, he said to himself, if I strike down Sir Palomides, I must then fight with Sir Tristram, and that would be too much for me to handle..matche them both, for they are two noble knights, notwithstanding whether I live or I die, necessities must I avenge my lord, and so will I, whatever befalls me. And therewith Sir Launcelot cried to Sir Palomides, keep yourself from me. Then Sir Launcelot and Sir Palomides clashed with two spears strongly. But Sir Launcelot struck Sir Palomides so hard that he went quite out of his saddle and had a great fall. When Sir Tristram saw Sir Palomides have that fall, he said to Sir Launcelot, \"sir knight, keep yourself,\" for I must engage with him. As for engaging with me, said Sir Launcelot, \"I will not fail you. For no danger would I choose, for I will that you know that I must avenge my special lord who was unhorsed unfairly and unknightly. And therefore, though I avenged that fall, take no dispensation from him for it, for he is to me such a friend that I may not see him shamed.\" Immediately, Sir Tristram understood by his parson and by his knightly words that it was Sir Launcelot..Sir Tristram believed that King Arthur was the knight Sir Palomides had struck down. Then Sir Tristram took his spear from him and mounted Sir Palomides again, while Sir Launcelot helped mount King Arthur on his horse. Sir Tristram scolded Palomides, \"You did not act respectfully when you struck down that knight so suddenly. You brought great shame upon yourself. Good knights are expected to behold a fair lady, and you failed to do so. And be warned, your actions may turn to anger. The knight you struck down was King Arthur, and the other was the good knight, Sir Launcelot. I will not forget the words you called him - a man of great worship - which confirmed it was King Arthur. As for Sir Launcelot, even if there had been five hundred knights in the meadow, he would not have refused them. Yet he said:.He would refuse me; by that I knew it was Sir Launcelot, for he hindered me in every place and showed me great kindness. Of all knights, I took none; say what men will. He bears the flower of chivalry; say it himself, or he will be very angry and desires to do his vengeance without favor. I know him not alive, but Sir Launcelot is too hard for him, whether on horseback or on foot. I can never believe what Palomides said: that King Arthur will ride so privately as a poor errant knight. Sir Tristram said, \"You don't know my lord Arthur. For any knight may learn to be a knight from him. And a thing that is done cannot be undone,\" said Palomides. Then Sir Tristram sent Queen Isoud to her lodging in the priory there to behold all the tournament.\n\nThere was a cry to all knights that when they heard an horn blow, they should make justices as they did the first day. And like as the:.Edward and Sir Sadok began the tourney on the first day; Sir Wayne, the king's son, and Sir Lucanere, the butler, began on the second day. At the first encounter, Sir Wayne struck down the king's son of Sand; they broke their spears all to pieces, and both fell to the earth. Then, those from Dorkeney charged Sir Lucanere. Sir Tristram of Lyones came in, and then Sir Tristram struck down Sir Wayne. Sir Lucanere and Sir Palomides struck down two knights each. Sir Gareth struck down two knights. Then Sir Arthur said, \"Sir Launcelot has not yet begun; but you shall see him perform marvelously today.\" The duke's son of Orkeney came to the place, and they began to do many deeds of arms. When Sir Tristram saw them begin, he said to Palomides, \"How many are you?\" May you do as you did..Yesterday, Palomydes said to me, \"I feel so weary and sore, bruised by the events of yesterday, that I cannot endure as I did then. I repent, said Sir Tristram. I shall lack you today. Sir Palomydes replied, \"Do not trust me; I may not be able to do as I did. All these words Palomydes spoke to beguile Sir Tristram. Sir Tristram then said to Sir Gareth, \"Therefore, I must trust in you. I pray you, be not far from me to rescue me.\" Gareth replied, \"I shall not fail you in all that I can do.\"\n\nThen Sir Palomydes rode off by himself. In spite of Sir Tristram, he put himself in the thickest press among the men of Dorkeney. There he did such marvelous deeds with his arms that all men marveled. None could say to themselves, \"He is weary of my company.\" So Sir Tristram watched him for a long time and did little else, for the noise and cry were so great and loud..Sir Gareth spoke to Sir Tristram, saying, \"Do you not remember the words Sir Dynadan spoke to you yesterday when he called you a coward? He said it not out of malice, for you are the man he loves most. All he said was in your honor. Therefore, Sir Gareth asked Sir Tristram, \"Tell me today what you are. And do you not fear Sir Palomides, for he strives to win all the worship and honor from you? I believe it is true, Sir Tristram. And then, if I force myself, the noise will leave him. \"\n\nSir Tristram rode into the thickest press and performed marvelously well, doing great deeds of arms. All men said that Sir Tristram did twice as many deeds of arms as Sir Palomides had done beforehand. Then the noise ceased from Sir Palomides, and all the people cried out for Sir Tristram..Tristram said the people see how Sir Tristram smites down with his spear so many knights, and see said they all how many knights he smites down with his sword, and of how many knights he rashes off their helms and their shields. And so he beats them all of Orkeney before him.\n\nSir Launcelot said to King Arthur, \"I told you that this day there would be a knight performing his pageant. You may see him yonder, he does knightly, for he has strength and wind.\"\n\n\"So God help you, said Arthur to Launcelot, you speak the truth.\"\n\n\"Sir, take note, said Launcelot, it must be him, that noble knight, Sir Tristram.\"\n\n\"I may right well believe it, said Arthur.\"\n\nBut when Sir Palomides heard the noise and the cry turned from him, he rode out on one side and held Sir Tristram. And when Sir Palomides saw Sir Tristram do so marvelously well, he wept passingly sore for sorrow..He knew well / he should not win worship that day / for Sir Palomides well knew that Sir Tristram would show his strength and manhood, he should receive only scant worship that day.\nThen came King Arthur and the King of Northgalis, Sir Launcelot du Lake, and Sir Bleoberis, Sir Bors de Ganys. These three knights came into the field with Sir Launcelot. And then Sir Launcelot, with the three knights of his kin, performed such great deeds of arms that all the noise began upon Sir Launcelot. And so they beat the King of Wales and the King of Scots far back and forced them to leave the field. But Sir Tristram and Sir Gareth remained still in the field and endured all that came. That all men marveled that any knight might endure so many strokes. But ever Sir Launcelot and his three kinsmen, by Sir Launcelot's command, protected Sir Tristram.\nThen said Sir Arthur, \"Is that Sir Palomides who endures so well?\" \"No,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"Do you know?\".Sir Tristram is the good knight. Over there, you may see Sir Palomides watching and holding back, doing little or nothing. You should know that Sir Tristram intends to lead us all out of the field today. I will not do it; let someone else. Sir Launcelot spoke to Arthur, \"You can see how Sir Palomides is watching over there, as if in a dream. Sir Tristram is very skilled in arms. Then, Sir Arthur said, \"Indeed, Sir Palomides has never been, nor will ever be, as skilled as Sir Tristram. If he harbors any envy towards Sir Tristram and engages him in combat on his side, he is a false knight.\"\n\nAs King Arthur and Sir Launcelot spoke, Sir Tristram rode quietly out of the press. Only La Beale Isoud and Sir Palomides kept their eyes on him.\n\nWhen Sir Tristram reached his pavilion, he found Sir Dinas in his bed, asleep.\n\nAwake..\"said Tristram, you ought to be ashamed to sleep while knights have work in the field. Then Sir Dynadan arose lightly and said, Sir, what will you have me do? Make yourselves ready, said Sir Tristram, to ride with me into the field. When Sir Dynadan was armed, he looked upon Sir Tristram's helmet and shield. And when he saw so many strokes upon his helmet and shield, he said, In good time was I thus asleep. For had I been with you, I must needs, for shame, have followed you. More for shame than any prowess that is in me, which I see well now by these strokes, I should have been truly beaten as I was yesterday. Leave your japes, said Sir Tristram, and come off that. We were in the field again. What said Sir Dynadan? Your heart was up yesterday, you seemed, said Sir Tristram. Then Sir Tristram was armed in black armor. O Jesu, said Dynadan, what ails you today? You seem wilder than you were yesterday. Then Sir Tristram smiled and said to Dynadan, Be gone.\".Sir Palomides saw that Sir Tristram was outmatched, so he planned to shame him. Therefore, Sir Palomides rode to a knight who was severely wounded and sat under a fair well from the field. The knight said to Sir Palomides, \"I implore you to lend me your armor and shield. My armor is well-known in this field, and it has caused me great harm. You shall have my armor and my shield, which is as good as yours.\" The knight agreed, and Sir Palomides quickly armed himself in the knight's armor and shield, which shone like crystal or silver, and rode in..And then there was neither Sir Tristram nor any of King Arthur's party who knew Sir Palomides. As Sir Palomides entered the field, Sir Tristram struck down three knights before him, in full view of Sir Palomides. And then Sir Palomides rode towards Sir Tristram, and they met each other with great spears that shattered in their hands. They clashed with swords eagerly. Then Sir Tristram marveled at what knight he was fighting against so valiantly. Angrily, Sir Tristram realized he might not be able to handle the remaining knights due to Sir Palomides' strength. So they clashed and exchanged many heavy blows. Many knights marveled at who could be the knight encountering the Black Knight, Sir Tristram. Lady Beale Isoud, who watched from her window, recognized Sir Palomides fighting with Sir Tristram..that she stood as Sir Palomides changed his armor with the wounded knight, and then she began to weep so heartily for the disdain of Sir Palomides that she fainted. Then Sir Lancelot entered with the knights of Orkney. And when the others saw Sir Lancelot, they cried, \"Return, return! Here comes Sir Lancelot of Lake!\" So knights came and said to Sir Lancelot, \"You must necessarily fight with that knight in the black armor, who is Sir Tristram. For he has almost overcome that good knight who fights against him with the silver shield, which was Sir Palomides.' Then Sir Lancelot rode between Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides, and Sir Lancelot said to Palomides, \"Sir knight, let me have the battle, for you need to rest.\" Sir Palomides knew Sir Lancelot well, and so did Sir Tristram. But because Sir Lancelot was a far harder knight than himself, he was glad and allowed Sir Lancelot to fight with Sir Tristram. For well he knew.Sir Launcelot didn't know Sir Tristram, and he hoped to best or shame him, with Sir Palomides in favor. Sir Launcelot gave Sir Tristram many sad strokes, but Sir Launcelot didn't know Sir Tristram, while Sir Tristram well knew Sir Launcelot.\n\nThey fought a long time, and Lady Isoud was nearly out of her mind from sorrow. Then Sir Dinadan told Sir Gareth that the knight in the black armor was Sir Tristram, and this was Launcelot who fought with him, the one who must necessarily have the better of him because Sir Tristram had endured much trouble that day.\n\n\"Let us strike him down,\" said Sir Gareth. \"It's better that we do this than let Sir Tristram be shamed,\" said Sir Dinadan. \"For over there, the strong knight with the silver shield is coming to fall upon Sir Tristram if necessary.\"\n\nThen, with all his strength, Gareth charged Sir Launcelot and gave him a great stroke on his helmet, stunning him. Sir Dinadan came forward..Sir Launcelot struck Sir Lancelot with such a blow that horse and rider fell to the earth. \"O Jesu,\" said Sir Tristram to Sir Gareth and Sir Dinadan, \"shame on you, why did you strike down such a knight as he is, and especially when I was engaged with him? Now you bring shame upon yourselves and disrespect him.\" I considered him a worthy opponent even if you had not aided me.\n\nThen Sir Palomides, disguised, struck down Sir Dinadan from his horse. After Sir Launcelot had struck him first, Sir Launcelot assaulted Sir Dinadan severely. Sir Dinadan defended himself mightily. But Sir Tristram understood that Sir Dinadan could not withstand Sir Launcelot. Therefore, Sir Tristram was sorry.\n\nThen Sir Palomides approached Sir Tristram freshly. When Sir Tristram saw him coming, he thought to deliver him at once because he would help Sir Dinadan, who was in great peril with Sir Launcelot.\n\nSir Tristram charged towards Sir Palomides..Sir Tristram gave him a great buffet, and then Sir Tristram seized Sir Palomides and pulled him down beneath him. And so Sir Tristram fell with him. Sir Tristram leapt up lightly and left Sir Palomides, and went between Sir Lancelot and Dinadan. And then they began to do battle with each other. Right so Sir Dinadan took Sir Tristram's horse and said aloud that Sir Lancelot might hear it: \"My lord, Sir Tristram, take your horse.\" And when Sir Lancelot heard him call Sir Tristram, \"O Jesu,\" said Lancelot, \"what have I done? I am dishonored.\" \"My lord, Sir Tristram,\" said Lancelot, \"why were you disguised? You have put yourself in great peril today. But I pray you, noble Knight, to forgive me. For had I known you, we would not have done this battle.\"\n\nSir Tristram said, \"This is not the first kindness you have shown me. So they were both mounted again. Then all the people on one side gave Sir Lancelot the honor and the degree, and all the people on the other side gave to the noble knight..Sir Tristram claimed the honor and degree, but Launcelot objected, saying, \"I am not worthy to have this honor. I will report to all knights that Sir Tristram has been in the field longer than I. He has struck down many more knights than I have today. Therefore, I will give my voice and name to Sir Tristram, and so I ask all my lords and companions to do the same. Then, the voices of dukes, earls, barons, and knights declared Sir Tristram to be the best knight that day.\n\nThey then proceeded to lodgings. Queen Isoud was led to her chambers, but you should know she was extremely angry with Sir Palomides. She had seen all his treason from the beginning to the end. Neither Sir Tristram, Sir Gareth, nor Dinadan knew of Sir Palomides' treason at the time. However, you will later hear about what befallen Sir Palomides that could.\n\nOnce the tournament was over, Sir Tristram, Sir Gareth, and Dinadan rode with Launcelot..Beale, Isoud brought Paulions to, and ever Sir Palomides rode with them, disguised as he was. But when Sir Tristram had seen him, that he was the same knight with the silver shield, who had held him so hot that day, Sir knight said, \"Sir Palomides, you are not needed here; therefore, I pray you depart from us.\"\n\nSir Palomides answered, \"You, Sir knight, from this fellowship will I never depart, for one of the best knights in the world commanded me to be in this company, and till he discharges me from my service, I will not be discharged.\"\n\nSir Tristram knew that it was Sir Palomides. Sir Palomides said, \"Noble knight, Sir Tristram, are you such a knight as you have been named wrongly? For you have long been called a gentle knight. And as this day you have shown me great ungentle behavior. For you had almost brought me to my death. But as for you, I suppose I should have done well enough, but\".Sir Launcelot was superior to all other knights, I know of no knight living who is better than Sir Launcelot and he will do his utmost. Alas, said Sir Palomides, are you, my lord, Sir Tristram? You and I know well enough, by my knighthood said Palomides, until now I did not know it was you. I thought you were the King of Ireland, for I well knew you bore his arms. His arms I have said, Sir Tristram, and that I will stand by. For I wish to have them in a fight through false leches. Yet he was never granted to me, Sir Palomides said, I thought you had been turned against Sir Launcelot's party, and that caused me to turn. You speak truly, said Sir Tristram, and so I forgive you. Then they rode into their pavilions, and when they were alone they disarmed and washed their faces and hands. But when Isoud saw Sir Palomides, she changed her colors in anger and could not speak. Suddenly, Sir Tristram saw her..countenance and said, \"Madame, why have you caused us such cheer? We have been sore troubled this day. My own lord, Lady Isoud, for God's sake, be not displeased with me, for I cannot do otherwise. I saw today how you were betrayed and came close to death. Truly, sir, I saw every detail of how and in what way, and so, sir, how should I suffer in your presence such a felon and traitor as Sir Palomides? I saw him with my own eyes. He held still on his horse until he saw you come back in the direction from which you had gone out. Then, immediately, I saw him ride to the hurt knight and change his armor. And as soon as he had found you, Sir Palomides willfully engaged in battle with you. As for him, I was not greatly afraid, but I feared greatly for Launcelot, who did not know you. Madame, said Palomides, 'You may say what you will. I may not contradict you, but by my knighthood, I did not know Sir Tristram.'\".Palomydes said to Sir Tristram, \"I will take your excuse, Sir, but well I knew you spared me little. But all is pardoned on my part. Then Lady Isoud held down her head and said no more at that time. And therewithal, both knights armed came to the pavilion and alighted there. And they came in armed at all pieces. Fair knights said Sir Tristram, you are to blame to come thus armed at all pieces upon me. Why don't we come to our meal? If you had any reason when we were in the field, there you might have eased your hearts. Not so said one of the knights. We did not come for that intent. But know this, Sir Tristram, we have come hidden as your friends. And I have come here to see you, and this knight has come to see Lady Isoud.\" Then said Sir Tristram, \"I require you to remove your helmets so that I may see you.\" And when their helmets were removed, Sir Tristram thought that he should know them. Then Sir Dinadan spoke privately..Sir Tristram, who is Sir Launcelot of the Lake, spoke to you first, and the other is my lord King Arthur. Then Sir Tristram said to Lady Isoud, \"Arise, for here is my lord King Arthur.\" The king and queen kissed each other, and Sir Launcelot and Sir Tristram embraced one another. There was great joy, and at Lady Isoud's request, King Arthur and Launcelot disarmed. Then there was merry conversation.\n\nLady Isoud said to Sir Arthur, \"It is many a day since I have desired to see you, for you have been praised so much. And now I dare say you are the fairest that I have ever seen. Sir Tristram is as fair and as good a knight as any we know. Therefore, it seems fitting that you are together.\"\n\n\"Thank you, lady,\" said Sir Tristram and Isoud. \"Your great goodness and generosity are unparalleled.\"\n\nThey spoke of many things and of all the knights. But King Arthur asked, \"Sir Tristram, why were you against me?\".vs/ you are a knight of the Round Table / you should have been with us / Sir said, \"Sir Tristram, here is Dinadan and Sir Gareth, your own new cause against you.\" / My lord Arthur said, \"Gareth, I may well bear the blame, but it was Sir Tristram's own deeds.\" / Dinadan said, \"for this unhappy Sir Tristram brought us to this tournament, and many great battles he caused us to have.\" Then the king and Launcelot laughed that they could not sit. / What knight was that, said Arthur, who held you so short? / This with the shield of silver, / Sir said, \"Sir Tristram, here he sits.\" / What said Arthur, was it Sir Palomides? / \"You know well it was,\" he said, La Beale Isoud. / \"So help me God,\" said Arthur, \"this was unchivalrously done by you, of such good lineage. Many people call you a courteous knight.\" / Sir Palomides said, \"I did not know Sir Tristram.\" / \"So help me God,\" said Launcelot, \"it may well be. / But I marvel why you turned against our party.\".Launcelot did the same thing for the same reason, said Sir Tristram. I have forgiven him, and I would be rightly pleased to leave his company, for I greatly enjoy it. They then departed and spoke of other things. In the evening, King Arthur and Sir Launcelot departed to their lodgings. But know this, Sir Palomides deeply regretted all that night, for he had never rested in his bed. Instead, he waited and wept excessively.\n\nIn the morning, Sir Tristram, Gareth, and Dinadan rose early and went to Sir Palomides' chamber. They found him still asleep, for he had spent the night awake. It was evident from his cheeks that he had wept profusely.\n\n\"Say nothing,\" said Sir Tristram. \"I am certain he has taken anger and sorrow for the rebuke I gave him.\"\n\nThen Sir Tristram had Sir Palomides called and told him to prepare himself, for it was time to go to the field. When they were ready, they were armed and clothed in red, including Isoud and all of them..and so they led her past the field to the priory, where she was lodging, and then they heard three blasts. Every king and knight prepared for battle. The first to readiness was Sir Palomides and Sir Kay, a strange knight of the Round Table. And so they encountered each other. But Sir Palomides struck Sir Kay so hard that he knocked him quite off his horse's rump. And with that, Sir Palomides struck down another knight and took his spear and drew his sword, performing wonderfully. Then the noise grew greatly against Sir Palomides. \"Look,\" said King Arthur, \"Sir Palomides is beginning his pageant.\" \"So help me God,\" said Arthur, \"he is a passing good knight.\" And as they stood talking thus, Sir Tristram came in like thunder and encountered Sir Kay the Seneschal. There he struck him down quite from his horse. And with that same spear, Sir Tristram struck down three more knights..Sir Palomides pulled out his sword and did most wondrously, then the noise and cry changed from Sir Palomides and turned to Sir Tristram and all the people cried, \"O Tristram, O Tristram.\" And then Sir Palomides was completely forgotten.\n\n\"How now,\" said Launcelot to Arthur, \"there rides a knight who plays his pranks. So help me God, said Arthur to Launcelot, \"you shall see this day that those two knights shall do wonders.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said Launcelot, \"one knight waits upon the other, and goads himself through envy to pass the noble knight, Sir Tristram, and he knows not of the secret envy that Sir Palomides has for him. For all that, the noble Sir Tristram acts through pure knighthood, and then Sir Gareth and Dinadan did most wondrously great deeds of arms as two noble knights, and King Arthur spoke of them with great honor and worship. And the kings and knights of Sir Tristram's side passed well and held them in high regard.\"\n\nSir Arthur and Sir Launcelot took their leave..horses and dressed them, then we rode into the thickest of the press. Sir Tristram, unknown to us, struck down King Arthur. Sir Launcelot wanted to rescue him, but there were so many against Sir Launcelot that they pulled him down from his horse. The kings of Ireland and Scotland, with their knights, made an effort to capture King Arthur, and Sir Launcelot was their prisoner. When Sir Launcelot heard them say this, he felt like a ravenous lion, for he felt that no knight dared come near him. Then Sir Ector de Maris came, bearing a spear against Sir Palomides. He struck it through him to the hilt. Sir Ector came again and gave Sir Palomides such a blow with his sword that he fell down upon his saddle bow. And immediately Sir Ector pulled Sir Palomides under his feet. Sir Ector de Maris then gave Sir Launcelot a horse and urged him to mount. But Sir Palomides leapt forward and grabbed the horse instead..horses by the bridle / and leapt into the saddle / \"So help me God,\" said Lancelot, \"you are more worthy to have that horse than I\" / Then Sir Ector brought Sir Lancelot another horse / \"Thank you,\" said Lancelot to his brother / And when he was mounted again, with one spear he struck down four knights / Then Sir Lancelot, with King Arthur and a few of his knights from Sir Lancelot's kin, performed marvelous deeds / for that time, Sir Lancelot struck down and pulled down thirty knights / Notwithstanding, the other party held them so firmly to their girdons that King Arthur and his knights were overmatched / And when Sir Tristram saw that King Arthur and his knights were laboring, and in particular the noble deeds that Sir Lancelot did with his own hands, he marveled greatly\nThen Sir Tristram called to him Sir Palomides, Sir Gareth, and Sir Dinadan / and said to them, \"My fair fellows, know that\".I will join King Arthur's side, for I have never seen fewer men perform so well. It will be a shame for us knights of the Round Table to see our lord King Arthur and the noble knight Sir Launcelot dishonored. Sir Gareth and Sir Dinadan, do your best, said Palomides. I will not change my party that I came in with, said Sir Tristram. God speed you on your journey, said Sir Palomides, and he departed from them. Then Sir Tristram, Gareth, and Dinadan joined Sir Launcelot. Sir Launcelot then knocked down the King of Ireland from his horse, and so did Sir Launcelot the King of Scotland and the King of Wales. Then King Arthur ran up to Sir Palomides and knocked him off his horse. Sir Tristram defeated all whom he met. Sir Gareth and Sir Dinadan acted as noble knights. Then all the parties began to flee. Alas, said Palomides, that I should ever see this day..for now I have lost all the worship that I want and then, sir Palomides went his way, weeping. And so he withdrew himself until he came to a well. There he dismounted and doffed his armor and wailed and wept like a woodman. Then many knights gave their pledge to Sir Tristram, and there were many who gave their pledge to Sir Launcelot.\n\nFair lords said Sir Tristram, I thank you for the honor you would bestow upon me, but I earnestly pray that you would give your voices to Sir Launcelot, for by my faith said Sir Tristram, I will give my voices to Sir Launcelot, but Sir Launcelot would not have it. And so the pledge was given between them both.\n\nThen every man rode to his lodging. Sir Bleoberis and Sir Ector rode with Sir Tristram and Lady Beale Isoud to her pavilions.\n\nThen as Sir Palomides was at the well, weeping, there came by him flying the king of Wales and Scotland. They saw Sir Palomides in this state.\n\nAlas, said they, what a noble man this is..You be/should be in this army/and then the kings got Sir Palomides\nhis horse again/and made him arm himself and mount/upon it, and so he rode with them, making great sorrow/ \u00b6So when Sir Palomides came near the pavilions there, where Sir Tristram and Lady Isoud were,/then Sir Palomides prayed the two kings to stay there while he spoke with Sir Tristram/And when he came to the entrance of the pavilions/Sir Palomides said aloud, \"Sir Tristram of Lyones, Sir?\"/ \"Sir,\" said Dynadan, meaning Palomides, \"what does Sir Palomides want? Why won't he come in among us?\"/\"Traitor!\" said Palomides./\"You know well and it's as daylight as it is night that I would slay my own hands./And if ever I may get hold of the said Palomides, you shall die for this day's deed./\"/\"You know me wrongly,\" said Sir Palomides./\"But since you give me such a large warning, I shall be on my guard.\"/\"Traitor!\" said Palomides..And there they departed. Sir Tristram, Sir Bleoberis, and Sir Ector de Maris. Sir Gareth and Sir Dinadan, some by water and some by land, brought Isoud to Joyous Gard. They remained there for seven nights, making all the merriments and disposures they could. King Arthur and his knights drew near to Camelot. Sir Palomides rode with the two kings. And ever he made the greatest sorrow that any man could think, for he was not only so sorrowful for the parting from Fair Isoud, but he was equally sorrowful to part from Sir Tristram. At the end of the seventh night, Sir Bleoberis and Sir Ector departed from Sir Tristram and from the Queen. They received great gifts. Sir Gareth and Sir Dinadan remained with Sir Tristram. When Queen Guenevere arrived..was lodged in a castle by the sea side / And through the grace of God, the queen was recovered from her malady / \u00b6 Then she asked the two knights where they came from, they said that they came from Sir Tristram and Lady Isoud / how does Sir Tristram do, said the queen and Lady Isoud, replied the knights, he does as a noble knight should do, and as for the Queen Isoud, she is peerless among all ladies, for speaking of her beauty, bounty, and mirth, and of her goodness, we have seen none to match as far as we have ridden and gone. O mercy, Jesus said Queen Guinevere, so says all the people who have seen her and spoken with her. God would that I had a share of her conditions, and it is my misfortune that I was afflicted with my sickness during that turnament. And as I suppose, I shall never see in all my life such an assembly of knights and ladies as you have done. Then the knights told her how Palomides won the degree on the first day, and Sir Tristram on the second day..Sir Launcelot and Sir Tristram reproached Sir Palomides for excelling in the three days of the tournament, as Queen Guinevere declared. \"May God help me,\" said these knights. Sir Launcelot and Sir Tristram had caused him to lose a great part of his respect due to Sir Palomides' apparent envy. \"He shall never gain respect,\" Queen Guinevere declared, \"for an envious man once gains respect, he will be dishonored twice. Therefore, all men of respect despise an envious man and will show him no favor. And he who is courteous, kind, and noble finds favor everywhere.\"\n\nNow let us leave this matter and speak of Sir Palomides, who rode and lodged with the two kings, whose moods were heavy. The King of Ireland sent a man to Sir Palomides and gave him a great horse. The King of Scotland also gave him generous gifts. And willingly they would have had Sir Palomides stay with them, but in no way would he stay..Departed and rode, as adventures would guide him, until it was nearly none. Then, in a forest by a well, Sir Palomydes saw where lay a fair wounded knight and his horse tethered by him. The knight made the greatest doleman make for him, for ever he wept and sighed as though he would die. Then Sir Palomydes rode near him and spoke gently to him and said, \"Fair knight, why do you weep? Let me lie down and weep with you. For doubt not, I am much sorrowier than you are.\" Sir Palomydes said that his sorrow was a hundredfold more than the knight's, and therefore let them lament together.\n\nFirst spoke the wounded knight, \"I require you to tell me your name. For if you be none of the noble knights of the Round Table, you shall never know my name. Whatsoever comes of me.\"\n\nFair knight, said Palomydes, \"Such as I am, be it better or be it not, Sir Safyr and Sir Segwaries are my two brothers. And know well as for myself, I was never christened. But my two brothers...\".A truly christened noble knight said that knight is well with you. I am Epynogrys, the king's son of Northumberland. Now sit down, said Epynogrys, and let us each complain to other. Then Sir Palomydes began his complaint. Now I shall tell you, said Palomydes, what woe I endure. I love the fairest queen and lady that ever lived, and you well know her name is Lady Isoud, queen Mark's wife of Cornwall. That is folly, said Epynogrys, to love Queen Isoud. For one of the best knights of the world loves her, that is Sir Tristram of Lyones. That is true, said Palomydes. For no man knows that matter better than I do. For I have been in Sir Tristram's fellowship this month and with Lady Isoud at Gyders. Alas, said Palomydes, unhappy man that I am, I have lost the fellowship of Sir Tristram forever and the love of Lady Isoud forever. And I am never likely to see her again. Sir Tristram and I are each other's mortal enemy..enemyes. Epynogrys said, \"You loved Lady Isoud, who loved you in return by anything you could think that gave her pleasure, not by my knighthood,\" said Palomydes. \"I never saw that she loved me more than the world, nor did I have pleasure with her. But the last day she gave me the greatest rebuke I ever had, which shall never leave my heart. And yet I deserved that rebuke, for I did not behave knightly, and therefore I have lost Lady Isoud's love and Sir Tristram's as well. I have many times forced myself to do many deeds for Lady Isoud's sake, and she was the cause of my winning in the fellowship of Sir Tristram.\n\nEpynogrys replied, \"Your sorrow is but a jest to my sorrow. I rejoiced in my lady and embraced her with my hands, and lost her again that day. I first embraced her,\" Epynogrys said. \"Lady Isoud was an earl's daughter. And when the earl and two knights came from the tournament at Lonezep, for her sake I set upon...\".this earl and two knights, with my lady present, were there. By fortune, I slew the earl and one knight, while the other knight fled. That night, I had my lady. The following morning, as my lady and I rested by this wellside, an errant knight appeared, named Sir Helior le Preux, a hardy knight. He challenged me to fight for my lady. Then we fought first on horseback and later on foot. But in the end, Sir Helior wounded me so severely that he left me for dead. He took my lady with him. \"My sorrow is greater than yours,\" said Palomydes. \"But since I can never recover myself, I promise you this: if I can meet Sir Helior, I will return your lady to you, or else he will defeat me.\" Then Sir Palomydes ordered Sir Epynogrys to take his horse, and they rode to an hermitage. There, Sir Epynogrys remained. Meanwhile, Sir Palomydes walked privately out..rest beneath the leves, and there beside him he saw a knight come riding with a shield he had seen Sir Ector de Maris bear beforehand. After him came ten knights and housed themselves beneath the leves for heat. Then after these ten knights came a knight with a green shield, and there, in a white lion leading a lady on a palfrey. The knight with the green shield, who seemed to be master of the ten knights, rode fiercely after Sir Helior. For it was he who had hurt Sir Eopynogrys. When he came near Sir Helior, he asked him to defend his lady. \"I will defend her to my power,\" Helior replied. And so they ran at each other so mightily that either knight struck the other down from their horses and both fell to the earth. Then they rose lightly and drew their swords and shields, and lashed at each other mightily for more than an hour. All this Sir Palomides saw and beheld, but at the last the knight with Sir Ector's shield was victorious..knight struck down sir Helyor and then that knight removed his helmet to strike his head. He cried mercy and begged him to spare his life and take his lady. Then sir Palomydes dressed him up because he knew that the same lady was Epynogry's. He promised to help him. Then sir Palomydes went straight to the lady and took her hand, asking her if she knew a knight named Epynogry.\n\n\"Alas, I have known him and he has known me,\" she replied. \"For his sake, I have lost my honor, and his life grieves me most of all.\"\n\n\"Come on with me,\" said Palomydes. \"Epynogry is here in this hermitage.\"\n\n\"Well, I am glad,\" the lady said. \"May he be alive.\"\n\n\"Will you go with that lady?\" the knight asked Sir Ector. \"I will do as I please with her,\" Palomydes replied. \"You spoke too soon,\" the knight said. \"Though you seem to have the advantage because you saw me in battle not long ago, you...\".Sir knight, you shall not take away that lady from me so easily/ not by a long shot. You may be as good a knight as Sir Lancelot, Sir Tristram, or Sir Palomides, but you shall win her from me more dearly than ever I did. And so they went into battle on foot, and there they gave each other grievous wounds. They fought steadily for more than an hour. Then Sir Palomides marveled at what knight he might be who was so strong and so well endured. And thus spoke Palomides, \"Sir, I beg you to tell me your name.\" \"Indeed, that knight replied, \"My name is Safyr, son of King Asand. Sir Palomides and Sir Segwarydes are my brothers. Now know this well, my name is Sir Palomides.\" Then Sir Safyr knelt down before him and begged for mercy. And they unlaced their helmets, and each kissed the other weeping..Sir Epynogrys arose from his bed and heard them by the strokes. He armed himself to help Sir Palomydes if necessary. Then Sir Palomydes took the lady by the hand and brought her to Sir Epynogrys. There was great joy between them, for each swooned from joy upon meeting. Fair knight and lady, Sir Safer spoke, \"It is pitiful to part you now. Ijesu send you joy, each from the other.\" \"Many thanks, kind knight,\" Epynogrys replied, and much more gratitude to my lord Sir Palomydes, who through his prowess had helped me obtain my lady.\n\nSir Epynogrys requested that Sir Palomydes and Sir Safere, his brother, ride with them to his castle for his safety. \"We will be ready to conduct you because you are severely wounded,\" Sir Palomydes said. And so, Epynogrys and his lady were mounted, and his lady rode behind him on a soft ambulator. They rode to his castle where they had great cheer and joy as great as ever experienced by Sir Palomydes and Sir Safere..Sir Safere and Sir Palomides departed and rode as fortune led them all day until after noon. They heard a great weeping and noise coming from a manor. Sir Palomides said, \"Let us know what this is, Sir Safere.\" They rode towards the manor until they came to a fair gate. An old man was sitting there, saying his prayers. Sir Palomides and Sir Safere dismounted and entered the gates. They saw many good men weeping inside.\n\n\"Fair sirs, why do you weep and make this sorrow?\" asked Palomides. One of the knights of the castle recognized him and went to his lord. \"Fellow knights, know well that we have in this castle the same knight who killed our lord at Lonzep. I recognize him; it is Sir Palomides.\" They all went to arms..on horseback and some on foot, numbering three score. When they were ready, they came freshly upon Sir Palomides and Sir Safere with great noise and said, \"Keep Sir Palomides. For thou art known, and by right thou must be dead for thou hast slain our lord. Therefore know well, we will kill thee. Therefore defend thee.\" Then Sir Palomides and Sir Safere faced each other and gave many great blows and received many great blows. They fought with twenty knights and forty gentlemen for nearly two hours. But at last, though they were both Sir Palomides and Sir Safere, they were taken and held in a strong prison. Within three days, twelve knights passed upon them. They found Sir Palomides guilty, but Sir Safere not guilty of their lords' death. And when Sir Safere was to be delivered, there was great sorrow between Sir Palomides and him, and many pitiful complaints that Sir Safere made at his departure. There is no...\n\n(Assuming the missing text is not important for the context, I have left it as is).maker can receive the tenth part. Fair brother said, \"Palomydes, let be thy dolour and thy sorrow. And if I am ordered to die a shameful death, welcome it. But had I known of this death that I am deemed unto, I would never have been yielded. So, Sir Saper, departed from his brother with the greatest dolour and sorrow that ever made knight.\n\nAnd on the morrow, they of the castle ordered twelve knights to ride with Sir Palomydes to the father of the same knight that Sir Palomydes slew. And so they bound his legs under an old sand there Sir Palomydes should have justice. This was their ordinance. And so they rode with Sir Palomydes quickly by the Castle of Joyous Gard.\n\nAnd as they passed by that castle, there came riding out of that castle by them one who knew Sir Palomydes. And when that knight saw Sir Palomydes bound on a crooked horse, the knight asked Sir Palomydes, \"For what cause are you led so?\" A my fair fellow and knight said Palomydes, \"I ride towards my death for the...\".A knight's death at Lonezep's tournament. Had I not departed from my lord Sir Tristram as I ought not to have done, I would have surely lived. But I ask you, Sir Knight, recommend me to my lord Sir Tristram and to my lady Queen Isoud. Inform them if I ever transgressed to them, I ask for their forgiveness. Also, recommend me to my lord King Arthur and to all the knights of the Round Table within my power. Then that knight wept for the pity of Sir Palomides. And with all haste, he rode to Joyous Gard. Lightly dismounting from his horse, he went to Sir Tristram. There he recounted all as you have heard. And ever the knight wept as if he were mad.\n\nWhen Sir Tristram learned of Sir Palomides' death, he was grieved. Yet, I am angry with Sir Palomides, but I will not allow him to die such a shameful death, for he is a noble knight..Sir Tristram armed himself and took his horse, accompanied by two squires, and rode a great pass towards the castle of Pelomes, where Sir Palomides was to be judged to death. Twelve knights who led Sir Palomides passed by a well where Sir Launcelot was dismounted and had tied his horse to a tree, taking a drink from the well. When he saw these knights, Sir Launcelot put on his helmet and allowed them to pass by him. Then he saw Sir Palomides being bound and led shamefully to his death. \"Jesus, what misfortune has befallen him that he is led to his death in such a way?\" asked Sir Launcelot. \"It would be a disgrace for me to let this noble knight die, and I might be able to help him,\" he declared. \"I will help him, no matter what the consequence may be, or I shall die for Sir Palomides' sake.\" Sir Launcelot then mounted his horse and took up his spear, riding after the twelve knights who led Sir Palomides. \"Fair knights,\" he called out to them..You knight, it seems unfortunate for him to ride bound,\nSuddenly these twelve knights turned their horses,\nAnd to Sir Launcelot they said, \"Sir Knight, we advise you not\nTo interfere with this knight, for he has deserved death,\nAnd to death he is condemned. That grieves me to say,\nSir Launcelot, that I may not borrow him favor,\nFor he is over good a knight to die such a shameful death.\nFair knights, Sir Launcelot, keep yourselves as well as you can,\nFor I will redeem that knight or die for it.\"\n\nThen they began to prepare their spears,\nAnd Sir Launcelot struck down the first horse and rider,\nAnd so he served three more with one spear,\nAnd then that spear broke,\nAnd therewith, all Sir Launcelot drew his sword,\nAnd then he struck on the right hand and on the left hand,\nThen within a while he left none of those twelve knights,\nBut he had laid them to the earth,\nAnd the most part of them were sore wounded,\nAnd then Sir Launcelot took the best horse he found..Sir Palomydes loosed the reins and mounted his horse, and they returned again to Joyous Gard. Then Sir Palomydes was aware of Sir Tristram as he rode by. And when Sir Launcelot saw him, he recognized him, but Sir Tristram did not know him because Sir Launcelot wore a golden shield. So Sir Launcelot prepared to fight with Sir Tristram, so that he would not think it was Sir Launcelot. Then Sir Palomydes loudly called out to Sir Tristram, \"My lord, Sir Tristram, I implore you not to fight with this knight, for this good knight saved me from death. When Sir Tristram heard him say this, he approached them softly. Then Sir Palomydes said, \"My lord, Sir Tristram, I am deeply in your debt for your great kindness in offering your noble body to save me, an undeserving man. I have greatly offended you. Yet here we met with this noble knight who rescued me from twelve knights.\".Sir Tristram spoke and struck them down all, wounding them severely. Fair knight, Sir Tristram said to Sir Launcelot, I am a knight errant, Sir Launcelot replied, riding to seek many adventures. What is your name, Sir Tristram asked. Sir Launcelot, at this time I will not tell you. Then Sir Launcelot said to Sir Tristram and Palomides, you two are now meeting. I will depart from you. Not so, Sir Tristram replied, I pray you, of knighthood, ride with me to my castle. You know well, Sir Launcelot said, I may not ride with you. For I have many deeds to do in other places, and all this time I may not abide with you. Have mercy, Jesus, Sir Tristram pleaded, as you are a true knight of the order of knighthood, play with me this night. Then Sir Tristram received a grant from Sir Launcelot. Though he had not desired it, he would have ridden with them or soon come after them, for Sir Launcelot had come to that country for no other reason than to see Sir Tristram..Tristram and when they had come with joy into the garden, they alighted, and their horses were led to a stable. They disarmed them. When Sir Launcelot was unhelmed, Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides knew him. Then Sir Tristram took Sir Launcelot in his arms, and so did Lady Guinevere. Sir Palomides knelt down on his knees and thanked Sir Launcelot. When Sir Launcelot saw Sir Palomides kneel, he lightly took him up and said, \"You well know, Sir Palomides, that I and any knight in this land owe you true right, succor and rescue, such a knight as you have proven and are renowned throughout this realm and beyond.\" Then there was joy among them. The more often Sir Palomides saw Lady Guinevere, the heavier he grew day by day. Within three or four days, Sir Launcelot departed, and with him rode Sir Ector de Maris. Sir Dinadan and Sir Palomides were left with Sir Tristram for two months and more. But ever Sir Palomides..Sir Palomydes, distressed and puzzled that all men wondered why he had faded away so, secluded himself in the forest one day. There, he discovered a well. Peering into the water, he was shocked to see his own reflection, which bore no resemblance to his former self. \"Palomydes, Palamydes,\" he lamented, \"why art thou so changed, once hailed as one of the fairest knights in the world? I can bear this life no longer, for I can never regain or recover. And there, by the well, he took his life. In the meantime, Sir Tristram rode into the forest that day to hunt the wild game, but he vowed never to ride unarmed again due to Sir Breuse's death. As Sir Tristram rode through the forest, he heard a song..Sir Palomides lay low by the well, and it was Sir Palomides whom Sir Tristram found there, for he suspected that some knight had been there before. When Sir Tristram approached, he dismounted and tethered his horse to a tree. Then he came near on foot, and there he saw Sir Palomides lying by the well, singing low and merrily. The complaints were from the noble Lady Isoud, who was most beautifully and wonderfully spoken, and full sadly and pitifully made. All the company sang the noble knight, Sir Tristram, the entire song from beginning to end, which grieved and troubled him greatly. But at last, when Sir Tristram had heard all of Sir Palomides' complaints, he was filled with rage and thought to kill him there. However, Sir Tristram remembered that Sir Palomides was unarmed and recalled the noble name that Sir Palomides bore, as well as his own..self had then he made a restraint of his anger & so he went unto Sir Palomydes, a soft pas, and said, Sir Palomydes, I have heard your complaint and of your treason that you have owed me so long. And well you know therefore, you shall die. And if it were not for shame of knighthood, you should not escape my hands. For now I know well that you have betrayed me with treason. Tell me, said Sir Tristram, how will you acquit yourself? Sir Palomydes replied, Thus I will acquit myself. As for Queen Isoud, you shall well know that I love her above all other ladies in this world. And well I wote it shall befall me as for her love, as befell to the noble knight, Sir Kehydius, who died for the love of Queen Isoud. And now, Sir Tristram, I wish you to know that I have loved Queen Isoud many a day, and she has been the cause of my worship. Else I had been the simplest knight in the world. For by her, and because of her, I have won the worship that I have. Whenever I remember me of her..Beale Isoud I want the worship of the one I came to most / and yet she never rewarded nor bestowed anything on me in the days of my life / and yet I have been her knight, unbidden / Therefore, Sir Tristram, for any death I fear not / for I had rather die than live / And if I were armed as you are, I would easily do battle with thee / Well, have you uttered your treason, said Tristram / I have done no treason, said Palomydes / for love is free for all men / and though I have loved your lady, she is my lady as much as yours / but if I have wronged, if anyone has wronged / for you rejoice in her, and have your desire of her / and so have I never and never wished to have her / and yet I will love her to the uttermost days of my life as much as you.\n\nThen said Sir Tristram, I will fight you to the uttermost / I grant you that, said Palomydes / for in a better quarrel I never keep from fighting / for if I die by your hands, by the hands of a better knight may I not be slain / And since I understand that I shall..Sir Tristram spoke to fair Isoud, \"I am as eager to die as to live.\" He set a day for battle, Sir Tristram said. Fifteen days from now, Paidin of Palomides declared, \"I will meet you here, in the meadow under Joyous Gard.\" Sir Tristram scolded, \"Shame on you, Palomides, setting such a long delay. Let us fight until morning.\" But Palomides replied, \"I am weaker and have been long sick for the love of fair Isoud. I will rest until I have my strength back.\" Then Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides promised faithfully to meet at the well on the fifteenth day. Sir Tristram reminded Palomides, \"You once broke a promise to me when I rescued you from Breuse and nine knights. Then you promised me to meet me at the pier and the grave beside Camelot. Yet at that time you failed to keep your promise.\" Palomides answered, \"I was in prison that day and could not fulfill my promise.\" God help me, Palomides said to Sir Tristram..sir Tristram had not been present if you had kept your promise / Right away, sir Tristram and sir Palomides departed. Sir Palomides took his horse and armor and rode to King Arthur's Court. There, he obtained four knights and four sergeants of arms. He then returned to Joyous Gard. In the meantime, sir Tristram hunted and pursued all kinds of game. About three days before the battle was to take place, as sir Tristram hunted, an archer shot at a deer. Unfortunately, he hit sir Tristram in the thick of his thigh. The arrow killed sir Tristram's horse and injured him. When sir Tristram was badly hurt, he took another horse and rode to Joyous Gard with great sadness, not only because of the promise he had made to sir Palomides to do battle with him within three days, regardless of any injury to his thigh..Neither man nor woman could comfort him with anything they could do, neither Queen Isoud, for he believed that Sir Lancelot had injured him so severely that he should not be able to battle with him on that day. But in no way was there any knight about Sir Tristram who would believe that Sir Palomides would ever hurt Sir Tristram, neither by his own hands nor by anyone else's consent. Then, when the fifteenth day came, Sir Palomides came to the well with four knights from Arthur's court and three sergeants-at-arms. For this purpose, Sir Palomides brought the knights with him and the sergeants-at-arms, for they should bear witness to the battle between Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides. One sergeant brought his helmet, another his spear, and the third his sword. So Palomides came into the field and remained near two hours, and then he sent a squire to Sir Tristram and asked him to come into the field..Sir Tristram heard that the squire, Palomides, was coming to Joyous Gard. Upon learning this, Sir Tristram commanded the squire to come to his presence as he lay in bed. \"My lord, Sir Tristram said to Palomides, you know that I am in the field, and I will tell you whether we will fight or not. I am very weary from these news. If I were well, I would not lie here nor would you need to send for me. I could either ride or go. And you may tell your lordship that I am no liar. Sir Tristram showed him the wound, which was six inches deep. Now that you have seen my injury, tell your lordship that this is no falsehood. I would rather have all the gold of King Arthur than be injured. Tell Palomides that as soon as I am healed, I will seek him, both endlong and across, and I promise you as a true knight. If ever I may meet him.\".He shall have battle with me, his fill, and with this, the squire departed. When Palomydes knew that Tristram was hurt, he was glad and said, \"Now I am sure I shall have no shame, for I well knew I should have had hard handling from him. And likely, I must have had the worse. For he is the hardest knight in battle that now lives, except for Sir Launcelot. Then, Sir Palomydes departed where fortune led him. Within a month, Sir Tristram was whole of his wound. He took his horse and rode from country to country, and all strange adventures he encountered wherever he rode. And always he inquired for Sir Palomydes, but of all that quarter of summer, Sir Tristram could never meet with Sir Palomydes. But as Sir Tristram sought and inquired after Sir Palomydes, Sir Tristram encountered many great battles, where through all the noise fell to Sir Tristram. And therefore, Sir Launcelot's brothers and his kinfolk would have slain him..sire Tristram by cause of his fame / But whanne syre launcelot wyste how his kynnesmen were sette / he said to them openly wete yow wel that and the enuy of yow alle be soo hardy to wayte vpon my lord sire Tristram with ony hurte / shame / or vylony / as I am true knyghte / I shalle slee the best of yow with myne owne handes / Allas fy for shame shold ye for his noble dedes awayte vpon hym to slee hym / Ihesu defende said launcelot that euer ony noble kn\u2223yghte as syre Tristram is shold be destroyed with treason / Of this noyse and fame sprange in to Cornewaile / and amonge them of Lyonas / wherof they were passynge gladde / and made grete Ioye / And thenne they of Lyonas sente letters vnto sire Tristram of recommendacyon / and many grete yeftes to mayn\u00a6tene sir Tristrams estate / and euer bitwene sir Tristram resor\u00a6ted vnto Ioyous gard where as la Beale Isoud was that loued hym as her lyf / \n\u00b6Here endeth the tenthe book whiche is of syr Tristram\nNOW leue we syr Tristram de lyones / & speke we of sire launcelot.Before Sir Galahad was born, an hermit came to King Arthur on a Wednesday, as the knights sat at the round table. The hermit asked the king and all the knights why the siege was empty. Sir Arthur and all the knights answered that no one would ever sit in that siege except for one, but only if he was destroyed.\n\nThe hermit then said, \"Do you know who it is?\" \"No,\" Arthur and all the knights replied. \"I do,\" said the hermit. \"He who will sit there is unborn and ungotten. This very year, he will be born and he will win the Holy Grail when I have made this prophecy. After this feast, Sir Launcelot rode out on his adventure until one day. \".time by adventure he passed over the point of Corbin, and there he saw the fairest tour he ever saw. And thereunder was a fair Town full of people, and all the people, men and women, cried out at once, \"Welcome, Sir Launcelot of the Lake, the flower of all knighthood. For by thee, we shall be helped out of danger.\" What mean you, said Sir Launcelot, that you cry so upon me? A fair knight said they all, \"Within this Tower is a dolorous lady who has been there in pain for many winters and days. She boils in scalding water, and but late Sir Gawain was here and could not help her. So may I say, Sir Launcelot, leave her in pain as well as Sir Gawain did. Nay, said the people, we know well that it is Sir Launcelot who shall deliver her. Well said Launcelot. Then they brought Sir Launcelot into the Tower. And when he came to the chamber, there the doors of iron were unlocked and unbolted..Sir Launcelot entered the chamber, which was as hot as a stove. In it, he took the fairest lady by the hand he had ever seen. She was naked as a needle, having been put there by Queen Morgan le Fay and the Queen of Northgalis for being called the fairest lady in the country. She had been there for five years, unable to be delivered from her great pains until the best knight in the world took her hand. The people then brought her clothes. Once she was dressed, Sir Launcelot thought her the fairest lady in the world. If it were Queen Guinevere, this lady said to Sir Launcelot, \"Sir, if it pleases you, come with me into this chapel so we may give thanks and praise to God.\" Lady, I will come with you,\" Sir Launcelot replied. When they arrived and gave thanks to God, all the people, both learned and lowly, did the same..And he said, \"Sir Knight, since you have delivered this lady, you shall deliver us from a serpent in a tomb. Then Sir Launcelot took his shield and said, \"Bring it here. Whatever I can do for the pleasure of God and you, I will do. So when Sir Launcelot arrived, he saw written upon the tomb letters of gold that said, \"Here shall come a knight of royal blood, and he shall say this: The knight that comes shall engender a lion in this foreign country, which lion shall surpass all other knights. Then Sir Launcelot lifted up the tomb, and an horrible and fearsome dragon spitting fire from its mouth came out. Sir Launcelot drew his sword and fought with the dragon for a long time. At last, with great pain, Sir Launcelot killed that dragon. Then King Pelles the good and noble knight appeared and addressed Sir Launcelot, \"Fair knight, I require you in the name of knighthood to tell me your name.\" Sir Launcelot replied..Sir Launcelot, my name is King Pelles of the foreign country, and I am a close kin to Joseph of Armathia. We both held each other in high regard, and so we entered the castle to take our repast. Suddenly, a figure appeared at a window, and in her mouth seemed a little golden censer. An exquisite fragrance filled the room, and on the table appeared all manner of foods and drinks we could think of.\n\nA damsel entered, passing fair and young, bearing a golden vessel in her hands. The king knelt devoutly before her, and said his prayers. All present did the same.\n\n\"O Jesus,\" said Sir Launcelot, \"what does this mean?\"\n\n\"This is the richesst thing any man living possesses,\" the king replied. \"And when this occurs, the Round Table shall be broken. Know well, Sir Launcelot, this is the Holy Grail you have found.\".Here Sir King Pellinore and Sir Launcelot spent most of the day, and King Pellinore earnestly desired to find a way to have Sir Launcelot lie with his daughter, Fair Elaine. For this purpose, the king knew that Sir Launcelot should father a child upon his daughter, who would be named Sir Galahad, the good knight, by whom all foreign lands would be freed from danger, and the Holy Grail would be enchased.\n\nThen a lady named Dame Brysen emerged and said to the King, \"Sir, you know that Sir Launcelot loves no lady in the world but Queen Guinevere alone. Therefore, by counsel, I will make him lie with your daughter, and he shall not know but that he lies with Queen Guinevere.\"\n\n\"Fair lady Dame Brysen,\" said the king, \"do you dare bring this about? Sir, upon pain of my life, let me deal with it.\" For Brysen was one of the greatest enchantresses at that time in the world..Then a messenger, sent by Dame Brysen, came to Sir Launcelot, bearing a ring from Queen Guinevere, similar to one she usually wore. When Sir Launcelot saw this, he knew well where his lady was. \"Where is my lady?\" he asked. \"In the castle of Carisbrooke,\" the messenger replied, \"five miles from here.\" Sir Launcelot decided to reach there that same night.\n\nDame Brysen, following King Pelles' command, sent Elaine with twenty-five knights to Castle Carisbrooke. Sir Launcelot rode against the night towards that castle. Upon arrival, he was received warmly by the people who were loyal to Queen Guinevere.\n\nWhen Sir Launcelot dismounted, he asked where the Queen was. \"She is in her bedchamber,\" Dame Brysen replied, and the others were dismissed. Sir Launcelot was then led to his chamber..brought Sir Launcelot a cup full of wine, and as he had drunk that wine, he became so intoxicated and mad that he could make no delay, but went straight to bed. He believed that Lady Elaine had been Queen Guinevere. Indeed, Sir Launcelot was glad, and Lady Elaine was pleased that she had obtained Sir Launcelot in her arms. For she well knew that that night would be spent with Galahad, who would prove to be the best knight in the world. They lay together until under the morrow. And all the windows and holes of that chamber were stopped so that no man of the day might be seen. And then Sir Launcelot remembered himself, and he rose up and went to the window. And as soon as he had unsheathed the window, the enchantment was gone. Then he knew himself that he had done amiss. Alas, he said, I have lived so long, I am ashamed. So he took his sword in his hand and said, thou traitress, what art thou that I have lain with all this night? thou.Shalt thou right here from my hands. Then this fair lady Elaine stepped out of her bed naked and knelt down before Sir Lancelot, and said, \"Fair courteous knight, come from kings' blood, I require you have mercy upon me. And as thou art renowned the most noble knight of the world, slay me not, for I have in my womb him who shall be the most noble knight of the world. A false traitress said, Sir Lancelot, why have you betrayed me? Tell me what you are. Sir she replied, I am Elaine, the daughter of King Pelles. Well said, Sir Lancelot, I will forgive you this deed. And therewith he took her up in his arms and kissed her, for she was as fair a lady and as lovely and young and wise as any living. So God help me said Sir Lancelot, I may not tell this to you, but she who cast this enchantment upon me lies between you and me. And I may find her, that same lady Brisene, she shall lose her head for witchcraft, for there was never knight deceived so..As I am this night, Sir Launcelot armed and dressed himself, took leave of young Elaine mildly, and departed. She said, \"My lord, Sir Launcelot, I beseech you to see me as soon as you may. I have obeyed my father's prophecy and given the greatest riches and fairest beauty I ever had - my maidenhood - which I shall never have again. Kind knight, grant me your good will.\"\n\nSir Launcelot dressed and armed himself, took leave of young Elaine mildly, and departed. He rode to Corbyn Castle, where her father was. As soon as her time came, she was delivered of a fair child and named Galahad. You should know that child was well kept and well nourished. He was named Galahad because Sir Launcelot was so named at the fontain stone. After that, the Lady of the Lake conferred knighthood upon him..Launcelot du lake / Thenne after this lady was delyuerd and chirched / there came a knyghte vnto her / his name was sire Bromel la pleche / the whiche was a grete lord and he hadde loued that lady longe / and he euermore desyred her to wedde her / and soo by no meane she coude putte hym of / Tyl on a day she said to syr Bromel / wete thow wel sir kny\u0292t I wille not loue yow / for my loue is set vpon the best kny\u0292t of the world / who is he said syr Bromel. syr she said it is syre Launcelot du lake that I loue and none other / and therfore\nwowe me no lenger / ye saye wel said sir Bromel / And sythen ye haue told me soo moche / ye shalle haue but lytel Ioye of sir launcelot / for I shal slee hym where someuer I mete hym / sire said the lady Elayne / doo to hym noo treason / wete ye wel my lady said Bromel / and I promyse yow this twelue moneth I shalle kepe the pounte of Corbyn for syr launcelots sake / that he shalle neyther come ne goo vnto yow / but I shall me\u2223te with hym / \nTHenne as hit felle by fortune and.aduenture sire Bo\u2223rs de ganys that was neuewe vnto sir Launcelot cam ouer that brydge / and ther syre Bromel and sire bors Iusted / & sir Bors smote syre Bromel suche a buffet that he bare hym ouer his hors croupe / And thenne syre Bromel as an hardy knyghte pulled out his suerd / and dressid his sheld to doo bataille with syr Bors / And thenne syr Bors aly\u0292te / and auoyded his hors / and there they dasshed to gyders ma\u2223ny sadde strokes / and long thus they foughte / tyl att the laste syr Bromel was leyd to the erthe / and there syre bors began to vnlace his helme to slee hym / Thenne syr bromel cryed syre bors mercy / and yelded hym / vpon this couenaunt thou shalt haue thy lyf said syr bors / soo thou goo vnto syr launcelot vp on whytsondaye that next cometh and yelde the vnto hym as knyghte recreaunt / I wille doo hit said syr bromel / and that he sware vpon the crosse of the swerd / and soo he lete hym de\u2223parte / and syr bors rode vnto kynge Pelles / that was within Corbyn / And whanne the kynge and Elayne.His daughter wished that Sir Boris was new to Sir Launcelot. They made him great cheer. Then Dame Elayne marveled where Sir Launcelot was, for he had never been here but once. Meruelle did not speak of Sir Bors, for he had been in prison with Queen Morgan le Fay, King Arthur's sister, for half a year. Dame Elayne said, \"Alas, it repents me,\" and Sir Bors beheld the child in her arms, and it seemed to him passing like Sir Launcelot. Truly, Elayne knew well that this child was Galahad, who would sit in the perilous seat and guard the Holy Grail. He would be much better than Sir Launcelot le Lake, his own father. Then Sir Bors wept for joy and prayed to God that he might prove to be as good a knight as his father was. And so came in a white dove, and she bore a little censer of gold in her hand. And there were all manner of foods and drinks, and a maiden bore the Holy Grail, and she said openly, \"Know ye well, Sir Bors, that this child is Galahad, who will sit in the perilous seat and guard the Holy Grail. He will be much better than Sir Launcelot le Lake, his own father.\".then they knelt down and made their devotions. And there was such a savory smell that all the spices in the world could not have been there. And when the dove took flight, the maiden vanished with the Holy Grail as she came. Sir said to King Pelles, \"This castle may be named the Castle Adventurous, for here are many strange adventures. It is true, said the king. For well may this place be called the place of adventures, for few knights win any worship here, however strong he may be. Sir Gawain, the good knight, gained but little worship here, for I tell you, King Pelles. No knight shall win any worship here unless he is worthy of it and lives well, and loves and fears God. And even the hardiest man will get no worship here.\" \"What do you mean in this country?\" asked Sir Bors. \"I don't know,\" replied Sir Bors. \"For you have many strange adventures, and that is why I will stay in this castle.\".this night, you shall not do so, said King Pellinore by my counsel, for it is hard, and you cannot escape without shame. I shall take the adventure that will befall me, said Sir Bors, then I counsel you to confess clean, the king told you. As for that, Sir Bors, I will be shriven with a good will. So Sir Bors was confessed. And for all women, Sir Bors was a virgin, save for one - that was the daughter of King Brangor. And on her, he got a child that was named Elaine. And save for her, Sir Bors was a chaste maiden. And so Sir Bors was led to a fair, large chamber. Many doors were shut about the chamber. When Sir Bors had closed all the doors, he excluded all people. For he could have no one with him. But in no way would Sir Bors arm himself, but he lay himself down upon the bed. And right then,\nhe saw come in a light that he could well see - a great and long spear that came straight towards him, pointing at him. And to Sir Bors, it seemed that the head of the spear burned brightly..A knight named Bors struck the spear head into Sir Bor's shoulder, dealing a deep wound that caused him great pain. He fell down again. Immediately, another knight appeared, armed with his shield on his shoulder and sword in hand. He urged Sir Bors to rise and fight him. \"I am injured,\" Sir Bors replied, \"but I will not fail you.\"\n\nSir Bors rose and prepared his shield. They clashed fiercely for a great while. At last, Sir Bors pushed the knight backward until he reached a chamber door. The knight entered the chamber and rested for a long time. When he emerged again, he renewed the battle with Sir Bors with great force.\n\nSir Bors thought he should no longer rest in that chamber and positioned himself between the knight and the chamber door. He struck the knight down and ended the fight..Then that knight yielded to him, \"What is your name?\" said Sir Bors.\n\"Sir,\" he replied. \"I am Pedyr of the Straight Marches.\"\nSo Sir Bors made him swear at Whitsunday coming to be at the court of King Arthur and deliver him there as a prisoner, an overcome knight by the hands of Sir Bors.\nSo Sir Pedyr of the Straight Marches departed.\nAnd then Sir Bors lay down to rest. And then he heard and felt much noise in that chamber. And then Sir Bors saw that there came in someone - he didn't know whether it was at the doors or windows. Shots and quarrels were so thick that he marveled. And many fell upon him and hurt him in the bare places.\nAnd then Sir Bors was aware that an hideous lion came in. So Sir Bors disarmed himself and approached the lion. And immediately the lion tore off his shield and with its sword, Sir Bors struck off the lion's head.\nRight away, Sir Bors saw a dragon passing by in the court, horrible to behold. And it seemed that letters of gold were written in its forehead. And Sir Bors..The letters signified King Arthur. Right away, an horrible knight and an old man appeared, and they fought each other for a long time and engaged in great battle. At last, the dragon spat out of its mouth as if it had been a hundred dragons. The small dragons quickly slew the old dragon and took it apart. An old man then entered the hall and seemed to see two serpents around his neck. The old man had a harp and sang an old song about Joseph of Armathia coming to this land. After he had finished singing, the old man told Sir Bors to leave, for he would have no more adventures and had done well and would do better hereafter. Sir Bors seemed to see the whitest dove with a little golden sensor in its mouth. And with all that, the terrible tumult ceased and passed away, which was marvelous to hear. The entire court was filled with good fragrances..Sir Bors saw four children bearing four fair torches, and an old man in their midst, holding a thurible in one hand and a spear in the other. This spear was called the spear of vengeance.\n\nThe old man then spoke to Sir Bors, \"Go to your cousin, Sir Launcelot, and tell him of this adventure which would have been most fitting for him of all earthly knights, but sin is so foul in him, he cannot achieve such holy deeds. Had it not been for his sin, he would have surpassed all the knights that ever were in his days. Tell Sir Launcelot of all worldly adventures he passes through in manhood and prowess, but in spiritual matters he shall have many equals or superiors. And then Sir Bors saw four gentlewomen approaching him, kneeling down before an altar of silver with four pillows. It seemed as if a bishop knelt down before that table of silver. As Sir Bors looked over his head, he saw a sword like silver hanging over his head, and its cleanness thereof..Sir Boris saw something that made him blind at that time, and there he heard a voice that said, \"Go hence, Sir Boris. You are not yet worthy to be in this place.\" He then went back to his bed until the morning. King Pelles made great joy of Sir Boris on the morning, and he departed and rode to Camelot. There he found Sir Launcelot du Lake and told him of the adventures he had seen with King Pelles at Corbin. The news spread in Arthur's Court that Sir Launcelot had gotten a child with Elaine, the daughter of King Pelles. Queen Guinevere was angry and gave many rebukes to Sir Launcelot, calling him a false knight. Sir Launcelot then told the queen everything, and how he was made to lie with her by enchantment in the likeness of the queen. The queen held Sir Launcelot excused. According to the book, King Arthur had been in France and had waged war on the mighty King Claudas, and had won much of his lands. When the king.When King Pelles' daughter, Dame Elayne, heard of this great feast that all lords and ladies of England should attend, she went to her father and asked him for permission to ride there. The king replied, \"I will allow you to go, but on one condition: you must love me and have my blessing. Be wise in the richest way possible, and do not spare any cost. Ask for whatever you need.\" With the advice of Dame Brysen, her maid, all things were prepared for her, making her the most richly adorned lady ever seen. She rode with twenty knights, ten ladies, and gentlemen, accompanied by a hundred horses. Upon her arrival at Caemelot, King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, along with all the knights, declared that Dame Elayne was the fairest and best-dressed lady they had ever seen in their court. And as soon as King Arthur learned of her arrival, he said,.Mette her and sold her. And so did most parties of all the knights of the Round Table, including Sir Tristram, Sir Bleoberis, Sir Gawaine, and many more whom I will not recount. But when Sir Launcelot saw her, he was ashamed, and because he had drawn his sword in the morning when he had lain by her, he would not sell her nor speak to her. Yet Sir Launcelot thought she was the fairest woman he had ever seen in his life days. But when Dame Elaine saw that Sir Launcelot would not speak to her, she was so heavy that she thought her heart would burst. For you well know out of measure she loved him. Then Dame Elaine said to her woman, Dame Brysen the Unkind, \"I will undertake that this night he shall lie with you, and you would hold still, that is more pleasing to me than all the gold that is above the earth.\" So when Elaine was brought to the queen, Dame Brysen said, \"Let me deal with it.\".\"The queen neither behaved kindly towards her nor showed it in her countenance, but all men and women spoke of Lady Elaine's beauty and great riches. That night, the queen commanded that Lady Elaine should sleep in a chamber near hers and under one roof. Then the queen sent for Sir Launcelot and ordered him to come to her chamber that night or else she was certain he would go to Lady Elaine's bed, his wife, by whom he had fathered Galahad. A lady said to Sir Launcelot, \"Never say that to me,\" for it was against my will. Then the queen said, \"Look that you come to me when I send for you.\" Lady Briis said, \"I will deal with it. I will bring him to your side.\" \"Alas,\" said she, \"what shall I do?\" said Lady Briis, \"I will handle it. I will bring him to you.\"\".\"bedde / And he shall think that I am Queen Guinevere's messenger / Now well said to me, Lady Elaine, for all the world I love not so much as I do, Sir Lancelot / So when the time came that all people were in bed, Lady Brysen came to Sir Lancelot's bedside and said, \"Sir Lancelot, do not sleep yet, my lady queen Guinevere lies and waits for you.\" \"O my fair lady,\" said Sir Lancelot, \"I am ready to go with you wherever you will have me.\" So Sir Lancelot threw on him a long gown and his sword in his hand, and then Lady Brysen took him by the finger and led him to Lady Elaine's bed, Lady Elaine. And then she departed and left them in bed together. You know well that the lady was pleased and Sir Lancelot was too, for he thought he had another in his arms / Now let us leave them kissing and clinging as kindly things / And speak now of Queen Guinevere who sent one of her women to Sir Lancelot's bed / And when she came there, she found the bed empty, he was away, so she came to\".The queen heard the knight speak of her, saying, \"Where is that false knight come?\" The queen was near out of her wits, and wrote and wept as a madwoman, unable to sleep for four or five hours. Sir Launcelot had a custom of clattering in his sleep and speaking often of Lady Guinevere. As long as it pleased him, he slept. And Lady Elaine also slept. In his sleep, Sir Launcelot talked and clattered about the love that had been between Queen Guinevere and him.\n\nThe queen heard him so loudly that she was nearly wood and out of her mind. For anger and pain, she didn't know what to do. Then she coughed loudly, waking Sir Launcelot. He knew he was not lying with the queen and leapt out of bed as if he were a wild man..The queen met him on the floor and said, \"Traitor knight, you shall never abide in my court and avoid my chamber. Traitor knight, you are so bold to come in my sight.\" Sir Launcelot was deeply saddened by her words, and Queen Guinevere departed. When Sir Launcelot awoke from his faint, he leapt out of a bay window into a garden. There, he was scratched all over his face and body with thorns, and he ran wildly for two years, and no one was able to recognize him.\n\nNow let us turn to Queen Guinevere and the fair Lady Elaine. When Lady Elaine heard the queen rebuke Sir Launcelot and saw him faint and leap out of a bay window, she said to Queen Guinevere, \"Lady, you are greatly to blame for Sir Launcelot.\".For now, you have lost him, for I saw and heard by his countenance that he is mad forever. Alas, lady, you do great sin, and to yourself great dishonor, for you have a lord of your own, and therefore it is your part to love him. For there is no queen in this world who has such a king as you have. And if I were not here, I might have the love of Sir Launcelot, and because I have to love him, for he took my maidenhood, and by him I have borne a fair son, and his name is Galahad. He shall be in his time the best knight in the world.\n\nDame Elayne said, \"The queen charged and commanded you at daylight to avoid my court. And for the love you owe to Sir Launcelot, do not discover his counsel, for if you do, it will be his death. As for that said Dame Elayne, I dare undertake he is mad forever, and you have made him so, for neither I nor you are likely to rejoice him. He made the most pitiful groans when he leapt out at yonder bay window that ever I heard man.\".\"make / Allas said, \"Fair Elayne,\" / and the Queen Guenevere replied, \"I know now / we have lost him forever.\" / So on the morrow, Lady Elayne took her leave to depart, and she would no longer stay. / Then King Arthur escorted her on her way with over a hundred knights through a forest. / And by the way, Lady Elayne told Sir Bors de Ganys all that had happened that same night, and how Sir Lancelot leapt out of a window, driven mad. / \"Where is my lord Sir Lancelot?\" asked Sir Bors. / \"I do not know,\" replied Lady Elayne. / \"Between you both, you have destroyed that good knight,\" said Lady Elayne. \"But I said nothing that should have displeased him in any way. It was only the rebuke Queen Guenevere gave him that made him swoon to the earth. / And when he awoke, he took his sword in his hand, naked save for his shirt, and leapt out of a window with the most gruesome groan I have ever heard a man make.\" / \"Farewell, Lady Elayne,\" said Sir Bors. / \"And hold King Arthur.\"\".With a tale as long as you can, I will turn again to Queen Guinevere and give her a warning. I require you to make good watch and spy if you ever see my lord Sir Launcelot.\n\nFair Elaine said, \"I shall do all that I can. I would know and be aware where he is, as much as you or any of his kin or Queen Guinevere. I have enough cause for this as well as anyone. And fair Elaine said to Sir Bors, 'I would give up my life for him rather than he should be hurt.' But alas, I have never seen him, and the chief cause of this is Lady Guinevere.\n\nMadame said Dame Brysen, who had made the enchantment between Sir Launcelot and her before. I earnestly ask you to let Sir Bors depart and hurry him as fast as he may to seek Sir Launcelot. For I warn you, he is completely out of his mind, yet he will be well helped. & by miracle. Then Queen Elaine wept, and so did Sir Bors deeply..They departed and Sir Boris rode straight to Queen Guinevere. When she saw Sir Bors, she wept as if she were mad. \"Fie on your weeping, Sir Bors de Ganyes,\" she said. \"You weep only when there is no hope. Alas, said Sir Bors, your kin, Sir Lancelot, sees you now. For you have lost the best knight of our blood, and he who was our leader and our savior. I dare say and I will prove that no Christian or pagan king can find such a knight to speak of his nobility, courtesy, beauty, and gentleness. Alas, said Sir Bors, what shall we do who are of his blood? Alas said Ector de Maris. Alas said Lional.\n\nWhen the Queen heard them speak thus, she fell to the earth in a dead faint. Sir Bors lifted her up, and when she awoke, she knelt before the three knights and held up both their hands, beseeching them to seek him and sparing no good for their sake. But he and Sir Lional departed from the queen..myght not endure any longer for sorrow. The queen sent them sufficient treasure for their expenses, and so they took their horses and armor and departed. They rode from country to country through forests and wildernesses, and always laid watch both at forests and at all manner of men as they rode, to hear and speak of him. A naked man, with a sword in his hand, was the sign they looked for.\n\nThey rode nearly a quarter of a year in this manner, traveling through many places, and often were poorly lodged on account of him. Yet, despite all their labor and seeking, they could never hear word of him.\n\nYou should know that these three knights were sorrowful. Then, at last, Sir Bors and his companions met a knight named Sir Melyon of Tartary.\n\n\"Fair knight,\" said Sir Bors, \"are you away from the court of King Arthur? We knew each other before.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" replied Sir Melyon, \"I am on my way to the court of King Arthur.\"\n\nTherefore, they followed him..You said to Sir Bors that you would tell Lord Arthur and Queen Guinevere and all the knights of the Round Table that we cannot tell where Sir Launcelot has gone. Then Sir Melyon departed from them and said he would tell the king and queen and all the knights of the Round Table as they had requested. When Sir Melyon came to King Arthur's court, he told them what Sir Bors had said about Sir Launcelot. Sir Gawain, Sir Ector, Sir Sagramore le Desirous, Sir Aglois, and Sir Percival of Galis took it upon themselves, at the great desire of King Arthur and especially the queen, to search throughout England and Wales and Scotland for Sir Launcelot. They were thirty-two knights.\n\nNow let us turn to Sir Launcelot and speak of his care..And they, woo and what pain he endured there for cold, hunger, and thirst, as they rode to Gyders, they by one assent departed. And then they rode by twos, threes, and fours, and fives, and wherever they should meet. And so Sir Aglouale and Sir Percival rode to Gyders to their mother, who was a queen in those days. And when she saw her two sons, for joy she wept tenderly. And then she said, \"My dear sons, when your father was slain, land for the death of my noble son Sir Lamorak shall my heart never be glad. And then she knelt down before Aglouale and Sir Percival and besought them to abide at home with her. A sweet mother said Sir Percival, we may not. For we come of kings' blood on both sides. Alas, my dear sons, then she said, for your sakes I shall lose my liking and lust, and wind and weather I.\".And they slew him not manfully, but by treason. This is a pitiful complaint from me about your father's death. Considering also the death of Sir Lamorak, who had but few companions in knighthood, my dear sons, keep this in mind. Then there was only weeping and sorrowing in the Court when they should depart. And she fell fainting in the midst of the Court.\n\nWhen she was awakened, she sent a squire after them with sufficient funds. And when the squire had overtaken them, they would not allow him to ride with them, but sent him back to comfort their mother, humbly asking for her blessing. And so this squire was attacked. By misfortune, he happened to come to a castle where a Baron dwelt.\n\nWhen the squire arrived at the castle, the lord asked him, \"From where do you come? Whom do you serve?\" The lord said to the squire, \"I serve a good knight who is called Sir Aglovale.\" The squire replied, \"I went to him with good intent.\".Sir Agloual had been spared for his sake, the lord of the castle had said, as he had served Queen Agloual's mother. But my fellow knight warned, for Sir Agloual had slain my brother. Therefore, you shall have ill lodging. And so the lord commanded his men to have him away and they did. They pulled him out of the castle and there they killed him without mercy.\n\nEarly the next morning, Sir Agloual and Sir Percyuale rode by a churchyard where men and women were busy. They beheld the dead squire and Sir Agloual asked, \"Fair knight, this squire lies slain shamefully this night. How was he slain, fair fellow?\" The man replied, \"Sir, this castle's lord lodged this squire this night. And because he said he was a servant to a good knight who is with King Arthur, his name...\".Sir Aglouale spoke therefore, the lord commanded him to be slain, and for this reason, he was killed. \"Gramercy,\" said Sir Aglouale. \"You shall see his death avenged swiftly. I am the knight for whom this squire was killed.\" Then Sir Aglouale called to Sir Percyuale and bade him alight lightly. They both dismounted and handed their horses to their men. They entered the castle on foot, and as soon as they were within the castle gate, Sir Aglouale ordered the porter to go tell his lord that he was Sir Aglouale, the one for whom the squire had been killed that night. The porter relayed this message to his lord, whose name was Lord Goodwyn. He armed himself immediately and came into the court, asking, \"Which one of you is Sir Aglouale? I am he,\" replied Sir Aglouale. \"Why did you kill my squire tonight?\" asked Lord Goodwyn. \"I killed him because you killed my brother, Sir Gawdelyn,\" answered Sir Aglouale. \"As for your brother, I admit it. I killed him too.\".He was a false knight and a betrayer of ladies and good knights. For the death of my squire, thou shalt die. I defy the said Sir Goodwin. Then they lashed to giders as eagerly as it had been two lions. Sir Percival fought with all the remaining men who would fight. Within a while, Sir Percival had killed all who opposed him. For Sir Percival dealt his strokes that were so rude that no man dared abide by him. And within a while, Sir Aglois had Sir Goodwin at the earth. And there he unlaced his helmet and struck off his head. Then they departed and took their horses. And then they let carry the dead squire to a priory. And there they entered him.\n\nWhen this was done, they rode into many countries, inquiring after Sir Launcelot, but never found him. And at last they came to a castle called Cardigan. There Sir Percival and Sir Aglois were lodged together. And privately about midnight, Sir Percival.Sir Percival came to Aglovale's squire and said, \"Arise and make ready, for I will ride away secretly.\" The squire said, \"I would gladly ride with you wherever you would have me, but my lord your brother wants me. He will kill me. Do not worry about that, for I will be your warrant.\" And so Sir Percival rode until it was after noon. Then he came upon a bridge of stone and there he found a knight bound with a chain fast about his waist to a pillar of stone. \"Fair knight,\" said the bound knight, \"I beg you to release me.\" \"Who are you, sir Percival?\" \"And why are you so bound?\" \"Sir Percival I am, a knight of the Round Table, and my name is Sir Persides. By adventure I came this way and lodged in this castle at the bridge foot. And there dwells an uncourteous lady, and because she offered me to be her paramour and I refused, she set her men upon me suddenly, so that I might not escape.\".Sir Percival spoke, \"Take heed, I shall die bound here, but if some man of worship breaks my bonds. Be at ease, Sir Percival, for as a knight of the Round Table, I trust God to break your bonds as well. With that, Sir Percival pulled out his sword and struck at the chain with such force that he cut it in two. The chain passed through Sir Percival's hauberk and wounded him slightly. \"Jesus, Sir Percides, that was a mighty blow, as if I had felt one myself,\" Sir Percival remarked. Suddenly, a knight emerged from a castle, flying swiftly towards Sir Percival. \"Beware, Sir Percival,\" warned Sir Percides. \"A man comes to do battle with you. Let him come,\" replied Sir Percival. They met in the middle of the bridge, and Sir Percival gave him such a blow that he knocked him off his horse, and over a part of the bridge that had only a small vessel beneath it, that knight would have been drowned../ and the\u0304ne sire percyual tooke the knyghtes hors and made sire percydes to mounte vp\nhym / and soo they rode vnto the castel / and bad the lady dely\u00a6uer syre Persydes seruaunts / or els he wold slee alle that e\u2223uer he fonde / and soo for fere she delyuerd them alle / Thenne was syre Percyuale ware of a lady that stode in that toure / A madame sayd syre Percyuale what vse and customme is that in a lady to destroye good knyghtes / but yf they wylle be your peramour / for sothe this is a shameful customme of a la\u00a6dy / And yf I had not a grete mater in my hand / I shold fordoo your euylle custommes / and soo syr Percydes brou\u0292te syr percyuale vnto his owne castel / and there he made hym gre\u00a6te chere alle that nyghte / And on the morne whanne syr percy\u00a6uale had herd masse / and broken his fast / he badde syr persy\u2223des ryde vnto kynge Arthur / and telle the kynge how that ye mette with me / and telle my broder syre Aglouale how I re\u2223scowed yow / and bydde hym seke not after me / for I am in the quest to seke sir.Launcelot will not be found by him, and tell him I will never see him nor the court until I have found Sir Launcelot. Also tell Sir Kay and Sir Mordred that I trust myself to be of equal worthiness as either of them. For I shall never forget their mockeries and scorns inflicted upon me on the day I was knighted. And I will never see that court until men speak more worshipfully of me than they ever did of either of them. And so Sir Percives departed from Sir Percival. Then he rode to King Arthur and told him of Sir Percival. When King Aglovale heard him speak of his brother Sir Percival, he said, \"He left me unkindly.\" Sir Percives then saw Sir Kay and Sir Mordred. Sir Percives greeted them both thus: \"My fair lords, Sir Percival sends his greetings to both of you. He sent word by me that he trusts himself to God and will come to the court again when he is able to be of equal worthiness.\".Sirs, you were both and more men to speak of his nobility than ever did. It may be said, Sir Kay and Sir Mordred, but at that time when he was made a knight, he was an unworthy knight. As for the said king Arthur, he must prove a good knight, for his father and brothers were noble knights. Now let us turn to Sir Percival, who rode long, and in a forest he met a knight with a broken shield and a broken helmet. And as soon as either saw the other, they made ready to justify themselves. They charged towards each other with all the might of their horses, and they charged towards each other so hard that Sir Percival was thrown to the ground. And then Sir Percival arose lightly, and put his shield on his shoulder and drew his sword, and he bade the other knight dismount and do battle to the utmost will you said that knight, and therewith he dismounted and put his horse aside, and then they came to each other easily and began their battle..A knight was lashed to a giant with noble suedes, and sometimes they struck, and sometimes they feuded, and either gave each other great wounds. They fought near half a day and never rested but right little, and there was none of them both that had fewer wounds than fifteen. And they bled so much that it was marvelous they stood on their feet. But this knight who fought with Sir Percival was a proven knight and a wise fighting knight. Sir Percival was young and strong, not knowing in fighting as the other was. Then Sir Percival spoke first and said, \"Sir knight, hold your hand a while still, for we have fought over a simple matter and quarreled for too long. And therefore, I require you to tell me your name. For I have never before or at this time been matched. So God help me say this knight, and never before this time was there a knight who wounded me as sore as you have. And yet have I fought in many battles, and now shall you know that I am a knight of the round table, and my name is Sir Ector..Sir Percival to Sir Launcelot of the Lake: \"Alas, I am Sir Percival of Galis, who has come to seek you. I am now certain that I shall never finish my quest, for you have killed me with your hands. It is not so, Sir Ector, for I have been killed by your hands. And Sir Ector said to Sir Percival, 'Ride here to a priory, and bring me a priest so that I may receive the sacrament, for I may not live. When you come to King Arthur's court, do not tell my brother, Sir Launcelot, how I was killed by you. For then he would become your mortal enemy. But you may say that I was killed in my quest as I sought him.' Alas, Sir Percival replied, 'You say that which will never be, for I am so faint from bleeding that I cannot even stand, how then shall I mount my horse?' They both made great lamentation, but Sir Percival said, 'This will not help.' Then he knelt down and prayed devoutly.\".In that time, among the best knights of the world, there came by the holy vessel of the Sanctgreal, filled with every kind of sweetness and savour. Yet they could not readily see who bore that vessel, but Sir Percival had a gleaming of the vessel and of the maiden who carried it, for she was a perfect, clean maiden. Immediately, both were made whole in body and soul as they had never been in their lifetimes. Then they gave thanks to God with great joy.\n\n\"O Jesus, said Sir Percival, what may this mean that we are thus held? And right now we were at the point of dying. I well know what it is, said Sir Ector. It is a holy vessel borne by a maiden, and in it is a part of the whole holy blood of our Lord Jesus Christ. Blessed be He. But it may not be seen, said Sir Ector, unless it is by a perfect man.\"\n\n\"God help me, said Sir Percival, I saw a damsel as I thought.\".whyte held vessels in both hands, and forthwith all I was whole. Then they took their horses and harnesses and repaired those that were broken. And so they mounted upon their horses and rode, conversing with one another. Sir Ector de Maris told Sir Percival how he had long sought his brother, Sir Launcelot, but never learned of him. In many strange adventures, I have been involved in this quest, and so they recounted their experiences to one another.\n\n[Here ends the eleventh book.]\n\nNow let us leave Sir Ector and Sir Percival for a while and speak of Sir Launcelot, who suffered and endured many harsh trials that ran wild through the woods and lived by fruit and such sustenance as he could find. His clothing was meager, consisting only of a shirt and breeches.\n\nThus, as Sir Launcelot wandered here and there, he came upon a fair meadow where he found a pawnbroker. And there, by a tree, hung a pauper..whyte shield and two swords hung there by a tree. And when Sir Launcelot saw the swords, he leapt to one and took it in his hand, drawing it out. Then he struck the shield, causing such a noise that it seemed ten knights had fought.\n\nA dwarf then emerged and leapt towards Sir Launcelot, trying to take the sword from him. Sir Launcelot seized him by the shoulders and threw him to the ground, nearly breaking his neck. The dwarf cried out for help.\n\nThen a knight appeared, well-appointed in scarlet and fur, and upon seeing Sir Launcelot, he thought him mad. The knight spoke with fair words, \"Good man, lay down that sword. It seems to me that you have more need of sleep and warm clothes than to wield that sword.\"\n\nSir Launcelot replied:.come not to NY\u0292 for thou knowest I will sleep and, when the knight of the paillion saw that he started backward within the paillion, then the dwarf lightly armed him. And the knight thought, by force and might, to take Sir Lancelot's sword. He stepped out and, when Sir Lancelot saw him come so armed with his sword in hand, then Sir Lancelot flew to him with such might and hit him on the helmet such a buffet that the stroke troubled his brains. And there, with the sword, it broke in three. The knight fell to the earth as if he had been dead. The blood gushed out of his mouth, nose, and eyes. And then Sir Lancelot ran into the paillion and rushed even into the warm bed. And there was a lady in that bed, and she grabbed her smock and ran out of the paillion. When she saw her lord lying at the ground as if he were dead, then she cried and wept as if she had been mad. With her..The knight awakened from his stupor and looked around with his eyes. He asked the dwarf where he could find the madman who had struck him, for such a blow he had never received from a man. The dwarf replied, \"It is not seemly to harm him, for he is a man out of his wits. And do not doubt that he was once a man of great esteem. He is deeply sorrowful, and his resemblance to Sir Launcelot seems great to me. I saw him at the great tournament beside Lancelot. Iesus defend that knight who struck you, noble Sir Launcelot, should be in such a plight. But whatever knight it may be, I will do him no harm. And this knight's name is Blount. Then he said to the dwarf, \"Go quickly on horseback to my brother Sir Selyan, who is at Castle Blank, and tell him of my adventure. And bid him bring with him a light horse. Then we will take this knight to my castle.\"\n\nSo the dwarf rode quickly../ and he came ageyne / and bro\u2223ughte syr Selyuaunt with hym / and syxe men with\nan hors lytter / and soo they took vp the fether bedde with syre launcelot / and soo caryed alle awey with hem vnto the Castel Blank / and he neuer awaked tyl he was within the Castel / And thenne they bounde his handes & his fand gafe hym good metes and good drynkes / and broughte hym ageyne to his strengthe and his fayrenesse / but in his wytte they cou\u2223de not brynge hym ageyn / nor to knowe hym self / Thus was syr launcelot there more than a yere and an half honestly ara\u00a6yed and fayre farne with alle / Thenne vpon a day this Lord of that Castel syr Blyaunt took his armes on horsbak with a spere to seke aduentures / And as he rode in a forest ther met hym two knyghtes aduenturous / the one was Breuse saunce pyte / and his broder syr Bertelot / & these two ranne both atto\u2223nes vpon syr Blyaunt / and brake their speres vpon his body And thenne they drewe oute swerdes & made grete bataill / & fought long to gyders / But at the last.Sir Blyaunt was severely wounded and felt faint. He fled on horseback toward his castle. As they rushed underneath the castle where Sir Lancelot lay in a window, and saw two knights laying upon Sir Blyaunt with their swords, Sir Lancelot felt sorry for his lord. He broke the chains from his legs and arms in the process, injuring his hands. Sir Lancelot then ran out through a side door and met the two knights who were chasing Sir Blyaunt. He pulled Sir Bertelot off his horse with his bare hands. In his anger, Sir Lancelot drew his sword and struck Sir Bruse on the head, causing him to tumble backward over his horse's rump. When Sir Bertolet saw his brother fall in such a way, he grabbed a spear and attempted to run Sir Lancelot through, but Sir Blyaunt intervened and struck Sir Bertolet in the hand..Sir Bors and Sir Bertilot mounted their horses and fled when Sir Selyan arrived and saw what Sir Launcelot had done for his brother. Sir Selyan thanked God, and his brother did as well, for any good they had ever done him. But when Sir Bliant saw that Sir Launcelot was injured from the iron bindings, Sir Selyan was sorry that he had ever bound him. \"Bind him no more,\" Sir Selyan said. \"He is happy and gracious.\" They made great joy for Sir Launcelot, and they bound him no more. He stayed there for half a year and more. Early one morning, Sir Launcelot was aware of a great boar with many hounds approaching him. But the boar was so large that no hounds could tear it. The hunters came after, blowing their horns on horseback and some on foot. Sir Launcelot was aware of one who had dismounted and tied his horse to a tree. He leaned his spear against the tree. So came Sir Launcelot and found the horse tied to a tree and a spear leaning against a tree and a sword..Sir Launcelot rode to the saddle bow & then Sir Launcelot leapt into the saddle, taking the spear in his hand. He rode after the boar. Sir Launcelot was aware that the boar had set its arms against a tree near an hermitage. Sir Launcelot charged at the boar with his spear. The boar turned and struck him, ripping open the longest parts of his body and piercing his heart, causing Launcelot to fall to the ground. The boar continued to gore him on the bone of his thigh until Launcelot could no longer get free. Launcelot was angry and got back on his feet, drawing his sword. He struck off the boar's head with one blow. The hermit then appeared and saw Launcelot's wound. The hermit came to Launcelot and begged him to come home to his hermitage. But when Sir Launcelot heard him speak, his anger caused him to run at the hermit to slay him. The hermit ran away. Launcelot could not..over gets him / he threw his sword after him / for Sir Lancelot could not go any further because of bleeding / then the hermit turned again / and asked Sir Lancelot how he was hurt / Felaw said, \"Sir Lancelot, this boar has struck me sorely.\" Then the hermit came to me and said, \"I shall help you.\" \"Go your way,\" said Sir Lancelot, \"and do not concern yourself with me.\" Then the hermit ran his way / and there he met a good knight / with many men / \"Sir,\" said the hermit, \"here is a man, the finest I have ever seen, lying badly wounded by a boar, yet he has killed the boar.\" But well I know he said, and that good man will not be saved from that wound, and that is a great pity / Then that knight, at the hermit's request, got a cart / and in that cart that knight put the boar and Sir Lancelot / for Sir Lancelot was so weak that they could easily deal with him / and so Sir Lancelot was brought to the hermitage / and there the hermit healed him..Sir Launcelot, unable to find sustenance, grew weak in body and mind. He became more disheartened than before, and one day, he entered the forest. By chance, he came across the city of Corbin, where Dame Elaine resided with Galahalt, Sir Launcelot's son. Upon entering the town, young men chased after Sir Launcelot, throwing turves and striking him. He managed to counterattack, throwing them back so they would never reach him again. Some he broke the legs and arms of, and he fled into the castle. Knights and squires rescued Sir Launcelot, and upon seeing him, they believed they had never seen a more noble man..Sirs saw many wounds on him, they deemed him a man of worship. Then they ordered clothes for his body and straw beneath him, and a little house. Every day they would give him food and set drink before him, but few brought food to his hands.\n\nKing Pelleas had a new knight, named Castor. And so, at Castor's request, the king made him a knight at the feast of Candlemas. When Sir Castor was made a knight, that same day he gave many gifts. Then Sir Castor sent for the fool, who was Sir Launcelot. When he came before Sir Castor, he gave Sir Launcelot a scarlet robe and all that belonged to him. And when Sir Launcelot was so arrayed like a knight, he was the most handsome man in the court, and none so well made. So when he saw his time, he went to the garden and there Sir Launcelot lay down by a well and slept..at after none, Elayne and her maids entered the garden to play and as they roamed up and down, one of Elayne's maids spotted a goodly man lying by the well sleeping. She showed him to Elayne. \"Peas,\" said Elayne, and she said nothing. Then the maid led Elayne to where he lay. When she beheld him, she immediately remembered him and recognized him as Sir Lancelot. Moved deeply, she fell to weeping so heartily that she sank to the earth. After weeping for a long time, she arose and called her maids, saying she was sick. She then went out of the garden and went directly to her father. There she took him aside and said, \"Father, now I need your help. If you help me, farewell my good days forever. What did the daughter say, King Pelles?\" Sir, she said, \"This is in your garden. I went for sport, and by the well I found Sir Lancelot.\".Like sleeping, I may not believe that King Pelles' wife said truly he is there. And it seems to me he should be distracted out of his wits. Then the king said, \"Be silent,\" and let me deal with him. Then the king called to him four persons, and Lady Elayn his daughter. And when they came to the Well and beheld Sir Lancelot, Dame Brysen knew him at once. \"We must be wise in how we deal with him,\" said the king. \"For this knight is out of his mind. And if we awaken him rudely, what he will do we all know not. But you shall wait; and I shall throw such an enchantment upon him that he shall not awake within the space of an hour.\" Then, within a little while after, the king commanded that all people should avoid that way there as he would come. And when this was done, these four men and these ladies laid hands on Sir Lancelot and bore him into a Tower, and into a chamber where was the holy vessel of the Grail..Sir Launcelot was laid before the Holy Grail against his will. An holy man then unveiled the vessel, and by its miracle and the power of the Holy Grail, Sir Launcelot was healed and recovered. When he awoke, he groaned and sighed, complaining greatly about being in a terrible state.\n\nUpon seeing King Pelles and Elaine, Sir Launcelot was ashamed and said, \"Lord Jesus, how did I get here? For the sake of God, please tell me how I came here. Sir Elaine replied, 'You came to this country like a madman, having lost your wits. You have been kept here as a fool, and no one here knew who you were until by chance a maiden of my brother's brought me to you while you slept by a well. As soon as I recognized you, I told my father, and you were brought before this Holy Grail. By its power, you were healed.'\"\n\nSir Launcelot replied, \"If this is true, Lord Jesus, how many people know of me?\".\"Woodnes, I swear by God, Elayne said, only my father and I, and Dame Brysen. Now, for Crystes' love, Sir Launcelot, keep it in counsel, and let no man know in the world. I am deeply ashamed that I have been so frightened. I am banished from the country of Logrys, that is, England. Sir Launcelot lay more than fourteen nights or ever he could rest for his pains. And then, on a certain day, he said to Dame Elayne these words: \"Lady Elayne, for your sake I have had much trouble and anguish. It is unnecessary to recount it; you know it well. Yet I know well that I have wronged you when I drew my sword to slay you on the morrow when I had lain with you. And all was the cause that you and Dame Brysen made me lie by you, tormenting my head. And as you say, that night, Galahad, your son, was conceived.\" Now, for my love, said Sir Launcelot, go to your father.\".and get me a place where I may dwell. I cannot come to King Arthur's court. Sir, said Dame Elaine, I will live and die with you, only for your sake. And if my life could not serve you, and my death could not serve you, you know well I would die for your sake. I will go to my father. I am sure, there is nothing that I can desire from him but I shall have it. And where you are, my lord Sir Launcelot, doubt not but I will be with you with all the service that I may do. So, forthwith, all she went to her father and said, \"sire, my lord Sir Launcelot desires to be here with you in some castle of yours. Sir, since it is his desire to abide in these marches, he shall be in Castle Blount. And there shall you be with him and twenty of the fairest ladies that are in this country. And they shall all be of the great blood. And you shall have ten knights with you. For daughter, I will that you know, we all are honored by the blood of\".Sir Launcelot, Dame Elaine approached him and revealed how her father had arranged for him and her. Then Sir Castor, new to King Pelles, arrived and asked Sir Launcelot his name. \"Sir Launcelot,\" he replied. \"The knight who has transgressed.\" Sir Castor replied, \"It may be so. But I believe your name should be Sir Launcelot du Lake.\" \"Sir Castor,\" Sir Launcelot retorted, \"you are not a gentleman. I wish my name were Sir Launcelot. And it displeases me to reveal my name. What business is it of yours here to keep my counsel and not harm me? But know this well: it is within my power to harm you, and I promise you truly. Then Sir Castor knelt down and begged Sir Launcelot for mercy, for I will never reveal what you are as long as you remain in these parties. Sir Launcelot forgave him.\n\nKing Pelles, twenty knights, and Dame Elaine followed..ladies rode to Blyaunt's castle, which stood on an island enclosed by iron walls with a fair, deep and large body of water. And when they arrived, Sir Launcelot ordered it called the Joyous Isle, and no other name was used but \"The Knight of the Sad Countenance\" for the intruder. Then, Sir Launcelot ordered a shield made entirely of black for him, and a queen crowned in the midst of silver, with a knight in clean armor kneeling before her, and every day one of the ladies would make him a jest. He would look towards Logris' realm every day, where King Arthur and Queen Guinevere were, and then fall into weeping as if his heart would burst. At that time, Sir Launcelot heard of a justice residing near his castle, within three legs' distance. He called a dwarf to him and ordered him to make a cry in the hearing of all the knights that there was a knight in the Joyous Isle who was the castle of....\"Blynant/and-he-is-called-the-evil-knight-who-will-oppose-knights-coming-forward/And-he-who-worsens-that-knight/shall-have-a-fair-maid-and-a-jerfalcon/\n\n\"When this cry was made, knights came to the number of five hundred. And it is truly recorded in the book that Sir Lancelot did more deeds of arms in three days than any of the five hundred knights. And there was not one of them slain by him. Afterward, Sir Lancelot made them all a great feast. And meanwhile, Sir Percival of Galis and Sir Ector of Maris arrived under the castle, which was called the Joyous Isle. They longed to go to that castle, but they could not because of the broad water, and they could find no bridge.\"\n\n\"Then they saw on the other side a lady with a spear in her hand. Sir Percival called out to her and asked\".that lady in this castle claimed, \"This is the fairest lady in the land, and her name is Elaine.\" We have in this castle the fairest and mightiest knight, who called himself Le Chevalier Mal Faux. How did he come to these marches, Sir Percival asked. The damsel replied, \"He entered this country like a madman, pursued by dogs and boys through the city of Corbin. If you wish to enter the castle, you must ride to the farther side and find a vessel that will carry you and your horse. Then they departed and came to the vessel. Sir Percival dismounted and said to Sir Ector de Maris, \"You shall wait here until I determine what kind of knight he is. It would be shameful for both of us to engage in battle with only one knight.\" Sir Ector replied, \"Do as you please.\".Here I shall abide with you until I hear of you, Sir Percival. And when he came to the castle gate, he bade the porter go tell the good knight within the castle, \"Here is come an errant knight to join you.\" Sir said the porter, \"Ride in within the castle, and there is a common place for jousting where lords and ladies may behold you.\" As soon as Sir Lancelot had the warning, he was ready. And there Sir Percival and Sir Lancelot encountered each other with such might that their spears were so rough that both horses and knights fell to the earth. Then they avoided their horses and flung out noble swords and hewed away at the cantels of their shields. They hurled themselves together with their shields like two boars, and either wounded the other passing sore. At last, Sir Percival spoke first when they had fought for more than two hours, \"Fair knight, Sir Percival says, I require you to tell me your name, for I have never met with such a knight before.\" Sir Percival..Sir Launcelot: \"I am Sir Le Chevalier Mal Fait. Now you, Sir Launcelot, tell me your name.\"\n\nSir Percival: \"I am Sir Percival de Gales, brother of Sir Lamorak de Gales. Our father was King Pellinore, and Sir Aglovale is my brother. Why have I fought you, knight of the Round Table, who were once my companion?\"\n\nSir Launcelot knelt down on his knees and threw away his shield and sword. When Sir Percival saw him do this, he marveled at what he meant. Then Sir Percival said, \"Sir knight, whatever you are, I require you, in the high order of knighthood, to tell me your true name.\" He replied, \"Sir, I am Sir Launcelot du Lake, King Ban's son Benoy.\"\n\nSir Percival: \"What have I done? I was sent by the Queen to seek you, and I have been looking for you near here for the past two years. And there is Sir Ector de Maris.\".your brother abides me on the other side of the yonder water. Now, for God's sake, said Sir Percival, forgive me my offenses that I have done here. It is soon forgiven, said Sir Launcelot. Then Sir Percival sent for Sir Ector de Maris. When Sir Launcelot had sight of him, he ran to him and took him in his arms. Then Sir Ector knelt down. And either wept upon the other that all had pity to behold them. Then came Dame Elaine. And she made them great cheer as might lie in her power. And there she told Sir Ector and Sir Percival how and in what manner Sir Launcelot came into that country. And how he was held. And there it was known how long Sir Launcelot was with Sir Bleasance and Sir Selyan. And how he first met them. And how he departed from them because of a bore. And how the hermit kept Sir Launcelot from his great wrath. And how he came to Corbin.\n\nNow leave us Sir Launcelot in the joyous isle with Lady Dame Elaine and Sir [etc.].Percyval and Sir Ector rode to Sir Bors de Gany's and Sir Lyonel's residence, where they had been searching for Sir Lancelot for nearly two years. They had not encountered him yet. As they passed by, they arrived at Brangere's house, where Sir Bors was well known. He had fathered a child on the king's daughter, who was five years old, and his name was Helion le Blanc. When Sir Bors saw the child, he was pleased with him. Sir Bors and the other knights enjoyed a good meal at King Brangere's court.\n\nThe next morning, Sir Bors went before King Brangere and said, \"This is my son, Helion le Blanc, whom it is said is my son. Since that is the case, I want you to know that I will take him with me to King Arthur's court.\" The king replied, \"You may certainly take him with you, but he is still too young.\" Sir Bors insisted, \"I will take him with me and bring him to the house of the most worshipful person in the world.\" When Sir Bors was ready to depart, arrangements were made..Sirs Greet sorrow for Helyn le Blank's departure; great weeping ensued. But Sir Bors and Sir Lyonel departed, and soon they arrived at Camelot, where was King Arthur. When King Arthur understood that Helyn le Blank was Sir Bors' son and new to King Brandegore, he allowed him to join the Round Table and proved him a good and adventurous knight. Now, let us return to our matter concerning Sir Launcelot. On a certain day, Sir Ector and Sir Percival came to Sir Launcelot and asked him what he would do and whether he would join them at King Arthur's court or not. \"No,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"I cannot do that by any means; I have become so enamored of the court that I have no intention of returning there.\" \"Sir,\" said Sir Ector, \"you are my brother, and you are the man in the world that I love most. If I understood that it was your wish, I would never dissuade you. But King Arthur and all his knights, and...\".Queen Guenever made such great sorrow that it was wonderful to hear and see. Remember the great respect and renown you possess, for you have been spoken of more than any other knight who is living now. There is none who bears your name but you and Sir Tristram. Therefore, brother, Sir Ector said, make yourselves ready to ride to the court with us. And I dare say, there was never a knight more warmly welcomed at the court than you. And I well know and can prove it, said Sir Ector. It has cost Queen Guenever twenty thousand pounds to seek you out. Well, brother, said Sir Lancelot, I will do as you advise and ride with you.\n\nSo they prepared their horses and took their leave from King Pelles and Dame Elaine. When Sir Lancelot was about to depart, Dame Elaine made great sorrow. My lord, Sir Lancelot, at this same feast of Pentecost, your son and my Galahad will be made a knight, for he is now fifteen winters old, do as you please..Sir Launcelot, may God grant you the ability to prove yourself a good knight, as I have no doubt you will be, except for one, said Lady Elaine. Then you will be a good enough man, replied Sir Launcelot.\n\nThey departed, and within five days they reached Camelot, also known as Winchester in English. When Sir Launcelot arrived, the king and all the knights rejoiced in his presence. Sir Percival of Galis and Sir Ector de Maris began to recount the entire adventure of Sir Launcelot during his absence. They told how he called himself the errant knight, Le Chevalier Mal Fet, and in three days, Sir Launcelot defeated five hundred knights. As Sir Ector and Sir Percival recounted these tales of Sir Launcelot, Queen Guinevere wept as if she would die. Then the queen made great cheer. O Jesus, said King Arthur, I marvel at what cause Sir Launcelot went out of his mind. I and.Many other demes it was for the love of fair Elayne, the daughter of King Pelles, by whom you were beguiled and have gotten a child, and his name is Galahad. And men say he shall perform wonders. My lord said, Sir Launcelot, if I did any folly, I have that I sought, and therewith all the king spoke no more. But Sir Launcelot's kin knew for whom he went out of his mind. Then there were great feasts made and great joy, and many great lords and ladies when they heard that Sir Launcelot had returned to the Court again, they made great joy.\n\nNow will we leave this matter and speak of Sir Tristram and Sir Palomides, who was the Saracen knight unsanctified. When Sir Tristram came home to Joyous Gard from his adventures, all this while that Sir Launcelot was thus missing for two years and more, Sir Tristram bore the renown throughout the realm of Logres, and many strange adventures befell him. He brought them to an end in a worthy and manly and worshipful manner.\n\nSo when he was.La Beale Isoud told Sir Tristram of the great feast that would be held at Pentecost next following. She recounted how Sir Lancelot had been missing for two years, and how he had been held captive by the holy vessel, the Sanctgreal.\n\nSir Tristram was surprised, causing some debate between him and Queen Guinevere. Sir Tristram said to Lady Isoud, \"I know it all. Queen Guinevere sent me a letter in which she requested that you seek him out. Now, blessed be God,\" said Lady Isoud. \"He is whole and sound and has returned to the Court,\" said Sir Tristram. \"Then we shall make ourselves ready,\" he added. \"Both of us will be at the feast,\" said Lady Isoud. \"But I will not be there,\" replied Sir Tristram. \"Through me, you are marked by many good knights, and that causes you more labor on my account than necessary. Then I will not be there.\"\n\n\"But if you are there,\" said Lady Isoud, \"God defend you.\"\n\n\"For then I shall be spoken of,\" replied Lady Isoud..of shame among all queens and ladies of estate, for you who are called one of the noblest knights in the world and a knight of the Round Table, how may you be ashamed at this feast, what shall be said among all knights? Behold, Sir Tristram hunts and hawks and runs within a castle with his lady, and forsakes your worship. Alas, some will say it is a pity that he was ever made a knight or that he should ever have the love of a lady. Also, what will queens and ladies say of me? It is a pity that I have life that I will hold such a noble knight as you from his worship. So God help me, said Sir Tristram to Lady Isoud. It is passing well said of you and nobly counseled, and now I well understand that you love me, and like as you have counseled me, I will do my part accordingly. But there, let no man nor child ride with me, but myself. And so, I will ride on Tuesday next coming, and no more harbingers of war but my spear and my sword.\n\nAnd so when the day came,.Sir Tristram took leave of Lady Isoud and she sent with him four knights. Within half a mile, he sent them back. Within a mile after, Sir Tristram saw before him where Sir Palomides had struck down a knight and almost killed him. Then Sir Tristram repented that he was not armed. And then he halted. With that, Sir Palomides knew Sir Tristram and cried out aloud, \"Sir Tristram, now we meet, for or we part, we will redress our old wounds.\" Sir Tristram replied, \"There is no Christian man who could ever make his boast that I have fled from him. And you, Sir Palomides, who are a sore loser, shall never make your boast that Sir Tristram of Lyones will flee from you.\" And there, Sir Tristram made his horse run, and with all his might he came straight upon Sir Palomides and attacked him with his lance. Then he turned his horse and struck at Palomides six great blows on his helmet. And then Sir Palomides stood still..Sir Tristram beheld and marveled at Palomydes' woodlands and folly. Then Palomydes spoke to himself and to Sir Tristram, who was armed. It would be difficult, Palomydes thought, if I were to tear age and slay him. I am ashamed to do so, wherever I go.\n\nSir Tristram spoke and said, \"You coward knight, what are you casting about to do? Why won't you do battle with me? Have no doubt I shall endure all your malice.\"\n\n\"Sir Tristram,\" Palomydes said, \"I know your strength and hardiness to endure against a good knight. That is true. Sir Tristram replied, \"I understand your valiantness well. You speak truly, Sir Palomydes. Now I require you to tell me a question that I shall answer truthfully, as God helps me. I put it to you,\" said Sir Tristram..Palomydes, since you are armed at all rights as I am, and I am naked as you are, what would you do to me now, in true knighthood? A said Sir Tristram. I understand now, Sir Palomydes, for I must now express my own judgment. And as God blesses me, that I shall say, I shall not be said for any fear I have of thee. But this is all wasted, Sir Palomydes, as at this time you should depart from me. For I would not have any more dealings with thee. Therefore, ride forth on your way. As for me, Sir Tristram, I marvel at one thing: that you, who are such a good knight, refuse to be baptized, and your brother, Sir Sapher, has been baptized many days.\n\nAs for that, Sir Palomydes, I cannot yet be baptized, for there is one vow that I have made for many years. But in my heart, I believe in Jesus Christ and his mild mother Mary. But I have but one battle to fight, and when that is done, I will be baptized..By with good will I was baptized, said Tristram. I tell you this, Tristram said, for one battle you shall not seek it any longer. God defend you, said Sir Tristram, that through my fault you should longer live, for beyond is a knight whom Sir Palomides has hurt and struck down. Help me, I pray, that I may be armed in his armor, and I will soon fulfill your avowals. So it shall be, said Palomides.\n\nThey both rode towards that knight who sat upon a bank. Sir Tristram challenged him and he responded. Sir knight, said Sir Tristram, I require you to tell me your right name. Sir he replied, I am Sir Galleron of Galway and knight of the Round Table.\n\nGod help me, said Sir Tristram, I am heavy with your wounds, but I must pray you to leave me all your armor. For I am unarmed and I must do battle with this knight. Sir hurt knight, you shall have it with good will, but beware, for the knight is....Sir Galeron asked, \"Please tell me your name, and which knight has injured you?\" I am Sir Tristram of Lyones, and the knight who has harmed you is Sir Palomides, Sir Galeron was told, Sir Palomides being Sir Safere's brother and yet unbaptized. Sir Galeron expressed regret, \"It's a pity that such a good knight and noble man of arms should be unbaptized.\" Sir Tristram replied, \"Either he will baptize me or I him, but that will not happen before we part.\" My lord Tristram said to Sir Galeron, \"Your renown and worth are well known throughout many realms. May God save you today from sense and shame.\" Then Sir Tristram disarmed Galeron, a noble knight who had accomplished many deeds of arms, and was a large man of flesh and bone. When disarmed, Sir Tristram stood on his feet, having been struck in the back with a spear. Despite this, Sir Galeron managed to disarm Sir Tristram..Sir Tristram mounted his own horse and in his hand he got Sir Gareth's spear. And there with Sir Palomides was ready. They came rushing towards each other and struck each other in the midst of their shields. And there, with all Sir Palomides' spear broke, and Sir Tristram struck down the horse. And Sir Palomides, as soon as he could avoid his horse, dismounted, drew his shield, and pulled out his sword. Sir Tristram saw this and there they came to each other like two wild boars, lashing out and trampling as noble men who had often been proven in battle. But ever Sir Palomides feared the might of Sir Tristram, and therefore he let him have his way. They fought for more than two hours, but often Sir Tristram struck such blows at Sir Palomides that he made him kneel. And Sir Palomides wounded Sir Tristram, for he was a good fighter..Sir Tristram was excessively angry and attacked Sir Palomydes with great force, causing him to fall to the ground. Sir Tristram wounded Palomydes severely in the shoulder. Sir Tristram fought relentlessly, and Sir Palomydes did not fail to retaliate with heavy blows. Eventually, Sir Tristram doubled his strikes, and by chance, disarmed Sir Palomydes of his sword. If Palomydes had stopped to retrieve his sword, he would have been killed. Palomydes then stood still and looked at his sword with a sorrowful heart.\n\n\"Now have I the advantage over you as you had me today,\" Sir Tristram said to Palomydes. \"But it shall never be said in any court nor among good knights that Sir Tristram slew a defenseless knight. Therefore, take back your sword and let us end this battle.\"\n\n\"I can rightly end this battle,\" Palomydes replied, \"but I have no great desire to.\".fight not more, and for this reason said Palomydes, My offense to you is not so great that we cannot be friends. All that I have offended is and was for the love of Lady Isoud. And as for her, I dare say she is peerless above all other ladies, and also I never offered her any dishonor. By her, I have gained the most part of my respect. Since then, I have never offended her in her own person. And as for the offense that I have done, it was against your person. And for that offense, you have given me many sad strokes today, and some I have given you in return. Now I dare say I have never felt a man of your might or so well breathed, but if it were Sir Launcelot du Lake, wherefore I entreat you, my lord, forgive me all that I have offended you. And this same day let me be taken to the next church. And first let me be cleansed confessed. And after, see you now that I am truly baptized. And then we will all ride together to Gyders to the court of Arthur, that we may be there at the high feast..Sir Tristram spoke. \"As you say, it shall be. May God forgive any evil you may commit, and I do as well. Within this mile is Sir Carland's son, Galeron, who rode with them.\n\n\"When they arrived at Sir Carland's, Sir Tristram relayed their desire. The suffragan then filled a great vessel with water and consecrated it. Sir Palomides and Sir Tristram and Sir Galeron were then his godfathers as he was baptized. Shortly thereafter, they departed, riding toward Camelot, where King Arthur and Queen Guinevere were, along with most of the knights of the Round Table. The king and court were pleased that Sir Palomides had been baptized. At the same feast, Galahad arrived and took his seat in the Seat Perilous.\n\n\"With all, they departed and dispersed the knights of the Round Table. Sir Tristram returned again to Joyous Gard, and Sir Palomides followed the questing beast.\n\n\"Here ends the second book.\".At the vigil of Pentecost, when all the fellowship of the Round Table had come to Camelot, and they heard their service, and the tables were set ready for the meal. A very fair gentlewoman entered on horseback, who had ridden quickly, for her horse was beset. Then she dismounted and came before the king and saluted him. He said, damsel, God's blessings. The damsel said, \"Sir, in God's name, tell me where Sir Lancelot is? You may see him there,\" said the king. Then she went to Lancelot and said, \"Sir Lancelot, I come to you on King Pelles' behalf.\".Sir Launcelot asked the woman to join him in a forest. \"I dwell with King Pelles,\" she replied. \"What do you want with me?\" Launcelot inquired. \"You will find out when you get there,\" she answered. \"I will gladly go with you,\" Launcelot said. He ordered his squire to saddle his horse and bring his arms. In a hurry, he carried out his command.\n\nThe queen approached Launcelot and asked, \"Will you leave us at this high feast?\" The woman replied, \"He will be with you by dinner time tomorrow if I knew he wouldn't be with us here tomorrow, he wouldn't go with you by my good will.\"\n\nThe queen departed, and Launcelot rode with the woman until they reached a forest and a great valley. There, they saw an abbey of nuns. A squire was ready and opened the gates. They entered and dismounted from their horses. A fair fellowship gathered around Sir Launcelot, welcoming him..passing gladly of his coming / Then they led him to the abbess' chamber and disarmed him. Right away, he found himself on a bed, with two of his cousins, Sir Boris and Sir Lionel, lying there. He woke them up. When they saw him, they were filled with great joy. Sir Boris asked Sir Lancelot, \"What adventure has brought you here, sir, instead of coming to Camelot as we had planned to do this morning?\" As God helps me, said Sir Lancelot, \"A gentlewoman brought me here, but I don't know the reason. In the meantime, as they were still talking to each other, twelve nuns entered, bringing with them Galahad, who was passing fair and well-made, surpassing in beauty what the world could find in a man. All the ladies wept.\n\nSir said, \"We bring you here this child, whom we have raised, and we pray you to make him a knight. For from a more worthy man's hand may he not receive the order of knighthood.\" Sir Lancelot beheld the young squire and saw him seemly and demure as a dove..Then Sir Launcelot expressed a desire of his own, and they all agreed. He was to receive the high order of knighthood in honor of the festival that night. Sir Launcelot had passed the night in good cheer. The following morning, at Galahalt's request, he was made a knight and said, \"May God make me a good man. Beauty fails none of you, not even one who lives.\"\n\nFair sir, said Sir Launcelot, \"Will you come with me to King Arthur's Court?\" He replied, \"I will not go with you at this time.\" Then he departed from them and took his two cousins with him. They arrived at Camelot by the hour of undeen on a Wednesday. By that time, the king and queen had gone to the monastery to hear their service. The king and queen were pleased with Sir Bors and Sir Lyonel, and so was the entire fellowship. Once the king and all the knights had returned from service, the barons noticed in the sieges..\"the round table is written with golden letters: here he ought to sit, and he ought to sit here. And they went on so long that they came to the perilous seat, where they found newly written letters of gold which said 'iv, C, winters & liii, accomplished after the passion of our lord Jesus Christ. This seat ought to be fulfilled. Then all said, \"this is a merry and adventurous thing.\" In the name of God said Sir Launcelot, \"and I calculate the term of the writing from the birth of our lord to this day. It seems to me, Sir Launcelot, that this seat ought to be fulfilled on this same day. For it is the feast of Pentecost, four hundred and forty-five years after.\" If you go now to your meal, you will break your old custom of your Court, for you have not used on this day to sit at your meal or that you\".I have seen some adventure, you say truthfully, the king remarked. But I had such great joy of Sir Launcelot and his cousins who have come to the court that I did not think of my old custom. As they stood speaking, in came a squire and addressed the king, \"Sire, I bring unto you marvelous tidings.\" What tidings, the king inquired. \"Sir, there is a great stone weeping below the river, and in it I saw a sword sticking,\" the squire replied. The king said, \"I will see this marvel.\" So all the knights went with him. And when they came to the river, they found a stone weeping as if of red marble, and in it was a fair, rich sword. In the pommel of the sword were precious stones inscribed with subtle letters of gold. Then the barons read the letters which said, \"Never shall man take me hence, but only he by whose side I ought to hang, and he shall be the best knight of the world.\" When the king had seen the letters, he said,.Sir, this sword should be yours, I assure you, as I believe you are the best knight in the world. Then Sir Launcelot answered soberly, It is not my sword. Also, I have no courage to take it, for it did not belong by my side. Whoever attempts to take the sword and fails, he shall receive a wound from it that he will not recover from. And you should know that the adventures of the Sanctgreal, called the holy vessel, will begin this day.\n\nNow, fair new year, said the king to Sir Gawain, try it for my love. Sir Gawain replied, \"Your grace, I shall not do that.\" The king said, \"Try to take the sword at my command.\" \"Your command I will obey,\" said Sir Gawain, and with that he took hold of the sword by the handles, but he could not draw it. \"Thank you,\" said the king to Sir Gawain.\n\nSir Gawain said to Sir Launcelot, \"Now you should know this sword is yours.\".\"You shall touch it so sore that you shall willingly have never set your hand to it, for the best castle of this realm, Sir he said I might not contradict my uncle's will and commandment, but when the king heard this he repented it much and said to Sir Percyval that he should attempt it for his love, and he said gladly to bear Sir Gawain's challenge. And therewith he set his hand on the sword and drew it strongly, but he could not move it. Then there were more who dared be so hardy to set their hands to it. Now may you go to your dinner, Sir Kay said to the king, for you have seen a marvelous adventure. So the king and all went to the Court, and every knight knew his own place and sat him therein, and young men who were knights served them. So when they were served and all seats filled except the perilous one, Anon there befell a marvelous adventure, that all the doors and windows of the palaces shut by themselves.\".King Arthur spoke first and said, \"Fair lords and gentlemen, we have seen wonders today, but I suppose we shall see greater wonders yet. Meanwhile, a good old man and an ancient one dressed all in white came in. No knight knew from whence he came. And with him he brought a young knight hobbling on foot, without a sword or shield, save a scrubber hanging by his side. He said, 'Peace be with you, fair lords.' Then the old man said to Arthur, 'Sir, I bring here a young knight, who is of royal lineage and of the kin of Joseph of Arimathea. The wonders of this Court and of strange realms shall be fully accomplished through him.'\"\n\nThe king was very glad of his words and said to the good man, \"Sir, you are welcome, and the young knight with you.\" Then the old man made the young man arm himself, and he was in a coat of red..with and place that upon him. The old knight said to the young knight, \"Follow me,\" and immediately he led him to the perilous siege, where beside sat Sir Lancelot, and the good man lifted up the cloth and found there letters that read, \"This is the siege of Galahad, the high prince.\" The bold knight said, \"Know well that this place is yours. And then he seated him firmly in that siege. And then he said to the old man, \"Sir, you may now go your way, for well have you done, that you were commanded to do.\" So the good man departed, and there he met twenty noble squires, and so took their horses and went his way. Then all the knights of the Round Table marveled greatly at Sir Galahad that he dared to sit there in the perilous siege, and was so tender in age, and knew not from whence he came, but only by God..this is the knight who will enchant the Holy Grail. No one but he has ever sat there. Then Sir Lancelot beheld his son and took great joy in him. Boris told his companions on my behalf that this young knight will come to great worship. The noise was great in the entire court, and it reached the queen. She marveled at what knight it might be who dared to sit in the perilous seat. Many said to the queen, \"He resembles Sir Lancelot greatly. I suppose, my lady, that Sir Launcelot fathered him on Queen Guinevere, by whom he was deceived through enchantment. His name is Galahad. I would like to see him, my lady, for he must surely be a noble man, as his father is.\" I report to all at the round table. When the meal was finished, and the king and all were rising, the king went to the perilous seat and lifted the cloth, finding the name of Galahad there..then he showed it to Sir Gawaine and said, \"Fair nephew, now we have among us Sir Galahad, the good knight who shall serve us all. And upon pain of my life, he shall begin the quest for the Holy Grail, just as Sir Lancelot did, to understand. Then King Arthur came to Galahad and said, \"Sir, you are welcome. For you will summon many good knights to the quest of the Holy Grail, and you shall begin it, never before have knights been able to bring it to an end.\" Then the king took him by the hand and went down from the palisades to show Galahad the adventures of the stone.\n\nThe Queen heard of it and came after with many ladies, and she showed them the stone where it rose on the water. \"Sir,\" said the king to Sir Galahad, \"here is a great marvel, as ever I saw. And right good knights have attempted and failed.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said Galahad, \"that is no marvel. For this adventure is not theirs, but mine. And for the safety of this sword, I brought none with me. For here by my side hangs the scabbard. And immediately he laid his hand upon it.\".hand on the sword and lightly drew it out of the stone and put it in the sheath & said unto the king, now it goes better than it did before. Sir said the king, A good god shall send you now, have I that sword that once belonged to the passing good knight Balin le Savage. He was a good man with his hands. And with this sword, he slew his brother Balan, and that was a great pity, for he was a good knight. And either slew another through a dolorous stroke that Balin gave unto my great father, King Pelles, who is not yet whole nor will be until I heal him. There, with the king and all, they saw coming riding down the river a lady on a white palfrim towards them. Then she greeted the king and the queen, and asked if Sir Launcelot was there. And then he answered himself, I am here, fair lady. Then she said with weeping, \"How your great deeds have changed since this morning, damsel.\" Said Launcelot, \"You speak truly, damsel.\".for you were this day the best knight of the world, but who should say so now, he would be a liar, for there is now one better than you. This is proven by the adventures of the sword, where you dared not lay your hand, and that is the change and leaving of your name. Therefore, I remind you that you should no longer believe that you are the best knight of the world.\n\nRegarding the matter of Launcelot, I know well I was never the best. The damsel herself said that you and are still of any sinful man of the world. And King Nancy the hermit sends word that the greatest worship will befall thee, and I tell you why: for this day the Holy Grail appeared in your house and fed you and all your fellowship of the Round Table.\n\nSo she departed and went the same way that she came.\n\nNow said the king: I am sure at this quest of the Holy Grail shall all you of the Round Table depart, and never shall I see you again..In the meadow of Camelot, I summon all of you to assemble, for after your death, men will speak of us as good knights who were devoted to the cause of the gyders on such a day. At the council, at the king's request, we all agreed and donned our armor for justice and tourney. The king's actions were motivated by this intention: to test Galahad, for he believed he should not return to court lightly after departing. So we gathered in the meadow, both more and less, and Sir Galahad, by the king and queen's request, performed a noble act of chivalry and donned his helmet, but he refused to take any shield despite their pleas. Then Sir Gawaine and other knights begged him to take a spear. He did so, and the queen watched from a tower with all her ladies as Sir Galahad displayed his prowess in the meadow and broke spears marvelously..that all men marveled at him, for within a while he had defiled many good knights of the round table, except for two: Sir Launcelot and Sir Percival. Then the king, at the queen's request, had him brought to light and removed his helmet, so that the queen might see his face. When she beheld him, she said truthfully, \"Sir Launcelot could have sired him, for never have two men resembled each other more. Therefore, it is no wonder that he is of great prowess. So said a lady standing by the queen, \"Lady, for God's sake, he ought to be such a knight. The queen replied, \"For he comes from all parties of the best knights in the world and the highest lineage. Sir Launcelot is but the eighth degree from our Lord Jesus Christ, and Sir Galahet is of the nineteenth degree from our Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore, I say they are the greatest gentlemen in the world.\" And then the king and all the estates went..In Camelot they went, and then to the great monastery. Afterward, they went to supper, and every knight took his own seat as assigned. Suddenly, they heard cracking and rumbling of thunder, which they thought would destroy the place. In the midst of this commotion, a clearer-than-usual sunbeam entered seven times more brightly than they had ever seen daylight. And all were filled with the grace of the Holy Ghost. Then each knight beheld the other, and each seemed fairer than he had ever seen before. No knight dared speak a word for a long time, and they all looked at each other as if they had been bound. Then the holy grail, covered with white samite, entered the hall, but none could see it or who bore it. The entire hall was filled with good odors, and each knight had his favorite sweet drink. When the holy grail had passed through the hall, the holy -.vessel departed suddenly, and they didn't know where it had gone. Then they all held their breath to speak. The king then gave thanks to God for his grace in sending them. \"Indeed, said the king,\" we ought to thank our Lord Jesus Christ greatly for showing us today at the reverence of this high feast of Pentecost, \"said Sir Gawain. \"We have been served this day with what food and drink we thought of, but one thing deceived us \u2013 we could not see the Holy Grail. It was so carefully covered. Therefore, I vow here that tomorrow, without further delay, I will labor in the quest of the Holy Grail. I will hold myself out for twelve months and a day or more if needed. And never shall I return to the Court until I have seen it more openly than it has been seen here. And if I cannot succeed, I will return again as one who cannot be against the will of our Lord Jesus Christ.\" When those at the table heard Sir Gawain speak thus, they rose up..\"anyone who made such oaths as Sir Gawain had made, / anyone who heard this from King Arthur was greatly displeased, / for he knew they could not retract their oaths, / \"Alas said King Arthur to Sir Gawain, you have nearly killed me with your oath and promise, / for through you I have lost the fairest fellowship and the truest knighthood that was ever seen together in any realm of the world, / for when they depart from here, I am sure they shall never meet again in this world, for they shall all die many in the quest, / and so it seems to me a little, / for I have loved them as well as my life, therefore their departure will grieve me right sorely, / for I have had an old custom to keep them in my fellowship, / and then he said, Gawain, Gawain, you have set me in great sorrow, / for I have great doubt that my true fellowship shall never meet here again.\" Sir Launcelot comforted himself..for it shall be to us a great honor, and much more so than if we died in any other places / for of death we are certain / A Lancelot said the king, the great love I have had for you all the days of my life makes me speak such dolorous words / for never Christian king had so many worthy men at this table as I have had today at the Round Table, and that is my great sorrow / \u00b6when the queen ladies and gentlewomen learned of these tidings, they had such sorrow and heaviness that no tongue could tell it / for the knights held them in honor and cherished them / But among all others, Queen Guinevere made great sorrow / I marveled, said she, my lord, would you allow them to depart from you / thus was the entire court troubled for the love of the departure of those knights / And many of those ladies who loved knights would have gone with their lovers / and so they would have done had not an old knight come among them in religious clothing / and then he spoke aloud / and said, fair Lords, who have sworn in..The hermit speaks: none, not lady nor gentlewoman may join this quest of the Holy Grail, for it is not fitting for them in such high service as they perform. I warn you plainly: he who is not clean of his sins shall not see the mysteries of our Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore, they left these ladies and gentlewomen behind.\n\nThe queen came to Galahad and asked whence he was from and what country. He told her whence he was, and then to Lancelot, she said, \"You are,\" but he neither confirmed nor denied.\n\nThe queen said, \"May God help you, your father need not shame you. For he is the most noble knight and one of the best men in the world, coming from all parties of kings. Therefore, you ought to be a passing good man. And truly, she said, you resemble him much.\"\n\nGalahad was a little ashamed and replied, \"Madam, why do you ask me this? For he who is.my father shall be known openly and by all by times / And then they went to rest / In the honor of the hounds of Galahad, he was led into King Arthur's chamber / and there rested in his own bed / And as soon as it was day, the king arose, for he had no rest all that night for sorrow / Then he went to Gawain and Sir Launcelot, who had risen to hear mass / And then the king again said, \"Gawain, Gawain, you have betrayed me / For never shall my Court be amended by you / but you will never be sorry for me as I am for you / And there with the tears began to roll down his face / And there with the king said, \"Knight, Sir Launcelot / I require thee to counsel me / for I would that this quest might be ended and it might be / Sir said Sir Launcelot, \"you saw yesterday so many worthy knights who were sworn in / that they may not leave it in any manner / I well know that it will be heavy for me at their departing, I well know.\".The king and queen went to the minster. Launcelot and Gawaine commanded their men to bring her arms. Once they were all armed, except for her shields and helmets, they came to their ships, which were ready to go to the minster for the service.\n\nAfter the service was completed, the king wanted to know how many had taken the quest of the holy grail and commanded them all to account. They found a hundred and fifty, all knights of the round table. They put on their helmets and departed, and the queen was recommended to them all. There was weeping and great sorrow. The queen departed to her chamber, holding herself so that no one could perceive her great sorrows. When Sir Launcelot mistook the queen, he went to her chamber. When she saw him, she cried out, \"O Launcelot, Launcelot, you have betrayed me!\".I. me to the death for to leave thus, my lord. A madame, I pray you be not displeased, for I shall come again as soon as I may with my worship. Alas, she said that ever I saw you. But he who suffered on the cross for all mankind is good to you and a safe conduit and all the fellowship. Right so departed Launcelot, and found his fellowship that awaited his coming, and so they mounted on their horses and rode through the street of Camelot. And there was weeping of rich and poor, and the king turned away and might not speak for weeping. So within a while they came to a city and a castle that was called Vagon. There they entered into the castle, and the lord thereof was an old man named Vagon, and he was a good man of his living, and set open the gates and made them all welcome that he might. And so on the morrow they were all agreed that they should depart each from other. And on the morrow they departed with weeping cheer, and every knight took the way that he liked..best\nNow rides Galahalt yet unprotected, and so he rode for four days without any adventure. On the fourth day after the evening, he came to a white abbey, and there he was received with great reverence and led to a chamber. There he was disarmed. Then the knights of the round table, among them Sir Bagdemagus and Sir Vwave, saw him. When they saw him, they went to Galahad and made great joy for him. And so they went to supper. Sirs asked Sir Galahalt, \"What adventure brought you here?\" Sirs replied, \"It is told to us that within this place is a shield that no man may bear about his neck unless he is ensnared or dead within three days or maimed forever. A knight said, 'King Bagdemagus says, \"God grant it, Galahad,\"' Sir Bagdemagus said, \"And I may not decline the adventure of this shield. You shall take it upon yourself, for I am sure you will not fail.\" Sir Galahad replied, \"I readily agree to that.\" So on the morrow they arose and heard mass..Then Bagdemagus asked, \"Where is the adventurous shield?\", replied a monk, leading him to an altar where the shield hung as white as any snow, but in the middle was a red cross. The monk warned him, \"The monk's shield shouldn't be worn around any knight's neck; he must be the worthiest knight in the world.\" Bagdemagus advised, \"I cannot be the least worthy knight, but I will try to bear it. I will take it out of the monastery.\" He then asked Galahad to stay behind until he knew how he fared. Galahas agreed.\n\nKing Bagdemagus took a good squire with him to bring tidings to Sir Galahad of his progress. After riding two miles, they came to a fair valley before an hermitage. They saw a knight coming from that direction, dressed in white armor on horseback, and his spear at the ready. Bagdemagus prepared himself..Spear against him and struck it upon the white knight, but the other struck him so hard that he burst his mail and showed him through the right shoulder, for the shield covered him not at that time. And so he took him from his horse, and there he alighted and took the white shield from him, saying, \"knight, thou hast done great folly, for this shield ought not to be borne but by him who shall have no piece that lives.\" Then he addressed Galahad, who was left in the abbey, and greeted him well by me. \"Sir,\" said the squire, \"what is your name? Take no heed of mine,\" said the knight, \"for it is not for you or any earthly man to know.\" \"Fair sir,\" said the squire, at the reverence of Jesus Christ, \"tell me for what cause this shield may not be borne, unless the bearer is concealed.\" \"Since you have summoned me to say so,\" said the knight, \"this shield belongs to no man but to Galahad. And go to Bagdemagus and ask him if he is wounded or not.\".forsooth he said I shall escape hardly from death, then he set his horse and with great pain brought himself to an abbey, there he was taken down softly and disarmed and laid in a bed, and there they looked to his wounds. And as the book tells us, he lay there long and escaped hardly with his life.\n\nSir Galahad said to the squire that knighted Bagdemagus sends you greetings and bids that you should bear this shield wherethrough great adventures should befall. Now blessed be good and fortune, said Galahad. And then he asked for his arms, and mounted on his horse, and put the white shield about his neck, and commanded them to God. Sir Wayne said he would bear him fellowship if it pleased him.\n\nSir Galahad said may not you, for I must go alone, save this squire shall bear me company. Then within a while came Galahad there, as the White Knight remained by the hermitage. And many marvels fell by this shield. Sir..In the year 32 after the passion of our Lord Jesus Christ, Joseph of Armathia, the noble knight who took down the Holy Cross at that time, departed from Jerusalem with a large entourage. They arrived at a city called Saras. At that very hour, Joseph arrived at Saras, there was a king named Euelake, who was powerful and especially hostile towards a Saracen named Sarasin, who was Euelake's cousin. King Tollemeus Faintes was the name of this mighty ruler who was nearby. One day, these two met to engage in battle. Joseph, the son of Joseph of Armathia, went to King Euelake and told him that he would be defeated and killed unless he abandoned the old law and embraced the new law through love. Joseph then showed him the true belief of the Holy Trinity, which Euelake agreed to with all his heart. A shield was made for King Euelake thereafter..The name of the man who died on the cross was named Toleme. When Euelake was in the battle, a cloth was set before his shield. In the greatest peril, he let the cloth be removed. Then, his enemies saw a figure of a man on the cross, which discomfited them all. A man of King Euelak's was struck in the hand, and he bore that hand in his other hand. Joseph called that man to him and bade him go with good devotion to touch the cross. As soon as that man touched the cross with his hand, it was whole as it had been before. Then, a great marvel occurred that the cross on the shield vanished away, and no one knew where it went. King Euelake was baptized, and for the most part, all the people of that city were soon after. Joseph wanted to depart, and King Euelake wanted to go with him, whether he did or not..by fortune they came into this land, called Great Britain, and found a great felon pagan who had imprisoned Joseph. And so, by fortune, they came to a worthy man named Mondrames, who gathered all his people because of Joseph's great renown, and he came to the land of Great Britain and dispossessed this felon pagan and destroyed him. And there, he delivered Joseph from prison. After that, all the people were converted to the Christian faith.\n\nNot long after Joseph lay in his deathbed, and when King Euelake saw this, he made great sorrow and said, \"For your love, I have left my country. Since you must depart from this world, leave me some token of yours that I may think of you.\" Joseph replied, \"I will do so gladly. Now bring me your shield that you took from me when you went to battle against King Tolleme.\" Joseph wept sorely at the nose, so that it could not be stopped. Therefore,.that he made a cross of his own blood / Now you see a reminder that I love you / for you shall never see this shield but you shall think of me / and it shall always be as fresh as it is now And never shall man bear this shield about his neck but he shall repent it until the time that Galahad, the worthy knight and the last of my lineage, has it about his neck, who will do many marvelous deeds / Now said King Euelake where shall I put this shield so that this worthy knight may have it / you shall leave it there, near the hermit, who shall be placed there after his death / For other shall that good knight come on the fifteenth day after he receives the order of knighthood / and so that day that they set / is this time that he has his shield / And in the same abbey lies the hermit / Then the White Knight vanished away Immediately as the squire had heard these words / he alighted from his hackney and knelt down at Galahad's feet and prayed him that he might go with him..Before making him a knight, the squire said to Galahad, \"If I wouldn't refuse you, then you shall make me a knight,\" to which Galahad granted and they turned away towards the abbey. Upon their arrival, great joy was expressed for Sir Galahad. As soon as he dismounted, a monk led him to a tomb in a churchyard where such a noise was heard that whoever heard it should be made mad or lose their strength. The men exclaimed, \"It is a fiend.\" Galahad replied, \"Lead me there. We shall all go, armed except for our helmets.\" The good man then said, \"Go to the tomb and lift it up.\" Galahad did so and a great noise ensued. Pitifully, he said that all men could hear it. Sir Galahad, the servant of Jesus Christ, come not near me, for you shall make me go back where I have been for so long. But Galahad was not afraid and lifted up the stone. A foul smoke emerged and after that, the foulest figure leapt out..There he saw a figure resembling a man, and then he blessed him. He knew it was a demon. Then a voice was heard saying, \"Galahad, I see envy surrounding me, and my power cannot withstand it.\" Right away, Sir Galahad saw a body lying armed in the tomb, and beside it a sword. \"Fair brother,\" said Galahad, \"let us remove this body. It is not worthy to lie in this churchyard. He was a false Christian.\" And they all departed and went to the abbey. Immediately, a good man came and sat down by him and said, \"Sir, I will tell you what all that you saw in the tomb signifies. That covered body represents the hardships of the world and the great sin our Lord found in the world. At that time, the Father did not love the Son, nor did the Son love the Father. This was one of the reasons that our Lord took flesh and blood from a pure virgin for our sins were so great..That night, Sir Galahad believed all was wickedness, truly said he. Sir Galahad rested there that night, and on the morrow he made the squire knight and asked him his name and from what kin he came.\n\nSir replied, \"Men call me Melyas de Lyle. I am the son of the king of Denmark.\"\n\nFair sir Galahad said, \"Since you come from kings and queens, now ensure that knighthood is well established in you. For you ought to be a mirror unto all chivalry.\"\n\nSir Melyas replied, \"You speak truth, sir Galahad.\" Galahad said then, \"You will allow me to ride with you in this quest for the Holy Grail until some adventure separates us.\"\n\nGranted, sir, they brought Sir Melyas his armor, spear, and horse. And so, Sir Galahad and he rode forth all that week until they found any adventure.\n\nOn a Monday morning, as they were, Sir Galahad and Sir Melyas encountered an adventure..departed from an Abbey they came to a Cross which forked two ways, and in that cross were letters written that said: \"Now ye knights assembled who go to seek knights adventurous, see here. Two ways lie before you. One way protects the one who goes that way; he shall not turn back from it again, unless he is a good man and a worthy knight. And if you go to the left hand, you shall not easily win renown there, for you will be soon tested in this way. Sir, said Melyas to Galahad, if it pleases you to allow me to take the way to the left, tell me, for there I shall well prove my strength. It would be better said Galahad, you did not ride that way, for I deem I would escape better in that way than you. Nay, my lord, I pray you let me have that adventure. Take it in God's name, said Galahad.\n\nAnd then Melyas rode into an old forest, and there he rode for two days and more. And then he came into a fair meadow, and there was a fair lodge of bows. And then he espied in..Sir Melias discovered a lodge with a gold crown intricately woven inside. Clothes were spread on the ground, and delicious meals were set out. Sir Melias was astonished by this sight but had no hunger. He was more interested in the golden crown and carefully took it up. Riding on, he soon encountered a knight pursuing him, who demanded, \"Sir, set down that crown, it is not yours. Defend yourself.\" Sir Melias blessed the knight and replied, \"Fair lord of heaven, help and make you a new knight.\" They raced off on their horses, and the other knight struck Sir Melias through his hauberk and the left side, causing him to fall near death. The knight took the crown and continued on his way. Sir Melias lay helpless, and by fortune, Sir Galahad arrived to find him in peril. Sir Galahad asked, \"Sir Melias, who...\".Sir Melyas heard Galahad speak. \"For God's love, let me not die in this forest,\" he pleaded. \"Bring me to the abbey nearby so I may confess and have my rights.\" Galahad agreed. \"But who has wounded you?\" Galahad asked, hearing a cry from the leagues. \"Knight, keep back,\" Sir Melyas cried out. \"That is he who has slain me.\" Galahad answered the knight, \"Come on, face your peril.\" They charged towards each other as fast as their horses could run. Galahad struck him, and his spear went through the man's shoulder, knocking him off his horse. Galahad's spear broke upon impact. Another knight emerged from the leagues and thrust a spear at Galahad before he could retreat. Galahad drew his sword and struck off the man's left arm, causing him to flee..Gala had sewn him up after him / And then he turned again to Sir Meleagant / and there he alighted and softly dressed him on his horse before him, for the truncheon of his spear was in his body / and Sir Galahad arose behind him / and held him in his arms / and so brought him to the abbey / and there disarmed him and brought him to his chamber / And then he asked his Savior / And when he had received him, he said to Sir Galahad: \"Sir, let death come when it pleases him.\" And therewith he drew out the truncheon of the spear from his body / And then he fainted / Then an old monk who had once been a knight appeared and beheld Sir Meleagant / And immediately he tended to him / And then he said to Sir Galahad: \"I will heal him of this wound by the grace of God within seven weeks.\" / Then Sir Galahad disarmed him and said he would stay there three days / Then he asked Sir Meleagant how he was..\"thanked, now I will depart said Galahad. I have much on hand, and this knight and I were in the same quest for the Holy Grail. The good man said, \"for his sin he was thus wounded.\" And I marveled, said the good man, how you dared take upon you so rich a thing as the high order of knighthood without clean confession? That was the cause you were grievously wounded. The way on the right hand signifies the high way of our Lord Jesus Christ and the way of a good, true, living man. And the other way signifies the way of sinners and misbelievers. When the devil saw your pride and presumption in taking you on in the quest for the Holy Grail, that overthrew you. It may not be achieved but by virtuous living. Also, the writing on the cross was a signification of heavenly deeds and knightly deeds in God's works and not knightly deeds in worldly works. Pride is the head of all deadly sins that caused this.\".A knight departed from Galahad, where you took the golden crown, you sinned in covetousness and took it. These actions were unchivalrous. Galahad, the holy knight who fought with the two knights, signifying the two deadly sins present in him, Melyas, could not withstand you, for you were without deadly sin. Galahad then departed from them and taught them all to God. Sir Melyas said, \"My lord Galahad, as soon as I may ride, I shall seek you.\" \"God sends you health,\" said Galahas, and took his horse and departed. He rode many journeys forward and backward as adventure led him.\n\nAt last, it happened to him to depart from a place or a castle named Abblasoure. He had not heard mass there, which he was accustomed to do before departing from any castle or place.\n\nThen Sir Galahad came upon a mountain\nwhere he found an old chapel\nand found there no..body was all desolate; and there he knelt before the altar, and besought God for holy counsel. As he prayed, he heard a voice that said, \"Go, thou adventurous knight, to the Castle of Maidens, and there do away thy wicked customs.\"\n\nWhen Sir Galahad heard this, he thanked God and mounted his horse. He had not ridden but half a mile when he saw in a valley before him a strong castle with deep ditches. And there ran beside it a fair river that was called Syuarne. There he met with an old man, and they greeted each other. Galahad asked him the castle's name. \"Fair sir,\" he said, \"it is the Castle of Maidens.\" \"That is a cursed castle,\" said Galahad. \"And all who are converted therein, for all pity is out of it, and all hardiness and mischief is in it. Therefore, I counsel you, sir knight, to turn back.\" \"Sir Galahad knew well I shall not turn back,\" said the old man. Then Sir Galahad looked at his arms, and nothing failed him. And then he put on his shield and spurred his horse forward..This met him and seven fair maidens appeared, who said to him, \"Sir knight, you ride here in great folly. You have the water to cross over. Why should I not cross it?\" So he rode away from them. And he met a squire who said, \"Knight, the knights in the castle forbid you and defend you. You go no farther until they know what you would do.\" Fair sir replied Galahad, \"I come to destroy the wicked custom of this castle.\" \"And you will abide by that,\" said the squire. \"Go now, said Galahad, and I have need of haste.\" Then the squire entered the castle. And immediately after, seven knights came out of the castle, and they were all brothers. When they saw Galahad, they cried, \"Knight, keep back, we assure you, nothing but death awaits.\" Why said Galahad, \"Will you all attack me at once? You said your trust is great.\" Then Galahad thrust his spear and struck the form and there, with all the others, he struck him..Shelde great strokes, breaking their spheres. Then Sir Galahad drew out his sword and set upon them so hard that it was marvelous to see it, and through great force he made them abandon the field. Galahad chased them until they entered the Castle, and he passed through another gate. There, Sir Galahad met an old man dressed in religious clothing who said, \"Sir, behold the keys of this Castle.\" Then Sir Galahad opened the gates and saw so many people in the streets that he could not count them. And all said to him, \"Sir, welcome! We have long awaited our deliverance.\" Then a gentlewoman came to him and said, \"Sir, the knights have fled, but they will return this night to begin their evil customs again. What will you have me do?\" Galahad asked. The gentlewoman replied, \"Sir, send after all the knights who hold the lands of this Castle and make them swear to uphold the customs that were used here.\".In olden times, Galahad was told by a woman that she would bring him a horn of ivory, richly gilded. She gave it to him and said, \"Sir Blaise, blow this horn, which will be heard for two miles around this castle.\n\nWhen Sir Galahad had blown the horn, he lay down on a bed. A priest then came to Galahad and said, \"Sir, it has been over seven years since these seven brothers came into this castle and lodged with the lord of this castle, who was called Duke Lianore. He was the lord of this entire country. And when they saw the duke's daughter, who was a very beautiful woman, they quarreled among themselves and, by their false counsel, they persuaded the duke, through his goodness, to leave them. And there they killed him and his eldest son. Then they took the maiden and the treasure of the castle. By great force, they held all the knights of this castle against their will under their obedience and in great servitude, robbing and plundering the poor common people..That day, the duke's daughter said, \"You have done great wrong to me by killing my father and my brother, and holding our lands, not for my sake. You shall not hold this castle for many years. By one knight, you will be overcome. She prophesied seven years ago. The seven knights agreed, \"Since you say so, no lady or knight will pass this castle, but they will remain and suffer beheadings or death until that knight comes, by whom we shall lose this castle.\" Therefore, it is called the Maiden's Castle, for it has devoured many maidens. Galahad is not here for whom this castle was lost. No, sir, the priest replied, she was dead within these three nights after being forced. Since then, they have kept their younger sister, who endures great pains with many other ladies. The knights of the country came then, and he made them do homage and fealty to the king's daughter..Set them in great ease of heart, and in the morning, one came to Galahad and told him that Gareth and Vayne had slain the seven brothers. Sir Galahad supposed well and took his armor and his horse, and commanded them to God.\n\nNow says the tale after Sir Gawain departed: he rode many journeys both toward and forward. And at last he came to the Abbey where Sir Galahad had the white shield, and there Sir Gawain learned the way to seek after Sir Galahad. And so he rode to the Abbey where Melias lay sick, and there Sir Melias told Sir Gawain of the marvelous adventures that Sir Galahad undertook. \"Indeed,\" said Sir Gawain, \"I am not happy that I took not his way. For if I may meet him, I will not depart from him lightly. For all marvelous adventures Sir Galahad achieves.\"\n\n\"He will not have your company,\" said one of the monks. \"Why?\" asked Sir Gawain. \"Why?\" he replied. \"For you are wicked and sinful, and he is fully blessed.\".Sir Gareth entered speaking, and then they rejoiced. In the morning they attended mass and departed. By the way, they encountered Sir V\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435yne and others. Sir V\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435yne told Sir Gareth that he had met with no adventure since leaving the court. \"Nor have we,\" Sir Gareth replied. Each of the three knights promised not to depart while they were on this quest, unless fortune compelled them. So they departed and rode until they came to the Castle of Maidens. The seven brothers saw the three knights and said, \"Since one knight has driven us from this castle, we will destroy all of King Arthur's knights so that we may overcome them for the sake of Sir Galahad.\" With the seven knights, they set upon the three knights. By fortune, Sir Gareth killed one of the brothers, and each of his companions killed another. They then took the way under the castle and lost the remainder..Sir Galahad rode in a certain way, and each of them parted from the others. Sir Gawain rode until he reached an hermitage, where he found the good man reciting his tale of the Lady. Sir Gawain asked for shelter there, and the good man granted it gladly. The good man then asked him who he was. \"Sir, I am a knight of King Arthur's, named Sir Gawain, in quest of the Holy Grail,\" he replied. \"Sir,\" said the good man, \"I would know how it stands between you and God.\" \"Sir Gawain replied, \"I will willingly show you my life if it pleases you.\" And there he told the hermit his story: how a monk from an abbey had called him the wicked knight. The hermit might well have said that, for when you were first made a knight, you should have taken up knightly deeds and virtuous living. Instead, you have lived disgracefully for many years. Sir Galahad is humble and has never sinned; that is why he will attain his goal wherever he goes..None shall reach you or any in your fellowship, for you have lived the most untrustworthy life that I have ever heard of a knight. Indeed, had you not been so wicked as you are, the seven brothers would not have been killed by you and your two companions. Sir Galahad alone defeated them all on that day, but his life is such that he will not kill lightly. I may tell you that the Castle of Maidens symbolizes the good souls who were in prison before the Incarnation of Jesus Christ. The seven knights symbolize the seven deadly sins that ruled at that time in the world. I may liken Sir Galahad to the Son of the high Father, who shone within a maiden and bought all the souls out of bondage. So did Sir Galahad deliver all the maidens out of the Woeful Castle. Sir Gawain said to the good man, \"You must do penance for your sin.\" \"What penance shall I do?\" said the good man. \"Nay,\" said Sir Gawain, \"I may do no penance. For we knights\".adventurous often suffered great woe and pain, the good man said, and then he held his peace. And on the morrow, Sir Gawain departed from the hermit. He instructed him unto God. By adventure, he met Sir Aglovale and Sir Gryflet, two knights of the Round Table. They rode for four days without finding any adventure. And on the fifth day, they parted ways. Each one encountered as fortune decreed.\n\nHere leaves the tale of Sir Gawain and his companions. Now let us speak of Sir Galahad.\n\nSo when Sir Galahad had departed from the castle of maidens, he rode until he came to a waste forest. There he met Sir Lancelot and Sir Percival, but they did not recognize him, for he was newly disguised. Right then, Sir Lancelot drew his spear and struck Sir Galahad. Galahad struck him back, knocking both horse and man down. Then he drew his sword and struck Sir Percival, striking him on the helmet, which split open to the crown of his head..Had not the sword struck down Sir Percival, and with the stroke, he had fallen out of his saddle. This was done before the hermitage, where a recluse dwelt. And when she saw Sir Galahad ride by, she said, \"God be with the best knight of the world.\" All allowed that Launcelot and Percival might have seen him. But these two knights knew him as well as I do; they would not have encountered him then.\n\nSir Galahad heard her say so; he was afraid to be recognized there. He struck his horse with his spurs and rode a great pace toward them. Then both perceived that it was Galahad. And they quickly mounted their horses and rode fast after him. But in a while, he was out of their sight. Then they turned around again with heavy hearts.\n\nPerceival said to Launcelot, \"Let us hear some tidings.\" When Sir Percival came to the recluse, she knew him well and recognized both him and Sir Launcelot. But Sir Launcelot rode over and past her, extending his journey indefinitely..Sir Launcelot rode through the wild forest, where no path existed but one of wild adventure. At last, he came to a stone cross that branched into two ways in waste land. Near the cross was a marble stone, but it was so dark that Sir Launcelot could not tell what it was. Then Sir Launcelot looked around and saw an old chapel. He tied his horse to a tree and dismounted, leaning his shield against it. He then went to the chapel door and found it waste and broken. Inside, he found a beautiful altar richly adorned with clean silk cloth and a fair, clean candlestick bearing six large candles, made of silver. When Sir Launcelot saw this light, he had a strong desire to enter the chapel, but he could find no place where he could do so. Feeling heavy-hearted and dismayed, he returned to his horse and remounted..pasture and unlaced his helmet, unsheathed his sword, and lay down to sleep on his shield before the Cross. And so he fell asleep, half waking and spying, he saw come towards him two fair and white palfreys with a litter on them. In it lay a sick knight. And when he was near the Cross, he remained still. Sir Launcelot saw this and remained awake, for he did not sleep deeply. He heard him say, \"O sweet Lord, when will this sorrow leave me? And when shall the holy vessel come to me, through which I shall be blessed? For I have endured this long suffering for a little space.\" The sick knight complained thus continually, and Sir Launcelot always heard it. With that, Sir Launcelot saw the candlestick with the six tapers come before the Cross. He saw no one who bore it. Also, there came a table of silver and the holy vessel of the Sanctuary, which Sir Launcelot had seen before in King Pescara's house. And there, with the sick knight, they set him up and held him up..Both his hands and said, \"Fair sweet lord, who is here within this holy vessel, take heed to me that I may be healed of this malady. And there, with one of his hands and on his knees, he came so near that he touched the holy vessel and kissed it. Immediately, he was healed. And then he said, \"Lord God, I thank thee. For I am relieved of this sickness.\" When the holy vessel had been there for a long time, it went to the chapel with the chandler and the light. So, Lancelot did not know where it had gone, for he was overcome with sin and had no power to rise against the holy vessel again. After that, many men spoke shamefully of him, but he repented afterwards. Then the sick knight dressed himself up and kissed the cross. Immediately, his squire brought him his arms and asked his lord how he did. \"Certainly, he said, \"I thank God right well through the holy vessel. I am relieved.\" But I am amazed by the sleeping knight who had no power to awaken when this holy vessel was brought here.\".The squire, who dwells in some deadly sin of which he was never confessed, said this, according to the knight, who is unhappy, for he is of the fellowship of the Round Table, which has entered the quest for the Holy Grail. The squire said, \"Here I have brought you all your arms, save your helmet and your surcoat.\" And so, by my consent, you may take this knight's helmet and his surcoat. And when he was fully armed, he took Sir Lancelot's horse, for his was better than his, and they departed from the Cross.\n\nThen at once, Sir Lancelot woke up and got up, pondering what he had seen there, and whether it was a dream or not. He heard a voice that said to Sir Lancelot, \"Go away from here, and withdraw from this holy place.\" And when Sir Lancelot heard this, he....Sir Launcelot was heavy-hearted and didn't know what to do, so he departed, weeping and cursing the time he was born. For then he thought he had never had more worship. Those words went to his heart until he knew why he was called so. Then Sir Launcelot went to the Cross and found his helmet, sword, and horse taken away. He called himself a true wretch and most unhappy of all knights. And there he said, \"My sin and wickedness have brought me to great dishonor. For when I sought worldly adventures for worldly desires, I always encountered them and had the better in every place, and was never discomfited in any quarrel, whether it was right or wrong. And now I take upon me the adventures of holy things. & now I see and understand that my old sin hinders me and shames me, so that I had no power to stand or speak when the holy blood appeared before me. So he sorrowed until it was day, and heard the birds sing. Then he was somewhat comforted. But when Sir....Launcelot dismounted and removed his armor, recognizing that God was displeased with him. He departed from the cross on foot and came primely to a high hill, where he found an hermitage and an hermit going to mass. Launcelot knelt down and cried out for mercy for his wicked deeds. Once mass was done, Launcelot called the hermit and begged for charity to hear his life. The good man replied, \"Sir, you are of King Arthur's Court and of the fellowship of the Round Table. Indeed, and my name is Sir Launcelot of the Lake, who has been greatly praised. Now my good fortune has changed. For I am the most wretched of the world.\" The hermit was astonished and said, \"Sir, you ought to thank God more than any knight living. For He has granted you more worldly honor than any knight who now lives. And for your presumption to take upon yourself,\".Sir, you are deeply sinful for being in his presence where his flesh and blood were, which you could not see with worldly eyes. He will not appear where such sinners are, but if it is to their great harm and shame. There is no knight living now who owes God greater thanks than you, for he has given you beauty, comeliness, and great strength above all other knights. Therefore, you are more obligated than any other man to love and fear Him, for your strength and manhood will little avail you. Then Sir Launcelot wept with heavy heart and said, \"Now I know you speak the truth, Sir. Do not hide any old sin from me. For these four years I have never discovered one thing that I have done, and now I may know my shame and disaster.\" He then told that good man all his life and how he had loved a queen..\"unmeasurably and out of measure long, I did most of my great deeds of arms for the queen's sake. For her sake, I would do battle, whether it was right or wrong. I never battled only for God's sake, but to win respect and to be better loved. Little or nothing did I thank God for it. Then Sir Launcelot said, \"I pray you, counsel me.\" \"I will counsel you,\" said the hermit. \"If you will ensure me that you will never come into the queen's fellowship as much as you can avoid. Then Sir Launcelot promised him, on the faith of his body, that his heart and mouth would agree. And I shall ensure you, you shall have more worship than you ever had.\" \"Father,\" said Sir Launcelot, \"I marvel at the wise words you have spoken to me, as you have heard beforehand. Have you no marvel, good man, at what I have said?\" \"For it seems well,\" he replied, \"that God loves you. For men can understand that a stone is hard.\"\".And this, more than another, is to be understood by Sir Launcelot, for you will not leave your sin for any goodness that God has sent you. Therefore, you are more than any stone, and never would you be made amenable, neither by water nor by fire. And this is the heat of the Holy Ghost may not enter in.\n\nTake heed, in all the world, men shall not find one knight to whom the Lord has given so much grace as He has given you. For He has given you fairness with semblance, He has given you the wit and discretion to know good from evil, He has given you the prowess and hardiness and has given you to work so largely that you have had at all days the better wheresoever you came, and now our Lord wills not longer but that you shall know Him whether you will or not.\n\nAnd why the voice called you bitterer than wood? For where much sin dwells, there may be but little sweetness. Therefore, you are likened to an old rotten tree.\n\nI have shown you this..Our lord found in Jerusalem on Palm Sunday that hardness resided in the people, and not one was willing to receive him in the town. He then went outside the town and found in the middle of the way a fig tree that was fair and well adorned with leaves but bore no fruit. Our lord cursed the fig tree that had leaves but no fruit, symbolizing Jerusalem. Sir Launcelot, when the Holy Grail was brought before him, found no good fruit, thought, or will in him, but was defiled by lechery. Ceres said to Sir Launcelot that all he had said was true, and from then on, by the grace of God, he vowed never to be so wicked again but to follow knighthood and do feats of arms..Then the good man joined Sir Lancelot such penance as he could do and swore knighthood, and so reassured him. I will gladly do so, said Sir Lancelot. For I have neither helmet nor horse nor sword. The good man replied, I will help you or by tomorrow at evening with a horse and all that belongs to you. Then Sir Lancelot repented greatly.\n\nNow says the tale that when Sir Lancelot rode after Sir Galahad, who had the adventures mentioned above, Sir Percival turned again to the hermit. He intended to have news of the knight that Lancelot followed. So he knelt at her window, and the hermit opened it, and asked Sir Percival what he wanted. Sir Percival replied, I am a knight of King Arthur's Court, and my name is Sir Percival of Galis. When the hermit heard his name, she took great joy in him, for she had loved no other knight more than him before, for she ought to do so, for she was his aunt..And then she commanded the gates to be opened. There he had all the cheer that she could make him, and all that was in her power was at his command. So, on the morrow, Sir Percival went to the recluse and asked her if she knew that knight with the white shield. \"Sir,\" she said, \"why would you want to know? Truly, madam, said Sir Percival, I shall never be at ease until I know of that knight's fellowship, and until I may fight him. For I cannot leave him lightly. I still bear the shame.\" \"A Percival,\" she said, \"would you fight him? It seems by your words that you know me. You said so. I ought to know you, for I am your aunt, though I am in a priory place. For some called me sometimes the queen of the waste lands, and I was called the queen of most riches in the world. And it pleased me never so much as my poverty does now.\" Then Sir Percival..We felt great pity when he learned it was his aunt. \"A fair new one said she when she heard the news of your mother,\" he replied. \"Truly, I heard none of her,\" he said, \"but I dreamed of her much in my sleep. Therefore, I do not know whether she is dead or alive. Fair new one said, 'Your mother is dead.' For after your departure from her, she took such sorrow that, after she was confessed, she died. Now God have mercy on her soul, said Sir Percival. But all we must change our lives.\n\nNow, fair aunt, tell me what is the knight. I deem it is he who bore the red arms on Whitsunday. \"You know well that this is he,\" she said. \"For otherwise, he ought not to do this but go in red arms. And that same knight has no peer, for he works all by miracle, and he shall never be overcome by any earthly man's hand.\n\nAlso, Merlin made the round table as a symbol of the world's roundness. For by the round table, the world is signified rightly. For all the world is Christian..and heathens repair to the round table. When they are chosen to be members of the fellowship of the round table, they consider themselves more blessed and in higher esteem than if they had acquired half the world. And you have seen that they have lost their fathers, mothers, and all their kin and wives and children to be in your fellowship. It is rightly sensed by you. Since you departed from your mother, you would never have found such a fellowship at the round table. When Merlin ordered the round table, he said to those who should be its members, \"The truth of the Holy Grail should be well known, and men ask me how they might recognize those who should best achieve the Holy Grail. Then he said there should be three white bulls that would accomplish it, and the two should be virgins, and the third should be chaste. One of the three should pass his father as much as the lion passes the lamb, in strength and courage.\" Those who heard Merlin say this replied to him:.\"Sir, you should order a siege using your crafts such that only he who passes all other knights may enter. Merlin assured me he would do so, and made the siege perilous on Whitsonday last past, during which Galahad sat at his table. Madam, I have heard so much about you that by my good will, I will never have dealings with Sir Galahad, except out of kindness and for God's love, fair aunt. Can you teach me a way to find him? I would greatly desire his companionship. Fair Maiden said, \"You must ride to a castle called Gooth, where he has a cousin Germain. You may be lodged there tonight. Follow his instructions as quickly as you can. If he cannot tell you news of him, ride straight to the Castle of Carbonek, where the enchantress king is lying, for there you will hear true news of him.\" Then Sir Percival departed.\".From his aunt making great sorrow, and so he rode until evening time, and then he heard a clock strike. And then he was aware of a house enclosed well with walls and deep ditches. And there he knocked at the gate and was let in. And he alighted and was led into a chamber, and soon he was disarmed. And there he had right good cheer that night. And on the morrow he heard his mass, and in the monastery he found a priest ready at the altar. And on the right side he saw a pew closed with iron, and behind the altar he saw a rich bed and a fair one, of silk and gold. Then Sir Percival espied that there was a man or a woman within, for the visage was covered. Then he looked away and heard his service. And when it came to the sanctifying, he who lay within that Percloos dressings himself up and uncovered his head, and then he appeared as a passing old man, and he had a crown of gold on his head, and his shoulders were naked and unveiled to his naval. And then Sir Percival..Percyual's body was filled with great wounds on his shoulders and arms, as well as his face. He continually raised his hands against our lord's body and cried, \"Fair, sweet father Jesus, Crist, forget not me.\" He then lay down, but he was always in prayer and supplication. He seemed to be around three hundred years old. When the mass was completed, the priest took our lord's body and carried it to the sick king. After using it, he gave his crown to the altar and commanded that it be placed there. Then, Sir Percyual asked one of the brothers, \"What are you?\" The good man replied, \"You have heard much about Joseph of Arimathea. He was sent by Jesus Christ into this land to teach and preach the holy Christian faith. For this reason, he suffered many persecutions at the hands of Christ's enemies. In the city of Saras, he converted a king named Abelake. And so, this king came with Joseph into this land and remained there continually.\".King Euelake followed the Sanct Grail so closely that our lord was displeased with him, but nevertheless he continued to do so until God struck him almost blind. Then this king cried for mercy and said, \"Fair lord, let me never die until the good knight of my blood of the ninth degree comes, so that I may see him openly and he may take the Sanct Grail, which I may kiss.\"\n\nWhen the king had finished his prayers, he heard a voice that said, \"Heed your prayers, for you shall not die until he has kissed [it]. And when that knight comes, the clarity of your eyes will return. You will see openly, and your wounds will be healed, and they will never close. This happened to King Euelake, and this same king has lived this three hundred winters in this life. And men say that the knight is in the Court that will heal him. Sir, I pray you tell me which knight you are, and if you are of King Arthur's court and of the Round Table, you said.\".Sir Percival's name was known to the good man, who rejoiced greatly upon hearing it. Sir Percival then rode until the hour of none. In a valley, he encountered about twenty armed men, carrying a knight who had been mortally wounded. When they saw Sir Percival, they asked him whence he came. He replied, \"From King Arthur's court.\" They all cried out to kill him then. Sir Percival struck down the first man and his horse. Seven of the knights attacked his shield simultaneously, and the remainder killed his horse, causing him to fall to the ground. Had it not been for Sir Galahad's timely arrival with his reed arms, Sir Percival would have been killed or taken captive. Upon seeing the twenty men attacking one knight, Sir Galahad cried out, \"Save this knight's life!\" He charged towards the scene as fast as his horse could go, and with his spear, he struck down the first horse and rider..And when his speech was broken, he set his hand to his sword and struck on the right hand and on the left hand, a marvel to behold, and at every stroke he struck down one or put him to rout, so that they would not fight anymore but fled to a thick forest. Sir Galahad followed them. And when Sir Percival saw him chase them so, he made great sorrow that his horse was away. Then he knew well it was Sir Galahad. And then he cried aloud, \"A fair knight abide and suffer me to do thanks to you, for much have you done for me.\" But ever Sir Galahad rode so fast that at last he passed out of his sight. And as fast as Sir Percival could, he went after him on foot, crying, \"And a fair friend you are, Sir Galahad, as ever I may do for you; and to be your true knight in the first place, you will require me that you will lend me that black steed.\".A knight overtook me, one who rode before me. The knight said to the yeoman, \"I pray you excuse me for that, for I cannot do so, for well you know that the horse is such a man's horse that if I lent it to you or any man, he would kill me. Alas said Sir Percival, I have never had greater sorrow than I have had for losing that knight. The knight said, \"I am heavy for you, sir, for a good horse would become you well, but I dare not give you this horse unless you would take him from me.\" Sir Percival said, \"I will not do that.\" And so they parted. And Sir Percival set himself down under a tree and made sorrow for me. And as he was there, a knight came riding on the horse that the yeoman had led. He was fully armed. The yeoman came running after as fast as he could and asked Sir Percival if he saw any knight riding on a black horse. \"Sir, truly,\" he said, \"why ask you me that? That steed has wronged me with strength.\".Sir Percyual said, \"Why do you want to wound me, my lord? Where do you find me? But if I had a good horse, I would bring him back to you quickly. Take my horse and do your best. I will test your speed on foot. Then Sir Percyual dismounted and rode as fast as he could. He eventually saw the knight. \"Knight, turn back!\" he cried. The knight turned and set his spear against Sir Percyual. He struck the horse in the middle of its chest, causing it to fall dead to the ground. Sir Percyual had a great fall, and the other knight rode away. Sir Percyual was very angry and cried, \"Evil knight, coward and false-hearted knight, turn back and fight with me on foot!\" But the knight did not answer. Instead, he continued on his way. Disgusted, Sir Percyual threw away his helmet and sword and said, \"Now I am a true knight.\".Sir Percival was the most wretched and unhappy knight of all, and he endured this sorrow all day until it was night. Then he grew faint and lay down to sleep until midnight. Upon awakening, he saw before him a woman who fiercely said to him, \"Sir Percival, what harm have I caused you, neither good nor great? If you grant me this, I will lend you my own horse, which will carry you wherever you will.\" Sir Percival was pleased with her offer and granted her request. \"Stay here,\" he said, \"and I will go fetch you a horse.\" She returned soon with a horse that was entirely black. When Percival beheld the horse, he marveled at its great size and fine appearance, and he was not deterred. He mounted it without hesitation and rode through a forest. The moon shone brightly..shone clere / And within an houre and lasse he bare hym four dayes Iourney thens vntyl he came to a rough wa\u2223ter the whiche roryd / and his hors wold haue borne hym in to hit\nAnd whanne syr Percyuale came nyghe the brymme / & sawe the water so boystous / he doubted to ouerpasse it And thenne he made a sygne of the crosse in his forheed / whan the fende felte hym soo charged / he shoke of syr Percyual / and he wente in to the water cryenge and roryng makyng grete so\u00a6rowe / and it semed vnto hym that the water brente / Thenne sir Percyual perceyued it was a fend the which wold haue bro\u2223ught hym vnto his perdycyon / Thenne he commaunded hym self vnto god / and prayd oure lord to kepe hym from alle suche temptacyons / and so he praid alle that nyghte tyl on the morn that it was day / thenne he sawe that he was in a wylde mon\u2223tayne / the whiche was closed with the see nygh al aboute that he my\u0292t see no land about hym whiche my\u0292te releue hym but wylde beestes / And thenne he went in to a valey / and there he sawe a.young serpent brings a young lion by the neck, and so it came to Sir Percival, with that a great lion roaring and growling after the serpent.\nAnd as soon as Sir Percival saw this, he marveled & hid himself there, but anon the lion had overtaken the serpent and began battle with him.\nAnd then Sir Percival thought to help the lion, for it was the more natural beast of the two, and there he drew his sword and set his shield before him, and there he gave the serpent such a buffet that it had a deadly wound. When the lion saw that, it made no resemblance to fight with him, but made him all the cheer that a beast might make a man. Then Percival perceived that and cast down his shield, which was broken, and then he took off his helmet to gather wind, for he was greatly enchafed with the serpent. And the lion went always about him fawning as a spaniel.\nAnd then he stroked him on the neck and on the shoulder, And then he thanked God for the fellowship..of that beast / And about none, the lion took his little whelp and trussed him there. He came then. Sir Percival was alone. And, as the tale tells, he was one of the men of the world at that time, who most believed in our Lord Jesus Christ. For in those days, there were few people who believed in God perfectly. For in those days, the Son spared not the Father any more than a stranger. And so, Sir Percival comforted himself in our Lord Jesus, and begged that no temptation should bring him out of God's service, but to endure as his true champion. Thus, when Sir Percival had prayed, he saw the lion come toward him. And then, he lay down at his feet. And so, that night, the lion and he slept together. When Sir Percival slept, he dreamed a marvelous dream. There, two ladies met him. One sat upon a lion, and the other upon a serpent. And one of them was young and the other was old. The youngest one spoke to him..Percyual, my lord sends word that you assemble and prepare, for tomorrow you must fight the strongest champion in the world. If you are overcome, you will not be quit for losing any member, but you will be shamed forever. Then he asked her who her lord was, and she replied, \"the greatest lord of all the world.\" And she departed suddenly, leaving him bewildered.\n\nThen came forth the other lady who rode upon the serpent, and she said, \"Sir Percyual, I complain to you that you have wronged me and have not offended me. Indeed, madam, I have never offended you or any lady. Yes, she said, I will tell you why. I have nourished in this place a great while a serpent which served me a great while. And yesterday you slew him as he was getting his prey. Tell me, for what cause did you slew him? For the lion was not yours, madam,\" said Sir Percyuale, \"but I did it, for the lion was not mine, but the serpent was harassing me.\".Sir, I killed him because he was of a more serpent-like nature than I. I do not believe I acted against you, Madam. She asked why I did this, and I would have replied that I did it for the amends of my beast, and that you should become my man. He answered that he would not grant you that. She then declared that he had been her servant since he received the homage of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore, I assure you that in any place I may find you without keeping, I will take you as one who was once my man. And so she departed from Sir Percival and left him sleeping, who was greatly troubled by his adversity. The next morning, he arose and blessed him, and Percival was passing weak. Then Sir Percival saw a ship sailing towards him at sea, and he went aboard it and found it covered both inside and out with white samite. At the helm stood an old man dressed like a priest. \"Welcome, sir,\" said Sir Percival. \"God keep you,\" replied the good man. Sir Percival said, \"Old man.\".A man spoke, said Sir Percival, I am from King Arthur's Court, a knight of the Round Table, in quest of the Holy Grail, and I am in great distress and unlikely to escape from this wilderness. Doubt not, said the good man, and you are a true knight as chivalry requires, and of good heart as you ought to be, none enemy shall harm you, said Sir Percival. I am from a foreign land, said the old man, and I have come here to comfort you, said Sir Percival. What does my dream signify that I dreamed last night, and there he told him all: She who rode upon the lion signifies the new law of the holy church, which is to be understood - faith, good hope, belief, and baptism. For she seemed younger than the others, for she was born in the resurrection and the passion of our Lord Jesus Christ. And for great love she came to warn you of your great battle that shall come..Sir Percival said the old man, \"I will fight with the most champion of the world.\" The old man replied, \"For as the lady said, but if you quit the welfare, you will not be quit by losing one member, but you will be shamed to the end of the world. And the woman riding on the serpent signifies the old law, and that serpent represents a devil. And her blaming you for slaying her servant signifies nothing. The serpent you slayed represents the devil you rode up to the rock. And when you made a sign of the Cross, there you slew him and put him away.\n\nSir Percival remained there until midday. He saw a ship coming rowing in the sea as if all the winds of the world had driven it. And so it drove under the rock. When Sir Percival saw this, he hailed it, and found the ship covered with silk darker than any bear. In it was a noblewoman of great beauty, and she was richly dressed, such that none could be better.\".She saw Sir Percival. \"Who brought you into these wildernesses where you are unlikely to pass?\" she asked. \"For you shall die here from hunger and misery.\"\n\nDamoisel replied, \"Sir Percival, I serve the best man in the world. And in his service, he will not allow me to die. For whoever knocks shall enter, and whoever asks shall be given, and whoever seeks him, he hides not from him.\"\n\nBut then she said, \"Sir Percival, do you know what I am?\"\n\n\"Yes, I do,\" he replied.\n\n\"Then I'll tell you,\" she said. \"I saw him in the forest.\"\n\nA damsel said, \"With that knight, the white-shielded one, I would have met passing gladly, Sir Knight.\"\n\n\"And you will ensure me by the faith that you owe to knighthood that you shall do my will whenever I ask you,\" he said.\n\n\"I shall promise you to fulfill your desire,\" she replied.\n\n\"Now I'll tell you,\" she continued. \"I saw him in the forest.\".Two knights pushed a man into the water called Mortay, out of fear of death. The two knights crossed over, and the third knight passed after, but his horse was drenched. He reached the land. She told him this, and Sir Percival was pleased.\n\nShe asked him if he had eaten any food late. \"No, madam, truly, I have eaten nothing near this three days, but late I spoke with a man who fed me with his good words and refreshed me greatly.\" A knight said she that same man was an enchanter and a multiplier of words.\n\n\"If you believe him, you will shamefully die here for pure hunger and be eaten by wild beasts,\" she warned. \"You are a young man and a good knight. I will help you, Sir Percival, who disherited you?\".I have great pity for you, Sir. I lived with the greatest man in the world, and he made me so fair and clear that there was none like me. And of that great beauty I had a little pride more than I ought to have had. I also said a word that pleased him not. And then he would not suffer me to be any longer in his company, and so drove me from my heritage and disinherited me. He had never pitied me nor my council nor my court. And since then, Sir Knight, it has befallen me so, and through me and mine we have become his men. They asked for nothing of me but I gave it to them, and much more. Thus I and all my servants were against him night and day. Therefore I know now no good knight or good man but I get them on my side and I may. And for that I know that thou art a good knight, I beseech thee to help me. And for thou art a fellow of the round table, therefore thou oughtest not to fail any gentlewoman who is in need..discarded and she begged for your help\nThen Sir Percyual promised her all the help that he could\nAnd then she thanked him\nAt that time the weather was hot\nThen she called for a gentlewoman and bade her bring forth a pauper's pot\nAnd so she did\nAnd she lit it upon the gravel\nSir said she, Now may you rest in this heat of the day\nThen he thanked her\nAnd she removed his helmet and shield\nAnd there he slept for a great while\nAnd then he awoke\nAnd asked her if she had any food\nAnd she said yes\nAnd so there was set enough upon the table\nAnd there was so much that he marveled\nFor there was all manner of foods that he could think of\nAlso he drank there the strongest wine that he had ever drunk\nWith that he was a little chafed more than he ought to be\nAnd then Sir Percyual proposed his love and prayed.She refused him in a manner when he required her, for the cause he should be the more ardent on her. And ever he ceased not to pray her for love. And when she saw him well aroused, then she said, \"Sir Percival, know well I shall not fulfill your will, but if you swear from henceforth you shall be my true servant, and to do nothing but that I shall command, will you ensure me this as you are a true knight? You said, 'Fair lady, by the faith of my body,' she replied, 'Now shall you do with me what pleases you. And now know well, you are the knight in the world that I most desire.' Then two squires were commanded to make a bed in the middle of the pavilion. And anon she was undressed and laid therein. And then Sir Percival lay down by her, naked. And by chance and grace, he saw his sword lie on the ground, naked. In whose pommel was a red cross and the sign of the crucifix therein. And he thought on his knighthood..and he made a promise to the good man beforehand. Then he made a sign of the cross on his forehead. And with the Paulion torn up so down, it changed into smoke and a black cloud. And then he was afraid and cried out loud:\n\nFair, sweet father Jesus Christ, do not let me be shamed, who was nearly lost, had it not been for your good grace.\n\nThen he looked into a ship and saw her entering therein, which said, \"Sir Percival, you have betrayed me.\" And so she went with the wind roaring and yelling, and it seemed that all the water was burning after her. Then Sir Percival made great sorrow and drew his sword to himself, saying, \"Then my flesh will be my master, I shall punish it.\" And therewith he killed himself through the thigh, and the blood started about him. & said, \"O good lord, take this in recompense for what I have done against my lord.\" So then he clothed and armed himself, and called himself a wretch, saying, \"How near was I to being lost, and to have lost that I\".should never have returned / that was my virginity / for that may never be recovered once it is lost / and then he stopped his bleeding wound with a piece of his shirt / Thus, as he made his way he saw the same ship come from the Orient that the good man was in the day before / and the noble knight was ashamed of himself / & there he fell in a swoon / And when he awoke he went to him weekly and there he sold this good man / And then he asked Sir Percival how have you fared since I left you? / Sir Percival replied, there was a gentlewoman who led me into deadly sin / And there he told him all to his shame / Did you not know the maid said the good man? / Sir Percival said, no, but I know now the devil sent her there to shame me / Oh good knight, said he, you are a fool / for that gentlewoman was the master of hell / who has power above all devils / and that was the old lady you saw in your vision riding on the serpent / Then he told Sir Percival how our Lord Jesus /.Cryst, the brightest angel of heaven, was driven out for his sin; he was the champion who fought against all, and would have overcome them had it not been for the grace of God. Sir Percival, beware and take this as an example. The good man then vanished away. Then Sir Percival took up his arms and entered the ship, and departed from there.\n\nAfter keeping Sir Launcelot for three days, the hermit gave him a horse, a helmet, and a sword. And then he departed around noon. He saw a little house nearby, and when he approached, he saw a chapel. An old man dressed in white, richly clothed, was there. Sir Launcelot said, \"God save you,\" and the good man replied, \"God keep you. Make you a good knight.\" Sir Launcelot dismounted and entered the chapel, and there he saw an old man..A man died in a white shirt of passing fine cloth. / Sir, said the good man, this dead man shouldn't be in such clothing as you see him in, / for he broke the oath of his order. / He had been more than a C winter a man of a reverent disposition. / Then the good man and Sir Launcelot entered the chapel. / The good man took a stole around his neck and looked. / Then he conjured on that book. / And with that, they saw in a hideous figure and terrible, / there was no man so hard-hearted or so hard but he would have been afraid. / Then the fiend said, you have troubled me greatly. Now tell me what you will with me. / I said the good man, tell me how my companion became dead, / and whether he is saved or damned. / Then he said with a horrible voice, he is not lost but saved. / How can that be said the good man? / It seemed to me that he did not live well, / for he broke his oath to wear none, / and whoever transgresses against our..This man, who lies here dead, was not well-regarded. The devil spoke not otherwise concerning this man. A great lord, called the Earl of Vale, was at war with this man named Agarus. Agarus, seeing the Earl was more powerful than he, sought counsel from his uncle, who also lies here dead.\n\nAsking for leave, Agarus departed from his hermitage to maintain his new war against the mighty Earl. It transpired that this dead man, through his wisdom and bravery, managed to capture the Earl and three of his lords.\n\nThen peace was made between the Earl and Agarus, and great security ensured that the Earl would never wage war against him again. This dead man returned to Agarus' hermitage. The Earl, in turn, sent two of his new men to avenge himself upon this man. They found him at the sacred mass..After saying Mass, they placed him on a chair and drew swords to kill him. But no sword would harm him more than a thorn prick on a steel shield, for the high lord he served protected him. He was preserved.\n\nThen they built a great fire and burned all his clothes and the hair on the back of his head. This dead man, the hermit, said to them, \"Do you intend to burn me? It will not be within your power to harm me any more than a thread, and there is not even a thread on my body.\" One of them replied, \"We'll see.\" They stripped him, put on him a shirt, and cast him into the fire. He lay there all night until it was day, and was not dead. In the morning, I found him dead, but neither thread nor skin remained. I took him out of the fire with great effort and placed him here as you see.\n\nNow may I be allowed to leave, for I have told you the truth. Then he departed with a great tempest.\n\nThen was....Sir Launcelot was happier than the others after that / Then Sir Launcelot lived with that good man that night\nKing: \"You are not Sir Launcelot of the Lake, are you?\" / \"Yes, I am,\" Sir Launcelot replied / \"What brings you to this country?\" / \"I come to seek the adventures of the Holy Grail,\" Sir Launcelot answered\nKing: \"You may well do so, but if it were here, you would have no power to see it any more than a blind man could see a bright sword. And that is long on your sin. Or else you are more able than any man living.\" / Sir Launcelot then began to weep\nGood man: \"Since you have confessed your desire for the quest of the Holy Grail, Sir Launcelot, what will you do now?\" / \"Father, what should I do?\" / \"I command you to take this hair that was this holy man's and put it next to your skin. It will help greatly,\" the good man replied..Sir Launcelot is charged not to eat flesh or drink wine while on the quest for the Holy Grail. He puts on a hair cloak and departs at sunset. Riding into a forest, he encounters a gentlewoman on a white palfrey. She asks why he rides and reveals that he will see the adventure more openly than ever before. Launcelot asks where he might find lodging for the night, and she assures him that he will find good lodging before morning. He commands her to God, then continues until he reaches a cross and stops there..for his host as for that night\nAnd so he put his horse to pasture, and did off his helmet and shield, and made his prayers to the Cross that he never fall into deadly sin again. And so he lay down to sleep. And anon as he was on sleep, it befell him there an adversity, that there came a man before him, all by compass of stars. And that man had a crown of gold on his head. And that man led in his following seven kings and two knights. And all these worshipped the Cross, kneeling upon their knees, holding up their hands towards heaven. And all they said, fair, sweet father of heaven, come and visit us and yield unto each as we have deserved. Then looked Launcelot up to heaven, and it seemed to him the clouds did open. And an old man came down with a company of angels and alighted among them. And he gave unto each his blessing and called them his servants, and good and true knights. And when this old man had said this, he came to one of those knights and said:.\"You have taken away all that I had set before the cross. For you have ruled against me as a warrior and waged unnecessary wars for the pleasure of the world rather than to please me. Therefore, you shall be confounded unless you yield me my treasure. All this adversity saw Sir Launcelot at the cross. And on the morrow, he took his horse and rode till midday. By adventure, he met with the same knight who took his horse, helmet, and sword when he slept, when the Holy Grail appeared before the cross. When Sir Launcelot saw him, he did not greet him fairly but cried out aloud, \"Knight, keep thee! For thou hast done me great injustices.\" Then they put their spears before them, and Sir Launcelot came upon him so fiercely that he struck him and his horse down to the earth, nearly breaking his neck. Then Sir Launcelot took the knight's horse, which was his own, beforehand, and dismounted from it. He sat upon his own horse and rode on.\".Sir Launcelot met an hermit one night. They greeted each other, and Launcelot stayed with him all night. Launcelot gave his horse what he could get. The hermit then said to Launcelot, \"You come from whose court, sir? Launcelot replied, \"I am from Arthur's court. I am Sir Launcelot of the Lake, on the Quest of the Holy Grail.\" The hermit said, \"You must understand the high lineage you come from. Forty years ago, Joseph of Armathia preached about King Euclas' victory in battles against his enemies and the seven kings and the two knights. The first was named Napus, a holy man, and the second was called Nancy, in remembrance of his grant, and in him dwelt our Lord Jesus Christ. The third was called Helias le Grose..The fourth height was Lysays, and the fifth was Ionas. He departed from his country and went to Wales. There he took the daughter of Manuel, with whom he had a son named Gaule. He settled in this country. From him came King Lancelot, your worthy sir, who married the daughter of the king of Ireland. He was a man as worthy as you. From him came King Ban, the last of the seven kings. Sir Lancelot signifies that the angels said you were not of the seven peerages. The last was the ninth knight, signified by a lion, for he would pass all earthly knights, that is, Sir Galahad, whom you took as wife from King Pelles' daughter. You ought to thank God more than any other man living, for from a sinner you have no peer in knighthood nor ever will be. But little thanks have you given to God for all the great virtues that He has lent you.\n\nSir Lancelot said, \"You say that this good knight is...\".my son, who knows this, and no one spoke better of the good man, for you knew the daughter of King Pelles carnally and on her you begot Galahad. He was the one who sat in the perilous seat at the feast of Pentecost, and therefore make it known openly that he is one of your offspring by King Pelles' daughter, for that will be your worship and honor and to all your kin.\n\nI advise you not to provoke him in any way, said Lancelot. It seems to me that good knight should pray for me to the High Father, that I do not fall into sin again. Trust well said the good man, you fare much better for his prayer. But the son will not bear the wickedness of the father, nor will the father bear the wickedness of the son, but each will bear his own burden. And therefore beseech only God, and He will help you in all your needs. Then, Sir Lancelot, and he went to supper, and so he lay down to rest, and the hair..pricked Sir Launcelot's skin which grieved him greatly, but he took it meekly and endured the pain. The next morning, he heard mass and took up his arms, then took his leave. And then he mounted upon his horse and rode into a forest, keeping to a low way. As he looked before him, he saw a fair plain and beside it a fair castle, and before the castle were many pavilions of silk and diverse colors. It seemed to him that he saw five hundred knights riding on horseback, and there were two parties: those of the castle were all on black horses and their trappings black, and those outside were all on white horses and trappings. Each charged at the other, and it marveled Sir Launcelot. At last, he thought that those of the castle were at a disadvantage. Then Sir Launcelot decided to help the weaker party in increasing his chivalry, and so he charged among the party of the castle and struck down a knight and his horse..A man came to the earth. He fought here and there, performing wondrous deeds with his weapons. Then he drew out his sword and struck down many knights, leaving those who saw him marveling that any one knight could do such great deeds of arms. But always the white knights stayed near Sir Lancelot, trying to restrain him and turn him away.\n\nHowever, at last, Sir Lancelot grew weary of fighting and traveling, and his strength waned. He could no longer lift his arms to deliver a blow, and so they all took him away into a forest. There they made him dismount and rest. And then all the people of the castle were overcome due to his absence. They all said to Sir Lancelot, \"Blessed be God, that you are now among us. We shall keep you in our prison.\" And they left him with few words. Then Sir Lancelot grew great..sorrow/ for never or now was I at tournament nor justices, but I had the best/ and now I am ashamed/ and then he said, now I am sure that I am more sinful than ever I was/ thus he rode sorrowfully/ and half a day he was out of despair/ till he came into a deep valley/ And when Sir Launcelot saw he could not ride up into the mountain/ he there alighted under an apple tree/ and there he left his helmet and his shield/ and put his horse to pasture/ And then he laid himself down to sleep/ And then he thought an old man appeared before him/ who said, \"Sir Launcelot of evil faith and poor belief/ why is your will turned so lightly toward your deadly sin/\" And when he had said this/ he vanished away/ & Launcelot knew not where he was gone/ Then he took his horse and armed himself/ And as he rode by the way he saw a chapel where lived a recluse who had a window that she could see up to the altar/ And all along she called Launcelot/ for he seemed..A knight errant approached, and then she asked him what he was and from what place, and where he had gone to seek. He replied to her word by word and told her the truth about what had happened to him at the turn. Afterward, he told her of the adventure he had experienced that night in his sleep and asked her to explain it to him, for he was not well pleased with it.\n\nA Launcelot said, \"As long as you were a knight of earthly knighthood, you were the most marvelous and most adventurous man in the world.\"\n\nThen the lady said, \"Since you have been set among the knights of heavenly adventures, if adventure had fallen contrary at that turning point, have no marvel, for that turning point yesterday was but a sign from our lord. And there was no enchantment there, for they at the turning point were earthly knights. The turning point was a sign to see which one should have the most knights: Clisarius, the son of King Pelles, or Arthus, the son of King Harlech. But Clisarius was the one who had the most..All clad in white, Arthur was covered in black; I shall tell you what this signifies. On the day of Pentecost, when King Arthur held court, it happened that earthly kings and knights took a tournament, that is, the Quest of the Sanct-Grail, all in black. And the covering signifies the sins of which they are not penitent. And they with the covering of white signify virginity, and those who choose chastity. And thus was the quest begun among them. Then you beheld the sinners and the righteous, and when you saw the sinners overcome, you were drawn to that party for worldly reasons and pride, and all that were to be left in this quest,\n\nIn this quest, you shall have many companions and your betters, For you are so weak in evil trust and good belief, this began when you were there where they took the [Sanct-Grail] and led you into the forest. And at once the Sanct-Grail appeared to the white knights, but you were not present..was so good a man, but anyone who tears himself away from sinners and that caused your misfortune, for you should know good from evil and the vain glory of the world, which is not worth a penny. And for great pride you made great sorrow that you had not overcome all the white knights with the questing of the White Hand, by which was signified virginity and chastity. Therefore, God was angry with you, for God loves no such desires in this quest. This advice signifies that you were of evil faith and poor belief. Which will make you fall into the deep pit of hell if you keep it not.\n\nNow I have warned you of your vain glory and of your pride, that you have many times erred against your maker. Beware of everlasting pain. For of all earthly knights, I have most pity for you, for I know well that you have not your peer in any earthly sinful man. And so she commanded Sir Lancelot to dine, and after dinner he took his horse and commanded her to God, and so rode into a deep..\"And there he saw a river and a high mountain. Through the water he had to pass, which was horrible. And then, in the name of God, he took a deep breath and crossed it. On the other side, he saw an armed knight on horseback, black as any bear, without uttering a word, he struck Sir Lancelot's horse to the ground. And so he passed on, not knowing where he had come. Then he took his helmet and shield and thanked God for his adventure.\n\nHere ends the story of Sir Lancelot.\n\nWhen Sir Gawain was departed from his fellowship, he rode a long time without any adventure. He found not the tenth part of adventure as he was used to. Sir Gawain rode from Whitstables until Michaelmas and found no adventure that pleased him. So it happened that one day he met Sir Ector de Maris, and they both made great joy of each other, a marvel to tell. And they told each other and complained greatly that they could find no adventure.\".Sir Gawain to Sir Ector, \"I am nearly weary of this quest, and unwilling to follow further into strange countries. Sir Ector said, \"I have met with twenty knights, companions of mine, and they all complain as I do. I marvel, Sir Gawain, where Sir Lancelot, your brother, is. Truly, Sir Ector, I cannot hear of him or of Sir Galahad, Percival, or Sir Bors. Let them be mentioned, Sir Gawain. For these four have no peers. And if one thing were not in Sir Lancelot, he would have no equal among any earthly man, but he is as we are. But if he took more pain upon himself, these four would be a match for any man they met. And if they failed to find the Holy Grail, it would be a waste for all the remaining men to recover it.\n\nSir Ector and Sir Gawain rode more than eight days, and on a Saturday they came upon an old chapel that seemed to have been abandoned, with no sign of repair by any man. They dismounted there and set their spears at the door.\".And they entered the chapel and made their orisons for a long time. Then they sat down in the seats of the chapel. As they spoke of one thing and another, for heavens sake they fell asleep. And both of them experienced remarkable adventures. Sir Gawain seemed to come into a meadow full of herbs and flowers. And there he saw a herd of a hundred and fifty bulls that were proud and black, save three of them were all white, and one had a black spot. And the other two were so fair and so white that they might be no whiter. And these three bulls that were so fair were tied with two strong cords. And the remaining bulls said among them, \"Go we hence to seek better pasture.\" And some went, and some came back. But they were so weak that they could not stand upright. And of the white bulls, one came back and no more. But when this white bull was coming back among these others, there arose a great cry for lack of wind, which failed them..And so they parted here and there. This adventure befell Gawaine that night. But to Ector de Maris befell another vision, the contrary. For it seemed to him that his brother Sir Launcelot and he alighted from a chariot and leapt upon two horses. And one said to the other, \"Let us go seek, we shall not find.\" He thought that a man beat Sir Launcelot and deprived him. He clothed him in another array, which was all full of knots. And he set him upon an ass. And so he rode until he came to the fairest well that ever he saw. Sir Launcelot alighted and would have drunk from that well. And when he stooped to drink from the water, the water sank from him.\n\nAnd when Sir Launcelot saw that it receded and went thither as the head came from,\n\nAnd in the meantime, he believed that himself and Sir Ector rode till they came to a rich man's house where there was a wedding. And there he saw a king. The king said, \"Sir knight, there is no place for you here.\" And then he turned away..Again, we return to the chapter where both Gawaine and Ector awoke. And each told the other of their adventures, which greatly astonished them. Truly, said Ector, I shall never be happy until I hear news of my brother Lancelot.\n\nNow, as they sat thus talking, they saw a hand signaling to them from the elbow. It was covered with red samite, and on that hand a poor bridle, and in its fist, a great candle which burned brightly. And so it passed before them and entered the chapel, and then vanished away, and they knew not where. And immediately came a voice which said, \"knights full of evil faith and of poor luck, these two things have failed you, and therefore you may not come to the adventures of the sanctuary.\"\n\nFirst spoke Gawaine and said, \"Have you heard these words, Sir Ector? Yes, truly, Sir Ector, I have heard them all.\" Now we went, said Sir Ector, to some hermit who would tell us of our adventures, for it seems to me that we labor in vain..And so they departed and rode into a valley, where they met a squire riding on a hackney. They hailed him farewell. \"Sir Gawain,\" said the king, \"can you show us any hermit?\" The squire replied, \"There is one in a little mountain, but it is so rough that no horse can go through, so you must go on foot. There you will find a poor house, and there is the hermit, the holiest man in this country. And so they parted from each other.\n\nIn a valley, they met a knight fully armed, who offered them justice as far as he saw them. \"Sir Gawain,\" said the king, \"since I departed from Camelot, no one offered me justice but once. And now, Sir Ector, let me have justice with him.\" \"No, Sir Gawain,\" said Ector, \"you shall not. But if I defeat you, it will not bother me if you go after me.\" And then they embraced each other for justice and rode towards each other as fast as their horses could run, and broke their shields and spears. The one was stronger than the other..other and Gawayne was wounded in the left side, but the other knight was swift to his sword and cast his shield before him. But all in vain was it, for the knight had no power to rise again against him. Then Gawayne said, \"You must yield as a conquered man, or I may kill you.\" A knight replied, \"I am but dead. For God's sake, lead me to an abbey so I may receive my creator.\" Sir Gawayne said, \"I know not how to deal with this here. Sir knight, set me on a horse to carry you, and I shall teach you.\" Gawayne set him up in the saddle, and he leapt up behind him to support him, and so they came to an abbey where they were well received. He was then disarmed and received his creator. Then he urged Gawayne to draw out the trunk of the spear from his body. Then Gawayne asked him, \"What are you that I do not know?\" \"I am,\" he said, \"from King Arthur's court and a fellow of the Round Table, and we were brothers sworn to each other.\".Sir Gawayne, you have slain me. I am Wayne, once a knight who served King Ryen, and was part of the quest for the Holy Grail. I forgive you, God, for it will always be said that one sworn brother has slain the other. Allas, Gawayne said, this misfortune has befallen me. No, Wayne replied, I must die this death by the hand of a more worthy man. But when you come to the court, recommend me to my lord, King Arthur, and all who remain alive. For old brotherhood, remember me. Then Gawayne began to weep, and Ector did as well. And then Wayne drew out the trunk of the spear and departed from his body. Sir Gawayne and Sir Ector buried him as a king's son should be buried. They wrote upon his name and how he was slain. Then Gawayne and Ector departed, heavy-hearted as they could be, for their misfortune. They rode until they came to.The Rougemontaine / and there they tied their horses and went on foot to the hermitage. When they had climbed up, they saw a poor house and beside the chapel, a little courtyard. There Nancy the hermit gathered works, as one who had tasted no other food for a long time. When he saw the errant knights, he came towards them and greeted them; and they greeted him in return. \"Fair lords,\" he said, \"what adventure brings you here?\" \"Sir Gawain comes to speak with you for confession,\" Sir replied. \"Sir Nancy, I am ready,\" the hermit answered. Then they told him so much that he knew what they were. And then he thought to counsel them if he could. Then Gawain began first and told him of his adventures, and Ector recounted it all as before mentioned. Sir said to Sir Gawain, \"The fair meadow and the rack ought to be understood under the round table. And by the meadow ought to be understood humility and patience, though these things are always.\".The round table was founded for men to overcome humility and patience. It was called the Round Table because of the fraternity which was there, which could not be overcome. Men said it was founded in humility and patience at the table of King Arthur. At the Round Table, a hundred and fifty knights were seated, but they did not eat in the meadow. Their hearts should be set in humility and patience. By the bulls is to be understood the folly of the Round Table, which, for their sin and wickedness, are black. Blackness signifies the absence of good or virtuous works. The three bulls which were white, save one that was spotted, symbolize Sir Galahad and Sir Percival. They were maidens, pure and without spot. The third, which had a spot, signifies Sir Bors de Ganys. He transgressed but once in his chastity, but afterward he kept himself so well in chastity that all his misdeeds were forgiven him..Though there were three knights in virginity and chastity, and there is no pride smitten in them. And the black bulls which said \"goo we hen,\" they were those who at Pentecost at the high feast took upon them to go in the quest of the Holy Grail. Without confession they might not enter into the meadow of humility and peace. And therefore they returned into waste countries, that signifies death, for there shall die many of them. Each of them shall slay another for sin, and of the three bulls without spot, one shall come again, and the other two never.\n\nThen Nancyen spoke to Ector truly: \"That launcelot and you came down from one chariot. The chariot beckons mastership and lordship which you came down from. But you two knights said to the hermit, 'You go to seek that you shall never find, for it is the secret thing of our lord.'\".Iesus Christ, what does it mean that Sir Launcelot fell from his horse? He has left pride and taken on humility. For he has cried for mercy loudly for his sin and deeply repented. And our Lord has clothed him in his clothing which is full of knots - that is the hair he wears daily. And the ass that he rode upon is a beast of humility. For God would not ride upon any steed or palfrey. So, an ass symbolizes meekness that you saw, Sir Launcelot, riding on in your sleep. And the well where the water sank from him when he should have taken it, and when he saw he could not have it, he returned there from whence he came. For the well symbolizes the high grace of God. The more men desire it, the more their desire will be fulfilled. So when he came near the Holy Grail, he made himself unworthy to be so near the holy vessel, for he had been defiled by deadly sin for many years. Yet when.He knelt by the well / there he saw great precedence of the Holy Grail / And because he had served the devil so long, he would have vengeance for forty-two days / for he had been the devil's servant for forty years / And soon after, he would return to Camelot from this country / and he would speak of such things that he had found\n\nNow I will tell you what the hand with the candle and the bridle signifies / this is to understand the Holy Ghost, where charity ever is / and the bridle signifies abstinence / For when she bridles a Christian man's heart, she holds him so short that he falls not into deadly sin / And the candle, which shows clarity and sight, signifies the right way of Jesus Christ / And when he went and said knights of poor faith and of wicked belief, these three things moved charity, abstinence, and truth / Therefore you may not attend that his adventure of the Holy Grail\n\nCotes said Gawaine. / Truly have..You said that I saw it openly / Now I pray, good man and holy father, tell me why we did not encounter as many adventures as we were accustomed to and usually had the better of / I shall tell you gladly, said the good man / The adventure of the Holy Grail, which you and many others have undertaken and failed to find, is the reason / For it does not appear to sinners / Therefore, marvel not that you failed in your quest and many others / For you are an untrue knight and a great murderer / And to good men, it signifies other things than murder / For I dare say, as Sir Lancelot has been since that time that he went on the quest of the Holy Grail, he has never killed a man, nor will anything prevent him from returning to Camelot again, for he has taken upon himself to forsake sin / And near was he to achieving it, save Galahad his son / but God knows his thoughts and his instability / and yet he shall die rightly an..Sir said Gawaine: \"It seems to me, by your words, that due to our sins, it will not help us to undertake this quest.\" The good man replied: \"Truly, Sir, there are hundreds of such men as you are, who will never prevail, but will only bring shame upon themselves. And when they had heard these words, they commanded him to God.\"\n\nThe good man then called Gawaine and said: \"It is long past since you were made a knight, and since then you have not served your maker. Now you are an old tree that bears neither life nor fruit. Therefore, consider that you yield to our lord the bare rind, since the devil has the leaves and the fruit.\"\n\nSir Gawaine replied: \"I would have spoken with you sooner, but my companion, Sir Ector, is waiting for me yonder beneath the hill.\" The good man advised: \"You would be better counseled.\"\n\nGawaine then departed and came to Ector, and they took their horses and rode until they reached a foster's house..Herberded them right well / And on the morrow they departed from their host / and rode long or they could find any adventure\n\nWhen Boris was departed from Camelot / he met with a religious man riding on an ass / and Sir Boris hailed him / Immediately the good man knew him to be one of the errant knights on the quest for the Holy Grail / What say you, good man, he asked / I am a knight who wishes to be counseled in the quest for the Holy Grail, the good man replied / For he shall have much earthly worship that will bring it to an end, the good man assured him / indeed, he will be the best knight in the world and the fairest of all his companions / But be aware, there shall none attain it except by cleansing, that is, pure confession / So they rode to a hermitage / And there he persuaded Boris to stay all that night with him / and he alighted and put away his armor / and prayed him that he might be confessed / and so they went into the chapel / and.there he confessed and they ate bread and water together. The good man said, \"I pray that you eat no other food until you sit at the table where the Holy Grail shall be.\" Sir said, \"I agree,\" but how do you know that I will sit there? \"I know,\" said the good man, \"but there will be few of your companions with you.\" Sir Bors replied, \"God sends me. In place of a shirt and as a sign of penance, you shall wear a garment. Therefore, do off with all your clothes and your shirt.\" He did so. Then he took a scarlet coat in place of his shirt until he had completed the quest of the Holy Grail. The good man found him in such marvelous life and stability that he marveled and felt that he had never been corrupted in fleshly lusts, but in one instance he begat Elyan le Blanc. Then he armed him and took his leave and departed. A little from thence he looked up..To a tree, and there he saw a remarkable bird on an old tree. It was very dry with no leaves. The bird sat above and had dead birds around it from hunger. So he struck himself with his beak, which was great and sharp. The remarkable bird bled until it died among its dead birds. The young birds took life from the bird's blood. When Boris saw this, he knew it was a great sign. For when he saw the remarkable bird did not rise, he took his horse and rode his way. By chance, he came to a strong tower and a high one. There he was lodged gladly. And when he was disarmed, they led him into a high tower where was a young, lovely lady. She received him with great joy and made him sit down by her. Thus, he was set to supper with flesh and many dishes. And when Sir Boris saw that, he thought of his penance and asked a squire to bring him water. So he brought it to him..He made soppes therein and ate them. The lady said, \"I think you won't like my food.\" Sir Bors replied, \"God thank you, madam, but I may not eat any other food this day. The lady spoke no more at that time, for she was reluctant to displease him. After supper, they spoke of various things. Then a squire came and said, \"Madam, you must pursue your sister in the morning for a champion, for otherwise your sister will have this castle and also your lands, except you can find a knight who will fight for you against Prydam le Noir in your quarrel.\" Then she mourned and said, \"Lord God, why have you granted me to hold this land, from which I should now be dishonored without reason and rightfully?\" And when Sir Bors had heard her say this, he said, \"I will comfort you.\" She said, \"There was here a king who was named Anias, who held all this land in his keeping. He loved a noblewoman greatly older than I, so he took all this land into her keeping and all.\".this man governed him, and she introduced many evil customs, causing the death of a great number of his kinsmen. When he saw this, he allowed her to leave this land and took the land under my control, but as soon as that worthy king was dead, this other lady began to wage war against me, destroying many of my men and turning them against me. I have barely any men left and am left with only this high tower that she left me. Yet she has promised me to have this Tower without condition, if I can find a knight to fight against Prydam le Noir in God's quarrel and yours. Now tell me, Sir Bors, what is this Prydam le Noir? Sir Bors replied, he is the most doubted man of this land.\n\nNow, may you send her word that you have found a knight who will fight against Prydam le Noir in God's quarrel and yours. Then, that lady was not a little glad, and she sent word that she was pursued, and that night Bors had good cheer, but he would not come to any bed, but lay on the floor..nor he would ever do otherwise until he had encountered the quest of the Sanctgreal. And once he was asleep, he beheld a vision. Two birds came to him: one as white as a swan, and the other was marvelously black, but it was not as great as the other. The white bird came to him and said, \"And you would give me food and serve me. I would give you all the riches of the world. And I shall make you as fair and as white as I am.\" So the white bird departed, and then the black bird came to him and said, \"And you would serve me tomorrow and have no contempt for me, though I am black. For you well know that my blackness profits me more than the other's whiteness.\" And then he departed. He had another vision. He thought he came to a great place which seemed like a chapel. And there he found a chair set on the right side, which was worm-eaten and weak. And on the left hand were two flowers like a lily. One would have spoken to him..A good man named Benome departed, leaving the others unharmed. Then, from every flower, many more flowers emerged and bloomed in great abundance. The good man thought, \"Shouldn't I prevent these two flowers from perishing to support the rotten tree that didn't fall to the ground?\" The knight replied, \"It seems to me that this wood may not be salvageable.\" The good man insisted, \"Keep that in mind. I have never seen such an occurrence before.\" Then he awoke, made the sign of the cross on his forehead, rose, dressed, and the lady of the place greeted him. She greeted him in return and they went to a chapel where they heard the service. A company of knights, sent by the lady, arrived to lead Sir Bors to battle. He asked for his arms and, once armed, she urged him to take a small meal before dining. \"No, madam,\" he replied, \"I will not do so until I have finished my battle, by God's grace.\" And so he mounted..his horse and the knights and men departed with him. As soon as these two ladies came together, the one who was to fight for complained and said, \"Lady, you have wronged me by taking away my lands that King Anyaus gave me. We should both be in one battle. You shall not choose, or your knight will withdraw him.\" Then the cry was made as to which party had the better of the two knights. The one lady departed here, and the other there. They came to gather with such a round shield that they pierced their shields and hauberks. The spears flew in pieces, and they wounded each other sorely. Then they hurled themselves at each other so violently that they both fell to the earth, and their horses were between their legs. And immediately they rose and set hands to their swords and struck deeply, causing the blood to flow from their bodies. For the love of Sir Bors, he defended the other knight more vigorously..Then he wounded Pridam severely, and Pridam in turn wounded Sir Bors, but Pridam held the advantage, perceiving Sir Bors and enduring his attacks until he was near defeat. And then Pridam attacked him again and again. Fearful of death, the other retreated. In his retreat, he fell to the ground. Sir Bors drew his helmet off so forcefully that he rent it from his head and gave him great blows with the flat of his sword on the face, demanding surrender or he would kill him. Pridam cried out for mercy and said, \"Fair knight, for God's love, do not kill me. I will never wage war against your lady, but always be in her favor.\" Sir Bors allowed it. Then the old lady and all her knights fled.\n\nSo then Sir Bors went to all those who held lands of his lady and declared that he would destroy them, but if they did such service to her as was fitting to their lands, they did their homage. Those who refused were....Once upon a time, a young lady was driven out of her lands. Then, it happened that she came back to her estate again, through the mighty prowess of Sir Bors de Ganys. Once the entire country was well settled in peace, Sir Bors took his leave and departed. She thanked him gratefully and wanted to give him great riches but he refused. Then, he rode all day until night and came to an inn. There was a lady who knew him well and made great joy for him. The next morning, as soon as the day appeared, Bors departed from there. And so, he rode into a forest by midday. There, he encountered a marvelous adventure. He met, at the parting of the ways, two knights who led Lyonel, his brother, bound and naked on a strong hackney. Each of them held thorns in their hands with which they tormented him so much that blood flowed from more than a hundred places on his body, covering him in blood front and back. But he said,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English or Middle English. I have made some assumptions to make it readable in modern English, but I have tried to remain faithful to the original content.).A man never spoke a word who was great of heart; he suffered all that they did to him as if he felt nothing anguished. Sir Boris dressed him to receive him, his brother, and looked upon the other side. There, he saw a knight bringing a fair gentlewoman, intending to place her in the thickest part of the forest for greater security from those who sought him. She, who was not reassured, cried out with a loud voice, \"Saint Mary, save your maiden!\"\n\nAnd at once she saw where Sir Boris rode. When she came near him, she deemed him a knight of the Round Table, hoping to find some comfort from him. She entreated him by the faith that he owed to him in whose service you have entered, and for the faith you owe to the high order of knighthood, and for the noble King Arthur, whom I suppose made the knight who will help me and not let me be shamed by this knight.\n\nWhen Boris heard her say this,.He had so much sorrow there, he didn't know what to do. If I let my brother be in danger, he would be slain, and I wouldn't want that for all the earth. And if I didn't help the maiden, she would be shamed forever, and she would lose her virginity, which she would never get back. Then he lifted his eyes and said, weeping, \"Fair sweet Lord Jesus Christ, who is your liege man, I am. Keep my brother Lyonel from these knights slaying him. For your pity's sake, and for Mary's, I shall help this maiden.\"\n\nHe dressed him to the knight, who had the gentlewoman, and then he cried, \"Sir knight, let your hand off that maiden, or you are but dead.\" He set down the maiden and was armed at all pieces except he lacked his spear. He dressed his shield and drew out his sword. Bors struck him so hard that it went through his shield and hauberk on the left shoulder. Despite his great strength, he knocked him down to the earth, and at the pulling out of Bors' sword..Then came Bors to the maiden and said, \"How do you find yourself with this knight? You are delivered at this time.\" The maiden replied, \"Sir, I will go with you as the knight led me. I took the wounded knight's horse and helped the gentlewoman onto it. I brought her where she desired. Sir knight, you have acted better than you thought. If I had lost my virginity, five hundred men would have died for it. What knight was it that had you in the forest? By my faith, she said, 'He is my cousin.' I never knew with what device the devil had enchanted him. For he took me from my father privately yesterday. None of my father's men trusted him, and if he had taken my virginity, he would have died for the sin and his body shamed and dishonored forever. As she stood talking with him, twelve knights came seeking her. She told them all how Boras had delivered her, and they made great joy and begged her to join them..Sir Bors said to come to his father, a great lord, and he should be rightly welcome. Truly said Bors, that may not be present at this time, for I have a great adventure to do in this country. So he commanded them to God and departed. Then Sir Bors rode after Lyonel his brother, following the trace of their horses. He rode a long while. Then he took a man clad in religious clothing and rode on a strong black horse, blacker than a berry. He said, \"Sir knight, what seek you?\" \"Sir,\" he replied, \"I seek my brother whom I saw a while ago, being beaten by two knights. Fear not for yourself, nor fall into despair. I shall tell you tidings such as they are.\" Then he showed him a new slain body lying in a bush, and it seemed to him that it was Lyonel's. He made such sorrow that he fell to the earth in a swoon and lay a long while there. And when he came to himself, he said, \"Fair brother, since the company of you and me is parted.\".shall I never have joy in my heart, and now he whom I have taken into my master's service, he is my help. And when he had said this, he took his body lightly in his arms and placed it upon the arms of his saddle. Then he said to the man, can you tell me to some chapel where I may bury this body? Come on, he said. Here is one nearby. And so long they rode till they saw a fair tower, and before it there seemed an old, feeble chapel. They alighted and put him in a marble tomb.\n\nNow leave him here, said the good man, and go to our inn until tomorrow we will come here again to do him service. Sir, said Bors, are you a priest? No, he replied. Then I pray you tell me a dream that befell you last night, said he. Then he began to tell him of the great bird in the forest, and of his bird, one white, another black, and of the rotten tree and the white flowers. Sir, I shall tell you a part now..and the other [deceiver] to morrow. The white fool signifies a noblewoman, fair and rich, who loved the suitor and has long loved him. And if you warn her love, she shall go and die at once, if you have no pity on her. That signifies the great bird, which will make you warn her.\n\nNow fear nothing, nor be afraid, for you have God's protection. You shall not warn her, unless you would not do it to be considered chaste and to conquer the vain glory of the world. For that shall befall you now, and you warn her that Lagood knight, your cousin, will die. And therefore men will now say that you are a man of sleight, both from your brother Sir Lyonel and from your cousin Sir Launcelot du Lake. The one you might have easily saved and rescued. But you think to rescue a maiden who belongs to no one.\n\nLook whether it would have been greater harm from your brother's death or to have allowed her to lose her maidenhood.\n\nThen he asked him hastily..Sir Bors heard the details of your dream, which I have related to you. You assuredly said, Sir Bors, that I have well understood and heard your explanation and declaring of your dream. Then spoke the man in black clothing, \"It is in your fault, Sir Bors, if Sir Launcelot, your cousin, dies.\"\n\n\"I would rather,\" said Sir Bors, \"for you well know that there is nothing in the world that I would prefer to do than to see my lord Sir Launcelot suffer death on my account.\"\n\n\"You now hear one or the other,\" said the good man, and then he led Sir Bors into a high tower. There he found knights and ladies. The ladies welcomed him and disarmed him. And when he was in his doublet, men brought him a mantle furred with ermine and put it about him. And then they made him such cheer that he had forgotten all his sorrow and anguish. His heart was set only in these delights and dainties, and he took no thought more for Sir Lyonel, his brother, nor for Sir Launcelot, his cousin..A knight came out of a chamber to the fairest lady he had ever seen, richer than any he had seen before. Sir Bors spoke, \"This is the lady to whom we owe all our service,\" they said. \"I believe she is the richest and fairest lady in the world, and the one who loves you best above all other knights. She will have no knight but you.\" When he understood her words, he was abashed, not because she had spoken to him, but because they sat down together and spoke of many things. She begged him to be her love, for she had loved him above all earthly men, and she would make him richer than any man of his age. When Bors understood her words, he was greatly disturbed, unwilling to break his chastity, and he did not know how to answer her.\n\n\"Allas, Bors, shall you not do my will?\" she asked.\n\"Lady,\" Bors replied, \"there is no lady in this world whose will I will fulfill more than this one, for my lady.\".A man named Bors spoke, saying, \"I have long loved you for the great beauty I have seen in you and the great courage I have heard of you. But I shall not do it in any way.\" Then she made him such sorrow as if she would have died. Bors said to her, \"To whom shall I never see?\" Then she departed and went up into a high battlement, leading with her twelve gentlewomen. One of the gentlewomen cried out and said, \"Sir Bors, noble knight, have mercy on us all and allow my lady to have her will. And if you do not, we must die with our lady as she falls from this high tower. And if you allow us to die for so little a thing, all ladies and gentlewomen will speak ill of you.\" Then Bors looked..vpward. They seemed all ladies of great estate and richly and well dressed. Then he had great pity from them. Not because he was uncounseled in himself, but he would have preferred they had all lost their souls than his. And with that, they all fell down at once to the earth. When he saw that, he was utterly abashed, and had great marvel. With that, he blessed his body and face. And immediately he heard a great noise and a great cry, as though all the demons of hell were about him. And there, he saw neither tower, lady, gentlewoman, nor chapel where he brought his brother. Then he raised both his hands to heaven and said, \"Fair father God, I have been most greatly escaped.\" And then he took his arms and his horse and rode on his way. Then he heard a clock strike on his right hand. And there, he came to an abbey on his right hand, enclosed with high walls. And they supposed that he was one of the quest of the Holy Grail. So they led him..in to a chamber and vn\u00a6armed hym / Syrs sayd syr Bors yf there be ony holy man in this hows / I pray yow lete me speke with hym / Thenne one of hem ledde hym vnto the Abbot whiche was in a Chappel / And thenne syr Bors salewed hym / and he hym ageyne / sir said Bors I am a knyght erraunt / and told hym all the ad\u00a6uenture whiche he had sene / Sir knyght sayd the Abbot I wote not what ye be / for I wende neuer that a knyght of yo\u2223ur age myghte haue ben soo strong in the grace of our lord Ihe\u00a6su Cryst / Not for thenne ye shall go vnto your rest / for I wyll not counceyle yow this day / hit is to late / and to morowe I shalle counceylle yow as I can\nANd that nyghte was syre Bors serued rychely / and on the morne erly he herd masse / and the Abbot came to hym / and had hym good morow / and Bors to hym ageyne / And the\u0304ne he told hym he was a felawe of the quest of the Sancgreal / and how he had charge of the holy man to ete brede and water / \u00b6Thenne oure lord Ihesus Cryste shewed hym vnto yow in the lykenes of a.soul that suffered\ngreat anguish as he was placed on the cross / and bled his heart's blood for mankind / there appeared the token and the likenesses of the Holy Grail before you / for the blood that the great multitude bled revived the chickens from death to life / And by the bare tree is signified the world, which is naked and without fruit but if it comes from our lord / Also the lady for whom you fought and King Anias, who was lord there before, signify Jesus Christ / who is king of the world / and that he fought with the champion for the lady / this signifies / for whenever he took the baton for the lady / by her shall you understand the new law of Jesus Christ and the holy church / and by the other lady you shall understand the old law and the devil, who constantly wars against the holy church / therefore you did your battle righteously For you are Jesus Christ's knights / therefore you ought to be defenders of the holy church / And by the black bird may you understand the holy church..The church which says I am black but he is fair, and by the white bird men might understand the devil, and I will tell you how the swan is white outside and black within - it is hypocrisy which is without yellow or pale, and seems outside like the servants of Jesus Christ, but they are within so horrible in filth and sin, deceiving the world evilly. Also, when the devil appeared to you in the likeness of a religious man and blamed the one who left his brother, a lady led you to where you thought your brother was slain, but he is still alive. They were all intending to lead you into error and bring you to despair and lechery, for they knew you were tender-hearted. And you should not find the blessed adventure of the Holy Grail, and the third foul beast signifies the strong battle against the false ladies, who were all devils. The dry tree and the white lily signify your brother Lyonel, who is dry without virtue, and therefore many men..Sir Bors should be called the rotten tree and the worm-eating tree, for he is a murderer and acts contrary to the order of knighthood. The two white flowers signify two maidens. One is a knight who was wounded the other day, and the other is the gentlewoman whom you rescued. The reason the other flower was drawing near was that it was the knight who would have defiled her and himself, and Sir Bors would have been a fool and in great danger for having seen those two flowers perish to save the rotten tree. If they had sinned together, they would have been damned. And because you rescued them both, men might call you a true knight and a servant of Jesus Christ.\n\nThen Sir Bors departed from there and commanded the abbot to God. And that day he rode and lodged with an old woman. And the next day he rode to a castle in a valley, and there he met a man going on a great pass toward a forest. \"Can you tell me of any adventure, sir?\" said Sir Bors..Sir Sayid, \"Under this castle, there will be a great and marvelous tournament. Sir Boris, the Earl of Pains, will be on one side, and the new ladies of Heruyn on the other. If I might meet my brother Sir Lyonel or any other of my fellows on this quest for the Holy Grail, I would be there. Then I went to an hermitage in the forest's entrance. When I arrived, I found Sir Lyonel, my brother, sitting fully armed before the chapel door, waiting for lodging until the morning of the tournament. Sir Bors was overjoyed when he saw him, a joy hard to tell. Then Sir Bors dismounted and said, 'Dear sweet brother, when did you arrive?' Lyonel replied, 'A Bors, you cannot make me wait, but I should have been slain when I saw two knights leading me away to leave me for the socage.'\".A gentlewoman suffered me in peril of death for no brother ever showed such great unfaithfulness to another. For that misdeed, I now assure you, but death is what you deserve. Keep yourself from him henceforth, and you will find this as soon as I am armed. When Sir Bors understood his brother's wrath, he knelt down to the earth and cried out for mercy, holding up both his hands and prayed him to forgive his evil will. \"Never, Lyonel,\" he said, \"that shall never be, and I may have the higher hand that I dedicate to God. You shall have death for it, for it is a pity you lived any longer.\" Right so he went in and took his armor and mounted upon his horse, coming before him and saying, \"Bors, keep yourself from me. For I shall do to you as I would to a felon or a traitor. For you are the untrustworthiest knight that ever came out of such a worthy house as was King Boris de Ganys, our father.\" Therefore, start upon your horse, and thus you will be most to your advantage. But if.You will run upon me if you stand on foot, and the shame will be mine, and the harm yours. I care not about that shame when Sir Bors saw that he must fight with his brother or die, he did not know what to do. His heart counseled him against it as much as Lyonel was born or he. Yet he knelt down before Lyonel's horse feet and said, \"Fair, sweet brother, have mercy on me and do not kill me. Remember the great love that ought to be between us.\" What Sir Bors said to Lyonel he took no notice of, for the devil had brought him to such a will that he should slay him. Then when Lyonel saw he would not yield or rise to give him battle, he rode over him, striking him with his horse's hooves upward to the earth, and injuring him so severely that he swooned from the distress, which he felt within himself to have died without confession. When Lyonel saw this, ....He alights from his horse to strike his head, and so he seizes him by the helmet, intending to tear it from his head. Then the hermit rushes towards him, a good man and of great age, who had heard all the words exchanged between them. He falls down before Sir Boris.\n\nThe hermit says to Lionel, a noble knight, \"Have mercy upon me and upon you, both. You will be dead of sin, and that is sorrowful. For he is one of the worthiest knights in the world and of the best conditions.\" So God help me, says Lionel, sir priest, \"but if you flee from him, I shall kill you, and he will never be free from it again.\" \"Certainly,\" says the good man, \"I would rather you kill me than him. My death will not be great harm, not half as much as his.\" \"I am greedy,\" says Lionel, and he sets his hand on his sword and strikes him so hard that his head yields backward. Not because he restrained him from his evil will, but he took his brother by the helmet and unlaced it to strike a blow to his head..And there he had slain him without fail, but it happened that Colgrave, a fellow of the Round Table, came to that place at that time as our lords willed. And when he saw the good man slain, he marveled much what it might be. Then he beheld Lionel, who would have slain his brother. And he knew Sir Boris, whom he loved right well.\n\nThereupon, he began to pull Lionel by the shoulders and drew him strongly back from Boris. And he said, \"Lionel, will you slay your brother, the worthiest knight in the world? One who should not suffer at the hands of any good man? Why, said Lionel, will you let me?\"\n\n\"If you enter into this, I shall slay you and him after,\" said Colgrave. \"Is this true that you will slay him? I said he. Who dares say otherwise? For he has done so much against me that he has well deserved it. And so, he ran upon him and would have struck him through the head. And Sir Colgrave ran between them and said, 'You are both so hardy to do this, we two shall intervene.'\".Understood his words; he took his shield before him and asked him what he was, and he told him Colgraveance, one of his fellows. Then Lyonel defied him and gave him a great stroke through the helmet. Then he drew his sword; for he was a passing good knight and defended him right manfully, so long during the battle that Bors rose up anxiously and beheld Colgraveance, the good knight, fighting with his brother for his quarrel. Then he was full sorry and heavy, and thought if Colgraveance slew him, that was his brother, he should never have joy; and if his brother slew Colgraveance, the shame would be mine. Then he would have risen to depart them, but he had not so much might to stand on foot, so he abided him so long till Colgraveance had the worse. Lyonel was of great chivalry and right hardy; for he had pierced the hauberk and the helmet that he wore, but he remained only because of death. For he had lost much of his blood, and it was marvelous that he might stand upright. Then.Sir Bors, who was sitting and dressing himself, said, \"Why haven't you come to save me from this peril of death in which I have placed you, who were so close to death just now?\" Sir Lyonel replied, \"It will not help you, for none of you will save each other, but both of you will die at my hand.\" When Bors heard this, he rose and put on his helmet. Then, he first attended to the priest-hermit who had been slain. Bors made a marvelous show of sorrow over him.\n\nColgrueance often cried out to Sir Bors, \"Why do you let me die here for your sake? If it pleases you that I die for you, the death will please me even better, to save a worthy man.\" Sir Lyonel struck off the helmet from his head. \"Fair, sweet Jesus, have mercy on my soul. For such sorrow that my heart suffers for goodness and for alms deeds that I would have done here, may it be a penance for the health of my soul.\" At these words, Sir Lyonel struck..he was so sore that he fell to the earth / so soon after he had slain Colgraveance / he ran upon his brother as a friendly man / and gave him such a stroke that he staggered / and he, full of humility, prayed him for God's love to leave this battle / For and it befell fairly, brother, that I slew you or you me / we should both be dead of that sin /\n\nNever God help me but if I have mercy on you and may have the better hand / Then drew Boris his sword weeping and said / Fair brother, God knows my intent / A fair brother, you have done greatly evil this day to kill such a holy man / Who never transgressed / Also you have slain a gentle knight and one of our fellows / And well you know that I am not afraid of you greatly / but I fear the wrath of God / and this is an unkind war / therefore God show mercy upon us both / Now God have mercy upon me / though I defend my life against my brother / with Boris' lifted hand / & would have struck his brother /\n\nThen he heard a voice that.sayd Flee, Boan and a merry-looking flame; it burned both their two shelters. Then they were greatly afraid and fell to the earth, lying there for a long time in a swoon. When they came to themselves, Bors saw that his brother had no harm, then he raised both his hands, for he feared that God had taken vengeance upon him. With that, he heard a voice say, \"Bors, go hence and bear your brother no longer grief; but take your way elsewhere to the sea. For Sir Percival abides there.\" Then he said to his brother, \"Fair, sweet brother, forgive me for God's love all that I have trespassed against you.\" Then he answered, \"God forgive it him and I do gladly.\" So Sir Bors departed from him and rode the next way to the sea. And at last, by fortune, he came to an abbey near the sea. That night Bors rested there. And in his sleep, a voice came to him and bade him go to the sea. Then he started up and made a sign of the Cross in the midst of his forehead and took it..His armor donned and mounting him, he rode out to the broken wall and continued until he reached the sea. There, on the shore, he found a ship covered in white sail. He dismounted and greeted Jesus Christ. As soon as he entered the ship, it set sail into the sea and moved so swiftly that it seemed to be fleeing. But it was soon dark, so he slept until it was day.\n\nHe awoke to find a knight lying armed in the midst of the ship, except for his helmet. Then he knew it was Sir Percival of Wales. Great joy ensued, but Sir Percival was abashed and asked, \"Do you know me, Sir Bors?\" \"Indeed, I marvel how you came here,\" Percival replied. But if our lord brought you here himself, then Sir Bors smiled and removed his helmet. Percival recognized him, and they both rejoiced greatly, along with others, to the astonishment of all.\n\nThen Sir Bors,.Sir Percival told him how he came into the ship, and by whom Amuntes's agreement, and each told the others beforehand. So they went downward in the sea now this way, now that way, forward and backward. Each comforted the other, and often were in prayer. Then Sir Percival said, \"We lack nothing but Galahad, the good knight.\"\n\nAnd thus ends the sixteenth book, which is of Sir Gawain, Ector de Maris, and Sir Bors de Ganyes, and Sir Percival.\n\nNow says this story, when Galahad had rescued Percival from the twenty knights, he led him into a waste forest where he rode many journeys. And he found many adventures there, which the story makes no mention of. Then he took his way to the sea one day, and it happened that as he passed by a castle, there was a great tournament outside, but they outside had done so little that those within were put to the worse. Yet they were within good knights. When Galahad saw that those within were in such great distress..That men slew them at the entrance of the Castle, then he thought to help them. He put a spear forth and struck the first one who fell to the earth. The spear broke to pieces. Then he drew his sword and struck where they were thickest. He did wondrous deeds with his arms, marveling all.\n\nThen it happened that Gawaine and Sir Ector de Maris were with the knights outside. But when they saw the white shield with the red Cross, one said to the other, \"Behold, the good knight, Sir Galahad, the high prince.\" Now he should be a great fool, who would meet him in battle.\n\nBy chance, he came upon Gawaine, and struck him so hard that he split his helmet and the edge of iron onto his head. Gawaine fell to the earth. But the stroke was so great that it sank down to the earth, and he thought it unwise to stay there. Also, for natural love that he was his uncle, he turned back all..knights without: And then they came out and chased them all about. But when Galahad saw that none would turn back, he stole away privately so that no one knew where he had gone. Now by my head said Gawain to Ector: now are the wonders true that were said of Lancelot of the Lake. That the sword which stuck in the stone should give me such a blow that I would not have it for the best castle in this world. And truly now it is proved true, for never before had I such a stroke of a man's hand. Sir said Ector: it seems your quest is done; and yours is not done said Gawain: but mine is done. I shall seek no further. Then Gawain was brought into a castle and disarmed him, and laid him in a rich bed, and a leech found that he might live and be whole within a month. Thus Gawain and Ector remained together. For truly Ector would not leave until Gawain was whole. And the good knight Galahad rode so long that he came that night to the castle of Carbonek, and it happened to him thus: that he was.A good man, residing in an hermitage, was pleased when he saw that he was a knight errant. While they were at rest, a gentlewoman knocked at the door and called out for Galahad. The good man went to the door to inquire what she wanted. She identified herself as a gentlewoman who wished to speak with the knight in his company. The good man awakened Galahad and urged him to rise and speak with the gentlewoman, who appeared to have great need of him. Galahad went to her and asked what she wanted. She said, \"I want you to arm yourself, mount your horse, and follow me. Within these three days, I will show you the highest adventure that any knight ever saw.\" Galahad armed himself, took his horse, and commanded him to God. He instructed the gentlewoman to go on and he would follow as she pleased.\n\nThe gentlewoman rode as fast as her palfrey could carry her until she reached the sea, which was called Collybe. That night, they arrived at a castle..The valley closed with a ringing water and strong walls and high, and so they entered into the castle with Galahad. The lady of the castle was the damsel's lady. When he was disarmed, the damsel said, \"We shall stay here all this day.\" \"No,\" she replied, \"until you have dined and slept a little.\" So he ate and slept until the maid called him. And when the maid was mounted and he both the lady took Galahad, a fair and rich child, and so they departed from the castle until they came to the sea side. And there they found the ship where Bors and Percival were. \"Sir Galahad, welcome,\" they cried on the ship's board. \"We have a ship,\" she said, \"leave your horse here. I will leave mine, and take her saddles and bridles with us. And so we entered into the ship. The two knights received them both with great joy..and every one knew one another, and so the wind arose and drove them through the sea in a marvelous place. And soon it happened that Galahad took off his helmet and sword and asked his companions, \"From where comes that fair ship?\" They truly replied, \"You know as well as we do, by God's grace.\" And then each one told the others of all their hard adventures and great temptations. Galahad said, \"You are greatly bound to God for you have escaped great dangers. I would never have found you in these strange countries had it not been for the gentlewoman.\" A Galahad said to Bors, \"If your father were here, then we would be well provided for, for then we lacked nothing.\" Galahad continued, \"But if it pleases our Lord, the ship went from the land of Logris, and by chance it arrived between two rocks passing great and marvelous, but they could not stay there, for there was a swallow from the sea saving it..There was another ship, and on it they might go without danger, we said to the gentlewoman. And there shall we see adventures, for so is our lords will. And when they came thither, they found the ship richly furnished, but they found neither man nor woman therein. But they found at the end of the ship two fair letters written which said a dreadful word and a marvelous one: \"Thou man who shall enter into this ship, beware thou art in steadfast belief, for I am Faith, and therefore beware how thou enterest. For if thou fail, I shall not help thee.\" Then the gentlewoman, Percival, said, \"Certes, you know what I am not,\" to my understanding. \"You are my sister,\" she replied, \"who is the daughter of King Pellinore. And therefore you know well that you are the man in the world that I most love. And if you are not in perfect belief of Jesus Christ, enter not in any way, for then you shall perish the ship, for he will suffer no sinner in him.\" When Percival understood this..She was his true sister. He was inwardly glad and said, \"Fair sister, I shall enter therein. For if I am a false creature or an untrue knight, there I shall perish.\"\n\nIn the meantime, Galahad blessed him and entered. Next came the gentlewoman, then Sir Bors and Sir Percival. When they were within, it was so marvelously fair and rich that they marveled. In the midst of the ship was a fair bed. Galahad went to it and found there a silk crown. And at its feet was a rich and fair sword. It was drawn out of the sheath half a foot and more. The sword was of diverse forms, and the pommel was of stone. In it were all manner of colors that any man might find. And each of the colors had diverse virtues. The scales of the haft were of two fish of diverse kinds. The bone of it is of such a virtue that no hand that touches it shall ever be weary or hurt. And the other beast is a fish which is not very great..The flood of the Euphrates is haunted by a fish called Ertanax. His bones are of such a kind that whoever handles them will have so much willpower that he will never grow weary. He will not think of joy or sorrow but only what is before him. As for this sword, no man will be able to grasp it with his hands but one. But he will pass by all others. In the name of God, said Percival, I shall attempt to grasp it. So he set his hand on the sword, but he could not grasp it. By my faith, he said, I have failed. Bors set his hand there and failed. Then Galahad beheld the sword and saw letters like blood that said, \"Let him who shall attempt to draw me out of my sheath, but if he is stronger than any other, and he who draws me, know that he shall never fail in shame of his body or to death.\" By my faith, said Galahad, I will draw this sword out of the sheath, but the offense is too great..that I shall not touch it. Sirs, the gentlewoman warned that the drawing of this sword is forbidden to all men, save only for you. This ship arrived in the realm of Logris, and at that time, deadly war existed between King Labor, who was the father of the maimed king, and King Hurleme, who was a Saracen. But then, he had recently been baptized. Therefore, he was afterward considered one of the wisest men in the world. And it happened on a day that King Labor and King Hurleme had assembled their people on the sea where this ship was anchored. And there, King Hurleme was defeated, and his men were slain. He was afraid to be dead and fled to his ship, where he found this sword and drew it. He came out and found King Labor, the greatest feud in all Christendom at that time, and when King Hurleme saw King Labor, he drew the sword and struck him on the helmet so hard that he split it, and his horse to the ground with the first stroke..In the realm of Logres, a sword called Excalibur caused great pestilence and harm to both realms, as neither corn, grass, nor fruit grew, and no fish were in the water. The land was called the \"waste land\" due to this devastating blow. King Hubert saw this sword being carried and challenged the bearer. He came aboard the ship and sheathed the sword. As soon as he had done this, he fell dead before the bed. The sword could only be drawn by someone who was already dead or injured. He lay there until a maiden entered the ship and threw him out, as no man was brave enough to enter the ship due to the defense.\n\nThey then beheld the swordbearer; he seemed to be covered in serpent skin. Gold and silver letters were on it, and the hilt was poorly made and unable to support such a rich sword. The letters read: \"He who shall wield me.\".ought to be more difficult than anyone else if he bears me truly, for the body of him whom I ought to hang, he shall not be shamed in any place while he is girded with this girdle, nor shall anyone be so bold to do away with this girdle, for it ought not to be done away with except by the hands of a maiden, and she must be a king's or queen's daughter, and she must be a maiden all the days of her life, both in will and in deed. If she breaks her virginity, she shall die the most disgraceful death that ever died any woman. Sir Percyual tore this sword that we may see what is on the other side, and it was red as blood with black letters, which said, he who praises me most, most shall he find me to blame at a great need, and to whom I should be most debonair, I shall be most felon, and that shall be at one time. Faire brother said she to Percyual, it happened after forty years after the passion of Jesus Christ that Nancyen, your brother in law of King Morcant's court, was.Born in a town more than forty days' journey from his country, by the command of the lord, into an island called Tur|naunce. He found this ship at the entrance of a rock, and there he found the bed and this sword, as we have heard now. Not for that he had not enough courage to draw it, and there he stayed for eight days. On the ninth day, a great wind arose which carried him away from the island and brought him to another island by a rock. There he found the greatest giant that ever man might see. With him came that horrible giant to kill him. Then he looked around him and could not flee, and he had nothing to defend himself with. So he ran to his sword, and when he saw it naked, he prayed to it much, and then he shook it, and there he broke it in the middle. \"Nancyen, the thing I most prayed for, I now most blame,\" and there he threw the pieces of his sword over his shoulders..And after he leapt over the border to fight with the giant, and slew him. He entered again into the ship immediately. And the wind arose and drove him through the sea, by chance he came to another ship where King Mordrain was, who had been tempted very evil by a fiend at the perilous rock's portal. And when one saw the other, they made great joy of each other, and each told the other of their adventure, and how the sword failed him at his most need. When Mordrain saw the sword, he praised it much, but the breaking was not to be done, but by your own wickedness, for you are in some sin. And there he took the sword, and set the pieces together, and they fitted as well as ever before. And there he put the sword in the sheath, and laid it down on the bed. Then they heard a voice that said, \"Go out of this ship a little while, and enter into the other for fear you fall into deadly sin. For if you are found in deadly sin, you may.\".Notes escaped, and they entered the other ship. As Nancyen went over the border, he was struck with a sword on his right foot, causing him to fall down nose-first to the ship's side. There, he said, \"O God, how am I hurt?\" A voice replied, \"Take that as a consequence of your actions in drawing this sword. Therefore, you receive a wound. You were never worthy to wield it.\" The text mentions, \"In the name of God, Galahad, you are fit for these tasks.\n\nThere was a king named Pelles, the lame king. While he could ride, he supported much of Christendom and the holy church. One day, he went hunting in a wood that lasted until it reached the sea. In the end, he lost his hounds and all but one knight. They continued until they approached Ireland, and there he found the ship. Upon seeing the letters and understanding them, he entered, for he was righteous..parfit in life, but his knight had no courage to enter and find him this sword and drew it out as much as you can see. So therewith entered a spear with which he was struck through both thighs. And never since might he be helped, nor anything come between us and him. Thus she spoke: \"You are not King Pelleas, your grace, Sir Maimed, for your boldness.\" In the name of God, damsel, said Galahad. So they went towards the bed to examine it all around. And above the head hung two swords. Also there were two spindles which were as white as any snow, and others that were as red as blood, and others above green as any emerald. Of these three colors were the spindles, and of natural color within and without, any painting. These spindles said the damsel were when sinful Eve came to gather fruit. For which Adam and she were put out of paradise. She then perceived that the branch was fair and green, and she\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English or Middle English, but it is not clear enough to accurately translate it into modern English without additional context or a reliable translation source. Therefore, I will leave the text as is, with minor corrections for readability.).Remember she the loss that came from the tree. Then she thought to keep the branch as long as she could. Since she had no cover to keep it in, she put it in the earth. So, by the will of our lord, the branch grew into a great tree within a little while, and was as white as any snow. Branches, bows, and leaves that grew were a token of a maiden who had planted it. But after God came to Adam and commanded him to know his wife's flesh as nature required, so Adam lay with his wife under the same tree. And none of the tree, which was white and full of green as any grass, and all that came forth from it, and in the same time that they mingled to each other, Cain was begotten. Thus, the tree was long of green color. And so it happened many days after, under the same tree Cain slew Abel. Whereof came great marvel, for immediately as Abel had received the death under the green tree, he lost the green color and became red, and that was in token of the blood. And immediately all the plants died from it, but the tree grew..And it grew most beautifully fair, the fairest tree and the most delectable that any man could behold and see. And so did the plants that grew out of it before Abel was slain under it. The tree endured so long until Solomon, David's son, ruled and held the land after his father. Solomon was wise and knew all the virtues of stones and trees. He also knew the course of the stars and many other diverse things.\n\nThis Solomon had an evil wife. He thought there had been no good woman, and so he despised them in his books. Once a voice answered him, \"Salomon, if heaven comes to a man through a woman, never reject her. For there will come a woman from whom there will come greater joy to man a hundred times more than this heavenly sorrow. And that woman will be born of your lineage.\" When Solomon heard these words, he held himself a fool, and the truth he perceived from old books. Also, the holy ghost showed him her coming..Of the glorious virgin Mary, then asked he of the voice, \"if it should be in the yard of my lineage?\" The voice replied, \"but there shall come a man who shall be a maid and the last of your blood, and he shall be as good a knight as Duke Joshua, your brother in law. Now I have certified you of that, and you stood in doubt. Then Salomon was glad that such a one of his lineage would come, but he ever marveled and studied who that should be and what his name might be. His wife perceived that he studied and thought she would know it at some time, and so she waited for her time, and asked him the cause of his studying. There he told her all together how the voice spoke to him. Well said she, \"I shall let make a ship of the best wood and most durable that men may find.\" So Salomon sent for all the carpenters of the land and the best, and when they had made the ship, the lady said to Salomon, \"Sir, since it is so that this knight ought to pass all knights of the realm, let him have the ship.\".\"charity who have been before him / and those who will come after him / I will tell you further: she said you shall go into our lord's temple where is King David's sword, your father's, which is the most wonderful and sharpest ever taken by any knight's hand. Therefore take that, and take the pommel, and make a pommel of precious stones so subtly that no man perceives it but that they are all one. And after make a marvelous sheath. And when you have made all this, I will let a girdle be made there such as pleases me. All this King Solomon had made as she designed, both the ship and all the remainder. And when the ship was ready in the sea to sail, the lady caused a great bed to be made and marvelously rich, and set herself upon the bed's head covered with silk, and laid the sword at the feet. The girdles were of hemp, and there with the king was.\".An angry woman once said, \"I have no thing so high that could sustain such a sword, and a maid shall bring other knights here, but I don't know when or what time. And there, she let make a covering for the ship with silk cloth that should never rot for any weather. Yet, the lady went and summoned a carpenter to the tree under which Abel was slain. Now, she said, \"I will make a spindle.\" A woman said, \"This is the tree,\" the one our first mother planted. She said, \"Do it,\" or I will destroy it. As he began to work, drops of blood came out, and then he wanted to leave, but she would not allow him. He took away as much wood as could make a spindle, and she made him take as much of the green tree and the white tree. And when these three spindles were shaped, she had them fastened upon the side of the bed. When Salomon saw this, he said to his wife, \"You have.\".Salomon lay before the ship with little fear. And when he was asleep, he thought:\n\nA great company of angels came from heaven and alighted into the ship, and an angel brought water in a vessel of silver and sprinkled the entire ship. Afterward, he came to the sword and drew letters on the hull. Then he went to the ship's side and wrote other letters, which said: \"Man who will enter within me, beware that you are fully in faith, for I am but faith and belief.\"\n\nWhen Salomon saw these letters, he was abashed, and so he dared not enter. Instead, he drew back, and the ship was immediately shown in the sea. It went so fast that he lost sight of it..Within a little while, and then a little voice said, \"Salamon, the last knight of your lineage shall rest in this bed. Then Salamon woke up his wife and told her of the ship's adventures. Now the story goes that for a great while, the three fellows held the bed, and the three spindles. At this time, they were certainly of natural colors without painting. Then they lifted up a cloth that was above the ground and found a rich purse, and Percival took it. In it, he found a writing, and so he read it and learned the manner of the spindles and of the ship when it came, and by whom it was made. Now Galahad asked, \"Where shall we find the gentlewoman who will make new girdles for the sword?\" Fair sir, said Percival's sister, \"do not be afraid. By the grace of God, I will let a girdle be made for the sword such one as will fit it.\" Then she opened a box and took out girdles that were seemingly wrought with golden threads..Upon that were set precious stones and a rich buckle of gold. \"Here is a girdle that ought to be placed about the sword,\" said she. \"And know well, the greatest part of this girdle was made of my hair which I loved well while I was a woman of the world. But as soon as I knew that this adventure was ordained for me, I called for my hair and made this girdle in the name of God. You are well found, sir Bors, for truly you have saved us from great pain, in which we would have entered and had your tidings been delayed.\"\n\nThen the gentlewoman set it on the sword's girdle. \"Now say, what is the name of the sword, and what shall we call it?\" she asked. \"Truly, she said, the name of the sword is the sword with the strange girdles and the sheath covered in blood. For no man who has blood in him shall ever see the one part of the sheath which was made from the tree of life.\"\n\n\"In the name of Jesus Christ,\" they said to Galahad, \"pray gird yourself with it.\".This sword, much desired in the realm of Logres, I shall begin to say, spoke Galahad, take this sword to give you courage. But know well that it belongs to you as much as to me, and then he took hold of it with his fingers in a great manner. And then she sheathed him about the middle with the sword. Now I care not, for now I hold myself one of the blessed maidens of the world, who has made the worthiest knight of the world. Damsel said Galahad, you have done so much that I shall be your knight for the rest of my life. Then they left that ship and went to the other. And immediately the wind drove them into the sea without a sail. But it happened that they came to a castle called Cartebouse on the morrow, which was in the marches of Scotland. And when they had passed through the gate, the gentlewoman said, lords, men are arriving, and they knew that you were of King Arthur's court, you will be assaulted at once..A damsel said to Galahad that he who drove us out of the Roche would deliver us from them. So it happened that as they spoke thus, a squire came upon them and asked what they were. They replied that they were of King Arthur's household. \"Is that so?\" he said. \"Now by my head, you are ill-dressed,\" he added, and then turned away towards the cliff fortress. Shortly afterwards, they heard a horn blow. Then a gentlewoman approached them and asked them whence they were. They told her, \"Fair lords,\" she said, \"for God's love turn back if you may, for you have come to your death.\" \"No, we will not turn back,\" they replied, \"for he will help us in whose service we have entered.\"\n\nAs they stood talking, knights well-armed came and demanded that they surrender or die. \"We shall be no trouble to you,\" they said, and let their horses run. Sir Percival struck down the first one and took his horse, and Galahad did the same. Bors served another in the same manner..They had no horses in that country, as they left their horses when they took their ship in other territories. And so, when they were mounted, the people of the castle fled into the strong fortress, while the three knights followed them into the castle and dismounted. They engaged the enemy on foot and slew them, then held themselves great sinners. \"Indeed, said Bors,\" I believe God would have spared them if we had not had the power to kill them in this way. \"But they have done so much against our lord that he will not allow them to reign any longer,\" said Galahad. A good man, a priest, came out of a chamber bearing the body of God in a cope. When he saw the slain people in the hall, he was deeply distressed, and Galahad....Sir said they have no fear of us, for we are from King Arthur's court. Then the good man asked how they were slain so suddenly, and they told him. \"You might live as long as the world endures,\" the good man said. \"None could have done such a great act of charity as this.\" Sir said, \"Galahad, I regret that they were not baptized.\" \"Do not regret it, sir,\" he replied. \"And I will tell you about this castle. Lord Earl Hernox ruled it for only one year. He had three good knights as sons and a daughter, the fairest gentlewoman men knew. The three knights loved their sister so much that they lay with her by force. And when she cried out to her father, they killed her and took him. They put him in prison and intended to kill him, but a cousin of hers rescued him. And then they committed great treachery.\".they slew clerks and priests and made bare chapels, so that our lords' service might not be served or said. And on that same day, his father sent to me to be confessed and absolved. But such shame had never befallen me as it did on that day with the three brothers. But the earl commanded me to endure, for he said that three servants of our lord would soon destroy them. And now it has come to an end. And by this may you know that our lord is not displeased with your deeds. Indeed, Galahad said. It would not have pleased our lord for us to have slain so many men in so little a time. Then they brought the earl Hernox out of prison into the midst of the hall, whom Galahad knew at once. And yet he had seen him never before, except by revelation from our lord.\n\nThen he began to weep most tenderly and said, \"Long have I awaited your coming. But for God's love, I am held in your arms, so that my soul may depart from my body in such good men's arms as you are.\"\n\nGladly said Galahad..And then one said aloud that Galahad had avenged me on God's enemies. Now it is necessary for you to go to the wounded king as soon as you can. For he will receive health which he has endured for so long, and with his soul departing from his body. Galahad made him be buried as he should be. Right away, the three knights and Percival's sister departed with him. They came to a desolate forest, and there they saw before them a white heart that four lions were carrying. They approached to ask why they appeared and rode after them. They continued on a great path until they came to a valley, and there was a hermitage where a good man dwelt, and the heart and the lions entered as well. When they saw all this, they turned to the chapel and saw the good man in religious attire and the armor of our Lord. He was singing mass of the Holy Ghost, so they entered and heard mass. And at the secrets of the mass..They saw the heart transform into a man, who marveled them and took his seat on the altar in a rich chair. The one lion became a man, the second a lion, the third an eagle, and the fourth a bull. They took their seats where the heart sat and went out through a glass window. Nothing was damaged or broken, and they heard a voice say, \"The son of God has entered the womb of the Virgin Mary. Her virginity remains intact and unharmed.\" When they heard these words, they fell to the ground in awe, and there was great clarity. When they came to themselves again, they went to the good man and asked him to tell them the truth about what they had seen. He replied, \"You are welcome. I now know that you are the good knights who will bring the Holy Grail to an end.\".They to whom our lord shall reveal great secrets, / For our lord should be signified to a heart, / For when he is old, he grows young again in his white skin, / Just as our lord comes again from death to life, / for he lost earthly flesh that was the mortal flesh, / which he had taken in the womb of the blessed virgin Mary, / and for this reason, our lord appeared as a white heart without spot, / and the four that were with him are to be understood as the four evangelists, / who in writing recorded a part of Jesus Christ's deeds that he did at one time among you as an earthly man. / For truly, never before could no knight know the truth, / for often our lord showed it to good men and good knights in the likeness of a heart. / But I suppose from henceforth you shall see no more, / and then they rejoiced much and dwelt there all that day. / And upon the morrow when they had heard mass, / they departed and commanded the good man to God, / and so they..A knight came to a castle and passed by. Then another knight came after them and said, \"Lords, hear what I shall say. This gentlewoman that you lead with you is a maid.\"\n\n\"I am a maid,\" she replied.\n\nThe knight took her by the hand and said, \"By the holy cross, you shall not escape me until you have fulfilled the custom of this castle. Let her go,\" said Percival. \"You are not wise,\" the knight retorted. \"A maid, in whatever place she comes, is free.\"\n\nMeanwhile, ten or twelve knights armed came out of the castle, accompanied by gentlewomen who carried a dish of silver. They said this gentlewoman must yield us the custom of this castle.\n\n\"What maid passes here by shall yield this dish full of her right arm's blood,\" the knight said. \"Blame be upon Galahad for bringing such customs,\" he added. \"I swear to you, I assure you of this gentlewoman, you shall fail as long as I live.\"\n\n\"I had rather be slain,\" said Percival. \"Sir Bors also said, 'By my truth.'\".the knight shall you kill, for you cannot endure against us, though you were the best knights in the world. Then let each one go to the other, and the three fellows strike down the ten knights, and then place their hands on their swords and strike them down and kill them. Then, out of the castle came three score knights armed. Fair lords, said the three fellows, have mercy on yourselves and do not oppose us. Fair lords, said the knights of the castle, we advise you to withdraw, for you are the best knights in the world, and therefore do no more, for you have done enough. We will let you go with this harm, but we must needs have the custom. Said Galahad, for nothing speak you, they replied, will you die? We are not yet come to that, said Galahad. Then they began to mingle together, and Galahad with the strange girdles drove his sword, striking on his right hand and on his left hand, and slew whatever was before him, and did such marvels..that there was none who saw him/ they believed he had been no earthly man but a monster/ and his two companions helped him pass well/ and so they held the journey equally difficult until it was nearly night/ then they had to part. A good knight came/ and said to the three companions, \"if you will come in for the night and take such lodging as there is, you shall be rightly welcome, and we shall ensure you by the faith of our bodies/ and as true knights, we will leave you in such a state tomorrow as we find you without any falsehood.\" The gentlewoman said, \"Go, Galahad,\" and so they entered the chapel/ And when they were alight, they made great joy of them. Within a while, the three knights asked the custom of the castle and why it was/ \"There is in this castle a gentlewoman who owns both the castle and herself.\".Many years ago, a malady afflicted her, and when she had lain for a long time, she fell into a coma. No doctor could help her. But at last, an old man said that she might have a dish of a maiden's blood and a clean virgin's will and work. It was a king's daughter's blood that should be her cure. And for this reason, this custom was made.\n\nPercyual's sister, the fair knights, saw well that this gentlewoman was dead. \"Certes,\" said Galahad, \"you bleed so much that you may die.\" \"Truly,\" she replied, \"I want to help her. I shall gain great honor and soul's salvation. One harm is better than two. Therefore, there will be no more battle but until tomorrow. I shall yield you your custom of this castle. And there was greater joy than before. For otherwise, there would have been mortal war on the morrow, notwithstanding she would not allow it..That night, the three fellows were easy with the best, and on the morrow they heard mass. Sir Percival's sister summoned the sick lady, who was in great distress. She asked, \"Who will let me bleed?\" A man came forward and let her bleed, and she bled so much that she was filled with relief. Then she lifted her hand and blessed the lady. \"Madam,\" she said, \"I have come to die to make you whole. For God's love, pray for me.\" With that, she fell into a swoon.\n\nGalahad and his two companions then lifted her up and stopped the bleeding, but she had bled so much that she could not live. She said to her brother Percival, \"Fair brother Percival, I die for the healing of this lady. So I beg you not to keep me in this land but, as soon as I am dead, place me in a boat and let me go wherever adventure leads me. And when you three come to the City of Saras to seek the holy grail, you shall find me under a Tower. \".Arryued there and had me in the spiritual place, for I tell you so much, Galahad shall be buried there, and you also in the same place. Then Percival understood these words and granted it, weeping. And then said a voice, \"lords and fellows, mourn at the hour of prime, the three shall depart from each other until the adventure brings you to the wounded king.\" Then she asked for her savior, and as soon as she had received it, the soul departed from the body. So, on that same day, the lady was carried away when she was anointed with all. Then Sir Percival made a letter of all that she had helped them in strange adventures and put it in her right hand and laid her in a barge, covering it with black silk. And the wind arose and drove the barge from the land, and all knights beheld it until it was out of their sight. Then they all drew to the Castle, and afterward there came a sudden tempest and thunder and rain, as if the earth would have broken..Half the castle turned upside down; the tempest had passed. Then they saw before them a knight armed and severely wounded in body and head, who cried, \"O God, save me now, for it is needed.\" After this knight came another knight and a dwarf who called out to them, \"Stand, you may not escape.\" The wounded knight held up his hands to God that he might not die in such tribulation. Galahad said, \"I will save him for his sake, as he calls upon him.\" Sir Bors said, \"I will do it,\" for it is not for you, \"for he is but one knight.\" Sir Bors took his horse and commanded him to God, then rode after to rescue the wounded knight. Now the story says that all night Galahad and Percival were in a chapel in prayer for Sir Bors. The next morning they dressed themselves in their armor and went towards the castle to learn what had happened there. They found neither man nor woman alive..by the vengeance of our lord, they heard a voice that said, \"This vengeance is for the shedding of maidens.\" At the end of the chapel, they found a churchyard, and there they could see three score fair tombs. The place was so fair and so delightful that it seemed to them as if there had been no tempest there. For there lay the bodies of all the good maidens who had been martyred for the sake of the sacred ladies. They also found the names of each one and of what lineage they were, and all were of royal blood, and twelve of them were princesses. Then they departed and went into a forest. Now Percival said to Galahad, \"We must depart; so pray our lord that we may meet again soon.\" They took off their helmets and kissed each other, and wept at their parting.\n\nNow says the history that when Launcelot came to the waters of Morlais, as it is recounted before, he was in great peril, and so he lay down and slept, and took up the adventure that:.god would send him /\nWhen he was asleep, a vision appeared to him and said, \"Arise and take your armor. Enter into the first ship you find.\" /\nAnd when he heard these words, he rose up and saw great clarity around him. Then he lifted up his hand and blessed himself, and took his arms and made himself ready. By chance, he came to a shore and found a ship which was without sail or oar. As soon as he was within the ship, he felt the sweetest sensation he had ever experienced, and was filled with all things he thought of or desired. Then he said, \"Fair, sweet father Jesus Christ, I do not know in what joy I am. This joy surpasses all earthly joys I have ever experienced.\" And so, in this joy, he lay down at the ship's side and slept until day. When he awoke, he found a beautiful bed there and a gentlewoman lying in it, who was Sir Percival's sister. As Launcelot approached her, he saw a write in her right hand..He who told him all the adventures you have heard before, and of what lineage she came, was with Sir Launcelot for a month and more. If you wanted to know how he lived, he who fed the people of Israel with manna in the desert was sustained in the same way. Every day when he had finished his prayers, he was supported by the grace of the Holy Ghost. One night he went to play by the water side, for he was somewhat weary of the ship. Then he heard a horse come, and a rider upon it. When the knight came near, he seemed to be one. So he let him pass and went aboard the ship, and there he dismounted and took the saddle and bridle and led the horse away. Then Launcelot welcomed him and he answered and welcomed him in return, and asked, \"What is your name? For much joy do I give to you.\" \"Truly,\" he said, \"my name is Launcelot du Lake.\" \"Sir,\" he replied..Welcome, you were the beginning of me in this world, said he. You are Galahad, you replied. And he knelt down and asked his blessing. Afterward, he took of his helmet and kissed him. There was great joy between them, for there is no tongue that can tell the joy they made of each other. Many friendly words were spoken between them, as kindness would have it. Which is no need here to be repeated. And each one told the other of their adventures and marvels that had befallen them on many journeys since.\n\nThey departed from the court. As soon as Galahad saw the gentlewoman dead in bed, he knew her well and paid great worship to her, lamenting that the marvelous sword was taken and by whom. And all the marvels were rehearsed before. Then Galahahad prayed to Galahad his son that he would show him the sword. And so he did. And immediately he kissed the pommel and the hilts and the scabbard. Truly, said Lancelot never..Once upon a time, I became aware of such high adventures, wondrous and strange. Sir Launcelot and Galahad resided on a ship for half a year and served God daily and nightly with all their might. They arrived in isles far removed from people, where only wild beasts dwelt. There they encountered many strange and perilous adventures, which they brought to a conclusion, but since these adventures involved wild beasts rather than the quest for the Holy Grail, the tale makes no mention of them.\n\nOne Monday, they arrived at the edge of a forest before a cross. There, they beheld a knight clad all in white, richly mounted on a white horse, and leading the horse with his right hand. The knight approached the ship and hailed the two knights on behalf of the lord and said to Galahad, \"Sir Galahad, you have been with your father long enough. Leave the ship and mount this horse. Go where...\".the adventures shall lead you in the quest of the Holy Grail. Then he went to his father and kissed him sweetly and said, \"Fair, sweet father, I do not know when I shall see you again until I see the body of Jesus Christ. I pray you, say Launcelot to pray to the high father that he keep me in his service.\" And so he took his horse, and there they heard a voice that said, \"Think for yourself. For one shall never see the other before the dreadful day of doom.\" Now soon Galahad said to Launcelot, \"Since we shall depart and never see each other,\" I pray to you, high father, to conserve me and you both.\" Sir Galahad replied, \"No prayer avails so much as yours.\" And therewith Galahad entered into the forest. The wind arose and drove Launcelot more than a month through the sea where he slept little but prayed to God that he might see some tidings of the Holy Grail. So it happened on a night at midnight he arrived before a castle on the back side, which was rich and fair. And there was a portal opened toward the sea..And it was open without keeping only two lions guarding the entrance, and the moon shone clear. Suddenly, Sir Launcelot heard a voice that said, \"Launcelot, go out of this ship and enter the castle, where you shall see a great part of your desire.\" He ran to his arms and armed himself, then went to the gate and saw the lions. He placed his hand on his sword and drew it, then a dwarf suddenly appeared and struck him on the arm so hard that the sword fell from his hand. Then a voice said, \"O man of evil faith and poor belief, why do you trust more in your armor than in your maker? He might help you more than your armor in whose service you are set.\" Then Launcelot said, \"Father, I Jesus Christ, I thank you for your great mercy that you reprove me of my sin. Now I see well that you consider me your servant.\" He took up his sword again and made a cross on his forehead, then approached the lions, and they seemed to make a show of not attacking him..hym harme / Notwithstan\u00a6dynge he passed by hem without hurte and entryd in to the cas\u00a6tel to the chyef fortresse / and there were they al at rest / thenne Launcelot entryd in so armed / for he fond noo gate nor dore but it was open / And at the last he fond a chamber wherof the dore was shytte / and he sette his hand therto to haue ope\u2223ned hit / but he myghte not\nTHenne he enforced hym mykel to vndoo the dore / then\u2223ne he lystned and herd a voyce whiche sange so swete\u2223ly that it semed none erthely thynge / and hym thoughte the voyce said Ioye and honour be to the fader of heuen / Thenne\nLauncelot kneled doun to fore the chamber / for wel wyst he that there was the Sancgreal within that chamber / Thenne sayd he Fair swete fader Ihesu Cryst yf euer I dyd thyng that ple\u2223asyd the lord / for thy pyte ne haue me not in despyte for my synnes done afore tyme / and that thou shewe me some thynge of that I seke / And with that he sawe the chamber dore open and there came oute a grete clerenes / that the hows was as.bright as all the torches of the world had been there, so he came to the chamber door and wanted to enter. But a voice said to him, \"Flee, Launcelot, and do not enter, for you do not ought to do it. If you enter, you shall think it.\" Then he drew back heavily. Then he looked up in the middle of the chamber and saw a table of silver and the holy vessel covered with red samite, and many angels about it. One of them held a candle of wax burning, and another held a cross, and the ornaments of an altar were there. Before the holy vessel, he saw a good man dressed as a priest. It seemed to Launcelot that above the priest's hands were three men, of whom the two placed the youngest between the priest's hands. And he lifted it up right high, and it seemed to show so to the people. Then Launcelot marveled not a little, for he thought the priest was so greatly charged with the figure..that he should fall to the earth, and when he saw none about him who would help him, then came he to the great door and said, \"Fair father Jesus Christ, do not take it for any sin that I help the good man who has great need of help.\" Right so he entered and came toward the table of silver. And when he came near, he felt a breath that he thought was mingled with fire which struck him so sore in the face that he thought it burned his face. And therewith he fell to the earth and had no power to arise, as he who was so argued had lost the power of his body, his hearing, and his sight.\n\nThen he felt many hands about him which took him up and bore him out of the chamber door without any harm to his wound. And left him there appearing dead to all people.\n\nSo upon the morrow when it was fair day, they within were risen. And found Lancelot lying before the chamber door..All marveled at how he came in, and so they looked upon him and felt his pulse to determine if there was any life in him. They found life in him, but he could not stand or move any member that he had. They took him by every part of the body and carried him into a chamber, laying him in a rich bed far from all people. He lay there for four days. Then one said he was alive, and the other said no. An old man spoke up in the name of God, for I truly tell you, he is not dead, but he is so full of life as the mightiest among you all. Therefore, I advise you to keep him well until God sends him life again.\n\nIn such a manner they kept Lancelot for twenty days and nights, during which he lay still as if dead. On the twenty-fifth day, after midday, he opened his eyes. When he saw people, he made great sorrow and said, \"Why have you awakened me? For I was more at ease than I am now. O Jesus Christ, who might be so blessed.\".that I might openly see there your great wonders of secrets, where no sinner may be - what have you seen, they said about him? I have seen wonders so great that no tongue can tell, and more than any heart can think. If my son had not been here before me, I would have seen much more. They told him how he had lain there for forty days and nights. Then he thought it was punishment for the forty years that he had sinned, therefore the Lord put him in penance for forty days and nights. Then Sir Launcelot looked before him and saw the hair which he had borne nearly a year. For that he greatly regretted that he had broken his promise to the hermit, whom he had vowed to do.\n\nThen they asked how it was with him. Forsooth, he said, I am whole of body, thanked be our Lord. Therefore, for God's love, tell me where I am. Then they all said that he was in the Castle of Carbonek. There a gentlewoman came, and brought him a shirt..of small linen cloth, but he changed not there, but took the hair to himself again. Sir said they, \"The quest for the Sanctus Graal is enchanted now right in you. You shall never see the Sanctus Graal more than you have seen.\" Now I thank God, said Lancelot, for his great mercy, for it suffices me. For as I suppose, no man in this world has lived better than I have. And there he took the hair and clothed himself in it. And above that, he put a linen shirt, and after a fresh and new robe of scarlet. And when he was so arrayed, they marveled all. For they knew him that he was Lancelot, the good knight. Then they all said, \"O my lord, Sir Lancelot, be that you are.\" Then came word to King Pelles that the knight who had lain so long was Sir Lancelot. Then the king was right glad and went to see him. And when Lancelot saw him come, he dressed himself again and there made the king great rejoicing..Ioye heard from the king the news that his fair daughter was dead. Then Launcelot was deeply saddened and said, \"Sir, I am reminded of your daughter's death. She was a very beautiful, fresh, and young lady, the finest knight on earth or who has ever been since God was born. The king kept him there for four days, and on the morning he took his leave of King Pelleas and all the company, thanking them for their great labor.\n\nAs they sat in the chief hall for dinner, a strange thing happened: the tables were filled with every kind of food that any heart could desire. But as they sat, they saw that all the doors and windows of the place were open without anyone's hand having touched them. Everyone was frightened and did not know what to do.\n\nSuddenly, a knight came to the main door and knocked, crying, \"Open the door!\" But they would not. He kept crying, \"Open the door!\" but they would not. And.The king annoyed them so much that he arose and came to a window where the knight called out. \"Sir knight, you shall not enter at this time while the sacred host is here,\" the king said. \"Go to another.\" The knight was angry at the king's words. \"Sir knight, if you insist on entering, tell me from what country you are,\" the king asked. \"Sir, I am from the realm of Logres,\" the knight replied. \"And my name is Ector de Maris. I am brother to my lord, Sir Launcelot.\" \"In the name of God,\" the king thought aloud, \"it seems your brother is here within.\" When Ector de Maris understood that his brother was there, he was the man in the world he most feared and loved. \"Now God doubles my sorrow and shame,\" Ector said. \"The good man of the hill spoke to Gawaine and me about our dreams. Then he left.\".out of the court as quickly as his horse could / and so through out the castle\nKing Pelles came to Sir Launcelot and told him news of his brother, of whom he was sorry that he knew not what to do / So Sir Launcelot departed and took his arms and said he would go see the realm of Logris / which I have not seen in twelve months / and there he commanded the king to God / and so rode through many realms / And at the last he came to a white abbey / And there they made him great cheer that night / And on the morrow he arose and heard mass / and before an altar he found a rich tomb which was newly made / And then he took his kneel / & saw the sides written with gold / which said \"Here lies King Bagdemagus of Gorre, whom King Arthur's new knight, Sir Gawain, slew.\" Then was he not a little solaced by this and would have been no more concerned if it had been any other than Gawain, and he said to himself \"A lord God, this is a great heart to King Arthur.\".Courtenay lost such a man, and then he departed, coming to the abbey where Galahad undertook the adventure of the tombs and received the cross. He greeted all warmly that night, and in the morning he returned to Camelot, where he found King Arthur and the queen. However, many knights of the Round Table had been slain and destroyed, more than half. Only Ector Gaweyn, Lyonel, and others who need not be mentioned returned. All the court was greatly pleased with Sir Launcelot, and the king asked him many things about his son Galahad. Launcelot told the king about the adventures that had befallen him since he departed, and also about the adventures of Galahad, Percival, and Bors, which he knew about through the letter of the dead damsel. Now the story says that the king declared that they would never again speak of Launcelot, for two of them would never be seen by him, but one would return..Galahad rode many journeys in the way and at last he came to the abbey where King Mordrain was. And when he heard that he was there, he intended to stay and see him. And on the morrow, when he had heard mass, Galahad came to King Mordrain. And the king saw him, who had been blind for a long time, and then he dressed himself against him, and said, \"Galahad, the servant of Jesus Christ, whose coming I have awaited so long, now embrace me and let me rest on your breast, so that I may rest between your arms, for you are a pure virgin above all knights, as the flower of the lily, in whom virginity is signified, and you are the rose, which is the flower of all good virtue, and in color of fire. For the fire of the holy ghost is taken so in you, that my flesh, which was all dead from old age, is become young again. Then Galahad heard his words, and he embraced him and all his body.\n\nThen he said, \"Fair lord Jesus Christ, now I have my will. Now I require you in this point that I am in.\".Thow come and visit me, and there our lord heard his prayer, as the soul departed from the body. Then Galahad placed him in the earth as a king should be, and he departed. And so, he came to a perilous forest where he found the well, which the tale tells boiled with great waves. As soon as Galahad touched his hand to it, the sea ceased to burn, and the heat departed. For the heat could not endure his pure virginity. This was taken in the country as a miracle and was henceforth called Galahad's well.\n\nBy chance, he came to the country of Gore and to the abbey where Lancelot had been beforehand and found King Bagdemagus' tomb, but Joseph of Armathia had desecrated it. He also found the tomb of Symeon where Lancelot had failed. Then he looked into a crypt beneath the monastery and saw a tomb that burned fiercely..Then asked he the brothers what it was. Sir replied, \"It is a wonderful adventure that cannot be brought to an end by anyone but him who possesses both generosity and knighthood from the Round Table. I would say it was Galahad who would lead me there. Gladly they agreed and led him to a cave. He went down upon the grass and came near the tomb. Then the flame failed and the fire was quenched, which had been great for many days. Then came a voice that said, \"More are you beholden to thank our Lord. He has given you a good hour that you may draw out the souls from earthly pain and place them in the joys of paradise. I am of your kin who have dwelt in this place for three hundred winters and forty-five to be purged of the sin I committed against Joseph of Arimathea. Then Galahad took the body in his arms and carried it into the monastery. That night, Galahad lay in the abbey, and on the morrow he gave him service and placed him in the tomb.\".In the earth before the high altar, he departed and commanded the brethren to God. He rode for five days until he came to the wounded king. Percyval asked where he had been each day, and one told him of the adventures of Lancelot. One day they came out of a great forest and met Sir Bors, who rode alone. They were glad and welcomed him, and each told his story. Bors said, \"It is more than a year and a half that I have lain ten times where men dwelled, but in wild forests and mountains. But God was always my comfort.\" They rode for a long time until they came to the castle of Carbonek. When they entered the castle, King Pelles knew them. There was great joy, for they knew that they had fulfilled the quest for the Holy Grail..Elyazar, King Pelleas' son, presented to them the broken sword with which Joseph had been struck through the thigh. Then Bors reached out and tried to sound it again, but it would not respond. He gave it to Percival, but Percival had no more power over it than he.\n\n\"Take it again, Percival,\" Galaad urged, \"for as long as it is enchanted by any physical being, you must do it.\" Percival took the pieces and set them aside. They seemed as if they had never been broken and were as whole as they had been forged originally. When they saw within that the sword's adventure was enchanted, they gave it to Bors, for it could not be better. He was a good knight and a worthy man.\n\nJust a little before evening, the sword rose up, great and marvelous. It was full of great heat that made many men fall for fear. Suddenly a voice rang out among them, \"Arise, for now shall true knights be fed.\" So they arose..Went then all, save King Pelles and Eliazar his son, and a maid, his niece, and these three were there no more. Suddenly, they saw knights fully armed entering the hall door and doffing their helmets and armor. They said to Galahad, \"Sir, we have come a great distance to be at this table where the holy food shall be partaken.\" Then he replied, \"You are welcome,\" but asked, \"Whence are you?\" Three of them replied they were from Gaul, and the other three from Ireland, and the remaining three from Denmark. As they sat thus, a bed made of tree branches was brought out from a chamber. In it lay a sick man with a golden crown on his head. They placed him in the middle and went away. He lifted his head and said, \"Sir Galahad, knight, you are welcome. I have long desired your coming, for in such pain and anguish have I been.\".But now I trust to God the time has come that my suffering shall be eased, and I shall depart from this world, as was promised to me long ago. Then a voice said there are two among you who are not in quest of the Holy Grail, and therefore depart ye.\n\nKing Pelles and his son departed. And then with them all came a man and four angels from heaven, dressed like a bishop, and he held a cross in his hand. The four angels said, \"Behold, Joseph the first bishop of Christendom, whom our Lord appeared in the spiritual place in the city of Saras. Then the knights marveled, for that bishop was dead more than three hundred years before. \"O knights,\" he said, \"do not marvel. For I was once an earthly man. With that they heard the chamber door open, and there they saw angels and two bare candles of wax, and the third a towel, and the fourth a spear which bled marvelously, and three drops fell within a box that he held..And they set the candles on the table, and the third the towel on the vessel, and the fourth the holy spear upright on the vessel. The bishop made a show as if he were about to perform the sacrament of the mass. He then took an unleavened wafer, in the likeness of bread, and as he raised it, a figure appeared in the likeness of a child. The face was as red and bright as any fire, and it struck itself into the wafer. They all saw that the wafer was formed of a flesh-and-blood man, and then he put it back into the holy vessel. He then did what was required of a priest to do at mass. He then went to Galahad and kissed him, and bade him and his fellows to do the same. Now the servants of Jesus Christ said, \"You shall be fed before this table with sweet meats that no knights have tasted.\" And when he had said this, he vanished away. They set them at the table in great fear and made their prayers..Then they saw a man emerge from the holy vessel, bearing all the signs of Jesus Christ's passion bleeding openly. He said to his knights and servants, and true children who had come out of mortal life into spiritual life, \"I will no longer hide myself from you. You shall now see a part of my secrets and hidden things. Receive now the high feast which you have so much desired. Then he took the holy vessel and went to Galahad. He knelt down, and there he received his savior. After him, all his companions received him. They found it so sweet that it was marvelous to tell. He then said to Galahad, \"Do you know now what I hold in my hands? No, he replied. But if you will tell me. This is the holy dish in which I eat the lamb on Good Thursday. And now you have seen that which you most desired to see, but you have not seen it as openly as you will see it in the City of Saras in the spiritual realm.\".place Therefore thou must go hence and bear with this holy vessel For this night it shall depart from the realm of Logrys / that it shall never be seen more here / and knowest thou why, for he is not served nor worshipped to his righte by the people of this land, / for they have turned to evil living. Therefore I shall disinherit them of the honor which I have done them. And therefore go ye three to morrow unto the sea where you shall find your ship ready / & with you take the sword with the strange girdles and no more with you but Sir Percival and Sir Bors. Also I will that you take with you of the blood of this spear to anoint the maimed king, both his legs and all his body, and he shall have his said Galahad. Why shall not these other fellows go with us? For right as I departed my post here and there, so I will that you depart. And two of you shall die in my service / but one of you shall come again and tell tidings. Then he gave them his blessing..And Galahad went at once to the spear which lay upon the table, and touched the blood with his fingers. Then he anointed King Pelles' legs and clothed him immediately. The king rose from his bed as a whole man and thanked the Lord for healing him. This was not for the world's sake, for immediately he yielded himself to a place of devotion among white monks and became a very holy man. That same night, about midnight, a voice came among them which said, \"My sons and not my chief sons, my friends and not my enemies, go where you hope best to do, and as I commanded you.\" They thanked the Lord that He would grant them the opportunity to prove that they had not lost their penance. And in all haste, they took their armor and departed. However, the three knights of Galilee: one of them was named Claudine, the son of King Claudas, and the other two were great gentlemen. Galahad then prayed to each of them that if they came across [anything], they should not harm it..King Arthur's court ordered my lord Sir Launcelot's father and some of the Round Table knights to sell him and reminded them not to forget this, if they attended that party. Immediately, Galahad, Percival, and Bors departed with him. They rode for three days and then came upon a river. There they found the ship mentioned in the tale beforehand. When they reached the shore, they discovered in the middle of it a table of silver, which they had left with the wounded king and the Holy Grail, covered with red damask. They were glad to find these things in their journey and entered, making great reverence. Galahad fell into deep prayer for a long time, asking our Lord when he would ask for the departure from this world. A voice replied to him, \"Galahad, you shall have your request. When you ask for the death of your body, you shall have it, and then you shall find the life of the soul.\" Percival heard this and also prayed..\"hym of fellowship that was between them to tell you why he asked such things,\" said Galahad, \"other day when we saw a part of the adventures of the Holy Grail. I was in such joy of heart that I believe no man was, earthly, and therefore I know well when my body is dead, my soul shall be in great joy to see the blessed Trinity every day. And the majesty of our Lord Jesus Christ kept them so long in the ship that they said to Galahad, 'Sir, in this bed you ought to lie, for so it says the scripture.' And he lay down and slept a great while. And when he awakened, he looked before him and saw the city of Saras. And as they would have landed, they saw the ship in which Percival had put his sister. 'Truly, said Percival in the name of God,' he declared, 'my sister has kept us in good faith.' Then they took out of the ship the table of silver, and he gave it to Percival and Bors to carry before, and Galahad came behind.\".The old man at the Cyte's gate, crooked as he was, was called over by Galahad and asked to help carry a heavy burden. The old man replied, \"It has been ten years since I could go anywhere without crutches.\" Galahad urged him not to worry and to show his good will, so he tried and found himself as sound as ever. The old man then rushed to the table and took a seat opposite Galahad. A great commotion arose in the city as a cripple was healed and knights marveled at their entry. Afterwards, the three knights went to the water and brought in Percival's sister to be buried in the palaces, as befitted a king's daughter. When King Estoraus of the city saw this spectacle, he asked them when they had arrived and what they had placed on the silver table, and they told him the truth about the Holy Grail and the power bestowed by God upon it. Then King Estoraus was amazed..Tyrant came from the line of Paynims and took them, placing them in a deep prison. But as soon as they were there, our lord sent them the Holy Grail, through whose grace they were fulfilled while they were in prison. So, at the end of the years, it happened that King Estouares fell ill and felt that he would die. Then he sent for the three knights and they came before him. He begged their mercy for what he had done to them, and they forgave him generously. He died immediately after. When the king was dead, the city was in despair and did not know who might be its king. Right away, as they were in council, a voice came among them and urged them to choose the youngest knight of the three to be their king, for he would well maintain you and all yours. So they made Galahad king by the consent of the entire city, or they would have killed him. And when he came to rule the land, he had a chest made above the table of silver, a chest of gold and precious stones..that hilled the holy vessel, and every day early, the three fellows would come before it and make their prayers. At the end of the year and the day after Galahad had borne the golden crown, he arose early and his fellows, and came to the palace, and saw before them the holy vessel, and a man kneeling on his knees, in the likeness of a bishop, who had about him a great multitude of angels, as if it had been Jesus Christ himself. Then he arose and began a mass of our lady. And when he came to the sacrament of the mass and had finished, he called Galahad and said to him, \"Come forth, servant of Jesus Christ, and thou shalt see that thou hast much desired to see.\" Then he began to tremble very hard, when the earthly flesh began to behold spiritual things. Then he held up his hands toward heaven and said, \"Lord, I thank thee, for now I see that which I have desired many a day.\" Now blessed lord, I would not longer live if it might please the lord..A good man took our Lord's body between his hands and offered it to Galahad. Galahad received it gladly and humbly. Now you know what I mean, Galahad said. No, I am Joseph of Arimathea, sent here by our Lord to bring the fellowship, and you, why has he sent me more than anyone else? For you have resembled me in things, in that you have seen the marvels of the Holy Grail, and in that you have been a pure maiden, as I have been and am. And when he had said these words, Galahad went to Percival and kissed him, commanding him to God. He then went to Sir Bors and kissed him, commanding him to God. Fair lord, grant me to my lord, Sir Lancelot, your father, he said. As soon as you see him, bid him remember this unstable world. And there, before the table, he knelt down and prayed. And suddenly, his soul departed to Jesus Christ, and a great multitude of angels bore his soul up to heaven..fellows could clearly see it. The two fellows saw a hand come from heaven, but they did not see the body. Then it came directly to the vessel and took it and the spear and carried it up to heaven. No man was ever so bold to claim that he had seen the Holy Grail.\n\nWhen Percival and Bors saw Galahad dead, they grieved as much as two men ever had. And if they had not been good men, they might have easily fallen into despair. The people of the country and the city were also very sad.\n\nHe was then buried. And as soon as he was buried, Sir Percival went to a hermitage outside the city and took religious clothing. Bors was always with him, but he never changed his secular clothing because he intended to go again into the realm of Logris. Thus, Sir Percival lived a full holy life in the hermitage for a year and two months and then passed out of this world. Bors had him buried by his sister and by Galahad in the spiritualities. When Bors.saw that he was in such great danger as in the parties of Babylon he departed from Sarras / and armed himself and came to the sea / and entered into a ship / and it happened to him in good fortune / he came into the realm of Logris / and he rode so fast till he came to Camelot where the king was / and then there was great joy made for him in the court / for they all thought / he had been dead / for as much as he had been so long out of the country / and when they had eaten / the king made great clerks come before him / that they should chronicle of the high adventures of the good knights /\n\nWhen Bors had told him of the adventures of the Sanct Greal such as had befallen him / and his three companions that were Lancelot / Percival / Galahad / and him self\n\nLancelot told the adventures of the Sanct Greal / that he had seen /\n\nAll this was made in great books / and put up in almshouses at Salisbury /\n\nAnd anon sir Bors said to Sir Launcelot / Galahad your own son salutes you by me / & after you, king..Arthur and all the Court, and Sir Percival, did the same. I buried them in the City of Saras. \u00b6Sir Launcelot asked you to remember this uncertain world as he requested when he was with you for more than half a year. This is true, said Launcelot. Now I trust that his prayer will help me. \u00b6Then Launcelot took Sir Bors in his arms and said, \"Gentle cousin, you are most welcome to me. Whatever I may do for you and yours, you shall find my poor body ready at all times, as long as the spirit is in it. And this I promise you faithfully and never to fail.\" \u00b6You should know, gentle cousin Sir Bors, that you and I will never part, as long as our lives last. \"I will do as you will,\" he said. \u00b6Thus ends the story of the Holy Grail, briefly translated from French into English. This is a story chronicled as one of the truest and holiest in this world. It is the 17th book. \u00b6After the quest of the Grail..The Sanctgreal was filled, and all knights who were left alive returned to the round table as the Book of the Sanctgreal records. There was great joy in the court, and in particular, King Arthur and Queen Guinevere rejoiced at the return of the knights. The king and queen were also glad that Sir Launcelot and Sir Bors had come back, as they had been away on the quest for a long time. According to the book, Sir Launcelot began to resort to Queen Guinevere again, forgetting the promise and perfection he had made during the quest. The book states that had Sir Launcelot not been in his private thoughts and set inwardly on the queen as he appeared outwardly to God, no knight would have passed him in the quest for the Sanctgreal. Instead, his thoughts were secretly on the queen, and their love grew hotter than before, and they had such private exchanges that many in the court noticed..Sir Agrauaine, Sir Gawain's brother, was known for being open-mouthed. It came to pass that Sir Launcelot had numerous ladies and damsels who daily sought him out, asking him to be their champion. In all such matters of right, Sir Launcelot applied himself daily for the pleasure of Our Lord Jesus Christ. As much as he could, he withdrew himself from Queen Guinevere's company and her flirtatious advances. This made Queen Guinevere angry, and one day she summoned Sir Launcelot to her chamber.\n\n\"Sir Launcelot,\" she said, \"I see and feel daily that your love is waning. You have no joy in my presence but are always away from this court. You have more quarrels and matters with ladies and gentlewomen than you ever had before.\"\n\n\"Madame,\" replied Sir Launcelot, \"I must be excused for various reasons. One is, I was recently on a quest.\".the Grail, and I thank God of his great mercy and never of my desert that I saw in that my quest as much as ever saw any sinful man. And so it was told me. And if I had not had my private thoughts to return to your love again as I do, I had seen as great mysteries as ever saw my son Galahad or Percival or Sir Bors. Therefore, madam, I was but late in that quest. You well know, madam, it may not yet lightly be forgotten the high service in which I did my diligent labor. Also, madam, you well know that there are many men speaking of our love in this court, and have you and me greatly in a wait, as Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred. And madam, you well know I feared them more for your sake than for any fear I have of them myself, for I may happen to escape and ride myself in a great need where you must abide all that will be said to you. And then, if you fall into any distress through wilful folly, then there is no other remedy or help but by me and my blood..You, madame, your boldness and mine will bring us great shame and disgrace. I am loath to see you dishonored. This is the reason why. I take upon me to do more for damsels and maidens than I ever did before, so that men may not misunderstand my joy. All this while the queen remained still and let Sir Lancelot speak. And when he had finished, she burst out weeping. She wept for a long time. And when she could speak, she said, \"Lancelot, now I well understand that you are a false recreant knight and a common lecher, and you love and hold other ladies. And by me, you have despised and scorned me. For well you know, she said, now I understand your deceit. And therefore, I will never love you again, and never let you come in my sight, and right here I dismiss this Court from you, and I forbid my favor from you.\".payne is upon thy head that thou seest me no more. Right so, Sir Launcelot departed with great heaviness, unable to sustain himself due to great sorrow. Then he called Sir Bors, Sir Ector de Maris, and Sir Lyonel, and told them how the queen had banished him from the court, and so he was in the mood to depart to his own country. Fair sir said Sir Bors de Ganis, \"you shall not depart from this land by my advice. You must remember in what honor you are renowned and called the noblest knight in the world, and there are many great matters you have at hand. Women in their haste often do things that they deeply regret, and for this reason, by my advice, you shall take your horse and ride to the good hermitage nearby Windsor. It was once home to a good knight; his name is Sir Brasias. You shall abide there until I send word of better tidings.\" Brother said Sir Launcelot, \"I well know that I am loath to depart from this realm, but the queen has banished me so harshly that it seems she wills it..Sir Bors spoke to his good lady, \"Never be angry with me as you have been, say you never that, Sir Bors,\" she replied. \"For many times or now, she has been angry with you, and after that, she was the first to regret it. You speak truly, said Launcelot. Now I will do as you advise and take my horse and armor and ride to Sir Brasias' hermitage. I will remain there until I receive some news from you. But, fair brother, I pray you to obtain my lady Queen Guinevere's favor for me.\n\nSir Bors replied, \"You do not need to ask me about such matters. You know that I will do whatever I can to please you. Then, Sir Launcelot departed with heavy heart, leaving none on earth who knew of him or where he had gone. But Queen Guinevere outwardly showed no sorrow to any of her blood or to anyone else. However, the book says she wept inwardly and bore it out with a proud countenance, as though she did not care..The queen felt nothing or danger and then ordered a splendid dinner to be prepared for the knights of the Round Table. All was intended to demonstrate outwardly that she held as great joy in them as in Sir Lancelot. Only at this dinner were Sir Gawain and his brothers present: Sir Agravain, Sir Gaheris, Sir Gareth, and Sir Mordred. Also in attendance were Sir Bors de Ganis, Sir Blamor de Ganis, Sir Bleoberis de Ganis, Sir Galahad, Sir Galahodin, Sir Ector de Maris, Sir Lionel, Sir Palomides, Sir Safir his brother, Sir La Cote Male Taille, Sir Persant, Sir Ironside, Sir Brandyles, Sir Kay le Seneschal, Sir Mador le Porte, Sir Patrice a knight of Ireland, Alyduk, Sir Astamore, and Sir Pynel le Sauvage. These twenty-four knights dined with the queen in a private place. A feast was prepared for them..Sir Gawayne delighted in all kinds of delicacies, but he had a daily custom at dinner and supper to love fruit, and in particular apples and pears. Whoever dined or feasted with Sir Gawayne, he would typically seek out good fruit for himself, and the queen did this as well to please him. Sir Gawayne was a very hot-natured knight, and Pyonel hated him because of his kinsman Sir Lamorak of Galis. For pure envy and hate, Sir Pyonel poisoned certain apples to poison Sir Gawayne. It came to pass at the end of the meal that a good knight named Patrice, cousin to Sir Mador de la Porte, took a poisoned apple. After eating it, he swallowed it so quickly that he burst, and Sir Patrice fell down dead among them. Every knight leapt up from the table in shock and anger, for they did not know what had happened..What the queen said, considering she made the feast and dinner: they all had suspicions towards her. The queen said to Gawain, \"Know well, madam, that this dinner was made for me. For all those who know my condition understand that I love well fruit. And now I see it. I had nearly been slain. Therefore, madam, I fear that you may be shamed. Then the queen stood still and was so ashamed that she did not know what to say. Sir Mador de la Porte spoke up, \"This shall not end thus. For here I have lost a full noble knight of my blood. And therefore, upon this shame and contempt, I will be avenged to the utmost. I openly accuse the queen of the death of my cousin, Sir Patrice. Then they all stood still, none daring to speak against him. They all had great suspicions towards the queen because she had allowed the dinner to be made. The queen was so ashamed that she could do nothing but weep heartily and fainted..Sir Cried came to King Arthur, and when he learned of that trouble, he was a very heavy man. Sir Mador stood steadfast before the king, and ever he accused the queen of treason, for it was the custom at that time that all shameful deaths were called treason. \"Fair lords,\" said King Arthur, \"I regret this trouble, but I cannot help in this matter, for I must be a righteous judge. And it repents me that I may not do battle for my wife, for I deem this deed was not done by her. Therefore, I suppose she shall not be entirely destroyed, but some good knight shall put himself in jeopardy for the queen rather than she be burned in a wrong quarrel. And therefore, Sir Mador, be not hasty. It may happen she shall not be all unfriendly, and therefore, desire your day of battle. She shall pursue her with some good knight who will answer you, or else it would be a great shame to me and to all my court.\" My gracious lord said Sir..\"You must forgive me, for although you are our king in that degree, you are but a knight like us, and sworn to knighthood as we are. I beseech you therefore that you be not displeased. For there is not one of the forty-two knights summoned to this dinner but they all have great suspicion concerning the queen. What say you, my lords? said Sir Mador. Then they answered immediately that they could not excuse the queen, for why she made the dinner, and it must come from her or her servants. Alas said the queen, I made this dinner for a good intention, and never for any evil. So help me God, I swear it. My lord the king said, Sir Mador, I require you as a righteous king to give me a day that I may have justice. Well said the king, I grant you the day this day fifteen days that you be ready armed on horseback in the meadow beside Westminster. And if it so happens that there be any\".A knight will encounter you; you may do your best, and God speed the right. If there is no knight that day, then my queen must be burned, and she shall be ready for her judgment. I am answered, said Sir Mador. And every knight went where it pleased him.\n\nWhen the king and the queen were together, the king asked the queen how this came about. The queen answered, \"I don't know how or in what manner. Where is Sir Launcelot, said King Arthur? He would not grudge doing battle for you if he were here.\"\n\n\"I don't know where he is,\" said the queen. \"But his brother and kin believe he is not within this realm. That grieves me, said King Arthur. For if he were here, he would soon stop this strife.\"\n\nThen I will advise you, said the king, and to Sir Bors: you will do battle for her, for Sir Launcelot's sake. And upon my life, he will not refuse you. For well I see, said the king, that none of these four and (illegible).Twenty knights who were with you at the dinner where Sir Patrice was slain will do battle for you, or none of them will speak well of you. This will be a great scandal for you in this Court. The queen said, \"Alas, I cannot do it all, but now I beseech you, Sir Lancelot, for if he were here, he would soon put me at ease. What ails you, said the king? You cannot keep Sir Lancelot on your side. The one who has Sir Lancelot on his side has the most worship in the world. Now go your way, said the king, to the queen, and ask Sir Bors to do battle for you in Sir Lancelot's name.\"\n\nThe queen departed from the king and sent for Sir Bors to her chamber. When he came, she begged his help. \"Lady,\" he replied, \"what do you ask of me? I cannot with my worship intervene in this matter because I was at the same dinner, for fear that one of those knights might suspect me.\".\"mademe said Sir Bors now, my lady, you no longer require my services, for I would not have failed you in right or wrong, as you have proven when you have been in danger, and now you have driven him out of this country, by whom we were daily worshipped. Therefore, my lady, I am surprised that you ask me to do anything for you, in so much as you have chased him out of your country, by whom we were brought up and honored. Alas, fair knight, said the queen, I put myself in your grace, and all that is mine is yours; I will amend as you counsel me. And with that, she knelt down on both her knees and begged Sir Bors for mercy, otherwise I shall have a shameful death, and I have never offended unjustly. Right away came King Arthur and found the queen kneeling before Sir Bors. Then Sir Bors pulled her up and said, My lady, you do me great dishonor. A gentle knight said the king, have mercy on my queen, Curtis knight, for I am now certain she is unfairly defamed.\".For the courteous knight said the king, \"I promise you I will do battle for her.\" The knight for Sir Launcelot requested this of me. Sir Bors said, \"You ask the greatest thing that any man could ask of me.\" And know this well, if I grant to do battle for the queen, I will anger many of my companions at the round table. But as for that, said Bors, I will grant my lord, that on that day I will be the queen's champion, unless a better knight comes to do battle for her. Did you promise this, the king asked? Yes, said Sir Bors, but only if no better knight comes than I am. Then the king and queen were passing glad. And they departed, thanking him heartily. So then Sir Bors departed secretly on a day and rode to Sir Launcelot, who was with Sir Brastias the hermit, and told him of this..all the irrelevant adventures are over, said Jesus to Sir Launcelot. This has happened just as I would have wished, and so I pray you make your preparations for battle. But wait until you see me come. I am certain Madoc is a hot-tempered knight when he is armed. The faster you provoke him, the quicker he will attack, said Sir Bors. Let me deal with him. You have my word, you will have your way. Then Sir Bors departed from him and returned to the court, where he was criticized by many knights for taking on the battle for the queen. They were displeased that he would assume the role in the queen's quarrel, as there were only four knights in the entire court. They believed the queen was in the wrong and had committed treason. So Sir Bors answered his fellow roundtable members, \"Know well, my fair lords, it would be a shame for us all if we stood by and allowed the most noble queen in the world to be publicly shamed, considering her lord.\".and our lord is the most worshiped man in the world and has always worshiped us in all places. Many answered him otherwise. Concerning our most noble king Arthur, we love and honor him as much as you do. But as for Queen Guinevere, we do not love her because she destroys good knights. Fair lords said, Sir Bors, it seems you do not speak as you should. For in all my days, I have never heard or known that she ever destroyed any good knight. But at all times, as far as I could know, she maintained good knights. She has always been generous and free with her goods to all good knights. She is the most bountiful lady of her gifts and her good grace that I have ever seen or heard speak of. Therefore, it is shameful for us all to speak ill of our most noble king's wife, and we suffered her to be shamefully slain. And I, Sir Bors, will not allow it. For I dare say that the queen is not guilty for Sir Patrice's death. She did not cause it..owed him never any ill will, nor any of the forty knights who were at that dinner, for I dare say, for good love she invited us, and not for any malicious reason. And that I doubt not shall be proven hereafter, for however the game goes, there was treason among us. Then some said to Sir Bors, we may well believe your words, and some were pleased by this, and some were not.\n\nThe day came quickly until the evening when the battle should be. Then the queen sent for Sir Bors and asked him how he was disposed. Truly, madam, I am disposed in the same way as I promised you, that is, I shall not fail you, unless by accident a better knight comes to do battle for you than I am. Then, madam, I will tell the queen that you have said this, please, madam.\n\nThen the queen went to the king and told him Sir Bors' answer. Have no doubt, said the king, of Sir Bors..I call him one of the best knights of the world and the most profitable man. And this continued until the morning. The king and the queen and all manner of knights who were there at that time drew them to the meadow beside Winchester, where the battle was to take place. And when the king had come with the queen and many knights of the Round Table, then the queen was put in the Constable's ward, and a great fire was made around an iron stake. Sir Mador de la Porte had the better of this. She was to be burned; such was the custom in those days. Neither for favor nor for love nor for kinship would there be any other but righteous judgment, whether upon a king or a knight, or a queen or a poor lady. So, in the meantime, Sir Mador de la Porte came in and took his oath before the king. The queen had committed this treason until his cousin, Sir Patrice. To his oath, he would prove it with his body, hand to hand, who would say otherwise..Sir Bors of Ganys entered and said, \"As for Queen Guinevere, she is innocent. I will prove it with my hands. She is not guilty of this treason. Then, make ready, Sir Mador, and we shall determine who is in the right. Sir Mador replied, \"I know you to be a good knight, Sir Bors. But I do not fear you so greatly. I trust in God that I will be able to withstand your malice. But I have promised my lord Arthur and my lady the queen that I will fight for her in this cause to the utmost, unless a better knight comes and discharges me. Is that all you have to say, Sir Mador? Either come and fight with me or say no. Take your horse, Sir Bors, and as I suppose you will not tarry long, you will be answered soon. Then, either departed to their tents and made themselves ready to mount as they thought best. And anon, Sir Mador entered.\".Sir Bors rode among the field, shield on shoulder and spear in hand, calling out to Arthur, \"Champion, come forth and engage; this knight dares.\" Sir Bors dismounted and went to the lists' end. Suddenly, from the woods, a knight appeared, fully armed on a white horse with a strange shield of unusual arms. He rode as fast as he could and approached Sir Bors, saying, \"Fair knight, please do not be displeased, for a better knight than you shall have this battle. You were informed of this when we last spoke, and with all my heart I thank you for your good will.\" Sir Bors rode to King Arthur and reported the situation. \"Who is this knight?\" asked the king. \"I do not know, sire,\" replied Sir Bors. But such was the case..The king made a covenant with me to be here today. My lord said, Sir Bors, here I am, discharged. Then the king called to that knight and asked him if he would fight for the queen. He assented to the king for that reason, and therefore, Sir King, I came here. And for that reason, he said to me, tarry no longer, for I must depart from here, for I have many matters elsewhere. Indeed, you know well that that knight, this is a dishonor to all knights of the round table, to see and know so noble a lady and such a courteous queen as Queen Guinevere thus rebuked and shamed among you. Then they all marveled at what knight it might be that took the battle upon himself. For there was not one who knew him but if it were Sir Bors. Then Sir Mador de la Porte spoke to the king, let me know with whom I shall have to do with all. And then they rode to the lists end, and there they couched their spears and ran to gather with all their might..And Sir Mador's spear shattered, breaking all to pieces, but the others held their spears and bore Sir Mador's horse and all backward to the earth in a great fall. But mightily and suddenly he avoided his horse and put his shield before him. Then he drew his sword and bade the other knight dismount and do battle with him on foot.\n\nThe knight descended from his horse lightly, like a valiant man, and put his shield before him and drew his sword. And so they came eagerly towards battle. Each gave the other many great strokes, tracing and traversing, racing and feinting, and hurting each other with their swords as if they were wild boars. Thus they fought nearly an hour.\n\nFor Sir Mador was a strong knight, and mightily proven in many strong battles. But at last this knight struck Sir Mador, groaning on the earth. And the knight stepped near him to have pulled Sir Mador flat on the ground. And there, suddenly, Sir Mador rose up, and in his rising he struck that knight through..The thick of the thrusts that the blood ran out fiercly. And when he felt himself so wounded and saw his blood, he let him arise upon his feet. Then he gave him such a buffet up on the helmet that he fell to the earth flatly. And therewith he strode to him to have pulled off his helmet from his head. And then Sir Mador prayed that knight to save his life, and so he yielded him as overcome and released the queen of his quarrel. I will not grant your life, said that knight, unless you freely release the queen for ever. And that no mention be made upon Sir Patric's tomb that ever Queen Guenever consented to that treason. All this shall be done, said Sir Mador, I clearly discharge my quarrel for ever. Then the knights, parties to the lists, took up Sir Mador and led him to his tent. And the other knight went straight to the steer foot where sat King Arthur. And by that time was the queen come to the king. And either kissed other heartily. And when the king saw.that knight thanked him, and so did the queen and the king, requesting he remove his helmet and rest. He complied, took a sip of wine, and every knight recognized him as Sir Launcelot of the Lake. The queen knew when he took her hand and approached Sir Launcelot, saying, \"Grant me mercy for the great trouble you've had today on my behalf and that of my queen.\" The lord replied, \"You know well that I should have been in your quarrel and that of your queen to fight, for you are the one who gave me the high order of knighthood. That day, your lady, the queen, showed me great honor, and without her intervention, I would have been shamed among all knights. She found my sword after I lost it through haste, and gave it back to me when I needed it, preventing my shame.\".lord Arthur I promysed her at that day euer to be her knyghte in ryghte outher in wronge / Graunt mercy sayd the kyng for this iourneye / & wete ye wel said the kyng I shal acquyte youre goodenes / and euer the quene behelde sir launce\u00a6lot / and wepte so tendyrly that she sanke all most to the grou\u0304d for sorowe that he had done to hshewed hym grete vnkyndenes / \u00b6Thenne the knyghtes of his blood drewe vnto hym / and there eyther of them made grete io\u2223ye of other / And so came alle the knyghtes of the table round that were there at that tyme / and welcomed hym / And then\u2223ne sir Mador was had to leche crafte / and sire launcelot was helyd of his wou\u0304d / And thenne there was made grete Ioye & myrthes in that courte\nANd soo it befelle that the damoysel of the lake / her na\u2223me was Nymue / the whiche wedded the good kny\u0292t sir Pelleas / and soo she cam to the Courte / for euer she dyd grete goodenes vnto kynge Arthur / and to alle his kny\u2223tes thurgh her sorcery and enchauntementes / And soo whan she herd how the quene.Sir Patrice was angry for the death of Sir Patrice. Then she openly declared that she was innocent and revealed there who had done it - Sir Pynel. She named him and explained why he had done it. The queen was then excused, and Sir Pynel fled to his country. It was then openly known that Sir Pynel had poisoned the apples at the feast with the intention of killing Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain and his brothers had previously destroyed Sir Lamorak of Galis, to whom Sir Pynel was related. Sir Patrice was then buried in the church of Westminster in a tomb. On it was written: \"Here lies Sir Patrice of Ireland, slain by Sir Pynel, the poisoner, who poisoned apples with the intention of killing Sir Gawain. Unfortunately, Sir Patrice himself ate one of those apples and then suddenly burst. Also written on the tomb was that Queen Guenever was accused of the treason of the death of Sir Patrice by Sir Mador le Porte, and mention was made of how..Sir Launcelot fought with him for Queen Guinevere and overcame him in a plain battle. This was written upon Sir Patrice's tomb, explaining the queen's actions. Sir Mador then continually sought the queen's grace, and through Sir Launcelot's intervention, she forgave him. This occurred before Our Lady Day, within fifteen days of the feast. The king then proclaimed a great tournament and a justice to take place at Camelot, Wales, on that day against all who would come against them. When this proclamation was made, many knights arrived. The king of Northgalis and King Angus of Ireland came, as well as the king with the hundred knights, Galahad the high prince, and the King of Northumberland, and many other noble dukes and earls from various countries. King Arthur made himself ready to depart to this gathering..I'm an assistant designed to help with various tasks, including text cleaning. Based on your instructions, I'll do my best to clean the given text while preserving its original content as much as possible.\n\nInput Text: \"Iustys / and would have had the Quene with him / but at that time she would not / she said / for she was sick and might not ride at that time / That repents me, said the king / for these seven years you have not seen such a noble fellowship to gypsies except at Whitsuntide when Galahad departed from the Court / Truly said the queen to the king / you must hold me excused / I may not be there / and that repents me / and many thought the queen would not be there because of Sir Launcelot du Lake / for Sir Launcelot would not ride with the king / for he said / that he was not whole of the wound which Sir Mador had given him / wherefore the king was heavy and passing wrathful / and so he departed toward Winchester with his fellowship / and so by the way the king lodged in a Town called Astolot / that is now in English called Gylford / and there the king lay in the Castle / So when the king was departed / the queen called Sir Launcelot to her / and said thus / Sir Launcelot, you are greatly to blame thus to\"\n\nCleaned Text: Iustices and would have had the Queen with him, but at that time she would not. She said she was sick and could not ride. The king was sorry for this, as for the past seven years he had not seen such a noble fellowship except at Whitsuntide when Galahad departed from the Court. The Queen spoke to the king, saying you must hold me excused, I may not be there, and that repents me. Many thought the Queen would not be there because of Sir Launcelot du Lake, for he would not ride with the king, as he said he was not yet healed from the wound Sir Mador had given him. The king was heavy and passing wrathful, so he departed toward Winchester with his fellowship. By the way, the king lodged in a town called Astolot, now called Gylford in English, and there the king stayed in the castle. When the king had departed, the queen called Sir Launcelot to her and said, Sir Launcelot, you are greatly to blame..Lady, what do you think our enemies and mine will say, but look at how Sir Launcelot always stays behind the king, and so does the queen, for they desire to gather supporters. The queen said to Sir Launcelot, \"Have no doubt of that.\"\n\nLady, I allow your wit; it has come late since you were wise, Lady, at this time I will be ruled by your counsel, and tonight I will take my rest, and by tomorrow I will take my way to Winchester.\n\nBut know this, Sir Launcelot told the queen, at the tournament I will be against the king and against all his followers. You may do as you please there, said the queen, but by my counsel you shall not be against your king and your followers. For there are many hard knights of your blood, as you well know, it is unnecessary to mention them.\n\nLady, I pray you do not take offense with me, Lady..I will take the adventure that God will send me. In the morning, early, Sir Launcelot heard mass and broke his fast. He took leave of the queen and departed. He rode so much until he came to Astolat, which is Gylford. There, in the evening, he came to an old baron's place, called Sir Bernard of Astolat. As Sir Launcelot entered his lodging, King Arthur saw him walking in a garden beside the castle. He greeted him well.\n\nKing Arthur said to the knights who were with him in the garden beside the castle, \"I have now seen one knight who will play his part at the tournament. To which we are going. I wager he will do marvels. Who is that, pray tell us.\"\n\nMany knights who were there at that time replied, \"You shall not know for me,\" said the king. And so the king smiled and went to his lodging.\n\nWhen Sir Launcelot was in his lodging,.The old baron and hermit entered the chamber where Sir Launcelot was, making reverence and welcoming him in the best manner. But Sir Knight, the old knight did not know Sir Launcelot. \"Fair sir,\" said Sir Launcelot to his host, \"I would pray you to lend me a shield that is not openly known, for mine is well known. Sir, you shall have your desire. You seem to be one of the likely knights of the world, and therefore I shall show you friendship. I have two sons who were recently made knights. The eldest is named Sir Tirre, and he was injured the same day he was knighted, so he may not ride. His shield you shall have. I dare say it is not known anywhere but here. My youngest son is named Laueyn, and if it pleases you, he shall ride with you to Iustes. He is of his age, strong and mighty. For more on this, my heart gives to you that you should be a noble knight. Therefore, I pray you tell me your name.\" \"As for that,\" said Sir Bernard..Sir Launcelot said, \"I ask for your forgiveness now, and if God grants me success at the tournament, I will return and tell you. But please, Sir Launcelot, let me have your son, Sir Kay, and your brother, Sir Sheldon, with me. Sir Bernard agreed, \"This old baron had a daughter at that time, who was called the fair maiden of Astolat. She admired Sir Launcelot greatly, and her love for him was such that she could never withdraw it. Therefore, she died, and her name was Elaine le Blank. As she came and went, she was so consumed by her love that she begged Sir Launcelot to wear a token of hers at the tournament. Fair maiden, said Sir Launcelot, and if I grant you that you may say I love you more than I ever loved a lady or maiden before, then remember this.\" Sir Launcelot was determined to go to the tournament disguised, and since he had never foreseen this situation..That time bore no token of any damsel for him,\nso he thought to take one whom none of his blood could identify him to,\nand then he said, \"Fair maiden, I will grant you a token of yours on my helmet;\nwhat it is, show me, Lady.\" She replied, \"It is a red sleeve of mine, well embellished with great pearls.\"\nAnd so Sir Launcelot received it, and said, \"Never did I have so much before, for no damsel,\"\nand then Sir Launcelot took leave of the fair maiden, Elayne,\nand prayed her to keep it until he returned.\nThat night he had merry rest and great cheer.\n\nOne day, in the morning, King Arthur and all his knights departed,\nfor his king had tarried three days to wait for his noble knights.\nAnd when the king was riding, Sir Launcelot and Sir Lancelot made ready to ride,\neach of them having..whytes shields and the reed sleeves; Sir Launcelot allowed them to carry his. They took leave at Sir Bernard the old baron's house, and his daughter, the fair maiden of Astolat. They rode for a long time until they reached Camelot, also known as Winchester. There were great presses of kings, dukes, earls, and barons, as well as many noble knights. Sir Launcelot was lodged privately by the means of Sir Launce with a rich burgher, and no one in that town knew what they were. They remained there until the feast of Our Lady's Assumption. So, trumpets sounded for the field, and King Arthur was seated high upon a throne to observe who did best. However, as the French book states, the king would not allow Sir Gawain to depart from him. For neither Sir Gawain nor Sir Launcelot had excelled in the field. Sir Gawain was often rebuked whenever Launcelot appeared in any of the lists. Then some of the kings, including King Anguish, objected:.Irland and the king of Scotes were turned against King Arthur's side, and on the other party were King of Northgalis, the king of Northumberland, Sir Galahad the high prince. But these three kings and the duke were weak to hold against King Arthur's party, for with him were the noblest knights of the world. So they drew back from each other, and every man made ready in his best manner to do what he could. Then Sir Launcelot made ready, put on his red cloak, and fastened it, and so Sir Launcelot and Sir Lancelot departed from Winchester privately, and rode until a little wood, behind the party that held against King Arthur's party, and there they hid themselves until the parties clashed. Then came in King of Scotes and King of Ireland on King Arthur's side, and against them came King of Northumberland and the king..The hundred knights descended upon King Northumberland and the king with the hundred knights defeated King Angusshire of Ireland. Sir Palomides, who was on Arthur's side, encountered Sir Galahad, and each struck the other down. Both parties then helped their lords back onto their horses. A strong assault began on both sides, and then Sir Brandley, Sir Sagramore le Desirous, Sir Dodinas le Sauvage, Sir Kay the Seneschal, Sir Gryfflet le Fise de Dieu, Sir Mordred, Sir Melyot de Logris, Sir Ozanna le Cure Hardy, Sir Safyr, and Sir Epynogris arrived, all of whom were knights of the Round Table. These, along with others, came to aid their comrades. They attacked King Northumberland and King Northwalas. When Sir Lancelot saw this as he rode through a small wooded area, he said to Sir Launcelot, \"See over there is a company of good knights, and they hold them to giders as bores who are heated with.\".Sir Lawrence spoke the truth, said Sir Launcelot, and you will help me a little? You will see yonder fellowship that chases these men on our side, and they will go back as fast as they came forward. Spare not, said Sir Launcelot, Sir Lawrence. Then Sir Launcelot and Sir Lawrence entered the thickest of the press. Sir Launcelot struck down Sir Brandiles, Sir Sagramore, Sir Dodinas, Sir Kay, Sir Gryflet, and all these with one spear. Sir Lawrence struck down Sir Lucan the butler, and Sir Bedivere. Then Sir Launcelot took another spear and struck down Sir Agrauaine, Sir Gaheris, and Sir Mordred and Sir Melyot de Logrys. Sir Lawrence struck down Ozanna le Cure Hardy. Then Sir Launcelot drew his sword and struck on the right hand and left hand, and with great force he unhorced Sir Safyr, Sir Epynogrys, and Sir Galleron. The knights of the Round Table drew their swords around..After they had obtained their horses as well as they could, Sir Gawaine said, \"O mercy, Jesus, what knight is yonder performing such marvelous deeds of arms in that field?\" I don't know who it is, said King Arthur, \"but at this time I will not name him.\" \"I would say it is Sir Lancelot, based on his riding and his armor that I see him wield,\" replied Sir Gawaine. \"But it seems to me it should not be him, for I have never seen him bear the red cross on his shield, a token of a knight's allegiance to Lady Guinevere or a noblewoman.\" Let him be called King Arthur, said the king, \"he will be better known, and will do more or depart sooner than the party against him.\" Then, the opponents of King Arthur were comforted, and they came together, those who beforehand had been severely reprimanded. Sir Bors, Sir Ector de Maris, and Sir Lyonel summoned to them the knights of their blood, such as Sir Blamor de Ganis, Sir Bleoberis, Sir Alyduke, Sir Galyhud, Sir Galyhodyn, and Sir Bellangere le Beuse. These nine knights of Sir Lancelot's retinue..threesome nobly charged/for they harbored great hatred and contempt towards him/and they, not recognizing Sir Lancelot and Sir Launceleot, charged towards Gidders/and struck down many knights of Northgalis and Northumberland\n\nSir Lancelot, upon seeing this, took up a spear/and encountered all three: Sir Boris, Sir Ector, and Sir Lyonel/and the three struck him at once with their spears/and with their own strength, they struck Sir Lancelot's horse to the ground/and unfortunately, Sir Boris' spear pierced Sir Lancelot through his shield, lodging the head in his side/\n\nWhen Sir Launceleot saw his master lying on the ground, he ran to the King of Scots/and struck him down/and with great force, he seized his horse/and brought it to Sir Lancelot/and Maugre of them all, he made him mount upon that horse/then, Sir Lancelot took another..Sir Bors held a spear in his hand and struck Sir Bors' horse and rider in the same way he had served Sir Ector and Sir Lyonel. Sir Launcelot drew his sword, feeling himself so severely wounded that he thought it was his death. He struck Sir Bors such a blow on the helmet that he fell to the earth unconscious. Sir Launcelot then served Sir Alyduk and Sir Galahad. Sir Launcelot struck down Sir Bellangere, son of Alexander the Orphelin, and in this way Sir Bors was remounted. They came with Sir Ector and Sir Lyonel, and the three of them struck Sir Launcelot's helmet with their swords. When he felt their blows and his grievous wound, he could not endure and gave Sir Bors such a buffet that he bowed his head low, and therewith he tore off his helmet and could have killed him..Sir Gawain pulled him down and in the same way served Sir Ector and Sir Lionel. The text states that he could have killed them, but when he saw their faces, his heart would not allow him to do so; instead, he left them there.\n\nAnd then, afterward, he hurled himself into the thickest press of them all and performed the marvelous deeds of arms, as the French book records, along with Sir Launcelot. With his sword, Sir Launcelot struck down and pulled down more than thirty knights, the majority of whom were seated at the round table. Sir Launcelot did well that day, for he struck down ten knights of the round table.\n\n\"Mercy, Jesus,\" said Sir Gawain to King Arthur. \"I marvel at what knight it is with the reed sword.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said King Arthur, \"he will reveal himself or depart.\"\n\nThen the king retired for lodging, and the price was given by heralds to the knight with the white shield who bore the reed sword. Then came King Arthur with a hundred knights, the King of Northgalis, and the King of Northumberland..Sir Galahaut, the high prince, said to Sir Lancelot, \"Fair knight, God bless you. You have done much for us today. Therefore, we pray you to come with us, so that you may receive the honor and the prize as you have deserved, if, my fair lords, said Sir Lancelot, you know that I have deserved thanks. I have bought it dearly, and I regret it. For I am hardly ever able to escape with my life. Therefore, my fair lords, I pray you to allow me to depart where I please, for I am badly hurt. I take no force or honor for myself. I would rather rest than be lord of all the world. And there, with all his groans, he rode a great distance away from them until he came to the side of the woods. And when he saw that he was about a mile from the field and was sure he could not be seen, he said with a high voice, 'O noble knight, Sir Lancelot, help me to get this truncheon out of my side, for it hurts me so much that it nearly kills me.'\".My lord said to Sir Launce, \"I would gladly do that, please, but I am afraid, and I drew out the truncheon. You shall be in danger of death,\" he charged Sir Launce. And so, both Sir Launce and Sir Launce drew their truncheons from their sides. A great, gruesome gash burst out near a point on Sir Launce at once, and he sank down upon his buttocks, pale and dead. \"Alas,\" said Sir Launce, \"what shall I do?\" Then he threw Sir Launce into the wind, but he lay there for nearly an hour as if dead. At last, Sir Launce opened his eyes and said, \"Help me, Launce. I am on my horse. A gentle hermit, who was once a full noble knight and a great lord of possessions, is nearby within these two miles.\" And for great goodness, he had taken upon himself willing poverty and forsaken many lands..Sir Baudewyn of Breton, a noble surgeon and good leech, is named thus. Let us go there, for my heart tells me I shall never die at the hands of my cousin Germain. Sir Launcelot then helped him up on his horse. They rode a great distance to Gyders, and Sir Launcelot bled profusely, his blood running to the earth. By fortune, they arrived at a hermitage, which was under a wood, and a great cliff on the other side, with a fair spring of water running beneath it. Sir Launcelin struck the gate with the butt of his spear and cried out, \"Let us in, for Jesus' sake!\" A fair child came to them and asked what they wanted. Fair sir, said Sir Launcelot, go and ask your lord, the hermit, to let in a knight who is severely wounded. And this day tell your lord that I saw him perform more deeds of arms than I have ever heard any man do. The child went in lightly, and then he brought them in..Heremyte, a passing good man, whom Sir Launce saw, he prayed him for God's sake to help. \"Which knight is he?\" Sir Launce asked. \"I don't know, sire,\" Launce replied. \"Nor do I know his name. But I can tell you I saw him perform marvelously in deeds of arms today. On which side was the Heremyte? \"Sir,\" said Sir Launce, \"he was on the side against King Arthur today, and there he won the prize among all the knights of the Round Table. I have seen the day,\" the Heremyte said, \"I would have hated him worse because he was against my lord King Arthur. For a time I was one of his fellowship at the Round Table. But I thank God I am disposed otherwise now. But where is he? Let me see him.\" Then Sir Launce brought the Heremyte to him. And when the Heremyte beheld him as he sat leaning on his saddle, bleeding pitifully, and the knight Heremyte thought he should recognize him but could not..A hermit asked Sir Launcelot, pale from bleeding, which knight he was and where he was born. Sir Launcelot identified himself as a stranger and an adventurous knight traveling through various realms to gain worship. The hermit recognized him as Sir Launcelot, his own lord. Sir Launcelot was surprised and asked how the hermit knew him. The hermit replied that he ought to know him as the most noble knight in the world. Sir Launcelot confirmed his identity. The hermit urged him to help him for God's sake, as he wished to be free from his suffering, either by living or dying. The hermit called for two of his servants, and they carried Sir Launcelot into the hermitage, lightly disarming him and placing him in bed. The hermit then stopped his bleeding and attended to him..Sir Lancelot drank good wine, refreshing him greatly and making him aware of himself. In those days, hermits were not as they are now. There were no hermits then who were not men of worship and prowess. And the hermits kept great households, refreshing people in distress.\n\nNow let us return to King Arthur and leave Sir Lancelot in the hermitage.\n\nWhen the kings had come together on both sides, and the great feast was to be held, King Arthur asked King of Northgalis and their retinue where was the knight who bore the red sleeve, bringing him before me, so that he might have his reward and honor and the price as is right.\n\nThen spoke Sir Galahad, the high prince, and King with the hundred knights: we suppose that knight is missing, and that he is never likely to see you or any of us again. That is the greatest pity we have ever known of any knight.\n\n\"Alas,\" said Arthur, \"how can this be? Is he so hurt? What is his condition?\".\"name said King Arthur. Truly, we all do not know his name or from whence he came nor whither he went. Alas said the king, this is the worst news that has come to me in the past seven years. For I would not give up all the lands I rule to know and to know it was so that that noble knight was slain. Do you know him, they asked. As for that, said Arthur, whether I know him or not, you shall not know for me what man he is. But may almighty Jesus send me good news of him, they all said. By my head, said Sir Gawain, if it is true that the good knight is so badly hurt, it is a great loss and pity for all this land. For he is one of the noblest knights that I have ever seen in a field wield a spear or a sword. And if he can be found, I shall find him. For I am sure he is not King Arthur. And you may find him only if he is in such a plight that he cannot help himself. Jesus protect, said Sir Gawain. But I shall find out what he is.\".Sir Gawain rode around Camelot on horseback for seven miles, but when he returned, he could find no sign of him. Within two days, King Arthur and his companions returned to London again. As they rode along the way, Sir Gawain stopped at Astolat to lodge with Sir Bernard. There, Sir Launcelot was also lodging. When Sir Gawain was in his chamber resting, Sir Bernard the old baron and his daughter Elaine came to visit him and ask about the news and who had done best at the tournament of Winchester.\n\n\"God help me,\" said Sir Gawain. \"There were two knights with white shields. But one of them bore a red cross on his head. He was certainly one of the best knights I have ever seen, for I dare say that one knight with the red cross struck down forty knights at the table round, and his companion did well and honorably.\"\n\n\"Blessed be God,\" said the fair lady..A maiden spoke well of him, for he is the man in the world that I first loved. And truly, he shall be the last that I ever love. Now, fair maiden said, \"Sir Gawain is that good knight your love.\" \"Indeed,\" said he, \"she is my love.\" Then know ye his name, said Sir Gawain. \"Nay, truly,\" said the damsel, \"I know not his name nor from whence he comes. But to say that I love him, I promise you and God that I love him. How did you know of him first, Sir Gawain?\"\n\nShe told him as you have heard before, and how her father betrothed him her brother to serve him, and how her father lent him her brother Sir Torr's shield, and he left his own shield here with me. For what cause did you say this, Sir Gawain? \"For this cause said the damsel, for his shield was too well known among many noble knights. A fair damsel said, Sir Gawain, please let me show you a sight of that shield.\" \"Sir,\" said she, \"it is in my chamber, covered with a case. And if you will come with me, you shall see it.\".Sir Bernard's daughter had said that the shield was coming. Sir Gawain took it up. When he beheld the shield, he knew at once that it was Sir Lancelot's shield and his own arms. \"Now my heart is heavier than it ever was before,\" said Sir Gawain. \"Why is that?\" asked Elaine. \"Because the knight who owes this shield your love is here,\" she replied, truly saying, \"I would be his love.\" \"God grant that either of you may rejoice,\" said Sir Gawain to the damsel. \"But that is in a great adventure. Yet truly, Sir Gawain spoke to the damsel, 'You have a fair grace, for I have known that noble knight for these forty years.'\".And never on that day, I or any other knight, dared make good a claim or say that he bore token or sign of any lady, gentlewoman, or maiden, at any jousts or tournaments. Therefore, the fair maiden said to Sir Gawain, \"Sir Gawain, you are greatly indebted to him to give him thanks.\" But I feared, said Sir Gawain, \"that you shall never see him in this world,\" and that is a great pity, \"that ever was a knight on earth.\" \"Alas,\" said she, \"how can this be? Is he slain?\" I do not say so,\" said Sir Gawain, \"but you should know, he is grievously wounded by all kinds of signs, and in the sight of men, more likely to be dead than alive. And you should know well, he is the noble knight, Sir Lancelot.\" \"Alas,\" said the fair maiden of Astolat, \"how can this be? And what was his hurt?\" \"Truly,\" said Sir Gawain, \"the man in the world who loved him best inflicted this hurt on him. And I dare say, Sir Gawain, and the knight who hurt him knew the very certain truth that he had hurt Sir Lancelot.\".it would be the most sorrow that ever came to his heart. Now, fair father, said Elayne, I require you to give me leave to ride and to seek him; or else I well know I shall go out of my mind, for I shall never cease till I find him. And my brother, Sir Launcelot. Do as it pleases you, said her father. For I deeply regret the harm done to that noble knight.\n\nRight so the maid made herself ready, and before Sir Gawaine making great dole, then on the morrow Sir Gawaine came to King Arthur and told him how he had found Sir Launcelot's shield in the keeping of the fair maiden of Astolat. All that knew I beforehand said, King Arthur, and that caused me I would not suffer you to have done it at the great jousts; for I saw, said King Arthur, when he came in late in the evening in Astolat. But marvel have I said, Arthur, that ever you would bear any sign of any damsel; for I never heard say nor knew that ever you bore any token of any earthly woman. By my head, said:.Sir Gawayne, the fair maiden of Astolat, loves him marvelously well. I cannot explain what that means. She is riding out to seek him. The king and all came to London. Sir Gawayne openly declared to the court that Sir Launcelot was the one he loved best. When Sir Bors heard this, he was grieved, and so were all his kin. But when Queen Guinevere learned that Sir Launcelot bore the red rose, the symbol of the fair maiden of Astolat, she was near mad with rage. And then she sent for Sir Bors de Ganyes as quickly as possible. When Sir Bors arrived before the queen, she said, \"Sir Bors, have you heard how falsely Sir Launcelot has betrayed me? Alas, madam said Sir Bors, I am afraid, he has betrayed himself and us all. No, said the queen, though he may be destroyed, for he is a false traitor knight.\" Madam said to Sir Bors, \"I pray you, do not speak so.\" For you well know, I cannot bear such language from him..Sir Bors said she should not call him traitor when he bore the red sleeve on his head at Winchester at the Great Tournament. \"Madam, Lady, said Sir Bors, that sleeve brings me deep regret,\" but I dare say he did it to conceal his identity, so none would know he had ever taken a lady, lady, or gentlewoman. \"Fie on him,\" said the queen. \"Yet, for all his pride and boasting, you proved yourself his better,\" Madam replied. \"Nay, Madam, say that never again, for he struck me and my companions. Fie on him,\" said the queen. \"I heard Sir Gawain say before my lord Arthur that it was marvelous to tell of the great love between the fair maiden of Astolat and him,\" Madam said to Sir Bors. \"I may not warn Sir Gawain to speak as he pleases, but I dare say that, for my lord Sir Launcelot, he loves no gentlewoman or maiden, but all he\".Lady Louise dwelled there much, and therefore Madame said to Sir Bors, \"You may say what you will, but know well I will hasten to seek him and find him wherever he may be, and may God send me good news of him.\" And so we left them there, and spoke of Sir Lancelot, who was in great peril. Fair Elaine came to Winchester, and she searched there everywhere. By chance, Sir Lancelot was being ridden to exercise his horse. As soon as Elaine saw him, she recognized him. And then she cried out loudly to him. When he heard her, he came to her at once. And then she asked her brother, \"How does my lord Sir Lancelot fare? Who told you, sister, that my lord's name is Sir Lancelot?\" Then she told him how Sir Gawain recognized him by his shield. They rode to Gyders until they came to the hermitage. She dismounted, and Sir Lancelot brought her to him. When she saw him lying so sick and pale in his bed, she could not speak, but suddenly she fell to the ground..in a swoon, and there she lay in a great heap. When she was revived, she struck herself and said, \"My lord, Sir Launcelot, why are you here? Then she fainted again. Sir Launcelot prayed to Sir Leodegrance to lift her up and bring her to me. When she came to herself, Sir Launcelot kissed her and said, \"Fair maiden, why are you thus? You put me to pain. If you have come to comfort me, you are most welcome. And of this little hurt that I have, I shall be quickly healed by God's grace. But I marvel, Sir Launcelot said, who told you my name? Then the fair maiden told him all how Sir Gawain was lodged with her father, and there by your shield he discovered your name. 'Alas,' said Sir Launcelot, 'it repents me that my name is known. For I am sure it will turn to anger.'\".Sir Elaine never left Sir Launcelot, watching him day and night, providing kinder service than any woman had done for a man before. Sir Launcelot asked Sir Launce to look out for Sir Bors in Winchester and identified him by a wound on his forehead.\n\nWe turn to Sir Bors coming to Winchester to seek his cousin, Sir Launcelot. Upon arriving, men Sir Launce had stationed were there to watch for him, and Sir Launce greeted him, revealing his identity and companions.\n\n\"Fair knight,\" Sir Bors said, \"I ask that you bring me to\".Sir Launcelot, said Sir Lionel, take your horse, and within this hour you shall see him. They departed and came to the hermitage.\n\nAnd when Sir Bors saw Sir Launcelot lying in his pale and discolored bed, Sir Bors lost his countenance. And for kindness and pity, he could not speak, but wept tenderly for a great while. And then, when he could speak, he said:\n\n\"O my lord, Sir Launcelot, God bless you, and may you recover quickly. I am very heavy with my misfortune and unhappiness. Now I can call myself unhappy, and I fear that God is greatly displeased with me, allowing me to bring such shame upon you, our leader, and our worship. And therefore, I call myself unhappy. Alas, that such a knight as I am should have the power to bring unhappiness to the most noble knight in the world. Where I shamefully set upon you and overcharged you, you might have slain me, but you spared me.\".I/ For I and your blood did turn against you, I marveled, sir Bors, that my heart or my blood would serve me. Therefore, my lord, Sir Launcelot, I ask your mercy. Fair cousin, said Sir Launcelot, you are most welcome. And know this well, you say too much to please me. Which pleases me not, for I have thought otherwise. For I would with pride have overcome you all, and in my pride I was nearly slain. And that was in my own fault. For I might have given you warning of my being there. Then I would have had no hurt. For it is an old-said proverb, \"there is hard battle there as kin and friends do battle either against each other. There may be no mercy but mortal war. Therefore, fair cousin, said Sir Launcelot, let this speech pass, and all shall be welcome that God sends and lets us leave this matter. And let us speak of some rejoicing. For this that is done may not be undone. And let us find a remedy as soon as possible, that I may be whole. Then Sir Bors lent..Upon his bedside, Sir Launcelot told King Lionel how the queen was growing angry with him because he was the red knight at the Great Tournament, and Sir Bors recounted how Sir Gawain had discovered this by the fair maiden of Astolat, seeing the shield that Sir Launcelot had left with her. Then the queen, angry, said to Sir Launcelot, \"And because of this, I am heavy, for I deserved no wrath, for all that I did was because I would not be known.\" Sir Bors excused himself, but it was in vain, for she spoke more at length to me than I do to you now. But is this, she said to Sir Bors, the one who is so eager about you that they call the fair maiden of Astolat? She it is, said Sir Launcelot, that I cannot put from me by any means. Why should you put her from you, said Sir Bors? She is a passing fair damsel, wise and well-behaved, and God would have you love her, said Sir Bors. But I cannot, nor dare I counsel you, but I see well, said Sir Bors, by her diligence..About you, who loves you entirely, Sir Launcelot said Sir Bors. Sir Bors replied, \"She is not the first to have grieved over you. And that is the more pitiful.\" They spoke of many other things. Within three days or four, Sir Launcelot was strong and well again.\n\nSir Bors told Sir Launcelot that a great tournament had been sworn between King Arthur and the King of Northgalis, to be held on All Hallows' Mass day beside Winchester. This is true, said Sir Launcelot. Then you shall stay with me a little while until I am well, for I feel myself right strong and well. Blessed be God, said Sir Bors. They were there nearly a month. And every day and night, the maiden Elayn did diligent labor for Sir Launcelot, who had never been a more dutiful child or wife to her father and husband than that fair maiden of Astolat. Therefore, Sir Bors was greatly pleased with her.\n\nSo, on a certain day, by agreement,.Sir Launcelot and Sir Bors, along with Sir Launceleot, sent the hermit to search for various herbs in the woods. Sir Launcelot made Fair Elaine gather herbs for him. While this was happening, Sir Launcelot prepared himself, intending to test his armor and spear, injured or not. Once he mounted his horse, he urged it forward. The horse was lively and fresh since it had not been worked for a month. Then Sir Launcelot thrust his spear into the rest, and the horse leapt mightily. The noblest horse in the world, which was under him, strained and stayed steady, keeping the spear in the rest. With great force, Sir Launcelot strained himself to urge the horse forward, causing the bottom of his wound to burst both inside and out. All the blood gushed out, leaving Sir Launcelot feeling extremely weak..Not sitting on his horse, Sir Launcelot cried to Sir Bors, \"Sir Bors and Sir Launcelot, help me, for I am coming to my end.\" And then Sir Launcelot fell down on one side to the earth, like a dead corpse. And Sir Bors and Sir Launcelot came to him with sorrow, making a great show of it. By chance, the maiden Elaine heard their mourning. And then she came there. When she found Sir Launcelot armed in that place, she cried and wept as if she had been made of wood. Then she kissed him and did all she could to awaken him. And then she reprimanded her brother and Sir Bors and called them false traitors for wanting to take him from his bed. She declared that she would appeal their actions from his death. With this, Sir Baldwin of Brittany, the holy hermit, arrived. When he found Sir Launcelot in this state, he said little, but he was angry. And then he ordered them, \"Let us have him.\" And they all carried him to the hermitage and unarmed him, laying him in his bed..\"But the wounded man bled profusely, yet he showed no sign of himself. Then the knight-hermit placed something in his nose and a little water in his mouth. And then Sir Lancelot woke from his swoon. And when he could speak, he asked Sir Lancelot why he had put his life in jeopardy. Sir Lancelot replied, \"Sir, I thought I was strong, and Sir Bors told me that there should be a great joust between King Arthur and the King of Northgalis at All Hallows, and for that reason I wanted to try it myself, to see if I might be the one or not.\" A knight named Lancelot said to the hermit, \"Your heart and your courage will never be done until your last day, but you shall do so now by my counsel. Let Sir Bors prepare himself for that tournament and let him do as he may. By the grace of God, said the knight-hermit, let the tournament be finished and you come back again. Sir Lancelot will be whole again, provided he is governed by me.\" Then Sir Bors made himself ready for it.\".Depart from Sir Launcelot, and then Sir Launcelot said, \"Fair cousin, Sir Bors, recommend me to all those to whom I ought to recommend myself, and I pray you, enforce yourself at King Pellinore so that you may be well for my love. Here I shall remain, staying at your mercy, until you return.\" Sir Bors departed and went to King Arthur's court and told them where he had left Sir Launcelot. \"It repents me,\" said the king. \"But since he will have his life, we all may thank God.\" Sir Bors then told the Queen where Sir Launcelot was, in what jeopardy he was in, \"when he tried his horse,\" and all that he did, Madam, was for your love, because he would have been at this tournament. \"Fie on him, reprobate knight,\" said the Queen. \"For well you know I am right sorry, and he shall have his life. His life he shall have, said Sir Bors. And who else would have it except you, madam? We who are of his blood should shorten their lives.\" But Madam said to Sir Bors, \"You have been.\".Sir Launcelot often displeased me, but he was always a true knight at heart and departed. Then, every knight of the Round Table present made ready to attend the joust at All Hallows Mass and drew many knights from various countries. As All Hallows Mass approached, the King of Northgalis, the King with the Hundred Knights, Sir Galahaut, the High Prince of Surluse, King Anguish of Ireland, and the King of Scotland arrived on King Arthur's side. That day, Sir Gawain performed great deeds of arms. He struck down twenty knights first. Sir Bors de Ganyes arrived at the same time and was recorded as having struck down twenty knights as well. Therefore, a prize was given between them, as they began first and endured the longest. Sir Gareth, as the book states, also performed great deeds of arms that day..Sir Gareth defeated and pulled down thirty knights, but he did not tarry after that. Instead, he departed, and thus he lost his prize. Sir Palomides performed great deeds of arms that day, as he defeated twenty knights, but he departed suddenly. Sir Gareth and he rode to some adventures after this turn of events. When this was done, Sir Bors departed and rode to find Sir Lancelot, his cousin. He found him walking on foot, and they both made great joy of each other. Then Sir Bors told Sir Lancelot of all the just knights he had seen, as you have heard. I marveled, said Sir Lancelot, that Sir Gareth, after performing such deeds of arms, would not tarry. We all marveled at this, Sir Bors replied. For if it were you or Sir Tristram or Sir Lamorak of Galis, I have never seen a knight bring down so many in such a short time as Sir Gareth did. And as he was gone, we knew not where. Sir Lancelot remarked, \"He is a noble knight and a mighty man, and well.\".Sir Launcelot breathed, and if he were well assessed, said Sir Launcelot, I would deem him good enough for any knight who bears life, and he is a gentle knight, courteous, true, and bountiful, meek and mild, and in him is no manner of malice but plain, faithful and true. So then they made them ready to depart from the hermit, and upon a morning they took their horses and Elaine le Blank with them. And when they came to Astolat, there they were well lodged and had great cheer from Sir Bernard the old baron, and from Sir Tyrre his son. And up on the morning when Sir Launcelot should depart, fair Elaine brought her father with her, Sir Launcelot and Sir Tyrre, and thus she said:\n\nMy lord, Sir Launcelot, now I see you will depart. Now, fair knight and courteous knight, have mercy upon me, and suffer me not to die for your love. What would you that I did, said Sir Launcelot? I would have you to my husband, said Elaine. Fair damsel, I thank you, said Sir Launcelot, but truly I cast me never to..\"Sir knight, if you are willing to be my husband, I am your peramour. Ijesus protect me, said Sir Launcelot, for I have rewarded your father and brother most unfairly for their great kindness. \"Then I must die for your love?\" she asked. \"No, fair maiden,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"I might have been married, but I have not yet applied myself to it. But because you love me as you say you do, I will grant you some kindness. And this is what I offer: wherever you choose to set your heart on some good knight who will wed you, I will give you and your husband a thousand pounds annually, and myself as your peramour at the least. Sir Launcelot, my good days are over. Fair damsel said, \"Sir Launcelot, I must forgive you these two things.\" She shuddered suddenly and fainted. Women carried her into her chamber, and there she made excessive sorrow.\".Launcelot asked Sir Launce why he would leave; Sir Launce replied that he would follow Launcelot, but if Launcelot drove him away or commanded him to leave, then Sir Bernard came to Launcelot and said, \"I cannot help but believe that my daughter Elaine will die for your sake. I cannot do otherwise,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"For I report to you that my proposal is fair, and I regret it,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"She loves me as she does, I was never the cause of it. I report to your son that I early or late proposed her bounty or fair requests, and as for me, I dare do all that a knight should do for her, for she is a pure maiden, both for her body and her will. I am deeply grieved by her distress, for she is a very fair, good, and well-educated maiden.\" Sir Launce said, \"I dare say she is a pure maiden. As for my lord Sir Launcelot, she feels the same way. Since I first saw my daughter...\".lord sir Launcelot I could never depart from him, nor would I will or be able to follow him. Then sir Launcelot took his leave. And they departed and came to Winchester. And when King Arthur knew that Sir Launcelot had returned whole and sound, the king made great joy of him, and so did Sir Gawain and all the knights of the Round Table except for Sir Aggravain and Sir Mordred. Also, Queen Guinevere was very angry with Sir Launcelot and would not speak with him. She withdrew from him. Sir Launcelot made every effort to speak with the queen, but it would not be.\n\nNow let us speak of the fair maiden of Astolat who made such sorrowful days and nights that he never slept, ate, or drank. She continually complained to Sir Lancelot. Then she washed herself clean and received her creature. And she continually complained about Sir Launcelot. Then her ghostly father told her to leave such thoughts. Then she said, \"Why should I leave such thoughts?\".I am an earthly woman, and as long as breath is in my body, I may complain, for my suffering is no offense, though I love an earthly man. I take God to my record: I never loved any but Sir Lancelot du Lake, nor ever shall. And I, a chaste maiden, am for him and for all others. Then it is the suffering of God that I shall die for the love of such a noble knight. I beseech the high Father of heaven to have mercy on my soul and on my countless pains that I have suffered. For sweet Lord Jesus, the fair maiden I commit to your record: I was never greater offender against your laws than that I loved this noble knight, Sir Lancelot, beyond measure. And of myself, good Lord, I could not withstand the fierce love wherefore I have my death. Then she called her father, Sir Bernard, and her brother, Sir Tyrre, and earnestly prayed her father that her brother might write a letter like the one she had dictated, and so..her father granted her request, and when the letter was written word by word as she had designed, she prayed her father that she might be watched until she was dead. While my body is hot, let this letter be placed in my right hand, and let my hand remain closed with the letter until I am cold. And let me be put in a fine bed with all the richest clothes that I have around me, and let my bed and all my richest clothes be placed with me in a chariot to the next place where the Thames is, and there let me be put in a barge, and only one man with me, such as you trust to keep me there. And let my barge be covered with black satin over and over. Thus, father, I beseech you, let it be done. So her father granted it faithfully. Everything should be done as she had decreed. Then her father and her brother made great sorrow, for when this was done, she died immediately. And when she was dead, the corpse and the bed were led the next way to the Thames, and there a man was found..and the corps and all were put into Temse, and so the man steered the barge towards Westminster, and there he rowed a great while to and fro or only espied it. So, by fortune, King Arthur and Queen Guinevere were speaking to Merlin at a window, and so as they looked into the Temse, they espied this black barge. And they had marveled what it meant. Then the king called Sir Kay and showed him. \"Sir,\" said Sir Kay, \"you well know that there are new tidings. Go there, said the king to Sir Kay, and take with you Sir Brandiles and Agrauaine, and bring me ready word what is there.\" Then these four knights departed and came to the barge and went in. And there they found the fairest corpse lying in a rich bed, and a poor man sitting in the barge's end, and no word would he speak. So these four knights returned to King Againe and told him what they had found. \"That fair corpse I will see,\" said the king. And so then the king took the queen by the hand and went thither. Then the king made the arrangements for the burial..The king and the queen entered the barge, and there the king saw the fairest woman lying in a rich bed, covered to her midsection with many rich clothes, all of cloth of gold. The queen spotted a letter in her right hand and showed it to the king. The king took it and said, \"Now I am certain this letter will reveal what she is and why she has come here.\" Then, the king and queen left the barge, and they commanded a certain person to wait on it. When the king entered his chamber, he called many knights around him and declared that he would publicly read what was written in the letter. The king then broke it open and had a clerk read it aloud. This was the tale of the fair maiden of Astolat. Therefore, unto all ladies I make my plea; yet pray for my soul and bear me company; and offer me your mass penny; this is my last request and a clean maiden I..I took God to witness, pray for my soul, Sir Launcelot, as you are Piers, this was all the substance in the letter. And when it was read, the king, the queen, and all the knights wept for pity of the dolorous playmates. Then Sir Launcelot was sent for, and when he came, King Arthur made the letter read to him. And when Sir Launcelot heard it word by word, he said, \"My lord Arthur, know well I am heavy with the death of this fair damsel. God knows I was never the cause of her death by my will. I will report myself to her own brother. Here he is, Sir Launcelot. I will not say no, said Sir Launcelot, but that she was both fair and good, and more I was beholden to her. But she loved me excessively. The queen could have shown her some bounty and gentleness that might have preserved her life. Lady, said Sir Launcelot, she would answer in no other way but that she would be my wife or my paramour, and of these two I would choose..The queen sent for her. Sir Launcelot replied that he would ensure she was received respectfully. Many knights came to witness the fair maiden's entry. The following morning, she was richly received, and Sir Launcelot offered the mass penny and led the roundtable knights in the ceremony. The poor man returned with the barge..Sir Launcelot pleaded for mercy from her, as she had been angered with him without cause. This was not the first time Sir Launcelot had acknowledged your displeasure with him without reason. Madam, I can only endure your sorrow; I take no revenge. That winter, there were many tournaments and jousts between numerous lords. Sir Launcelot gained great respect among the knights of the Round Table. Therefore, it continued until Christmastide. And every day during Christmastide, a tournament was held for a diamond. The one who jousted best would receive the diamond. Sir Launcelot would not participate unless it was at a major tournament. But at that Christmastide, Sir Launcelot participated and excelled remarkably, and was praised greatly, as few did so well. Therefore, all the knights deemed that Sir Launcelot should be the one to challenge the next feast of Pentecost. After Christmastide, King Arthur allowed it..Called upon him many knights, and there they agreed to assemble at Windsor for a great tournament and justice. The king of Northgalis spoke to Arthur, saying he would have King Anguis of Ireland, the king with the hundred knights, and the king of Northumberland, and Sir Galahad the high prince, on his side. These four kings and this mighty duke took opposition against King Arthur and the knights. The cry was made that the day of the justice should be beside Windsor on Candlemas day, and many knights were glad and made themselves ready to be at that justice in the freshest manner. Then Queen Guinevere sent for Sir Lancelot and said, \"I warn you that you ride no more in any justices or tournaments, but that your kin may know you. And at this justice that shall be, you shall have from me a slip of gold. I pray you, for my sake, to enforce yourself there, so that men may speak of you in worship. But I charge you, as you will have my love, that you warn your kin.\".Sir Launcelot requested that day the sleeve of gold be placed on his helmet, Madame replied, \"it shall be done, Sir Launcelot.\" And they both rejoiced greatly. When Sir Launcelot saw his time, he told Sir Bors that he would depart and have no more dealings with him, but only with Sir Launcelot, to the good hermit who dwelt in the forest of Windsor. His name was Sir Brastias. There he intended to rest and take all the rest he could, for he wished to be hidden from all, except for the noble men of his blood.\n\nUpon arriving at the hermitage, you should know that Sir Launcelot was well received. And daily, Sir Launcelot would go to a well fast by the hermitage and lie down there. He would watch the well spring and bubble in that forest. The lady was a great huntress, and she hunted daily. She always carried her bow with her, and no men ever accompanied her, but only women. They were all skilled shooters and could kill a deer both at the stake and at the tree..And they daily bore bows and arrows, horns, and wooden knives, and many good dogs they had, both for the hunt and for a beat. So it happened that this lady the huntress had restrained her dog for the bow at a baying hind. And so this baying hind took flight over hedges and woods. And ever this lady and her party followed the hind and tracked it by the noise of the hounds to meet with the hind at some water. And so it happened that the hind came to the well where Sir Launcelot was sleeping and slumbering. And when the hind came to the well, for thirst she went to drink, and there she lay a long while. And the dogs came after and disturbed her, for she had lost the true perfect form of the hind. Rightly so came that lady the huntress, who knew by her dog that she had that the hind was at the water in that well, and there she came quietly and found the hind. And she put a broad arrow in her bow and shot at the hind. And unfortunately, the arrow struck Sir Launcelot..Launcelot saw the woman who had struck him in the thick of the buttocks and over the hurdle. He saw that she was a woman and said, \"Lady, or damsel, what are you? In an evil time, you bear a bow. The devil made you a shooter.\"\n\nNow, mercy, fair sir, said the lady. I am a good woman who lives in this forest, hunting. And I swear I did not see you. But there was a barren hind at the well, and I intended to do well, but my hand swerved. Alas, Sir Launcelot, you have wronged me. And so, the lady departed. And Sir Launcelot, as he could, pulled out the arrow, leaving the head still in his buttocks. And he went weakly to the hermitage, bleeding more as he went.\n\nSir Launcelot and the hermit, seeing that Sir Launcelot was hurt, were heavy-hearted. But Sir Lancelot did not know how he was hurt or by whom. And then, they were angry beyond measure. Then, with great pain, the hermit managed to extract the arrow..the arrowhead emerged from Sir Launcelot's buttocks, and he shed much blood. The wound was passing sore and unfortunately situated, for he could not sit in any saddle. \"I am the most unfortunate man who lives, for I would most desire worship,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"I, Jesus, may call myself that,\" Jesus replied. \"Now I, Sir Launcelot, declare, and if no one would but God, I shall be in the field on Candlemas Day at the Justices, whatever may befall me.\" Sir Launcelot was prepared. So when the day came, Sir Launcelot allowed himself to be dressed, and Sir Launce and their horses appeared as if they were Saracens. They departed and came near to the field. The king of Northgalis came with a hundred knights, and the king of Northumberland brought a hundred good knights with him. King Anguis of Ireland came with a hundred good knights, ready to\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English or Middle English, and there are some errors in the OCR output. I have made some corrections based on context and the original text's known language. However, I cannot be completely certain of the accuracy of the text without further research.).Iuste and Sir Galahalt, the high prince, brought with them one hundred good knights, and the king with one hundred knights brought with him the same number. And all these were proven good knights. Then came in King Arthur's party, and in came the king of Scotland with one hundred knights, and King Vryens of Gore brought with him one hundred knights. And King Howel of Brittany brought with him one hundred knights, and Chalance of Clarance brought one hundred knights. And King Arthur himself came into the field with two hundred knights, and the most part were knights of the Round Table, proven noble knights. And there were old knights set in scaffolds to judge with the queen, who did best.\n\nThen they charged to the field. And there King of Northgalis encountered the king of Scotland, and there the king of Scotland had a fall. And King Ireland smote down King Vryens. And King Northumberland smote down King Howel of Brittany..Sir Ga\u00eblahaut, the high prince, struck down Chalance's challenge. King Arthur grew woodlessly wrathful and, with a hundred knights, ran to the king and struck him down. With the same spear, King Arthur then struck down three other knights. When his spear was broken, King Arthur did well. Sir Gawain and Sir Gareth, Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred, each struck down a knight. Sir Gawain struck down four knights. Then, a strong melee ensued. The knights of Launcelot's blood and Sir Gareth and Sir Palomides, along with many knights from the round table, came in and held the four kings and the mighty duke so hard that they were discomfited. However, this duke Galahad, the high prince, was a noble knight. By his mighty prowess in arms, he held off the knights of the round table.\n\nSir Bors and his knights then entered..Sir Launcelot warned Sir Bors and others, \"Beware of him with the gold on his head. He is Sir Launcelot du Lake himself, and he is here for great good reasons.\"\n\nBors warned Sir Gareth, \"I have been paid. I recognize him, but who is he? They all replied that he rode with him in the same armor. 'That is the good and gentle knight, Sir Launcelot,' said Sir Bors.\n\nSir Launcelot encountered Sir Gawaine and, by force, struck him and his horse to the ground with one spear. He also struck down Sir Agravaine, Sir Gaheris, and Sir Mordred in the same manner.\n\nThen Sir Launcelot met Sir Palomides. They met so fiercely that both their horses fell to the ground. After remounting, Sir Launcelot met Sir Palomides again, and this time Sir Palomides fell. Sir Launcelot struck down thirty men as quickly as he could get spears..knights and the most part of them were knights of the round table and every knight of his blood withdrew them and made them withdraw in other places where Sir Launcelot did not come. Then King Arthur was angry, and then the king called Sir Gawain, Sir Mordred, Sir Kay, Sir Gryflet, Sir Lucan the butler, Sir Pedewer, Sir Palomides, and Sir Safyr his brother. And so the king, with these nine knights, made them ready to set upon Sir Launcelot and Sir Launce. All this saw Sir Bors and Sir Gareth. \"I am very afraid, Lord Sir Launcelot will be hard-matched,\" said Sir Bors. \"I will ride to my lord Sir Launcelot to help him,\" said Sir Gareth. \"Fall upon him what fall may,\" said Sir Bors. \"You shall not,\" said Sir Gareth. \"Unless you are disguised, you shall see me disguised,\" said Sir Gareth. \"And there, he saw a waylaid knight where he was to repose him, and he was sore hurt beforehand. \".by Sir Gawain / And to him rode Sir Gareth, / asking him to lend his shield for his / \"I will gladly grant it, the Wakefield Knight replied, / And when Sir Gareth had received his shield, / the book says, / it was green with a maiden who appeared in it. / Then Sir Gareth rode towards Sir Lancelot as fast as he could, / and said, \"Knight, keep yourself, / for yonder comes King Arthur with nine noble knights / to rebuke you. / And I have come to warn you for the old love you have shown me.\" / \"Thank you, Sir Lancelot, replied Sir Gareth, / Sir Gawain, encounter him, / and I will encounter Sir Palomides, / and let Sir Lancelot match with King Arthur. / And when we have delivered them, / let us retreat sadly to our tents. / Then King Arthur came with his nine knights, / and Sir Lancelot encountered Sir Gawain, / giving him such a blow / that the armor on his saddle broke, / and Sir Gawain fell to the ground. / Then Sir Gareth encountered with..Sir Palomides gave such a buffet that both his horse and he fell to the earth. Then King Arthur and Sir Launceleot encountered each other, and both struck each other to the ground, along with their horses. Sir Launcelot struck down Sir Aggravain and Sir Gareth, as well as Sir Mordred and Sir Safreet. Sir Launceleot was remounted, and he struck down Sir Lucan the butler and Sir Bedivere. Then, a great tumult of good knights ensued. Sir Launcelot hurtled here and there, snatching helmets off, so that no one could stand against him with spear or sword. Sir Gareth performed such deeds of arms that all marveled at what knight he was with the green shield. He struck down more than thirty knights that day and pulled down many more. According to the French book, Sir Launcelot marveled when he saw Sir Gareth do such deeds..knight he might be, and Sir Launce pulled down and struck down twenty knights. Also, Sir Launcelot did not know Sir Gareth, nor was Sir Tristram de Lyones, or Sir Lamorak of Galis alive. If Sir Launcelot had been among them, he would have considered himself one of the two. Therefore, Sir Launcelot, Sir Gareth, and Sir Launce fought, and on one side were Sir Boris, Sir Ector de Maris, Sir Lyonel, Sir Lamorak of Galis, Sir Bleoberis, Sir Galihud, Sir Galihodyn, Sir Pelleas, and many other knights of King Ban's blood, and on the other party held the king with the hundred knights and the king of Northumberland very closely.\n\nThis tournament and this justice lasted long, until it was near night. For the knights of the Round Table relieved the king and his knights every time, as the king was extremely angry that he and his knights could not prevail that day. Then Sir Gawain said to the king, \"I marvel where all this day Sir Boris de Ganys and his followers were after Sir Launcelot's blood. I marvel.\".all this day they have not been about you / it is for some cause said Sir Gawain / \"By my head,\" said Sir Kay, \"Sir Bors is yonder, all this day on the right hand of this field, and there he and his men have done more worshipfully than we do.\" It may well be said, Sir Gawain, but I fear deceit / \"For the pain of my life,\" said Sir Gawain, \"this knight with the golden reed-sleeve is himself Sir Lancelot.\" I can see it well by his riding / and by his great strokes / and the other knight in the same colors is the good young knight, Sir Launfal / Also, that knight with the green shield is my brother, Sir Gareth / and yet he has disguised himself / for no man shall ever make him be against Sir Lancelot because he made him a knight. \"By my head,\" said Arthur, \"I believe you.\" Therefore tell me now what is your best counsel? \"Sir,\" said Sir Gawain, \"let us blow the trumpet for lodging / for if he is Sir Lancelot du Lake and my brother Sir Gareth with him, with the help of that good young knight.\".knight Sir Launce, truthfully it will not benefit us to fight with them, but if we should fall ten or twelve upon one knight, and that were no more than shame, you say truthfully, King, and truly the king said, it would be shame for us, so many as we are, to set upon them any more, for well you know, King Arthur, they are three good knights, and especially that knight with the golden sleeve. Then they turned towards lodging, but King Arthur immediately sent word to the four kings and to the mighty duke, and begged them that the knight with the golden sleeve should not depart from them, but that the king might speak with him. Then the fourth with all King Arthur dismounted and approached him, took a little hackney, and rode after Sir Launcelot. He always kept an eye on him, and so he found him among the four kings and the duke. And there the king prayed and they said they would do so with good will. And when they were unarmed, then King Arthur knew Sir Launcelot..Sir Launcelot told King Arthur and the Queen that he and his knights had been summoned to Arthur's lodging, and there was a great feast and revelry. The price was given to Sir Launcelot, and he was named as the one who had slain fifty knights, Sir Gareth fifty-five, and Sir Launcelot de Lake four-and-twenty. Then Sir Launcelot recounted to the king and queen how the Lady Hunter had shot him in the forest of Windsor with a broad arrow in the buttocks, and the wound was six inches deep at that time. Arthur blamed Sir Gareth for leaving his companionship and staying with Sir Launcelot. Sir Gareth replied, \"He made me a knight,\" and when he saw him so heavily outnumbered by many noble knights, he thought it was his duty to help him. Once he understood that it was Sir Launcelot de Lake, he held back from seeing so many knights..Against him alone, King Arthur truly said to Sir Gareth, \"You have spoken well and worshipfully. To you, great worship. I will love you, and trust you more, for it is a worthy knight's deed to help a worthy knight when he sees him in great danger. For every worthy man will be loath to see a worthy man shamed. And he who is of no worth and fears with cowardice, never shall he show gentleness, nor any manner of good where he sees a man in any danger. For then a coward will always show no mercy, and a good man will do to another man as he would have done to himself. Therefore, there were great feasts for kings and dukes, and all manner of nobles were entertained. And this continued from Candlemas until after Easter, when the month of May had come, when every lusty heart begins to bloom and to blossom.\".Bring forth fruit, like herbs and trees bear fruit and flourish in May, in the same way every lusty heart that is in any manner a lover springs and flourishes in lusty deeds. For it gives to all lovers courage that the lusty month of May in some way inspires him to some manner of thing more in that month than in any other, for various reasons. For then all herbs and trees renew a man and woman, and in the same way lovers call to mind old gentleness and old service and many kinds of deeds that were forgotten by negligence. For just as winter's razor always defaces and erases the green summer, so it fares with unstable love in man and woman. For in many persons there is no stability. We may see every day for a little blast of winter's razor that we shall deface and lay aside true love, little or nothing that costs much. This is no wisdom or stability, but it is the feebleness of nature and great disgrace for whoever uses it. Therefore..Like as a month flourishes and blooms in many gardens,\nSo let every man of worship flourish his heart in this world,\nfirst unto God,\nand next unto the eye of those whom he promised his faith,\nfor there was never worshipful man nor worshipful woman,\nbut they loved one better than another,\nand worship in arms may never be failed,\nbut first reserve the honor to God,\nand secondly the quarrel must come from your lady,\nand such love I call virtuous love,\nbut nowadays men cannot love one night but they must have all their desires that love may not endure,\nfor where they are soon accorded and hasty heat,\nit quickly kindles,\nRight so fares love nowadays,\nhot one moment, cold the next,\nthis is not steadfastness,\nbut the old love was not so,\nmen and women could love each other for seven years,\nand no carnal lusts were between them,\nand then love was true and faithful,\nand look in like wise was love used in King Arthur's days..In the month of May, Queen Guenever called her round table knights and warned them that early on the morrow, she would ride out into woods and fields beside Westminster. She instructed that none of them be unprepared, as they were all to be well-mounted and dressed in green or silk. Each knight would be accompanied by a lady, a squire, and two men. They made ready in the swiftest manner. The following were the names of the knights: Sir Kay..Sir Agrauine, Sir Brandyles, Sir Sagramor le Desyrus, Sir Dynas le Sauage, Sir Ozanna le Cure Hardy, Sir Ladynas of the Forest Sauage, Sir Persaunt of Inde, Sir Ironside (called the knight of the reed lands), and Sire Pelleas the Lover were among the ten knights who made ready to ride with the queen. On the morning, they took their horses with the queen and rode through woods and meadows in great joy and delight. The queen had intended to join King Arthur again no later than ten of the clock, and it was that time.\n\nThere was a knight named Mellyagraunce, who was the son of King Bagdemagus. At that time, he had a castle, a gift from King Arthur, within seven miles of Westminster. Mellyagraunce deeply loved Queen Guinevere, and he had done so for a long time and many years. The book states that he had lain in wait to steal her away..The queen rode with a large retinue of knights around her, mostly young men seeking honor, called the queen's knights. They never bore any knowledge of their own arms, only carrying plain white shields. Whenever one of them gained great renown through noble deeds, he was replaced at the next Pentecost feast if he died, and the most respected among them took his place..Sir Mellyagraunce, renowned men of worship, including Sir Launcelot and the rest, were not with the queen. Mellyagraunce had seen the queen and her purpose: that Launcelot was not with her, and she had no armed men except for the ten noble knights, all dressed in green for May Day. Mellyagraunce then pursued him with twenty men-at-arms and a hundred archers to destroy the queen and her knights, believing the timing was best for taking the queen.\n\nThe queen and her knights had made their preparations and were bedecked with herbs, mosses, and flowers in the best and freshest manner. Rightly, Sir Mellyagraunce emerged from the wood with eighty men-at-arms, well-armed for battle, and kept the queen and her knights waiting. Traitor knight asked Queen Guinevere, \"What are you planning to do, my lady? Are you planning to shame yourself? Consider, you are a king's son and a knight of the Round Table, and yet you are involved in this.\".dishonor the noble king who made the knight / you shame all knighthood and yourself / and I let it be known, you shall never shame me / for I would rather cut my own throat in two than you should dishonor me / As for all this language, Sir Mellyagraunce, let it be as it may / for well you know, madam, I have loved you many a year / and now I cannot get you at such an advantage as I do now / and therefore I will take you as I find you / then spoke all the ten noble knights at once and said / Sir Mellyagraunce, know well you are about to jeopardize your honor / and also you said to jeopardize our persons / but we are unarmed / you have us at a great disadvantage / for it seems by you that you have laid watch upon us / but rather than you should put the queen to shame and us all / we would have been better off departing from our lives / for if we other ways did / we would be shamed forever\n\nThen said Sir Mellyagraunce, dress yourselves as well as you can / and keep the queen..Then the ten knights of the round table drew their swords, and the others charged at them with their spears. The ten knights stood firm and struck away their spears, so none harmed them. Then they closed in with swords, and Sir Kay, Sir Sagramor, Sir Agrauain, Sir Dodinas, and Sir Ozanna were struck to the ground with grim wounds. Then Sir Brandyles and Sir Persant of Ironside fought long, and they were severely wounded. These ten knights, who had ever been laid to the ground, slew forty men, the bravest and best of them. When the Queen saw her knights lying wounded and in need of being slain, she cried, \"Sir Mellyagrance, do not let my noble knights sleep, and I will go with you on this condition that you save them and do not let them be hurt any further, for I would rather die myself than...\".Wille you go with the ones, so that my noble knights may be in my presence? Madame, Mellyagrauce said for your sake they shall be led with you into my castle, that you will be ruled and ride with me. Then the queen prayed the four knights to leave their fighting. She and they would not depart. Madame said, Sir Pelleas, we will do as you do. For as for me, I take no force of my life or death. The French book says Sir Pelleas gave such buffets that no armor could hold him.\n\nThen, by the queen's command, they left battle and dressed the wounded knights on horseback, some sitting, some over their horses. It was pitiful to behold them. And then Sir Mellyagrauce charged the queen and all her knights that none of all her people should depart from her. For he greatly feared Lady Lancelot du Lake lest he should have any knowledge. All this the Queen saw. And precisely she called unto her a child of her chamber who was swiftly horsed..The queen said to her, \"Go now when you see your time, and give this ring to Sir Launcelot du Lake. Pray him, if he loves me, to come and receive me, and take joy in me, sparing not his horse. Say nothing about water or land.\" The child waited for his opportunity and, lightly mounting his horse with the spurs, departed as quickly as he could. When Sir Mellyagraunce saw him flee, he understood it was by the queen's command to warn Sir Launcelot. Those best mounted pursued him, shooting at him, but the child went suddenly away. Sir Mellyagraunce then said to the queen, \"Madam, you are about to betray me, but I will arrange for Sir Launcelot not to reach you easily. We rode with her and all to his castle as quickly as we could. Along the way, Sir Mellyagraunce laid an ambush with the best archers he could get in his country, to the number of [a]\".thirty-two knights were instructed to waylay Sir Launcelot, warning them that if they saw such a knight coming by the way on a white horse in any manner, they should not harm his horse but should not engage him physically, for he was overly difficult to overcome. This was carried out, and they came to his castle. However, the queen would never allow any of the ten knights and her ladies out of her sight. They were always in their presence. The book states that Sir Mellyagrance dared not make any moves due to fear of Sir Launcelot, who seemed too formidable. So, when the child had been taken away from Sir Mellyagrance's care, he came to Westminster not long after. There, he found Sir Launcelot. Upon receiving his message and delivering the queen's ring, Sir Launcelot said, \"Alas, I am ashamed forever, unless I can rescue that noble lady from dishonor.\" He then eagerly asked for his armor, and the child told Sir Launcelot how the ten knights had taken the queen..Sir Pelleas and Sir Ironside, Sir Brandyles, and Sir Persant of Inde fought valiantly. Among them, none could withstand Sir Pelleas. They fought until they were all laid to the earth. Then the queen made arrangements to save their lives and went with Sir Mellyagraunce. Sir Launcelot lamented, \"Alas, that most noble lady, she should be so destroyed. I would rather have said Sir Launcelot than all France, had I been there and well-armed. So, when Sir Launcelot was armed and mounted, he asked the children of the queen's chamber to warn Sir Launcelot how suddenly he had departed and for what reason. He begged him, as he loved him, to follow him and not stop until he reached the castle where Sir Mellyagraunce dwelled or abided. There, Sir Launcelot promised, he would find me, and I am alive and will prove the treacherous taking of the ten knights by him..Sir Launcelot rode as fast as he could and the text states he took the water at Westminster bridge, fording the Thames to Lambeth. He then reached the same place where the ten noble knights had fought with Sir Meleagant. Sir Launcelot followed the trail until he came to a narrow way in a wood. The thirty archers demanded Sir Launcelot turn around and no longer follow that path. \"Why should I, a knight of the Round Table, leave my right way?\" Sir Launcelot asked them. \"This way you shall love, or else you will go on foot; know well your horse will be slain,\" they replied. \"But when my horse is slain, I give you right to nothing, not even if you were five hundred more,\" Sir Launcelot retorted. They shot Sir Launcelot's horse and struck it with many arrows..Then Sir Launcelot dismounted his horse and went on foot, but there were so many ditches and hedges between them and him that he couldn't reach any of them. Alas, said Sir Launcelot, that one knight should betray another knight; but it is an old saying, a good man is never in danger, but when he is in the danger of a coward. Then Sir Launcelot went a while, and then he was badly entangled in his armor, his shield and his spear, and all that belonged to him. Do you know, he was very sore annoyed, and he was almost ready to leave anything that belonged to him, for he feared the treason of Sir Melyagrance. Then by chance a chariot came by him, which came thither to fetch wood. \"Sir Knight,\" said the chariot driver, \"what shall I give you to allow me to leap into your chariot, and bring me to a castle within these two miles? You shall not come within my chariot,\" said the driver, \"for I am sent to fetch wood for my lord Sir Melyagrance alone..I speak/ thou shalt not go with me said the cart driver/ then sir Launcelot leapt to him/ and gave him such a buffet that he fell to the earth, dead/ then the other cart driver's companion was near and intended to go the same way/ and he cried, \"Fair lord, save my life/ I will bring you where you will/\" then I charged the said Sir Launcelot that thou drivest me and this chariot even unto Sir Melliagance's gate/ leap up into the chariot said the cart driver/ and thou shalt be there anon/ So the cart driver drove on at a great pace/ and Sir Launcelot's horse followed the chariot with more than forty arrows' breadth and rough terrain/ and more than an hour and a half had passed before Dame Guinevere was waiting in a bay window with her ladies/ and she saw an armed knight standing in a chariot/ \"See, madame,\" said a lady, \"a goodly armed knight rides in a chariot,\"/ I suppose he rides to hanging,\" said the queen/ then she saw by his shield that he was himself, Sir Launcelot du Lake/ And then she was....Where his horse ever came after that chariot, and wherever he traded his guts and paunch beneath his feet, the queen said, \"Now I see well, and I prove that he who has a trusty friend.\"\n\n\"A most noble knight, said Queen Guinevere, I see well that you are hard-pressed when you ride in a chariot. Then she reprimanded the lady who liked Sir Lancelot to ride in a chariot, hanging. It was foul-mouthed, said the queen, and ill-advised to liken the most noble knight in the world to such a shameful death. O Jesus, defend him and keep him from all evil, said the queen.\n\nBy this, Sir Lancelot came to the gates of that castle, and there he descended and cried out, \"Traitor, Sir Meleagant, and you, knights of the round table, come forth here. I am Sir Lancelot du Lake, who will fight you.\" And there, with all his might, he threw the gate wide open..The porter struck him beneath his jerkin with his gauntlet, causing his neck to burst. When Sir Mellyagrauce heard that Sir Launcelot was present, he ran to Queen Guinevere and fell on his knee, saying, \"Mercy, madam, I place myself in your grace. What ails you, madam Guinevere asked. Forsooth, I could avenge myself well, though Lord Arthur was unaware of your deeds, Madam replied Sir Mellyagrauce. All that is mine on my part shall be set right, just as you decree, I place myself in your grace, Madam said. What do you wish me to say, the queen inquired. I wish for you to take everything into your own hands and rule Sir Launcelot, and such cheer as may be made for him in this poor castle, you and he shall have until tomorrow. Then, you and all may return to Camelot, and I will place my body and all that I have under your rule, the queen agreed, and Hatter was appeased..\"The knight, Sir Launcelot, remained outside the Inner Court to engage in battle, and whenever a traitor knight emerged, the queen approached him and asked, \"Sir Launcelot, why are you so angry?\" The queen inquired, \"Sir Launcelot, why do you ask me this question?\" Sir Launcelot replied, \"It seems to me, madam, that you ought to be angrier than I am, for you have both the injury and the dishonor.\" Sir Launcelot added, \"Madam, truly, I thank you for your words, but you must come with me peaceably, for all things are in my hands, and all that is evil shall be for the best. The knight, who was deeply sorry for the mishap that had befallen him, said, \"Madam, since you have made peace with him, I, for my part, cannot be against it. However, Sir Meleagant has shamefully and cowardly wronged me.\" The queen said to Sir Launcelot, \"And I had thought you would have come sooner.\"\".I. Queen: I would not have made such haste to you, why do you say so? The queen asked. Do you think well of your good deeds? The queen said. I never accorded him favor or love that I had for him, but to lay down every shameful noise.\n\nII. Queen: Madam, you understand full well that I was never willing nor glad of shameful slander or noise. And there is neither king, queen, nor knight who bears the life except my lord King Arthur and you, madam. You should make Sir Mellyagraunce's heart cold or I would depart from here. That I well knew, said the queen. But what more do you want? Madam asked Sir Launcelot.\n\nIII. Sir Launcelot: If you are pleased, I care not. As for my part, you will soon be pleased. Right so, the queen took Sir Launcelot by the bare hand, for he had taken off his gauntlet. And she went with him to her chamber and then commanded him to be disarmed. And then, Sir Launcelot,.Sir Launcelot asked where the ten knights who were wounded were. The queen showed them to Sir Launcelot, and they rejoiced greatly at his arrival. Sir Launcelot grieved for their wounds and comforted them deeply. There, Sir Launcelot told them how cowardly and traitorous Mellyagraunce had ordered archers to shoot at his horse, and how he had been forced to travel in a chariot. Each knight expressed his desire for revenge, but they pacified themselves due to the queen's intervention. The French book states that Sir Launcelot was called \"Sir La Hire du Chariot\" for many days after this, and he performed numerous deeds and great adventures. Therefore, we leave the tale of \"Sir La Hire du Chariot\" and return to this tale. Sir Launcelot had great cheer with the queen, and then he made a promise with her that night. He would come to a window outside, facing the garden, which was barred with iron. There, Sir Launcelot was to be found..promised to meet her when all folks were asleep / Then came Sir Launce, driving to the gates, crying, \"Where is my lord, Sir Launcelot du Lake?\" / He was sent for, and when Sir Launce saw Sir Launcelot, he said, \"My lord, I have found well how you were hard bested. I have found your horse that was slain with arrows.\" / \"As for that,\" said Sir Launcelot, \"speak ye of other matters and let this pass. We shall right it another time when we best may.\"\n\nThe knights who were hurt were searched for, and soft salutes were laid to their wounds. It passed on until supper time, and all the cheer that could be made them was done to the queen and all her knights. Then, when the season was, they went to their chambers, but in no way would the queen allow the wounded knights to be from her. Instead, they were laid within drafts by her chamber on beds and pillows, so that she herself might see to them and ensure they lacked nothing. So when Sir Launcelot.Sir Launcelot called for Sir Lawrence and told him that night he must speak with Lady Guinevere. \"Let me go with you,\" Sir Lawrence said. \"But I will have no one with me,\" Sir Launcelot replied. \"I fear the treason of Sir Mellyagrance.\" \"No, thank you,\" Sir Lawrence said. \"But I will not go alone.\"\n\nSir Launcelot took his sword in hand and quietly went to a place where he had seen a ladder before. He took it under his arm and carried it through the garden. At the window, the queen was ready to meet him. They made their complaints to each other about many diverse things. Then Sir Launcelot said, \"I wish I could have come to you sooner, my lady.\" \"I wish the same, sir,\" the queen replied. \"Now I will prove my strength for your love,\" Sir Launcelot said..Then he placed his hands on the iron bars and pulled with such might that he broke them clean out of the stone walls. One of the iron bars cut through the brown of his hands to the bone. He then entered the chamber to the queen, \"Be quiet,\" she said. \"My wounded knights lie here beside me. So, pass on this tale, Sir Launcelot. Go to bed with the queen, and take no notice of your injured hand, but take pleasure and delight until it was dawning of the day. And know well, he slept not but watched. When he saw it was time that he could tarry no longer, he took his leave and departed through the window. He gathered himself together as well as he could and departed to his own chamber. There he told Sir Launcelot of his injury. Then Sir Launcelot dressed his hand and stopped the bleeding. And he put a glove on it so it would not be seen. The queen lay long in her bed until it was..Sir Mellyagraunce entered the queen's chamber where he found her ladies dressed. Ihesu mercy, Sir Mellyagraunce asked the queen why she slept so long. As he spoke, he drew back the curtain to look at her, only to find her bed and bedding stained with the blood of Sir Launcelot and his wounded hand. Upon seeing the blood, Sir Mellyagraunce suspected the queen of deceit and discovered that some of the wounded knights had lain by her side that night.\n\nA lady spoke up, \"Sir Mellyagraunce, I have found you a false traitress to Lord Arthur. For this reason, I have proven that you have not kept these wounded knights within the confines of your chamber in vain. Therefore, I will accuse you of treason before King Arthur. I have proven you, madame, with a shameful deed, and I will make good the false or some of them.\" A wounded knight had lain by her side that night..That is false, the Queen said, and I will report this to them all. When the ten knights heard Sir Mellyagraunce's words, they spoke with one voice and said to him, \"You speak falsely and wrongfully accuse us. We will choose one of ourselves whom you desire when we have healed from our wounds. You shall not go away with your proud language, Sir Mellyagraunce. Here you may all see, said Sir Mellyagraunce, that a wounded knight has lain by the Queen tonight. Then they were all ashamed when they saw that blood. And you well know, Sir Mellyagraunce, that you were passing glad to have the Queen at such an advantage. You considered this to hide your treason. With this rage, Sir Launcelot entered and found them all in a great uproar.\n\nWhat is this uproar, Sir Launcelot asked. Then Sir Mellyagraunce told them what he had found and showed them the Queen's bed.\n\n\"You did not act honorably or like a knight to touch a queen's bed,\" Sir Launcelot said..While it was drawn and she lying therein, for I dare say my lord Arthur himself would not have displayed her courtesies she being within her bed, had it pleased him to have lain down by her. Therefore, you have done unworshipfully and shamefully to yourself. I wot not what you meant, sir Mellyagraunce, but I am sure there has been one of her wounded knights lying by her this night. I will prove with my hands that she is a traitress to my lord Arthur. Beware what you do, said Launcelot. For, and you say so and you will prove it, it will be taken at your hands. My lord, sir Launcelot said, I bid you beware what you do. For though you are never so good a knight as you know yourself to be, renowned the best knight in the world, yet should you be advised to do battle in a wrong quarrel. For God will have a stroke in every battle. As for that, said Sir Launcelot, God is to be feared. But as to that, I say plainly, that this night there lay none of these ten wounded knights with my lady..lady queen Guenever \"I will prove with my hands that you speak falsely now, sir Mellyagraunce. You say she is a traitress to my lord King Arthur, and that one of the wounded knights lay with her tonight. I receive your accusation, sir Launcelot. And they were sealed with their signets and delivered to the twelve knights.\n\nAt what day shall we do battle, sir Launcelot?\n\nSir Mellyagraunce: \"Seven days from now in the field beside Windsor. I am agreed, sir Launcelot. But since it is necessary for us to fight at Windsor, I pray you, as you are a noble knight, to keep no treason, nor any villainy towards me, nor for me, during this time. So God help me, said sir Launcelot. You shall know well that I have never been in such conditions. I report to all knights who have ever known me that I have never fought with treason, nor have I ever loved the fellowship of any man who fought with treason.\"\n\nThen let us go to dinner, said they..Sir Melliagrauce spoke next. After dinner, he and the queen invited you, Sir Launcelot, to Westminster. Sir Launcelot agreed. Then Sir Melliagrauce suggested they tour the castle. Sir Launcelot consented, and they proceeded from room to room. Sir Launcelot, a man of honor and valor, was always wary of danger. But every man of honor and valor fears danger. Yet, he who harbors treason often places himself in great peril. This proved true for Sir Launcelot as he accompanied Sir Melliagrauce. They stepped on a trap, and the bridge rolled beneath them. Sir Launcelot fell more than ten fathoms into a cavern filled with straw. Sir Melliagrauce departed without concern, not knowing where Sir Launcelot was. The queen and others wondered where he had gone, assuming he had left suddenly as he often did..Sir Mellyagrance suddenly sent word to put away Sir Launce's horse, so that all might understand that Sir Launcelot had departed suddenly. After dinner, Sir Launce would not stop until he had ordered litters for the wounded knights, so that they might be carried in them. And with the queen and all the ladies and gentlemen, he went to Westminster. There, the knights told King Arthur how Mellyagrance had accused the queen of high treason, and how Sir Launcelot had received the glove from him. They added that they would do battle in eight days. \"By my head,\" said King Arthur, \"Sir Mellyagrance has taken on a great charge, but where is Sir Launcelot?\" asked the king. \"We all know not where he is,\" they replied, \"but we think he is riding to some adventure, as he is often wont to do. For he has Sir Launce's horse. Let him be found, said the king, unless he is trapped with some treason.\" So we leave Sir Launcelot..Launcelot lying in that cave in great pain, and every day a lady came and brought him food and drink, and begged him to stay with her. But Sir Launcelot always said, \"No, madam. You are not wise. You cannot escape from this prison unless you have my help. If your lady queen Guinevere is in default, she will be burned, unless you are there on the day of battle. God defend me, I said, that she should be burned in my stead. If it is so, I may not be there, it will be well understood by the king and the queen and all men of worth, that I am dead or in prison. For all who know me will say for me that I am in some evil case and I am not there that day. And well I know, there is some good knight of my blood or another who loves me, who will take my place. And therefore, madam, do not fear me. If there were no one...\".more women in all this land but you / I will not deal with you, / said the lady, / and shamed, destroyed forever. / As for worldly shame, God help me, / and as for my distress, it is welcome, whatever God sends me. / She came to him the same day that the battle should be, / and said, Sir Launcelot, / you seem too hard-hearted to me, / but would you not kiss me once / and I would deliver you and your armor, / and the best horse that is in Sir Mellyagraunce's stable. / As for kissing you, said Sir Launcelot, / I can do that and lose no worship, / and you know well and I understood, / there was no disrespect in kissing you. / I would not do it. / Then she kissed him, / and she got him and brought him to his armor, / and when he was armed, / she brought him to a stable, / where stood twelve good coursers, / and bade him choose the best. / Then Sir Launcelot looked upon a white courser, which pleased him best, / and at once he commanded the keepers to saddle him with it..best sword of war that there was, and so it was done as he commanded, then he took his spear in his hand and his sword by his side, and commanded the lady to God, and said, \"Lady, for this good deed I shall do you service if it is ever in my power.\n\nNow leave us, Sir Launcelot. And let us speak of Queen Guinevere, who was brought to a fire to be burned. For Sir Meliagrance was sure that Sir Launcelot should not be present at that affair. Therefore he continually cried upon King Arthur for justice, or else bring forth Sir Launcelot du Lake. Then the king and the entire court were deeply ashamed and disgraced that the queen should be burned in the absence of Sir Launcelot. My lord Arthur said, \"Sir Launcelot, you may understand that it is not well with my lord, Sir Launcelot, for if he were alive, he would not be sick or in prison. Indeed, he would be here, for never have you heard that he ever failed his part for whom he should do battle.\" And therefore said Sir Launcelot, \"My lord king.\".Arthur asks you for permission to confront Mellyagraunce that day, for my lord and master, and to protect the queen. \"Gramercy, gentle Sir Launce,\" King Arthur replied. \"I dare say that Sir Mellyagraunce has wronged my queen. I have spoken with all ten wounded knights, and not one of them, if he were whole and able to fight, would fail to avenge himself on Sir Mellyagraunce. It is false that he accuses my queen. In the defense of my lord, Sir Launce, and you will grant me this, King Arthur, and do your best. I dare well say that some treason has been done to Sir Launcelot.\"\n\nSir Launce was then armed and mounted, and suddenly, at the end of the lists, he rode out to engage in this battle. And just as the heralds should cry, \"God speed all,\" Sir Launcelot came in, drying his sword with all the force of his horse. And then Arthur cried out, \"Halt!\" And waited. Then Sir Launcelot was called up on horseback before King Arthur..And there he openly declared to the king and all how Sir Mellyagraunce had served him first and last. And when the king and queen and all the lords knew of Sir Mellyagraunce's treason, they were all ashamed on his behalf. Then Queen Guinevere was before the king and sat in great trust of her champion. And then there was no more to say but Sir Launcelot and Sir Mellyagraunce donned themselves for battle and took their spears. They came to each other like thunder, and there Sir Launcelot knocked him quite down from his horse's back. Then Sir Launcelot alighted and donned his shield on his shoulder with his hand in it. And Sir Mellyagraunce did the same. And there they struck many great blows at each other. And at last Sir Launcelot struck him such a buffet upon the helmet that he fell on one side to the ground. Then he cried out to him, \"Most noble knight, Sir Launcelot du Lake, save my life; for I yield to you.\".And I require you, as you are a knight and fellow of the round table, do not prevent me, for I yield myself as overcome, and whether I shall live or die I place myself in the king's hands and yours. Then, sir Launcelot did not know what to do, for he would have rather avenged himself on Sir Melyagrance. And Sir Launcelot looked up to Queen Guinevere. If he could see by any sign or countenance what she would do, then the queen nodded her head at Sir Launcelot as if she would say kill him. Sir Launcelot well knew by the nodding of her head that she would have him dead. Then Sir Launcelot bade him rise for shame and perform that battle to the utterance. Nay, said Sir Melyagrance, I will never arise until you take me as a yielded and recaptured one. I shall offer you large rewards, said Sir Launcelot, that is, I shall uncover my head and my left quarter of my body that may be unarmed and let my left hand be bound behind me..Sir Mellyagraune started up on his legs and said, \"My lord Arthur, take heed to this proposal. I will take it, and let him be disarmed and bound according to his proposal.\" King Arthur asked Sir Lancelot, \"Will you abide by your proposal, sir?\" Sir Lancelot replied, \"I will never go back on what I have said.\"\n\nThe knights of the field disarmed Sir Lancelot first, his head, then his left arm and side. They bound his left arm behind his back without shield or anything, and then they were put to the test. It is worth noting that there were many ladies and knights who marveled that Sir Lancelot would jeopardize himself in such a way.\n\nThen Sir Mellyagraune came with his sword held high. Sir Lancelot showed him openly his bare head and the bare left side. When he thought to strike him on the bare head, Sir Lancelot lightly avoided the left leg..lyft side and put his right hand and his sword to that stroke, and so placed it on the side with great skill, and then with great force Sir Launcelot struck him on the helmet such a blow that the king summoned him to be entered and the judgment was passed upon him, and for what cause he was slain. Then the king and the queen made more of Sir Launcelot du Lake, and he was cherished more than ever before.\n\nThere was a good knight in the land of Hungary, his name was Sir Urre, and he was an adventurous knight, and in all places where he might hear of any deeds of chivalry, there he would be. It happened in Spain that an earl's son lived there, his name was Alphegus, and at a great tournament in Spain, this Sir Urre of Hungary and Sir Alphegus of Spain encountered each other, driven by genuine envy, and each took the other to the utmost limit, and by fortune Sir Urre slew Sir Alphegus the earl's son of Spain. But the knight who was slain had.Sir Urre or whenever he was slain, he received seven great wounds: three on the head and four on his body, and one on his left hand. Sir Alphegus had a mother who was a great sorceress. In her spite of her son's death, she used her subtle crafts so that Sir Urre would never heal but his wounds would alternately fester and bleed. This was known as her vow. Then his mother allowed them to make a lighter horse and put him in it, under two palfreys. She took Sir Urre's sister with him, a fair damsel named Felolye, and a page to take care of their horses. They led Sir Urre through many countries for seven years, according to the French book, and could never find a knight who could ease his suffering. So she came in..A woman came to Scotland and into England's bands. By chance, she approached Arthur's Court at Carlisle during Pentecost. When she arrived, she made it known that she had come to this land to heal her son.\n\nKing Arthur summoned the lady and asked her why she had brought the injured knight into the country. My most noble king said, \"You know well that I brought him here to be healed, for he has not been whole for the past seven years. And then she told the king where he had been wounded and by whom, how his mother had discovered her pride, how she had worked it by enchantment, so that he would never be whole until the best knight in the world had searched his wounds. I have passed through all the lands to have him healed, except for this one. If I fail to heal him here in this land, I will never take on any more trouble for him again, and that is a pity for him.\".A good knight, named Sir Urre of the Mount, was spoken of. \"Who is this?\" asked Arthur. \"He is Sir Urre, the knight from the mountain,\" she replied. \"In good time,\" said the King. \"And since you have arrived in this land, you are most welcome. Your son will be well here, and any Christian man may aid him. I myself will begin to help him, not presuming that I am worthy to do so by my actions, but rather encouraging other men of worth to do the same. Then King Arthur commanded all the kings, dukes, earls, and noble knights of the Round Table who were present at that time to come in..King Arthur looked upon Sir Urre. At that time, there were only one hundred and ten knights at the Round Table. Forty knights were away. We must begin with King Arthur, who was the most worthy man to be anointed at that time.\n\nThen King Arthur looked upon Sir Urre. He thought him a fine man when he was whole. Then King Arthur had him brought down from the litter and laid him on the ground. A cushion of gold was placed for him to kneel upon. And then noble King Arthur said, \"Fair knight, I am sorry for your hurt, and to encourage all other noble knights, I will pray you gently to allow me to tend to your wounds.\" Most noble, Christian king Urre replied, \"Do as you please, for I am at the mercy of God and under your command.\"\n\nSo then King Arthur gently attended to him. Some of his wounds were renewed upon bleeding. King Claireance of Northumberland searched, but it would not be. Then Sir..After King who was called the One Hundred Knights, King Vryence of Gore, King Anguysance of Ireland, King Nentres of Garboth, King Carados of Scotland, Duke Galahalt the high prince, Constantyn, son of Sir Carados of Cornwall, Duke Chalyns of Clareance, Earl Ulbause, Earl Lambaile, Earl Aristause, came Sir Gawayne with his three sons, Sir Gingalyn, Sir Florence, and Sir Louel, who were born to Sir Lambaile. Earl Arystause also came.\n\nThen came Sir Gawayne with his three sons, Sir Gingalyn, Sir Florence, and Sir Louel, who were born to Sir Brandyles sister. And they all failed.\n\nThen came Sir Agrauayne, Sir Gaheris, Sir Mordred, and the good knight Sir Gareth, who was truly of knighthood worthier than all the brothers. Knights of Lancelot's kin also came, but Lancelot himself did not..At that time in the court, for he was then on his adventures, were Sir Lancelot, Sir Ector de Maris, Sir Bors de Ganis, Sir Blamor de Ganis, Sir Bleoberis de Ganis, Sir Gahalantyne, Sir Galyhodyn, Sir Menadeuke, Sir Vyllyars the Valiant, Sir Hebes le Renoumes, and all these were of Sir Lancelot's kin. And all of them failed.\n\nThen came in Sir Sagramore le Desirous, Sir Dodinas le Sauage, Sir Dynadan, Sir Bruin le Noir (that is, Sir Cador of Costrebe), and Sir Kay the Seneschal, Sir Kay of the Stranges, Sir Melyot of Logres, Sir Petipas of Wynchelsea, Sir Galleron of Galway, Sir Melyor of the Mountain, Sir Caradoc, Sir Vayne les Adulteres, and Sir Osanna le Cure Hardy.\n\nThen came in Sir Astamor and Sir Gromer Grummors. Sir Crosselme, Sir Seruause le Breuse (who was called a passing strong knight), and the chief lady of the lake feasted Sir Lancelot and Sir Seruause le Breuse. And when she had feasted them both at different times, she praised them..To give her a bone and they granted it to her, then she prayed, Sir Gawain, that he would promise her never to do battle against Sir Lancelot of the Lake. In the same way, she prayed Sir Lancelot never to do battle against Sir Gawain. And so they both promised her. The French book says that Sir Gawain had never courage nor desire to do battle against any man except against giants, dragons, and wild beasts.\n\nWe passed on to those who, at the king's request, had gathered all who were there at that high feast, the knights of the round table, to search for Sir Turpin. The king did this to determine which was the noblest knight among them.\n\nThen came Sir Aglovale, Sir Durnore, Sir Tor, who was begotten upon Ary's courtesan wife, but he was begotten before Ary was married to her, and King Pellinore begat them all - first Sir Tor, Sir Aglovale, Sir Durnore, Sir Lamorak, the most noble knight who ever was in Arthur's court..knight and Sir Percival, who were peerless except for Sir Galahad in deeds, but they both died in the quest for the Holy Grail. Then came Sir Gawain, the false knight, Sir Lucan the bottler, Sir Bedivere, Edward of Canaruan, Sir Dinas, Sir Pryamus, who was anointed by Sir Tristram the noble knight, and these three were Sir Helyn's brothers: Sir Helewan, son of Sir Bors, whom he begat upon King Brandegory's daughter, and Sir Bryan de Lystinoyse. Sir Gautier, Sir Reynold, and Sir Gyllemere were the three brothers whom Sir Lancelot fought on a bridge in Sir Kay's arms. Sir Guyart le Petit, Sir Belangere le Beuse, who was the good knight Sir Alysander le Orphelin's son and was slain by King Mark's treason, were also present.\n\nAdditionally, that traitor king slew the noble knight Sir Tristram as he sat harping before his lady Lady Beale Isoud with a sharp gleave. For whose death was much lamented by every knight who ever lived in Arthur's days, there was never one so mourned as was Sir Tristram..Sir Lamorak was slain, for they were traitors, Sir Tristram by King Mark, and Sir Lamorak by Sir Gawaine and his brothers. Sir Bellangere avenged the death of his father, Sir Alysander, and Sir Tristram slew King Mark. Isoud died faintly on the cross of Sir Tristram, causing great sorrow. All who were with King Mark, consenting to Sir Tristram's death, were slain, including Sir Andred and many others. Then came Sir Hebes, Sir Morganore, Sir Sentrayle, Lady Bellangere the proud one, Sir Nerouens, Sir Plenorius, two good knights that Sir Launcelot won, Sir Darras, Sir Harre le Fisele, Sir Ermynyde, brother to King Hermannce for whom Sir Palomides fought at the red city with two brothers, and Sir Selyses of the Dolorous Tower, Sir Edward of Orkney, Sir Ironside, the noble knight of the red lands, whom Sir Gareth won for the love of Dame Lioness..Arrok, Sir Degrauntes' servant, spoke of the giant from the black lake who fought with the giant of the black wood. Sir Epinogries, the king's son of Northumberland, Sir Pelleas, who loved Lady Etarre, and Sir Lamiel of Cardiff, Sir Palemon, Sir Mellcaus of Lyle, Sir Bobart Le Cure Hardy, King Arthur's son, Sir Mador de la Porte, Sir Colgrueance, Sir Heruyse de la Forest Sauvage, Sir Marrok the Good Knight, and Sir Persant, Pertilope's brother, called the Green Knight, and Perimones, their brother, called the Reed Knight, were among the hundred knights and ten who searched Sir Urre's wounds by command..King Arthur, Mercy Jesus said to King Arthur, \"Where is Sir Lancelot, the lake-dweller, who is not here at this time?\" As they stood and spoke of many things, a man approached them and told the king, \"Peas said, 'Let no one disturb King Arthur.' King Arthur dismounted from his horse and came to the man, greeting him and all present.\n\nAs soon as Sir Urre's sister saw Sir Lancelot, she ran to her brother where he lay in his litter and said, \"Brother, here is a knight whom my heart greatly desires.\" Fair sister replied to Sir Urre, \"Indeed, my heart is drawn to him, and I truly hope to be saved by him more than by all those who have sought me.\"\n\nThen Arthur said to Sir Lancelot, \"You must do as we have done, and I will show you all those who have sought him.\" Jesus defend me, said Sir Lancelot, \"When so many kings and knights have attempted and failed, should I presume to undertake this, my lords?\".You shall not choose said King Arthur, for I will command you to do as we all have done. My most renowned lord, Sir Launcelot, you know well I dare not or may not disobey your commandment. But if I could or dared, you know well I would not take upon me to touch that wounded knight in that intent, that I should pass all other knights. I pray, Jesus defend me from that shame. You take it wrong, said King Arthur. You shall not do it for no presumption, but for our fellowship, inasmuch as you are a fellow of the Round Table. And know well, said King Arthur, and you prevail not and heal him, I dare say, there is no knight in this land who can heal him. And therefore, I pray you, do as we have done. Then all the kings and knights, for the most part, prayed Sir Launcelot to search him. And then the wounded knight, Sir Urre, set him up weakly, and begged Sir Launcelot earnestly, saying, courteous knight, I entreat you for God's sake to heal my wounds, for me..\"Thinketh ever since you came here, my wounds grieve me not. A fair lord said, Sir Launcelot, Iesus would that I might help you. I shame sore that I should be thus rebuked, for never was I able in worthiness to do such a thing. Then Sir Launcelot knelt down by the wounded knight, saying, \"My lord Arthur, I must do your commandment, which is sore against my heart. And then he held up his hands and looked into the east, saying secretly to himself, \"Thou blessed father, son and holy ghost, I beseech thee of thy mercy that my simple worship and honesty be saved. And thou blessed Trinity, thou mayest give power to heal this sick knight by thy great virtue and grace. But good lord, never of myself. And then Sir Launcelot prayed Sir Urre to let him see his head. And then, devoutly kneeling, he searched the three wounds that bled a little and healed them all forthwith. They seemed as if they had been healed for seven years. And in like manner he searched.\".his body had three wounds, which were healed in the same way. Then he searched for the last one, which was in his hand, and it healed immediately. King Arthur and all the kings and knights knelt down and gave thanks and praises to God and his blessed mother. Sir Lancelot wept as if he had been a child who had been beaten. Then King Arthur ordered priests and clerks to bring Sir Urre into Carlisle with singing and praises to God. When this was done, the king ordered him to be dressed in the richest manner possible. There were few better-made knights in the entire court, for he was exceptionally well-made and handsome. King Arthur asked Sir Urre how he felt. \"My good lord,\" he said, \"I have never felt so lively. Will you, Justices, and do deeds of arms?\" said King Arthur. \"I would be ready soon,\" said Sir Urre.\n\nArthur then selected a party of one hundred knights..Sir Urre and Sir Launcelot, and a hundred knights, on the morrow they jousted for a diamond, but none of the dangerous knights participated, and to summarize, Sir Urre and Sir Launcelot performed best that day. For there was none among them but he overthrew and pulled down thirty knights. By the consent of all the kings and lords, Sir Urre and Sir Launcelot were made knights of the round table. Sir Launcelot cast his love upon Dame Felolle, Sir Urre's sister, and they were married with great joy. King Arthur gave to each of them a barony of lands. Sir Urre never departed from Sir Launcelot but they grew more attached to one another. In the court, they were accounted as good knights, eager in arms, and they performed many noble deeds, for they sought no rest but continually sought adventures. They lived in that court with great nobility and joy for a long time. However, every night and day, Sir Agravaine, Sir Gawain's brother, courted Queen Guenever..sir Launcelot du lake to putte them to a rebuke & shame And soo I leue here of this tale and ouer hyp grete bookes of sir Launcelot du lake / what grete aduentures he dyd whan he was called le cheualer du charyot / For as the Frensshe booke sayth by cause of despyte that kny\u0292tes and ladyes called hym the knyghte that rode in the charyot lyke as he were Iuged to the galhous / Therfor in despyte of all them that named hym soo / he was caryed in a charyot a twelue moneth / for but lityl after that he had slayne sir Mellyagraunce in the quenes qua\u00a6rel / he neuer in a twelue moneth came on horsbak / And as the Frensshe book sayth / he dyd that twelue moneth more than xl batails / And by cause I haue lost the very mater of la cheua\u00a6ler du charyot / I departe from the tale of sir Launcelot / & here I goo vnto the morte of kynge Arthur / and that caused syre Agrauayne\n\u00b6Explicit liber xix / \nIN May whan euery lusty herte floryssheth and burgeneth / For as the season is lusty to beholde and comfortable / Soo man and.A woman rejoices and delights in the coming of summer with his fresh flowers. Winter, with its rough winds and blasts, causes a lusty man and woman to run and sit fast by the fire. In this season, in the month of May, a great anger and misfortune arose that was not until the flower of chivalry of the entire world was destroyed and enslaved. All was long upon two unhappy knights named Agravaine and Sir Mordred, who were brothers to Sir Gawain. For Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred had ever a subtle hatred towards Queen Guinevere and Sir Lancelot. It happened that Sir Gawain and all his brothers were in King Arthur's chamber. Then Sir Agravaine spoke openly and not in any council where many knights could hear, \"I marvel that we all do not shamefully bear witness to and know how Sir Lancelot lies daily and nightly by the queen.\".\"All who should suffer should endure such a noble king as King Arthur, it is shameful for us. Then Sir Gawaine spoke and said, \"Brother Sir Agravaine, I charge you not to speak of such matters before me again. I will not be part of your council, Sir Gaheris and Sir Gareth will not know of your deeds. Then I said, Sir Mordred, Sir Gawaine leaves it well said. For ever, brother Sir Mordred, grant this to all misfortunes. And I would that you left this and ceased to be so busy. I know what will fall from it, Sir Gawaine said. Sir Agravaine, what will fall, Sir Gawaine replied. I will reveal it to the king. Not by my counsel, Sir Gawaine said. For there is rising wrath between Sir Lancelot and us. You well know, brother, that Sir Lancelot has rescued the king on many occasions. Sir Agravaine also said to Sir Gawaine, 'You must remember how often Sir Lancelot has rescued the king.'\".and the queen and the best of us all had been cold at the heart's root. Sir Launcelot was not better than we. He had proven this to himself often. And as for my part, said Sir Gawaine, I will never be against Sir Launcelot for one day's deed when he rescued me from King Carados of the Dolorous Tower and slew him, saving my life. Similarly, Brother Sir Aggravaine and Sir Mordred, Sir Launcelot rescued you both and thirty-two from Sir Turquine. Such kind deeds and kindnesses should be remembered. Do as you please, said Sir Aggravaine, for I will not keep it longer.\n\nWith these words came to them King Arthur. \"Brother, be quiet,\" said Sir Gawaine. \"We will not,\" said Sir Aggravaine and Sir Mordred. \"Will you so say,\" Sir Gawaine replied. \"Then God speed you, for I will not hear your tales or be of your counsel. No more will I say,\" said Sir Gareth and Sir Gareth. \"We will never speak ill of that man. For, said Sir Gareth, Sir Launcelot made....A knight by no manner should I speak ill of him. And with that, all three of them departed, making great disturbance. Sir Gawain and Sir Gareth said, \"Alas, this realm is holy and merciful, and the noble fellowship of the Round Table will be disgraced. They departed.\n\nThen Sir Arthur asked them what commotion they made. Lord Aggravain spoke up, \"I will tell you why I cannot stay any longer. Here I am, and my brother Sir Mordred, Sir Gawain, Sir Gareth, and you, we all know that Sir Lancelot holds your queen and has done so for a long time. We are your sister's sons, and we cannot endure it any longer. We all know that you should be above Sir Lancelot, and you are the king who made him a knight. Therefore, we will prove that he is a traitor to your person. If it is true, Sir Arthur, I would be willing to begin such a thing. But I might have proofs for it, for Sir Lancelot is a hardy knight, and you all know, he is the best knight among us all.\".And if he is taken with the dead, he will fight with him who brings up the noise. I know no knight who can match him. Therefore, if it is true as you say, I would he were taken with the dead. For, as the French book says, the king was very eager for any noise to be upon Sir Lancelot and his queen, because the king had a demon. But he would not listen to it. My lord said, Sir Agrauaine, you shall ride out hunting tomorrow, and doubt not, Sir Lancelot will not go with you. Then, when it draws toward night, you may send the queen word that you will lie out all that night, and then you may send for your cooks, and then, on pain of death, we shall take him that night with the queen. And other we shall bring him to you dead or alive. I will well said the king. Then I counsel you, said the king..Sir Agrauaine and I, my brother Sir Mordred, will take with us twelve knights from the Round Table. Beware, King Arthur, for we shall find him waiting. Let us divide, said Sir Agrauaine and Sir Mordred.\n\nOn the morning, King Arthur rode hunting and sent word to the queen that he would be out all night. Then Sir Agrauaine and Sir Mordred summoned their twelve knights and lodged themselves in a chamber in the Castle of Carlisle. These were their names: Sir Colgrueance, Sir Mador de la Porte, Sir Gyngegyn, Sir Melyot of Logres, Sir Galleron of Galway, Sir Melion of the Mountain, Sir Astamore, Sir Gromore Somerjoye, Sir Curselayne, Sir Florence, Sir Louel.\n\nThese twelve knights were with Sir Mordred and Sir Agrauaine, and all of them were from Scotland or related to Sir Gawain's kin or willing to support his brothers.\n\nWhen night came, Sir Launcelot told Sir Bors that he would go that night and speak with the queen..Sir said to Sir Bors, \"You shall not go tonight by my leave, Sir Aggravain, never have I opposed any going that you have ever made to the Queen, not as much as now. I mistrust that the king is out this night from the Queen because he has laid some watch for you and the Queen. Therefore, I am very afraid of treason. Have you no fear, Sir Launcelot? I will go and return, and make no delay. Sir Bors replied, \"I regret it.\" I am very afraid that your going out tonight will anger us all. Fair new said Sir Launcelot, \"I am greatly surprised why you say this, since the Queen has sent for me. And know this, I will not be such a coward, but she shall understand that I will see her grace.\" God speed you well, said Sir Bors, and may you go safely again.\n\nSo Sir Launcelot departed and took his sword under his arm. And thus, that noble knight put himself in great jeopardy. And thus he passed until he came to the Queen..Sir Launcelot was led into the chamber. The queen and Launcelot were together. I shall not mention what they were doing, for love was not as it is nowadays. But as they were together, Sir Agraulide and Sir Mordred with twelve knights from the Round Table arrived. They cried out loudly, \"Traitor knight, Sir Launcelot du Lake, you are taken!\" All the court could hear their cries. They were all armed and ready to fight in a battle. Queen Guinevere said, \"Alas, we are deceived, both of us. Lady, said Sir Launcelot, is there any armor in your chamber that I might use to cover my poor body? And if there is, I will soon put an end to their malice, by the grace of God.\" The queen replied, \"I have no armor, shield, sword, or spear. I fear.\".Our love is in a perilous state, for I hear that there are many noble knights, well armed, against you. You cannot resist them. Therefore, you are likely to be slain, and then I shall be burned. But if you could escape them, said the queen, I would not doubt that you would rescue me in any danger that I might be in. Alas, said Sir Launcelot in all my life, I have never been treated so shamefully, that I should be slain for lack of my armor. But one, Sir Aggravain and Sir Mordred, cried out, \"Traitor knight, come out of the queen's chamber! For well you know that you are so besieged that you shall not escape!\" O Jesus, mercy said Sir Launcelot, I cannot endure this shameful cry and noise. It would be better to die at once than to suffer this pain. Then he took the queen in his arms and kissed her, and said, \"Most noble Christian Queen, I beseech you as you have always been my special good lady, and I at all times your true poor knight.\".power and as I have never failed you, right or wrong, since the first day King Arthur made me a knight, if I am slain here, pray for my soul. I am assured that Sir Bors, my new knight, and the remainder of my kin, with Sir Launce and Sir Urre, will not fail you to rescue you from the fire. Therefore, my lady, comfort yourself with this, whatever comes of me, go with Sir Bors, my new knight and Sir Urre, and they will all do you all the pleasure they can or may. You shall live like a queen upon my lands.\n\nQueen Guinevere said, \"Lancelot, be well. I will never live after your days. But if you are slain, I will take my death as meekly for Jesus Christ's sake as any Christian queen ever did.\n\nQueen Guinevere said, \"Lancelot, since it is so that our love must part, know well I will sell my life as dearly as I may and a thousand times said Sir Lancelot, I am heavier for you than for myself. And now I would rather.\"than to be lord of all Christendom that I had sure armor upon me / that men might speak of my deeds or ever I were slain / Truly said the Queen, I would and it might please God / that they would take me and slay me / and suffer you to escape / That shall never be said, sir Launcelot / God defend me from such shame / but I Jesu be thou my shield and my armor / And therewith, sir Launcelot, wrapped his mantle about his arm well and truly / and by then they had got a great form out of the hall / and therewith all rushed at the door / Fair lords said Sir Launcelot, leave your noise and your rashing / and I shall set open this door / and then may you do with me what it pleases you / Come off then said they all / and do it / for it avails us nothing to strive against us all / and therefore let us into this chamber / and we shall save your life until you come to King Arthur / Then Launcelot unbarred the door / and with his left hand he held it open a little / so that but one man could enter at a time\".A mighty figure came in, and there strode in a good, large and strong knight, named Colgruaune of Gore. He struck at Sir Lancelot mightily, and Lancelot set aside the stroke and gave him such a buffet on the helmet that Colgruaune fell heavily dead within the chamber door. Then Sir Lancelot, with the help of the Queen and her ladies, was lightly armed. Sir Colgruaune cried out, \"Traitor knight, come out of the Queen's chamber!\" Sir Lancelot replied to Sir Agrauaine, \"Know well, Sir Agrauaine, you shall not win me this night. And therefore, by my counsel, go all of you from this chamber door and make no such crying and such disorder as you do. I promise you by my knighthood, you will depart and make no more noise. I shall appear before you all tomorrow before the king, and then let it be seen which of you all is other than true.\".If you mean for me to clean the given text while adhering to the given requirements, then the following is the cleaned text:\n\n\"els all that will accuse me of treason, and there I shall answer you as a knight should, who came to the queen for no manner of malicious engine, and that I will prove and make good upon you with my hands. Fie on the traitor, said Sir Aggravain and Sir Mordred. We will have your head mauled, and slay the if we list. For we let it be known we have the choice of King Arthur to save or to slay. A knight said, Sir Lancelot, is there no other grace with you? Then keep yourself. Sir Launcelot then opened the chamber door widely and mightily and knightly strode in among them. And at the first buffet, he slew Sir Aggravain and twelve of his fellows within a little while. Afterward, he laid them cold to the earth, for none of the twelve could withstand Sir Lancelot. Mordred and he fled with all his might. Then Sir Launcelot returned again to the Queen and said, \"madame, and it pleases you, I shall have you with me. I shall save you.\"\".From all manner of dangerous adventures that the queen has not best said, it seems to me now that you have caused much harm. It would be best for you to keep still with this. And if you see that tomorrow they will put me to death, then you may rescue me as you think best. I will gladly say, Sir Launcelot, for have you no doubt while I am living, I shall rescue you, and then he kissed her, and either gave or received a ring, and so he left the queen, and went to his lodging.\n\nWhen Sir Bors saw Sir Launcelot, he was never so glad for his homecoming as then. \"Iesus mercy, Sir Launcelot,\" said Sir Bors, \"why are you all armed? What does this mean?\" \"Sir,\" said Sir Bors, \"after you had departed from us, all those of your blood and well-wishers were so distressed that some of us leapt out of our beds naked, and some in our dreams caught swords in our hands. Therefore, we deemed, there is some great strife at hand, and then we all deemed that you were betrayed with some.\".Sir Launcelot told Sir Bors and all, \"This night I was in greater danger than ever in my life, yet I escaped. I'll tell you how and in what manner, as you have heard before. My fellows said to Sir Launcelot, 'We pray you all, be of good heart in whatever need I stand in, for war has come to us all.' Sir Bors replied, 'Welcome to all who God sends us.' We have had much wealth and much respect from you, and therefore we will take the hardships with you as we have taken the good. And therefore they all said, 'There are many good knights here. Take no comfort, for there are no bands of knights under heaven that we cannot match. And therefore do not discourage yourself in any way, and we shall gather together those we love and who love us. And whatever you have decided to do shall be done.' And therefore, Sir Bors said,\"..Sir Launcelot said we will take the wedding with pleasure / Grant mercy said Sir Launcelot of your good comfort / for in my great distress, my fair new wife comforts me greatly / and much I am beholden to you. But this, my fair new wife, I would that you do in all haste, so that you may look in their lodgings that are lodged here near the king, who will hold with me and who will not? For now I would know which are my friends from my foes.\n\nSir Bors said I shall do my pain / and before it is seven of the clock, I shall know of such as you have said before who will hold with you.\n\nThen Sir Bors called upon him Sir Lionel, Sir Ector de Maris, Sir Blamor de Ganis, Sir Bleoberis de Ganis, Sir Gahalantyn, Sir Galyhodyn, Sir Galyhud, Sir Menadeuke, Sir Vyllyers the Valiant, Sir Hebes le Renomme, Sir Launce, Sir Nerouneus, Sir Plenorius.\n\nThese two knights, Sir Launcelot made, and the one he wanted to lead up onto a bridge..they would never be against him / Harleysford Lake and Sir Selys of the Dolorous Tour, Sir Melyan, and Sir Bellanger the Bearded, who was Sir Alexander's orphelin, because his mother, Alis the Fair Pelerin, was related to Sir Lancelot, and he supported him.\n\nSo, Sir Palomides and Sir Safir his brother, Sir Clegys of Sadoc and Sir Dinas, Sir Clarys of Clermont came to join Sir Lancelot. And Sir Palomides, Sir Safir, Sir Clegys, and Sir Dinas, with these twenty knights, drew together. And by then they were armed on horseback and promised Sir Lancelot to do whatever he wanted.\n\nThen, knights from Northgalis and Cornwall came to them for Sir Lamorak's sake and for Sir Tristram's sake, numbering a hundred and sixty knights.\n\nMy lords said Sir Lancelot, \"You know well that I have always been willing to my lord King Arthur and to my lady Queen Guinevere, up to my power. And tonight, because my lady the queen sent for me to speak with her, I\".suppose it was made by treason how would I excuse her person? I dare not deny, for I was there nearly slain. But as Jesus provided me, I escaped all their malice and treason.\n\nAnd then that noble knight, Sir Launcelot, told them all how he was badly treated in the queen's chamber and how and in what manner he escaped from them. And therefore, Sir Launcelot said, my fair lords, I am sure there is woe for me and mine. And because I have slain these knights this night, I know well that Sir Agravaine, Sir Gawain's brother, and at least twelve of his fellows are involved. For this reason, now I am sure of mortal war. For these knights were sent and ordered by King Arthur to betray me. And therefore, the king, in his anger and majesty, will judge the queen to the fire. And that may not I suffer, for if I can be heard and endured and taken, I will fight for the queen, for she is a true lady to her lord. But the king..\"in his anger I feared he would not take me as I should be taken, my lord Sir Bors said, \"Sir Launcelot, you shall take the good with the bad and bear it patiently, and God will reward it.\" Since it has happened as it has, I advise you to protect yourself, for no fellowship of knights would dare harm you. I also advise, my lord Sir Launcelot, that you and my lady Queen Guinevere are in distress, insofar as she is in pain on your account. The world will speak shame of you to the end if you do not knightly rescue her. You acted otherwise, and the shame will be yours whether you did right or wrong. It is now your duty to stand by the queen and prevent her from being killed and subjected to a disgraceful death. For if she dies, the shame will be yours. Iesus protect me from shame said Sir Launcelot, and keep and save my lady the queen from vilony and shameful death, and may she never be destroyed on my account.\".Sirs, what will you do, said Sir Launcelot? Then they replied, we will do as you will. I put this to you, said Sir Launcelot, if my lord Arthur, through evil counsel, intends to burn my lady the Queen at the stake, now advise me what is best to do. Then they all spoke with one voice: Sir, it seems best that you knightly rescue the queen, insofar as she is to be burned. It is for your sake, and it is to suppose that you might be dealt with in the same way or a more shameful death, and, sirs, we all say that you have many times rescued her from death for others' quarrels. It seems more worthy of you to rescue the queen from this peril, since she has it for your sake.\n\nSir Launcelot stood still and said, my fair lords, you know well that I would be loath to do that which would dishonor you or my blood. You know well that I would be loath..my lady the queen should die a shameful death, but if you advise me to rescue her, I must do great harm or rescue her, and perhaps I will destroy some of my best friends who would greatly regret it, and perhaps some could bring it about or disobey King Arthur soon coming to me, which I am loath to harm, and if it is my responsibility to rescue her, where shall I keep her? Sir Bors spoke, how did the noble knight, Sir Tristram, keep Lady Isoud with him for three years in the joyous garden, which was arranged by your elders, and in the same way, you can do the same and take the queen lightly away, if the king will judge her to be burned, and in the joyous garden you may keep her long until the king's anger has passed, and then bring the queen back to the king with great worship..And then perhaps you will have thanks for her bringing home love and thanks, where others shall have none / That is hard to do said Sir Launcelot, for by Sir Tristram I may have a warning / for when by means of a treaty, Sir Tristram brought Lady Isoud back to King Mark from Joyous Gard, look what befell at the end / how shamefully that false traitor King Mark slew him / as he sat harping before his lady Lady Isoud / with a ground glass he thrust him in the back to the heart / it grieves me said Sir Launcelot to speak of his death / for all the world may not find such a knight / All this is true said Sir Bors, but there is one thing that will astonish you and us all / you know well that King Arthur and King Mark were never of like conditions / for there was never yet a man who could prove King Arthur unfaithful to his promise / So, to make a short tale, they were all agreed, for better or worse, if it were that the queen were brought to the\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English, and there are some errors in the OCR transcription. The text has been corrected to the best of my ability while preserving the original meaning. However, since the text is already quite readable, I have chosen to leave it as is rather than making significant changes that could potentially alter the original intent.).\"Once they had rescued her, they all hid in a wood near Carlisle, waiting to see what the king would do. Now let us return to Sir Mordred. After escaping from Sir Launcelot, he quickly mounted his horse and rode to King Arthur, wounded and defeated, and told him all that had happened, how they had all been killed except for himself. Iesus have mercy, the king exclaimed, and took him into the queen's chamber. There, unarmed, Mordred killed Colgraveance and put on his armor. He told the king this entire story from the beginning to the end. Iesus have mercy, the king said, what a marvelous knight of prowess this Launcelot is. Alas, I deeply regret that he was ever against me. Now I am certain that the fellowship of the Round Table...\".The table is broken forever, the queen must suffer death, said the king. Many noble knights held this view, and now it has come to pass. The law was such in those days that anyone found guilty of treason had no other remedy but death, and the accusers or those taking part in the deed were the cause of their hasty judgments. Queen Guenevere was therefore sentenced to death, as Sir Mordred had escaped, severely wounded, and the deaths of the thirteen knights of the round table had occurred. These events caused King Arthur to command the queen to the fire, there to be burned. Sir Gawain spoke up and said, \"My lord Arthur, I would counsel you not to be hasty, but to put off this judgment of my lady the queen for many reasons.\" One reason is....Sir Launcelot was in the queen's chamber. It might be so that he came there for no evil reason. You know, my lord, Sir Gawain said that the queen is greatly indebted to Sir Launcelot more than to any other knight, for he has saved her life often and fought battles for her when the entire court refused the queen. She may have sent for him out of kindness and to reward him for the good deeds he had done for her in the past. The queen may have also sent for him with the intention that Sir Launcelot should come to her grace privately and secretly, as it was best to do so in avoiding scandal. We often do many things thinking they are for the best, yet they may turn out for the worst. I dare say, my lord, your queen is good and true to both of you. I also dare say that Sir Launcelot will make it good against any knight living who dares put himself against him..self shame or disgrace, and in the same way, he intends to make amends for Lady Guinevere, whom I believe King Arthur spoke of truly. But I will not act that way with Sir Launcelot, for he trusts so much in his hands and his might that he doubts no man. And therefore, for my queen, he shall never fight again, for she shall have the law. And if I may, I will make Sir Launcelot aware that he shall have a shameful death. Iesus defend, said Sir Gawain, that I may never see it. Why do you say so, said King Arthur? For truly, you have no reason to love Sir Launcelot. For last night, he killed your brother, Sir Aggravain, a good knight, and almost killed your other brother, Sir Mordred. And there he killed thirteen noble knights, and also Sir Gawain remembers he killed two of your father's sons, Sir Loris and Sir Leon. My lord, said Sir Gawain of all this, I regret deeply the deaths I knew of, but inasmuch as I gave them warning and told my brothers and my sons beforehand what would happen..in the end, they would not heed my counsel. I will not interfere or seek revenge for their deaths. I told them it was futile to fight with Sir Lancelot. Yet I am sorry for the deaths of my brothers and sons, for they are the cause of their own demise. I had often warned my brother, Sir Aggravain, and told him of the perils that have now befallen.\n\nThe noble King Arthur then said to Sir Gawain: \"Prepare yourselves, readying in your best armor, you and your brothers, Sir Gareth, to bring my Queen to the fire there to receive her judgment and death.\"\n\n\"Never, my most noble lord,\" said Sir Gawain. \"I will never do so, for you know well that I will never be in the place where such a noble queen as my lady Dame Guinevere shall meet a shameful end. My heart will never serve me if I see her die, and it shall never be said that I was a part of her council in her death.\"\n\nThe text ends here..King to Sir Gawain, allow your brothers Sir Gaheris and Sir Gareth to be present. My lord said, Sir Gawain, you know well they will both be there because of many adventures that are likely to happen. But they are young and unable to refuse you. Then Sir Gaheris and the good knight Sir Gareth spoke to King Arthur. Sir, you may command us to be there, but know well it will be against our will. But if we are there by your strict commandment, you shall plainly hold us excused. We will be there peacefully and bring no harm upon us. In the name of God, said the king, make yourselves ready. For she will soon have her judgment. Alas, said Sir Gawain, that I should ever have to endure this wretched day. So Sir Gawain turned away and wept heartily. And then the queen was led out without Carlisle, and there she was dishonored in her chamber. And so then her ghostly father was revealed..brought to her to confess her misdeeds / Then were there weeping and wailing and hand-wringing of many lords and ladies / But few were present to don armor to strengthen the queen's death / Then was there one who Sir Launcelot had sent to that place to observe when the queen would go to her death / And as soon as he saw the queen disrobed and confessed / then he gave Sir Launcelot warning / Then there was only spurring and mounting of horses / and right away they came to the fire / And whoever stood against them there were they slain / none could withstand Sir Launcelot / so all who bore arms and opposed them were slain / For there were slain Sir Bellyasle, Aglois, Tor, Gauter, Sir Gyllemore, Sir Reynolds and his three brothers, Damas, Pryamus, Sir Kay the Stranger, Sir Dryant, Sir Lambegus, Sir Hermynd, Sir Pertylope, and Sir Perymon and his two sons..brothers called the Green Knight and the Red Knight / In this scuffle and tumult, Sir Launcelot passed by and happened to kill Gaheris and Sir Gareth, the noble knight / For, as the French book states, Sir Launcelot struck Sir Gareth and Gaheris upon the breastplates where they were slain in the field. However, in truth, Sir Launcelot did not see them, and they were found dead among the thickest press / Then, when Sir Launcelot had thus done and killed, and put to flight all who opposed him / He rode straightway to Lady Guinevere and had a coat and gown cast upon her / And then he had her set behind him / And he prayed her to be of good cheer / You know well, the Queen was glad that she had escaped from death / And then she thanked God and Sir Launcelot / And so he rode his way with the Queen, as the French book says, to Joyous Gard..He kept her as a noble knight should have / And many great lords and some kings sent Sir Launcelot many good knights / And many noble knights drew unto Sir Launcelot / When this was known openly that King Arthur and Sir Launcelot were at odds, / Many knights were glad of their dispute / And many were very sad about their dispute\nSo we turned again to King Arthur. When he was told / How and in what manner the queen was taken away from the fire / And when he heard of the death of his noble knights / And in particular for Sir Gawain and Sir Gareth's death / Then the king fainted from pure sorrow. And when he awoke from his faint / He said, \"Alas, that ever I bore a crown upon my head, / For now I have lost the fairest fellowship of noble knights that ever held Christian faith.\"\nKing to Gideon, \"Alas, my good knights are slain from me / Now within these two days I have lost forty knights / And also the noble fellowship of Sir Launcelot and his blood / For now I may never hold them to my court again..with my worship, I lament that this war began,\nNow fair fellows said the king, I charge you that no man tell Sir Gawain of the death of his two brothers. For I am sure, said the king, when Sir Gawain hears that Sir Gareth is dead, he will go nearly out of his mind. Mercy, Jesus said the king, why did he kill Sir Gareth and Sir Gaheris? For I dare say, as for Sir Gareth, he loved Sir Launcelot above all men on earth. That is true, said some knights. But they were slain in the heat of the battle, and as they were unarmed, he struck them, and didn't know whom he struck. And so unfortunately, they were killed. The death of them, said Arthur, will cause the greatest mortal war that ever was. I am sure, knew Sir Gawain that Sir Gareth was killed, I would never have rest from him until I had destroyed Sir Launcelot's kin and him both, or else he would destroy me. And therefore, said the king, you should know well that my heart has never been so heavy as it is now..and I am sorrier for my good knights' loss than for the loss of my fair queen, for queens I might have had, but such a fellowship of good knights shall never be together in any company. And now I dare say, King Arthur there was never a Christian king held such a fellowship to his men. Alas, that Sir Lancelot and I should be at odds. Agrauain, Agrauain, said the king, Iesus forgive it thy soul, for thine evil will that thou and thy brother Sir Mordred hadst brought upon Sir Lancelot, has caused all this sorrow. And among these complaints, the king wept and fainted.\n\nThen one came to Sir Gawain and told him how the Queen was taken away with Sir Lancelot and nearly twenty-four knights slain. \"O Iesus defend my brothers,\" said Sir Gawain. \"For well I knew that Sir Lancelot would rescue her, or else he would die in that field. And to tell the truth, he had not been a man of worthiness had he not rescued the queen that day. In so much, she would have been burned.\".\"for his sake, and as Sir Gawaine had acted knightly in that matter, I would have done the same if I had been in his place. But where are my brothers, said Sir Gawaine? I mourn, I do not hear of them. Truly, said the man, Sir Gareth and Sir Gaheris are slain. Ihesu defend, said Sir Gawaine, for all the world I would not that they were slain, and especially my good brother Sir Gareth. The man replied, he is slain, and that is a great pity. Who slew him, said Sir Gawaine? Sir, replied the man, Launcelot slew them both. That may not be believed, said Sir Gawaine. I dare say, my brother Sir Gareth loved him better than me and all his brothers, and the king as well. I dare say, and Sir Launcelot desired my brother Sir Gareth to be with him, he would have been with him against the king and us all. Therefore, I may never believe that Sir Launcelot slew my brother.\" Man: \"It is reported that he slew him.\" Sir Gawaine: \"Now is my joy gone.\".then he fell down and swooned, and long he lay there as if he were dead. And then, when he arose from his swoon, he cried out sorrowfully and said, \"Alas,\" and Sir Gawain ran to the king crying and weeping, \"O king Arthur, my uncle, my good brother Sir Gareth and Sir Gahere are slain. They were two noble knights.\" Then the king wept, and they both fell swooning. And when they were revived, Sir Gawain spoke, \"Sir, I will go see my brother Sir Gareth.\" \"You may not see him,\" said the king. \"I caused him to be taken in, and Sir Gahere as well. I well understood that you would make too much sorrow, and the sight of Sir Gareth should have caused your double sorrow. Alas, said Sir Gawain, how did Sir Launcelot kill my brother Lord Gareth and Sir Gahere? They bore no arms against him.\".I said to the king, \"But as it is said, Sir Lancelot killed them both in the thick of the press, and I didn't recognize them. Therefore, let us devise a remedy to avenge their deaths.\" My king, my uncle, said, \"Sir Gawain, I assure you now, I will make you a promise: I will hold by my knighthood that from this day, I shall never fail Sir Lancelot until one of us has slain the other. I therefore request, my lord and king, prepare yourself for war. I assure you, I will be avenged upon Sir Lancelot. Therefore, as you will have my service and my love, hasten yourself there and try your friends. I promise you, God willing, for the death of my brother, Sir Gareth, I will seek Sir Lancelot through seven realms, but I will either kill him or he will kill me. You shall not need to seek him so far, said the King, for as I here say, Sir Lancelot will await me and you in the Joyous Garden, and much people draw towards him as I hear.\".The king said, \"But I, Sir Gawayne, can believe it not,\" replied Sir Gawayne. \"But my lord, he said, 'Try your friends, and I will try mine.' The king agreed, \"And as I suppose, I shall be the one to draw him out of the biggest tower in his castle.\"\n\nThe king then sent letters and writs throughout England, both length and breadth, to summon all his knights. And so, to Arthur, many knights, dukes, and earls drew near, making him a great host. When they had assembled, the king informed them how Sir Launcelot had taken away his queen.\n\nThen the king and his entire host prepared to lay siege to Sir Launcelot, who was within Joyous Gard. Sir Launcelot heard of this and pursued him with many good knights. Some did so for his sake, and some for the queen's sake. Both parties were well supplied and equipped with all manner of things necessary for war. However, King Arthur's host was so large that Sir Launcelot would not be able to withstand it..not able to endure him in the field, for he was eager to do battle against the king. But Sir Lancelot drew him to his strong castle with all manner of weaponry. And as many noble men as he could sustain within the town and the castle, he brought there. Then King Arthur with Sir Gawain came with a huge host and laid siege all around Joyous Gard, both at the town and at the castle. And there they made strong war on both sides. But Sir Lancelot would not ride out nor go out of his castle for a long time. Neither would he let any of his good knights issue out, nor any of the town or castle, until fifteen weeks had passed.\n\nThen it happened one day in harvest time. Sir Lancelot looked over the walls and spoke aloud to King Arthur and Sir Gawain: \"My lords, both of you know well that it is all in vain that you make at this siege. For you win no worship but shame and dishonor. If it pleased me to come out myself and my good knights, we would soon end this war. Come.\".for the said Arthur to Launcelot and thou daarest, and I promise thee, I shall meet thee in the midst of the field, God defend me, sayeth sir Launcelot. That ever I should encounter with the most noble king that made me a knight, fie upon thy fair language, sayeth the king. For well thou knowest and trust it, I am thy mortal foe, and ever will be to my death day. For thou hast slain my good knights and ful noble men of my blood, which I shall never recover again. Also thou hast lain by my Queen and held her many winters, and since like a traitor hast taken her from me by force. My most noble lord and king, sayeth Sir Launcelot, thou mayest say what thou wilt. For well I know with thyself, thou wilt not strive, but there as thou sayest I have slain thy good knights, I well know that I have done so, and that it sore repenteth me. But I was enforced to do battle with them, in saving of my life or else I must have suffered them to have slain me. And as for my lady Queen Guenever, except thy person of thy household..\"Gawayne, there is no knight under heaven who dares refute my claim that I have been a traitor to you. And if it pleases you to say that I have held your queen, my lady, for years and winters, I will make a large assurance and prove it against any knight except you and Sir Gawayne. My lady the queen is a true lady to you as any living to her lord, and I will make good with my hands. However, it has pleased her grace to keep me in favor and to cherish me more than any other knight, and to my power I again deserve her love. For many times, my lord, you have consented that she should be burned and destroyed in your anger, and then it happened that I did battle for her. And before I departed from her adversary, they confessed their untruth, and she worshipfully excused herself. And at such times, my lord Arthur said, 'Sir Launcelot, you loved me,' and thanked me when I saved your queen from the fire.\".then you promised me for ever to be my good lord, and now I think you reward me poorly for my good service, and my good lord, it seems I have lost a great part of my respect in my knighthood, and I had suffered your queen to have been burned, and in so much she should have been burned for my sake. Since I have done battles for your queen in quarrels other than my own, it seems now I have more right to do battle for her in a righteous cause, and therefore my good and gracious lord, said Sir Launcelot, take your queen under your grace, for she is both fair, true, and good. Fie on the false recreant knight, said Sir Gawaine. I let it be known, my lord, my uncle King Arthur shall have his queen and may maul you both, whether it pleases him. It may well be said, Sir Launcelot, but beware, my lord Sir Gawaine, and I wish to come out of this castle. You should win me and the queen more harshly than ever you wished for a strong battle. Fie on your pride..words said Sir Gawain: as for my lady the Queen, I will never speak of her shame. But you, false and recreant knight, Sir Gawain said, what cause had you to kill my good brother, Sir Gareth, who loved more than all my kin? You made him a knight with your own hands. Why did you kill him, who loved so well? Sir Launcelot replied: it helps me not. But by Jesus, and by the faith that I owe to the high order of knighthood, I would have slain my new Sir Bors de Ganys at that time. But alas, that ever I was so unfortunate, Sir Launcelot said, I had not yet, Sir Gareth and Sir Gareth's brother. You lie, recreant knight, Sir Gawain said. You killed him in spite of me. And therefore know well, I shall make war against you, and as long as I may live. That repents me, said Sir Launcelot. For well I understand it helps not to seek any agreement while you, Sir Gawain, are so deceitfully set. And if you were not, I would not doubt to have..Sir Gawain spoke to Lord Arthur, saying, \"I believe it falsely, recreant knight, you said, Sir Gawain, that you have led us for many long days and destroyed many of our good knights. You say as it pleases you, Sir Launcelot, and may it never be said of me that I before cast treason and slew a good knight, as you have done. I never did, but in self-defense, to save my life.\"\n\nA false knight spoke, Sir Gawain, and said, \"You mean by Sir Lamorak. Know well that you slew him, not you yourself, Sir Launcelot, replied Sir Gawain. It would have been too much for you to have slain him, for he was one of the best knights of his age, and it was a great pity for his death.\"\n\n\"Well said,\" replied Sir Gawain to Launcelot, \"since you have disgraced me with Sir Lamorak's death, know well that I shall never leave you until I have you at such an advantage that you shall not escape my hands. I trust you enough, Sir.\".Sir Launcelot/ I can get you/ I get but little mercy/ but as the French book says/ King Arthur wanted to take back his Queen/ and be reconciled with Sir Launcelot/ but Sir Gawain would not allow it by any means/ Then Sir Gawain ordered many men to attack Sir Launcelot/ And all at once they cried out/ false recreant knight/\n\nSir Bors de Ganys, Sir Ector de Maris, and Sir Lionel heard this/ They called to them Sir Palomides, Sir Safir's brother, and Sir Launfal/ and many more of their kin/ and all went to Sir Launcelot/ saying/ My lord Sir Launcelot, you know well we have great scorn for the harsh words/ that Gawain spoke to you/ therefore we pray you and charge you as you will/ keep us no longer within these walls/ for you know plainly we will ride into the field/ and do battle with them/ for you fear as a man who is afraid/ and for all your fair speech it will not help you/ For you know..Sir Gawaine will not allow you to be reconciled with King Arthur, and therefore you must fight for your life and your right, if you dare. Sir Launcelot spoke aloud to Sir Arthur and Sir Gawaine, my lords. I implore and beseech you, since I am compelled and summoned to ride into the field, that neither you, my lord King Arthur, nor you, Sir Gawaine, come into the field. What shall we do then, said Sir Gawaine. Is this the king's quarrel between you and me to fight, and it is my quarrel to fight with Sir Launcelot, because of the death of my brother, Sir Gareth. Then I must necessarily go to battle, said Sir Launcelot. You both know well, my lord Arthur and Sir Gawaine, you will regret it when I ever do battle with you. And so they parted from each other. Each party prepared themselves on the morning for battle. Great preparations were made on both sides..Sir Gawaine let pursue many knights to wait upon Sir Lancelot to overcome him and slay him. And on the morrow at Undern, Sir Arthur was ready in the field with three great hosts. And then Sir Lancelot's followers came out at three gates in a full good array. Sir Lionel came in the foremost battle, and Sir Lancelot came in the middle, and Sir Bors came out at the third gate. They came in order and rule as noble knights, and Sir Lancelot charged all his knights in any way to save King Arthur and Sir Gawaine.\n\nThen came forth Sir Gawaine from the king's host and he came before and offered to joust. Sir Lionel was a fiery knight, and lightly he encountered Sir Gawaine. And there Sir Gawaine struck Sir Lionel through the body, so that he fell to the earth as if he had been dead. And then Sir Ector de Maris and others bore him into the castle. Then a great tumult began, and much people were slain. And ever Sir Lancelot did..what he might save the people on King Arthur's party / for Sir Palomides and Sir Bors and Sir Safyr overwhelmed many knights / for they were deadly knights / and Sir Blamor de Ganys, and Sir Bleoberis de Ganys with Sir Bellanger, these six knights did much harm / and ever King Arthur was near about Sir Lancelot to have slain him / & Sir Lancelot suffered him / and would not strike back / So Sir Bors encountered King Arthur / and there with a spear Sir Bors struck him down / & so he alighted and drew his sword / and said to Sir Lancelot / shall I end this war / and that he meant to have slain King Arthur / Not so boldly said Sir Lancelot on pain of your head / that you touch him no more / for I will never see that most noble king who made me a knight either slain or shamed / & therewithal Sir Lancelot alighted from his horse & took up the king & mounted him again / & said thus / my lord Arthur, for God's love stop this strife / for you gain here no worship..And I would do my utterance, but always I forget you, and you or none of yours forget me. My lord, remember what I have done in many places, and now I am ill rewarded. Then, when King Arthur was on horseback, he looked upon Sir Lancelot, and then the tears burst out of his eyes, thinking of the great courtesy that was in Sir Lancelot more than in any other man. And with that, the King rode his way and could no longer behold him, saying, \"Alas, that this war ever began.\" Then both parties of the battle withdrew them to rest and bury the dead. And thus they endured that night until the morning. And on the morning, they made themselves ready to do battle. And then Sir Bors led forward.\n\nSo on the morning came Sir Gawain as bold as any man with a great spear in his hand. And when Sir Bors saw him, he thought to avenge his brother Sir Lionel of the disrespect that Sir Gawain had done him the other day. And so they fought..That knew each other and fiercely clashed their spheres, with all the might of their horses and themselves. They met so fiercely that each bore the other through, and they both fell to the earth. Then the battles joined, and there was much slaughter on both sides. Sir Launcelot rescued Sir Bors and sent him into the castle. Neither Sir Gawaine nor Sir Bors died from their wounds. For they were all helped. Then Sir Launcelot and Sir Urre urged Sir Launcelot to endure his pain and fight as they had done. For we see, you forebear and spare, and that does much harm. Therefore, we pray you spare not your enemies any more than they did you.\n\nSir Launcelot said, \"I have no heart to fight against my lord Arthur. For it seems to me that I do not do as I ought. My lord said, \"Sir Palomides, though you spare them all this day, they will never connect you. And if they can get you at an advantage, you are but dead.\"\n\nSo then Sir Launcelot understood that they.Sir Launcelot strained himself more than before, and since his new Sir Bors was severely wounded, Sir Launcelot and his party stood better by evening song time. However, their horses went past the fiddlers in blood due to the great number of people killed. For pity, Sir Launcelot held back his knights and allowed King Arthur's party to withdraw. Then, Sir Launcelot's party withdrew into his castle, and both parties buried the dead and tended to the wounded. When Sir Gawaine was hurt, those on King Arthur's party were not as eager to fight as before, considering the great kindness of King Arthur and the renown of Sir Launcelot, who was called the most noble knight in the world. The French book states that a noble clerk was summoned by the pope, who was present at that time. The pope gave him bulls under the lead for this purpose..King Arthur of England charged him, on pain of betraying all England, to take Queen Guinevere back to him and make peace with Sir Launcelot. When this bishop arrived at Carlisle, he showed the king these bulls. And when the king understood these bulls, he didn't know what to do. He would have been willing to make peace with Sir Launcelot, but Sir Gawain would not allow it. He only agreed to the queen returning. And then the bishop had the king's great seal and his assurance, as he was a truly anointed king, that Sir Launcelot would come safely and go safely, and that the queen should not be spoken to by the king or anyone else about anything that had happened before this time. The bishop brought with him sure assurance and writing to show Sir Launcelot when he came to Joyous Gard..Sir Launcelot showed Sir Arthur how the pope had written to him, and there he told him of the perils if he withheld the queen from the king. It had never occurred to Sir Launcelot, Lord Arthur, said he, but she should have died for my sake. It seemed to me, said Sir Launcelot, to save her life and deliver her from that danger until better might come. Now I thank God, said Sir Launcelot, that the pope has made peace. For God knows, said Sir Launcelot, I will be ten thousand times happier to bring her back than I ever was in taking her away. With this, I may be sure to come safely and return safely, and the queen shall have her liberty as she had before, and never for anything that has been supposed before this time, she shall never stand in any peril. For well you know, said Sir Launcelot, the pope must be obeyed..Sir Launcelot assured the bishop that the popes' worship and his own poverty were not the cause of the queen's distress or danger, nor shame. Then he showed the bishop his writings, both from the pope and from King Arthur. \"This is true,\" Sir Launcelot said, \"for I dare trust my lords' writings and their seals. For he has never been ashamed of his promises.\"\n\nTherefore, Sir Launcelot told the bishop, \"You should ride to the king beforehand and recommend me to his grace. Let him know that I myself will bring Queen Guinevere to him eight days from now, by the grace of God. Then tell my most revered king that I will speak freely for the queen. I will not except fear or fear, but the king himself and my lord Sir Gawain. This is more for the king's love than for myself.\"\n\nThe bishop departed and went to King Arthur at Carlisle. He told him all that Sir Launcelot had answered him, and then the tears burst out..Sir Launcelot pursued him with a hundred knights, all dressed in green velvet and their horses shod in the same. Each knight held a branch of olive in hand as a symbol of peace. The queen had forty and twenty ladies following her in the same manner. Twelve young gentlemen rode after Sir Launcelot, each on a courser, all dressed in green velvet with gold sarps around their quarters. The horses were led down to the places with a thousand oches, set with stones and pearls in gold. The queen and Sir Launcelot were dressed in white cloth of gold. Exactly as the French book mentions, he rode with the queen from Joyous Garden to Carlisle. Sir Launcelot rode through Carlisle and into the castle, and all could see it. There were many weeping eyes. Then Sir Launcelot wept himself..Sir Lancelot led the queen to where King Arthur was seated, with Sir Gawain before him, and many other great lords. When Sir Lancelot saw the king and Sir Gawain, he took the queen by the arm and knelt down. The queen also knelt, and there were many bold knights with King Arthur weeping tenderly, as if they had seen all their kin before them. The king remained silent, and when Sir Lancelot saw his countenance, he rose and pulled the queen up with him.\n\n\"My most revered king, you must understand, by the pope's command and yours, I have brought your lady the queen as required. If any knight of whatever degree, except for your person, dares to say or even suggest that she is not true and pure to you, I, Sir Lancelot, will prove it on my body that she is a true lady to you.\".but you have listened, and this has caused debate between you and me. For it was my lord Arthur that you have been greatly pleased with me when I did battle for your queen. And you well know, my most noble king, that she has been put to great wrong in this time. And since it pleased you at many times that I should fight for her, it seems to me, my good lord, I had more cause to rescue her from the fire, in so much she should have been burned for my sake. For those who told you such tales were liars. And so it fell upon them. For by likelihood, had not the might of God been with me, I might never have endured forty knights and they armed and prepared, and I unarmed and not prepared. For I was sent for, unto your queen I knew not for what cause, but I was not soon within the chamber door but anon Sir Agrauain and Sir Mordred called me traitor and renegade knight. They called the right said Sir Gawayne\n\nMy lord Sir Gawayne said to Sir Launcelot in their quarrel they proved him..\"The king said to Sir Launcelot: \"You are not in the right, Sir Launcelot. I have given you no reason to treat me as you have. I have worshipped you more than any of my knights. My good lord, Sir Launcelot, do not be displeased. I and my men have served you better than any other knights have in various places. And in times when you have been badly treated, I have rescued you myself. I have been glad to please you and Lord Sir Gawain, both in justice and torment and in battles, on horseback and on foot. I have often rescued you and Lord Sir Gawain and many of your knights in various places. Now I will have Auntie say, Sir Launcelot, I have never found any knight but that I was overmatched by him, and I would have avenged him, thank God. Yet I have been matched with good knights, such as Sir Tristram and Sir Lamorak.\"\".but ever I had favor towards them and inquired what they were. I, Sir Launcelot, swear to God, I was never angry nor greatly displeased with any good knight. I was glad whenever I found any knight who could endure me on horseback and on foot. Howsoever, Sir Carados of the Dolorous Tower was a full noble knight and a passing strong man. And, my lord, Sir Gawaine, you know this, for he might well be called a noble knight when he forcibly pulled you out of your saddle and bound you there. My lord Sir Gawaine, I rescued you and slew him before your very eyes. I also found his brother Sir Turquyn in the same manner, leading your brother Gareth before him. There I rescued your brother and slew that Turquyn. I delivered three score and four of my lord Arthur's knights out of his prison. And now I dare say, Sir Launcelot, I have never met with stronger knights nor more skillful fighters than Sir Carados and Sir Turquyn. I fought with them..them to the utmost / and there, said Sir Launcelot to Sir Gawaine. I seem to think you ought to remember this, for I would have your good will. I would trust to God to have my lord Arthur's good grace, if I might.\n\nThe King may do as he will, said Sir Gawaine. But know well, Sir Launcelot, you and I shall never be reconciled while we live, for you have slain three of my brothers. Two of them you slew treacherously and pitilessly, for they bore no arms, said Sir Launcelot. And know well, Sir Gawaine, as for Sir Gareth, I love none of my kinsmen so much as I did him. And while I live, I will bewail Sir Gareth's death not only for the great fear I have of you, but for many reasons that cause me to be sorrowful. One is, I made him a knight. Another is, I knew he loved me above all other knights. And the third is, he was passing noble, true, courteous, and well-conditioned..I have understood that Sir Gareth is dead, and I shall never again have your love but eternal war between us. I also knew that you would make my noble lord Arthur an eternal enemy of mine. And, as I Jesu help me, Sir Launcelot, I never slew Sir Gareth or Sir Gaheris against my will. But alas, on that unfortunate day, those who were unarmed were the ones who suffered. I shall offer this, said Sir Launcelot, if it pleases the king's grace and you, my lord Sir Gawaine. I shall first begin at Sandwich. And there, I shall go in my shirt, barefoot. At every ten miles' end, I will found and establish a house of religion of whatever order you assign me, with a whole convent to sing and read day and night for Sir Gareth's sake and Sir Gaheris'. I shall perform this from Sandwich to Carlisle. And every house shall have sufficient livelihood. And I shall perform this while I have any life in Christendom. And there is no religious place among these..But they shall be performed and furnished and adorned in all things as an holy place ought to be. I promise you faithfully,\n\nAnd this, Sir Gawain, I think is more fitting, holier, and better for their souls than you, my most noble king and you, Sir Gawain, to wage war upon me. For there, you shall gain no advantage. Then all knights and ladies who were there wept, as if they were mad. And the tears fell on King Arthur's cheeks. Sir Launcelot said, \"Sir Gawain, I have truly heard your speech and your great promises. But know well, let the king do as he pleases. I will never forgive my brothers' death, and especially my brother Sir Gareth's. And if your uncle, King Arthur, will agree, he shall have the land granted to me. Sir Launcelot said, he does not bear the life that can make that right. And if you, Sir Gawain, wish to charge me with such a thing, you must pardon me, for then I must answer you.\"\n\nNay, said Sir Gawain. We are past that at this time..that caused the pope to charge my uncle, the king, to take his queen back and make an accord with Sir Launcelot for this season. Therefore, you shall go safely as you came. But in this land, you shall not stay longer than fifteen days. So, the king and I were consented and accorded, or you came. Sir Gawain then said, \"You should not have come here, if it were not for the pope's command. If it were not for that, I would have done battle with my own body against yours, and proven it on the field that you have been false to my uncle, King Arthur, and to me both. And I will prove it on your body whenever I find you.\"\n\nThen Sir Launcelot signed deeply, and said, \"Alas, most noble Christian Realm, which I have loved above all other realms, and in which I have gained a great part of my respect. \".I shall depart in this way. Truly, I regret having come to this realm, which should be shamefully banished undeservedly and without cause. But fortune is so variable, and the wheel so movable, there is none constant abiding, and this is proven by many old chronicles of noble Ector, Troilus, and Alexander the mighty Conqueror, and many more, when they were most in their royalty, they alighted lowest. And so it fares with me, said Sir Launcelot. For in this realm, I had worship given to me and mine, and the whole round table has been increased in worship by me and my blood more than by any other. Therefore, know well, Sir Gawain, I may live up on my lands as well as any knight who is here. And if your most revered king comes upon my lands with Sir Gawain to wage war upon me, I must endure you as well as I may. But as for you, Sir Gawain, if you come there, I pray you do not charge me with treason or felony, for if you do, I must answer you. Do your best..Sir Gawayne said therefore, be quick to depart, and know well we shall soon come after and break the strongest castle that you have upon your head. That shall not need be said, Sir Launcelot, for if I were as proud as you, I would have met you in the midst of the field. Make no more language, said Sir Gawayne. But deliver the queen from the castle and lightly let her out of this Court. Well said, Sir Launcelot, and I had known of your short coming, I would have advised me twice or thrice, or I had come here. For if the queen had been so dear to me as you suppose, I would have kept her from the lewdness of the best knights under heaven. Then Sir Launcelot said to Guinevere, in hearing of the king and them all, \"Lady now I must depart from you and this noble lewdness for ever. I beseech you to pray for me and say farewell, and if you are hard pressed by any false tongues, lightly my lady send me word, and if any knights' hands reach me.\".I shall deliver you, I will deliver you, and there Sir Launcelot kissed the Queen. He declared openly, \"Let the one who dares say the Queen is not true to my lord Arthur come forward and speak. He brought the Queen to the King, and then Sir Launcelot took his leave and departed. There was neither king, duke, earl, baron, knight, lady, nor gentlewoman present, but all wept as people out of their minds, except Sir Gawain. And when noble Sir Launcelot took his horse to ride out of Carlisle, there was sobbing and weeping for pure sorrow at his departure. He called it the Dolorous Garden from then on. And thus Sir Launcelot departed from the court forever. And when he came to the Joyous Garden, he called his companions to him and asked them what they would do. They answered in one voice, \"We will do as you would do, my fair [sirs].\".Sir Launcelot said that I must depart from this most noble realm, and now I shall depart. It grieves me sore, for I shall depart with no honor, for a coward has never departed from a realm without honor, and that is my sorrow. For ever after my days, men shall criticize me that I was driven out of this land, and if my fair ladies, Queen Guinevere, had not feared shame, I would never have departed. Then spoke many noble knights, such as Sir Palomides, Sir Saffir his brother, Sir Belanger and Sir Urre with Sir Launay, and many others. Sir, if you are so inclined to remain in this land, we will never fail you. And if you do not wish to remain in this land, there is no good knight here who will fail you. For many reasons. One is, all those who are not of your blood will never be welcome at the Court. And since it pleased us to take part in your distress and sorrow in this realm, know well..it shall be like us as well to go in other countries with you and take such part as you do. My fair lords said, Sir Launcelot, I well understand you, and thank you. And you shall understand such liveliness as I am born to. I shall depart from you in this manner: that is, I shall depart from all my livelihood and all my lands freely among you. And I myself will have as little as any of you for have I sufficient that may suffice for my person. I will ask for no other rich array. And I trust God to maintain you on my lands as well as ever knights were maintained. Then spoke all the knights at once. He has shame that will leave you. For we all understand in this realm will be now no quiet but ever strife and debate. Now the fellowship of the round table is broken. For by the noble fellowship of the round table, King Arthur was upborne, and by their noble deeds, the king and all his realm was in quiet and rest. And a great part they said all was..by cause of your nobility, Sir Launcelot replied, \"I thank you all for your kind words. I was not the stable ruler of this realm, but in what I could do, I did my duty, and I am sure I knew many rebellious men in my days whom I pacified. And I fear we shall all hear of them soon. This deeply regrets me, Sir Launcelot said. I am afraid, he added, that Sir Mordred will cause trouble. He is becoming increasingly envious and has made arrangements to join Sir Launcelot in his lands. And to make a short story, they gathered and paid all who asked them, and a hundred knights departed with Sir Launcelot at once, and they swore an oath never to leave him, not for wealth nor for the welcome at Cardiff, and sailed to Benwick, some call it Bayeux and some Beaumont, where the wine of Beaumont is produced. But to tell the truth, Sir Launcelot and his new companions were lords of all France and of all the lands that belonged to France. He and his companions were..Sir Kynred rejoiced it all through Sir Launcelot's noble prowess. Then Sir Launcelot stuffed and furnished, and garnished all his noble towns and castles. Afterward, all the people of the lands came to Sir Launcelot on foot and hands. And when he had stable all these counties, he shortly called a parliament. There he crowned Sir Lyonel king of France. Sir Bors crowned him king of all King Claudas lands. And he crowned Sir Ector, who was Sir Launcelot's youngest brother, king of Benwick and all Gyain, and made him prince of them all. He departed. Then Sir Launcelot advanced all his noble knights. First, he advanced those of his blood: Sir Blamor, whom he made duke of Limousin in Gyain; Sir Bleoberis, whom he made duke of Poitiers; Sir Galahad, whom he made duke of Cornwall; and Sir Gawain, whom he made duke of Scone; and Sir Galahad, whom he made earl of Perigord; and Sir Mordred..made him Earl of Roerge / and Sir Vyllyas the valiant, the Earl of Bearne / and Sir Hebes, the renowned, the Earl of Comange / and Sir Lauaye, the Earl of Armynak / and Sir Vrre, the Earl of Estrake / and Sir Neroneus, the Earl of pardyak / and Sir Plenorius, the Earl of foyse / and Sir Selyses of the dolorous tower, the Earl of masauke / and Sir Melyas de lyle, the Earl of Tursank / and Sir Bellangere le bewse, the Earl of the lands / and Sir Palomydes, Duke of the province / and Sir Safyr, Duke of Landok / and Sir Clegys, the Earl of Agente / and Sir Sadok, the Earl of Sand / and Sir Dynas le Seneschal, Duke of Anioye / and Sir Clarrus, Duke of Normandy\n\nThus Sir Launcelot rewarded his noble knights / and many more that seem too long to repeat\n\nSo let us leave Sir Launcelot in his lands / and his noble knights with him / and return again to King Arthur and to Sir Gawain..that made a great host ready to the number of three score thousand. And all things were made ready for their shipping to pass over the sea. & so they shipped at Cardiff. And King Arthur made Sir Mordred chief ruler of all England. And also he put Queen Guinevere under his governance, because Sir Mordred was King Arthur's son. He gave him the rule of his land and of his wife. And so the king passed the sea and landed upon Sir Launcelot's lands. And there, through the vengeance of Sir Gawain, they burned and wasted all that they might over the region.\n\nWhen this word came to Sir Launcelot that King Arthur and Sir Gawain were landed upon his lands, & made a full great destruction and waste, then spoke Sir Bors and said, \"My lord Sir Launcelot, it is shame that we suffer them thus to ride over our lands. For well you know, suffer you them as long as you will, they will do you no favor. And they may handle you.\"\n\nThen spoke Sir Lancelot's wise and aware kinsman, Sir Lionel. \"My lord Sir Launcelot, I will give this land to Sir Gawain and to King Arthur, and I will depart from them.\".Council/ Let us keep our strongly walled towns until they have hunger and cold, and then let us fiercely set upon him, and shred him down like sheep in a field, so that Alains may take example for ever how they land on our lands. Then King Bagdemagus spoke to Sir Launcelot, \"Sir, your courtesy will cost us all, and your courtesy has caused all this sorrow. For as long as they thus ride over our lands, they will bring us all to nothing, if we thus hide in holes. Then Sir Gahmuret spoke to Sir Launcelot, \"Sir, here are knights come of kings' blood who will not long drop out, and they are within these walls. Therefore, give us leave, like knights, to meet them in the field, and we shall slay them, so that they will curse the time that ever they came into this country. Then the seven brothers of Northgalis spoke, and they were seven noble knights, a man might seek in seven kings' lands and not find such seven knights..Then they all said at once, \"Sir Launcelot, for Christ's sake, let us ride out with Sir Galahad. We are never accustomed to coursing in castles or noble towns. Then Sir Launcelot, who was their master and governor, spoke up, \"My fair lords, you know well that I am full-blooded, yet my lands I understand are completely bare. I can only sustain any host for a while. For the mighty wars that King Claudas waged upon this country against my father King Ban and my uncle King Boris. Let us now keep our strong walls, and I will send a messenger to my lord Arthur with a treaty for peace, for it is better than constant war.\n\nSo Sir Launcelot sent forth a damsel and a dwarf with her, requesting that King Arthur cease his warring on his lands. And when she arrived at King Arthur's pavilion, there she alighted. And there she met a knight, Sir Lucan the butler, and said, \"Fair damsel, come you from...\".Sir Launcelot of the Lake / he said, Sir Lancelot, I have come here to speak with my lord the king. / Alas, said Sir Lucan, King Arthur would love Launcelot, but Sir Gawain will not allow it. / And then he said, I pray God, damsel, may you fare well. / For all of us who are about the king believe that Sir Launcelot is the best knight living. / And so, with Lucan, the damsel was led to the king where he sat with Sir Gawain / to hear what she would say. / When she had finished her tale, / the king's eyes ran with water, / and all the lords were glad to advise the king to be reconciled with Sir Launcelot, / except for Sir Gawain alone. / And he said, my lord, my uncle, what will you do? / Will you now turn back again, now that you have come so far on this journey? / The whole world will speak of you shamefully. / No, said Arthur, I will do as you advise me. / But it seems to me, said Arthur, that your fair proposals were not good to be refused. / Yet I have come so far on this journey..I journey/ I wish that you give the damsel her answer/ for I may not speak to her for pity/ for her promises are so large. Then sir Gawain said to the damsel thus: \"Damsel, tell Sir Lancelot that it is in vain now to sew to my uncle/ tell him, and he would have made any labor for peace/ he should have made it or this time/ tell him now it is too late/ & say that I, Sir Gawain, so send him word/ that I promise him by the faith I owe to God and to knighthood/ I shall never leave him/ till he has slain me/ or I him.\" So the damsel wept and departed. And there were many weeping eyes. And so Sir Lancelot brought the damsel to her palfrey/ and so she came to Sir Lancelot where he was among all his knights/ & when Sir Lancelot had heard this answer, then the tears ran down his checks. And then his noble knights strode about him and said, \"Sir Lancelot, why make you such a face, think what you are, and what men we are, and let us, noble knights.\".matche them in the midst of the field/ that may be lightly done, said Sir Launcelot, but I was never so loath to do battle, and therefore I pray you, fair sirs, as you love me, be ruled as I will have you, for I will always flee the noble king who made me a knight. And when I may no further, I must needs defend myself, and that will be more worthy for me and us all, than to compare with that noble king whom we have all served. Then they held their truce, and as that night they took their rest, upon the morrow early in the dawning of the day, as knights looked out, they saw the City of Benwick besieged all around, and they began to set up ladders, and then they defied them from the town and beat them from the walls vigorously. Then came forth Sir Gawaine well armed upon a stiff steed, and he came before the chief gate with his spear in his hand, crying, Sir Launcelot, where art thou? Is there none of you proud knights who dare break a spear with me?.Then Sir Bors made himself ready and came out of the town. Sir Gawain encountered him there, and at that time he struck Sir Bors down from his horse and almost killed him. Sir Bors was rescued and brought into the town. Then Sir Lancelot, Sir Bors' brother, came out to avenge him. They both charged at each other and met in a spiteful encounter. But Sir Gawain had such grace that he struck Sir Lancelot down and wounded him severely. Sir Lancelot was rescued and brought into the town. And every day Sir Gawain came, and he failed not to knock down one knight or another. So they endured this for half a year, and much slaughter was inflicted on both sides. Then it happened one day that Sir Gawain came before the gates, fully armed on a noble horse with a great spear in his hand. And then he cried out with a loud voice, \"Where are you now, you false traitor, Sir Launcelot?\".Sir Hideaway, why do you hide within holes and walls like a coward? Look out now, false traitor knight, and here I shall avenge upon your body the death of my three brothers. Sir Launcelot heard every word, as did his kin and his knights, who all said to Sir Launcelot at once: \"Sir Launcelot, you must now defend yourself like a knight, or be shamed forever. You have been called upon for treason. It is time for you to act, for you have slept too long and suffered too much.\" So God help me, said Sir Launcelot. I am heavy-hearted at Sir Gawain's words, for he has charged me with a great task. Therefore, I know as well as you that I must defend myself or be disgraced. Then Sir Launcelot commanded his strongest horses, and ordered them to fetch his arms and bring them all to the gate of the Tower. And then Sir Launcelot spoke aloud to King Arthur: \"My lord Arthur and noble king who made me a knight, know this: I am...\".Right you are heavy for your sake, that you thus sew upon me, and I always have borne you, for if I were vengeful, I might have met you in the midst of the field and there made your boldest knights tame. And now I have forborne for half a year, and suffered you and Sir Gawain to do what you would, and now I may endure it no longer, for now I must needs defend myself. Sir Gawain said to Sir Launcelot, and you dare do battle, leave your babbling, and come out, and let us ease our hearts. Then Sir Launcelot armed himself lightly and mounted upon his horse, and either of the knights took great spears in their hands, and the host stood still all around, and the noble knights came out of the city by a great number, in such a way that when.Arthur saw the names of men and knights. He marveled and said to himself, \"Alas, that Sir Launcelot was ever against me. For now I see he has forsaken me. And so the agreement was made: no man should come near them until one was dead or surrendered.\"\n\nThen Sir Gawain and Sir Launcelot parted a great distance from each other. They came together with all their might, as they could ride and strike each other in the midst of their shields. But the knights were so strong and their spears so large that their horses could not endure their blows. And so their horses fled to them. Then they dismounted and arranged their shields before them.\n\nThey stood facing each other and gave many heavy blows on various parts of their bodies. The blood gushed out on many sides and places. Then Sir Gawain had such grace and gift given to him by a holy man that every day in the year, from beneath him until high noon, his strength increased threefold..that caused Sir Gawain to win great honor / And for his sake, King Arthur made an ordinance that all manner of battles for any quarrels that should be done before King Arthur should begin under him / and all was done for Sir Gawain's love / if Sir Gawain were on one side, he would have the better in battle as long as his strength endured for three hours / but there were few knights living at that time who knew of this advantage that Sir Gawain had / but King Arthur alone /\n\nSir Launcelot fought with Sir Gawain / and when Sir Launcelot felt his might increase, Sir Launcelot wondered and feared him sore, for he thought when he felt Sir Gawain's strength double his own that he had been a fiend and no earthly man / therefore Sir Launcelot traced and traversed and covered himself with his shield and kept his might and his blade during three hours / and that while Sir Gawain gave him many sad blows and many sad strokes that all the.knights who beheld Sir Launcelot marveled at how he could endure him, but those who traveled with Sir Launcelot barely understood. And when it was past, Sir Gawain had no more but his own might. Then Sir Launcelot felt himself coming down, and he stretched him up and stood near Sir Gawain, and said, \"My lord Sir Gawain, now I feel that you have done this. Now, my lord Sir Gawain, I must do my part, for I have endured many great and grievous strokes from you today with great pain. Then Sir Launcelot doubled his strokes and gave Sir Gawain such a buffet on the helmet that he fell down on his side. And Sir Launcelot withdrew from him. Why do you withdraw, sir Gawain, now, false traitor knight, and flee from me? For if you leave me now when I am whole, I will do battle against you again. I will endure you, Sir Gawain, by God's grace. But you know well, Sir Gawain, I will never strike a fallen knight.\" And so Sir Launcelot went into the city, and Sir Gawain was borne in..King Arthur's physicians were brought to him and searched and greeted with soft ointments. Then Sir Launcelot said, \"Now have a good day, my lord the king, for you win no respect from these walls. If I wanted, many a man would die. Therefore, my lord Arthur, remember old kindnesses. Regardless of how I fare, may Jesus be your guide in all places.\n\nAlas, said the king, that this unhappy war ever began. For Sir Launcelot always hinders me in all places. And in the same way, my kin. This is evident today by my new knight Gawain. Then King Arthur sought comfort for Sir Gawain, who was so sorely hurt, because of the war between him and Sir Launcelot.\n\nOn King Arthur's side, they kept the siege with little warfare outside. And they within kept their walls and defended them when necessary. Sir Gawain lay in his tents for three weeks with all manner of medical craft that could be had. And as soon as Sir Gawain could go and ride, he armed himself..\"Sir Gawain, armed and mounted on a horse, approached the gate with a spear in hand. He called out loudly at the chief gate of the fortress, \"Where are you, Sir Launcelot, traitor knight and renegade? I am Sir Gawain, come here to prove what I say. All this language Sir Launcelot heard, and he replied, \"Sir Gawain, I regret your foul words that you will not cease. You know my might and all that I can do. And well you know, Sir Gawain, you cannot greatly harm me. Come down, traitor knight, and prove the contrary with your hands. It happened to me last in battle that I was hurt by your hands. Therefore, know well I have come today to make amends. I believe this day will bring me as low as I brought you. Jesus defend me, Sir Launcelot, said I, for my days would be done if I were ever so far in your danger as you have been in mine.\" \"Sir Launcelot, you shall,\" Sir Gawain replied..Not think I tarry long, but since you so unfairly call me a traitor, you shall have both hands full of me. Then Sir Launcearme mounted on his horse and took a great spear in his hand and rode out at the gate. Both hosts were assembled, some without and some within, and they stood in a brave line. Both parties were charged to keep still and see and behold the battle of these two noble knights. And then they laid their spears in their rests and came together like thunder. Sir Gawain broke his spear into a hundred pieces and gave it to his hand. Sir Launcelot struck him with greater might, and Sir Gawain's horse and he fell to the earth.\n\nThen Sir Gawain delivered his horse, dismounted, put his shield before him, and drew his sword, urging Sir Launcelot to alight, traitor knight, for if this Mary's son has failed me, welcome, king's son and all..\"Then Queen's son shall not fail / Sir Launcelot avoided his horse and prepared his shield before him, drew his sword, and stood facing him. They gave each other many heavy blows, causing great wonder among all present. / But when Sir Launcelot felt Sir Gawain's might increasing so remarkably, / He held his courage and wind, and kept himself carefully hidden under his shield, dodging and evading to break Sir Gawain's blows and his spirit. Sir Gawain pressed on with all his might and power to destroy Sir Launcelot, as the French text says. / Sir Gawain's might and anger grew in equal measure. Thus, Sir Gawain caused Sir Launcelot great pain for three hours, and Sir Launcelot had great difficulty defending himself. / And when the three hours had passed, Sir Launcelot said to Sir Gawain, 'Now I have given you your due.'\".Twice I tell you, you are a dangerous knight and a wonderful man of great might, and you have performed many wonderful deeds in your days. By increasing your might, you have dispersed many a noble and valiant knight. Now I feel that you have done your mighty deeds. Well then, Sir Launcelot stood near Sir Gawain, and then Sir Launcelot doubled his strokes. Sir Gawain defended himself mightily, but nonetheless Sir Launcelot struck such a stroke upon Sir Gawain's helmet, and upon the old wound, Sir Gawain sank down on one side in a swoon. And when he awoke, he wielded and feigned at Sir Launcelot as he lay there, and said, \"Traitor knight, know well I am not yet slain. Come near me and perform this battle to the end.\" \"I will do no more than I have done,\" said Sir Launcelot. \"For when I see you on foot, I will do battle upon you all the while I see you stand.\" But to strike a wounded man who cannot fight back is not my intention..Sir Gawain defended me from such shame and then he turned and went his way toward the city. Sir Gawain continued to call him a traitor knight and said, \"Sir Launcelot, when I am healed I shall do battle with you. For I shall never leave the tilt that one of us be slain.\" As this siege endured and as Sir Gawain lay sick near a month, and when he was well recovered and ready within three days to do battle again with Sir Launcelot, tidings came to Arthur from England that made King Arthur and his host remount.\n\nSir Mordred made letters as if they came from beyond the sea, and the letters specified that King Arthur was slain in battle with Sir Launcelot. Therefore, Sir Mordred convened a parliament and called the lords together. There he made them choose him as king, and so he was crowned at Canterbury and held a feast there for fifteen days. Afterward, he drew himself to Winchester and there took the castle..Queen Guinever and openly declared that he wanted to marry her, who was both his uncle's wife and his father's wife. And so, he prepared for the feast, setting a day for their wedding. Therefore, Queen Guinever was deeply troubled, but she dared not reveal her feelings, instead speaking kindly and agreeing to Sir Mordred's wishes.\n\nThen, she asked Sir Mordred if she could go to London to buy all the necessary items for the wedding. Sir Mordred trusted her because of her fair speech and granted her permission. When she arrived in London, she toured the city and, in great haste, filled it with all kinds of provisions and well-equipped it with men.\n\nHowever, when Sir Mordred learned of and understood the deception, he was beyond angry. In a short while, he laid a mighty siege around the city of London and launched many great assaults. He threw numerous engines at them and shot arrows..\"Sir Mordred could not persuade Queen Guinevere, for she would neither for fair speech nor for foul trust in his hands. Then the bishop of Canterbury came, a noble clerk and a holy man, and said to Sir Mordred, \"What will you do, will you first displease God and then shame yourself and all knighthood? Is not King Arthur your uncle, no farther but your mother's brother? And on him yourself did King Arthur challenge you, concerning his own sister. Therefore, how can you wed your father's wife, Sir?\" said the noble clerk. \"Leave this folly or I will curse you with book, bell, and candle,\" Sir Mordred replied. \"Do what you will, I shall not fear to do what I ought,\" he said. \"Where you noise that my lord Arthur is slain, and that is not so. And therefore, you will make a foul work in this land,\" said Sir Mordred to the false priest. \"For threatening me more, I shall strike,\"\".The bishop departed and performed the cursing in the most magnificent way possible. Then Sir Mordred sought out the bishop of Canterbury to have him killed. The bishop fled and took some of his possessions with him, heading near Glastonbury, where he lived as a hermit in a chapel, in poverty and devoted to prayer. He well understood that treacherous war was at hand. Then Sir Mordred tried to persuade Queen Guinevere, through letters and messengers, both fair and foul means, to leave the tower of London. But this did not work; she responded briefly and privately that she would rather die than marry him. Then word reached Sir Mordred that King Arthur had raised the siege. Sir Launcelot was returning with a great host to avenge Sir Mordred. Therefore, Sir Mordred wrote letters to all the barons of this land and many people rallied to him. Then the common voice among them was heard..With Arthur, there was no other life but war and strife, and with Sir Mordred, great joy and bliss. Thus, Sir Arthur was despised and evil spoken of. Many were the men whom King Arthur had raised up from nothing and given lands, who could not say a good word for him. Lo, all Englishmen, see you not what a misfortune this was? He who was the most king and knight of the world, and loved the fellowship of noble knights above all, and by whom they were all upheld, could not keep the Englishmen content. Alas, this was the old custom and usage of this land. And men also say that we of this land have not yet lost nor forgotten that custom and usage. Alas, this is a great default of us Englishmen. For there is nothing that pleases us for any term, and so the people at that time were more pleased with Sir Mordred than they were with King Arthur. And much people drew unto Sir Mordred and said they would abide with him, for better and for worse. And so Sir Mordred drew them..with a great host to Dover, for there he heard say that Sir Arthur would arrive, and so he thought to betray his own father from his lands. And the most party of all England held with Sir Mordred. The people were so new-fangled.\n\nAnd so, as Sir Mordred was at Dover with his host, King Arthur arrived with a great new fleet of ships, galleys, and carracks. And there was Sir Mordred ready, waiting on his and small, and full of noble men of arms. And there was much slaughter of gentle knights, and many a full bold baron was laid low on both parties. But King Arthur was so courageous that no manner of knights could prevent him from landing. And his knights followed him fearlessly, and so they landed among Sir Mordred's and all his power. And Sir Mordred fled, and all his people.\n\nSo when this battle was done, King Arthur let bury his people who were dead. And then Sir Gawain was found in a great boat lying more than half dead. When Sir Arthur knew this..Sir Gawain lay low, and the king came to him, and there the king made sorrow out of measure, and took Sir Gawain in his arms, and thrice he there swooned. And then, when he awaked, he said, \"Alas, Sir Gawain, my sister's son, here now lies the man in the world that I loved most. And now is my joy gone, for now my new Sir Gawain I will reveal myself to your person. Sir Launcelot, and you I had most joy and favor from, and now have I lost my joy from both of you. Wherefore, all my earthly joy is gone from me. My uncle, King Arthur, said, 'Sir Gawain, you know well that my death day is come, and all through my own hastiness and willfulness. For I am smitten upon the old wound which Sir Launcelot gave me, on which I feel well I must die. And had Sir Launcelot been with you as he was, this unhappy war would never have begun. And of all this am I the cause. For Sir Launcelot and his blood, through their prowess, held all your cankered enemies in subjecting and danger.' And then said Sir.\".Sir Gawayne shall miss Sir Launcelot, but I would not agree with him. Therefore, I, Sir Gawayne, pray you, fair uncle, that I may have paper, pen, and ink, so that I may write a letter to Sir Launcelot, the flower of all noble knights that I have ever heard of or seen, by my days, with my own hands. And when paper and ink were brought, Sir Gawayne was set weakly by King Arthur, for he had been slightly beforehand, and then he wrote as the French book mentions:\n\nTo Sir Launcelot, flower of all noble knights that I have ever heard of or seen, by my days, Sir Gawayne, King Lot's son of Orkney, your uncle, sends greetings. Let him know that the tenth day of May, I was struck upon the old wound that you gave me, before the City of Benwick, and through that wound, I am coming to my death day. And I, Sir Gawayne, knight of the Round Table, seek my death, not through your deserving, but through my own seeking..by theSir Lancelot/ return again to this realm/ and see my tomb/ & pray some prayer more or less for my soul/ And the same day that I wrote this letter, I was wounded to death in the same wound/ which I had from your hand, Sir Lancelot/ For a more noble man could not slay me/ Also, Sir Lancelot, for all the love that ever was between us, make no delay/ but come out of the sea in all haste/ that thou mightest with thy noble knights rescue that noble king who made the knight, that is my lord Arthur/ for he is most severely wounded by a false traitor/ that is my half brother, Sir Mordred/ and he has let himself be crowned king/ and would have wedded my lady queen Guinevere/ and so it would have been had she not put herself in the tower of London/ And so, on the /x/ day of May last past, my lord Arthur and we all landed upon them/ and there we put the false traitor, Sir Mordred, to flight/ and there it misfortune me to be struck by thy stroke..And at the time of this letter, I wrote it two hours and a half before my death, with my own hand, and so signed it with part of my heart's blood. I request the most renowned knight in the world to see my tomb. Then, Sir Gawain and King Arthur wept, and both fainted. When they awoke, the king commanded Sir Gawain to receive his savior, and Sir Gawain prayed the king to send for Sir Lancelot and to favor him above all other knights. At the hour of none, Sir Gawain yielded up his spirit. The king then had him taken into a chapel within Douver Castle, where his shield and the same wound inflicted by Sir Lancelot in battle can still be seen.\n\nIt was then reported to the king that Sir Mordred had fought a new battle at Baramdoun. And on the morrow, the king rode there to him, and there was a great battle between them, and much people were slain on both sides..the last Sir Arthur's party stood best, and Sir Mordred and his party fled to Cadowbury. The king let search all the towns for his knights who were slain and entered them, salving them with soft words despite their severe wounds. Then, many people drew unto King Arthur. They said that Sir Mordred waged war against King Arthur with great force. And then, King Arthur drew him with his host down by the sea side westward toward Salisbury. A day was assigned between King Arthur and Sir Mordred that they should meet on a down by Salisbury, not far from the sea side. This day was assigned on a Monday after Trinity Sunday. King Arthur was passing glad that he might avenge himself upon Sir Mordred. Then, Sir Mordred raised much people around London, for those of Kent and Surrey, Essex and Southfolk held the most party with him. Many a full noble knight drew unto Sir Mordred and to the king..but they drew Sir Launcelot towards Sir Mordred on Trinity Sunday night. At that time, King Arthur dreamed a wonderful dream: he seemed to sit on a chair in a chariot, and the chariot was fast to a wheel, and King Arthur thought there was a deep, hideous black water beneath him, and in it were all manner of serpents, worms, and wild beasts, foul and horrible. Suddenly, the king thought the wheel turned up so suddenly that he fell among the serpents. Each beast took hold of a limb, and then the king cried out as he lay in his bed and slept, \"Help!\" Then knights, squires, and yeomen woke the king, and he was so astonished that he did not know where he was. He fell asleep again, neither fully awake nor fully asleep. So the king seemed truly that Sir Gawain came to him with a company of fair ladies. When King Arthur saw\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English, but it is written in a modernized form with some modern English words interspersed. Therefore, no translation is necessary.).\"then he said, \"Welcome, my sister's son. I thought you were dead. Now I see you live. Much am I indebted to Almighty Jesus. Fair new knight and my sister's son, what are these ladies that have come with you? Sir Gawain said, \"These are all the ladies for whom I have fought while I was alive. These are the ones I did battle for in righteous quarrels. And God has granted them this grace at their great prayer because I did battle for them, that they should bring me to you. Thus much has God given me leave to warn you of your death. For, and you fight as tomorrow with Sir Mordred, as you have appointed, do not doubt, you must be slain. And the greatest part of your people on both sides will be slain. For the great grace and goodness that Almighty Jesus has granted you, and for pity's sake, and for the sake of many other good men who will be slain, God has sent me to you in special grace to give you warning, that in no way you do not.\"\".The battle is at Morne. But take a truce for a month and offer generously so that Morne is put in a delay. Within a month, Sir Launcelot with all his noble knights will come and receive you worshipfully. Sir Mordred and all who will be with him will be subdued. Then Sir Gawain and all the ladies yielded. And immediately the king called upon his knights, squires, and men and charged them vigorously to fetch his noble lords and wise bishops to him. When they arrived, the king told them his intention, which Sir Gawain had conveyed. He warned him that if he fought on the morrow, he would be slain.\n\nThe king commanded Sir Lucan the butler and his brother Sir Bedwere, along with two bishops, and charged them in any way they could take a truce for a month with Sir Mordred. Spare no lands and goods as you think best. They departed and went to Sir Mordred, who had a grim host of one hundred thousand men..And they entered into an agreement with Sir Mordred for a long time, and at last Sir Mordred was agreed to have Cornwall and Kent by Arthur's days throughout England, after the days of King Arthur. Then they were conceded that King Arthur and Sir Mordred should meet between their hosts, and each of them should bring fourteen persons. They came to him with this word: Then he said, \"I am glad that this is done.\" And so he went into the field. And when Arthur was about to depart, he warned his host, \"If you see any sword drawn, look you come on fiercely and slay that traitor Sir Mordred, for I in no way trust him.\" In the same way, Sir Mordred warned his host, \"If you see any sword drawn, look that you come on fiercely & so slay all that ever before you stands, for in no way will I trust this treaty.\" For I know well that my father will avenge himself on me.\" And they met as pointedly as possible, and so they were agreed and accorded thoroughly. And wine was fetched and they drank. Right..A snake emerged from a small hedge bush and struck a knight on the foot. When the knight felt the strike, he looked down and saw the snake. Then he drew his sword to kill the snake, thinking of no other harm. And when both hosts saw the sword drawn, they blew trumpets and horns loudly and shouted grimly. Both hosts prepared for battle. King Arthur took his horse and said, \"Alas, this unfortunate day,\" and rode to his party. Sir Mordred did the same. And never was there a more foolish battle in any Christian land. For there was only rushing and riding, few meaningful words spoken, and many deadly strokes. But at all times, King Arthur rode through the battle of Sir Mordred, doing nobly as a noble king should. And he never faltered. Sir Mordred put him in great danger that day. And they fought all day long without stopping..knights were laid to the cold earth & ever they fought style till it was near night & by that time there were a hundred thousand laid dead on the field. Then was Arthur angry beyond measure when he saw his people so slain from him. \u00b6 Then the king looked around him & then he saw that all his host & all his good knights were left no more but two knights, one was Sir Lucan le Butler & his brother Sir Bedwere. And they were full sore wounded. Ihesu mercy said the king, \"Where are all my noble knights become? Alas that I should see this dismal day.\" For now said Arthur, \"I am come to my end.\" \u00b6 But would to God that I knew where was that traitor Sir Mordred who had caused all this mischief.\" Then was King Arthur aware where Sir Mordred lay upon his sword among a great heap of dead men. \"Give me my spear,\" said Arthur to Sir Lucan. \"For yonder I have espied the traitor who has wrought all this woe.\" Sir Laten (sic) him be silent, said Sir Lucan, for he is unhappy..And if you pass this unfortunate day, you shall be rightfully avenged upon him. Good lord, remember your night's dream and what the spirit of Sir Gawain told you this night. Yet, God in His great goodness has preserved you here. Therefore, for God's sake, my lord, leave this. Blessed be God, you have won the field. For here we are three in line, and with Sir Mordred, none is alive. And if the love of this wicked day of destruction is past, let death come to me, says the king. Now I see him yonder, all alone; he shall never escape my hands. For at a better opportunity shall I never have him.\n\nGod speed you well, said Sir Bedivere.\n\nThen the king threw his spear in both hands and ran toward Sir Mordred, crying \"Traitor, now is your death day come!\" And when Sir Mordred heard Sir Arthur, he ran unto him with his sword drawn in his hand. And there, King Arthur struck Sir Mordred under the shield with a blow of his spear through his body more than a fathom. And when Sir Mordred felt this,.that he had his death wound / He thrust himself with the might that he had up to King Arthur's spear / And thus he struck his father Arthur with his sword held in both his hands on the side of the head, piercing the helmet and the brain pan / and therewithal Sir Mordred fell stark dead to the earth / And noble Arthur fell in a swoon to the earth / and there he swooned often times / And Sir Lucan the butler and Sir Bedwere lifted him up often / And so they led him weakly between them both to a little chapel not far from the sea side / And when the king was there he thought himself well eased / Then heard they people cry in the field / \"Now go thou, Sir Lucan,\" said the king, and do me to know what tokens that noise in the field is.\" / So Sir Lucan departed, for he was grievously wounded in many places. As he went, he saw and heard by the moonlight how pillagers and robbers were coming into the field to plunder and rob many a full noble knight..\"But many good men and rich Jews were slain there, and those who were not killed outright, they slew for their horses and riches. When Sir Lucan understood this deed, he went to the king as soon as he could and told him all that he had heard and seen. Therefore, I advise, Sir Lucan, that we bring you to some town, I would say the same, the king replied:\n\n\"But I may not endure such work on my head.\nA Sir Launcelot said to King Arthur, 'This day I have sore mistreated you, Alas, that ever I was against you, for now have I my death.' Sir Lucan took up the king on one side, and Sir Bedwere on the other. In lifting the king, Sir Lucan fell into a swoon, and with the lift of his body, Sir Lucan's intestines came out. And with this, the noble knight's heart burst. When the king awoke, he saw the intestines at his mouth and part of them at his feet. Alas, said the king, this is a very heavy sight to see this noble man.\".Duke Soo Dey for my sake, as he would have helped me, who had greater need of help than I. Alas, he would not complain. His heart was set on helping me. Now, Jesus have mercy on his soul. Sir Bedwere wept for the death of his brother. The king said, \"Leave this mourning and weeping. For, wisely you know, and I might live myself. The death of Sir Lucan would grieve me ever more. But my time is short. Say, Arthur, to Sir Bedwere, take Excalibur, my good sword, and go to yonder water side. And when you come there, I charge you to throw my sword in that water and come back and tell me what you see.\" The king said, \"Your command shall be done and lightly bring word back to me.\" So Sir Bedwere departed. And on the way, he beheld the noble sword, the pommel and the hilt of which were all of precious stones. He said to himself, \"If I throw this rich sword in the water, there shall never come good but harm and loss.\".And then Sir Bedivere hid Excalibur under a tree. And as soon as he could, he returned to the king and said he had been at the water and thrown the sword in.\n\nWhat did you see there, said the king? Sir, I saw nothing but waves and winds, replied the king. Untruthfully, said the king. Therefore go lightly again and do my command as you are to me, life and dear one. Spare not but throw it in.\n\nThen Sir Bedivere returned and took the sword in his hand. And he thought it was sin and shame to throw away such a noble sword. So afterwards he hid the sword and returned again and told the king that he had been at the water and done his command.\n\nWhat did you see there, said the king? Sir, I saw nothing but the water's surface and waves, replied the king.\n\nA traitor untruthfully said, \"King Arthur, now you have betrayed me twice. Who would have thought that you, who have been to me so loyal and dear and named a noble knight, would betray me for the sake of...\".Sir Bedwere spoke of the sword's riches, but now I must lightly depart, for your prolonged stay puts me in great jeopardy of my life. I have grown cold, and if you do not act as I bid, if ever I may see you, I shall slay you with my own hands. For you would see me die for my precious sword. Then Sir Bedwere departed and went to the sword, taking it lightly up. He went to the water's edge and there bound the girdle about the hilt. He threw the sword as far into the water as he could, and an arm and hand appeared above the water, caught it, and shook it three times before vanishing with the sword in the water. Sir Bedwere returned to the king and told him what he had seen.\n\n\"Alas,\" said the king, \"help me quickly, for I fear I have tarried too long.\"\n\nThen Sir Bedwere took the king upon his back and went with him to the water's edge. Nearby, a little barge with many fair....ladies in it were all queens, and they all had black hoods. They all wept and shrieked when they saw King Arthur.\n\n\"Now put me in the barge said the king, and he did so gently,\" the queens received him with great mourning and seated him. One of them placed his head in her lap, and she said, \"Dear brother, why have you tarried so long from me? Alas, this wound on your head has grown too cold.\" Then they rowed away from the land. Sir Bedwerre cried out, \"My lord Arthur, what will become of me now you go from me and leave me here among my enemies?\" The king comforted himself and said, \"Do as well as you can. In me there is no one to trust.\" The king added, \"I will go to the valley of Avalon to heal myself of my grievous wound.\" And the queens and ladies wept and shrieked, it was pitiful to hear..As soon as Sir Bedwere had lost sight of the band, he took to the forest and went all that night. In the morning, he came upon a hermit between two holts, a chapel and an ermitage. Then was Sir Bedwere glad and went there. When he entered the chapel, he saw an hermit lying on the ground before a new tomb. The hermit recognized him when he saw Sir Bedwere, for he had been the Bishop of Canterbury not long before, whom Sir Mordred had falsely accused. Sir Bedware asked, \"What man is it that you pray so fervently for?\" The hermit replied, \"I do not truly know, but by demising. But this night at midnight, a number of ladies came and brought a dead corpse and asked me to carry it. They offered me a hundred tapers and gave me a hundred pence.\" Alas, said Sir Bedwere, \"That is my lord King Arthur who lies buried in this chapel.\" Then Sir Bedwere swooned. When he awoke, he asked the hermit to stay with him..Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"Here lives [name] to live with fasting and prayers. I have never said otherwise, sir, but all the days of my life here I will pray for my lord Arthur. You are welcome to me, said the hermit, for I know you better than you think. You are the bold Bedwer, and the full noble Duke Sir Lucan de Butler was your brother. Then Sir Bedwer told the hermit, as you have heard before, so there Bedwer lived with the hermit who was before the bishop of Canterbury. And there Bedwer was put upon him poor clothes and served the hermit while fasting and praying. Thus of Arthur I find nothing more written or more certain of his death reported than this: he was led away in a ship where were three queens. One was Queen Morgan le Fay, King Arthur's sister. The other was the queen of North Galis. The third was the queen of the waste lands. Also, Pelleas the good knight had been married to this lady, and she had done much for King Arthur.\".For she would never suffer Sir Pelleas to be in any place where he should be in danger of his life, and so he lived to the utmost of his days with her in great rest. I could find no more of the death of King Arthur except that ladies brought him to his burial places, and one was buried there whom the hermit witnessed, who at one time was the bishop of Canterbury. But the hermit did not know for certain that it was truly the body of King Arthur, for this tale Sir Bedwere knight of the Round Table had caused to be written.\n\nYet some men say in many parts of England that King Arthur is not dead, but by the will of our Lord Jesus, was taken to another place. And men say that he shall come again and shall win the holy cross. I will not say that it shall be so, but rather I will say here in this world he changed his life, but many men say that there is written upon his tomb this verse: \"Here lies Arthur, the once and future King.\" Thus I leave you, Sir Bedwere, with the hermit who dwelt at that time..in a chapel beside Glastonbury and there was his hermitage. They lived there in prayer and fasting and great abstinence. And when Queen Guinevere understood that King Arthur was slain and Sir Mordred and all the remainder, then the queen departed and went with ladies with her. She went to Almesbury and there she became a nun and wore white and black clothes and took great penance, as a sinful lady had done in this land since. And never creature could make her merry but lived in fasting and prayers and alms deeds. That all manner of people marveled how virtuously she was changed.\n\nNow leave us Queen Guinevere in Almesbury as a nun in white clothes and black, and there she was abbess and ruled as reason would have it.\n\nAnd when he heard in his country that Sir Mordred was crowned king in England and made war against King Arthur his own father, and would let him land in his own land,\n\nAlso it was told Sir Launcelot..Sir Mordred had laid siege around the tower of London because the queen would not marry him. Then Sir Launcelot was filled with anger beyond measure and said to his kin, \"Alas, that double traitor Sir Mordred now repents that he ever escaped my hands. Shame on him for what he has done to my lord King Arthur, as I learn from the sorrowful letter that Sir Gawain sent me. I pray for mercy on Sir Gawain's soul. My lord King Arthur is heavily besieged. Alas, I, Sir Launcelot, should ever live to see that most noble king who made me a knight, only to be subjected in his own realm by his subject. And this sorrowful letter that Sir Gawain sent me before his death, begging me to see his tomb, the sorrowful words of his will never leave my heart. For he was a full noble knight, born as one. I was born in an unhappy hour that I should ever have the misfortune to kill first Sir Gawain, Sir Gareth, the good knight, and my own friend Sir Gareth, the noble knight.\".\"Alas, I must sadly say, Sir Launcelot, that I am unhappy, and alas, I could never have happiness, that traitor Sir Mordred spoke, said Sir Bors. And first, avenge you for the death of Sir Gawain. It will be well done that you see, Lord Arthur and my lady Queen Guinevere. I thank you, Sir Launcelot, for your worship. Then they made ready in all haste, and England's forces. So he passed over the sea until he came to Douver, and there he landed with seven kings. The number was horrible to behold. Then Sir Launcelot inquired of the men of Douver where King Arthur was. The people told him how he had been slain. And Sir Mordred and an unknown number of thousands had killed King Arthur there, the first battle at his landing. And on the morrow, Sir Mordred fought with the king on bare ground. And there, the king put Sir Mordred to flight. Alas, Sirs, said Sir Launcelot, these are the heaviest tidings that have ever come to me.\".Sir Launcelot showed me Sir Gawain's tomb, and then certain people of the town brought him into Sir Dover's castle and showed him the tomb. Sir Launcelot knelt down and wept earnestly for his soul. That night, he held a vigil, and all who wished were provided with flesh, fish, and ale. With his own hand, he distributed this money in a mourning gown, and he wept and prayed for Sir Gawain's soul. The following morning, all the priests and clerks who could be gathered in the country were present, and they sang the Mass of the Dead. Sir Launcelot offered one pound, and then the seven kings offered forty pounds each. There were also M knights, and each of them offered one pound. The offering continued from morning until night. Sir Launcelot spent two nights on his tomb in prayer and weeping. Then, on the third day, Sir Launcelot called together the kings, dukes, earls, barons, and knights..My fair lords, I welcome you all into this country with me, but we came too late. This will regret me while I live, but against death no man can rebel. Yet since it is so, great pain and many say that she has fled into the west. Therefore, you all shall remain here with me. And if I come again within these days, then take your ships and your fellowship and depart into your country, for I will do as I say to you.\n\nThen Sir Bors de Gaus came and said, \"My lord, Sir Launcelot, what do you intend to do? Now to ride in this realm with you, you shall find many friends, as he said. Sir Launcelot, keep yourself still here; for I will forth on my journey, and no man nor child shall go with me.\" It was no use to resist, but he departed and rode westward. He sought for a journey of seven or eight days, and at last he came to a nunnery in the cloister. When she saw him there, she fainted three times, as all the ladies and young women had said to all the ladies throughout this man and me..This text appears to be written in Old English, and it seems to be a dialogue between Sir Launcelot and the Queen. I will translate it into modern English and remove unnecessary elements.\n\n\"Sir Launcelot, if all this war has been waged and the most noble knights of the world have perished, it is my most noble lord who has been slain. Therefore, Sir Launcelot, I am set in such a position to save my soul. Yet I trust, through God's grace, that after my death, I will have a sight of the blessed face of Christ and on Judgment Day, my heart will not fail me to see the Lord, so that I may amend my misdeeds. Now, sweet lady, do you wish that I should return to my country and marry a lady? No, madam, I will never do so. For I will take the same death as you have taken, to please Jesus, and I especially dedicate myself to pray for you. If you will do the same, said the queen, hold your promise. But I cannot believe that you will not turn back to the world again. Well, madam, you speak as you please. Yet, you have never falsified my promise. God protect you.\".I had forsaken the vanities of the world, had your lord been there, I would have passed all the knights in the Sanct Greal, except Sir Galahad, my son. Since you have taken perfection, I must do the same, for I record God in you. I have had my earthly joy, and if I had found you in this disposition, I would have cast myself to have you in my own kingdom. But since I find you thus disposed, I depart, but there was never a harder-hearted man who would not have wept to see their sorrow. For there were wounded, and the ladies bore the queen to her chamber. Sir Launcelot awoke and went and took his horse and rode all day and all night in a forest, weeping. And at last he was aware of an hermitage and a chapel stood between two cliffs, and there he heard a little bell ring for mass, and there he rode and alighted..Sir Thomas Malory, \"Le Morte d'Arthur\" (15th century):\n\nThe knight dismounted at the gate. A mass was being held inside, and the bishop of Canterbury presided. Both the bishop and Sir Bedwer knew Sir Launcelot, and they spoke to each other after mass. But when Sir Bedwer had finished his tale, Sir Launcelot's heart nearly broke with sorrow. He threw his arms around the bishop and begged for forgiveness and absolution. He also asked the bishop to intercede on behalf of his brother. The bishop agreed and provided Sir Launcelot with new attire. He served God day and night with prayers and fasting.\n\nSir Lancelot's great host remained at Douver. Sir Lancelot, along with fifteen lords, rode with Sir Lional to London to seek him out. Sir Lional and many of his lords were slain there. Then, Sir Bors de Ganis led the great host back home.\n\nSir Bors, Sir Ector de Maris, Sir Blamour, Sir Bleoheris, and others of Sir Launcelot's knights..In King Arthur's England, beyond and long in search of Sir Launcelot, rode Sir Bors. By chance, Sir Bors arrived at the same chapel where Sir Launcelot was. There, Sir Bors dismounted and heard Mass. When Mass was finished, Bishop Sir Launcelot and Sir Bedwere came to Sir Bors. Upon seeing Sir Launcelot in such clothing, Sir Bors begged the bishop to let him wear the same attire. A habit was provided for him, and there he lived in prayer and fasting. Within half a year, Sir Galahad, Sir Gawain, Sir Blamore, Sir Bleoheris, and Sir Clarand arrived. Seeing Sir Launcelot had attained such perfection, they remained and took the same habit as he had. They endured in great penance for six years. Then, Bishop Sir Launcelot ordained them as priests. A twelve-month passed, and the people grew thin. One night, a vision appeared to Sir Launcelot, charging him in remission of his sins..Sir Sinne hurries you to Haselbury, and there you will find Queen Guinevere. Take your companions and dismount from your horse there. Fetch her corpse and bury her next to her husband, the noble King Arthur. This vision came to Lancelot three times in one night.\n\nThen, Sir Lancelot rose at dawn and told the hermit, \"It is well done,\" said the hermit. \"Do not disobey the vision.\"\n\nSir Lancelot took his companions with him and, leaving Glastonbury, they traveled the little more than thirty miles to Haselbury. They died half an hour before reaching there. The ladies told Sir Lancelot that Queen Guinevere had told them all that Sir Lancelot had been a priest for nearly twelve months and was coming as fast as he could to fetch her corpse. Besides King Arthur, he would carry her. Therefore, the queen said, \"I beseech Almighty God that I may never have the power to see Sir Lancelot with my worldly eyes.\".And thus spoke all the ladies, day and night, until she was dead: \"And so said all the ladies, day and night, until she was dead, Sir Launcelot beheld her visage and wept not greatly but signed. He performed all the observances of the service himself, both the dirge and mounted on a horse there. With a hundred torches burning around the corpse of the queen, Sir Launcelot and his eight companions went on foot from Almshouse to Glastonbury. When they arrived at the chapel and hermitage, there was a dirge with great devotion. The hermit, who had once been bishop of Canterbury, celebrated the mass of requiem with great devotion. Sir Launcelot was the first to offer. Then all his eight companions offered. And she was wrapped in shrouds of fine linen from head to toe in thirty folds. Then she was wrapped in a shroud of lead and placed in a coffin.\".When she was placed in the third, Sir Launcelot fainted and lay motionless until the hermit came and awakened him, saying, \"You are to blame for causing such sorrow to God in this manner.\" Sir Launcelot replied, \"I do not believe I displease God, for He knows my intent. My sorrow is not for any reason of sin, but my sorrow can never end. When I remember her beauty and her nobility, which were both with her king and with her, I cannot endure to see their corpses lying together. Also, when I remember how, because of my fault and my anger and my pride, they were both laid low, those who were ever living among Christian people, as you well said, Sir Launcelot. This remembered kinship and my unkindness weighed heavily on my heart, and I could not sustain myself, as the French book relates.\"\n\nThen Sir Launcelot never ate but little food nor drank until he was dead..than he sought more and more, and grew thinner and dwindled away; for the bishop nor any of his fellows could make him eat or drink much, and he was shorter than before, so that the people could not recognize him. For every day and night he prayed, but sometimes he slept brokenly. Ever lying groaning on King Arthur and Queen Guinevere's tomb, and there was no comfort that the bishop or Sir Bors or any of his fellows could provide. Within six weeks after Sir Lancelot fell sick and lay in his bed, he sent for the bishop and all his true companions. Then Sir Lancelot said with dreary step, \"Sir bishop, I pray you give to me all my rights that belong to a Christian man. It shall not need you to say it,\" the hermit and all his companions replied. \"My fair lords,\" said Sir Lancelot, \"you have well cared for my body.\".A man should be happy that the bishop allowed his fellows to bear his body to a joyous guard. I, Sir Launcelot, repent sincerely, but I made an oath some time ago that in a joyous guard I would be buried. And because of the breaking of my oath, I pray you all to lead me there. Then there was weeping and wringing of hands among his fellows. So at a certain hour of the night they all went to their beds, for they all lay in one chamber. And after midnight against day, the bishop was hermit as he lay in his bed, asleep. He felt upon a great laughter and therewith and came to the bishop and asked him what he meant. \"Ihu mercy,\" said the bishop. \"Why did you awaken me? I have never in all my life been so merry and so well at ease.\" \"Truly,\" said Sir Boras, \"the bishop here was Sir Launcelot with me, along with more angels than I have ever seen in one day. I saw the angels lift up Sir Launcelot into heaven, and the gates of heaven opened before him.\" \"It is only a dream,\" said Sir Boras. \"I have no doubt, Sir Launcelot, that he does not mean anything by it.\".But good it may well be said, go to the bishop and then shall you prove the truth. So when Sir Bors and his companions came to his bedside, they found him stark dead. He lay as if he had slept, and the sweetest scent surrounded him that they had ever felt. Then there was weeping and wringing of hands, and the greatest sorrow was made that ever was seen among men. On the morrow, the bishop performed the mass for the dead. And after the bishop and all the nine knights placed Sir Launcelot in the same horse that Queen Guinevere was laid in before she was buried. And so, the bishop and they all together went with the body of Sir Launcelot daily until they reached Joyous Gard. And there they laid his corpse in the body of the church. And they sang and read many saluts and prayers over him. And his face was always left open and naked, so that all people might behold him, for such was the custom in those days. All men did..worship should lie with open visage until they were buried, and rightly as they were at their service, there came Sir Ector de Maris who had sought all England, Scotland, and Wales for seven years seeking his brother Sir Launcelot, / And when Sir Ector heard such noise and light in the quiet guard, he alighted and put his horse from him and entered the quiet guard, and there he saw men sing and weep, and all they knew Sir Ector, but he did not know them. Then Sir Bors went to Sir Ector and told him how there lay his brother Sir Launcelot dead. / And when Sir Ector threw off his shield, sword, and helmet, and beheld Sir Launcelot's visage, he fell down in a swoon. / And when he awoke, it was hard for any tongue to tell the doleful complaints that he made for his brother. \"A Launcelot,\" he said, \"you were the head of all Christian knights, and now I dare say, Sir Launcelot, there you lie, that you were never matched by any earthly knight's hand, and you were the curtest knight who ever bore shield.\".were the truest friends to thy lover that ever beasted a horse, and thou were the truest lover of a sinful man who ever loved a woman, and thou were the kindest man who ever wielded a sword, and thou were the holiest person buried with great devotion. Then, at leisure, they all went with the bishop of Canterbury to his hermitage and stayed there for more than a month. Sir Constantine, who was the son of Cornwall and a very noble knight, was chosen king of England. He ruled the realm with great respect. Then, King Constantine sent for the bishop of Canterbury, for he had heard where he was, and he was restored to his bishopric and left the hermitage. Sir Bedwere remained there as a hermit to the end of his life. Sir Bors de Ganys, Sir Ector de Maris, Sir Galahad, Sir Galahodin, Sir Lamorak, and Sir Blamour would have joined him, but they would not remain in this realm. They all lived in their countries as holy men, and some..English books mention that they never left England after Sir Launcelot's death, but this was just favor of makers. The French book states that Sir Bors, Sir Ector, Sir Blamour, and Sir Bleoberis went to the Holy Land where Jesus Christ was quick and dead. As soon as they had settled their lands, according to the book, Sir Launcelot commanded them to do so or he would pass out of this world. These four knights fought many battles against the miscreants or Turks, and there they died on a good Friday for God's sake. Here ends the book of King Arthur and his noble knights of the round table. When they were all together, there was always an C and XL, and here ends the death of Arthur. I pray all gentlemen and gentlewomen who read this book of Arthur and his knights from the beginning to the end, pray for me while I live that God sends me good deliverance, and when I am dead, I\n\nCleaned Text: English books mention that they never left England after Sir Launcelot's death, but this was just favor of makers. The French book states that Sir Bors, Sir Ector, Sir Blamour, and Sir Bleoberis went to the Holy Land where Jesus Christ was quick and dead. As soon as they had settled their lands, Sir Launcelot commanded them to do so or he would pass out of this world. These four knights fought many battles against the miscreants or Turks, and there they died on a good Friday for God's sake. Here ends the book of King Arthur and his noble knights of the round table. When they were all together, there was always an C and XL, and here ends the death of Arthur. I pray all gentlemen and gentlewomen who read this book of Arthur and his knights from the beginning to the end, pray for me while I live that God sends me good deliverance, and when I am dead, I..Pray for my soul. This book was completed in the ninth year of King Edward the Fourth's reign, by Sir Thomas Malory, knight, as Jesus help him, for His great might, as he is the servant of Jesus both day and night.\n\nThis noble and joyous book, entitled \"Le Morte Darthur,\" deals with the birth, life, and deeds of King Arthur, his noble knights of the Round Table, their marvelous quests and adventures, the quest for the Holy Grail, and in the end, the sorrowful deaths and departures from this world of them all. This book was translated into English by Sir Thomas Malory, knight, as previously stated. I divided it into twenty-one books, chapters, and had it printed. Completed in the Abbey Westminster, the last day of July, in the year of our Lord, 1485.\n\nCaxton made me be made.", "creation_year": 1485, "creation_year_earliest": 1485, "creation_year_latest": 1485, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "Here begins a short and brief table of these Chronicles. Each life is marked with A. at the beginning, and what number you find written shortly after.\n\nThe theme. A. 2.3.\nThe work of the first six days.\nAdam, the first man.\nEve, the first woman.\nSeth, son to Adam.\nDelilah, servant to Abel. A. 4.\n\nAbel, son to Adam.\nCain and his wife Cainan.\nMalaliel, Iarith, Enoch, of the line of Christ.\nMatusele, Lameth, of Christ's line.\nTubal, the first governor: Iabon founded Babylon first. Nehus founded weaving. A. 5.\n\nNoah. The ship, The rainbow.\nShem, Ham, Japheth: Noah's sons. A. 6.\nArphaxad and his children.\nChus and his children.\nSalah and his son.\nHeber and his children.\nIactan, Nemroth, and Suphen, the builders of the tower of Babel. A. 7.\n\nHow gentlemen began.\nSaruch, of Christ's line.\nBelus, king of Babylon:\nNinus, king of Babylon.\nTheir line. A. 8.\nAbraham and his brethren and their progeny.\nAbraham's wives.\nMelchizedek..King of Salem: Symeon of Babylon. Ninus, king of Babylon. Arius, king of Babylon. I. Isaac of the line of Christ and his wives and his sons of Gomorrah and Lot's wife. II. Jacob of the line of Christ and his wives and their progeny. Xerxes, king of Babylon. Armaic after him. Belus, king of Babylon. Innis, the first king in Greece. Phoranius, king after him. Iudas, of the line of Christ. Belus, king of Assyria. Athalas, an astronomer. Sarapis, king of Greeks. Omogores, put the first oxen to the plow. Belus, king of Babylon. Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Amythus, king of Babylon. II. Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Aram, of Christ's line, Job the holy man. Moses, the judge of Israel. Aaron, the bishop. Darius, the king of Babylon. Cicero, king of Athens. Amynadab, of Christ's line. Moses, the first judge. Aaron, the first bishop. Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Nason, son to Amynadab, when the law of God was given at Sinai. Salman of Christ's line, Joshua the judge. Eleazar, bishop. Ontoniel, judge. III. Aeth, judge. Iannas, the first king of [unknown].Amicus, king of Byblos.\nBoos, son of the line of Christ.\nSangar, Iuge.\nDelilah, Iuge.\nPhenyes, bishop.\nSaturnus, king of Italy.\nPycus, king of Italy.\nGedyon, Iuge.\nBoccius, bishop.\nAbimelech, Iuge.\nTola, Iuge.\nBoccius, bishop.\nIae\nRannus, king of Italy. 4.\nLatinus, king of Italy.\nTauranus, king of Byblos.\nLamydon, king of Troy.\nThe new son of Israel.\nOsy, bishop.\nEbessam, Iuge.\nAbihail, Iuge.\nAbdon, Iuge.\nAnthony, king of Byblos.\nAgamemnon, king in Greece.\nAeneas, king of Italy.\nVlyxes, an eloquent man 5.\nObeth, of the line of Christ.\nSamson, Iuge.\nJesse, of the line of Christ.\nSaul, king of Israel.\nAscanius, king of Italy.\nSyllius, king of Italy.\nOf Venus and Homer 6.\nAlbion, first woman in England 7 & 8.\nBrutus, king of Britain c. i.ij.iij. & iv.\nLoth, king of Britain c. v.\nMaddan, king of Britain.\nMempricius, king of Britain.\nDavid, king of Israel.\nAbi\nc. vi.\nSalah\nRoboam, king of Judah\nAchimias, bishop.\nJeroboam, king of Israel.\nAsa, king of Judah.\nBasha, king of Israel.\nHelath, queen of Israel \nc. vii.\nEbrauc, king of Britain\nBrutus..grenesheld\nLyell kyng{is} of bretan\nIosephat kyng of iues\nOchosias kyng of israell\nLud ludybras\nBl kyngee of breten.\nIor\nAsarias kyng of iues \nc. viij.\nIoram kyng of israell\nIehen kyng of israell\nAthalia kyng of iues\nioam kyng of iues\nioathae kyng in israell\nioam kyng in israell\nLeir kyng of breteyn \nAmasias kyng of iues\niereboam kyng of israell\nOzias kyng of iues\nAbdias a prophet\nZacharias\nPhosaia kynges of israell.\nMorgan & Conadag kynges of breteyn \nd. iij\nRygnold & Gorbodian kyng{is} of breteyn\nFerres and Porres kynges of bretayn\nScater & Dawalier & Rudac kynges of bretayn\nd. iiij.\nGloten.\nDoneband and Belin and Brenne kynges of bretan. \nd. vi\nCorumbatrus kyng of bretan\nIoatham kyng of iues.\nAmarias bisshopp.\nOlympyas war set in grece.\nAcham kyng of iues\nOzee kyng of israell.\nd \u00b7vij.\nRome wos byldid by romul{us}.\nEzechias kyng of iues\nSadoch bisshop.\nManasses kyng of iues\nNuma kyng of rome.\nAmon and Iosias the kyng{is} of iues.\nAzastas bisshopp\nTobias the holy man\nTulyus kyng of rome \nd..Nabonidus, king of Babylon:\nAncius, king of Rome.\nDaniel the prophet.\nIosedech, high priest.\nAbacuc, prophet\nThe transmigration.\nPriscus Tarquinius, king of Rome.\nNabonidus, king of Babylon.\nServius, king of Rome.\nReguar, king of Babylon:\nBalthasar, king of Babylon.\nDarius, king of Babylon\nCyrus, emperor of Persia\nSuperbus, king of Rome\nLucrece, his wife\n\nHow the Roman governance was changed after the kings.\nZorobabel, duke\nEsdras, priest\nCambyses, king of Persia\nEreneides, king of Persia\nDarius, king of Persia\nAbiuth, of the line of Christ\nThe senators at Rome were ordained.\nArtaxerxes and Xerxes, kings of Persia\nSegdianus, of Persia\nEliachym, of the line of Christ.\nEdras, a holy man\nNehemias, the butler\nPermenides, Socrates\nDonnotritus and Ipocras, philosophers.\nAzor, of the line of Christ\nCamyllus, dictator of Rome\nDarius, king of Persia\nPlato, a philosopher\nTitus, dictator of Rome\nGaius, a senator\nMarcus..A senator, Artaxas, king of Perses. Amasus and Darius, king of Parses. Iudas, bishop. Johannes, bishop. Aristotilis and Senocrates, philosophers. Gentholen. Seisell, Kimor. Howa\u0304 Morwt, king of Briton. Ev. Grondobodian. Artogaill and Hesid, kings of Britan. Lud, king of Britan. Evi. Sadoch, of Christ's line. Iudas, bishop. Eneas, bishop. Manilius. Alexander, king. Achim, of the line of Christ. Symon, bishop. Eleazarus, bishop. Dolobela, Emilius Marcus. Genucius, consuls of Rome. Thelomeus, king of Egypt. Elyud, of Christ's line. Omias, bishopp. Symon, bishop. Sempromus. Appius Gu. Ptholomas, king of Egypt. Ptholomas, king of Egypt. Haneball, king of Penorum. Lucateus. Sem. Capio, consuls at Rome, Eviij. Epiphanes, king of Egypt. Antiocus, king. Onyae, bishop. symon, bishop. eleasar, of the line of Christ. Onias, bishop. Paulus\u25aa Scipio, senators at Rome. philometer, king of Egypt. Mathothias, an holy man. Iudas Machabeus. Ionathas, his brother. Anthiochus, king. F. i. Quitus. Marchus & Tyberius, senators..Mathan of Christ's line, John, bishop, Publius, Lucius, Lucius, Senators at Rome, Ptolemy, king of Egypt, Aristobulus, king and priest, Alexander, bishop, Iacob, of the line of Christ, Alexander's wife and bishop, Herod Ascolanus, king of Iudes, Virgil, the great poet, Oracius Solustius Quintus & Gayus, consuls at Rome, Pompey, Marcus, and Julius, dictators at Rome, Caton, philosopher, Cassibelan, king of England, Androgen, king of England, Ioseph, of the line of Christ, Antigonus, bishop, Octavian, emperor, The husbands of Saint Anna, Herod, Kymbalin, king of the Englod, Christ's nativity, Pilate, the judge, Pilate's nativity, Ovidius Naso, Tiberius, emperor, Sextius and Septimius, Matthias the apostle, Judas Scarioth, The making of the creed, The four evangelists, Peter, the first pope, Gayus, emperor, Ginder, king of England, Armager, king of England, Westmer, king..englond\nClaudius the emprour \ng. iij &\u0304 iiij\nIamys the apostill\nNero the emprour\nIuuenalis the poete\nLucanus the poete\nIamys the losse\nLynus a marter & pope\nGalba the emprour\nOtho emprour\nvitelyus emprour\nvaspasianus emprour\nCletus a marter pope\nTitus emprour\nDomician emprour\nClemens a marter pope\nNerua emprour\nTraian{us} emprour \ng. vi.\nAnaclit{us} a marter pope\nPlenius orator\nEuaristus a mart{er} pope\nAlexander a marter pope\nSextus a martpr pope\nAdrianus emprour\nEustachius emprour \ng. vij.\nThelesphorus a marter pope.\nignius a marter pope\nAntonius em{per}or\nPompai{us} historiofrag{us}\nPius a martir pope\nAuicetus a marter pope\nGalienus a lech\nMarcus em{per}or \ng. viij.\nLucie kyng of englond\nAsclepades kyng of englond.\nCoill kyng of englond\nConstans kyng of englond\nConstantin kyng of englond \nOctauyan kyng of englond\nMaximian kyng of englond\nGracian kyng of englond\nConstantyne ki\u0304g of englo\u0304d\nConstance kyng of englond \nh. iij.iiij.v. and vi.\nSother a marter pope\nElentherius a mart{er} pope\nMarcius.Emperor: Lucius Commodus, Helius, Victor, Zepherius, Cornelius, Antoninus Marcus, Marcus, Gallus, Valerian, Stephanus, Sextus, Dionysius, Felix, Claudius, Eutychian, Aurelius, Tacitus, Probus, Carus, Diocletian, Maximian, Gaius, Marcellinus, Marcellus, Eusebius, Melchiades, Galerius, Sylvester, Constantine, Saint Nicholas, Athanasius, Marcus, Julius, Constantinus, Liberius, Felix.\n\nEmperors: Commodus, Helius, Victor, Zepherius, Cornelius, Antoninus Marcus, Marcus, Gallus, Valerian, Stephanus, Sextus, Dionysius, Felix, Claudius, Eutychian, Aurelius, Tacitus, Probus, Carus, Diocletian, Maximian, Gaius, Marcellinus, Marcellus, Eusebius, Melchiades, Galerius, Sylvester, Constantine, Nicholas.\n\nPopes: Victor, Zepherius, Cornelius, Anteros, Cyprian, Urbanus, Poncianus, Anteros, Fabian, Cornelius, Lucius I, Gallus, Marcellinus, Marcellus, Eusebius, Melchiades, Galerius, Sylvester, Liberius, Felix..pope Iulianus emperor\nIoninianus emperor\ni.ij\nValentinian emperor\nDomasus pope\nValens emperor.\nAugustinus rhetorician.\nSiricius pope\nTheodosius emperor\nClaudianus poet\nArchadius emperor\nHonorius emperor. i.iij.\nJerome the doctor\nSanctus Heracleides\nJohn Chrysostom.\nAnastasius pope.\nInnocentius pope.\nZosimus pope\nBoniface pope\nCelestinus pope\nTheodosius emperor\nSextus pope\nLeo pope\nMarcian emperor i.iiij\nVortigern king of England\nVortimer king of England i.v viij. & k.i.\nAurelian king of England.\nUtter king of England k. ij iij iiij v.\nArthur king of England k. vij & viij. & all.\nConstantine.\nAdelbright\nEdell\nCuran\nConan\nCorticus.\nGuimond kings of England\nSygwulf.\nElfric\nBran\nCadwallon\nEdwy\nCadwyn\nOswald\nOswy kings of England all. m.\nOffa\nOsbert\nEadwulf\nSaint Edmond\nEdelfled\nEldred kings of England n. i.ij and .iij.\nLeo (first pope)\nHilarius pope\nSimplicius pope\nZeno emperor\nFelix (third pope)\nGelasius pope\nAnastasius emperor\nAnastasius pope.\nSimachus..pope: Claudianus, king of France.\nHonorius, pope.\nIustinus, emperor.\nPriscianus, grammarian.\nJohn, pope.\nFelix, pope.\nIustinianus, emperor.\nBoniface I, pope.\nJohn II, pope.\nAgapitus, confessor.\nSilverius, pope, a martyr.\nVigilius, pope.\nFourth Council of Constantinople.\nPelagius, pope.\nJohn III, pope.\nIustinus II, emperor.\nTyberius II, emperor.\nBenedict I, pope.\nPelagius II, emperor.\nMauricius, emperor.\nN. V.\nWhen St. Augustine came to England,\nFoca, emperor.\nGregory I, pope.\nSenianus, pope.\nBoniface III, pope.\nMachonate, duke of Sariseus.\nConstantine III, emperor.\nMartinus I, emperor.\nEugenius, pope.\nVitalian, pope.\nAdeodatus, pope.\nConstantine IV, emperor.\nDemas, Roman pope.\nBoniface IV, pope.\nAgatho, pope.\nN. VIII.\nLeo II, pope.\nBenedict II, pope.\nIustinian II, pope.\nJohn V, pope.\nZeno, pope.\nSergius, pope.\nSt. Bede.\nO. I.\nLeo II, pope.\nLiberius..Leo III, Pope\nJohn VI, Pope\nJohn VIII, Pope\nJustinian II, Emperor\nSisinnius, Pope\nConstantine, Pope\nPhilip II, Emperor\nGregory II, Pope\nTheodosius, Emperor\nLeo IV, Emperor and Constantine, Pope\nGregory III, Pope\nConstantine II, Emperor\nZacharias, Pope\nStephanus II, Pope\nIII.\nPaul II, Roman Pope\nConstantine II, Pope\nCharlemagne\nStephanus III, Pope\nAdrian I, Pope\nLeo IV, Pope\nConstantine, Emperor\nNicholas I, Pope\nAdrian II, Pope\nStephen V, Pope\nKarolus II, Emperor\nMartin I, Pope\nAdrian III, Pope\nStephen IV, Pope\nKarolus III, Emperor\nAlfred, King of England\nJohn VIII, Pope\nCharlemagne, Emperor II\nJohn IX, Pope\nGregory IV, Pope\nLeo V, Pope\nBenedict IV, Roman Pope\nLeo VI, Pope\nNicholas I, Pope\nAdrian IV, Pope\nV.\nValentinus, Pope\nGregory IV, Pope\nLeo X, Pope\nStephen X, Pope\nValentinus III, Pope\nGregory V, Pope\nLothair I, Emperor\nJohn XII, Woman Pope\nNicholas II, Pope\nAdrian IV, Pope\nVI.\nAlfred, King of England\nJohn XIII, Pope\nCharlemagne, Emperor II\nMartin IV, Pope\nAdrian IV, Pope\nStephen V, Pope\nKarolus II, Emperor.Ernulphus emperor\nFormosus pope\nBonifacius the sixth pope\nStephanus the sixth pope\nJohn the ninth pope\nTheodosius the second pope.\nJohn the tenth pope\nBenedict the fourth pope\nLeo IV pope.\nCristoforus the first pope\nLodewycus the third emperor\nBeringarius and Conrad were emperors\nKing Edward the Martyr of England\nSergius the third pope\nAnastasius pope\nLando and John the tenth popes\nHenry emperor\nEdelstan king of England\nEdmund king of England\nEldred king of England\nEdwyne king of England\nLeo VI pope\nStephanus XI pope\nMartin the third pope\nAgapitus pope\nJohn the twelfth pope\nEdgar king of England\nBeringarius the third emperor\nLothair emperor\nBeringarius the fourth emperor\nLeo VII pope\nJohn the fourteenth pope\nBenedict the sixth pope\nOtto emperor\nOtto the second emperor\nSt. Edward of England\nEldred king of England\nSwyn king of England\nBoniface pope\nBonifacius pope\nBenedict pope\nJohn the fourteenth pope\nGregorius.Otto III, Emperor.\nSilvester II, Pope.\nJohn XIV, Pope.\nJohn XIX, Pope.\nHenry I, Emperor:\nBenedict IX, Pope.\nJohn XX, Pope.\nKing Knut of England.\nPope VII.\nEdmund Ironside, King of England.\nKing Knut of England.\nBenedict IX, Pope\nConrad II, Emperor\nHarold Hardrada of England\nHarald Hardrada, King of England\nPope VII. Queen Joan and III.\nSilvester III, Pope.\nDamasus II, Pope.\nKing Edward the Confessor.\nVictor II, Pope.\nHenry II, Emperor\nStephen IX, Emperor\nBenedict XI, Pope:\nHenry III, Emperor.\nNicholas II, Pope.\nAlexander II, Pope.\nHarold, King of England\nQueen II, IV, V, VI, VII.\nWilliam the Conqueror\nGregory VII, Pope.\nVictor III, Pope.\nUrban II, Pope.\nWilliam Rufus, King of England\nHenry Beauclerk, King\nHenry IV, Emperor\nGelasius II, Pope.\nCalistus II, Pope.\nHonorius II, Pope.\nLothair III, Emperor\nHugo de Sancto Victor\nThe Order of St. John Baptist\nInnocent III, Pope\nStephen of England\nCelestine.Lucius III, Pope\nEugenius III, Pope\nPetrus Lombardus\nPetrus Commestor\nFrederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor\nAnastasius IV, Pope\nHenry II\nAdrian IV, Pope\nAlexander III, Pope\nLucius III, Pope\nUrbano III, Pope\nGregory VIII, Pope\nCelestine III, Pope\nInnocent III, Emperor\nWilliam of Paris\nFrancis of Assisi\nS. I.ij.iij. & II.iv.\nJohn of England\nFrederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\nHonorius III, Pope\nHenry III of England\nVictor IV, Pope\nCelestine IV, Pope\nInnocent IV, Pope\nThomas Aquinas\nAlbertus Magnus\nEustace\nBonaventure\nAlexander IV, Pope\nUrbano IV, Pope\nNicholas III, Pope\nRudolf I, Holy Roman Emperor\nMatthew III, Pope\nNicholas IV, Pope\nHonorius IV, Pope\nNicholas IV, Pope.\nall u. & x i.ij.iij.iiij. & v.\nCelestinus pope\nBonefacius pope\nBenedictus the xi pope\nAdulphus em{per}or\nAlbertus emprour\nClemens pope\nIohannes the xxij. pope\u25aa\nHenri the vij. em{per}or\nKyng edward the secund \nx. vi vij viij. & all. y and all z. and & .i.ij.\nLodowycus the iiij. emprour.\nIohanes maundeuell\nBenedictus pope\nKyng Edward the thrid\nClemens the sext pope\nKarolus the fourth em{per}or\nInnocencius the sext pope\nvrbanus the v.\nGregorius the xi. pope\nwenselaus em{per}or\nvrbanus pope\nBonefaci{us} the ix. pope\n& .iij\u25aaiiij.v.vi.vij. & viij and all 9. and all A capitall B C. & D. i.ij.iij. &\u0304 iiij\nKyng Richard the secund\nInnocencius the .vii.\nRobert em{per}or\nIohannes the xxiij. pope\nSigmu\u0304d em{per}or\nD. v.vi.vij.viii. and all E capitall\nKyng Henri the fourth\nMartin the v.\nEugenius pope\nKyng henri the fifth\nFelix the v: pope\nAlbertus emprour\nFredericus the \nNicholaus the v. pope\nall F. G. and H. i.ii. iii and iiij.\nKyng henri the sext\nCalixtus the thrid pope\nPryntyng of bokes\nPius the secund pope\nPaulus a.This text appears to be a fragment from an old English chronicle, likely describing the organization of the text and its historical content. I will attempt to clean and make it readable while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nVicenzo Sixtus, the fourth pope.\nHere ends the book.\nH. v.vi.vii.viii. & all I. and K.\n\nAnd every man may know how these chronicles are ordered, you shall find under the following headings that this book is divided into seven parts. Of which the first part contains from Adam to Brute's arrival in Britain. \u00b6The second part contains from Brute's arrival in England until the city of Rome was built by Romulus. \u00b6The third part contains from then until Christ was born of our Lady Mary. \u00b6The fourth part from then until the coming of the Saxons into England. \u00b6The fifth part from these until the coming of the Danes. \u00b6The sixth part from then until the coming of the Normans. \u00b6The seventh part from the Normans until our time, which is under the reign of King Edward the Fourth, whose noble chronicles may not be seen elsewhere. \u00b6And so in every part of these seven parts is shown the most....The necessary activities of all the kings of England and their names, written above in the margin, are listed here. Before the activities of the kings of England are recorded, there is a lineage of Christ from Adam to the time of his birth, with certain events included. After Christ's birth, the names of all the popes and emperors of Rome, along with brief accounts of their actions, are mentioned. Many other things unusual in those days are also recorded. It is shown in each place how many years it was after the beginning of the world and how long before Christ's birth. When I come to the birth of Christ, it is then recorded how long anything lasted after his nativity. This is the order of this book and the things that are spoken of.\n\nFor those desiring further knowledge of these coronations..The first is the status of this. There are two kinds: the first is called the state of demotion, which exists from the beginning of the world until Christ. The second is from Christ to the end of the world, and is called the state of reconciliation.\n\nThe second thing is the division of times. There are three kinds:\n\nThe third is the origin of kingdoms and the law or custom of the Gentiles when, under King Ninus, the people began to worship false gods. The fourth is under the law written in the law of Jude when circumcision divided the Jews from other people. The fifth is under Christ, for the law of Christian men, when faith and grace of the sacraments inform life. The sixth is the nobility or lack of nobility in deeds. And regarding these, it is necessary to know that seven persons are read of whom the deeds are often remembered in history..is to wete of a Prince i\u0304 his reame. of a Knyght in batell. of a Iuge in his place. of a Bys\u00a6shope in the clergy\u25aa of a Polityke man in the pepull. of an Hus\u2223band man in an howse. and of an Abbot i\u0304 his chyrche. And of thes ar wretyn mony tymes the laudes of good men. and the pu\u00a6nychmentis of the curssit men. The sext is the trew cowntyng of the yeris. and as to that it is to be knaw that ther war viij. ma\u00a6ner of nombring or co\u0304tyng of the yeris iii. aftyr the hebreus ii\naftyr thee Greky. con. aftyr the Romans. and. con. now aftyr the Cristyn men. The hebreus iij. maner of wyse begynyth thar yere. aftyr the Hebre{us} ther is the yere vsuall begynyng at Ia\u00a6nuary the wych they vse in connandys and bargans makyng. And the yere lefull begynnyng at Marche the wych they vse in ther ceimonyes. And the yere emergens from May begynyng when they went from Egypte. the vse in ther Cronyclys &\u0304 Cal\u00a6culacionis \u00b6The Grekys nomburth ther yeres iij. maner of wyse. fyrst to the glory and ioy of ther victory. Contyth thar ye\u00a6res.from the destruccion of Troy the fyrst the secund the therd the fourth etc \u00b6Then aftyr the cheualry be gon at the hyll of O\u00a6lympus the notefied ther yeres aftyr the same Olimpiadu\u0304 &\u0304 wat Olimpiodes is ye shall knaw after in tha boke. The iij. when they be gan to haue lordshyp of all the world they notefyed theer yeres thes ma\u0304er of wyse. In the yere of the regne of grekys the iiii. the x. the xv. etc. as is it opyn in the boke of machabeorum \u00b6Then after the Romans gou{er}nyng the world. co\u0304tyt or no\u0304\u2223buryt ther yeres Ab vrbe co\u0304dita \u00b6The last of all cristyn me\u0304\u00a6cowntitt ther yeres from the Incarnacion of Crist. and be cause we be criseyn men. we vse most to nomb\nAnd that docturs call the werke of the creacion. the wich wos made afor ony day or nyght: of the myghty powr of god: and wos made of nothyng \u00b6Then after foloyth the werke of the diuysion thee wich wos made i\u0304 iij. of the fyrst dayes: i\u0304 the wich is shewed the he wisdo\u0304e of the maker \u00b6Then after foloith the a rayng of this wark i\u0304 the wich is shewed.The first day God made: He separated light from darkness.\nThe second day God made: and ordered the firmament, and separated water from water.\nThe third day God made: in which He gathered the waters into one place, and the earth appeared.\nThe fourth day God made: in which He ordained the sun, the moon, and the stars, and put them in the firmament.\nThe fifth day God made: in which He ordained fish and birds, and created great whales in the water.\nThe sixth day God ordained: in which He made cattle and man.\nThe seventh day God made: and in that day He rested from all the works that He had ordained. Not as if He was weary, but He sat down to create more creatures. (See Genesis 1:1-2:3)\n\nAdam, the first man, lived to be 930 years old, and he had 32 sons and as many daughters.\n\nAdam and Eve\n\nHere begins the first age during which..In the first year of the world, on the sixth day, God made Adam in the field of Damascus. Eve, from his rib, put them in Paradise and commanded them not to eat from the tree of life, under pain of death. On the same day, when they had sinned, he cast them out of Paradise into the land of curse, where they should live with toil and sorrow until they died. (Genesis 1:27, 3:1-24)\n\nAdam was a holy man throughout his life. He performed great penance and died in penance. He commanded his children to live righteously and specifically to avoid Cain in any way, neither marrying any of them. Adam was our first father. Although he put us out of Paradise because of sin, through his holy conversation and penance, he gave us an example to come to the kingdom of heaven. He who will not follow his holy example and conduct in turn cannot complain much..We do many. In the year of those in which Abel wrote the value of Sheth for obtaining the oil of mercy to go to paradise. Abel was slain by Cain his brother. This Abel was the first martyr and began the church of God. After him, Augustine made the city of God. He was the first bishop of that city. Because he was righteous, our Lord received his offering.\n\nEnos, of the line of Christ, lived 935 years and five months. This Enos began to call upon the name of our Lord. He might have found some words of prayer or made some images for God to be worshipped as in the church now.\n\nChanaan lived after 15 years and ten. Malaleel of the same line lived 875 years. The son of Malaleel, Iared, lived 962 years. Enoch of the same line lived 335 years and 60. This Enoch was a righteous and pleasing man to God. And for his great holiness, our Lord translated him into paradise, where he lives with Elijah, in great rest of body and soul, until the coming of Enoch..Crist. Then they shall go forth for the comfort of good men. And they shall be crowned with the crowing of Martyrdom.\nMatthew of Christ's line led 51:59. This Matthew was the oldest man that any scripture mentions. For when he had lived near 20 years, our Lord said to him: build an altar now and thou shalt live 20 more years. And he answered and said, for so little a time as 20 years, I will build no altar but rest under trees and hedges and there sleep, as I was wont to do for a time.\nLamech was of the age 77. This Lamech was the first against nature and good manners, that a man might have two wives in doing of his dwelling. And he was so oppressed by them. For they gave him many a stripe. For it is so, that by what thing a man sins: by the same he is oppressed. This Lamech could not willingly. But when he was old and blind, he was led by a child. The which troubled that he had seen a wild beast. And said to his master that he should shoot. And so he slew..Cayn, who treated his child so harshly that the child also died. It is known that all crafty or skilled persons, liberal or handicraftsmen, or physicians, serving to the curiosity of man, were found among the children of Lameth. Fearing the peril from the flood and the fire, Tubalgrasped hold of the same crafts in two pelts. The one was of marble and the other of tile or brick. Tubal was the first to discover the craft to work gold and silver, and iron. He was the first graver. Iabas was the first to discover tentoria for shepherds and pavilions for others. Iabas was the first to discover the craft to play on a harp and organs, and other musical instruments he used. Noema was the first to discover the craft to weave linen and woolen cloth and draw threads of wool and flax. At that time, the people used the skins of beasts for their clothing.\n\nThe size of Noah's ark was three hundred cubits long, one cubit high, and fifty cubits wide. I admit, according to doctors, that a convenient payment can be made for this. (Genesis 6:15, know ye after doctors that a convenient payment can be made for this).In the beginning, the world was ordered. For the lechery had abundantly defeated the body. And there, by water, the earth was washed and cleansed. In the sign of the promise that God made to man that there should never be such a flood again, and the rainbow has two principal colors. The water color represents the flood that has passed, the fire color signifies the judgment to come.\n\nAt the end of the world, because of covetousness, it shall be burned. Before it is burned, gold and silver are customarily cleansed by fire.\n\nNoah\n\nHere begins the second age of the world during which Noah,\n\nA righteous man and finding favor in the eyes of God, was 500 years old when he had sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. By God's commandment, he went to build a ship. And he made it perfect in a hundred years. And the Lord God appeared to him again when the ship was completed, and commanded him that he, his wife, and his children, and the wives of them should enter the ship..And all manner of beasts and all manner of fowls came to Noah. And at noon the flood came and stood fifteen cubits high on all hills. (See Genesis 7:20.) After the flood, a great drunkenness came upon Noah, and through the occasion of that drunkenness he blessed his two sons: Shem and Japheth. He blessed them for their father's honor and for the shame they had modestly shown their father when he was lying in the ground. And he cursed Cham for his scorn and his unrespect. And here are called his children the Iuvenal line, which carnally descended from him. Never the less, they had a spiritual preeminence from their father and his blessing. Of them and their descendants one of them had three princes: Nimrod, Iaphet, and Asshur.\n\nShem, Noah's second son, had Arpaxad born to him in the second year after the flood, and he is also called Melchizedek. He was the first to build a city after the flood, which is now called Jerusalem. Cham obtained Canaan from them and many of them came to us as known dwellers in the occidental Indies..Iapheth was the brother of Ham and was blessed by his father. He had seven sons: Shem, Gomer, Magog, Madian, Ianaan, Tubal, and Mosoch, and Iras. And they had sons and daughters, and from them came many regions. Arphaxad, a son of Shem, lived 35 years and had Elam, Assur, and Lud, and Aram. They had many sons and daughters. Assur was banished from the land because he would not rebel against God in the building of the tower of Babel, as Nimrod did. Therefore, he was driven into the land of Shinar, a land that was strange to him and had not been inhabited before. This land was called Assyria after his name. And there he built a city afterward named Nineveh. This was the metropolis of all the kingdom of Assyria, and he had Arad, Edessa, Selencia, and the land of Sennaar. Sale, a son of Arphaxad, lived 32 years, and of him is written nothing in scripture except that Moses mentioned him in the line that comes from Christ. Sale had a son named Heber, after whom the Hebrews were named..The prophecy is about Heber, named Hebrews. For the Hebrews, their language was confusing, called many names. Every man used a different language for the tower of Babel. This Heber had two sons, one named Iectan, the other Phaleg. Iectan, through the example of Nimrod, took the princehood over the children of Shem. He had sixteen sons. However, the people after Iherom are not known to us due to their distance from the country or the change in the population or some other cause.\n\nPhaleg lived for 239 years. Phaleg was the younger son of Heber. In his days, the confusion of languages occurred. In his house, the old tongue remained: it was Hebrew, whereafter, according to St. Augustine, there appeared great steadfastness in righteousness. For this house was free of that paganism. As it did not consent to the building of the tower. St. Augustine mentions there were 72 generations and so there were 72 languages. Iectan was the brother of Phaleg..Of Sem, Nemroth, Prince of Cam, in Suphen of Iaphet. They, with their people, urged them to come near the river Sennaar, fearing the flood approaching. And he said: \"Let us build a Tower. Whose altitude shall reach to heaven and so on.\" Two lords saw the folly of the Tower of Babylon, the people: marvelously for the pain of their sin. He confounded their language, so that no man understood what another said. And so they were dispersed by all the world. Of the miseries of this Nemroth, books are written fully. After the confusion of the language, he went to the land of Persis. And there he taught them to worship the fire as god. He left his son Belus in Babylon. The one who succeeded him, and so from then on his progeny obtained that kind. Until the time of many years after:\n\nThis time began many kingdoms. And the most of them all was the kingdom of Scythia, but the people were so ruled in it that it was never had in reverence.\n\nA mighty region of distances\nBesides this time..In the kingdom of Egypt, nobility arose with various alterations at different times, as spoken of often in Noble's or Gentlemen's scripts around this period. This nobility was established for many reasons.\n\nThe first reason was to ensure protection. Though they regarded each other as equals, they were so lacking in intelligence that they could not fathom the need for defense against these perils. He who would ever defend them from these dangers should have the right to nobility for himself and his heirs forever. In this way, many were raised to be noble men.\n\nThe fourth reason for nobility was great wealth. At that time, the people were held in great poverty of food and drink. They took to some rich man, thinking that through this connection they could alleviate the great pangs of their hunger. Afterward, they knew him as their lord and a noble man.\n\nAdditionally, there are certain noble men appointed by God, though they were few of those who possessed such virtue as David and helped the needy..Saul and Ieroboam. It is recorded that Moab's tyrannical men by war and violence distressed a multitude, and they sold themselves as slaves in stables as Paynims could. Saul lineally descended from Adam to Abraham. And before this time Idolatry began to mightily spread. And if you review and look at the histories, you will find that three things principally brought men to Idolatry: the affection they had for deed men. Fear and flattery were their prices and the diligence of craftsmen around sculptures or graving. Then idols entered in. And they gave own answers to the people. And these things greatly confirmed the error of the people. In so much that whoever ever would not conform to their reason he should suffer the pain of death. Also added to these things was the disdainful praise of poets. The wretches and damning men into heaven with their gay writing exalted. And at the same time when idols began to speak so eloquently and so wisely:.meekly to man. The good Lord of his great mercy send his angels: that they should speak to his elect men in visible form. Lest all mankind perish with that Muscheus error. Belus, son of Nemroth, was King of Babylon at this time. He was the first king of this world. And this man was he whom the error of people first led astray, and therefore they called him variously. Some called him Bel, some Baal, some Baalim, some Beelphegor, and Beelzebub. This unhappy error lasted among men for over two thousand years.\n\nNinus, son of Belus, the second king of Babylon or Assyria, reigned for 120 years. And this Ninus desired to have lordship and worship. To that end, he gave battle to all who dwelt near him. And because at that time the people were rude, and had not the skill of fighting nor armor, he subdued all Asia. The first monarchy was made in the east, and when his heart was sorry for the destruction he had wrought..The death of his father Belus: he made an image of his father to be made for him as a comfort; to whom he gave such mighty reverence, that whatever guilty man had fled to that image, no man should do him any harm. And he pardoned him of all his transgressions. Through its impressive power, many a man began to worship the image of their dear friends. Then these malicious spirits, seeing the curiosity of the people, hid within them and gave themselves out as gods, and commanded them to do reverence to them as God. Thus, that unhappy sin of idolatry was brought in. The witches, who strongly opposed God's majesty, said they were warm, but they were gods.\n\nHis son to Nahor had two children in the year IJC. This, after the death of Aram, went from Ur of the Chaldeans and passed through Charan with his children and his household. And it is said that because he would not worship the fire as Nemreth had taught, he was expelled from the country..And the common opinion of the Hebrews is that Nimrod ruled there, who was called another name. Amonphal, the king of Shinar: long after this, Abram was called from it. Genesis 14.\nHere begins the devout and holy story of our Patriarchs, who worshiped the true God. And they taught it widely, as Genesis 12 and up to the end indicates. This Abram, a faithful lover of God: was born in the 48th year of Ninus, king of Babylon. And it is known that in the 75th year of Abram, through the mighty glory of the high God:\n\nAbraham\n\nHere begins the third age of the world during David's time. The word of mercy descended upon mankind for the prophecies of God's promise appeared. See Aug. 16, de Civ. Dei, Itm. Gen. i.h. For this time, holy angels appeared to us in human form. \u00b6This Abram had two brothers. Elazar and Nachor. And Aram begot Lot, a righteous man and a holy one. He deserved to be visited by angels, as his kinsman Abram was. For this reason, Abram paid tithes to three kings on account of them..Toke Loth (vt gen 14). One of whom was called Amraphel, but he is known here as Nemroth. And Abraham had many wives, including Sarai and Hagar. His children and brothers had many children as well. But for us who write chronicles: it is not necessary to speak of all of them, but of the noble fathers. (Said) see Plutarch, Genesis Melchisedech. At this time, Melchisedech was king of Salem. This man was called a right wise king because of his extraordinary holiness. He offered bread and wine to Abraham as a sign of a great mystery. He was also the priest of the god Semiramis, the third king of Babylon. He ordered an army and went to India. He obtained that country. Thus, by all Asia, the kingdom of Assyria was expanded. He magnified the city of Babylon mightily. He made walls around it. This Semiramis had a wife whom he desired. It is written that she was slain by her son Ninus. Because she provoked him with unlawful desires. Sic dictum Augustine, De Civ. Dei 18. And the master of these stories says that she married her own son. He had a child with her..hiir. the wich ordant bobu\u2223lon to be the heed of his reme. Ninus the iiij. kyng of babulo\u0304 wos son to gret Ninus. of this man litill is wreten bot that he slow his own modir as it is sayed a foor. Arrius wos the. v kyng of babulon. and vnd{er} hym wos borne ysaac.\nYsaac sone to Abraham of the lyne of crist leued .C.lxxx. yere. This Ysaac had a wife cald Rebecca. &\u0304 on hir hee gat ij: sonnys. Esau &\u0304 Iacob. this esau sould his enheritons to his brother Iacob. &\u0304 he wos the fadyr of Ydumeo{rum}. &\u0304 he had in possession the hille of Seir. &\u0304 put fyrst maris to assys. wher of wos ge\u0304dyrte mulis \u00b6A bowte this tyme: xxx: lordschippis &\u0304 Gomorra forther horrobli syn war owerthrow. the wife of Loth lokyng bacward: turnet i\u0304 to a salt stone. shewis that no ma\u0304 i\u0304 the way of deliberacion shuld desyre thyng{is} past. hee aug{us}. de ci. dei\u25aa\nIacob leued .C.xlvij yere this Iacob had iiij wyfes or su\u0304 {con}\u00a6cubynes that is to wete. Lya\u0304. Bala\u0304. Zelpha\u0304 &\u0304 Rachell lyam wos the fyrst wiff. &\u0304 she wos blereit. and she baar.Hym, the son of Judas, was the father of Simeon, Leon, Ysachar, Zebulon, and a daughter named Dina. He bore two sons to Leah: Dan and Nephtali. Rachel, the second wife to Jacob, bore him two sons: Joseph and Benjamin. Zebulon and Issachar were sons of Leah, and every one of these made a tribe: of whom it is not necessary to speak here. Joseph, the son of Jacob, was born in the 110th year of his father's age. He lived for 130 years, and during the reign of Xerxes, who was king of Babylon at that time, Jacob was born and became the seventh king of Babylon. After him, Arahab was king, and after him, during his days, the Lord appeared to Isaac, promising him these things.\n\nAround this time, Abraham died and was buried in Hebron. Ionachus was the first king ever to rule in Greece at that time. After the kingdom had passed, Pharonius was king and he established laws for the Greeks.\n\nAbraham died around this time and was buried in Hebron. Ionachus was the first king to rule in Greece at that time. For the kingdom had passed, Pharonius was king and he established laws for the Greeks.\n\nIonachus was the first king in Greece, ruling during this time after the kingdom had passed. Pharonius succeeded him and established laws for the Greeks..Ivas, son of Jacob, descended from the tribe of Judas, who was the king of Assyria or Babylon in the last days. Beleus, who was king at that time, was the tenth king under whom they began the superstition of idolatry of a calf of two colors. They called this calf Apis. When that calf died, Dionysus procured a like calf to be made, so that the children of Israel might follow suit.\n\nArgos was the fourth king of the Greeks after whom the noble city of Argos took its name. Cicrops had deified Athena in Greece, and this city was the most renowned for liberal sciences and philosophers..by dulys. &\u0304 gret su{per}sticiosite i\u0304 the cite wos maid: vide aug{us}. et mirabile\u0304 fabula\u0304 re{per}ies Omogires the fyrst ma\u0304 put ox sin to the plough. Bele{us} this tyme wos ki\u0304g of babulo\u0304. &\u0304 he wos the .x. ki\u0304g of that region. &\u0304 vnd{er} hym died ysaac Pharao wos kyng of Egipt the wich resayuyt Ioseph &\u0304 exaltet hym: for the i\u0304terpretacio\u0304 of his dremes. vide sci\u0304sia\u0304z pulcherima\u0304{que} historia\u0304 gen 41. etc. Amythus wos the xij. kyng of babulo\u0304. vnd{er} whome\ndyed Ioseph a blessit ma\u0304 i\u0304 chastite Pharao emonophis aboute Esrom dayes wos kyng of Egypt. & this pharao knew not Io\u2223seph ner no\u0304e of his linage. & he co\u0304mandet the child of israel to be drenchynt. as it is had exodi po. & ye that be clerkes loke that bo\u00a6ke for we that be none: pas to the Croniclys. bot a boute this tym the hystory of exodi be gone.\nAram son to Esrom of the lyne of crist wos aboute this tim & he got Aminadab. Naason: of thes me\u0304 litill is wrete i\u0304 scriptur & therfor: I {pro}cede to other maters Iob that holi man & of al paciens the.Ensapollion was born about this time, of the line of Nachor, the brother of Abraham. He lived many years. After God had tested his patience, he lived 40 years under Agus and Libra. Moses was born about this time. And the children of Israel were in great tribulation and bondage. Moses was put in the water to be drowned. Around this time, Darius was king of Babylon. He was the 14th king, and Moses was born under him in Egypt. Cicero was the first king of Athens. After Sentaus Austus' time, myths were written in the histories of the Greeks. The Iliad was less than the common fame says. From a little thing they made a great matter to show their skill. For there was the uniqueness of the Greeks.\n\nAmynadab, son of Aram of the house of Judea, lived at this time. This Amynadab was the first to enter the Red Sea after Moses. He did not fear the mighty waters, lest they should overwhelm him. Therefore, he deserved to bring forth the ark..King lineage of whom died our Lord Ihu\\_ Crist. Moses was the first judge of Israel who ever was. He was judge for forty years. This Moses was the most excellent prophet that ever God made and the most notable writer of stories. Of his living heaven and earth spoke. For he saw Almighty God clearly reveal himself to men. The which in this free life was never found inscribed but by him and Paul the apostle. Aaron lived for 214 years. This Aaron was called by God to the dignity of the high priesthood or bishopric. He was ordained the eternal testimony to himself and to all who came after him for the great power of the priesthood. When he was 214 years old, he died and was buried on Mount Hor. His son Eleazar succeeded him in the bishopric. Pharaoh Boccharis was king in Egypt at that time and would not heed the commandment of God. Nor did he deliver the child of Israel. Wherefore he was punished with ten plagues according to Exodus. And afterward he and all his host were drowned..In the reign of Rehob, son of Amminadab, prince of the tribe of Judah, at this time the law of God was given on Mount Sinai. The book of Leviticus was written, and another book was called Numbers. The tabernacle was ordained. The book of Deuteronomy was composed: Balaam was a prophet and was slain. Salmon, of the line of Christ, was about this time and had a wife named Rahab. Moses died about this time. The waters of the Jordan River were dry. Jericho was taken: the son stood in the presence of Jehovah, Imeonadab. The book of Joshua begins here and Judges follows. Joshua, the second judge of Israel, was a mighty man in battle and in the desert he encountered Amalek. After the death of Moses, God ordained Joshua as judge of Israel, whose battles, works, and religious life you may see in the book of Joshua. Eleazar was the second bishop: he and Joshua divided the land of promise to the children of Israel. Of him descended the bishops down to Christ, except a few exceptions, such as Onthel of the line of Eli..tribe of Iuda wos the thryd iuge. and this man delyuered the children of israel fro the oppression of thee Reame off Mesopotomie. the wich he ower come in batell. thys\nman toke axam to his wyefe. the wiche asked the vale londis a bown &\u0304 be nethe of hir fad{er} caleph. vt p\u0290 iudic prio. Aoth wos the iiij iuge i\u0304 israel. this ma\u0304 subduid eglo\u0304 the kyng of moab: and deliu{er}it the child of israel. this wos a myghty man in batell and he vsyd the ton hond as well as the tother for his right hond \u00b6A bowte this tyme the ki\u0304g{is} of Italy be gone. and mony tymes ther names be changet. of the wich the {pro}genite of the romans mo\nBoos son to salmon of the lyne of crist wos this tyme. bott of hym is lytill wretten bot that Math nombres hym iij the genology and as docturs sayth ther wos made skyppi\u0304g of na\u00a6mys be twyx Boos &\u0304 Obeth for at the leste be twyx them war CClxxij yere the wich tyme to on man may not be referred. &\u0304 ther for heyr mony thynges is spoken or I cum to the lyne of cri\u00a6st a yane. Nichola{us} de lyra.\"This was Judges Suetus, who succeeded Shamgar as judge of Israel. Deborah was the fourth judge. Deborah was a woman. And through the grace of her prophecy, she was honored with leading Israel. By the command of God, she called Barak to fight against the enemies of Israel. The children of Israel gained victory, and Jabin, the king of Canaan, and Sisera, his general, were destroyed. Phenex was the bishop. And this Phenex, yet a young man, for God's sake, slew many lecherous men. Therefore, our Lord was pleased with him. At that time, Saturn was king in Italy. He was the sixth king there. This Saturn is said to have come from the land of Cretes into Italy. He was thought to be no man but a god by the idolatrous people through a marvelous blindness. And yet they said that he ruled over them as their king and taught them to cultivate their fields. After his decease, the Getulians were called Saturnians in Rome.\".Gideon, the eighth judge of Israel, subdued four kings: Oreb, Zeeb, Zeb, and Salmana, and made Madian a subject of Israel (Judges 6:7, 8). Bocci was Bishop in Ishtar: Abimelech, the eighth judge in Israel, was a natural son to Gideon and took the leadership of Israel not by divine calling but maliciously. He slew seventy of his brothers and ended his life in fear (Judges 9). Tola, the ninth judge in Israel, governed by the old methods of judges through direction and counsel rather than dominion. Bocci was Bishop at that time: Ibzan, the eleventh judge of Israel, had thirty sons whom he made princes of thirty cities. And because they were good men who ruled to the pleasure of God, Israel drew near to the Lord during their days, and all things prospered and went well. Fannus was the fourth king of Italy and ruled over it..Larentyn, a little trespass caused many harms and hurts. Silvia Delphica, through the battle of Troy, foretold that a child should be born of a virgin without human seed. Lamydon, king of Troy, was slain. His daughter Xiona was taken into Greek land. For which wicked and most fearful events, see the history of Troy. Hercules, with Jason, destroyed Ilium or Troy. Afterwards, this Hercules was built by Perymas, son of Lamydon. Hercules did many marvelous things and fought many mighty battles. And inflicted infinite sufferings upon him. At last, when he had overcome much people, he was severely hurt in war. And when he could not endure the pain of his wound with the witch, he ran into the fire and was worshipped among the pagan gods mightily after his death.\n\nAfter the death of Ijar, the people of Israel added new sins to their old ones. And the Lord took them into the power of the Philistines and to the children of Amon..In the eighteenth year, they were greatly oppressed. Then they cried to our lord. Jepthe was inspired by all mighty God and fought a battle. Amon and the seditionist people pushed off the hill of Ephraim. And for an unwise decision, he slew his own daughter utterly and sacrificed to God with her. Judges 11: & 12. At that time, Ozi was bishop in Israel and he was of the seed of Aaron by the line of Eleazar. The priesthood, through the providence of God, turned to the line of Ithamar. In the twentieth year of this line, Hely was the first bishop. And Abiathar was the last. Ebesam was judge in Israel in the first year: and he was the twelfth judge. And during these times, the children of Israel were quiet. And therefore, no notable things were done in their days. Abdon was judge in Israel for eight years. And around this time, the history of Ruth was written. Autha\u00eds was king of Assyria at that time. & Priamus was king of Troy, son..To Laomedon, he built his city extremely strongly and went to battle with the Greeks into his own hurt. He had a son, named Hector, a lovely getting son by his wife Hecuba. This man was faithful and wise, and in cooperation of strength and nobleness: this Priamus had another son named Paris, who took a wife from the land of the Greeks, Helen, wife of Menelaus, the king, Agamemnon, the king's brother and leader of all the Greeks, fought a year-long battle at Troy and at last won the city falsely, bringing the greatest shame and disgrace to the Greeks. Indeed, this might be called an unfortunate battle where no man showed love to the Greeks. But every man reports otherwise. Eneas was king in Italy for three years. And this Eneas, after Troy, was driven out of the land of the Greeks and came to Italy with twenty ships. He engaged in mighty battles there, and this man had wedded Priamus' daughter Lavinia. He was deified through the error of the common people, and from this man came Julius Caesar and Augustus Octavian. Vulixes an..An eloquent man among all the Greeks, after many parallel disputes on the sea. He went home to his Penelope, the most faithful and chaste woman, who was reportedly dead. And the Greeks mourned wretchedly after they had destroyed Troy both on the water and on the land as they went homeward. And that was the principal date of their writing after that victory. For they wrote histories and other writing is so. Anno primo uel secundo &c. post Troia capta. And that was the third year of Abdon, judge of Israel.\n\nObeth's son, of the line of Christ, is rehearsed in Matthew. Samson, the fifteenth judge, reigned twenty years. This Samson was the strongest man who ever was. And he delivered Israel from the Philistines, and for his marvelous strength, I suppose he could have been Hercules. Eteius' wonders are seen in Judges. 13.\n\nIssachar's son, Obeth's son, otherwise called Essai, was a noble man in honesty. No king or great governor was mentioned of him, but of him..This is the time when Christ our Savior descended. At this time, Heli was high priest and judge in Israel, the father of the two sons Ophni and Phinees. And because he did not correct them sufficiently, both he and they were punished by the Lord. They were slain by the Philistines, and Heli felt sorrow for his loss and tore his robe. Heli was the high priest after Samson, and he was the first high priest from the lineage of Ithamar, which lasted for about forty years. In this lineage, Heli was the first high priest and Abiathar the last. (See Plara Primo Regum.)\n\nThis was the time when Saul was king in Israel, according to his histories and Josephus in his eighth book. Saul was the first king in Israel and reigned for twenty years. The man who was king during his time was a good man, chosen by God, but later he failed. He and his three sons were killed in the hills of Gilboa. During the time of Saul, Samuel was judge and prophet in Israel, a holy man born of a barren mother. He ministered to the Lord from his childhood to his old age..Not he, the Bishop, but he who was Israel all the days of his life. He was the true prophet of God, anointing two kings: Saul first and after him David. This Samuel and Saul ruled Israel for different lengths of time. Isidore says that Samuel and Saul ruled Israel for forty years, Josephus in his eighth book and the master in his histories say Samuel was judge for twelve years alone, and Saul to reign for twenty years. After him, Ascanius, the seventh king of Italy, was the son of Evander and took Silvius, the eighth king of Italy. The witch Silvius was the father of Brutus, king of Britain now called England. I lived among the kings of Italy, for they did little noble things until it came to Romulus and Remus, who built Rome. Then shall these kings come again, and we shall proceed to the chronicles.\n\nHere you may see how England first began at Albion..In the noble land of Britain, now called England. Before I speak of Brutus, it will be shown how the land of Albion was first named after him, by what chance it was so named. In the noble and mighty land of Scotland there was a noble king, Diedcius, who was well and worthily governed and ruled through his noble chivalry. He conquered all the lands around him, so that almost all the kings of the world were subject to him. It happened that this Diedcius married a noble damsel, who was wonderfully fair, his own daughter Labana. She loved him as reason would, and he had twenty-four daughters by her: the eldest was called Albina, and these damsels, when they came to age, were so fair that it was wonderful..Where Diocletian ordered, all kings who held allegiance to him were commanded, as stated in his letters, to come to a certain day for a real feast. At this day they came and brought with them imperial princes and dukes: the feast was truly arranged, and there they lived in joy and merriment enough that it was wonderful. And it happened that this Diocletian intended to marry his daughters among all those kings who were present at this solemnity. So they spoke and agreed that Albina, his eldest daughter, and all her sisters were married to 24 kings who were lords of great honor and power at this solemnity. And when the solemnity was over, every king took his wife and led them to their own country and made them queens. And it happened afterward that this Dame Albina became so proud and stern that she showed little respect for her lord and scorned and despised him, and would not do his will unless she herself wished..will in various matres and all her other sisters each one bear them so evil against their lords: it was wonderful to witness, and as much as they thought that their husbands were not of such high age as their father. But the kings who were their lords would have chastised them with fair manners, out of love and friendship, that they should amend their behaviors. But all was in vain, for they did their own will in all things that pleased them and had the power to do so. Thirty-four kings at a time and often beat their wives because they were weary that they would amend their ways and their wickedness. But of such conditions they were that for fair speech and warnings they did the worst and for beatings, even more, because the king who had wedded Albine wrote off their conditions and behaviors off his wife, and she became ashamed and angry and wroth towards her daughters. He thought night and day if he might amend it: that they so misbehaved and sent his letters to the thirty-four kings..that they should come to him and bring their wives every one at a certain day: for he would chastise them for their wickedness if he could in any manner. So the king Dioclesian came all at that time and day that was set between him and the king. Dioclesian dismissed them under song with much honor and made a solemn feast for all under his lordship. The third day after that solemnity, the king Dioclesian sent for his twenty-three daughters that they should come and speak with him in his chamber. When they had come, he spoke to them of their wickedness and cruelty and reproved them sharply. Under his name, he said that if they would not be chastised, they should lose his love forever. And when the ladies heard all this, they became abashed and greatly ashamed and to their father they said that they would make amends and so they departed from their father's chamber. Dame Albine, who was the eldest sister, led them all to her chamber and she made them void..all that were there, only she and her sister were left among them: Though Albine, my fair sister, well we know that our father the king has reproved, shamed, and despised us for disobeying our husbands. But certainly, while I remain with this Albine, I will never while I am here, since I come from a more noble king's blood than my husband. And when she had said this, all her sisters agreed. \"Though I know, fair sisters, that our husbands have provoked our father against us, which is why he has reproved and despised us,\" said Albine. \"My counsel, fair sisters, is that tonight, when our husbands are in bed, we all with one accord: cut their throats, and then we may be at peace with them, and perhaps we do better this thing under our father's power than elsewhere.\" And immediately all the ladies consented and granted this counsel. When night came, the lords and ladies went to bed, and immediately, as their lords were asleep, they cut the throats of their husbands..And so they all flowed to him. When at Dioclesian, the king heard of this thing, he became extremely angry against his daughters and another would have had them all beheaded. But all the barons and lords of the realm dissuaded him from doing such a thing to his own daughters, but only commanded them to leave the land, so that they would never return. And he did so.\n\nDioclesian, their father, also commanded them to go into ships and delivered provisions to them for half a year. And when this was done, all the sisters went into the ship and sailed forth into the sea. They bade farewell to all their friends in Appolin. And they sailed in the sea for a long time until at last they arrived at an island that was all wilderness.\n\nWhen Dame Albion came to that land, this Albine was the first to step forth from the ship and said to her other sisters: \"For as much as I am the oldest sister of all this company, first take possession of this land.\".I will call this land Albion, after my own name, and grant it to my sister and all her sisters, excluding those of the ship. They took the land Albion as their sister named it. And there they went up and down and found neither man nor woman nor child but wild beasts of various kinds. When their vitality waned and they fell, they fed them with herbs and fruits according to the season of the year. And so they lived as best they could. Afterward, they took flesh from various beasts and became wonderfully fat. And they desired human companionship, and the kind that had fallen. And for heat, they grew wonderfully courageous of nature, so that they desired more human companionship than any other place or pleasure when the devil, perceiving this and passing through various countries and the body of the earth, sent forth men and women. And lying by the side of them, he imparted his nature to them. And they consorted with each other and brought forth Giants, of whom one was:.In Albion, there were giants named Gogmagog and Langherigan. They were called by various names and were born as terrible giants. They dwelt in caves and hills at their will, and held the land of Albion as they pleased, until the arrival of Brut. Brut conquered them at Totnes, an island in Albion, and humiliated the giants named above.\n\nIn great Troy, there was a noble knight and a man of great power, named Eneas. When Troy was lost and destroyed by the Greeks, Eneas and his men fled and came to Lombardy. Lombardy was ruled and governed by a king named Latynes. Another king there was named Turocelines, who frequently caused harm to King Latynes. When King Latynes learned that Eneas had arrived, he received him with much honor and held him in high regard due to what he had heard of him..Eneas, knowing he was a noble knight worthy of his body and deeds, helped King Latinus quickly tell of his valor by slaying Turocelinus and defeating his people. After this was accomplished, Latinus gave all the land that had belonged to Turocelinus to Eneas in marriage with Lavinia, his daughter, who was the most beautiful woman anyone had seen. They lived happily together for the rest of their lives. Later, Ascanius, Eneas' son, married a wife and on her he fathered a son named Silvius. When Silvius reached manhood and learned of his father's and his own desire, he encountered a damsel who was a cousin to Lavinia, Queen of Latinus, and brought her and her child to him. When Ascanius learned of this, he inquired from the wisest masters and greatest clerics what child the damsel would bear, and they answered and said:.that she shold bring ofrth a son that shold kyll bothe his fadre and also his modre: and so he did: For his moder dyed in beryng of hym. And whan this chyld wos borne: his fad{er} let calle hym Brute: and the masters siyd that he shold doo moche harme &\u0304 sorow in mony dyuerse places: and after he shold come to gret honour and worshyp: This kyng ascanius dyed when god wold and Silueyn his son resaued the lond and made hym won\u00a6derly well beloued amonges his pepull. and whan Brute thatt wos Siluenus son wos xv. yere olde he went vpon a day wythe his fadre for to play &\u0304 solace &\u0304 as Brute shold a shote vn to an hert hys harew myshapped & glaced & so ther Brutkel led his fad{er}.\nAnd when this myschance befell: all the pepull of the lond made sorow ynowgh and war sore an angreyd and for en\u00a6cheson therof they driuen Brute oute of the lond & wold not suf\u2223fer hym amonges them: and he saugh that he myght not ther a bi\u00a6de & he went from thens in to grece: &\u0304 ther he fond vij.M. men that were of the lynage &\u0304 kynred of.Troy, which is said to have come from great blood, as the story tells, was inhabited by men, women, and children who were held in the king Pandras of Greece's thrall and bondage due to the death of Achilles, who was betrayed and slain at Troy. This man, Brute, was very fair and strong and tall for his age, with a cheerful and pleasing demeanor, and also worthy in appearance. King Pandras heard speak of his goodness and condition and immediately made him his duke. Brute became wonderfully favored and much beloved with the king, so that for a long time they, the Trojans, and Brute spoke to each other about kinship and lineage and acquaintance. They confided to Brute their sorrow and bondage and many other things that King Pandras had done to them. And they said to him at one time, \"You are a lord of our lineage, a strong man, and a mighty one. Be you our savior and bring us out of this wretchedness and bondage. We will fight with the king for truth with the grace of the great god.\".\"Shall he overcome us, and we shall make you king of the land, and to you we shall do homage and of you we shall hold evermore. Brute felt great pity for their bondage and quietly led them away from the king's court. Those from Troy we put in the woods and into mountains, and held them, sending them to King Pandras to give them leave to depart from the land, for they would no longer endure his bondage. King Pandras grew sorely annoyed and swore that he would kill them all and gathered great power, intending to fight them. But Brute and his men manfully defended themselves and fiercely fought, killing all the king's men, none of whom escaped. They took the king and held him in prison, and between them they counseled what they might do. Some said he should be put to death, some said he should be exiled from the land, and some said he should be burned. A wise knight named Mempris spoke up and said\".To Brute and all of Troy, if King Pedas would yield himself and grant his life, I counsel that he surrender to Brute, our duke, and his daughter Gennogen as wife. In marriage with her, prepare one hundred ships and all his treasure of gold and silver, corn and wine, and as much of other things as needed. Then we shall leave his land and arrange a new one, for we have slain so many of their knights and other friends that they would be among us. Brute and all his people consented well to this counsel, and this was reported to King Pedas. He granted Pedas his life as much as they asked, and gave Gennogen, his daughter, to Brute as wife, along with a hundred ships and as much of all vital supplies as had been previously ordered. Brute took his wife and all his men who sought the land..They went to the sea and anchored at their will: and came on the third day to an island called Lorgres. This brutus sent me ashore to spy out the land, and we found a deserted city, empty of men and women and all things living. In the midst of this city, we found an old temple of a fierce lady, called Diana, the goddess. We returned to Brut and told him what we had seen and found. We advised him to go and sacrifice to Lady Diana, for she was accustomed to give answers about whatever things men prayed to her. Brut went to the image and said, \"Diana, noble goddess, who holds all power and might in your hands, waters, woods, fields, and all things of the world, and all kinds of beasts that are here, I make my prayer to you, tell me, I pray, in what place and what kind of land I shall have a counsel and dwelling for myself and my people, and there I shall make it an honor of yours.\".you are a welcomer tempest and a noble where I shall evermore be honored. When he had finished his prayer to Diane, she answered in this manner: \"Brute said she goes forth your way over the sea to France toward the west, and there you shall find an island called Albion. That island is surrounded by the sea on all sides, but it can only be reached by ships. And I tell you that the land was once inhabited by giants, but it is not so now, but all wildernesses and that land is destined and ordered for you and your people.\n\nWhen Brute had this answer from Diane the goddess, another time he let the anchors wind up and sailed to the high sea. And when they had sailed twenty days and more, they found fast beside a coast of the sea a thousand men of the lineage and kindred of Troy, and their sovereign and master was called Corin. And when Brute knew whence they were, he took them with great joy into his ships and led them forth with him. This Corin became Brute's man and did homage to him, and they sailed forth until.They come to Gascoyne, and another party arrived in the haven of Liegers, where they stayed for seven days to rest and mend their sails: news reached King Geoffrey, who was lord of the land, that a large number of people from foreign lands had arrived in his haven of Liegers. He was greatly angered and annoyed that they came and arrived in his land without his consent and permission. Immediately, he ordered a great power to drive out Brute and to harm him and all his people. However, it turned out that King Geoffrey was defeated and all his people, and he himself fled to France: at that time, there were twelve kings ruling in France, and eleven of them assembled a great power to help Geoffrey and fight against Brute. Geoffrey fought with the French for more than a year. Meanwhile, during the time when Geoffrey was in France, Brute and his company destroyed all of Gascoyne's land and seized all of its treasure..Had Brute brought all the loot to his ships. Brute discovered a fair place and built a castle and a stronghold there. When this was done, King Goffar came from France with eleven kings and brought 20,000 men to fight against Brute and his company. Brute had only 7,000 men. Nevertheless, when the two hosts met, Brute's people, with his help and that of Turin, his cousin, and Corin, fought bravely and killed many Frenchmen in a little time. Anon, all those who were alive fled away.\n\nIn this battle, Turin, Brute's cousin, was slain, and Brute allowed him to be honorably entered into the castle he had made. Brute then went to his castle with all his men and made the gates fast to save them and take the castle..Brute and Corin consulted on what to do. Brute and Corin privately arranged for Corin to go into the woods before morning. When Brute should fight with his enemies, Corin and his people would come from one side and slaughter and cause as much harm as they could. In the morning, during the day's dawn, Brute left the castle and fought with his enemies. They fiercely defended themselves but were unable to withstand Brute and his men for long. Brute and his men killed eight hundred gofar men. And in the afternoon, Corin came with the bushment and attacked those who stood or retreated, so that King Goffar and his companions, along with fifteen nobles, were left inside the same castle of Tours, where Brute had entered to confront Turin his cousin.\n\nWhen all this was done, Brute no longer wished to continue fighting or lose any more of his people. King Goffar's people could increase every day, and Brute's forces were dwindling. Brute took all his men and departed for the sea, finding favorable winds and weather..And on the fifth day they arrived at a haven in Totnes and came to the Isle of Albion. Neither man nor woman was there, as the story tells, but Gautes and they dwelt in hills and caves. Brut found the land fair and to his liking, and it was also good for him and his people, as Diana the goddess had foretold. Brut was greatly pleased and summoned all his people to a solemn sacrifice and grand feast in honor and reverence of Diana, the goddess whom he had first counseled to enter this land. When they had completed their solemnity, on a certain day they sat at their meal, and suddenly thirty giants appeared among them and killed thirty of Brut's men. Brut and his men rose up and fought with the giants and killed them all, save one who was called Gogmagog. Gogmagog was master of all the giants and was stronger and taller than any of the others. Brut kept Gogmagog alive to wrestle with Corin..Brute was larger than any man of the Brute's men from Greydl Sted upwards. Gogmagog and Corin took hold of each other to wrestle, and so they wrestled for a long time. But at last, Gogmagog held Corin so fast that he broke two ribs of his side. Corin was very angry and took Gogmagog between his arms and threw him down upon a rock, causing Gogmagog to break into pieces and die a cruel death. Therefore, the place is still called the Fault of Gogmagog to this day. After Brute, Corin was given the entire country and named it after his own name, Cornwall. His men were called Cornwallians, and men from that country should be called such forevermore. In that country, Corin and his men built towns and houses and inhabited the land by their own will. Brute and his men went forth and searched in various places where they might find a good site for him and his people. At last, they found a suitable place and built a city for him and his people..Come by a fair river named Temys. A brutal man built a fair city and named it New Troy, in memory of the great Troy from which all their lineage came. This brutal man felled woods, cleared and saw lands, and made meadows for the sustenance of himself and his people. He departed the land to each one, giving them a part and a certain place to dwell in. Then this man named all this land Britain after his own name, and his people he named Bretons. Brutus had three sons worthy of deeds: the first was named Lotring, the second Albanact, and the third Cambar. Brutus reigned in the city of New Troy for twenty years after the city was founded, and there he made the laws that the Bretons hold. Brutus was greatly beloved among all men, and his sons also loved each other dearly. When Brutus had explored all the land in length and breadth, he found a land that joined to it..In the north, Brute, the founder of Britain, gave a land to Albanacthis son and named it Scotland after him. Towards the west, he gave another territory to Cambar, his other son, and named it Wales. Brute reigned for twenty years, and then he died in the city of New Troy.\n\nAfter Brute, Lotring, his son, became the second king of Britain, reigning in the second year of Samuel. Lotring was crowned king with much solemnity of all the land of Britain. After his crowning, Alban and Cambar, his two brothers, went to their own lands and lived there with great honor and worship. Lotring, their brother, reigned and governed it well and wisely, for he was a good man and greatly beloved by all his land.\n\nAlban, meanwhile, ruled in his own land with great honor and worship. Then King Humbar of Hunlond came with a great army..King Power arrived in Albinia and intended to conquer the land, heading towards King Albanac and killed him in battle. When Albanac was slain, the people of that land fled to Lotharingia and told him, as he was king of Britain, that his brother had been killed and begged him for help and support to avenge his brother's death.\n\nLotharingia immediately summoned all the Britons of Kent, the men of Dover in Norfolk, the Southfolks of Cheshire and Lindsey, and when they had all assembled, they quickly set out to engage their enemies in battle. Lotharingia had sent to Camber, his brother, that he should come to him with all the power he could muster for assistance. And so he did with good will, and they met and prepared to go and seek Humbar, wherever they might find him.\n\nIt happened that Humbar was by a great river with his men for recreation, when Lotharingia and Camber, with all their men, suddenly appeared..That other man, named Humber, was filled with fear when he saw them. His men were unaware of this before, and they were also unprepared. Humber, in terror, leapt into the water and drowned himself. All of his men were killed, and none escaped. For this reason, that water is called Humber.\n\nAfter Humber's death, Lotrin went to his ships and took their gold, silver, and whatever else he found for himself. He gave the rest to other people in the host. In one of the ships, they found a fair damsel, who was King Humber's daughter, named Estrild. When Lotrin saw her, he took her with him because of her beauty. He was so taken with love that he wanted to marry her.\n\nThis news reached Corin, and Lotrin intended to marry Corin's daughter, named Guentolen. In haste, Corin went to Lotrin at New Troy..He told this to Lotrin. Now truly, I will avenge myself on you for all the pains I have endured on Brute's behalf. Therefore, since it is so, I will take my revenge on you now. He drew his sword and intended to slay King Lotrin, but the damsel intervened and reconciled them in this way: that Lotrin should marry Guendolen, Corin's daughter. And so Lotrin did. Nevertheless, after he had married Guendolen, Corin's daughter, he went to Estrelde and brought her, along with her child, whose name was Abren. It happened that soon after this, Corin died. And after his death, Lotrin sought Guendolen, his wife, and made Estrelde queen. Guendolen, his wife, went from there in great anger and wrath to Cornwall and seized all the land into her own hands, for as much as she was her father's heir. She took fees and homages from all the men of the land and afterward..Queen Guentolen gathered a great army and power of men to avenge her lord, Lotrin, and confront him with a strong battle. In the fifth year of his reign, Lotrin was killed and his men were defeated. Guentolen ordered Estrile and her daughter Abram to be taken, bound, and thrown into a water. This water came to be known as Abram's or Severn Sea in English, and Abram's Sea in Welsh, in memory of Abram, the maiden who was Estrile's daughter. After this deed, Guentolen was crowned queen of the land. She governed it wisely and well until her son, Madan, who was twenty years old at the time Lotrin had been overthrown, could become king. The queen reigned for fifteen years, and then crowned her son as king. He ruled and governed the land well and worthily. She then went to Cornwall and lived there for the rest of her life.\n\nMadan, son of Lotrin, ruled the land after her..This is the forty-first year of King Rehoboam, who ruled for fifteen years. And this Madan lived in peace all his days. He had two sons named Mephris and Maulyn. Then he died and lies at New Troy.\n\nDavid, the second king in reality, reigned during this time. He was anointed in his young age by Samuel. After the death of Rehoboam, he reigned for forty years. This David was a marvel in all kinds of ways: In him was found so much power and so much humility, so much nobility and so much meekness, so great a charge of secular things, and so pure and devout a contemplation of spiritual things, so many men to kill, and so many tears to weep for his transgressions. (See the first book of Kings.)\n\nAbiathar was bishop at this time: he fled from Rehoboam to David and was glorious with him all his days. Gad, Nathan, and Asaph were prophets then: Nathan was the brother-son of David.\n\nMephris and his brother Maulyn conspired against David and....In this eldest son's case, he would have inherited all the land, but Malyn wouldn't allow it. So they agreed to a day of love and truce. On this day, Mepris killed his brother through treason, and he himself took the land and was crowned king. Afterward, he became such a tyrant that he drove out all the meek of his land. In the end, he became so wicked and lecherous that he seduced his own wife and committed the sin of sodomy. Almighty God was greatly displeased and angry with him. One day, as he went hunting in a forest, he lost all the men who were with him and didn't know what to do. Alone, he cried out for them, but they were gone. Immediately, wolves appeared and threatened to tear him apart when he had reached the age of 24. His people heard of his death and made merry and joyful noises. They then made Ebrac his son king..King Solomon, regarded with much honor. Solomon, the king of Peace, received the gift of our lord, exceeding all men in wisdom and riches, and in glory and familiarity with God. Although Moses, David, Peter, Paul, Jerome, and Austin, and others excelled him in holiness, they did not exceed him in glory and riches. I myself was deeply moved by this extraordinary man, Solomon. He took a child by the daughter of Pharaoh at the age of eleven. At that time, this was Bishop Shebachez. David, the son of Jesse, was denied [it] by him, but was favored by Nathan for Solomon. On the other hand, Abiathar was set aside.\n\nRoboam succeeded Solomon in his kingdom, but not in wisdom. He was despised through the counsel of young men and lost ten tribes because he did not answer the people wisely as it is recorded in 1 Kings. A Chimham was bishop, and was the son of Shebachez. (1 Chronicles 1:2).The text appears to be written in Old English, and there are some errors in the transcription. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nThe problems listed below are not extremely rampant in the text, so I will provide a cleaned version without any caveats or comments.\n\nReges, the Israelites begin. Iheroboam reigned in Israel for twenty-two years, in the twentieth year of Jeroboam. He was the first of the house of Solomon, and a good man. But when he became king, he became a fearful idolater. And he made Israel sin in idolatry: much unrest was almost brought to the destruction of all Israel. For he was the instigator of many. (See 30 kings.) Abdias, the son of Roboam, reigned in Judah for three years. He was a good man in the beginning of his reign, and helped by God and sometimes wretchedly disposed towards idolatry: therefore our Lord suffered him to reign a little time. (Ut 30 kings and 2 Paralipomenon.)\n\nAsa, the son of Abdias, reigned sixteen years. In the beginning of his reign, he was a righteous man and walked as David did. He also subdued the Ethiopians: and destroyed idols. But after that, he was ensnared by the king of Syria, Ben-hadad. For Baasha, king of Israel, went to fight against him. This displeased God. Therefore, He sent to him the prophet Ananias, whom he put in prison; and because of this, he became seriously ill and died of it. (Ut 30 kings.).King Azariah, son of Achonias, was bishop. Nadab, king of Israel, reigned for two years, beginning in the second year of Asa, king of Judah, and did nothing as his father had done; Basa ruled through him and reigned for thirty years. Basa, king of Israel, reigned for twenty-four years, beginning in the third year of Asa, king of Judah; he walked in the sins of Jeroboam and killed Jehohanan the prophet. Helah, son of Basa, reigned in Israel for two years, and Zamri slew him and reigned for seven days. Amri reigned for twelve years and did not do as his predecessors had done; Acha, son of Amri, reigned in Israel for twenty-two years. Above all that was against him, he was cursed for wickedness. Jehoshaphat, called Ebrah, reigned for sixty years. He was a strong and mighty man, and this Ebrah, through his might and the help of his Breton soldiers, conquered all of France and won so much gold and silver that when he came into this land, he built a city after his own name, which is called Ebrah to this day..King Edward built the castle of Maidens, now called Edinburgh. This king had twenty sons and twenty-four daughters by various women. His sons were named Brute, Grenescheld, Margan, Seisell, Morghwyth, Flegham, Bladud, Iakyn, Kynbar, Rocelm, and Spadogh.\n\nAfter the death of King Ebrake, Brute Grenescheld ruled for thirty years. He was Ebrake's first son to rule well and nobly. When his time came, he died and lies at York.\n\nUpon Brute Grenescheld's death, Leyll ruled for twenty-two years. He founded a fair town and named it Carlisle after himself. He was a worthy man and well-loved by his people. He ruled for twenty-two years and lies at Carlisle. During his reign, King Solomon of Jerusalem reigned and built the noble temple. To him came Queen Sheba of Sheba to hear and see if it was true that men spoke of the great and noble wisdom of King Solomon. She found it to be true, as she had been told.\n\nKing Josaphat of Judah was a good, rich, and devout man..Lord reigns for 25 years and did no harm to the cursed king of Israel, giving help. And there were a few other things because of which our lord was with him. At that time, Helias the great prophet was a holy man who was lifted up into heaven in a chariot, Micaiah and Abdias prophesied with him. Ochosias, son of Ahab, reigns in Israel for two years and sent to Belshazzar, god of the Chaldeans, to be healed for which he died after Helias' saying. At that time,\n\nAnd King Lud Ludibras built the city of Canterbury and Winchester and he reigned for 39 years and then he died and lies at Winchester.\n\nAfter this, Lud Ludibras' son Bladud, a great necromancer, ruled through his craft of necromancy and he made the marvelous hot bath as the story tells and he reigned for 21 years and lies at the new Troy.\n\nIoram, king of Judah, son of Josaphat, reigns for eight years. This Ioram was a cursed man and had a good father. He killed his brothers and wretchedly treated the kings of Israel. Therefore, he was sorely punished and died..This text appears to be written in an old English script, and there are several errors and inconsistencies that need to be addressed in order to make it readable. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThis is about the reign of Helias, who reigned in Judah for two years, during the reign of Ochosias or Asarias, king of Judah. He did not reign as his father did, and another was slain with all the ways of Ahab. Athaliah, mother of Asarias, took the kingdom and killed all the royal blood: she reigned for ten years, and the seventh year of Jehoiada the high priest, she was killed. Asarias and his son Joas, and his wife Amaziah, Matthias the evangelist, are not in the line of Christ for their sins. Jeroboam, king of Israel, reigned for twelve years, beginning his reign in the sixteenth year of Jehoshaphat. He led Israel astray and was slain by Jehu with all his father's household, except for Jehonadab, who anointed Jehu as king over the child of Elisha. Jehu killed Athaliah the queen of Judah, Jehoram the king of Israel, and all the sons of Ahab, and the priests of Baal. He reigned for eighteen years. Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, reigned for six years on the throne of Judah. She killed\n\nThis text describes the reigns of several kings of Judah and Israel, and the events that occurred during their rule. It mentions that Helias reigned for two years during the reign of Ochosias or Asarias, and that he was not as successful as his father. Athaliah, the mother of Asarias, took the throne and killed all the royal blood, ruling for ten years. Asarias and his son Joas, along with his wife Amaziah and Matthias the evangelist, are not considered in the line of Christ due to their sins. Jeroboam, king of Israel, reigned for twelve years and led Israel astray, but was eventually killed by Jehu, who anointed himself king with the support of Jehonadab. Jehu killed Athaliah, Jehoram, and the priests of Baal, and ruled for eighteen years. Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab, reigned for six years on the throne of Judah and was also killed..The king's blood of Jehoram. Except Ioas, the son of Azariah the priest, was kept among the shepherds. And after she was slain, Jehoahaz, the son of Jehoahazah, reigned in Israel for seventeen years. In his days, Elijah the prophet ruled. Jehoahaz, the son of Jehoahazah, reigned in Israel for eighteen years, and he troubled [him]. Jehoam, the son of Ahaziah, reigned in Judah for twenty years; he was crowned king by Jehoida the Bishop at the age of seven. He ruled well as long as he was ruled by Jehoida, but after he forsook God and murdered Azariah, the son of Jehoida, the priest, for he blamed him for forsaking his god (2 Kings 11:4). Jehoatham, the son of Jehoash, reigned in Israel for sixteen years. In his days, Elisha the prophet ruled. Jehoam, the son of Jehoatham, reigned in Israel for sixteen years and he troubled [him].\n\nAfter King Jehoram, Leir his son reigned, and he founded the town of Leicester and named it after his name. And he governed and his daughters were married before he died. But first he thought to test which of them loved him most and best: for she who loved him best should be married to him most favorably. He asked the eldest daughter how well she loved him. And she answered, \"Better than my own life.\" Now indeed said her father..is a gret loue Then axed he of ye secu\u0304d doughter how moch she hym loued and she saied more and passing all the creaturs in the world {per} ma foy quod hir fad{er} I ma no more axe: and tho axed he of the thrid doughter how mych she hym loued: certes fad{er} quod she my sustres haue told you glosyng wordes: but for so the I shall tell you trouth For I loue you os I aught to loue my fad{er} and for to bring you more in c{er}tayn how I loue you I shall you tell: as moche as ye bene worth so moch shall ye be loued \u00b6The kyng hir fader went that she had skor\u00a6ned hym and become wond{er} wroth and suore by heuen &\u0304 erth she shold neuer haue good of hym: bot his doughtres yt loued hym so moch shold be well auaunced and maried And the fyrst dought{er} he maried to Maugles kyng of scotland: and the second he marid to hanemos Erle of Cornewaell: and so they ordined and spak bitwene them that they shold depart the Reame bitwene them two after the deth of kyng Leir ther fad{er} so that Cordeill his yongeste doughter shold.Noting had of his land, but Cordelia was wonderful and of good conditions and manners, which King Francis of France had heard of from her speech. He sent to King Lear her father, asking for her hand in marriage. King Lear, her father, sent word that he had departed his land and given it all to his two daughters, except for Cordelia. He said he had no more land wherewith to marry her.\n\nAnd when Cordelia, the king of France, heard this answer, she sent a messenger to Lear immediately, asking for nothing but her clothing and her body.\n\nKing Lear then sent her over the sea to the king of France, and he received her with great honor and solemnly married her and made her queen of France.\n\nLater, however, Cordelia's two eldest sisters refused to stay until Lear, their father, was dead. They lived with him while he was alive and caused him much sorrow. They had decreed that one of them should be queen in his place..King Leir lived with forty knights and squires, whom he could fully worship and ride wherever he pleased, and to whatever country he desired to play and be entertained. King Malcolm of Scotland had King Leir with him for half a year in this manner, and for the other half year Cornwall, his eldest daughter and queen of Scotland, was so displeased with him and his people that she and her lord spoke in private as to why his knights and squires had left him, and only thirty were left with him.\n\nWhen this was done, Leir set out to make much sorrow for the loss of his estate. Men showed him more scorn and contempt than ever before, and he did not know how to endure it. At last, he thought to go and seek comfort with his other daughter, Regan, in Cornwall. And when he arrived, the Earl and his wife, who was Leir's daughter, welcomed him warmly and with him made great joy. He dwelt there with thirty knights and squires..not duelled there scarcely eighteen months that his daughter of him was weary and his company and her lord and she: of him had great scorn and disdain: so that from thirty knights they brought him down to one and afterward he had but five, and so they left him no more. Then he made sorrow and said, sore weeping, \"Alas, that ever I came into this land. It had been better for me to have duelled with my first daughter.\" And immediately he went then to his first daughter, but one knight if he would there behead. Then Leir began to weep again and made much sorrow, and said, \"Alas now, I have long lived that this sorrow and misfortune is to me now fallen. For now I am powerless that once was rich: but now have I no friend nor kin who will do me any good. But when I was rich, all men honored and worshipped me; but now every man scorns and dishonors me for my riches: but my two daughters scorned me, and I would not believe it nor understand, and therefore I let her go..For me, as a thing that I set little price on: and now I know not what to do since my two daughters have disappointed me so much, that I so much loved. And now I most seek her who is in another land, whom I let go from me without any reward or gifts, and she said that she loved me as much as she ought to love her father by all manner of reason, and though I should have asked her no more; and though she otherwise behaved towards me through her false speech, now has me distressed in this manner. Leir began to make his mourning for a long time, and at last he sent himself to the sea and passed over into France, and asked and inquired where the Queen might be found. And when he came to the city that she was in, he sent his squire to the queen to tell her that her father had come to her for great needs. And when the squire came to the queen, he told her every detail from the beginning to the end. Cordelia, the queen, took gold and silver in abundance and gave it to the squire..The counselor advised him to go and bring it to his father and to enter a certain city, array and wash himself, and then return to her and bring with him an honest company of forty knights and their men. He was then to send to his lord the king and say that he had come to speak with his daughter and to see him. And so he did.\n\nWhen the king and queen of France heard this, they sent word throughout their realm and commanded that all should be obedient to King Lear, the queen's father, in all matters as if it were to them. The king told them how his two eldest daughters had served him.\n\nImmediately, Agamemnon ordered a great host of French men and sent them with King Lear, the queen's father, to conquer his land and kingdom again. Cordelia also came with her father to Britain for her share of the realm after her father's death. They then went aboard ship and crossed the sea..See and come into Britain, and fought with the felons and subdued and killed them. He regained his land again and lived for three more years and kept his realm in peace, and afterward died. Cordell, his daughter, was honored greatly at Leicester by me.\nAmasias, the son of Ioam, reigned on the Jewish throne for twenty-nine years after which the kingdom of Judah was without a king for thirteen years. This man worshipped the gods of Seir. (2 Kings 20:2)\nJeroboam, the son of Ioam, reigned in Israel for forty-one years. He was a manly and victorious ruler, for he recovered the kingdom of Israel and Damascus after the word of Jonah the prophet: but he was not good for his feet, says Augustine. If good men reign, they prophesy many things; if evil men reign, they harm many people.\nOzias, or Azariah, the son of Amasias, reigned for fifty-two years. He ruled well for our Lord. Nothing bad is written about him. But that he usurped the dignity of the priesthood, which he seized for himself. (2 Kings 15:5)\nAzariah, the son of Ozias, who seized the priesthood for himself, for which cause our Lord struck him with leprosy. (2 Kings 15:5).Bishop and prophet were this time the first of the twelve. Yahweh was sent as the fifth to the tribe of Judah. Ishmael was the second of the twelve, prophesied against Judah. Anias was the fourth of the twelve, prophesied against many people. Abdias was the seventh of the twelve, prophesied against Edom. Iacharias, son of Jehoram, reigned in Israel for six months during the thirty-seventh year of Josiah. He was not like his predecessors. Zedekiah killed him and reigned for a month. Manahannah killed him and took his kingdom. Manahannah ruled for ten years, starting from the thirty-ninth year of Josiah. He ruled miserably, and our lord took him into the power of the king of Asshur. He paid him 4,000 talents of silver. Manahannah's son, Phaseia, ruled in Israel for two years, starting from the first year of Josiah's reign. He was not like him. Phaseia slew Phaseia and ruled for twenty years. He began to reign in the fifty-first year of Josiah and did as other wicked men did. (For more on the rulers, see 4 Kings.) After this, Israel..When King Leir was dead, Cordelia, his youngest daughter, ruled: the tenth year of Osias, king of Iure. And after her, Conedag ruled. The fifteenth year of Osias. Cordelia, Leir's youngest daughter, had ruled for five years after her father's death, and during that time her lord Agamemnon, king of France, died. After his death, she left her widowhood. And Morgan and Conedag came, who were Cordelia's stepbrothers, and they had enmity towards her because their aunt should have the land. So they conspired against her and caused her great trouble. And they never rested until they had taken her and put her to death. And they shared the land between them for twelve years. And when the twelve years were over, there arose between them a great dispute, so that they were strongly inclined to go to war with each other, and each of them did much harm. For Morgan wanted all the land that Conedag held. But he opposed him..With a strong power, Morgan could not endure but fled away into Wales, and Conan pursued him and took him and killed him. And though Conan came again and said, \"All the land is mine,\" and held it and ruled for 34 years. He died and lies at New Troy.\n\nBecause the matter concerns the kings of Britain, now called England, for the time of their reign is not certainly known, we shall gather: until it comes to King Gwendolen of Britain, now called England.\n\nAfter Conan, his son Reinaldo ruled, who was a wise knight and hardy and courteous, ruling the land well and nobly. He was believed by all kinds of people, and during his time it rained for three days as God would have it. Soon after, great death from enemies without number fought until mighty God took mercy and pity, and it ceased. Reinaldo ruled during this time..xxij. In the year Reignold died and lies at York.\nAnd after Reignold, who had gone before him, Gorbodian reigned fifteen years and then he died and lies at York.\nWhen Gorbodian was dead, his two sons remained, one called Ferres and the other Porres. And this Ferres wanted all the land, but the other would not allow him. Ferres had a malicious heart and planned to kill his brother, but Ferres instead went to France and lived with King Siward until a time when he returned and fought with his brother. But it turned out badly for him, as he was killed first. When their mother learned that Porres was dead, she was deeply sorrowful because she loved him more than the other and believed he would kill her. And she came to him one night with two knights and cut his throat and his body into small pieces. Who has ever heard of such a cursed mother who killed her own son with her own hands?.long time after, the reproach and shame to the mother that for the encounters of that one son she murdered the other and lost both. When the two brothers were dead, they left behind neither son nor daughter nor any other of the kindred that might have inherited and possessed their lands. Strangest of all, they drove out and scorned the weakest, taking all their lands. In every country they had great war and strife amongst themselves. Among other things, over them came all the others, and through them they took all the lands. Each of them took a certain country and in his country let himself be called king. The first was called Scater and he was king of Scotland. The other was called Dawaliere and he was king of Logers. Of all the land that was Lotrins, that was Brute's son. The third was called Rudac and he was king of Wales. The fourth was called Cloten and was king of Cornwall. But Cloten should have had all the land because there was no more..That which Cloten rightfully possessed was disputed, as those of lesser estate little hindered them. This Cloten had a son named Doneband, who, after his father's death, came a hardy man and fair and courteous one, surpassing all other kings in beauty and worth. As he was a knight, he knew well that when his father lived, he was the rightful heir to all the land and should have inherited it by reason. However, other kings, who were much stronger than he, took his land from him. Afterward, Doneband arranged great power for himself and first conquered the land of Logris. He intended to conquer all the land of Scotland next, but Scotland's Scat came with his men to give him battle, and Rudac returned with his Welshmen to help him. However, it so happened that Rudac was killed, and Scater's army was defeated in the open battle. Therefore, Doneband had the victory and conquered all the land, maintaining it well..This Doneband let make him a crown of gold and red the crown upon his head as never king did before. He ordered a statute that any man who had done much harm and could come into the temple should do him no harm, but go there in safety and peace, and after going to whatever land or country that pleased him with anything, harmless. And if any man laid hands on him, he then should lose his life. And this Doneband made the town of Malmesbury and the town also of the Isle. When he had ruled well and worthily for forty years, then he died and lies at New Troy.\n\nAfter his death, this Doneband's sons divided the land between them as their father had ordered: Belin's eldest son had all the land of Britain from Humbersouthward. And his brothers had all the land from Humber to Scotland. But because Beli had the better part, Brennan therefore grew angry and wanted to have more of the land..Belin's brother granted him no more land, causing a rift between them two. But Brennan the younger brother had no power or strength equal to Belin: therefore, through the counsel of his people, he went from thence to Norway to King Olaf and prayed him for help and support to conquer all the land from Belin his brother, on the condition that he would grant his daughter to King Olaf and marry her. And Belin, who was also going to Norway, said to his hand all the land of Northumberland and took all the castles, ordering them to be fortified: he kept the coasts guarded so that Brennan should not arrive except he was taken.\n\nKing Olaf assembled a great host and delivered his daughter to Brennan and all the people he had appointed. This damsel Samye had long loved a king called Gutlag and told him all her plans - how Brennan should have her and lead her with him forever, and he should lose her only if she might forsake him..King Gutlagh heard of this news and lay in wait to intercept Brunne with as many ships as he could muster. The two fleets met and fought for a long time, but Brunne turned away and was defeated. King Gutlagh took Samye and put her on his ship, while Brunne fled in shame.\n\nKing Gutlagh intended to return to his own country, but a great tempest arose that lasted for five days, driving him to Brittany with only three ships and no more. Those who kept the coast guarded took Gutlagh and Samye and all his people and presented them to Belin.\n\nIt was not long before Brunne returned with a great navy and sent a message to Belin, demanding that he yield his land, his wife, and his castles back to Brunne and his people, or else Brunne would destroy the land. Belin refused and Brunne was defeated once again, his people were slain, and he fled with twelve men to France. This Belin was:.King Brunner went to York and took counsel from him regarding Kind Gutlagh. Gutlagh proposed becoming his man and holding his land from him, yielding annually a sum of half a pound of silver. For the certainty of this agreement, Gutlagh was to bring good hostages and do homage. He was also to swear on a book that it would never be broken or sold. By the counsel of his people, Belin granted his request. Thus, Gutlagh became his man, and Belin took his homage from him through an oath and a written record of the agreement. And on these agreements, King Gutlagh took possession of the land and his people, and they went there and then returned to Denmark. The agreements were held and the tribute paid until the time of Honelus, who was king of Denmark and this land through his wife Gildeburgh, who was the rightful heir of this land. Belin lived in peace and held him among his barons in a worthy manner. He made him four realms..weyes one from the Est in to the west and that was called watling stret and an other from the northe vn to the south and that wos called Ikelme strete and ij. other weyes he made i\u0304 bossyng thurgh out the land that on is called fosse and that other fossedike and he maintened well the good lawes that Doneband his fadre had made and ordened in his tyme as befor is saied.\nBRenne that was Belen{us} brother: had long tyme duellid in fraunce and ther had conquered a gret lordshyp thurgh mariage For he wos duke of Burgoyne thurgh the dought{er} of the duke Fewyn that he had spoused that wos right heir of thee lond and this Brenne ordeyned a gret pouer of his folke and also of fraunce and come in to this land for to fight with Beli\u0304 his brother and belin come ayens hym with a gret poer of breto\u0304s &\u0304 wold tho haue yeuen hym batell but ther mother Cornewyn that tho liued had herd that: that on brother wold haue destruyed that othir and went bitwene hir sonnys and them made accorded wt moch peyne \u00b6So that at the last tho.Brothers, with much joy, went to dwell in new Troy, now called London. There they stayed for a year and took counsel to conquer all of France. They did so: burning towns and devastating the land in length and breadth. The king of France gave battle with his power but he was overcome and gave truce to Belin and his brother.\n\nAfter that, they went forth to Rome and conquered it and all Lombardy and Germany. They took homage and fealty from earls barons and all others. And after they came to this land of Britain and dwelt with their brethren in joy and rest. Then Brenne made Bristowe the town and afterwards he went over to his own lordship and dwelt there all his life. Belin dwelt at new Troy and there he made a fair gate that is called Belings gate after his own name. When Belin had ruled nobly for eleven years, he died and lies at new Troy.\n\nAfter Belin, his son Cormbatrus ruled, a good man and worthy. The king of Denmark would not..pay him his tribute, that is to say, a .M. pound, as he had sworn by both to pay it and also by writing a record to Belin his father, for which he was badly paid and was angry and assembled a great host of Breton men and went into Denmark and slew King Gutlagh and brought the land under subjection, taking tribute and homage from the people. Afterward, he went again to his land, and when he came forth by Orkney, he fed thirty ships full of men and women by the cost of the sea. The king asked what they were, and an earl who was master of them all answered courteously to the king and said they were exiled from Spain and had traveled half a year and more in the sea to find any king in any land who would have pity or mercy to give them any land where they might dwell and have rest and become his liege men and do homage and fealty while he lived and to his heirs hold the land. And when the king heard this, he had pity..The king Cormbatrus returned to his land and ruled for twenty-five years. After his death, he is buried at New Troy. Iothas, son of Osias, ruled for sixteen years. Nothing is written about Iothas except that he did not deviate from the ways of others. Amarias was bishop. And Isaiah the noble prophet was in his presence. Olympias began her reign with the Greeks in the first year of Iothas after Josaphat. Three hundred and sixty-six years before the first Olympias began under E. The name of a hill in Greece is called the hill of God for its preciousness. And after Jerome, Olympias ruled fully for four years. In these four years, four annual festivals are made..Olympiades are places dedicated to the worship of Jupiter under the hill of Olympus. The law of them is that whoever is best in any chariot race, he shall have whatever gift he desires.\n\nAcham, the son of Joathan, reigned over the Jews for sixteen years. During Acham's reign, no good thing is recorded. For he forsook the Lord, and the Lord struck him and the kings of Syria with great force. 2 Chronicles 28:28. At this time, Achiab was bishop. Ozias, king of Israel, reigned for nine years, and was to reign the twelve years of Acham king of Judah. This Ozias feared not God, for he did not walk in His ways. He was the last king of Israel, and in the ninth year of his reign, he was taken by Salmanasar. And Israel was carried away into Assyrian captivity. 2 Kings 17.\n\nAfter Eusebius, Rome was made the capital of the Palatine Hill in the fourth year of Acham king of Judah. Romulus and Remus, the two brothers, founded Rome around the seventh of May, the sixth Olympiad beginning. Iosophus and Beda say that the sixth Olympiads differ by a year..Despite the text being in Old English, it appears to be mostly readable. I will make some minor corrections and remove unnecessary characters.\n\nNevertheless, it is worth noting that I about Italy. It is to wit, Janus: Picus, Famus, Latinus, the one who ruled about. Around the CC year.\n\nThen afterward, from En\u0113as to Romulus, it was ruled uncertainly. 15 governors, 43 in total. After that, from the city was made to the last year of Tarquin, it was ruled under 7 kings About 2. And 43 years. Then afterward, under Senators and counselors, to Julius Caesar Emperor, by 451 years. Romulus, the first Roman, of whom they were called Romans in Latin, made the city to be named Rome after his name: the one who gathered the people on every side a thousand from the wise and the sagacious, he chose. Through the counsel of whom, all things he disposed, which he named senators for the time of their age. And he made their names to be written in golden letters: wherefore we write none fathers and things so yet. Also, he called A.M. men of arms the which he named milites anew, but these were no nobles..But according to Austyn in The City of God, there was a long period of conflict between the Sabines and them, during which Romulus took many women of noble Sabine blood and married them to the noble Roman blood. Orosius writes poorly about this in his book. Around this time, Merodach, king of Babylon, sent great gifts to Ezra, king of Judah. And the kingdom of Babylon began.\n\nEzra was a good king of Judah, with a perfect heart towards the Lord. He restored the temples of God, and there was none like him among the kings of Judah. Therefore, the Lord glorified him. When Sennacherib, king of Assyria, came against Hezekiah with a powerful army, the Lord struck down his people and slew them, numbering 185,000 in the field. And Sennacherib fled in disgrace. (2 Kings 19:35-36, Isaiah 37:36)\n\nSadoc was bishop at that time.\n\nManasseh, king of Judah, reigned for fifty-five years and was an evil child of a good father. He acted wickedly towards the Lord..any man was a prophet for him. He slew the prophets of God: and all the streets in Jerusalem were bloody. And he made Isaiah the prophet to be sawed in pieces with a saw of tree: wherefore the king of Assyria was displeased with the Jews and took Manasseh and put him in prison: and after Manasseh repented his transgressions: and cried for mercy to our Lord. And he was heard. Then he was restored to his kingdom and he amended his life. 2 Chronicles 21:4. Reign 21: Et 2 Paralipomenon 33. Selah was bishop: and Hezekiah after him. This time the seven wise men had worship in Greek. Solon, Solon, Chilon, Poriander, Eldobulus, Bias, and Pythagoras. This Talus first found the fault of the son and the monkey saw many more. Eight defects in the city. Numa was the second king at this time in Rome, he reigned fifty-one years. The witch was a great worshipper of false gods, she filled Rome so full that she could have no place for herself to dwell in. \u00b6This man put January and February at the beginning of the year. Above all reason it is marvelous that such men.So exceeding wise in all things that was ill-resided from the knight of Verula with out any repentance.\nJosiah, the son to Amon, began to reign at the age of eight and reigned for thirty-one years. He was a good child of a perverse father. In his young age, he sought the grace of God. And in that grace, he lived laudably until his end: his religious life and his holy works you may see.\nAugustus, who was made emperor in Rome, experienced such continual battle that it was taken for a marvel, and they were without battle except for forty-one years in Numa's days, which was continual peace. This Tullus, because he had rest, acted cruelly towards his neighbors. And then he was slain, and all his household with a stroke of lightning. Afterwards, he conquered the kingdom of Assyria and made it one monarchy. But many ways, scripture speaks of this man, now good and now ill. And for this reason, scripture concludes that he ended his life in the loving of God by the prayer of Daniel..The following king, one true doctor maintains, is saved, yet another doubts. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome, reigned for twenty-one years. This man, through grace and favor, was made governor of Tarquinus Priscus' child. Daniel, a child, was sent in his place, and he ill rewarded him. Susana and Primo, the second son of Josiah, reigned for three months and was made king by the people; he was not good. Pharaoh took him and led him into Egypt, and made his elder brother king for forty years. Iechonomus or Iejoniah, the son of Josiah, was made king of Judah by Pharaoh and reigned for eleven years. Because he lived not long and had not heard the prophets, Nabuchodonosor took him and made him his servant for three years. He rebelled against him afterward, and Nabuchodonosor took him and was about to lead him away to Babylon, but his counsel was changed. Therefore, Nabuchodonosor killed him in Jerusalem and cast his body over the walls, according to the prophecy of Jeremiah. He took with him the vessel of the Lord..put them in his temple. ut put 2 of the Parasite priests below. Samias was a bishop and prophet who was slain by Jeconia the king, and Jeromy was presented as his son to reign for three months. He was deemed unfit to rule any longer and was bound and taken to Babylon, along with him were taken Daniel, Anania, Azaria, Misaell, Ezekiel, and Mardochius. All these, with Jeconiah, were led to Babylon as young children because they were of noble blood.\n\nSedechias, the third son of Josiah, reigned for eleven years. This Sedechias was a fearful man in his living and would not listen to Jeremy the prophet. Therefore, he persecuted wretchedly and all the judges with him. And his forty-year reign installed Zedekiah, the son of Azariah, as bishop. And he was taken from Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar to Babylon. Abacuk prophesied against Nabuchodonosor at Babylon. And there are opportunities as to when this Abacuk prophesied. This Abacuk brought food to Daniel when he was put among the lions afterwards..Ieronymus: Here ends the fourth age and the history of Rehoboam. At this time, the Temple of Solomon was burned by the Chaldeans.\n\nTransmigration.\n\nHere begins the fifteenth age of the world until the Nativity of Christ. Jerusalem was destroyed. This temple stood for 480 years, as it is known from its first making, which was made in the fourth year of Solomon. And from its destruction, which was made by Titus, that is, 480 years after the Passion of Christ, Priscus Torquatus, the fifth king of Rome, reigned. He made Capitolium. For in the ground work was found a head without any body, as a prophecy of things to come. Afterward, the senators sat as the heads of the world. At this time, three children were cast into a foreign burning: and with a miraculous delivery, they were delivered, as it is shown in Dan. III. Nabuchodonosor, the mighty, reigned as Babylonian king. He made an expensive garden for his wife. And many marvelous things he did, so that he would not cease to do so..Enymorodoc, named exceedingly wise men and greater in strength than Hercules, was the son of Ieco and Balthasar, who ruled after one another and were kings in Babylon. Balthasar was the last king in Babylon who was slain by Darius and Cyrus (Daniel 5:30-31).\n\nDarius, unwilling to confront him directly with such witty game, procured him to be made my servant to me.\n\nSalathiel, of the line of Christ, was the son of Ieco and Balthasar. Balthasar was the last king in Babylon who was slain by Darius and Cyrus. Daniel 5:30-31 records this.\n\nDarius took the kingdom from Cyrus and occupied the kingdom of Babylon. Darius translated the kingdom of the Chaldeans in Babylon into the kingdom of Persia and Media. Cyrus reigned for thirty years and held the monarchy at Persia. Of this man, Isaiah prophesied. He destroyed Babylon and killed Balthasar, the king of Babylon. He greatly revered Daniel. The Jews he sent home again to build the temple of God, as it is written in Ezra 1.\n\nBabylon, that strong fortress, was destroyed and its power was taken from him. This was the first city and temple to be destroyed..The greatest of all the world. Of which incredible thing is written, and this that was so strong, on night was destroyed. It might be shown to the power of God. To which power all other is but a spark and dust. For it is said truly that it was incredible to be made with human hands or to be destroyed with human strength. Whereof all the world might take an example. And it would or might be informed.\n\nTarquin the Sixth was the king of Rome, and he reigned for thirty-five years. This man first imposed all the tortures that are ordered for malefactors. Such as exile, the leaden boot, fetters, many kinds, chains, and such other. For his great pride and cruelty, God allowed him to suffer. And in what manner this shall be shown, [it] is not clear.\n\nHe had a son of the same name. Whom they called Collatin. And his wife was called Lucrece. This Tarquin, the seventh king's son, came to this ladies' house. Absent was her husband, Superbus..\"The logical one rose with a sword in hand when all were asleep. And with great strength and fear, he raped the woman. The next day after, she sent for her father and husband, saying, \"This king's son came as a friend of whom I had no misgivings. And thus he defiled my chastity and took away my name forever. Then her friends saw her weep and pitied her, comforting her as the cold went away. And they said it was no consolation to her, for it was her own will. She answered and said, \"Yet no woman will ever excuse herself by the example of Lucretia, for she did not consent to this deed. Yet she will not die without pain for that deed. And with that word, she had a knife ready under her mattress with which she struck herself to the heart. For this cruelty and this pitiful death, the people of Rome rose and exiled this king forever, along with all his progeny. After this...\".The tyrant was dead. The Romans decreed that there should never be a king again in Rome. But they would be governed from then on by consuls. When those kings had ruled for 200 years, they made this statute that two consuls should be chosen, and they should govern the city and the people. And for this reason, these two were chosen: if one of them would make any excesses, the other should check him. For there was nothing obeyed unless they both consented. Also, they should not stand in their dignity for more than one year for this reason: so that for dominion there would be no lordship exceeding twelve miles. The first consuls appointed were called Lucius and Brutus. And these two did great things in their time; but still the people bore heavily under their dominion. Therefore, they chose another man who should have more authority than they. And they called him dictator. \n\nIn this same time, there was a great discord between the people and the senate. Therefore, they chose Tribunes, who were Judges over the people and defended them from..Ysid says it is wrong. When the dictator was chosen, he lasted only about five years, and the tribunals were removed every year. However, you must understand that not all consuls named in Rome's history are listed between the signing of the kings and the beginning of the emperors, as it would be too long to write specifically for each one. One man might be chosen frequently as we read. The most famous men will be recounted afterward, following the form of chronicles. & Zoroabell, after God's commandment, founded the temple and made it perfect, but it was long after. According to Esdras, 60. After the people of Jerusalem came from Babylon, these two ruled: Ihesus the high priest and Zoroabell as duke. This manner of ruling was kept until Herod's time, so that the high priests should be principal..Under the dukes, but they were not of the tribe of Judah; this was after the prophecy of Jacob. And under that good governance of priests, it is not easy for the people to receive the true faith as they did before in the time of Jehus and of kings. For many times they turned to idolatry. Esdras the priest of the lineage of Aaron exceeded me in holiness; through his great wisdom, he held the Jewish state together. Cambyses the son of Cyrus reigned over the Persian kingdom, who commanded that the temple of Jerusalem should not be rebuilt. His father had commanded it should be built. This Cambyses made a cursed judge to be feared or hated: he made his son sit on his father's skin, so that through this fear he would judge righteously.\n\nThis Cambyses had many names in holy scripture. In the book of Esdras, Artaxerxes or Xerxes is mentioned in history: it was done under him that he is called Nabuchodonosor. For Olifernes, the prince of his cavalry, subdued many lands to his lord..and at the last he come vn to Bethelem & ther wos slayn of Iudit a woman vt p\u0290 iuddith 2 et 13.\nEreneides regned in Persis half a yere. Darius regned at the perses the wich bi the mocion of Zorobobell co\u0304maundid thee werke of ye te\u0304pull to be take ayene. &\u0304 {con}maunded his princes that on no wise they shuld let it. bot shuld help it in all yt they could vide plra\u0304 i\u0304 esdre ho: de ho te\u0304pore a\u0304biguu\u0304 pp\u0304 diu{er}sitate\u0304 docto{rum}.\nABiuth son e lyne of crist wos a bowt this tyme\u00b7 for of him and of other foloyng vn to Ioseph nothyng is had inscriptur: but that Matheu the euangelest nom\u00a6bris them in the genologi: And therfor the certayn tyme of them dewly cannot bi knaw. Ioachi\u0304 wos bisshop this ti\u0304 aft{er} iosoph{us} wos called Iosedech vndir whom ierusalem wos belded ayene vt dicit et ho idem p\u0290 Neemie 12.\nIn the .CC.xliiij yere after that Rome wos made: Thee Romans ordyned .ij. Co\u0304sules in the steid of ther kyng ye wich shuld gouerne on yere aloin\u00b7 lest that bi tariyng they shuld be proude. And yt the on shuld.Corect the other if he exceeded or errered. Brutus was the first Consul, and Lucius the second. Then there was a man called Dictator, the name of an office which should go with the people against their enemies. Titus Puplerius Marcus were consuls. After the Romans complained greatly about the conduct of the consuls, and then the power was given to ten men at great cost to the common people. Each one of them acted like a king and caused them to leave that dignity. They were trusted never to rest. They were so strong against them Arthaxerxes was king of Persia under whom Esdras came to Jerusalem. Neemias was butler to the same king, whom afterwards he sent to build the walls of Jerusalem. Xerxes reigned after him for two months, Segdianus for seven months after him, and they did little.\n\nEliac is referred to in the line of Christ in Matt. po., and more of him is not had in scripture. Esdras was an holy man and a priest and was revered among the people. This man came from Babylon..Odysseus went again to Babylon to win more of Israel and save their souls, bringing them home with him. In this time, he repaired the law and the holy books which the Caldes had burned. He left behind a happy prophecy in scripture. He found new litter and lighter vessels. Filled by the Holy Ghost, he came again to Jerusalem with a great multitude. And with the kings privileges that he should teach the people the law he had repaired, he died there in a good age. Nehemiah, an Hebrew butler of King Artaxerxes, went from Babylon to Jerusalem at his lord's commandment. He gave the leadership of the people for twelve years. In the fifth year, he began to repair the gates and walls of Jerusalem: a work he completed in two years and four months. The people labored with great impediments, for half of them were armed outside the city to withstand the people of other nations intending to destroy them. And the other half labored in arms, holding the city..In the stone temples for Wallis, and in the nearby hand, there was a sword or none by it. Refer to Plato's \"Permenides\" by the philosopher Parmenides, particularly in moral matters. Socrates, the philosopher, understood much of the power of God. He was Plato's master. Democritus, Ion, and Odysseus are mentioned in the line of Christ in \"Mathew's Gospel.\" But nothing of his deeds is written in the scripture. Elisha or Elishaht succeeded Joachym in the episcopacy. According to Eusebius and the master of history, Camillus was the Dictator at Rome during whose days mischievous plays were ordered to be performed so that the plague victims in Rome could see them. Augustine treated of these plays more fully in \"The City of God.\" Darius Nothus reigned at Persia for nineteen years. Plato, the divine philosopher, and Aristotle, his student,.Discipul was this time a noble and famous clerk. Tytus Quintius was Dictator at Rome; he was a covetous man whom Augustine brings in \"The City of God\" as an example of a covetous and persecuting Christian. Gaius was a singer under whom was a great battle a year before the king of Tuscany. And eight M. men of them were taken. Marcus Valerius was another senator who with 60,000 Romans fought with the Frenchmen and had the victory, and many of them were killed. Artaxerxes, king of Persia, called a year to his empire Egypt. He put Nectanabo, that king, in to Ethiopia and sent Wagas, a prince, over the Euphrates to ask a year the tribute that was due to Esdras that was the seventh year's rent of Sabbath treasure. Arsaces succeeded him and reigned a year. Darius, the son of Arsames, reigned with the Persians 24 years. This Darius was a mighty man and a bold one who demanded a tribute from the Greeks. And that was the cause of the destruction of the Monarch of Persia, for it was translated to the Greeks..The Greeks, after the prophecy of Daniel. For it is said that Darius brought 15,000 fighting men. whom Alexander slew. Iddas, the son of Eliazar, was bishop in Jerusalem in the time of Mardochai: Josiah his son succeeded him. Aristotle, the most subtle and famous Philosopher, lived at this time. Seneca, the most chaste philosopher, was also among others.\n\nAnd when Crombatus was dead, Gentholon reigned. He was a good man of conditions and well-loved, and he governed the land well and wisely. He reigned for 26 years and after him died and lies at New Troy.\n\nAnd after Gentholon, his son Seissel reigned well and nobly, and governed the land as his father had done before him, and he reigned for 15 years and died and lies at New Troy.\n\nAnd after Seissel, his son Kimor reigned well and nobly for 19 years in peace, and then after him, Howon his son reigned for 10 years and then he died and lies at Icaldouna.\n\nAfter Howon, Marathus reigned and became so weak and stern until at last great vengeance came to him..Him, on one occasion by the seashore, he encountered a great beast that was black and horrifying and hideous. He believed it to be a whale of the sea and drew an arrow and intended to slay it with his quarrel, but he could not strike it. After he had shot all his quarrels, the beast came to him in great haste, and he feared for his life and thus died due to his wickedness through divine vengeance, after ruling for nine years.\n\nAfter Morcant's death, Gradobodan, his successor, ruled for a long time in goodness and built temples and towns. Gradobodan founded the towns of Cambridge and Grantham, which were well-loved by the rich and poor because he honored the rich and helped the poor. Gradobodan had four sons: Arthur, Hesidur, Higamius, and Petitur. He ruled for eleven years and then died, lying at New Troy.\n\nAfter Gradobodan's reign, his son Arthur ruled for five years, but he became so wicked and stern that the Britons would not tolerate him as king and deposed him..Hesidur made his brother, Artogaill, king and came to rule so well and mercifully that he was called the king of Pittes. After reigning for five years, he felt great pity for his brother Artogaill, who had been king before. Again, he renounced his dignity and took the crown from him, making him king against the will of all the Britons.\n\nLater, Artogaill became so well-loved by all the land because he became so generous, free, and just, and he reigned for six years before dying and lying at Grantham.\n\nAfter Artogaill's death, the Britons crowned Hesidur once more. However, Hesidur's sons, Higamus and Petitur, held great spite and scorn for him, and they conspired to overthrow their father's rule. They took him prisoner in the second year of his reign and divided the land between them. Higamus ruled for only seven years, while Petitur had control of the entire land and founded the town of Pickering.\n\nWhen Petitur died, the Britons immediately made Hesidur king again..The third time he reigned for twenty-four years, and after his death he lies at Carlisle. After the death of Heisidur, twenty-three kings ruled, one after another, without much delay. I shall tell you all this and how long each of them reigned, as the story goes. The first king of the twenty-three was named Gerbodia, and he reigned for twelve years. After him ruled Morgan for two years, and after Morgan ruled Cighnus for six years. After Cighnus ruled Idwalan for seven years, and after Idwalan ruled Rohugo for eleven years. After Rohugo ruled Voghen for fourteen years, and after Voghen ruled Catill for fifteen years. And after Catill ruled Porex for two years, and after Porex ruled Cherin for seventeen years. And after Cherin ruled Coyll for twelve years, and after Coyll ruled Sulgenis for fourteen years. And after Sulgenis ruled Esda for twenty years, and after Esda ruled Andragie for seventeen years. And after Andragie ruled Vrian for five years. And after Vrian ruled Elind for two years, and after Elind ruled Eldagan for fifteen years. And after Eldagan ruled Claten for twelve years, and after Claten ruled Ouirgunde for seven years, and after Ouirgunde ruled Mortan for six years..King Bledagh ruled for three years, followed by Caph for one. Gen ruled for two years, then Seysell, King Bled for twenty-two. Tabreth reigned for eleven years, Archinall for fourteen, Croll for thirty, Rodingu for thirty-two, Hertir for five, Hanipir for six, Carpour for seven, Digneill for three, and Samuel for twenty-four. After the death of Ely, his son Lud ruled and governed the land well, honoring good people and terrifying wicked ones. Lud preferred to duel at Troy more than any other place in the land, and the name of New Troy remained and the city was called Ludstone. However, the name has changed through the variation of letters and is now called London. King Lud had the gate built in the city after his name, and the people of the city are Londoners. He reigned for eleven years and died, lying in London. He had two young sons, one named Andraghen..Other than Tormace, the Bretons could not speak or act effectively, so they crowned a strong knight named Lud, Cassibalamus' brother, as king of Britain, now called England. Sadoch of the line of Christ is not mentioned further in the inscription. However, there is no more mention of Iadus, the son of John, who was bishop in Jerusalem. At this time, King Alexander came, who was angry with the people of Jerusalem: He came to the city. Iadus was arrested in his ecclesiastical robes and ran to meet him. He was pleased and worshipped the bishop. With peace and joy, he entered the city and had the Book of Daniel brought to him. The prophecy was expounded to him, which concerned him, and it was fulfilled according to the dream he had received. It was likely to him that he would be the same person of whom Daniel prophesied. He took courage from this and fought against Darius, king of Persia. He performed the sacrifices and commanded..The Jews asked what they would have: he granted that they should keep their own laws, and at the seventh year should be exempt from tribute. (See Mr. i\\_histo. The host of Alexander, as Orosius says, was 84,000 foot soldiers and 4,000 horse soldiers. And it is uncertain whether it is more marvelous that he should conquer the whole world with such a small power, or how he ever dared to go up against them with such a small power. And there were killed of Alexander and his host ten myriads of Persians. (According to Orosius, he says that the quieted millions.) Enias, the son of Iadus, was bishop after his father Manilius Papirius. Fabius and Papirius were consuls at Rome. This Papirius, when he was a child, was very wise. He found many a fair pretext that he might keep his master consul and the senators. And when he called upon a man, he was such a noble warrior: that when the Romans feared Alexander, he was chosen to go as an envoy to him. And of the gods he chose not to inquire. But he scorned and reproached the gods, saying, \"Before an unhappy one.\".\"Things should fall: it is said that this was pleasing to the holy doctors. The Greek monarchy begins and the Persian monarchy ends. King Alexander, at this time, had become lord of the entire world; he was called Great Alexander due to his great victory, which he had achieved in such a short time. It was an evident judgment of God against the sinners of that time. Certainly, our Lord performed some miracles to help him, for the sea of Paphilicon was divided to him, as in ancient times the Red Sea was to the Jews when he persecuted Darious. Also, at his prayer, the hills of Caspian were split: so that certain of the cursed Jews might never come to Nineveh. And when Alexander was dead, those twelve to whom he had bequeathed his kingdom could not agree. Then, through infinite battles, he obtained all the kingdoms. See Plutarch or Orosius.\n\nThe line of Christ's son to Sadoch is named in Matthew's third book. And Simon was bishop at that time; he was a holy and righteous man, as recorded in...\".Pepull. Eleazar was bishop after Symo\u0304. This man sent to Ptolemy, king of Egypt, seventy-one learned men of every tribe to interpret the law of the Jews. The which translated from Hebrew into Greek through a great miracle, so that many men should translate all holy scripture with one accord (Augustine de civitate dei). Dolobela, Emilius Marcus Curius Genutius, were counselors at Rome during this time. This Dolobela conquered Samnites and, after many battles had passed, Marcus subdued Epirotes and killed twenty-one thousand of his men. Then, king Pyrrhus sent one to him for peace and another to him with great offerings.\n\nAnd then this Consul answered and said, \"There shall be no battle that causes me to flee. Nor shall any bribe corrupt me. I would rather command the rich to do this and this. Then be rich myself. Tonulus subdued the city of Argivarum: and he sent a legion of Roman knights to Rome. He caused them to be publicly beaten in your midst \u2013 mark this \u2013 for they had not lawfully come to the court of Rome. According to the law..was kept so strictly at Rome: that and they failed to do their due observances to the gods: they would be penalized. The Romans and Moorish foot soldiers and infantry after war were the most noble men after the world's honesty that might be. And all manner of virtue circumspectly as holy doctors say, that they put their samples to Christian men: but not the intention, for they lacked the key of faith.\n\nThe kings of Egypt began to reign because they had seized the continuance: & the king of Syria Ptolemy Philopator reigned in this time. This Ptolemy Philopator was the true worshipper of one god. And full gracious to the Jews. Of whom he delivered XXM and C from captivity, and that he did this he might please the god of Israel. Of whom he had heard the marvels. And his law he desired to have. Nor could it be translated into any other language: but of devout me. And that with a reverence and a solemnity. Certain men attempted to write it among the gentile stories: whom the plague of God struck till they repented..kyng send vn to Eleazer the bisshop send to hym lerned men the wich he did gladly. vide plura in magistro historio.\nELiud of the line of crist gat Eleasar as it is opyn i\u0304 math primo. And more in scripturis not had of hym. Onias bisshop was son to Simon Symon was bisshop after hym the wich was a veray relegius man. he reformed the tempull of god in to better: and encressid the cite of ierusalem with mony other good thi\u0304ges Se\u0304{pro}mus Appyus Claudius Gueus Gai{us} Artili{us} regul{us} Ei\u0304li{us} Fabi{us} this tyme war ceneturs at rome\nThis Sem{pro}mus fought ayens ye cu\u0304tre of Picc\u0304tes: &\u0304 almost the cheualry on bothe ye {per}tes war slayn except a few Roma\u0304s that left a liue & subdued the cu\u0304tre Appius Claudi{us} subdued Syr\u2223acusanas &\u0304 the cu\u0304tre of Penos &\u0304 put gret tributis to them Ar\u00a6tili{us} Regul{us} a nobull cenytour ower come iij. kyng{is}. & lxxiij. ci\u2223teys subduit And a dragon of a .C.xv. fote he kyllyd. aft{er}ward whan he wos ou{er} cruell ayenes his emnys &\u0304 denyeng to yef them pese. bot if they.Pay a mighty tribute, they nearly dispirited, fought against him; and overcame him and his host, taking him. Nevertheless, they still desired peace, but this most faithful one preferred to endure great pains rather than give rest and peace to cursed people. His loving sent Augustus heavily exalted Emilius Fabius and Gaius, who would have delivered Regulus but did not obtain him. Ptolemy Eugerates was the king of Egypt at that time, a victorious prince and mighty; this man subdued Syria, Cilicia, and the most part of Asia, and took their gods and brought them into his country. Ptolemy Philopater, son of Eugerates, reigned in Egypt for eighteen years. This man fought against two brothers, Seleneus and great Antiochus, and maintained himself against many a mighty one, but nevertheless he prevailed not. See Plutarch in Josephus, Super Daniel.\n\nHannibal, the most cursed king of Carthage or Africa, deeply hated the Romans; for he nearly destroyed them to the uttermost end, coming near to destroying Rome itself. And he destroyed so many noble men..of Romans he killed at one time: he drew from their fingers three bushels of golden rings. Also a certain water of the slain Romans: he made it into a bridge so that his host might pass. And at the last, Cipio the noble senator directed his host to him; he scorned him and came close to defeating Cipio's army of Romans. Lucius, Syllo, Valerius, Fulvius, Lutatius, and Gaius, and Scipio ruled at Rome. At this time, the Romans had peace for an entire year, and it was taken as a miracle that they had such a long rest. For before this time, the Romans had never had peace for forty-four years. The consuls, when the year was done, gathered all the strength of Italy and had in their army eight hundred thousand armed men. For fear of the Frenchmen, whom they greatly feared, and afterwards, the Romans subdued them. Epiphanes, the son of Philopator, reigned in Egypt for twenty-four years. Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy, was his wife. Antiochus Magnus ruled in Syria at this time, causing much harm to the Jews. Ut prazed Matthias. Onias..This time, Bishop Onias was in Jerusalem. He and Jesus fled to Egypt to fulfill the prophecy of Isaiah 19 to build a temple. However, in doing so, he sinned, for he spoke other ways than he thought. The king of Egypt graciously received him and gave him the land of Heliopolis, where he built his temple. Simon, his son, was Bishop at Jerusalem after him. Elijah, of the line of Christ, was alive at this time, but nothing is written about him in scripture except that he is named. Onias the Pious was Bishop this time, an holy man and well-loved by God and man, not only the good ones but also the wicked. At the last, unrighteously he was slain by Andronitos (2 Maccabees 4). Paulus Therencius, Scipio Africanus lived at Rome during this time. They erected an army to confront Hannibal, and nearly all 400,000 Romans were slain. This noble man, Scipio Africanus, brought an army from Africa..of the Romans' people, who were desperately eager to have him back. For he fought with Hannibal Barca and defeated him. He conquered all Spain. He subdued all Africa. He brought great Antiochus to be his servant. He made all Asia tributary to the Romans. This man, so noble and so victorious by his own uncivilized nature, was outlawed and there he died. Ptolemy XI, the son of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, reigned in Egypt for fifty-five years. This king, yet a child, heavily oppressed the people with many disputes. But the Romans sent legates who commanded Antiochus that he should see the end of his tyranny. And Marcus Publius made a circular wall around Antioch, saying, \"The senators of Rome and the people commanded that you should not leave this circular wall until you have answered to this matter.\" This Antiochus, saying that he could not continue his tyranny if it was commanded by the senators and Romans, said, \"I must needs turn again.\" And in anger, he was that he lost the siege of Alexandria..Mathathias, a holy man and most worthy among all men, hated in his heart and showed great zeal against all sinners, only trusting in the Lord God of Israel. He is mentioned in 1 and 2 Maccabees. Mathathias had five sons, all devoted to God. This man was not a bishop in Israel, but his three sons were: Judas Maccabeus ruled as bishop for three years and was the son of Mathathias. This Maccabeus was the greatest man who ever was in Israel, leaving no one like him before or after. He was a mighty warrior and offered to die as a martyr for the laws of God. Jonas his brother succeeded him for nineteen years. He grew in valor and governed, steadfastly upholding the laws of God. After falsely being slain by Antiochus IV and two of his sons, see Judas and his brothers in the book of Maccabees. Antiochus Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the Great, was king of Syria at this time. This man.From the Hebrew to Fortunatus, there was nothing but curse. Therefore, he was regarded as Antichrist. He cruelly martyred many and falsely disposed him to enter Egypt, as his father had done, but he did not obtain this. The Romans allowed him. His unhappy works and how he was a hostage at Rome, as well as how the prophecies of Daniel were fulfilled in him, can be seen in the Book of Maccabees.\n\nQuintus Flaminius, Marcus Catulus, and Tiberius Gracchus were senators of Rome during this time. This period was so continuous and full of battle that learned men of Gentiles and even those of the true faith found it difficult to write the accounts or remember which battles they were. The Romans marveled greatly at their steadfastness, for no tribulation, no fear, nor hardship could deter them. They continued in battle. And certainly, after the world's honesty, they were the wisest men. Therefore, the Maccabees desired their company.\n\nMattathias, son of Sadoch, of the line of Christ, had Jacob. According to 1 Maccabees, Simon, son of....Mathathias was bishop for seven years. This Simon was a very wise man, and from his youth until his old age was ever of good conduct. At the last, he was killed by his brother Eleazar. He was succeeded by Matthias about the time of the Maccabees. John Hyrcanus, the son of Simon, ruled for twenty-nine years after his father. He was a noble man, as was the entire family before him. After his death, he left his wife a very wise woman and his five sons to govern the people. The eldest was called Aristobulus, an imprudent and unhappy man. His own mother, along with three of his younger brothers, he presented to the king and bishop for execution. And so he left a line of king and bishop for a year. (See Plura in the books of the Maccabees): Publius Lucius Lucius Censorinus were consuls at Rome in whose time the Carthaginians and Romans were strongly opposed, but the Romans intended to destroy the Carthaginians utterly. Among the Romans, there was a notable wise man named Cipio Navigans. And among many notable counsellors..The first thing he specifically mentioned: Cartago should not be destroyed. This was the cause of frequent battles. An inner concord should remain among the Romans, and a perpetual strength for continuous exercise of war.\n\nThe second thing he advised against: the theater should not be built in Rome. He believed this was the greatest enemy to the people, as it nurtured sloth and encouraged lechery. And wisely, this notable man gave counsel. The times following confirm this. See Plutarch's \"City of God\" and \"Oro,\" Book Four.\n\nHowever, despite this counsel, no city of Carthage was spared by Scipio and the senators. It was destroyed and burned for eighteen days continuously. Many men there were sold, and many men willingly entered the fire.\n\nIn this same year, Corinth was destroyed by the Romans. Which was the richest country in the world. Ptolemy ruled in Egypt at that time and was familiar with the Romans. And so long he and his predecessors ruled, they kept their loyalty to them..The Romans. And every man knew that the power of the Romans increased so strongly not for any other reason than their abundant virtue and righteousness: which they used in all things. And as long as they kept measures and loved righteousness, they were never overcome. But as soon as they were corrupted, it is read that they were always overcome: It is had in a certain revelation of God shown to St. Briget that our Lord God bears witness to these old Romans: that no one in this world lived more righteously of natural reason. And what lights of faith they showed in the time of Christian religion shall be shown afterwards. Regnum Iudaeorum restitutum.\n\nAristobulus was the first king and priest in Iudaea: This man reigned for a year and took to himself the diadem of the kingdom. And he was not content with that which his father gave him in his testament. But he put his mother in prison and his brother, and therefore he perished wretchedly with his brother..Antigonus, a counselor and supporter of his, is mentioned in Mr. iii histories. Antigonus, the brother of the king, was slain through the queen's envy. Alexander became bishop after Aristobulus and reigned for 27 years. He was a tyrant, despite his sober appearance at first. He revealed his true nature by killing his own kin: within 12 years, he slew 1,000 of the old wise men because they exposed his misdeeds. When he should have left his two sons, Hircaneus and Aristobulus, behind him, he instead declared his wife should rule, as she enjoyed the people's favor. Servius Flacius Lucius Ceius Fabius Publius. At this time, senators were present in Rome. Battles began among them. The first cause, at the beginning, was Gracchus, well-known to few Romans. Unable to do anything for them, he incited the common people to say that all the lands belonged to them..In this time, possessions should be divided equally, and money and other items as well. This led to an insurrection in which Gracchus was killed. Many mischiefs ensued, as recorded by Orosius. In this same period, a child was born in Rome with four feet, four arms, two faces, and four eyes. The hill of Etna spewed out fiery lava, destroying the areas around it.\n\nCarthage, bearing rule over rude peoples, was ordered to be restored. It was filled with Romans and their populace, and there was a mighty battle in the city of Rome.\n\nFabius, with a small host, encountered the king of Armenia. A hundred eighty thousand were drowned in the waters of Reme. Ptolemy Alexander was king in Egypt. In his time, Lucretius was born, the poet who later wrote for love of women and killed himself. Ptolemy's son, Cleopatra, reigned after him, under whom Salustius, the noble writer of histories, was born. Ptolemy Dionysius followed, and in his time, Virgil and Horace were born.\n\nJacob, natural father to.Ioseph of the line of Christ is referred to in Luke and Matthew. He is mentioned as Alexander's wife, and she did much tyranny when she was made bishop by her senate. Her son Hircanus she promoted to the bishopric and ordained that he should reign after her. This woman in the lineage of the bishops is mentioned for the counting of the years, not that she used the office of a bishop, for it was not permitted to her. Hircanus, her son, reigned for thirty-four years. After her decease, he succeeded to the kingdom. In his reign, he prospered due to the people's favor. But he was overcome and later restored through the help of the Arabs. Then he was made a tributary to the Romans. He was in Persia for a little time, but not as king. At last, he died wretchedly, for he was deceived through the fraud of Parthians. Antigonus, who heard of this, came against him. (See full story in Mrm_).The heretics of the Pharisees began this time: Among them were three sects in the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. All these were divided from the common use of the Jews. They were investigated regarding their errors. For they claimed that they were holier than other men because they lived stricter than other men did. (Refer to Plus alias.)\n\nVirgil, the most excellent of poets, was magnified at this time, and marvelous things he did. Among other things, when Naples was afflicted with deadly pain from mighty worms, Virgil cast a golden worm into a pond or a pool. It lay there for a certain season. And when it was taken up and brought to the town, all the city was full of worms. And until the golden worm was in the water again, they had infinite worms: and when it was in the water, all the worms went away.\n\nIt is also written in the chronicles of Rome that Virgil, by conjuring codes or thickening the air, enclosed his garden with the air. He made a bridge of the air by which he could pass whenever he pleased..He asked Marcel neu Polycarpana to tell the Emperor if he wanted a bride taught to kill all birds or a flea taught to drive all fleas out of the city. Marcel showed this to the Emperor, who desired to teach a flea to kill all fleas because the common people were severely annoyed by them. And many other marvelous things he did. See Marcellus Certus. Quintus Cicero, Gaius Lucius, this time were consuls at Rome. Pompeius, Marcus Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar were dictators at Rome. For it is said earlier, there were more dignitaries in Rome who lasted for a year. There were three of them. Among all the dignitaries, the dictators stood out. For it lasted longer when the common people and the Roman lords increased and made three dictators. This time, Pompeius, Julius Caesar, and Marcus Crassus were dictators. Pompeius, being of great honor and aged, stayed in Rome to keep the common people of Rome in check. Marcus Crassus was sent to..Subdued and fought with the region of Perthus, and through treachery, he was taken and slain. Julius Caesar was sent to the western part of the world to subdue them. He had with him seven regions of people, and those he had subdued included Lusitania and Gaul. In his own authority, he took five more years: in the fifth year, he subdued Cassibelan, the king of Britain, and the French men who rebelled against him. After he had conquered these countries, Julius returned to Rome again to be received with certain honors as conquerors were. But it was denied to him: and also the entrance to the city. By instigation of a lord called Pompey. Therefore, this Julius Caesar was angry and, with forces of might, entered the city. He robbed the common treasury and led it with him, and deposited it among the five legions that were his servants. Then he went to Spain to fight against Pompey: for Pompey had the governors of Carthage. But after that day..Italus Pompey and he countered in the which battle Pompey fled unto the king of Egypt: and that same king, for special love he had unto this Julius Caesar, struck off Pompey's head and sent it unto Julius Caesar. Yet, for all the enmity that was between these two, Julius wept when he saw this head of Pompey. This Julius was exceeding in wit above all other men and he fought in battle thirty-one times. This man surpasses Marcus Crassus, who is said to have fought sixty times. He first took the empire of Rome from him when Pompey and other noblemen of the Romans were slain. And at the last, in the fifth year of his empire, this Julius Caesar, ruler of the whole world, was slain in the council house through the treason of his lords.\n\nCato the philosopher, most named, seeing that Julius Caesar had the victory which he favored not, at a town called Utica, slew himself. Near that, Maulelv Cato said: \"What a disgrace to the city's honor.\" But for that, after Augustus, he was not excused from sin.\n\nAt this time the Iuans were....trebutores to the Romans on behalf of specifically two brethren, Aristobulus and Ercanus, who were envious and incited them to rule. \u00b6During this time, three sons appeared in heaven towards the eastern part of the world, a small and insignificant pair, who were brought into one body. It was a great sign that Africa, Asia, and Europe should be brought under one monarch. And the lordship of Anthon the senator and Lucius Antonius should turn into one lordship, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the most excellent retorician, being the consul of Rome at that time.\n\nAfter the death of King Lud, his brother Cassibolon reigned and became a good man and much beloved of his brethren. So they granted him the realm forever, and the king of his goodness bestowed worthily both the sons that were Lud's brothers: and afterwards made the eldest son earl of Cornwall, and the youngest son he made earl of London. And while King Cassibolon reigned, Julius Caesar came, who was Emperor..of Rome i\u0304 to this land wt a pouer of romans and wold haue had thys land thurgh strength: but Cassibalon ouer come hym i\u0304 batell thurgh helpe of the bretons and drofe hym out of this land and he went ayen to rome and assemled a gret pouer an other tyme and come ayene in to this land for to gif batell to Cassibalan bot he wos discomfitied thurgh strenght of the britons and thurgh helpe of the erle of cornwaill and the erle of London his brother and thur\u00a6gh help of Gudian kyng of scotland and corbond kyng the kyng of north walles and of Bretaill kyng of southwales: &\u0304 in thys batell wos slayn Nennon that wos cassibolams brother wherfor he made moch sorow And so went Iulius cesar out of this land with a few of Romans that were left on lyue And tho Cassiba\u00a6lan went ayene to Londo\u0304 & made a fest vn to all his folke that tho hym had holpen and when that this fest was done. ther euery man went in to his own cuntre.\nANd after it befell thus vpon a day yt the gentilmen of ye kynges houshold and gentilme\u0304 of ye Erles.The household of London argued fiercely after Metten went in to play, leading to a dispute between Enelyn, the Earl of London's chosen one, and Irenglas, the king's cousin. The king was enraged when Enelyn was not punished by the Earl of London, his lord, leading him to write letters to Julius Caesar, inviting him to aid him and take revenge against the king. When Caesar heard this news, he was pleased and prepared a strong power, making a third invasion of the land. The Earl of London supported him with a force of 7,000 men. Cassibalon later arrived and defeated the emperor, securing peace through a payment of three pounds of silver in annual tribute for the land forevermore. Half a year later, the emperor went to Rome, and the Earl of London accompanied him, unwilling to remain behind..In this land, Cassibolan reigned for eighteen years in peace, and after his death, he was succeeded by Andragen, Earl of Cornwall. The lords of the land chose and crowned him king, and he ruled well and worthily for eight years before his death in London. Around this time, Joseph from the line of Christ was born. At that time, Antigonus, Bishop of the Iuri, was the son of Aristoboly. On every side, Antigonus was false, as he did not obey the Romans. He brought great destruction to the land in an attempt to overthrow Hircanus, his uncle, so that he could reign as king. As a result, Hircanus was expelled, and Falelus was killed, while Herod went into hiding. However, when Herod came to Rome and told the Senate all these things, the Emperor created him a king and sent an army with him..Jerusalem. And Antigonus the bishop was taken, leading to Anthony the senator seeking him. In this way, Herod was confirmed in his kingdom. He reigned strangely over the Jews. And so the kingdom of the Jews was seen to fulfill what Jacob had said. Titus Livius and Ovidius were present at this time. \"Incipit imperatores augusti\" (The reigns of the Caesars begin). Octavian was emperor of Rome at the age of 32, in the 60th year, the 6th month, and the 10th day. This Octavian, who was new to the Empire when he was young, took it upon himself. His flourishing youth was spent in waging about 50 battles. And shortly after many battles, he brought the entire world under one monarchy: This had no equal, and in his days, peace reigned throughout the world due to the provision of the true God, so that the temporal peace might glorify the nativity of our savior Jesus Christ. Octavian was the fairest man that could be, and he was tall in stature; the most fortunate in all things; and he lacked not the vice of his fleshly lust. This man made the world measured. And the 13th year of his reign was our year..lord Ihesu crist borne the sauer of this world: the wich granteth eternall pees to his louery \u00b6Hic nota secund ieroi\u0304mu\u0304. that Anna and Emeria wer sistirs. and of Emeria wos borne Elezabeth mother to Iohn\u0304 baptiste: & she wos fygret the\u0304 tho. & therfor do hi\u0304 worshipe: \u00b6The\nMonch of Rome a bowt this time mightili encresed And whe\u0304 it wos so that bi all the world in diuerse {pro}uynsis batiles wer rased sodanli all men meruellyng. they wersesid: & put them holly to the prince of rome. that opynly it myght be shewed: that sych a vniuersall peese come neuer by labur of batell. bot of the power of the veray god. That in his Natiuite peese shuld regne in all the world Herod Ascolonita wos kyng i\u0304 the Iuri xxxvij yere This Herod ydumeus wos the fyrst strang kyng that regned on the Iues: The maister i\u0304 historiis sayes he wos a nobull ma\u0304 and faythfull in the begynnyng. and in all thyng he had hym no\u00a6bully. He wos veray gentyll vn to the romans and to the pepil that louyd peese. And in his old age: when he wold awr.\"Melekyl pleases the Romans and hears of the birth of Christ. Dreading to be expelled from his kingdom as a stranger, he fell and killed the Innocents and diverse of his own children. In the end, he was hated by all people and fell sick and died wretchedly. Mari, the mother of Christ, was born in the city of Nativity, around the age of 16 or 17.\n\nAfter the death of Androgen, Kimbalin his son reigned. He was a good man and well governed the land in much respect and peace throughout his entire life. In his time, Jesus Christ our savior was born of the sweet virgin Marie. King Kimbalin had two sons, Guidar and Armoger, who were good knights and worthy.\n\nIn the beginning of the 41st year of Octavian the Emperor, who began to reign in Mars, and the 23rd year of Herod, the sixth century after Rome was built. The sixth month from the consanguinity of John the Baptist was the 8th of April. The sixth fiery, at Nazareth.\".During the sixth age, prior to the end of the world, it began with the nativity of Christ our Savior. And here begins the sixth age, lasting until the final judgment of our Lord God, having an unknown number of years. When our Lord Jesus Christ was born, a well of oil sprang up beyond Joppa by Rome. And it ran all day. The golden image, which Romulus had made, fell; and he put it in his palace, saying, \"This image shall not fall until a maid bears a child.\" When Herod was disposed to kill the child of Israel, he was commanded by the emperor's letter to come to Rome to answer to the accusations of his sons Alexander and Aristobulus. There were three Herods present: the first was called Herodias. Under this man, Christ was born, and the child of Israel was slain. The second was called Herod Antipas, the son of the first Herod. Under him, John the Baptist preached, and Christ suffered..And the man named Agrippa, son of Aristobulus, was the first Herod, who killed James and presented Peter for execution. When the first Herod saw his sons Herodion and Aristobulus, whom the emperor had sent to him through a letter, vying for their father's kingdom, he favored Antipater as their advocate. During their conversation about their father's impending death, he suddenly killed them and went to the emperor to complain about their wrongdoing.\n\nMeanwhile, the three kings of Colchis approached Herod in Jerusalem, but when they did not come near him, Herod suspected they were ashamed and believed they had not found the child as he had expected. In his absence, he ordered the slaughter of the children of Israel. Then he went to Rome for his summons from the emperor, taking the route through the city of Tarsus. There he burned the ships in which the three kings of Colchis were supposed to travel..Herod sailed into his own country. After a year and certain days, this Herod came from Rome and then he killed all the children in Bethlehem who were two years old and under, and among those was one of his own children. Herod and Aristobulus and Alexius were suspected. Since they had promised a barnabas a great reward that he should take and seize and bring to them the child, and when Herod heard this, he was grieved and he killed both his sons, Herod Agrippa his son, and ordered to be killed where Antipater, his eldest son, was about to seize his father. Herod Agrippa presented his brother, whom the Emperor heard and said that he had left a hog instead of one of Herod's sons for the hog's sake, and his sons he killed. And when Herod was seventy years old, he was struck with a great sickness in his hands and feet and in his members that no leech could cure, and so he died. Antipater, his son, also died..Archelaus was made herod's successor by the emperor, with the consent of the senate. The half of Judea and Idumaea were given to Archelaus under the title of tetrarch. The other half was given to Herod Antipas and to Philip, Herod's brothers, the regions of Galilee, Ituraea, and Trachonitis.\n\nIn that same year, Christ returned from Egypt. Archelaus was accused several times of cruelty and was exiled to Gaul. Four tetrarchs were appointed in his place to quell the uprisings of the Jews.\n\nOctavia, the emperor, died that same year.\n\nChrist was 12 years old when he heard the doctors in the temple. Christ was baptized at the age of 30. Christ, the lord of all things, died at the age of 33. Annius Rufus was bishop in Jerusalem at that time. Valerius Gratus came after..This man, named Herod, solely owned the bishopric; and he who had held it before him. For a little while, there were many. Poncius Pilate was judge and procurer under the emperor, and under this man: John the Baptist began to preach. And our Lord suffered death: whom he unjustly condemned to death out of fear of the emperor.\n\nTyrus, a certain king, had a daughter named Atus by a mistress. This child of his mistress and his beloved was called Pilatus. Pilate, the fourth year of his age, was sent to his father, who was the king and had obtained a child of similar age with Pilate from his lawful wife. Because this lawfully begotten child grew older and exceeded this bastard Pilate, he paid him to Rome, intending he would never redeem him.\n\nAt this time, the king's son of France was pledged to him as tribute. He exceeded him in strength and valor; Pilate killed him. Therefore, the Romans sent Pilate as a prophet-like man for the common people..To the Isle of Pontus, to subdue the cursed people who had killed every judge who came to them. And the man who cursed them governed that unhappy people. With threats and promises and law, and with bribes, none of them dared to oppose his pleasure, for which he was called Pilate of Pontus. Herodion, a young man, joined him in conversations with bribes and messengers. He made him prince under him. At this time Pilate amassed much money. Herod did not know that he had gone to Rome. Herod had given him the position. Therefore, Herod and Pilate were enemies. Before the passion of our Lord, when Pilate sent Jesus Christ to Herod clothed in a white robe, they became friends. At Pontus around this time, Ovidius Naso died in the fourth year of his exile. At Rome, Tiberius reigned for twenty-three years. He lived in the year that our Lord Jesus Christ died and some time after. This man was in all his works greatly cruel, so that there should be nothing..This emperor was done. Wisse was a man who was studious in books. Fair of speech. Free in wit, save he would often feign himself to do things that he would not be willing to do by others. This emperor stood under and trusted in Christ and worshipped him for God. Some men say that at the last he was cruel to the people. But it was a great reason of piety that he was ever gracious to his subjects and powerful men. And he had peace all his days. And all those who spoke against Christian people without mercy he destroyed. He exiled Pilate forever. Then he deceased, and a worse succeeded him. After Eugenius, at the age of thirty, our lord chose his twelve apostles. The which made our creed, it is our belief. And they made it after the resurrection of Christ: and after the holy ghost was sent unto them. When they had chosen Matthias as an apostle and one of them made a part as it is shown hereafter.\n\nAnd this Matthias was chosen between the day of the ascension and Whitsunday, in the place of Judas Iscariot, the traitor..A certain man named Rube, from Jerusalem, had a wife named Ciborea. One night, when Rube desired to know if she was pregnant, Ciborea dreamed that she would give birth to a child of misfortune, who would be a threat to the king and all the people of the region. When the child, named Judas, was born, Rube and Ciborea were repulsed by the idea of either killing their child or raising a traitor to the king and his people. So they put Judas in a basket and set him adrift in the sea. He was found by the woman of the island of Scyros, who had no child of her own. She took pity on him and raised him as her own.\n\nLater, when Judas had grown up, he often angered the queen and caused her to weep. The queen did not know that Judas was not the king's son, but her own. Therefore, Judas killed her..The king's son feared the pain of the law and fled with certain exiles to Jerusalem. When he arrived there, he went to Pilate's court, which was a judge. Because one cursed another before him, he was brought before Pilate. He stood before him favorably. And on a certain day, when Pilate looked out of his palace to an orchard of a man named Ruben, who was very father to Judas, Pilate desired to have Appulus seized. Judas went to seize Appulus, and Ruben ran to Judas to let him go because he took Appulus without any leave. After they had seized him, Judas struck his father Ruben on the head with a stone and killed him. Judas fled away secretly after that deed. But it was said that Ruben died suddenly. Then Pilate gave to Judas all the goods that Ruben had and Ciboria, Ruben's wife, who was the mother of Judas. He did not deal harshly with her, as a man should with his wife. And because she wept and wailed, for she had given her son to the sea, and because she was married against her will. It was believed that Judas had betrayed Ruben..Had killed his own father and wedded his own mother: Then Ciboria, his mother and wife, made her leave his sin. And then he followed.\n\nPeter:\nI believe in the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth.\n\nAndrew:\nAnd in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary.\n\nJames:\nHe was crucified under Pilate, crucified and buried.\n\nThomas:\nHe descended to the dead on the third day and rose again.\n\nJames:\nHe ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father almighty.\n\nPhilip:\nHe will come to judge the living and the dead.\n\nBartholomew:\nI believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy Catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and life everlasting. Amen.\n\nI Jesus Christ, our Savior, rose from death and said to his disciples, \"All power in heaven and on earth is given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.\".Choose him 120 disciples. And he had 12 apostles, whom he sent to all the world to preach. It is not read that there were more orders among the disciples of Christ. Of whom the priests and bishops in the church of God yet keep the form. For to the apostles: the bishops succeed. And to the disciples, priests. To which two orders all the church is given as a godly hierarchy. As is clear in the decree of Damasus Pope.\n\nJohn wrote in Asia in the Greek language: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.\n\nLuke wrote in Greece in the Greek language: He was in the days of Herod the king, a servant of the temple.\n\nMark wrote in Italy but in the Greek language. Beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.\n\nMatthew wrote in the Hebrew language. The book of the generation of Jesus Christ.\n\nPeter, the first pope, was a blessed man and a glorious apostle of Christ: he was head of the church after 35 years of Jerome. And he held his bishopric in the eastern five years and said mass, he made our Lord and alone said the Pater Noster. After he came to..Anthisan. There he taught for seven years the way of truth. And Simon Magus he fled. That same year he preached to the circumcised people who were on the verge of Galatia. Capadocia, Bithynia \u00b6He heard that Simon Magus had deceived the Romans. Through the love of the faith, he came to Rome in the fourth year of Claudius the emperor. And there he preached the word of God and exposed the deceit of Simon Magus. He converted many to the faith. Then he sent his preachers through various provinces: by whom Christianity was greatly increased \u00b6He instituted the Lenten fast before Easter and the Advent and the Ember days to be observed by all Christian people until the meridian and the second coming of our Lord. Then, when he had been pope at Rome for twenty-five years and seven months and six days, he was killed by Nero. At that time, this Gaius was emperor at Rome and reigned for three years and ten months. This Gaius was excessively vicious, for he had two of his own sisters..my son and one of them had a daughter. Which child he set between the knees of Jupiter in the temple. And afterwards, Jupiter is said to have taken her wherebefore he cried throughout the country that all men should worship her as a goddess \u00b6This man also made an image like himself and sent it to one Patroclus, president at Jerusalem, under Roman commandment, ordering him to compel the Jews to do worship to it. And for these enormities, and many other offenses, our lord suffered him to be slain at Rome in his own palaces.\n\nAnd after the death of this Kimbalin, his son Gyndern reigned, a good man and worthy, and was of such high heart that he would not pay to Rome the tribute that King Cassibalon had granted to Julius Caesar: wherefore the emperor, who was then called Claudius Caesar, was greatly annoyed and ordered a great power of Romans and came into this land to conquer the tribute through strength and to have it from the king: but King Gyndern and Armager his brother assembled and gathered a great host elsewhere..The Britons fought bitterly against Emperor Claudius, killing Romans in great numbers. Afterward, there was a man named Hamon who saw the people there slaughtered relentlessly. He seized the opportunity and took the arms of a fallen Roman soldier, believing them to be those of a Briton. However, the traitor held Hamon next to the king. Under the king's arms, Hamon struck him, causing his death and falling to the ground himself.\n\nWhen Armaguer saw his brother dead, he discarded his own arms and took his brother's. He joined the Britons in battle and urged them fiercely to fight against the Romans. Believing it was King Gynd who had been slain earlier, they hesitated. Then, the Britons fiercely engaged the Romans in battle, and eventually, Emperor Claudius retreated to Winchester in fear, with the false traitor Hamon quickly fleeing as fast as he could..And King Armager, the king's brother, pursued him fiercely with a fierce heart and drove him to a water source. There, he took him and struck him with both hands and head and feet, beheading and dismembering the body. The place where this occurred was called Hamanus Haven. Afterward, Armager went to Winchester to seek Claudius Caesar, the Emperor of Rome, and there took him. Claudius the Emperor, through the conspiracy of his Romans who were with him, made peace with Armager in this way: Claudius would give his daughter Genevieve to Armager as his wife, so that this land would be under the power of the Roman Empire from that time forward. No other tribute was to be taken from this land by any Roman Emperor except fealty. And upon this condition, Claudius Caesar sent for his daughter Genevieve..And when she came, Claudius Caesar gave her to Armer as his wife, and Armer spoused her at London with much solemnity and mirth. Armer was crowned and made king of Britain. This Armer ruled well and worthily, and the land prospered. Claudius Caesar, in remembrance of this agreement and for the reverence and honor of his daughter, built in this land a fair town and a castle, which he named after his name, Gloucester. When this was all done, the emperor took his leave and she went to Rome. Armer, who was king, ruled the land nobly all his lifetime. Armer had a son by his wife, named Westmer. While Armer ruled, Peter preached in Antioch and built a noble church there. He sat first in his chair in this church and dwelt there for seven years. Afterward, he went to Rome and was made pope until Nero the emperor had him martyred. Peter publicly preached in various lands the right [faith]..When King Armager had ruled for 24 years, he died and lies at London. After Armager's death, his son Westmer ruled, who was a good and worthy man, governing the land well. It happened that news reached him one day that King Rodrik of Gascony had entered this land with a large host of people and was staying at Stafford. When King Westmer heard this news, he assembled a large host of Britons and went to meet King Rodrik, giving him battle. King Westmer killed Rodrik in a fair battle with his own hands. When Rodrik's men saw that their lord was dead, they all surrendered to King Westmer and became his men forever. He gave them a tract of land where they might dwell and fight, and there they lived and fought all their lives. There were about 1,000 men left at that battle. Berenger, their governor and prince, began a town there which they might call their own. He named the town Beverley..And there they duelled and became rich, but there were no women among them. The Bretons would not give their daughters to the strangers, so they went over sea to Ireland and brought women with them. There they married them, but the men could not understand their language nor the speech of these women. Therefore, they spoke to the older ones as Scots, and afterwards through changing their languages. In all France they were called the Scotts, and so that people of that country should be called forevermore.\n\nAfter this battle, which is above mentioned, where Rodrik was dead, King Westmore of Britain, in remembrance of his victory, had a great stone erected by the way, and it still stands. He had letters carved into the stone that read: \"The king Westmore of Britain killed in this place Rodrik, his enemy.\"\n\nAnd where Westmore had done this, he duelled all..During his lifetime, King Westmar of Westmorland loved that shire more than any other, and after ruling for twenty-five years, he died and lies at Carlisle. After King Westmar, his son Coil ruled, a good man and worthy of good counsel, who governed his land well and loved peace. During his reign of eleven years, he was king in peace. He lies at York.\n\nClaudius was emperor at Rome next after Gaius. He ruled for twenty-two years and eight days. This man came to challenge Britain, now called England, for refusing to pay tribute to the Romans. After great battles between Emperor Claudius and King Arthure of Britain, a truce was made. Arthure was to marry Claudius's daughter, and after their two children, they were to live in peace. The city where they were married was named after Claudius and is now called Claudichester..It is about Claudius of Gloucester. This Claudius had three wives: the first, Petronia, bore him a daughter named Antonia. The first wife died, and he married Messalina and had a son named Britannicus. Octavia was the third wife he married: they had a son named Claudius. Claudius married his daughter Octavia to Nero, his wife's son. Claudius, out of love for Agrippina, his last wife, killed Messalina, his first wife, lest she help Britannicus and threaten Nero's position as emperor. Agrippina, the last wife of Claudius, feared that Claudius would favor Britannicus and depose Nero. Therefore, she poisoned Claudius, and Nero was promoted to the empire.\n\nThe body of the man named Iamys was brought into Galicia in Spain. Nero, after Claudius, was emperor and reigned for fifteen years and seven months. This Nero was a wicked man and caused great destruction in the empire. He would not fish except with golden nets and silk ropes. A great part of the lords opposed him..Nero killed in Rome. He was enemy to no men but good men. He killed his brother and his wife, his mother and his master. He also killed Petre and Paule. He would never be on cloth for two times. All his horses and his mules were shod with silver. And at the last, he set a great part of Rome on fire. Some say to see how Troy burned. And some say the Romans complained the streets were too narrow. When he had burned a great part of Rome, Nero said there was space to widen the streets. Then the senators and the common people came upon him to kill him. He fled by night to Subbarbis of the City and hid among the vines. And he heard children and beggars cry out for him and said they knew where the Emperor was. Nero thought it would be great derogation to his name and he was killed by the mob. And on a great stake, he ran himself to the heart and died. And dolours kept his body moist a day after. It caused great hurt to the people until by a miracle of our Lord..The body was found and taken away. At that time, Seneca was master to Nero. Juvenalis, Petas, and Lucanus were poets.\n\nJacob, the bishop of Jerusalem, was slain in the sixth year of Nero. The evangelist Mark was martyred in the first year of him. Linus, the Italian bishop, was pope of Rome for ten years and three months and sixteen days. Linus and his successor Cletus, through their holy ordination, were made ministers of the treasury of the church to the people. Peter being alive: and Peter attended to prayer and preaching. It is read of this Cletus that he wrote first in his letters \"Salute et apostolica benedicco\" [Salute and apostolic blessing].\n\nBefore this time, there were many more disciples of Peter slain under Nero. Galba was emperor at that time and reigned for seven months. He was made emperor in the same land. Nero leaving. And after the death of Nero, he was brought to Rome. And there was a woman named Agrippina, who came to Rome with him. He killed her and showed her head to him who was emperor next. saying all his might and no mercy..In these days came the great Reticius to Rome from Spain, the first to openly teach science. His name was Quintilian. He ruled after him for only two months. Vitellius, who was a follower of Nero, particularly in his gluttony and singing of foolish songs, and excessive eating at feasts that he could not keep in measure, ruled next for nine years, ten months, and twelve days. The wise men of Rome lamented the cursed succession of Nero. After Vespasian, they sent him and his son Titus, who had besieged Jerusalem, to Palestine. When he heard that Nero was dead and that these cursed men were reigning at the instigation of the wise men of Rome, he went to Jerusalem..Not willing to assume the Empire, and on his way to Rome, he was overtaken by this tyrant Otho and allowed him to pass through Rome. Afterward, in Tiber, he was killed. And then, with no sepulture, he sailed away. The people desired this, as this man was tormented by wasps in his nose while he believed in our Lord Ihu. And this was the cause of his journey to Jerusalem to avenge Christ's death. He fought with his enemies forty-two times and died in the year of grace 79.\n\nCletus, the Roman, was pope for eleven years. This Cletus greatly loved pilgrimage to the saints, saying it was more prophetic to the health of men's souls to visit the place that sent Peter, than to fast for two years. He cursed all those letting pilgrims or consulers oppose this. At the last, he was martyred under Emperor Domitian. Titus, son of Vespasian, was emperor at this time. He reigned for three years and remained at Jerusalem after the accession of his father. He destroyed the city and killed there as the story relates..saieth with batall & hung\u00a6yr xiC.M. Iues and an C.M. he toke. and sould xxx for a peny. be cause they sold crist for xxx penys: and brought thens al\u00a6thing that wos precious. and put them in his house at Rome wich wos called Templum pacis. bot now is that place fall down for the most {per}ty: and all thes gret Iuels be distributit to certa\u0304 cherchis in Rome. \u00b6This Titus w\nDomycian brother to Tit{us} regned aft{er} hi\u0304 xiiij yere & v. mone\u00a6thes. fyrst he wos esy. and aft{er}ward full vnresonabull: for mich of the senate wos distruid bi his malis. & also mich of his kyn\u00a6rad\nhe began the secund persecucion after Nero ayenst cristyn men: In the wich persecucion Iohn\u0304 the Euangeliste was exiled in to Pathius after the Emprour had put him in to an tun of oyle brinnyng and hurt hym not. So thys man was not the folower of his fadir vaspasian ne his brother Titus. bot ra\u00a6ther like Nero and his kynred. And for thes wicked condicions he wos slayn in his own palace at Rome in xxvij. yere of his a\u00a6ge Clemens a martir wos.Pope IX succeeded Cletus. This Clement, the first to send Peter as it is said, was ordained to be his successor. Yet he wished that Linus and Cletus should be popes instead of him, lest through these prominent prelates they might ordain whoever they pleased. This man had the lives of martyrs written in the regions, and he made many books. He ordained that a child should be confirmed as soon as it could be done decently after it had been baptized. And at the end he was martyred under Trajan.\n\nNero was Emperor after Domitian in the year II. months. And when he was chosen, he made the senate pass a law that all things which Domitian had commanded to be kept should be broken. By this means, John the Evangelist was allowed to return from his exile and come back to Ephesus. This man did another commendable thing: he appointed such a wise man as Trajan to govern the people after him.\n\nTrajan Hispanicus was Emperor XIX, in the year Xere. This Trajan, many men say, was the best among all the emperors..But he alone in all things was vicious. Insofar as he, for the love of false gods, was about to destroy the Christian faith: indulging in himself, he most pleased God. Some men say not by himself but by others he persecuted Christ's faith. And at the end of his life, he did few to death. \u00b6And all his law-giving I set aside. But Saint Gregory interceded with pitiful weeping and prayed to our Lord God for him, that He would have mercy on him and, by his prayer, have him out of hell: in which place he was damned. And now, if he is saved or not, there is disagreement among doctors. And to us that write chronicles is no part of our charge to determine. But all the eastern part of the world, Babylon, Selencia, the uttermost parts of thee, India, Germany, the second after Alexander, he ruled under. In all these things, so petulant and so meekly, he governed himself: to every man as a king. He was gentle and to no man unjustly. All his days he lived, thinking and saying that he was the most worthy man in all his empire..Euere more that no man was more unworthy to be emperor than he. Anacletus, a martyr, was pope for nine years and he was a Greek. He monished all Christian men that priests should be worshipped above all other men. Saying that priests doing sacrifice to God should be honored and not vexed but by worship.\n\nEvaristus, a Greek and a martyr, was pope for ten years and six months after Anacletus. This man ordained that man and woman should be married openly. And at the wedding they should be blessed openly by the priest and father and mother. He was martyred three years after Hadrian and was buried by Senatus Petre, a Roman, who was pope for eight years and five months. This Alexander, the most part of the Senators he converted to our Lord.\n\nAnd he ordained that holy water should be kept in Christian men's houses. And that bread for the choir should be made of clear bread. It was a little quantity. At the last he was martyred under Hadrian, who was the emperor, and many of them he converted to the faith. Sixtus, a Roman, was pope for ten years and three months..This man should be called \"sanctus sanctus sanctus\" in the mass, and the holy things of the church should not be touched except by church ministers. The corporax should not be made of silk but of pure linen cloth woven and not dyed. A woman should not touch the holy vessel from the water nor the pall. Also, he ordered that if any bishopric was vacant, no bishop should be appointed to his benefice without the pope's letter. No mass should be said except on an altar. And then he was martyred. Adrian was Emperor for 21 years. This Adrian is commended in many things to Christ: he freed many who would not sacrifice to false gods. He was unusual in all sciences: he had peace his entire life, and made many laws. He also commanded that Christians should not be condemned to death except by due process. He subdued Jerusalem and prohibited any Jew from dwelling there..Wisse: Christina men allowed him to dwell there. Again, his will he came to the empire, but he governed him well. When the senators begged him to call his son emperor after him, he said it is enough for me that against my will I have ruled. Where I have not deserved. For the empire of Rome should not go by succession of blood but to such men as deserve it through their merits. Often he ruled unvirtuously, and virtue should be before his kingdom. Eustachius, otherwise called Placidus, and his wife and two of their sons \u2013\nof whom marvelous things were read, were martyred by the command of Adrian. This Placidus was master of the emperor's knights in Jerusalem. Jerusalem was restored by Adrian and made large: so that the place where Christ died was within the walls. The which was outside before. And this is the third dwelling place of that city. For it was destroyed three times: in the time of Zedechia, of Anthias in the time of the Maccabees, and of Tiberius..Teleasphorus, a Roman, was pope during the eleventh year. He instituted the singing of the hymn \"Gloria in excelsis Deo et cetera\" in the Mass, as well as the reading of the Gospel before the Sacrament, and three Masses on Christmas Day. He decreed that no Mass should be said without the footwear being removed. He was martyred and buried at San Pietro in Vaticano. A Greek named Anicetus was pope during the fourth year. He instituted that a child should have a godfather and a godmother at baptism and confirmation. Moreover, no archbishop could condemn his suffragan bishops without the pope's approval in the provincial synod. He was martyred and buried at San Pietro. Anicetus Pius was emperor for the twenty-first year, with his sons Aurelio and Lucio. He was extremely wise, naturally fair-spoken. A man who is excessively wise is not commonly found to be eloquent or peaceful, nor conversely. A man who is excessively eloquent is commonly less wise..This man was in possession of both properties. Therefore, many kingdoms that willingly rejected other emperors turned to this man. And to Christ, he was no more generous. He spoke through the example of Cipio: I would rather keep the heir of a man than kill a hundred of my enemies. And several martyrs were made under him. But it was done through the commandment of the emperors.\n\nAnd the Christian people were so hostile towards the bishops and priests of the temple of the false gods that they provoked the princes to turn against them. For they believed that the Christian faith should destroy them.\n\nTherefore, it was no wonder that the price was displeased, for they said that all their gods were demanding it: if Laurius Iugis pursued Christian people and martyred them.\n\nAt this time, XM martyrs were crucified in Armenia on a high hill called Arath Pompeius Trogus. This occurred during the time of the universal history from Nero to Octavian.\n\nPius Italicus was Pope for eleven years, four months, and sixteen days. This man ordained.During the feast of Easter, it should be celebrated on the Sunday. Additionally, an heir coming from the seal of the Jews should be remembered. Galen, a leper, was once a child of such stature that at a certain time, when he looked at his treasure and did not have enough to give to his knights and men before fighting against the Germans, Slavs, and Sarmatians, he preferred to sell his wife's golden vessel and her armor, her bedding, all her real stuff, and take taxes from the senators or his province under him. But he gained the victory over his enemies and recovered all again, releasing the provinces from their tributes. Those who wanted to sell him his wife's treasure again, he restored their money. And those who would not, he never harmed them. But the tables of their debts were between him and them. He openly burned the debts in the marketplace and changed them at their help when he was in need.\n\nAfter King Coel ruled, his son Lucie reigned, who was a good man to God..King Lucius sent to Rome to Apostle Eulalius, who was pope, and declared that he would become a Christian and restore baptism in the name of God. He also pledged to adhere to the right faith and believe in Eulalius. Two legates named Pagan and Elibay were dispatched by Eulalius to this land, and they baptized the king and all his nobles. Afterward, they traveled from town to town and baptized the people until the entire land was baptized. This occurred in the year 514 after the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ. King Lucius appointed two archbishops, one at Canterbury and the other at York, and many other bishops who still exist in this land. When these two legates had baptized the entire land, they ordained priests to baptize children and administer the sacrament. Afterward, they returned to Rome. King Lucius ruled in his land with great honor for twelve years and died, and lies buried at Gloucester.\n\nKing Lucius had no heir born of his body who caused harm and sorrow to the land in the future..After King Lucius' death, no great lord of the land would allow another to be king but remained in contention among themselves for a year without a king. However, it came to pass that a great price came from Rome into this land, called Severia. Not to dwell: but to save Rome's right. But he had not ruled half a year in this land when the Bretons killed him. And when those of Rome learned that Severia was slain, they sent another great lord into this land, called Allectus, who was a strong and mighty man and ruled in this land for a long time, causing much sorrow to the Bretons. Afterward, for pure malice, they chose among themselves one called Astlapades and assembled a great host of Bretons and went to London to seek Allectus. There they found him and killed him and all his men. One named Walon defended him fiercely and fought long with the Bretons, but at last he was discovered and the Bretons took him and bound his hands and feet and cast him into prison..In a water place, this water was later named Wakefield, due to an earl there named Coil. Though Astlapades reigned in peace until one of his earls, called Coil, rebelled against his will and named the town Colchester after himself. The king was furious and intended to destroy him, donning armor and bringing great power against him. Coil defended himself fiercely and killed the king in that battle. Coil was then crowned and made king of this land.\n\nCoil ruled and governed the realm well, as he was a noble man and beloved among the Bretons. When Rome learned that Astlapades had been slain, they were wonderfully glad and sent another great Roman prince named Constantine. He came to King Coil to challenge the tribute that was to be paid to Rome. And the king answered wisely and said that he would pay to Rome all that was right and reasonable with full good will. So they came to an agreement..good will and with out any contake and so bothe they dueled to ged{er} in loue \u00b6The kyng Coill yaf to hym his doughter Elene vn to haue hir to his spouso that wos bothe fair and wise and good &\u0304 weli lettred. And this Constance spoused hir ther with moch ho\u2223nour. and it befell sune afterward that this kyng Coill dyed in the xiij. yere of his regne and lieth at colchestre entired.\nAFter this kyng coill Constance was made kyng &\u0304 crou\u00a6ned for as mych that he had spoused kyng coilles doughter that wos heir of the land the wich constance regned well &\u0304 wor\u00a6theli gou{er}ned the land and he begat of his wife Elene a son that wos called constantine & this ki\u0304g bore trew faieth and trewly did vn to them of Rome all his life: and when he had regned xv: yer then he died and lieth at yorke\nAFter kyng constance deth regned constantine his son and the son of sent Eline that fond the holy crose in the holy la\u00a6nd and how constantine become Emprour of Rome. Hit befell so in that tyme ther was an emprour at rome that wos a.Sarzyn was a tyrant named Maxence who put to death all who believed in God and destroyed holy churches with his power. He slew all Christian men he could find. Among others, he allowed Mother Catherine and many other Christian people who feared death to flee and come to King Constantine. They told him of the sorrow Maxence caused Christians, and Constantine was filled with pity and great sorrow. He assembled a great host and amassed power, and went to Rome to take the city. There he killed all who were of misbelief that he might find. And this tyrant Maxence was in the land of Greece at that time and heard this news. He became enraged and died suddenly. When Constantine left this land to go to Rome, he took with him his mother Helena for her great wisdom. He also took three others..\"Gret lordships that he most loved were called Hell, Taberne, and Morhin. He took all his land to keep them loyal to the Earl of Cornwall, who was called Octavian. As soon as Octavian knew that his lord was dying at Rome, he seized all the land into his hand and did as he pleased among the high and the law. They held him as king when this news reached Constantine the Emperor. He was greatly angered by Octavian and sent Taberne with 12,000 men to destroy the Earl for his deceit. They arrived at Portsmouth. Octavian, learning of this, allied with a power of Bretons and defeated Taberne. Taberne then fled to Scotland and raised a great power, returning to this land again to give battle to Octavian. When Octavian heard this, he assembled a great power and came again toward Taberne as much as he could. The two hosts met on Stanmore and strongly clashed.\".Discomfited and fled then to Norway and Tiberius says that all the land is mine, towns and castles, as much as they had there. Since Octavian came again from Norway with great power and seized all the land in his hand, drove out all the Romans, and was made king and reigned.\n\nThis Octavian governed the land well and nobly, but he had no heir except a young daughter that he loved as much as his life. And since he grew sick and was near death and could no longer reign, he would have made one of his nephews king, who was a noble knight and a strong man, named Conan Meriedoke. He should have kept the king's daughter and married her, but the lords of the land would not allow it and gave her counsel to marry some high maiden of great honor instead. Then she could have had her desire. And the counsel of Empress Constantine, her lord, agreed with this and chose Cador of Cornwall to go to her..Emperor our messenger went and told Emperor Maximian in Rome about this news wisely and well. Emperor Maximian, his uncrowned son and a noble knight, strong and valiant, was sent to this land with him. Maximian married Octavian's daughter and was crowned king of this land.\n\nKing Maximian, becoming so powerful, thought to conquer the land of America for the great riches he had heard were in that land. He left no man of worth, knight or squire, behind in the land, taking them all with him, causing great damage to the country. He took with him from this land 30 knights, doughty men, and went over to the land of America. They slew the king, who was called Imball, and conquered the entire land.\n\nOnce he had accomplished this, he called Conan and said, \"As much as King Octavian has made you king of Britain and through me you were made king, you are not king. I give you this.\".And since you are a Breton, I wish this land to have the same name and no longer be called Amorican but called Little Britain instead. From this point on, it shall be known as Main Britain to distinguish it from the other. Conan Meriadoc thanked him heartily and was made king of Little Britain.\n\nMaximian then went on to Rome and was made emperor after Constantine. Conan Meriadoc ruled in Little Britain with much honor and ordered 20,000 ploughmen of the land to prepare it for harvesting and sowing. He also commanded the selection of 9,000 maidens: 6,000 for the common people and 3,000 for the greatest lords to marry.\n\nUnder Dionotus' command, this decree was issued throughout the land of Britain, and as many nobles as came to him assembled to gather the maidens: for there was no man who dared defy his commands..all the land was taken from him for war and to keep him doing all things that he pleased. And when these maidens were assembled, he let them come before him at London and ordered for them ships hastily, as much as needed for this voyage, and took his own daughter named Ursula: she was the fairest creature that any man had ever seen, and he intended to send her to King Conan to be his spouse and make her queen of the land. But she had taken a vow of chastity before God that her father did not know of, nor any other man living with them.\n\nUrsula chose 11,000 maidens to be with her, and she was their lady and mistress. They all entered the ship at one time into the water called the Thames and commanded her kin and all her friends to Almighty God. They sailed toward Little Britain. But when they had come into the high sea, a strange tempest arose, as it was God's will. And Ursula with her ships and her company were driven to Hunland and arrived in its harbor..the king of Colonie, named Gowan, was present in the city. When he learned that so many fair maidens had arrived, he took Elga, his brother, and others from his household and went with them to the ships to see the beautiful company. Upon seeing them, he and his companions intended to abduct them and take their virginity. However, Ursula, the good maiden, warned and advised her companions to defend themselves with all their might rather than suffer their bodies to be defiled. The maidens became so steadfast in God that they defended themselves through His grace, and none of them were able to do them harm.\n\nTherefore, King Gowan, who was also called Sarazen, called for his brother Elga and instructed him to conquer the land where all those fair maidens had come from..Maidens were born. And he ordered a great power of Danes from Denmark, Orkney, and Norway, and they came into this land and burned towns and slew people, cast down churches and houses, and destroyed religion. They robbed the land in length and breadth, putting to death all those who would not forsake the true belief and Christianity. For as much as there was no sovereign who could help them. For the king Maximian had taken with him all the worthy men whom he intended to conquer. At the same time that you now hear told was sent Albone, martyred through the cruel tyrant Diocletian in the same place where there is now an abbey dedicated to him. Albone was converted to God through the preaching of a clerk and a wise woman named Ancilia, who was lodging in his house. This was after the Incarnation of Jesus Christ. IHC.xxvi. year: and I should understand that sent Albone suffered his martyrdom before sent Edmund was. Therefore, Albone is called..First martyrs of England. This Gozas brother and his folk, who were Saracens, passed through the land and destroyed all that they found, sparing nothing. When this news reached Rome, they learned that King Gozas had begun to destroy this land. The Emperor and those of Rome sent a strong force called Gratian, with 24,000 men, well-fighting, to cast out the Saracens from this land. They arrived at the ports of Mothe.\n\nMaximian could not help himself, despite being chosen Emperor after the death of Constantine. Elenus, his son, was also present.\n\nWhen Gratian arrived with his host, he sent a spy to find where King Gozas might be found. He surprised them and found them in their beds and defeated them, despoiling them and killing them, each one in their beds. Gozas fled with great sorrow into his country.\n\nSoon after, it happened that Maximian was slain at Rome through treason. When Gratian learned of this, he was crowned king of this land.\n\nThis Gratian, when.He began to reign. He became so powerful and so stern and so sorrowful that the Bretons slew him among them. \u00b6King John had first understood that Granian had been slain and killed. He gathered a great power and came again to this land. And if he had acted first, he did much more: for he destroyed all this land and the Christian people who were left in it, so few were there who dared to name God, and he acted thus alone. He was put to a strange death. \u00b6But the bishop of London, who was called Gosselin, escaped and went to Rome to seek help to destroy the Saracens who had destroyed this land. \u00b6And Rome said they had been annoyed often enough for sending people to Brittany all to help the Bretons, and they would no longer do so. \u00b6And so Bishop Gosselin went out without any help or assistance. He went to the king of Little Brittany, who was called Aldroie, and this was the third king after John Meriedock, as is said before. \u00b6The bishop prayed this..King Aldroie offered help and support. The king felt pity in his heart when he heard that the bishop had fled and that Christian men were being slaughtered in great Britain through the payments and Saracens. He granted his brother Constantine the power to help with people and prepared horses, armor, and ships for them. When all was ready, he called the bishop and said, \"Take this as your charge, Constantine my brother, to help and support me against this enemy. If God grants you victory over the payments and Saracens, then make him king.\" The bishop agreed with good will. Constantine and the bishop took leave of King Aldroie and took with them 12,000 men. They sailed towards great Britain and arrived at Totnes.\n\nWhen the Britons heard the news, they were strongly reinforced and organized a large number of people and came to their aid, avenging them with great honor. Gowan immediately..as he knew of these things, he summoned all the Saracens and came before them, giving them battle. Constantine slew him with his own hands, and all the other Saracens were discomfited and slain, none of whom escaped but those who were converted to God. After the battle, they went to London and crowned Constantine as king of this land. The bishop Goselin set the crown on his head and anointed him as is fitting for a king. This began Christianity anew in this land, and King Constantine, immediately after his coronation, took his wife in marriage through the counsel of the Bretons. He had three sons by her: the first was named Constantine, and the second Aurilambros, and the third Utter: Constantine the Elder, his elder brother, when he came of age, became a monk at Winchester. Constantine his father was slain through treachery. It happened once that a Peasant came to him on a day in the guise of a messenger. And he said that he would speak with the king privately..The king summoned his chamberlains, and only the king and the Black Knight remained. The king made a countenance as if he would speak with the knight in earshot and then killed him with a long knife. After that, he quietly departed from the chamber. When the king's men discovered that their lord was dead, they were filled with sorrow and did not know what to do. Since his two sons, Aurilombros and the other, were too young to be king, and the third brother was considered unfit, Vortiger, Earl of Westsex, secretly thought in his heart through quietance to be king. He went to Winchester where Constance, the nun, was and said to her, \"Constance, your father is dead, and your two brothers who are with Goscelin, the Bishop of London, to nurse them, are too young to be king.\" Therefore, I counsel you to abandon your habit and come with me..King Constantine, upon being crowned and made king, knew little of the world and could not understand the knightly code. He appointed Wortiger as his chief master and counselor, giving him all his power to order and do as much as concerned the realm. Thus, Constantine himself was involved in nothing but bearing the name of king.\n\nWortiger, seeing that he had all the land under his control and governance at his will, devised a treacherous plan to slew Constantine and crown himself king. He sent after a hundred knights of Pehetes, the worthiest of the land, and held them with him to duel as bodyguards as he traveled through the land to arrange matters befitting a king.\n\nWortiger honored the hundred knights greatly and gave them generous amounts of gold, silver, and rich valuable robes, horses, and other things, which is why they held him in high regard..\"hym more lord than they did the king, and Vortiger told them if he might be king. They believed it was through treason: he would make them richest of the land. So, at last, through great bribes that he had given largely, they cried through the court that Vortiger was worthier to be king than Constance. Therefore, Vortiger made it seem as if he was angry and he departed thence from the court, saying he must go elsewhere for things he had to do. And so the traitor said to Eustace that they should kill him \u2013 that is, Constance.\n\nWhen this Vortiger was gone, it soon happened that one hundred knights of Pehites broke down the doors of the king's chamber and there they killed him and struck off his head, bringing it to Vortiger where he dwelt. When Vortiger saw that head: he wept most tenderly with his eyes, yet he was somewhat glad of his death.\n\nAnd another, let the one hundred knights of Pehites take and bind their hands behind them and lead them to London, where they were condemned to death.\".fals traders. And all the Bretons of the land, by common assent, crowned Vortiger and made him king of the land.\n\nA martyr was pope after Avicenna for nine years, who decreed that a Nun should not touch the pall of the altar nor bow therein. And she should wear a veil about her head. Many perils he saw concerning matrimony. Therefore, he ordained that no woman should be called a lawful wife unless she was blessed by the priest. Elentherus was pope after Sother for fifteen years, who ordained that Christian men should abstain from any meat reasonable to men. Nota. Also, that no man unaccused in a crime should be put from his dignity or degree until he was convicted. Through the example of Christ, the which kept Iudas from being scared notwithstanding a accused. And Christ knew him guilty and whatsumever he did among the apostles for the dignity of his service, a boon firm and stable. And he sent also legates one to Lucie, the king of Britain, who baptized him and his people..Fagus and Domianus, the papal legates, were the first to preach Christianity in England. This Christianity lasted in Britain for about 500 years, from the time of Diocletian the emperor, who sent Albone as martyr, until the reign of Marcus Antoninus and Lucius Commodus. Marcus died soon after his accession, and Lucius Commodus ruled: Lucius was called \"profitable in scorn\" because he was unprofitable to everyone. He was utterly given to lechery. He had many senators and Christian men killed. He condemned his own wife to death for old age. He died a sodomitical death by strangling among maidens. Helius Pertenax succeeded him and ruled for six months, and was a man of great discretion. He was killed by Julian the Great Lawyer. Helius entered the empire and was slain in the sixth month of Severus. Victor, a martyr, was pope after Eleutherius's reign of ten years. Due to the discord of the Paschal time, he called a council in Alexandria where I was present at that time. & many others. There he decreed that Easter day should be kept on a Sunday but he most strictly adhered to the change..of the monk of April. And that was to differ from the Jews. For many bishops of the East were a boy. At that time, the Jews did celebrate that feast on the same day. Also, he ordered that in times of need, a child might be baptized in every place and every water. Zepherinus, a martyr and a Roman, was pope after Victor IX years. This man ordained that Christian people of twelve years of age and above should revere their God on Easter day, and one vessel of water should be glass or tin and not wood. In old time, the consecration of the glorious blood was made in three vessels. And during this time, Origen the noble cleric was this, and he wrote so much that Jerome said of himself that he had read Origen's works for four volumes without pests. He translated the Bible from Hebrew into Greek. And he did many other great things.\n\nOf Origen, Samson, Salomon, and Traian, there is a great question among doctors as to whether they are damned or saved. Therefore, those who hold this opinion..Things that we are not bound to know about. The church is not certified of them. Therefore, let them be committed alone to God. Calixtus, a martyr and a Roman, was pope after Zepherinus, in the fifth year. He ordained the commutators in the Via Appia. Where many holy martyrs are buried. Also, he ordained the fast of the emerging days: to be kept. Antonius Aurelius was emperor for three years. And this man lacked no kind of lechery. At the last, he was martyred among a great multitude of people for his misdeeds. Antonius Marcus reigned after him for seven years. This man lived obstinately. Urbanus was pope after Calixtus, in the eighth year. He was old and young was very virtuous. And all the holy vessels to the church he made of gold or silver. This man left his papal throne and went to Agrippina and the 11,000 virgins with him. The clergy said he did not leave his dignity for holiness but for the appetite of those virgins. He was not written in the book of popes. And there, a virgin was martyred with those virgins. Poncianus was a martyr who succeeded him..The following man ordered that psalms should be recited day and night in the church of God. A priest should confess before the mass. Anteros, a martyr, was pope after this man. This man allowed that a bishop could be removed from one place to another. He had the lives of martyrs written down and was slain and buried in the cemetery of Seut Calixt.\nMaximian was chosen emperor at Mogunciana by the army and not by the senators, and reigned for three years. He severely damaged the church and was slain for Origen. Gordian ruled after him for six years, and little is written about him. He was slain. Diebus Celus, dux of Colchester, ruled in Asclepius during the reign of Britain, around thirty years until the coming of Constantius. Philip was emperor after him. Philip chose his son to rule with him and they reigned for seven years. They are the first Philippiads.\nDecius was emperor for three years and was a tyrant in all things. He seized the empire when he and the army had slain the two Philippi, his lords..And after that, he was slain with his son. Fabian, a martyr and a Roman, was pope after Anterus for 14 years. This was a very holy man. When Christian men stood to bid for the election of the pope, suddenly a white dove or a colured decan decended on his head, saying to him, \"You shall be pope of Rome.\" This man ordained that cream should be offered every year on his throne, as well as dividing regions to deacons who should write the lives of martyrs. And at the last, Decius killed him. Cornelius, a martyr and a Roman, was pope after Fabian for three years. This man took up the bodies of Peter and Paul. And with great honor, he put them in worshipful places with Beata Lucina. Lucius was pope after Cornelius for three years, and little is written about him. Gallus and his son Volusianus were emperors for two years. And they fought with Emilianus. And they were slain. And Emilianus the third month was slain. Valerian was emperor with his son Gallienus for 15 years. This man was virtuous and manly at the beginning, but after he was given to vice..This is the account of Valerian and his son Galienus. Valerian went to the lord of Persia, and there, for the great shedding of martyrs' blood that he had seen, was taken by the king of Persia. And when he had taken him, he put out both his eyes and kept him in great bondage. He did this to ensure that Valerian would always be forced to lie down before mounting his horse and taking it. Galienus, his son, who was left at Rome, was the cause of Valerian's mercy towards Christian men.\n\nDuring this time, the eighth persecution of the Church was carried out by the Empress. She caused the Romans to lose their kingdoms, which were never recovered by the Empress again. A general persecution spread throughout the world due to their transgressions. Stephen, a martyr and a Roman, was pope for three years after Lucius. He decreed that no one should wear holy clothing except for the worship of God. Sextus, a martyr and a Roman, was pope for two years after Stephen. He decreed that the Mass should be said..Upon an author whose name was not recorded. And then he died. Dyonisius, a Roman, was pope after him for two years. This man divided perichoresis and church yards, and assigned certain priests to churches. Felix, a martyr, was pope after Dyonisius for two more years. He ordained that masses should be said for the memory of martyrs, and that the dedication of the church should be said every year.\n\nClaudius was emperor after Valerianus: he subdued the Goths as nobly and then he died.\n\nEutychianus, a martyr, was pope after Felix for eight years. This man ordained that corn and benisons should be blessed on the altar. He consecrated three and forty martyrs with his own hands. Aurelius was emperor after Claudius for five years. This Aurelius was gentle to Christians for the first time. Therefore, he had the victory in every place gloriously. But when he was persecuted by Curius and pursued Christians mightily and notably in Gaul, for there he had been born and after that he had never good fortune but was slain. And this was the ninth persecution of the church and Christianity..Fateh. Tacitus pursued this man relentlessly and succeeded in his pursuit after only three months. However, he was then killed in Ponto. Probus became emperor after him, ruling for five years and four months. This man recovered Gaul, which was occupied by barbarian men, and granted them and Panonians permission to have vineyards. He had almost restored peace when he said that knights would no longer be necessary. Shortly after, he was killed at Sirmium. Carus and his two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, became emperors after Probus. But their reigns were short, and both father and sons were killed. They ruled for only two years each. Diocletian and Maximian ruled after these three emperors, with Diocletian reigning in the east and Maximian in the west. The first thing Diocletian did was burn all the Christian books that could be found. These two tyrants did more harm to Christians than any others. The persecution lasted for ten years, and within thirty days, 20,000 men were killed..During the reign of Maximian, Christianity was almost destroyed in England. Gaius was pope after Decian. This man decreed that no man should accuse a bishop or other cleric to a secular judge. A pagan or heretic should not accuse a Christian man. He also decreed that the worthy should ascend first to their orders before becoming subdeacon, deacon, and then priest. And at the end, he was martyred under Diocletian.\n\nPope Marcellinus succeeded Gaius after eleven years and four months. He was persecuted severely, and for fear of death, he offered three corns of incense to the sacrifice of the idols. Later, he openly repented and suffered the pain of death for the faith of the Church of God. His body lay unburied for three days out of fear of God's curse. Afterward, through a vision of St. Peter and Marcellus, he was buried at St. Peter's feet.\n\nMarcellus was pope after Marcellinus for five years. He decreed that a governing council could not be ordained without the presence of the bishops of Rome and Constantinople..authority of the pope.vt. pzd. I7.di.c. synodu_. He also chose fifteen cardinals in the city to bear men and christen them. At the last, when he had kept bestia long time in a house closed in with them by the commandment of Maximian, he died for the fault of Eutychian. A layman, a man named Victor, was made pope after this, and he ordained that no layman should accuse his bishop except if he went from his faith.vt pzd 2.9.7.c. lairos.\n\nNote: At this time, Albo was martyred in Britannia. This Albo, when he was a pagan, lodged with a certain man: the which converted him to the faith. And after, he was led to death: and many people he turned to our lord who were near the water which he made dry through his prayer. And he suffered death near the city of Verulamium. (See plural i_ vita sancti albani.)\n\nMelchiades, a martyr, succeeded Eutychian for four years. This man prohibited that men should fast on Sunday or on Thursday, insofar as pagans fasted those days. At the last, he was martyred, as all his predecessors were..And know that there were 31 popes of Rome, Peter being the first and Melchiades the last. It was laudable for a man after Gregory to desire a bishopric, Galerius being Emperor after Diocletian for two years, and another with him named Constancius. The Empire was thus divided in those days. Constantine, after he had conquered all Spain, came into Gaul and there wedded a daughter of a king, from whom he had a great Constantine. And this same Constancius died in Gaul and lies at York, as Martin says in his chronicles. And he left alive Constantine, who was begotten of Helena. And was king of Brittany and of France.\n\nSilvester was pope after Melchiades. This was a glorious confessor and in many ways he served the church of God, both in writing and in miracles. He recovered the patriarchate of St. Peter, that is, the kingdom of Italy with the city of Rome, from Constantine the Emperor, and turned it over to the worship of the church of God. He baptized Helena and the others..Constantine the Great was the Emperor during this time. He was a glorious and victorious man in battle. In governing the common people, he was very wise. And in the necessity of the faith, he was devout; his piety and holiness are so written in the holy books that there is no doubt he should be numbered among saints. The Greeks say that at the end of his life, he became a monk. You can learn more about him in the coronials of England, for he was king of England. Helena, the queen mother to Constantine, repaired the holy cross during this time and established 120 colleges. She glorified the state of the entire church. Nicholas, the bishop of Myra, was a holy man during this time. Athanasius was bishop in Alexandria and was a glorious doctor. He composed the hymn \"Quicumque vult salus esse,\" and so on. Marcus was pope after Sylvester II. He ruled for two years and eight months. This man ordered that the creed should be publicly sung in the church. The bishop of Hippo should..This man was Pope Julius after Marcus XI. He was exiled for ten years and later suffered death under Constantine the Second, with his two brothers reigning for 24 years. In his final days, he went to Constantinople for a great council, intending to condemn the bishop and clergy of true belief. He went to a chamber beforehand to attend to certain matters as nature requires. Suddenly, his bowels fell from him, and there he died. Liberius was Pope after Julius, ruling for 19 years and 7 months. The second discord of the Church arose between Liberius and Felician over the Arian heresy, which favored Liberius. Constancius the Emperor called for Liberius again from his exile because he favored this heresy. The Church deposed Liberius and took Felician..in the Pope and the Odysseus was expelled as a heretic of the church. But Felix obtained not. For the emperor put Liberius in his place and expelled Felix: Felix became Pope after the death of this Liberius and declared Constantine the emperor an heretic and a none after he was martyred. And this was the first time that the Church of Rome had an infamous Pope. For all the predecessors of this Liberius were sent into exile and gave up the holy samplers Julian the Apostate was after Constantine the emperor two years and eight months, he was called apostate because he fled from Constantine who killed his brothers and out of fear of death became a Christian man and a monk. But later, by the counsel of a certain negromancer, he asked the devil whether he should be emperor or not. The devil said that he should be emperor on the condition that he forsake his Christian faith and be utterly enemy to Christian men. And so he did, for he gave the Jews leave to rebuild the temple in spite of the Christian me. And he took all the goods..Christus Meier had disrupted many of them. Ionianus was emperor after him for seven months: for when Julian was dead, the host chose him as emperor. He was a Christian man and he said it was not fitting for a Christian to rule over so many heathen people. They answered and said rather that he should forsake the empire and they would be baptized. Thus he took the diadem. But soon he was dead in a wonderful manner. For he was laid in a close house after his day, made all of stone newly whitewashed with lime. In which they made a fire of charcoal for his comfort, as they thought. And on the morrow he was found dead. Valentinian and his brother Valens were emperors after Ionianus, eleven years after he departed and gave his brother the east and kept the west part for himself. This Valens was a lord with Julian the Apostate: and it happened to him once to go into a temple of false gods to do sacrifice and sacrifice ministers stood there with water held after their gesture..The witch they struck down the lord Valentinianus. Valentinianus killed the minister who drenched him with water. He confessed that he was defiled by them and was therefore exiled by Julian. But our Lord God, in His open confession of his name, rewarded him with the empire. His brother Valent fell into the opinion of the Arians and died in that heresy. This same Valent ruled for four years after Valentinianus, with Gratian as emperor.\n\nDuring this time, Ambrosius was sent. Damasus was pope after Felix for sixteen years and two months. He was an eloquent man in meter and wrote many stories of popes and martyrs. He ordained that \"Gloria in excelsis\" should be said at the end of the psalms, which was at the suggestion of Saint Jerome. Through the intervention of this pope, Jerome translated the Bible from Hebrew into Latin, and then he died as a confessor. Valens, Gratian, and Valentinianus were emperors for four years in this time. Churches were opened again, and Christian men were allowed to renew the services of God that had been defended before..With Emperor Valens and others infected with heresy. When Valens was alive, a synod of over a hundred bishops was convened under Damasus Pope at Constantinople against Macedonius, the heretic who claimed the Holy Ghost was not truly God. And then the creed was formed that is sung in the church on holidays. Augustine of Carthage in Africa was present at this time. He was as noble a thinker as could be and proficient in all philosophy and poetry. All the things that any philosopher found in his youth, he understood with little effort. At this time, he was sent to Milan, where he was immediately converted and baptized. This man grew into a notable doctor of the church. And not long after that, he was bishop of Hippo. There he lived for thirty-one years and wrote much divinity, as in his own books. Siricius was pope after Damasus for fifteen years. He condemned the heresy of Pelagius and little is written about him. Theodosius, son of Gratian, with Valentinian his uncle..This man was Emperor XXVII. In his governance, he was a Christian, gracious, and resembled Trajan. He became angry and was not reconciled. On a day when he intended to attend mass, Ambros prohibited him from entering the church until he had penance and made satisfaction for the slaughter of the thirty knights whom he had killed in anger at Constantinople. Therefore, they enacted a law that the sentence of a prince should be deferred thirty days for those who were to carry out executions if they might win the prince's favor within thirty days. Around this time, a child was born in the castle of Emons, divided into two bodies, each having two heads and two minds. One slept while the other ate, and the other slept while the first ate. When they were two years old, the one died and the other lived for three days after. Claudianus was poet laureate during this time, when Arcadius and Honorius reigned for thirteen years. At this time, Rome was not yet destroyed by a king named Alaric, from whose destruction a great blasphemy arose..The Romans claimed they prospered little before Christ came to Rome and were fed God's gods through the preaching of Peter and Paul. Yet, Archadius subdued all his enemies by the power of God, shedding no blood. Around this time, this blasphemy caused Augustine to create the work they call \"The City of God.\" Honorius was emperor with Theodosius his brother for fifteen years and was a man of holy life. He had two wives, but both remained virgins at his death. He particularly loved the church and hated heretics.\n\nJerome died at this time, at the age of eighty-one. At this time, Saint Jerome wrote the \"Lives of the Fathers\" for Lanusius, bishop. John Chrysostom was exiled from Antioch during this period, and through his wife and son, he was killed. Anastasius was pope for three years after Siricius. He ordained that every man should stand at the reading of the holy gospels. He also ordained that a man who was married should not be a priest. Innocentius was pope after Anastasius. He ordained that the sick should be attended to..Anointed with holy oil and at mass, the kiss of peace to be given: he condemned Pelagius and many other things. This happened around the 26th day of the first quarter (q. i.).\n\nZosimus was pope after Innocent II for four years and eight months. He ordained that clerks should be no taverners. They should not sell wine, and a bondman should not be made priest without the license of his lord. Boniface was pope after Zosimus for four years. He ordained that a woman should not touch the pall of the water. Nor should she wash it. Celestine was pope after Boniface for nine days. He ordained that the psalm \"Judge me, O God\" (Psalm 43) should be said before mass, and at the beginning of the mass and at the offertory it should be said before the sacring. This same man sent Patricius to Ireland to convert that land. He sent Palladius, a deacon of Rome, to the Scots to be converted. In the fourth year of this mother there was a general Synod at Ephesus of 300 bishops..Nestorius, the younger Theodosius ruled for 25 years. In his time, the Advicula festival was instituted. According to Peter (\u00b6), in his time, Saint Augustine died in the year of his age 76. (\u00b6) During this time, the seven sleepers, who had slept for 300 years, awoke. This man died in Constantinople and was buried there. (\u00b6) At this time, the Saxons entered England and, little by little, they grew mightily. And at last, they obtained all the land. Sextus, a Roman, was pope for seven years after Celestinus. He was a holy and meek man, and little is written about him except that he built Santa Maria Maggiore. Leo Tuscus, a confessor, was pope for 21 years after Sixtus. He was as holy as any man. Five or more times a day, he would say Mass. One time after it, a certain woman kissed his hand. He was tempted by her for the transgression he had committed. Unwilling to perform penance for his sin, he had his hand stretched out. When the news reached him that he could no longer say Mass as he was accustomed to..He was sorry and beckoned him to our Lady in prayer for help. Our Lady restored his hand. Then he said Mass as he was wont to do, and the miraculous was openly displayed to all people. During the time of Pope Marcian, the Fourth General Council of Nicea was convened at Chalcedon with six bishops and thirty bishops present, including Eutychius, the Abbot of Constantinople, and Alexandrinus, the bishop who denied that Christ had true flesh and also denied the resurrection of the flesh. After making many notable sermons and epistles, he died. Marcian and Valentinian were emperors at that time, seven years into their reign. The Great Council was publicly discussed during Marcian's reign when Eutychius and Dioscurus were condemned.\n\nDuring Marcian's reign in Rome, Vortiger was king in Britain, now called England. In his time, the Saxons came to Britain and made many kings. According to the chronicles, this is clear by the crowns. It is tedious to human reason to recount many things..During the reign of five kings of England and in one time the emperors and popes. For the counselors of England shall be gathered together until it becomes one to Alfred, in whose time the Danes came to England, and the popes, emperors, and other things were also gathered together in the same time.\n\nHere begins the fifth part concerning the coming of the Danes\n\nThis time came the Saxons who were pagans first into Britain, called England, under Vortiger, who was king of this land. At this time, he had two children in keeping, who were Constantine's sons, that is, Aurelambros and Utter, through the ordinance of Gildas, who was bishop of London. After their fathers' death, that is, Constantine, he, Constantine, dared not fight in this land with those children but conveyed them to the king of Little Britain: for as much as he, Vortiger, was wise to the treason of Vortiger, through whom Constantine's elder brother was slain. Therefore, the hundred knights of Pehites were put to death..And Beren bore all the blame, as Vortiger had not known of it nor consented. So the keepers of those two children feared that Vortiger would put them to death through his treason and falsehood, as he had done to their brother before. And therefore they were taken over to little Britain, and the king received them with much honor and allowed them to nurse. There they grew up to be fair knights and strong. And they thought to avenge the death of Constantine, their brother, when they saw their opportunity and did so, as you shall hear told afterward.\n\nIt was not long after that tidings came over the sea to the kin of the hundred knights of Pehites, who were condemned and put to death for refusing to avenge their kinsman's death: and they came to this land with great power and robbed many places and killed and caused as much sorrow as they could. When Vortiger learned of this: he was filled with sorrow and greatly distressed. And tidings also came to him from another place that Aurilambros and his brother had ordered....A great host assembled to come into this land, called Middle Britain, to avenge Constance's brother's death. And soon after this news reached Vortiger, a great multitude of strangers arrived in the heart of Kent. He would not know when or why they had come to this land. The king sent a messenger there immediately, ordering some of them to come and speak with him, to learn what people they were and what they demanded and where they intended to go.\n\nTwo brother masters and princes of this strong company, called Engist and Horse Engist, went to the king and revealed the reason for their coming to his land. They said, \"Sir, we are from a country called Saxony, the land of Ermines, where there is so much sorrow that the land cannot sustain its people.\" The masters and princes who govern and rule the land..They make come before them the bravest men and women among them, to fight and those who can endure to diverse lands.\nAnd so they shall give them horses and harness and all things they need, and after they shall say to them that they have gone into another country where they may live as their ancestors did before. Therefore, sir king, if you have anything to do with our company, we have come into your land with good will. You will serve and protect and defend your land from your enemies if you need it.\nWhen Vortiger heard this, he said he would gladly hold them on such a covenant if they could delay his land from his enemies. He would give them reasonable lands where they should dwell forevermore. Engist thanked the king greatly and so he and his company of eleven thousand should dwell with King Vortiger. They delivered the land clean of his enemies. Tho prayed the king of more lands to cut it as small as he might, all into one thing..When this castle was made, Robert encompassed with it as much land as he had on a fair estimate. And when this castle was completed, Robert sent letters into the country from which he had come, summoning over a hundred ships filled with strong and bold men, and also skilled fighters in all battles. He also requested that they bring with them Rowena, his fairest daughter.\n\nWhen these people arrived, he took them into the castle with great joy. And he himself went out to meet the king and earnestly asked him to come and see his new manor that he had built in the place he had encompassed with a thong of skin.\n\nThe king granted him freely and came there with him. They were well received with the castle and the fine work. And there they feasted and drank with great joy.\n\nWhen night came, the king..Vortiger should go to his chamber to take his night's rest. Ronwen, Engist's daughter, came with a cup of gold in her hand and knelt before the king and said to him, \"wassail.\" The king did not know what it meant or how he should answer, as he and none of his Bretons could speak English or understand it. But they spoke in the same language that Bretons did.\n\nNevertheless, a latimer told the king the true meaning of it: that others should answer \"drink hail.\"\n\nAnd that was the first time that wassail and drink hail appeared in this land. And from that time until now, it has been well used in this land.\n\nVortiger saw Ronwen's beauty and laid his arms around her neck and kissed her three times. And immediately, he was named after her: he desired to have her as his wife and asked Engist, her father,\n\nEngist granted him this condition that the king should give him all the land of Kent that he might rule in and his people..The king granted him graciously with a good will and immediately after he married the damsel. And thus there was great confusion for him. And therefore all the Bretons became so angry because he married a woman of misbelief. Wherefore they all left him and nothing took keep nor helped him in things that he had to do.\n\nThis Engist went into Kent and seized all the land into his hand for himself and his men. And in a little while, he had amassed so great power and so much people that men knew not in little time which were the king's men and which were Engist's. Wherefore all Bretons feared him greatly and said among themselves, \"If we do not take other counsel, all the land shall be betrayed through Engist and his people instead of the king, who had gotten three sons by his first wife. The first was called Vortimer, the second Catagren, and the third Passent.\n\nThe Bretons each chose Vortimer to be their lord and sovereign and counselor in every battle and crowned him king and made him king, and would suffer him to rule..Vortigern no longer reigned due to the alliance between him and Eticus. The Britons organized a great host to drive out Eticus and his company from the land. They had three battalions: the first was in Kent, where he was lord; the second was at Tetford; and the third was in the half-shire of Colchester. And in this battle they met Catagren and Horn, Eticus' brother. Each one slew the other. But despite the course of the battle being given to Vortigern, Thorothir, Eticus' son, was killed in such a way. Therefore, another time he had the castle torn down to the ground. And after that, he did not leave night nor day until he had driven out Eticus and all his people from the land. Where Eticus was driven away, Rowena, his daughter, made sorrowful and quietly spoke to those next to the king, Vortimer and Priest with her. And so much she gave to him in gifts that he was poisoned and died..In the fourth year of his reign, London is where he lies. After Vortimer's death, the Britons, by common assent, made Vortigern their king, on the condition that he would never again allow Engist or any of his descendants to enter this land. And when all this was done, Queen Rowena sent a letter to Engist, informing him that she had put Vortimer to death and that Vortigern had taken the crown and ruled. She urged him to come to this land, well-prepared with a large army, to avenge herself on the Britons and to reclaim this land once more.\n\nWhen Engist received this news, he was filled with joy and quickly assembled an army of fifteen thousand men, all of whom were distinguished in battle. He came to this land.\n\nWhen Vortigern learned that Engist had returned with a great power into this land, he assembled his Britons and went to meet him in battle. But Engist was afraid of the Britons, for they had driven him away before and defeated him with their strength..this king prayed for a love day. He said he was not keen on this land to fight, but to have his land again if he could, and to have love and grace from the Bretons. \u00b6The king Vortiger, through the counsel of the Bretons, granted a love day. It was arranged through the Bretons that the same day should be held on a hill beside Salisbury. \u00b6Engitt should come there with four hundred knights and no more, and the king with as many wise men from his land. \u00b6And on that day, the king came with his council as arranged, but Engist had warned his knights previously and commanded each of them to put a long knife in his hose. \u00b6And when he said, \"Fair sergeants, now is the time to speak of love and peace,\" every man should draw out his knife and kill a Breton. And they killed a thousand three hundred knights, and with much sorrow, many of them escaped. \u00b6And the king Vortiger, though he was himself taken and led to Thongcastle and put in prison, and some of Engitt's men..The king wished he had been burned alive. And Vortiger, to grant him life, gave them as much as they asked and bestowed upon Engist and his people all the towns, castles, cities, and boroughs. The Bretons then fled to Wales and remained there. Engist traveled through the land and demanded that all the land be given to him, from Franconia and in every place, letting cast down churches and houses of religion and destroyed Christianity throughout this land. He changed the name of the land so that no man of his people was so bold after that time to call this land Britain but call it Engist's land. He deprived all the land of its people and made twenty kings to strengthen the land so that the Bretons would never come back.\n\nThe first kingdom was where Engist himself ruled and was lord and master over all the others. The second kingdom was Southwark, now Chichester. The third kingdom was Wessex. The fourth kingdom was East Anglia. The fifth kingdom was Estangill, now called Northfolk and Southfolk..Merchemerich, that is, the Earldom of Nicholl. The sixth had Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Hertford, and Huntingdon. The seventh had Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Winchester, Warwick, and Derbyshire.\n\nWhen Egist had divided all the land in this manner between his men and delivered Vortiger out of prison and allowed him freely to go wherever he would, and he went to Wales, where that land was strong and weak, and Egist never came there nor knew it before. Vortiger held it there with his Bretons and asked counsel what he should do. And they gave him counsel to make a strong castle there that he might keep and defend it if necessary. Masos began the work on the hill of Breigh, but Certes thus it fell that all the work Masos made in a day was undone by night, and they did not know what it might be from the king.\n\nThe king was greatly distressed by this turn of events and did not know what to do. Therefore, he sent after them..The wisest clerks and learned men I was told through Wales could be found. They should tell him why the foundation had failed under the work and what was best to be done. For the wisest men had long studied and told the king that he should seek a child born of a woman who had never been with a man, and that child he should kill and temper with its blood the mortar of the work, and so the work would ever endure without end.\n\nWhen the king heard this, he commanded his messengers to search throughout all Wales for that child if they could find him. And in record and witness of this thing, he gave them his letters that they should not be hindered by any man or let go.\n\nThe messengers went thence and traveled so fast that they came to a town called Carmarthen and found there two children, aged twenty-four..When you had never father, yet every man knows not who was your mother. \u00b6The messengers of the kings Vortiger, hearing this strife between the two boys, asked those standing nearby when Marlyn was born and who nursed him. The people told them that a great gentlewoman bore him in Carmardi\u0113, named Adhan. But no one could ever know who was his father. \u00b6When the kings messengers heard this news, they went immediately to him who was wardening the town and told him the king's will and showed him the letter explaining why they had come. \u00b6Merlyn and his mother were then sent before the king, and he commanded them to come to him. \u00b6Merlyn and his mother came then and came before the king, and they were received with much honor. The king asked the lady if that child was her son and who she had begotten him with. \u00b6The lady answered tenderly, weeping, and said she had never had company of man worldly..But she said I was a young maiden in my father's chamber, and others of great lineage were in my company. They often times would play and amuse themselves. I was left alone in my chamber and would not go out for fear of the son. And once, a fair bachelor entered my chamber when I was alone. But I don't know how he came in to me; I still don't know that to this day. For the doors were fast barred, and with me he played the game of love. I could not defend myself from him. He often came to me in the same manner, resulting in this child, but I never knew what he was.\n\nWhen Merlin had heard all that his mother had said, he spoke to the king in this way. \"Sir, ask me no more about how I was conceived. It is not for you or anyone else to know. Only tell me the enchantment that brought me to you and why you have sent for me. The wise counselors of the court have made me understand that the work I have come to do requires your tempering.\".\"Sir, the prophecy or the foundation will fail for eternity. You asked Merlin if he would kill me for my blood to temper your mortal nature. You replied that the king or anyone else would never be able to take my castle as long as my counselors advised me. Merlin answered the king, \"Let them come before me, those wise men. I will prove that they do not speak truly or well.\" When the wise men arrived, Merlin asked if his blood was the enchantment to make the work stand and endure. All the wise men were abashed and could not answer. Merlin told the king, \"I will tell you where the enchantment is, why your work thus fails and cannot last. There is a pool of water beneath the mountain that you have built your tower over. In the bottom of the pool, under the water, there are two dragons. One is white, the other red. They fight against each other to God's end against your work. Dig down to the water's edge, and when your men have drained all the water out, you will see the dragons as I have told you.\"\".And this is where the foundation falters. The king allowed them to dig until it reached the pond and let them drain all the water. There they found two dragons, as Marlyn had told them, fiercely fighting.\n\nThe white dragon fiercely approached the red and laid upon it so strongly that it could not endure but drew back and rested in the same cave. And when it had rested for a while, it went before and fiercely assaulted the red dragon, holding it so sorely that it could not endure but drew back and rested. Afterward, the white dragon came again and fiercely fought with the red dragon, injuring it severely and overcoming it, causing it to flee and never return.\n\nKing Vortigern and his men, who saw this battle, were greatly amazed and asked Merlin to explain what it might mean.\n\n\"Sir,\" Merlin replied, \"I will tell you. The red dragon signifies yourself, and the white signifies the people of Saxony, the first to take and hold your land, who fought against you.\".You and you have driven and encroached.\nBut Bretons of your lineage have come over them and driven them away, and then, at the coming again of the Saxons, they recovered this land and held it evermore, driving out the Bretons and doing with this land all their will and destroying Christianity throughout this land. You first had joy with their coming, but now it has turned to great damage and sorrow for you.\nFor two brothers of Constance, who was king, whom you let live, shall come by for a fifteenth part from little Brittany and shall avenge the death of their brother. They shall first bring you sorrow, and afterward they shall kill a great part of Saxons and shall drive out all the remaining of the land. Therefore, I beseech you, depart from here no longer to make a castle nor any other work, but go elsewhere to save your life. I swear to you by that I say to you that Aurilanbrothers shall be king, but he shall be assassinated and his reign shall be brief..Shale he reign. Merlin and his mother departed from the king and turned again to Carmarthen. And soon after, news came to the Bretons that Aurilambros and his brother arrived at Totnes with a great host. And immediately, the Bretons assembled them and went to confront Aurilambros and his brother with great nobility, bringing them to London and crowned him king. He then asked where Vortiger might be found, for he wished to avenge his brother's death and after that, to pay penances. And they told him that Vortiger was in Wales, so they led him there. Vortiger knew well that his brothers came to conquer and fled then to a castle called Gerneth, which stood on a high mountain, and there he was held. So at last, they set wildfire and burned houses and men and all their array and much more that was within the castle. Thus, Vortiger was burned among all others..King Arthur, who was in Kent and ruled there, died with much sorrow. He intended to go to Scotland to seek help, but Ambros and his men intercepted him in the north country and gave him battle. Arthur and his men defended themselves as long as they could, but they were ultimately defeated and slain. The land was then cleared of the name of \"Engistland,\" which Arthur had named after himself beforehand. He allowed it to be called \"Great Britain\" again and ordered the building of churches, houses of religion, castles, cities, boroughs, and towns that the Saxons had destroyed.\n\nArthur was taken to the hill of Ambrosia, which was once a place of religion, but had been destroyed by the pagans.\n\nThere was a knight named Ambros who had once belonged to that house, and for that reason, the hill was called the Mount of Ambrosia and, later, Ambrosbury, and shall be so forever.\n\nKing Arthur allowed....\"Meed and Redesse, the rulers of Amlesbury, placed monks there, but now there are hardly any monks left at the place once called Salisbury. There, the Saxons killed the Britons where Engist and he should have made a love day. At that time, a hundred and thirty knights were slain through Engist's treason. The king was deeply grieved and the matter ended. And they sought counsel on what was best to do. The bishop of London, named Ternekyn, advised the king to inquire after Marlyn, for he could best advise how this matter might be resolved. Marlyn was sought and found and came to the king. The king revealed his intention to Merlin: he would build a monument. Merlin answered the king and said, \"There are great stones in Ireland and long up the hill of Kyan, which I call Geats' Carol. If they were here as they are there, they would endure forever in memory of those knights who entered.\" Merlin spoke further: 'But throughout your land'\".There are no such giants, setting them for their great good. For every time that they were wounded or in any manner hurt, they bathed the stones in hot water and then bathed themselves in it, and they were healed. When the Bretons heard of this thing, they went and swore among themselves that they would seek out these stones and took with them the king's brother as their leader and 50 men. Merlin advised them to go unarmed to Ireland, and so they did. And when King Guillomer of Ireland heard that strangers had arrived in his land, he assembled a great power and fought against them. But he and his people were defeated. The Bretons went before them until they came to the mountain of Kilian and climbed up to the mountain. But when they saw the stones and the manner in which they stood, they had great marvel and said among themselves that no man should move them for any strength or engine so huge they were and so long. But Merlin, through his craft, removed them and brought them into his possession..The ships have come again to this land, and Merlin set the stones there that the king would have them, placing them in the same manner as they stood in Ireland. When the king saw that it had been done, he thanked Merlin and rewarded him as he saw fit. This place was named Stonehenge thereafter.\n\nAnd men, the descendants of those who lived here at the same time and came to this land with great power, arrived in the north country and sought revenge for their father's death, Vortigern. He strongly trusted in the company he had brought with him from the land of Germany and had conquered all the north country up to York.\n\nWhen King Aureliambros heard this, he gathered a great power of Bretons and went to fight against Vortigern. However, he was defeated and all his people. But Vortigern and some of his men escaped to Ireland and came to King Guillomer, asking for help and support. The king granted him aid willingly. And he said that he would.help me uphold the covenant that I myself must go with you to Brittany. And I would take revenge upon the Bretons rather, for they came into my land. And I touched the stones with strength called Giant's charter. King Guillomer ordered his ships and went to the sea with 15,000 men and arrived in Wales and went to rob and much sorrow ensued. It happened that King Aurelmbros lay sick at Winchester and could not help himself, so he sent in his name through his brother with a power to help Wales. And there, the king of Ireland and Passent heard tell that Aurelmbros was sick. Then came to him a Saracen named Coppa and said, \"Sir, I beseech you in the name of my queen that I shall slay King Aurelmbros who is sick.\" Then Passent said, \"If you do so, I will richly reward you.\" This Toraur Coppa put on an abbot's habit and let him shave him bald and came to the king's court and.When Sayed claimed he would help King Aurelambros with his malady, the tourney champion, Coppa, gave him a potion. He promised it would make the king feel better and desire sleep. However, Coppa gave him poison instead, causing the king to die peacefully in his sleep. Coppa then declared he would leave for the field until he was awakened. No one suspected him because of his attire and the crown shown on his banner. But when the king's men learned of his death, they grew worried and quickly searched for the traitor. They couldn't find him, as Coppa had turned back to the host from where he came.\n\nWhen Aurelambros was dead and poisoned at Winchester, a star was seen in the morning sky with a clear light. At the edge of the horizon, the head of a horrifying dragon was visible..\"The star was brightest at the tip of that stern, and from it emerged the head of a dragon and out of its mouth came two huge lights as bright as any fire burning. One beam shone towards France and straight over the sea in that direction. From that beam, seven clear and long beams radiated, as bright as the light of a fire. This star was seen by many men, but none of them knew what it signified. After that, the king's brother in Wales, with his Breton host, saw the star and the great light it gave off. He wondered greatly what it could mean and called upon Merlin to tell him. Merlin looked at the star and gazed at it for a long time. Then he wept tenderly and said, 'Alas, alas, that such a noble and worthy king is dead.' And I tell you truly that Aurilambros, your brother, is wounded, and I see this star signifying the dragon's head that is at the tip of the beam. That is all.\".yourself, who shall be king and reign,\nAnd by the beam that points towards the east, you shall have a son\nWho will conquer France and all lands belonging to the French crown,\nA worthier king and of greater honor than any of his ancestors.\nAnd by the beam that stretches towards Ireland,\nYou shall have a daughter who shall be queen of Ireland.\nThe seventh beam signifies that you shall have seven sons,\nEach one of them shall be king and reign with great honor,\nAnd they shall not inherit from you but go and give battle to your enemies,\nAnd fight them bodily, for you shall overcome them and gain the victory.\nAfter thanking Merlin heartily, he took his men and went towards his enemy,\nThey fought each other mortally and Merlin discomfited his enemy and destroyed them.\nPassant, Vortigern's son, killed him,\nAnd Merlin's Bretons killed Guillomer, king of Ireland and all his men.\nImmediately after that battle, he made his way towards Winchester to do....After the death of Aurilambros, his brother entered the kingdom: But the body was borne to the stoneage with much honor, made in remembrance of the Bretons who were slain through the treason of Engist. On the same day that they should have been reconciled and in the same place, Aurilambros entered the second year of his reign with all the worship that might belong to such a king, whose soul God have mercy on me.\n\nAfter your death, Aurilambros' brother was crowned and reigned well and worthily. In remembrance of the dragon that he was likened to, he had two dragons made through the counsel of his Bretons. One for him to bear before him when he went to battle, and the other to remain at Winchester in the bishop's church. For this reason, he was ever after called \"after Pedrag.\"\n\nOtta, Engist's son, came commanding little. He was made king and moved against him. He ordered a great company of his friends and kin and of Ossa his brother and took all the land..From Hampshire to York. But those of York held firmly against them and would not allow them to enter the city nor yield the city to him. He besieged the town alone and gave it a strong assault, but they of the city kept it well and strongly. And when he heard of this, he came there with great power to help and relieve the town and put an end to the siege. He gave a strong battle and Otta and his company did as much damage as they could, but in the end they were defeated and the majority of them were slain. Otta and Ossa were taken and imprisoned in London. And afterwards, he stayed a while at York and then went to London. And at Easter, he intended to be crowned and hold a splendid feast. He summoned all his earls and barons to that feast, and all those who had wives were to bring them also to that feast, and all were to come at the king's command as they were commanded. The feast was richly decorated and held in an orderly manner after they had reached such a state..Earl Gorlois of Cornwall and Igerna his wife saw them provoking and laughing together and rose up from where they were in anger and took his wife. He called to his knights.\nThen all went out in anger without taking leave of the king. The king immediately sent after him, ordering him to come back and not defy him. But Earl Gorlois would not come back in any way.\nTherefore, the king was very angry with him and declared him his deadly enemy. Earl Gorlois went then to Cornwall with his wife to the castle of Tintagel.\nThe king raised a great army and came to Cornwall to destroy the earl if he could. But he had put himself in such a strong and well-prepared castle at Tintagel that would not yield to the king. And the king immediately besieged the castle, and it dueled for fifteen days without any progress or thought against Igerna and her so much love that he did not know how to do.\nAt last, he called to him a knight who was called Ulfion, who was present with him..Sir asked all his counsel and inquired from him what was best to do. He suggested that Merlin be sent after him at once, as he could provide the best counsel of any living man. Merlin was dispatched and arrived, to whom the king revealed all his counsel and his wish. Sir said, \"I will do so much through craft that I can, I will make you see this night into the castle of Tyntagell, and I will have all your desire of that lady.\"\n\nThrough his craft, Merlin was able to transform the king's figure into the likeness of Earl Ivylgar's chamberlain, Jordan, while transforming Ivylgar himself into the figure of the king. Each of them was transformed into another likeness. And when Merlin had accomplished this, he said to the king, \"Now you may go secretly to the castle of Tyntagell and ask for entry and have your desire: The king took privately all his host to go there and led them to a knight he loved greatly. He took his way toward the castle, and with him went Ivylgar and Merlin.\n\nWhen they arrived there,.The porter went when it had been his own lord. When the time came for him to go to bed, the king went to bed with Igerne, the earl's wife, and did with her all his will, begetting upon her a son named Arthur. And on the morrow, the king took his leave of the lady and went again to his host. The same night that the king lay by Igerne in bed, it was the earl's wife. The king's men gave a great assault upon the castle, and the earl and his men manfully defended. But in the end, it fell out that during the same assault, the earl himself was slain, and the castle was taken. And the king, at none, turned again to Tintagel and married Igerne with much honor, making her queen. And soon after her time to be delivered, she bore a child, a son named Arthur. And after he had a daughter named Amya: when she came of age, a noble baron named Aloth, who was lord of Leones, wed her. When utter long time had reigned, there came upon her a great sickness, as if it were a sorrow..tho yt had to kepe Otta that wos Engist son and Ossa his brother that tho wer in prison: they let them gone for gret yeftes yt they hom yaf and went with them. \u00b6And when tho .ij. bretheren wer ascappid and come ayen in ther own cu\u0304tre They ordined an grert pouer and begon to were eftsones vpon the kyng\nANd for as moch as kyng vter wos seke and myght nott help hym self he ordined Aloth son of Eleyn that tho was chosen for to be wardeyn and cheftayn of all his folke and so he a\u00a6none and his bretans assemled a gret host and yaf batell to Ot\u2223ta & to his folke. but Otta at the last wos discomfitid \u00b6Hitt befell thus afterward that thes bretons had dedignacion of A\u2223loth & wold not to hi\u0304 be attendant: wherfor the king wos anoid wond{er} s\n\u00b6And they lad hi\u0304 to veroloyn that tho was a fair cite. ther yt sent Albon wos martired & aft{er} wos yt cite destroied wt payni\u0304s & thurgh were. &\u0304 thed{er} thei had se\u0304t Otta & Ossa & ther peple & entrid i\u0304 to the toune & let make fast the yates & ther thei held them. &\u0304 the ki\u0304g.come and besieged them, making a strong assault. But though they were in good morale, the king ordered his forces and engines to break the walls. The walls were so strong that nothing could harm them. Otta and his people had great contempt for a king lying in a litter having them besieged. They convened a council among them to stand up the next day and confront the king's battle. They did so, and the battle was between Otta and Ossa, and both were slain. All the others who escaped alive fled to Scotland and made Colguy their chief. The Saxons who were still alive and escaped brought a great strength and encouraged them, saying that if King Utter were dead, they should well conquer the land. Among them they thought to entrap the king and ordered me to do this deed. They gave them great plenteousness for this task and ordered them thitherward where the king was dueling and clothed them in poorer weeds for a better purpose. However, despite all this,.falses andquite never came near the king: But at last they spied that the king drank only water from a clear well, which was nearly all there was besides. And these false traitors, on a certain day, pretended to go to the well and put their poison in such a way that all the water was contaminated. And another, after the king had drunk of the water, he began to fuel and soon after he died, and as many as drank of that water also died. And another, as this was discovered, people of the town stopped the well for evermore. When the king feared that his people would carry him to Stonehenge with great solemnity of bishops and barons who were to bear him besides Aurilambrothers his brother, and after turned away from them all and sent after Arthur his son, and they made him king of the land with much reverence after his father's death, 15. year of his reign.\n\nWhen Arthur was made king of the land, he was but young in age, 15 years old. But he was fair and bold and valiant in body, and to his people he was good and courteous and generous..And when he began to reign, he swore that the Saxons would never have peace or rest until he had driven them out of the land. He assembled a great host and fought against Colgrim, the man who maintained the Saxon forces after Otta's death. Colgrim was defeated and fled to York, where he took refuge. The king besieged him there but could not prevail, for the city was very strong, and they within the city kept it well and bravely.\n\nIn the meantime, Colgrim let the town go to Bladulf and fled to Charlemagne, who was king of Germany, for support. The king assembled an army against him and came to Scotland with five hundred ships. And when Arthur learned of this, he had not the power or strength enough to fight against Charlemagne, so he let the siege be and went to London. He immediately sent letters to the king of Little Britain, who was called Hoel, his nephew, his stepson..that he should come to her with all the power he might and he assembled a great host and arrived at Southampton. And when King Arthur knew that he was glad enough and went against them. They received each other with much honor, so that the two hosts met and took their way even to Nicholas that Cheldrick had besieged, but it was not taken.\n\nAnd they came upon Cheldrick and his people or they knew it was they who were assaulting them.\n\nKing Cheldrick and his men were defeated largely by their power. But King Arthur and his men killed so many Saxons that never was such a slaughter seen.\n\nAnd Cheldrick and his men, those who were left alive, fled away.\n\nArthur pursued them and drove them into a wood so that they could go no further. Cheldrick and his men saw well that they were brought into much distress and surrendered to Arthur in this manner: he should take their horses and their armor and all that they had, they must go only on foot into their ships. And so they would have gone home to their own land and never come back..And yet again they set foot on this land. Upon assurance of this thing they granted it to him and reserved the hostages, and thereupon they sailed away towards their ships: And when they were in the high sea, the wind changed as the devil would have it and they turned their navigation and came again to this land and arrived at Totnes and went ashore and took the land and plundered it extensively, and many people were slain and all the armor they could find was taken. They proceeded until they came to Bath. But the men of the town shut their gates and would not allow them to enter the town and they defended themselves vigorously against them.\n\nWhen Arthur heard this news, he immediately had the hostages hanged and left Hoel of Brittany to keep the march towards Scotland with half his people. And he himself went to help and rescue the town of Bath. When he arrived there, he gave a strong battle to Childrik and killed almost all the people he found, for no man could withstand or endure him..Arthur took his sword and killed both Colegrin and Bladud, his brothers. Cheldrik fled and intended to go to his ships. But when Arthur learned of this, he took ten knights to Cador, Earl of Cornwall, to stop his coming. And Arthur himself went towards the Scottish march, for messengers told him that the Scots had besieged Hoel of Britain there, who lay sick. Cador pursued after Cheldrik and took him before he could reach his ships, killing Cheldrik and his men. After completing this task, Cador hurried back as quickly as he could towards Arthur. He found him in Scotland, where he had rescued Hoel of Britain. But the Scots were far in Monref. They held them there for a while, but Arthur pursued them and they fled into Lymoigne, which was in that country, with sixty islands and a great number of birds and eggs. The birds and eggs were accustomed to cry and fight among themselves and make great noise when people came to rob them..that land and were not much less than they might & so they did for the Scots were so great ravagers that they took all they might find for the lord of Lymington without any sparing, and with it they charged again the people into Scotland to go.\nSir asked Merlin. In the year of the incarnation of Christ M.C.xv, a Lamb shall come out of Winchester that shall have a white tongue and true lips; and he shall have holiness written in his heart. This Lamb shall make many godly houses. He shall have peace the most part of his life, and he shall make one of the fairest places of the world that in his time shall not be fully completed.\nAnd at the end of his life, a wolf from a strange land shall do him much harm and sorrow through war, but at the end, the lamb shall be master through the help of a red fox that shall come out of the northwest, and it shall overcome the wolf and the wolf shall die in water. And after that time, the Lamb shall live no while but he shall die.\nHis seed shall be in a strange land. And the land shall be without a king..A governor for a little while. And after this time, a dragon shall come, mixed with mercy and also with wickedness. This dragon will have a beard like a goat, and it will give England a shadow and keep the land from cold and heat. Its foot will be set in Wyke, and its other foot in London. It will embrace habitations and open its mouth toward Wales. The trimbling of the hood of its mouth, its eyes will stretch toward many habitations and courtes, and its brethth will be full sweet in a strange land. In its time, the Revers shall run blood and with brains. It shall make places of its land walls that will do much harm to its seed after its time. Then shall come a people from the northwest during its reign, which shall be led through a wicked hare. The dragon shall crown this people's king that comes after, which shall flee over the sea without coming again for fear of the dragon. And in that time, the son shall be as red as blood as I shall see throughout the world..This text appears to be written in Middle English, and it seems to be a prophecy or a description of future events. I will do my best to clean and translate it into modern English while staying faithful to the original content.\n\ntokyn greet pestilence and death of folk through dent of sword, and that people shall be fatherless until the time that the dragon dies through an hair that shall come against him, until the end of his life, which shall not be fully ended in his time. \u00b6This dragon shall be held in his time the best body of the world, and he shall die by the sides of the marches of a strange land, and the land shall dwell fatherless without a good governance and men shall weep for his death from the Isle of Shepey to the haven of Mariel. \u00b6Why, alas! shall there be a song of fatherless people that shall overlive in his land destroyed.\n\nAnd after this dragon shall come one out of the east that shall have horns and a beard of silver, and there shall come out of his nostrils a smoke that shall be taken as hunger & sorrow and great death of the people, and much of his land in the beginning of his reign shall be wasted. \u00b6This good one shall go over to France and shall open the flower of his life and death. In his time, there shall rise an Eagle in Cornwall that shall..have fetters of gold that of pride shall be without peer in the land. He shall despise lords of blood, and after, he shall flee shamefully by a bear at Gaersech, and afterwards shall be made brigands of men upon the coasts of the sea. And in this time shall seem that the bear shall burn and a battle shall be done against the arms of the sea in a field ordered as a shield. And at that battle shall die many white heads, wherefor his battle shall be called the White Battle. And the aforementioned bear shall do much harm and it shall come out of the southwest, and from his blood: then shall the good lose much. And of his land. Until at the time that shame overcomes him, and then shall he clothe himself in a lion's skin. And then shall he win back what he had before lost and more.\n\nFor a people shall come out of the northwest that shall make the good so sore a dread, and he shall avenge himself on his enemies through the counsel of two owls that first shall be in..The prophecy is not complete. The old owl will depart for a certain time, and then return to this land. These two owls will cause great harm to me and will counsel the good to be present against the aforementioned bear. At last, the good and the owls will come to Burton upon Trent and cross over, and for fear, the bear will flee. A swan will join him from his company, heading towards Burton towards the north. They will be with an harsh shower, and then the swan will be taken and killed with sorrow, and the bear taken and beheaded next to his nest, which will stand upon a broken bridge. And many will seek him for virtue that from him shall come. In the same way, he will die for sorrow and care: a people of his land, so that many lands will be upon him, making them bolder afterward. These two owls will cause much harm to the aforementioned flower of life, leading her into distress, causing her to cross the sea into France to make peace between the good and the bear..flourdelis and there she shall duel until a time that her seed shall come and see her and they shall be still until a time that they shall clothe them with grace and they shall see. The owls and shall put them to despotic death. And after this good one shall become diseased and great anguish. In sore pain he shall live all his life.\n\nAfter this Good shall come out of Windsor a boar that shall have a head of a white lion's heart and pitiful looking. His visage shall be rest for the weary. His breast shall be stopping for those who are thirsty. His word shall be gospel. His bearing shall be meek as a lamb.\n\nIn the first year of his reign, he shall have great pain to justify the unfaithful. And in his time, his land shall be multiplied with alienages.\n\nAnd this boar, through the fierceness of his heart, shall make wolves become lambs: and he shall be called throughout the world, the boar of holiness, the fierceness of nobility and meekness, and he shall do moderately all that he does unto the burgh of Jerusalem..He shall touch his teeth on the walls of Paris and upon four lands. Spain shall tremble for dread, Gascony shall submit. In France, he shall extend his wing. His great tail shall rest softly in England. Almain shall quake for dread of him.\n\nThis boar shall give mantles to two towns in England and shall make the Reeve renounce with blood and brains. He shall make many miserable and he shall gain as much as his ancestors did. And before he dies, he shall bear three crowns and shall put a land into great subjection. After his death, his daughters shall be entered at Colchester, and his land shall then be filled with all good.\n\nAfter this boar comes a lamb that shall have feet of lead and a head of brass and a heart of a loop, a swine's snout and a hard and in his time his land shall be in peace. The first year of his reign, he shall make a city that all the world shall speak of.\n\nThis Lamb shall lose in his time a great part of his land through an hideous monster..Wolf will recover it and give an earlship to an Egil of his land. This earl shall well govern it until the time that Prince will overcome him. Alas, the sorrow. For he shall die of his brother's sword and after that, the land will fall to the aforementioned lamb. It shall govern the land in peace all his life's time and after he shall die, and the land will be filled with all manner of good.\n\nAfter this lamb shall come a moldwarp, cursed by God's mouth, a thief, a coward, and a hare. He shall have an Elderly skin as a good and vengeance shall fall upon him for his sins.\n\nIn the first year of his reign, he shall have great plenty in his land and toward him also. And in his land, he shall have great prestige until the time that he shall suffer his people to live in much pride without chastisement, for which God will be wrathful.\n\nThen shall arise up a dragon from the north that shall be full fierce and shall move against the aforementioned Moldwarp and shall give him battle on a stone.\n\nThis dragon shall gather again into his company a wolf..That which shall come from the west against the aforementioned Moldwarp in his seat, and so shall the dragon and he bind their tails together. Then shall come a Lion out of Ireland that shall fall in their company. And the land shall tremble, called England as an aspen leaf. In that time, castles shall be felled down upon Thames, and it shall seem that Severn will be dry due to the bodies that fall therein. The four chief rivers in England shall run in blood. Great fear and anguish shall arise:\n\nAfter Moldwarp, the dragon and the lion shall drive the wolf away. And the land shall be without them. And Moldwarp shall have no manner of power, save on a ship where he may flee. And after that, he shall go to land when the sea is withdrawn. And after that, he shall give the third part of his land to have the fourth part in peace and rest. And after him, the hot baths shall become cold..After that, the Molwarp shall die in Aventoulond forevermore. And then, the land will be divided into three parts: to the wolf, to the dragon, and to the lion. And so it will be forevermore. The land will then be called the Land of Conquest, and so will the rightful heirs of England end.\n\nWhen Guillomer, who was king of Ireland, heard that King Arthur had entered Glastenbury, he ordered a great power of Irish men and came to the sea with his Irish people. They arrived first where King Arthur was with his host, and as soon as he knew it, he went toward him. He gave him battle and immediately came upon him. Guillomer fled with his men back to Ireland.\n\nAnd when this was done, he defeated Arthur, turned him around again to the place where he was with the Scots, and intended to have them all slain. But the bishops, abbots, and other people of the country, and ladies intervened before King Arthur..And he cried for mercy and said, \"Sir, gentle knight, and mighty, have mercy and pity on us. And if you are of the right law to uphold and maintain Christianity. For great dishonor it would be to kill those who believe in almighty God as you have done, and for God's love have mercy and pity on us: and suffer us, for we have endured much sorrow and pain from the Saxons who have often passed through our land. But that is not enough for you, for often they have done us service and disease. For our castles they have taken and our best animals slaughtered and eaten. And much harm they have done us: and if you would now kill us, it would be no honor for a king to kill those who cry for mercy. For you have already done enough to us and have overcome us, and for the love of God, let us live and have mercy on Christ's people who believe in Christ as you do. Where King Arthur\nheard this sorrow, he had pity on them and gave them life and limb without further harm. And they fell down to his feet and thanked him and became his..King Arthur took oaths from the men and then, with his host, returned to York. There, he built a dwelling during the journey. He gave all lodgings to Aloth, who had married his sister, and generous gifts to others. Gawain, his cousin, was among them, though young in age, and he rewarded all his other men who had served him well. He thanked them all for their good service.\n\nWhen Arthur had brought his land into peace and rest and all was well in every quarter, he took a wife named Guenevere, made her queen, and she was a fair and noble lady. Cador, the earl of Cornwall, had raised her in his chamber, who was his own cousin but they had no children together. Nevertheless, King Arthur loved her deeply.\n\nAs soon as winter had passed, he summoned a great host and all his barons. He said that he would go to Ireland to conquer the land, and he did not tarry long before passing over into Ireland..And Guillomer the king assembled a great host and gave a battle to King Arthur. But Guillom was defeated and yielded to the king, becoming his man, and did fealty and homage, holding all that land from that time forward.\n\nAfterward, King Arthur passed further and conquered Guthland and the Isle, took homages of people and of the land, and there dwelt for fifteen years in peace and reigned with joy and mirth, and there was no man or woman upon him.\n\nAnd he became so courteous and generous and honorable that the Emperor's court of Rome and no other throughout the world was accounted to King Arthur as any man knew of or none so well as he.\n\nTherefore, the best knights of all manner of lands came to him there to duel. And he received them with good will and reverence.\n\nAnd all the knights were so good that no man knew the worst. And therefore, King Arthur made a round table, that when they should sit to their meal, all should be equal and evenly served at the table: none of them should make a distinction..And King Arthur had at that table Britons, Normans, Frenchmen, Burgesses, Mercers, and Lemans. Of all the lands in this half, Montgomery, his lordship of Brittany, Cornwall of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, came to seek chivalry at King Arthur's court.\n\nIt happened that King Arthur, through the counsel of his barons and lords, intended to conquer all of France, which was then called Gaul by the Romans, who held that land in their power and governance. The Romans had given it to a noble knight, a worthy man of body, who was called Froilan. When he learned that Arthur was coming: he ordered an army and great power, and they fought with the king. He and his people were defeated and fled to Paris. Entering the city, they closed the gates and held them.\n\nArthur, knowing that Froilan had gone to Paris, pursued him and arrived there. He besieged him, but the City was so strong and well fortified that they were within..defended them well. Kyghart and another dueled there for a month. There were so many people in the city and they dispersed all their victuals that were with them. So great hunger became among them that they died thick within the city for hunger. And they came and they would yield them up to him and the town also.\n\nFroll saw that he could no longer hold the town against their will. He trusted greatly in his own strength and set out to challenge Arthur, so that France would be destroyed between them two.\n\nKing Arthur granted it and would not allow any of his people to undertake the battle for him.\n\nAnd upon the morrow both came well armed, without Paris, to fight each other. And at once they struck at each other so fiercely and so well they fought on both sides that no man could determine the better of them.\n\nAnd it happened that Froll gave Arthur such a stroke that he knelt to the ground, unwilling. And as Froll withdrew his sword, he wounded King Arthur in the forehead..blood fell down by his eye and his face: Arthur suddenly started up when he felt himself hurt, as if a man were almost woeful for such a stroke. With it, he clenched his head down to his shoulders, so that his helmet could not protect him. And so he fell down dead in the place.\n\nThe citizens mourned greatly for him. And each one yielded themselves to King Arthur and the town, becoming his men and doing him homage and fealty. He avenged them and took good hostages from them. And King Arthur, after that, went forth with his host and conquered Auvergne, Angiers, Gascoyne, Pehito Naunce, Burgundy, Berri, Lotharingia, and Turin, and all the other lands of France he conquered entirely.\n\nAnd when he had conquered and taken them by homages and fealty, he turned again to Paris and stayed there for a long time. And he ordered peace throughout the country and throughout all France.\n\nAnd when peace was made throughout the whole country because of his noble knighthood and his own worthiness, no man dared to oppose him..Once upon a time, no greater lord dared oppose him, neither to rise against him to make the lord of France peaceful. And in the place where he dwelt for nine years and did more, it happened thus at Estrems, where he held a feast at Paris. Generously, he rewarded his knights for their service in helping him conquer, granting lands and fees to those of estate. He gave his steward, who was called Key Augien and Angiers, Normandy, which was also called Neustrie. He gave Holdyn, his chamberlain, Flanders and Mance. He gave Boloyne to his cousin Dorell, and to Richard, his nephew, he gave Ponthieu. And to all others, he gave large lands and fees.\n\nAfterward, when Arthur had thus rewarded his knights, the following year, in April, after Easter, he returned to his own land of Britain. And at Whitsuntide next, according to the counsel of his barons, he wished to be crowned king of Cornwall and held a solemn feast. He summoned some knights, earls, and barons to be there. There was a scattering of....Scotland, Cadwer was king of South Wales. Guillomer was king of North Wales. Malgamus was king of Ireland. Malgamus, Achilles was king of Iceland. Alo\u00fe was king of Denmark. Gonewas was king of Norway, and Hell his cousin was king of Dorset. Cador was king of Little Britain. Morwith was earl of Cornwall. Mauran was earl of Gloucester. Guerdon was earl of Wynchester. Boell was earl of Harford. Urtegy was earl of Oxford. Cursall was earl of Bath. Ionas was earl of Chester. Eneral was earl of Dorset. Kimare was earl of Salisbury. Waloth was earl of Canterbury. They had held a feast before this, but none had been as grand or joyful as this one. It lasted for twenty days with much honor and merriment.\n\nThe third day as King Arthur sat at his table among his kings and those sitting at the feast before him,\n\n fourteen elderly men in rich attire entered. They courteously greeted the king and said they came from Rome, sent as messengers by the emperor. They presented him with a letter that read:\n\n \"Greatly do we marvel at Arthur, that you are so bold in your mind to make this open gathering.\".\"You take against us, the people of Rome, claiming ownership of the entire world, yet you have never before proven or tested your strength against ours. Therefore, you will soon:\n\nFor Julius Caesar conquered all the land of Britain and took tribute from us. And through your pride, you now withhold it.\n\nWherefore, we, the people of Rome, command you to yield it back. And you have added to your folly: you have killed Froll, our ally.\n\nAnd therefore, all the commonwealth of Rome warns and commands you, on pain of life and limb, to come to Rome and make amends for the wrongs you have done.\n\nAnd if you fail to come, we shall cross the Rubicon with strength. We shall seek you out wherever you may be found, and you shall not have a foot of land of your own that we will not destroy. And afterward, with your body, we shall do as we please:\n\nWhen this letter was read, and all men heard it, they were greatly disturbed at this solemn assembly.\".\"The Bretons wanted to kill the messengers, but the king would not allow it. He said the messengers should suffer no harm and that they should be served worshipfully. After dinner, he summoned the kings' earls and barons. They demanded that he should summon a council of all the lands under his rule and reprimand him for the emperor's letter. They swore by God and by his name that they would pursue and burn as much as they could. They declared that they would never fail King Arthur and would rather die. They wrote a letter for him to send to the emperor through the same messengers in the following manner:\n\nUnderstand among you of Rome that I, Arthur of Brittany, freely hold and shall hold, and at Rome I will be recognized as king. I do not offer you tribute, but I ask for tribute. It was Constantine, Eleazar's son, who was emperor of Rome and of \".all the honor that belonged to them. And Maximian, the king: conquered all of France and Alamannia. I, who am their descendant, shall have it all, through God's will.\n\nWhen this letter was written and sealed, King Arthur gave great gifts to the messengers. And after that, the messengers took their leave and went back to the court of Rome again and told the Emperor how worthy they were and also of such a real company that he had in his service. And how I was more royally served than the Emperor of Rome or any king living in the world.\n\nAnd when the Emperor had read the letter and heard that Arthur would not be ruled by him, he assembled and ordered a huge host to destroy King Arthur if he could. And King Arthur, as for his power and party, also prepared his power and knights of the Round Table.\n\nThe king of Scotland, Ireland, and Gutland, Denmark, and Alamania, each of them had.The Duke of Normandy, Gascoyne, Flanders, Pehito, and Boloyne had 4.5 million men. Gerin of Charthres had 10 million. Hoell of Brittany had 12,000, and he had 5,000 infantry, crossbowmen, archers, and other foot soldiers. And when all were ready, King Arthur took his nephew, a wise and hardy knight named Mordred, to keep by his side. But Mordred was not entirely trustworthy, as you will hear later. After this, King Arthur took his realm and gave it to Mordred, keeping only the crown.\n\nAfterward, King Arthur took his host and went to Southampton, where the ships were brought and the people assembled. They set sail and had fair wind and weather as soon as they pleased. As soon as they arrived at Harlech from their ships, they spread out all over the country:\n\nKing Arthur had not been in the country for a little time when he was told that there had come a great enemy, Bernard, and there was no man in the country so bold or hardy that dared to fight with him or come near him..place there that the giant named Dinabus dwelt, and much sorrow he caused in the country. When King Arthur heard this news, he summoned Keys and Bedivere and commanded them to proceed carefully and discover where the giant might be, to the mountain that was encircled by water and still is and ever shall be. And they saw a burning fire on the hill. And there was also another hill nearby, and upon that another fire was burning. Keys and Bedivere came to the next hill and found a tomb. A woman said within, \"Lords, what sorrow and misery you seek here: for if the giant finds you, he will slay you at once.\" \"Be still, good wife,\" they replied, \"do not dismay us. But tell us why you make such sorrow and weeping.\" \"Lords,\" she said, \"there was a damsel whom I nursed with my breast. She was named Ellen. The body of this damsel, whom I took in to nurse, lies in this tomb.\" And so a devil or giant came and carried her and me away..And he would have taken away the maid who was so young and tender. But she could not endure it. So great and so huge was the giant. And indeed, if he now chooses, as he is wont to do, he will kill you both: therefore, go away, hens. Then he spoke to these two messengers and said to her, \"Why do you not leave, lady? When Elin was dead, the giant made me stay and serve his will. I had rather be dead than with him. So much pain and sorrow I have when he leaves me.\"\n\nWhen Key and Bedewer had heard all that this woman told them, they turned again and came to King Arthur and told him all that they had seen and urged him to come early tomorrow to the giant and fight with his host, to show them a wonder, for it was so great and huge.\n\nWhen they came back to the host, they told why they had been away and showed them..Every man was glad and joyful of the worthy deed that King Arthur had done, for it was their lord. Hell was full sorrowful, however, for his lost niece. After he had the space, he had a fair chapel built over Lady Elin's tomb.\n\nArthur and his people had news that the Emperor had assembled a great power, comprising Saracens as well as pagans and Christians. Among the number were 80,000 horsemen. The Emperor and his host began their journey from Rome at the beginning of August and came directly towards Arthur's host.\n\nKing Arthur's spies came and reported that they would find the Emperor there soon. But they reported that the Emperor had great power with him, kings of the land and pagans, as well as Christian people. They said it was folly for King Arthur to meet with them, for the spies reported that the Emperor had five or six men against one of his.\n\nKing Arthur was bold and hardy and not dismayed by anything. He said, \"Let us go and face them bravely.\".\"god's name, the Romans led Saracens and Paynims who have no trust in god but only in their strength. Go now and search them out sharply in the name of almighty god. Slay the Paynims and Christian men who are against us: for the destruction of Christian men. And god will help us overcome. For we have the right opinion. And therefore we trust in god. And we do this so that the enemies of Christendom and god may be destroyed and overcome. And that men may record the worthiness of knighthood.\n\nWhen King Arthur had said this, they all cried out with a loud voice.\n\nGod, who is the almighty father, be worshipped with out end, amen. And grant us grace, good lord, to do and to destroy our enemies who are against Christendom. In the name of the father, the son, and the holy ghost, amen. And may god never grant him grace or worship in the world nor the power to have this day go poorly for us, that we may smite and conquer softly and order his wings well.\".The emperor's heralds tell that King Arthur and his people were ready to fight against him and they came. He ordered his wings (i.e., his army) in the best manner he could and trusted more in his strength than in God Almighty. This was later reported. For when the two hosts met, the emperor lost four of his men against one of Arthur's. And so many were slain on one side as on the other that it was a great pity to witness and behold. In this battle, King Arthur slew five pagan kings and many other wondrous people. And King Arthur's men fought so well that the Romans and pagans had no more strength to withstand them than twenty sheep against five wolves. And so it happened in this battle that the shower, which was very hard and long on one side, and on the other side the emperor was among them slain. But there was no one who truly knew who had slain him.\n\nWhen the Romans knew that the emperor was dead, they abandoned the field and the pagans did as well. And King Arthur..After them pursued Arthur until it was night, and so many of them were killed that it was a wonder to tell. And King Arthur turned away again when it was night and thanked God for his victory. And in the morning he looked and saw all the field for his knights that he had lost there. This is a list of the great lords that King Arthur lost in that battle, besides other worthy knights: Sir Boris, Earl of Montjoie; Sir Kay and Liger, Earl of Beaujeu; Sir Athal, Earl of Warwick; Sir Cursal, Earl of Chester; and the Earl of Flanders. And he had them all taken prisoner and sent to abbeys in the country. The Emperor's body he had taken and put on a bier and sent word to Rome that for Brittany and France, which he held, he would pay no other tributes. And if they asked him for any other tributes, he would pay them that exactly. King Arthur let Key enter his own castle and entertained him there. Liger was born in Beaujeu, where he was lord. Holden was born there as well..In that year, Arthur entered Flaundres and allowed all the others to enter with great honor into abbeys and houses of religion in the country where they were residing. Arthur himself also encamped with his host in Burgon, intending the same year to face the Emperor of Rome.\n\nWhen King Arthur had taken over Mordred's realm to govern and had gone against the Emperor of Rome, passing the sea, Mordred immediately took homages and fealty from all those in this land. He desired to have the land for his own use. He took castles and had them fortified.\n\nAfter this deceit, he committed another great wrong. In violation of Christ's law, he took his own queen, Guinevere, as a traitor, and ordered her to raise a great host against Arthur's coming to seize the land from her with strength, and to kill King Arthur if she could. He sent by sea and land and summoned the Saxons and Danes to help him. Mordred also sent to Childeric to summon men to come to him from Saxony: he was a worthy duke..If he had brought [something] with him, High [name] would have granted him in inheritance forever all the land from Huber to Scotland, and all the land that Engist had given: when he married his daughter. And Childric came with a great strength and power of people. Mordred had also assembled half that they had 40,000 strong knights when they had need.\n\nWhen this news reached King Arthur, who was still coming out of his ships, Mordred came with all his power and gave a strong battle. So many men of Arthur's were slain that he could not come to land. For Gawain, his nephew, was killed, and Angusell who held Scotland, and many others. Of whom King Arthur was very sorry. But after they had come to land, Mordred could not endure against them. One was defeated and fled that same night with his men, and on the morrow came to London, but the citizens would not allow him to enter. And from there he fled to Winchester, and was held there by his..King Arthur allowed Pepin and Agnisell to take the bodies of Gawain, his cousin, and Agnisell, and have them brought back to Scotland to their own country. After this, King Arthur set out to destroy Mordred. Mordred fled to Cornwall, and Queen Guinevere, Arthur's wife, who was at York and heard that Mordred had fled there and could not withstand King Arthur, was sorrowful and had great doubt and did not know what was best to do. She knew well that her lord, King Arthur, would never have mercy on her for the great shame she had caused him. She took refuge there for the rest of her life and was never seen among the people during that time.\n\nArthur knew that Mordred had fled to Cornwall, so he sent men after him to Scotland and the north, as far as the Humber, and summoned people without number to come from there to Cornwall to search for and pursue Mordred.\n\nMordred had assembled all the people to him..Cornwall and his people knew that Arthur was coming and decided it was better to die and take their chance than to face a long fight. They avoided engaging King Arthur and his people in a hard battle, resulting in great losses on both sides, with no one knowing which side had the advantage. However, in the end, Mordred was slain, along with all his people and the good knights that King Arthur had gathered and nurtured from various lands, as well as the noble knights of the Round Table, who were praised throughout the world. And Arthur himself was wounded to the point of death. But he was carried in a litter to a healer to be treated for his wounds. The Bretons believe that he lives in another land and will return to conquer Britain again.\n\nThis is Merlin's prophecy: \"His death will be doubtful.\" Merlin spoke truly, for I have doubt and will continue to have doubt, as I am told.\n\nFor no one knows whether he is alive..Arthur was born to Uther in the 21st year of his reign after the Incarnation of our Lord, Jesus Christ. When King Arthur knew he could not reign any longer, he summoned Constantine, Cador's son, the Earl of Cornwall, his cousin, and bequeathed him his realm. He asked Constantine to become king until his return, as he had no heir of his body born yet. But whatever God wills must be done. Blessed be his name forever Amen.\n\nConstantine was a noble knight and a worthy man. However, Mordekai's two sons had great envy towards Constantine, who was crowned king. It came to pass that they began to move against him and assembled a great host of those who had previously been driven away. This caused much sorrow throughout the land. And when Constantine had ruled worthily,\n\nAfter Constantine's death, there were two kings in Britain..Adelbright, who was a Dane, held the power over the northern and southern folk. Another, named Edell, was a Breton, and he held Nicolas Lidesei and all the land up to Huber. The two kings were close to coming to an agreement, but after they were reconciled and allowed to meet as they had been born of one body.\n\nThe King Edell had a sister named Orewenne. He gave her in great friendship to King Adelbright as his wife. And she bore him a daughter named Argentill. In the third year after her birth, she fell ill with a strong sickness that required him to die.\n\nHe sent for his brother-in-law, King Edell, that he should come and speak with her. And he came to him with good will. He prayed the king and also mentioned the name of God, that after his death, he should take Argentill, his daughter, and the land. He kept her well and raised her in his chamber.\n\nWhen she came of age, she was to be married to the strongest and worthiest man he could find, and then he would yield up the land again..King Edel gave his grant and confirmed the damsel Argentil's prayer. And when a bright one was dead and entered: Edel took the damsel Argentil; and nourished her in his chamber. She became the fairest creature that might live or be found. King Edel, who was the uncle of the damsel Argentil, devised a plan to falsely seize the land from his niece for eternity and, contrary to his thoughts, to dissuade the damsel and marry her to a knight of his kitchen named Curan. He thought it worthy and strong in body that any man knew in any land to marry her, for the purpose of having her land later. But he was completely dissuaded.\n\nCuran was Hawelock's foster-father, who was king of Kirkelane in Denmark. And this Curan conquered his wife's land later. He slew King Edel, his wife's uncle, and possessed all her land. As it tells more openly in another place, he reigned for only three years, and the Saxons and Danes killed him. This caused great harm to all..The Breton people brought him to Stonehenge, where they welcomed him with great honor. After this, Conan ruled, who was his cousin and a very proud knight. He could not have any kind of love unless he was dealing with his people. He took an unwarranted revenge and killed his two children. The Saxons were against him frequently but he defeated them. He lived in peace throughout his entire reign, which lasted for fourteen years. After his death, he lies at London.\n\nAfter Conan, his cousin Cortef ruled. He was hated by all his people and not beloved. During his reign, a great disaster occurred in Britain. Christianity was destroyed, and all the Britons were driven out of the land. The land that was called Gurmond was ruled by Daufrikes, the son of the pagan king, who had taken the realm after his father. He ruled it, but bequeathed it to his brother and said he would never be king unless he could conquer a realm for himself..For he was bold and strong in body; it was prophesied of him that he would be a wolf of the sea. And he gathered paynims without number and let a great number of ships and weapons by my land and took homages and fees from many. So he went by the sea and conquered many diverse lands. Therefore, he came to Ireland and conquered that land, which often was upon the Bretons and they upon it. And if he gave hostages to the Bretons, and they sent to Gurmond there that he was in Ireland, asking him to come into Britain to help them against the Britons and deliver that land from them. They would receive him gladly as their lord, for he was a pagan and they were pagans, and the Britons were Christians. Well did they deserve his help, since they were all of one law:\n\nWhen Gurmond heard this prayer, he hastened as much as he could and arrived in Scotland and came to Northumberland where the Saxons were fighting. They confirmed the treaties between them that had been made..The Saxons and Africans began to destroy and burn towns, destroying all things as much as they could. They spared neither man nor woman nor child, learned nor unlearned. But they killed all and cast down towns, castles, and churches. And so they put the entire land into great destruction. As soon as they could, they fled, taking with them the poor as well as the rich bishops, abbots, canons, and all other great and small. All who could sail did so.\n\nKing Courtis was driven thence into Chester, which was a good city and strong. He was held there for twenty days. Gurmond came and besieged it, but the city was so strong that he could not take it by any means or devices that he could devise.\n\nThey thought upon a great question to burn the town. They made engines with pitch and netting and took pieces of thunder and fire and bound them to the sparrows' feet, and afterwards....Let them flee. And they immediately righted their flow and logged them in the town where their nests were. And in stacks & I every using of houses. & the fire began to tend & burn all the town \u00b6And when the Britons saw that, every side they hid out & fought, but they were slain & discomfited & while the battle lasted, the king Priest hid himself & stole a way to Wales & I never knew where he became. And so was the town of Chechistre taken and destroyed: \u00b6And after Gurmond had destroyed all the land, he gave the land to the Saxons. And immediately they took it with good will. For the Saxons long time had desired it, as much as they were of Engiste's kin, who first had all the land of Briton: and let them be called English men because of Engiste's name. And the land they let call England in their language & the folk be called Englishmen because of this..In this land, it was once called Engistland when he conquered it from Vortiger, who married his daughter. But from the time that Gormund's sons conquered it and gave it to the Saxons, the name was changed, as previously stated. And when this was done, Gormund passed over into France and conquered many lands, destroying all Christian people there. The Saxons then settled in this land and wished to make new kings and lords, but they could never agree to have only one king to rule over them. Therefore, they made many kings in various shires, as in Engist's time.\n\nThe first king was Kent, the second Southsex, the third Wessex, the fourth Eastsex, and the fifth Northumberland, the sixth East Anglia, that is, Northfolk and Southfolk, and the seventh Mercia..Herford, Gloucester, Winchester, and Derby. After this, the English were driven out of the five parts of England. And afterwards, it happened frequently that the kings were eager and whichever was the weakest was taken. It was a long time before they had a king crowned among them or any Christian man was among them or Christianity existed. But they were pagans until that sent Gregory was pope of Rome, who had seen wonderful, fair creatures in the city of Rome who had great will and desire to see them. He asked the merchants when they were there and of what nation they were. Men told him that they were from England. And they and all the people of England were pagans. He bemoaned this, saying, \"Alas, if they are called English for they have the faces of angels, therefore they ought to be Christian.\" For this reason, Gregory sent Austin to England: forty good men with him, to preach and live holy lives..When St. Augustine came first to England, he arrived at the Isle of Thanet. Passing through, he came to Canterbury and was received with much honor by King Aetheberht of Kent, who was of the lineage of Egbert. Fair Under-King Aetheberht sent Augustine and his companions. He provided them with all that they needed and gave them a fair place, which is now called the abbey of St. Augustine. There he settled.\n\nThis King Aetheberht was a good man. With good will, he sent Augustine's preachings and gave him leave to preach throughout all his land of Kent to convert and turn all the people he could.\n\nIt came to pass afterward through God's grace that the king himself was converted to God, and all his people of his land were baptized.\n\nAnd in the [year]....While the people turned to God: Austin was sent to Rochester, and there he preached the word of God. The pagans scorned him for this and imposed heavy taxes on him. So all of Mantell was filled with these taxes. And in addition, they threw upon him the guts of taxes and other fish, for which reason the good man, Austin, was greatly annoyed and grieved, and he prayed to God that all the children born in that city, that is, the city of Rochester, might have taxes. And when the king heard of this vengeance wrought through Austin's prayer, he had a house built in honor of Almighty God. In this house, women should be delivered of their child at the bridge end. It is in this house that women of the city have been delivered of children.\n\nWhen Gregory had heard tell that the English people were turning to God and converting, he set out to send Austin, accompanied by Bishop Paulinus, who was called Paulinus, and made\nAustin the bearer of the pallium of the dignity..The bishop appointed: two bishops of his companions who came with him from Rome. One was called Melit and he resided at London. The other was called Iustitia, who held the dignity of Rochester. This Bishop Melit intended to preach in Essex and baptized the king there, who was called Sigewech and was King Aethelbald's cousin, his sister's son. This Iustitia intended to preach in Southsex and converted many people to God. He sent Austin himself to preach throughout England.\n\nWhen all England was baptized and turned to God, Austin went into the land where the Bretons were keeping the English at bay, that is, into Wales. There he found monks and abbeys and seven bishops. For the Britons had destroyed all the Christian people. Austin had converted them, and he said to the bishops that he was a legate of Rome and had the power over all England, and they should all be obedient to him. They replied that they would not, but only to the archbishop of Carlisle they would be obedient. They would not obey anyone else..This is obedient to the Englishmen. For the Englishmen were our adversaries and our enemies, and have driven us out of our country. We are Christians, and they have always been pagans, but now, lately, they have been converted.\n\nAustin spoke to them and none of them otherwise replied. They specifically said that they would never make him or the pope of Rome their masters.\n\nAustin then turned to King Aethelbright, who was king of Kent. He told him that his people would not be obedient to any man but to the archbishop of Carlisle.\n\nWhen the king heard this, he was greatly annoyed and said that he would destroy them. He sent to Elfred, king of Northumbria, his friend, asking him to come to him with all the power he could muster. From there, they would go to Wales and destroy the archbishop of Carlisle and all those who had refused to send Austin.\n\nIt happened that there was a king of Brittany who held the country of Leicester and all the lands around it..In the country, there was a man named Brecinal. He had to fight against two kings, Adelbright and Elfrid, but it availed little for his people, as they were both slain and he himself fled, losing his lands forevermore. And these two kings stayed at Leicester for a while, taking homages and fees from the people of the country. Afterward, they headed towards Wales, and the Welsh heard of Brecinal's defeat at Leicester and were greatly afraid of the two kings. They chose good men and holy men, hermits, monks, priests, and others in great numbers who went barefoot and begged for mercy from these two kings. But these kings were so stern and wicked that they never spoke with them. Instead, they killed each one of them, beheading them all. Alas, they spared none, just as a wolf spares its sheep. And so, all those who came to understand this were martyred, around the year 500..xl. Afterward, they went from there to Baugore to kill all the Bretons they could find. And when the Bretons heard that, they assembled and ordered all their power to fight against them. There was among them a nobleman named Bledrik of Cornwall, who at that time was lord of Deshire, but King Adelbright had driven him out into the waves. Afterward, he gave them battle. And at that battle, King Adelbright was slain, and Elfrid was severely wounded and fled to Northumberland, which was his own land. And after the people of Leicestershire had made Cadewan, Brecynals son, king of Leicester, he ruled nobly and with great honor.\n\nAfter this battle was over, the Bretons assembled and went to Leicester and made Cadewan, Brecynals son, king of Leicester and of the entire country. He took homages and fealty from all the people of the country. Afterward, he....Assembled a great host and said he would go to Northumberland to destroy King Alfred and kill him if he could, and when he came there, friends made an agreement between them in this manner: that Alfred should hold all the land from Huber to Scotland, and Cadwan should have all the land on this side Huber to the south. And after they had become good friends all their lives and loved each other as they had been brothers.\n\nAnd this Alfred had a son named Edwin, who held all the land of Northumberland after his father's death, as his father had held all his life. And Cadwan had another son named Cadwalyn, who held his father's land as he did while he was alive, and they loved each other as they had been brothers.\n\nBut their love lasted only two years. After that, there began a debate between them through a lighter-eyed cousin of Cadwalyn's named Briens. So that they assembled a great host on both sides. And at the last, Cadwalyn was discomfited..Edwyn pursued him and drove him from place to place. At last, he fled to Ireland. And this other one destroyed his lord, cast down castles, burned his men, and drove Cadwalyn's people out of his lands among his friends.\n\nA long time after, Cadwalyn returned from Ireland with a strong power and in open battle killed Edwyn and all his friends, notably those who held his lands through Edwyn's gift.\n\nWhen Edwyn was slain, Offa his son undertook the war against Cadwalyn. However, Offa died during the war. And after Offa's death, he who ruled was a gentle Christian man, named Oswald, who had all the land of Northumbria by heritage, which was called Oswald's. He was king of all that land.\n\nBut since he was friendly with Edwyn and held a great part of Cadwalyn's land, this same Cadwalyn waged war on him and drove him towards Scotland. And when Cadwalyn saw that he would not submit, Cadwalyn no longer pursued him but took some of his men to Penanda, his brother-in-law..And prayed Peanda to pursue Oswald until he was taken and slain. Cadwalyn turned home again. When Oswald heard the tidings that Cadwalyn turned home, he would no longer flee but avoided Peanda and gave him battle. Peanda was defeated and fled and came again to Cadwalyn, saying that he would never hold land of him unless he avenged Oswald. Cadwalyn assembled a great host to fight against Oswald. So they came to Northumberland and gave battle to Oswald. In the same battle, Oswald was slain and his head struck off. And after he was entered into the abbey of Bardeney, a place where God had worked many a fair miracle for him both there and elsewhere.\n\nOswy, his brother, seized all the land that was Oswald's and the people of Northumberland loved him well and held him as their lord. But he had men of his kin worthy enough who would have prevented the land. And they were preparing well, and for as much as they were....Not strong enough, they came to Piedmont and prayed him for help and support, and begged him to rule over this land according to this covenant, that he would govern and help them, and counsel. \u00b6Piedmont heard their prayer: and so spoke with King Cadwallon that he should raise a great army and lead it into Northumberland to fight with Oswy. \u00b6And Oswy was a meek man and much loved peace and charity, and prayed Piedmont for love and peace. And offered him gold and silver in great abundance. So at last a day for battle was set. \u00b6And Oswy ever trusted in God. And Piedmont trusted more in his pride and in the host that he had. And they fought fiercely. But Piedmont was immediately defeated and slain. And this was after the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ VIC. LV. year. And Oswy reigned for twenty-six years. And a king named Oswine, Piedmont's cousin, fought against Oswy and was defeated and slain, and lies at..In Tynnemouth, after the death of Cadwalyn, his son Cadwaldre ruled well and peacefully. His mother was the sister of King Pandaa. He reigned for fifteen years, but then fell gravely ill. At that time, there was great discord among the lords of the land, each accusing the other. In addition, there was great famine and scarcity of corn and other vital supplies in this land. A man could not go three days or four from town to town without finding it necessary to buy gold, bread, wine, or any other sustenance to live. However, the people survived only by roots of herbs, as other living conditions were so poor. Fish, wildlife, and all other things were failing. Moreover, in this misfortune, there was so great mortality and pestilence among the people due to the corruption of the air that the living people could not even bury the dead bodies, as they died so suddenly, both great and small. Lord and serf, as they went to bury the dead bodies, were themselves struck down with the same affliction..And so they that could fled, leaving their lands and houses, not only because of the great hunger, dearth, and scarcity of corn and other vital supplies, but also due to the horrific mortality and pestilence in the land. They went to other lands to save their lives, leaving the land deserted and waste, so that there was not any man to travel and till the land or even sow it. Thus, the land was barren of corn and all other fruits due to the lack of cultivators. This misfortune lasted for eleven years or more, and no man could endure it.\n\nCadwallader saw great hunger, mortality, and pestilence, and the land was poor. His people perished, and we were also affected by this misfortune. Through this misfortune, which drove us out of our own realm and our own soil, the Romans, Scots, Saxons, and Danes could not exile us. But what good is it to us now that we had obtained many other lands in the past, since it is not the will of God that we abide and dwell in our own land. God, who is.Verily I judge that all things know what will be done or made beforehand. He says that we would not reign. He desired that we be reconciled from our folly and that we see our proper defaults: And therefore has shown to us wrath and will chastise us for our misdeeds. Since he does us without battle or strength of our enemies by great companies, unwillingly leaves our own realm and land. Turn again, Romans. Turn again, Scots. Turn again, Saxons: Turn again, French: Now shows to you, Britain, all desert: which your power never made desert, nor yet your power has not put us in exile now. But only the power of the mighty king whom we have often offended by our folly, which we would not leave until he chastised us by his divine power. Among the words and lamentations that King Cadwaladr made to his people, they arrived in little Britain and came to King Aline beforehand. And the king received him with joy. And made him to be served most nobly. And there he dwelt long time after..English people who were left alive and escaped the great hunger and mortality lived in the best way they could. And many people sprang up and came from them. \u00b6They sent to Saxony where they were born to their friends for men, women, and children to restore the cities with people. And the towns that were all depopulated and needed labor came. \u00b6When the Saxons heard this news, they came into this land wonderfully in great companies. And they found no one to oppose them or withstand. \u00b6So they grew and multiplied greatly and used the customs of the country from which they came and the laws and the language of their own land. \u00b6They changed the names of cities, towns, castles, and burghs and gave them names and called them as they are now called. \u00b6They held the counties, baronages, and lands in the same manner as the Bretons had possessed them before. And among other great companies that came from Germany into this land came the noble queen..That was called Sexburga, a people without a name, arriving in the country of Northumberland and taking the land from Albion unfaltering from Cornwall: for her and her folk. There was none who could hinder them, for all were desolate and widowed: but it was a few powerless Bretons who remained on mountains and woods until that time. And from that time forth, the Bretons lost this realm for all their days. The English people began to reign and cleared the land between them, making many kings about various parts of the land: the first of Wessex, the second Mercia, the third East Anglia, the fourth Kent. All these ruled in this land after Cadwallar had departed from this land and dwelt little in Brittany with King Alain his cousin and true friend. And when he had long dwelt there and had learned that the mortality and pestilence had passed and that the land was replenished with alien people, he thought to turn again to his land..prayed kyng Alyen his cosin of socour and helpee that he myght be rastored ayen to his own proper reame and fyrst dyngnyte and kyng Aleyne graunted him his askyng. \u00b6Then did he apparrell him to take his way and viage in to this land and prayed god almyghty deuoutly that he wold make to him demonstracion yef his prayer in to this land wer to hym plesaunt or none \u00b6For ayenes the will of god almyghti he wol\u00a6de no thing done. Whan he had thus deuoutly made his prayer a wis fro heuen to him sayed: and bad him leue that Iornay a way in to Englond. and that he shuld go to the pope of Rome\nFor it was not the will of almyghty god that bretons regne more in breton ne neuer recou{er} the land vn to the tyme that thee prophecie that Merlin saied before be fulfilled. and that shold ne\u00a6uer bene vn to the tyme wer cummyn that the reliques of his bo\u00a6dy shall be brought fro Rome and translait in to breton. And whan the reliques of other sentis that haue bene hid for the {per}secu\u2223cion of the paynyme folke shall be funden and.open he showed that they shall recover their land again: the which they have long lost through their deserts. When Cadwaldr had heard this answer, he marveled greatly and told it to King Alan. Then King Alan sent for the chancellor of his land and made him bring the stories and prophecies that Merlin and Sylvia had spoken in their prophecies. And when he knew that the prophecy that Vortigern had prophesied of the Eagle and other prophecies agreed with the divine answer that Cadwaldr had heard, he counseled them to leave their people and themselves, and submit to the disposal of God. And do all that the angel had commanded. And then Cadwaldr called Inor his son and Ywain his cousin, who was his sister's son, and said to them: \"Take my people and myself, your heir is ready and go into Wales: be you lords of the Bretons, that no dishonor comes to them by interruption of the pagans' people for lack of lords.\" And then he himself left his realm of Britain and his.People continued to seek him out, and he made his way to the pope of Rome, Sergius, who worshiped him greatly. And so he was confessed and took penance for his sins. He did not live there long, and he died on the 12th of May in the year of grace 579.\n\nIt came to pass that at that time, all the kings in the land, including Mercia's Ecgfrith of Wessex, Aethelwalh of Sussex, and others, were at odds with one another. The most powerful among them took the land of the weakest. However, there was a king among them named Offa, who was sent as Oswald's brother. Offa conquered all the kings of the land and ruled over them all.\n\nThe land was so great in extent that no man could determine how it was governed. Abbots, priests, and men of religion wrote down the lives and deeds of kings, recording how long each one reigned and in what country. They also recorded the manner in which each king died. Bishops also made great books and called them chronicles..And the good king Alured had that book in his care and brought it unfalteringly to Winchester, where he had it securely fastened to a pillar, so that every man might see it and look upon it. For within it are the lives of all the kings who ever were in England.\n\nAt the same time, there was a king in Northumberland named Oswald, who was encamped at York. And this king went out one day into the woods for recreation. When he returned, he went privately to a good man's house called Bernes. The good man of that place was absent at the time, for he often went there to watch for thieves and robbers who frequently came into the land to rob and kill.\n\nThe lady who was Bernes' wife was a very beautiful woman. When her husband was away, the king came to her, and she did him no harm; instead, she welcomed him with great honor and served him worthily in all things.\n\nWhen the king had eaten, he remained with her, intending to spend the night there..The man took the lady by the hand and led her to a chamber, saying he would speak with her in counsel. He left all the people outside except for the lady and himself. But the lady did not know why he had done this until he had finished his deed. And when he had done this deed, he turned again to York. The lady was left there, weeping sore for the king's actions towards her.\n\nWhen her lord returned home and saw her weeping and mourning, he asked her what she had done and why she made such sorrow.\n\n\"Sir,\" she said quietly and falsely, \"King Osbert has brought shame and violence upon me against my will.\" She told him the truth about how the king had forced her with strength, for which she had rather died than live.\n\n\"Fair lady,\" he said, \"for strength, weakness is little worth. And therefore, you shall never be loved less by me. And especially because you have told me the truth.\"\n\n\"And if Almighty God grants me life, I will avenge this.\"\n\nThis man was a great and mighty one..lord and was well beloved and great friends had. He sent for the greatest lords of the land and to them made his complaint about the king's dishonor towards him. He said he would be avenged however it was. All his friends consented and agreed to go to York where the king was.\n\nBernie took his men and came to the king. And when the king saw him, he called him courteously Bernie by name. Bernie answered and said to him, \"Sir, I defy you and yield up fees, homages, and lands, and as much as I have held from you. And from this time forward, I will hold nothing from you.\" He departed from the king without further speech or any byword.\n\nHe took refuge with his friends and went to Denmark. He informed King Godric of Denmark and the Danes of Bernie's complaint and the prayer he had made. They were rightfully outraged..Buyren was glad in his heart. For as much as they could find a reason to go to England to confront the English men, and also to avenge the disrespect the king Osbert had shown to his wife. And as much as Buyren was sibling to the king of Denmark, they immediately ordered a great host of men and prepared ships and all that was necessary for the journey.\n\nWhen all was ready, the two brothers, Hunger and Hubba, took leave of King Godric and set sail towards England as quickly as they could. Buyren was so well-prepared and accompanied by the Danes that they had arrived in the northern country and passed through Holderness. They destroyed the entire country, burned towns, and robbed people; killing all they could take until they reached York.\n\nWhen King Osbert saw this..them come. He took his people that he had with him and went out of the city. And fought with them. But no advantage he had against them, and much people were slain on both sides. And King Osbright himself was slain: and the city was taken immediately. And the Danes went in.\n\nAnd there was also another king in Northumberland whom Bernes had chosen and held for king, a man who was called Elle, because they would not make King Osbright their liege lord. Due to the dispute that he had caused with Bernes' cousin.\n\nIt happened that King Elle was going to the wood for recreation and had taken some venison, and he sat in the wood at his meal with a knight. He said, \"We have done well and taken much venison.\"\n\nAnd with that word came in a man. And to him he said, \"If you had won so much venison, a thousand times more you have lost against them.\"\n\nFor all this country, the Danes have gained and taken the city of York. And against you, it should hold that never you shall not be able to withstand them..And there they killed King Osbert. When King Elle heard these words, he summoned all the people of the country and ordered all the power he could have and could have gathered to take the town of York with strength, but the Danes came out at once and gave them a strong battle and killed King Elle and most of his people that he had brought with him. That place where they were slain shall forever be called Ellecroft, and that place is a little from York.\n\nThe Danes rested there no longer until they had conquered Northumbeland, and in that country they made wardens and went further into the land and took Nottingham and there they remained all winter and did the harm that they could.\n\nAnd after summer time came they removed from Nottingham and came to Nuneaton and Lindsey and Holland.\n\nFor no man could withstand them so much power and strength they had.\n\nAnd so far had the Danes passed from the country and evermore burning and robbing and destroyed all it..They reached Thetford, and there they found a Christian king named Edmund, who was a king of the Northfolks and Southfolks. This King Edmund ordered as many people as he could and fought against the Danes. However, he and his people were defeated, and he was driven to the castle of Framlingham. The Danes pursued him and came to the same castle. When King Edmund saw that the castle could not withstand them, he came out against them with the Danes' first spokesman and immediately they asked him where King Edmund was. Truthfully, he replied, \"When I was in the castle, I saw that he was there. When I left the castle, he went out as well, and whether he will escape or die is up to God's will.\"\n\nWhen Edmund had been recognized by them, Hubba and Hengar took him and said that he should renounce God and all Christian law, as many others had done before him..Edmond said he would rather suffer death for God's love and his laws to keep. They took King Edmund and bound him to a tree, making their archers shoot at him until his body was filled with arrows like an urchin with pricks, but for all the pain they inflicted on him, he would not forsake God. In the same pain and torment, he died and bequeathed his soul to Almighty God. And when they saw that he was dead, they struck off his head. Such was the manner in which Edmund was martyred.\n\nWhen Edmund was martyred, Hunger and Hubba went with their Danes to Reading. And as they went there, they burned towns and cities and killed all the Christians. Of great power, that day the Danes had shame, for they were driven to Engelfield.\n\nFifteen days after the Danes and Englishmen fought again at Rippling. And there the English were discomfited, and from then a Danish man named Roynt went to Reading with his host and destroyed all that was there..He might take [it]. And King Eldred fought with them, but he was wounded there, which is why he was dead. He reigned for only five years and lies at Worcester. Leo was the first emperor after Marcianus, in his time were the Rogations days instituted before the ascension of Saint Mamert, bishop of Vienne. The pope at that time was Leo. A noble cleric, and with him were many clerks. Hilarius was pope after Leo, in his time he ordained that no bishop should ordain his successor. Ut PR 8.9.1. Simplicius was pope after him. The one who ordained that no cleric should take any garment to be clothed in, in the secular or manner of a layman, through the reason of his office or of his benefice. Zeno was emperor after Leo XV. He was an heretic and cruel against Christian men. And in his days, the bodies of Saints Matthew the Evangelist and Barnabas the apostle, along with the gospel that Matthew wrote, were carried off.\n\nAbout this time there was a certain common woman who bore seven children by birth..The witch was made after the king of Lombardy. Felix the third was pope after Simplicius for three years and six monks. This man ordered that a respite should be given to a man who was accused, so that he might be able to defend himself. And that the judges and accusers should beg. And that they should take all suspicion and doubt. Gelasius, a Roman, was pope after Felix for five years. He ordained that the Canon of the Mass should have a preface. Ambrosian tracts or prayers were made, and orders should be given four times a year. Anastasius was emperor after Zeno, in his twenty-seventh year. He was a cursed man and an heretic, hateful to God and man. He was slain in a light year. And during his time, Dred sent Patricius as the first bishop of Ireland in the 22nd year of his age. His fellow was the abbot of Columba and St. Brigid. They were buried in one tomb.\n\nParis and Columba: Brigid and Patricius are buried in one tomb..Pius. Anastasius, a Roman, was pope after Gelasius II. year and III months. He ordered that no priest should leave saying his divine services in the church, except for the Mass. He cursed Emperor Anastasius because he was an heretic. It is written of him that afterwards he feared the opinion of the emperor and was called the second infamous pope in the Catholic Church. Before him was Liberius, famous in heresy.\n\nSymmachus was pope after him, XV years. With him was ordained another pope who was called Hormisdas. Between them was a great discord, and they both were put before Theodoric the king for judgment. He judged that the one who was first ordained and whom most men of the church acknowledged as pope should be pope. Symmachus prevailed, who loved the clergy and the powerful. However, Pascalius the Deacon Cardinal opposed Symmachus with the support of Laurentius to his death. Therefore, he was put in the pans of Purgatory to keep the baths after his death..Gregorius states in his book of dialogues. This man ordered that the Gloria in excelsis should be said every Sunday and feasts of martyrs. Note that England was Christian long before France. Claudianus, the first Christian king of France, was baptized by Saint Remigius and he had a Christian woman as his wife. She urged him many times to the faith. He turned and was a convert ever after.\n\nHonorius was pope after Simplicius IX. He was of great mercy and great alms to the poor. He gave many ornaments to churches and reconciled the Greeks, who were cursed for their heresy. Justin was emperor after Anastasius and he reigned for nine years and was a true Christian man. He reversed all that Emperor Anastasius had done against the church. He obeyed Pope Honorius and called back the bishops who had been exiled by his predecessors.\n\nPriscianus was grammarian at this time. And in this year, the year LXxi, from the coming of the Saxons, began..ki\u0304dom of west saxon & Cerdico wos king. Iohe\u0304s wos pope after Hornusda iij. yere &\u0304 ix: monethis. and Theodoric{us} the kyng of Itali an heritike toke the pope wt other senatours & send the\u0304 to the emprour Iusti\u0304yan det{er}mi\u0304yng yt &\u0304 he wold not let the heritikes be i\u0304 pees shuld kyll all the cristi\u0304 fol\u00a6ke in Italy And aft{er} he tuke pope iohn\u0304 & Symachu\u0304 patriciu\u0304 and Boyciu\u0304 the senatours &\u0304 killed them in prison. bot Bois defe\u0304dit him by the reson of the autorite of the senatours. & he send hi\u0304 to the cite of Papy for {per}petuall exile. wher he made the M. versis ouer long & ill acording i\u0304 to on volym of xij. bokys. and called it Iustynyan. He made also the digestis and deuided theym in to iij. bokis Bonifacius the secu\u0304d wos pope aft{er} Felix ij\u00b7 yere &\u0304 litell of hi\u0304 is writtyn Iohannes the secu\u0304d wos pope after Boniface and this man had a gret strife with Iustynyan the emprour. whed{er} that Crist wos ij. naturs or on. The pope sayd he had ij. naturs on of god aij other of man. The emprour sayd.other consent to us or thou shalt go to perpetual exile. The pope answered. I desired to see Justinian, the most Christian emperor. But it seems I have found Dioclician, the persecutor of Christians. But certainly I do not fear your males nor do I fear your threats. Then the emperor made himself known and fell to the ground, asking for mercy and absolution.\n\nAgapitus, a confessor, was pope after John II. He turned Justinian away from the Arian heresy. This Agapitus ordained that processions should be done on Sundays and then he died in Constantinople. Silverius was pope after him for three years. He was exiled from the Christian faith and killed by the proctor of Theodory. For he would not restore the bishop of Athens, an heretic, to his benefice again. Virgilius was pope after him for eighteen years. He entered into his office peacefully. Both ruled him well. And he suffered his persecution patiently. He was exiled from Rome: and at the last, after great passions of Theodora in Constantinople..The Fourth Council of Constantinople, during this time, condemned the heresy of Theodorus, who claimed that there was another true god and another Christ. Pelagius was pope after Virgilius, in the fourth year and tenth month. This man ordained that heretics Sasmatykus and Renegatus should be punished by the secular power. Johannes the third was pope after this man, in the seventeenth year. Little is written about him except that he restored the church's land to the apostles Philip and James. Justin the second, after Justinian, was emperor for eleven years. This man despised power and robbed senators, seizing their property for his own monetary gain. Then, immediately, he fell into heresy and lost his mind. Tiberius was chosen as a good man to govern the common people.\n\nTiberius the second was emperor after Justin, in the seventh year.\nThis man was a virtuous man. He gave innumerable good things to the people..in so much that his wife often reproached him and said that he treated the goods of the empire as stones. And he answered again and said, I trust in God that our chastities shall never lack money. And we put treasure into heaven. And on a certain day when he passed by his palace at Constantinople, he saw in the marvelous pavement a cross carved and thought it should not be trodden upon. And he commanded that stone to be lifted up: for the cross should be put in the hearts of faithful men: and there he found an inestimable treasure of gold. This man subdued Harsas and died blessedly. Benedictus was pope after John II. IV. years. This man suffered great persecution of hunger, pestilence, and enemies. This man brought many a thousand quarters of wheat from Egypt where Rome was besieged by King Alaric: and almost lost it all: therefore they wrote this epitaph on his grave. Magnus to his memory, father blessed, title of virtues and dignity, and title of sorrow. Pelagius was emperor after Benedictus, V. years. In his time, Rome was besieged by.The Lubardies caused little trouble during his reign. Mauricius became emperor after Tiberius XXI. He was a very Christian man and subdued Parsas, Armenias, and later in his days, he disagreed with Pope Gregory and intended to have himself ordained: Then appeared Aman in Rome, clothed in a religious habit, holding a naked sword in his hand, and cried about the city in this way: \"The emperor shall be destroyed; the one who hears this and repents, let him correct himself and pray to God to withdraw his sentence.\" And our Lord appeared to him in his sleep and said: \"Do you want me to spare him now or at a later time?\" He was a lover of riches and said, \"Give me my reward if I am to be emperor again.\" After many days, he became emperor once more. And when he should have corrected his knights for their extortion, who asked him why he would not pay them their wages. And so they revolted and chose Foca to be the emperor. They killed him and his three sons.\n\nAt this time, Augustine came to England and ordained two bishops..archbishops. That is, of London and York. By the commandment of St. Gregory.\n\nAnd remember that many times diverse regions and countries are mentioned, which have often been turned to the faith. For the faith did not take hold in them for various reasons. So it is with England, France, Persia, Iurie. And in this regard, Rome was privileged because the faith of St. Peter never failed there.\n\nFocas was emperor after Mauricius, whom he and others slew. And because he began evil, he ended badly. In his days, the Romans fought strongly against the Persians. And the Romans were discomfited and lost many a province. And at last, he was overcome and slain by Eraclyus. For as he did to others, so was he done to.\n\nGregory I was the first Roman and a monk to be pope after Pelagius, the eleventh year. This man was called Gregory the Great for many things that surpassed others in. He surpassed others in power, in riches, in virtue, in nobility, in wisdom, in holiness, and in experience. And under this man,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English, but it is written in a Roman script, which suggests that it may be Latin. However, without further context or information, it is impossible to determine the exact language with certainty. Therefore, I will assume that it is Latin and provide a translation into modern English.)\n\narchbishops of London and York. By the commandment of St. Gregory.\n\nAnd remember that many times diverse regions and countries are mentioned, which have often been turned to the faith. For the faith did not take hold in them for various reasons. So it is with England, France, Persia, Iurie. And in this regard, Rome was privileged because the faith of St. Peter never failed there.\n\nFocas was emperor after Mauricius, whom he and others slew. And because he began evil, he ended badly. In his days, the Romans fought strongly against the Persians. And the Romans were discomfited and lost many a province. And at last, he was overcome and slain by Eraclyus. For as he did to others, so was he done to.\n\nGregory I, the first Roman and a monk, was pope after Pelagius, in his eleventh year. This man was called Gregory the Great for many reasons. He surpassed others in power, in riches, in virtue, in nobility, in wisdom, in holiness, and in experience. And under this man,.ill thynges off cursednes passed: wer sesed. and mony a nobull boke he wrett to the in comporabull prophet of all holy chirche. he wos on of the pri\u0304\u00a6cipall docturs of all the iiij. docturs of the chirche. This man for sothe allon with sent Fabian after sent Petre wos chosin of god in all the ordyrs of the popis of reme\u00b7 Mony thynges he orde\u00a6ned in the chirche as is shewed in his register. De{us} i\u0304 adiutoriu\u0304 for to be a fore the begynnyng of the howris he commanded to be sayed. he renuhed & made all the officis of the chirche in a fayrer and a more compendius maner the wich abideth yit vn to this day and it is called Gregorianum. And schortly for to co\u0304clu\u00a6de on this holy man. mannys tong cannot expresse lyghtly the louynges of this man. what in writtyng and also in exampuls\n& vertuus dedis. Saninianus was pope after Gregorie on yere and v monethes. this man ordant the ryngyng of bellis at the houres of the day. bot this man bacbote sent Gregorie for his liberalite that he had to poer men. and thought he se.Gregory rebuked him three times for it. The fourth time he lay in his bed and thought that Gregory had struck him on the head. He woke up and died immediately. This was the third pope among all the popes who is noted to have died a terrible death. Boniface III was pope after Sixtus III for nine months. He decreed that only white clothes should be placed on the altar. Boniface IV was pope for four years and eight months. This man purchased from Emperor Phocas the right for the church of St. Peter in Rome to be the head of all the churches in the world, as it had been the head church in Constantinople. He also obtained Lyssas that the church called Pantheon, which was dedicated to the honor of Neptune and other false gods, where Christian men were often killed by demons, might be dedicated to the worship of all saints in heaven. This man decreed that monks could use the office of preaching Christianity and confession. Emperor Heraclius came after Phocas for fifteen years. In the third year of his reign,.Cosdras, king of Persia, burned Jerusalem and other worshipful places. Zachary, the patriarch, and many people were taken into captivity by him. He took the part of the holy cross that Helena had left there with her and took it to his country. But Cosdras was slain by Heraclius in the 14th year of his reign, and the cross was brought back. The people were delivered, and when Heraclius proudly wanted to enter the city, the citizens opened the gates and made a feast of the exaltation of the cross. God gave the victory. This was during the papacy of Pope Deus dedit, three years after Boniface III. This was a holy war on a certain day when he kissed a leper who was whole. A citizen of London, through the motion of Ethylbright, built a church of St. Peter on the west side of London, which was then called Thorny but is now called Westminster.\n\nBoniface V was pope after Deus dedit, five years later, who decreed that no man should be taken out of the churchyard..and litell els of him is writtyn. Nota machomitu\u0304 Machomite the duke of Serasens and Turkes wos this tyme And he was the desauer of all the world: a fals prophet. the mes\u2223sanger of the deuell. the fore goer of Antocrist. the fulfiller of heresy. and of all fals men the meruelest. of whom the dominaci\u00a6on thus begane: \u00b6Ther wos a certayn famus clarke at rome and could not sped in his maters that he desired to haue sped in then he resedit from Rome ouer the see and procured mony a man to go with him. Emong whom was this fals machemite a gre\u00a6te man of witt. And this clarke promysed him to make hi\u0304 du\u2223ke of his cuntre if he wold be gided after him \u00b6Ther he noris\u00a6shed a dowfe and put all the corne that the dowfe eten in to ma\u2223chomites eire. And so this dowfe had neuer no mete bot in his ere \u00b6The certain clarke on a day called the pepull and meue\u00a6de them to chese sych a prince as the holy gost wold shew to them in forme of an dowfe. And anone this clarke secretly let fly th\u00a6is dowfe. the wich after his old custom.that he was wont to fell a man to the shoulder of Machonite. And put his bill in his ear. And when the people saw this, he was immediately chosen duke of that people. When he was made duke of this people of Corosame, he said that he was the weary prophet of God. The first master was a Jew: a great astronomer and a negromancer. The second was John of Antiochia. The third was Sergius an heretic. And these three made an ungracious law. A very unhappy law, and whatever was hard to believe or reluctant to do, they left out of the law. They put that which worldly men were prone and ready to do in their law. That is to say, Gluttony, Lust, rapine, and such other vices. And also this Machonite ordered that a man should have as many wives as he might occupy and find, and refuse them twice or thrice or four times and take them again. And many..Meruelus made in his law false things, which were too long to recount here, except they be performed in his book of Alchoro. And whenever he wrote in his book, the Lord spoke to Machomyte his prophet, saying, \"Thus by your false men you have dissuaded the people.\" And when they had created this delightful thing, he wrote it in a book with letters of gold. He also secretly nourished a mighty camel in a hidden place. And only with Machomyte's hands was this book of the law fed: and there privately he tied this book about the camel's neck. And he put this camel forth into the fields one day. And this camel rejoiced in its freedom, for it was never loose before:\n\nHe would not allow any man to come and touch it. And so there was great fame of such a camel, and all the people ran to see him. Among them was Machomyte.\n\nBut when the camel saw him who had fed it all the way, it ran to him at once. He had taught this camel a long time ago..To fall down on his knees and like his hands. And so he did before all the people. The people then cried out and said that he was a true prophet of God. Then they prayed to Machomet to open that holy book with his holy hands: which was sent from heaven. Evermore to be kept. In which book is shown how the people shall worship God. And Machomet said this book was written with angels' hands. So by these false men he turned them to his laws all the land of Persia and the entire imperial domain of Heraclius, the Emperor. He occupied it from the end of Alexandria and Egypt, Libya, Arabia, and Syria. Then after he infected all Africa. And but for the grace of God, he had infected all Spain and France, and many other things he did: that were too much to write in this book. Constantine the third, the son of Heraclius, was Emperor for twenty-seven years. This Constantine was a cursed man, a great tyrant, an heretical false soothsayer, and an odious enemy to Christian men. He gave no place to Pope Martin..and he raised a great host against the Lombards and there he lost the field and fled to Rome. He was honorably rescued by Pope Vitalian and others of the city. But he did not reward them according to their merits as a prince should have done. Instead, he practiced tyranny and heresy, for which at last he was slain in a bath by his own knights who would no longer endure his tyranny. And so he lived wretchedly and died unhappily. Martin [1] also had the grace of the Empress, who was angry with his predecessors. He never afterward stood in their concord. I could not find that the Church of Rome had fully received the lands and other possessions he gave to the Church after the death of Constantine the Great.\n\nAdeodatus was pope after Vitalian for four years, and during his time the body of St. Benedict and his sister Scholastica was translated from the hill of Cassia to the monastery of Florence, near Aurelian. Constantine the Fourth was Emperor..aft{er} his fader Constantin the cursed man \u00b6This consta\u0304\u00a6tine wos a good man. &\u0304 he hated heritikes ou{er} all thing\u00b7 the chirche he repairid. &\u0304 grace he reconsiled ayene to the chyrch of rome. & he wt ye pope gedred to ged{er} the sext gen{er}all Sinody i\u0304 the wich wos graunted to prestes of greke to vse ther lefull wynys. And to the pristes of the est. for cause of gret heet: bot not to thos of thee west {per}ti by no menys. For they amytted chastite in the tyme of sent gregori \u00b6And eu{er}y ma\u0304 mei adu{er}tise &\u0304 pond{er} how moch the goodnes of a prince is worth to the quyete state of the chyrche: & to the promocion of the fayth. And also the co\u0304trari. how moch the males of a prince hurtith. that thi\u0304g. thes ij. Consta\u0304tines ye fader and the son sh\u0304ewyed ope\u0304li. \u00b6For in the fadres days the chryche neu{er} had rest. and i\u0304 the sonnis time it wos quiet. Yit cursed secte of machomyte. & aft{er} he died blis\u00a6sedli. Nota. That ther wgnal sinodys & most principal\u0304 of the wich ye auctorite is equall to the.gospel: For the truth of the gospel is declared by the following: against the six principal heresies that strongly troubled the church. At this time, Ceasarius of Arles died in his third year of bishopric. Demas, a Roman, was pope after Adeodatus III. Little is written about him. Boniface was pope after him, and little is written about him except that he lived like a priest. Agatho was pope after him; he was a very holy man. For on one day when he kissed a leper, the leper was made whole. Iste and the consensus of the princes ordered the Sixth Synod to be held at Constantinople. CC.lxxx. years after it, in which he asserted that there were two natures and two wills in Christ: Leo the Second was pope after Agatho, three years later. This Leo was a holy man and sufficiently taught in Latin and Greek. He ordered that the peace should be given after Agnus Dei. & died a blessed man. Benedict the Second was pope after Leo almost three years: This man was about all things..In his time, Verus' name coincided with his generous gifts. During this period, there was a great pestilence. Emperor Justinian II was reigning then, a truly good, wise, and powerful man who significantly expanded the Roman Empire. However, he overstepped the boundaries of the church's authority. He made many laws and later became less virtuous. He intended to disregard the decrees of the Sixth Synod and cause trouble for the church. Consequently, he was deposed by Leo III and Tiberius III after ten years of his reign. They cut off his nose and tongue and exiled him to Cherson. At that time, there was great turmoil in the church due to strife and heresies. When heretics arise between great lords, disputes are multiplied, as there is often no one to correct them, and this is frequently the case in the church. Afterward, a heresy arose between Leo and Tiberius. Tiberius prevailed and exiled Leo for the third year of his reign and ruled in his place. Justina fled to the Sarasens..The Bulgars restored him again to his empire. He killed Leo and Tibere, who favored heretics. This same Justinian reformed himself to the Church of God and had great repentance. But he avenged himself cruelly on his adversaries, almost killing their innocent child. Therefore, he was slain with his son. Philip, whom he exiled, was the one who killed him.\n\nJohn the Fifth was pope after Benedictus. He was a good man but died soon. Zeno was pope after him. He was a very holy man because he would not meddle with secular matters. And in appearance, he was as an angel: quiet in virtues and meek in soul; and very demure in the language of his religious life. This man was chosen by the Church and laymen with one accord. But there was a great distinction. The clergy intended to have chosen Perys as archbishop. And the host of laymen wanted Theodorum as a priest. But at the last, the Holy Ghost turned the will of all this people into this holy man. Sergius was pope for nine years..A man was virtuous and commendable in his life, yet there was great discord in his election. One party chose Theodorum, and another Pascalem. But our Lord willed it at the last that they all turned to this man. This man translated the body of Saint Leo. He also found a great treasure of the holy cross through miracles and christened Cadwaladus, the last king of Britain. He commanded the Agnus Dei to be said or sung at mass, and deceased blessedly.\n\nNote: At the time, Bede the revered priest was famous in England. He was taken to the monastery of Jarrow at the age of seven to be taught by Benedict the abbot. After Benedict's death, he was then sent to Ceolfrid the abbot. At the nineteenth year of his age, he was made deacon of York; and at thirty years, he was made priest in which year he began to write. He continued all the time of his life in that monastery, dedicating his labors to writing and transcribing. He made a total of 121 books, as he numbered them in..This man was always in labor, either in prayer or singing daily in the church, or learning or teaching or writing. For which reasons I may judge him never to have been in Rome. Yet some men say that he went to Rome. He might have seen books that agreed with the church's doctrine. But it was certain that he was blind and unfit to preach, and had a servant who was not good. He made him preach to a great multitude of stones and said they were men. And when all his sermon was done, the stones answered and said \"Amen.\" But it is certain that Bede was desired to come to Rome by the writing of Sergius the pope, against the wishes of Colfrid his abbot. And this Bede translated the Gospel of John..The text says that he entered English tongue and died blessedly: The fame says that now he lies at Devlin with Saint Cuthberto. There is buried with him the knowledge of the deeds of England almost up to the conquest. Leo the Second was emperor and little is written about him. Liberius was emperor after him for seven years. The one who rose against Leo entered his kingdom and kept him in prison as long as he reigned. In his time, Justinian the Second, who in old time was exiled to Crepsonam, openly said he would recover his empire again. Therefore, the people of that country, for the love of Liberius, were about to kill Justinian. So he fled to the prince of Turkey and wedded his sister. Through the help of his brother and the Bulgarians, he recovered his empire. He killed Liberius and Leonem, the usurper of his realm. And as many times as he wiped any drop from his nose, they cut it off. Leo the Third was pope after Sergius II: this man was made..Pope was not put in the name of popes by the power of the Romans. He was not ill-intended, but he did not do ill. John the Sixth, a Greek, was pope after him. He was a martyr, but the reason and cause are not found in histories. It is said that it was due to the dukes of Lombardy, as they were enemies of the church.\n\nJohn the Seventh, a Roman, was pope for three years but nothing is written about him. Justinian the Second was emperor again, with his son Theodorus III for six years. He was the one who restored the empire before Leo. And when this man was restored again, he took him to the right faith and worshipped Pope Constantine. Certainly, he destroyed Creon, the place where he was exiled to. He killed all who fought there except the children. He came again to kill Innocentis. And the men of that country made a captain a certain man called Philip and went out to meet him in battle and killed him for his cruelty towards the children.\n\nCleaned Text: Pope was not put in the name of popes by the power of the Romans. He was not ill-intended, but he did not do ill. John the Sixth, a Greek, was pope after him. He was a martyr, but the reason and cause for his martyrdom are not found in histories. It is said that it was due to the dukes of Lombardy, as they were enemies of the church. John the Seventh, a Roman, was pope for three years but nothing is written about him. Justinian the Second was emperor again, with his son Theodorus III for six years. He was the one who restored the empire before Leo. And when this man was restored again, he took him to the right faith and worshipped Pope Constantine. Certainly, he destroyed Creon, the place where he was exiled to. He killed all who fought there except the children. He came again to kill Innocentis. And the men of that country made a captain a certain man called Philip and went out to meet him in battle and killed him for his cruelty towards the children..Sysnnius was pope for twenty days and then there was great strife. He died shortly after, but little is written about him. Constantine was pope after him for seven years. This man was a very meek and blessed man: he went over the sea to Justinian the emperor. He was received with great honor and died a blessed death. Philip the Second was emperor at the time. This man fled to Sicily because of the hostility of the Romans. He was an heretic and commanded all pictures of saints to be destroyed. Therefore, the Romans refused to keep his coin. He would not accept any money that had his image or name written on it. Anastasius the Second became emperor after he had killed Philip. He was a Christian man and lived well, but he was put out of the eyes of the people and killed him later. Therefore, Theodosius fought against him and overcame him. He was made a priest and lived quietly.\n\nGregorius the Second was pope after Constantine, seventeen years later. This Gregory was a chaste and noble man in the scriptures..About this time, the popes began to deal more separately from the emperors than they were wont. For their falseness and heretics, and also to remove the empire from one people to another as the time required. This man cursed Leo the emperor because he burned the images of the saints. Leo commanded Gregory the pope to burn churches and destroy them. He set nothing of his saying but commanded the contrary most manfully. And it is openly shown that the destruction of the Roman empire was the cause of schism. For certainly faithful people with their prelates with one will drew to the pope and constrained the emperors to leave their tyranny and schism.\n\nAnd at this time in the eastern part of the world, the true faith strongly failed. For that accursed law of false mammon.\n\nTheodosius was emperor and reigned but one year. He was a very Christian man; and even as he lived, so was he done in. Leo deposed him and made him a priest.\n\nLeo the Third with Constantine his son was emperor..In the 55th year, Leo, when he was mighty, deposed Theodosius and ruled for him. He was urged by a certain apostate to take and burn all images of the gods. As a result, he was besieged both in battle and in pestilence, along with other misfortunes. Because he was excommunicated by Gregorius and remained there for three days, the pope, along with the common people, took away from him the western part of his empire. They commanded that no one should obey him or support him because he lived like an heretic. Holy men spoke against him, and many were martyred or exiled by him. In the end, he died wretchedly.\n\nHowever, during this man's reign, Carolus Marcellus helped the Christian faith and fought bravely against the Saracens, pushing them back into Spain, which they had subdued. Otherwise, they would have entered France.\n\nCarolus killed 300,000 Saracens and more, and from his people, 15,000 were killed. This man, due to the constant battles, took the treasury of the church..And to prove it. The Abbot of Sent Dionis went to certain cities that were set on mountains: they were removed and carried away with the hills into the fields, six miles thence, as they stood, and the cities were not broken nor hurt. In the land of Mesopotamia, the earth was broken by a space of two miles. And also there was a Mule that spoke in a man's voice. Ash fell from heaven. And in the sea of Pontic, there was ice for great frost, thirty cubits of thickness. And stars fell from heaven so mightily: that men believed that the end of the world had come. These all signified marvelous things to come:\n\nZacharias was pope after Gregory X, for eleven years. This Zacharias was a noble man. And he was arrayed with all his splendor. With all men he was loved. For his meekness, he deposed the king of France, Henry, and put Pippin in his place; for he was more prophetic. Here you may see what power the church had at that time, which translated that famous kingdom from the very heirs to the kingdom of the Franks.\n\nAs well as in..This man ruled in both the spiritual and temporal realms justly: he was the lover and defender of the poor. This man anointed Pippin, king of France, and sent him against the Lombards to compel them to restore the church's goods which they had unjustly withheld for a long time. He also transferred the Greek empire to the French.\n\nPaulus, a Roman, was pope after him for sixteen years. This was a very holy man. He gave alms to fatherless children, widows, and other powerless people, following in the footsteps of St. Paul.\n\nConstantine, a Roman, was pope for two years after Paulus. He was a layman who suddenly became a priest and took on the dignity of the pope. With great scandal to the church, he was pope for a little while. However, the faithful men put him out, and they blinded him. This was the fifth infamous pope among so many: thus, the Holy Ghost kept the holy apostles in all honor..And there were many martyrs made during this time by Constantine the emperor, for he was such a heretic. And it is believed that there was never an emperor or pagan who killed so many martyrs. And at this time the church was troubled severely. And very preciously, the worship of the images of the saints was bought for the great shedding of the martyrs' blood. And certainly that cursed emperor was not unwounded, for when he died, he cried with a horrible voice and said, \"I am taken to a fire that is unwonted to be destroyed.\" And so he yielded up the ghost to everlasting pain.\n\nThe Roman empire was divided about this time. For Stephen the pope translated Illyricum and other places to Charlemagne, who was a noble young man and began to reign over France. He was the son of Pippin, and his mother was named Bertha. Stephen the Third was pope for three years, and he corrected all the errors of:\n\nStephen the Third was pope for three years, and he corrected all the errors of his predecessors..Constantine decreed that all those ordained by Constantine in a governing synod were to be degraded. Adrian I was the Roman pope after Stephen XXIV. This man was greatly revered by the people. No one was greater than him in honor, riches, and building. This man convened two synods. The first in Rome with 300 fathers. The second in Rome with 1,000 fathers. Charles, the king of France, was present and was granted the liberty of election of the pope and the ordination of the apostles' seat.\n\nLeo IV reigned as emperor with the Greeks for five years. This Leo was a wicked man, but not as much as his father. He was a covetous man and took away a certain crown from a church and placed it on his head. Immediately, he was corrupted by an axe and died. He had a wicked wife who ruled after him with her son.\n\nConstantine was emperor after Leo and was a meek man. He put away his mother from the kingdom so that she might attend to her women's work. But she, with a false rank, put out his eye afterward..and her children also. She reignced against him for three years, and at the last she was about to be married: & when the Greeks persued her, intending to marry her to Great Charles. They took her and set her up in a monastery and made Nicophorus emperor instead. The fifth universal study, which in old time was translated from Athens to Rome around this time, was translated to Paris by Charles, king of France. Nicophorus was emperor after Constantine. He was very noble and was exalted to his empire by the Greeks. But he did not profit. For in his time all the eastern imperial powers were brought to nothing. The Romans put them under Charlemagne.\n\nJerusalem was recovered by Charles around this time, along with all the Holy Land. The sect of Saracens was destroyed strongly for the destruction of riches at that time.\n\nMichael was emperor for two years. He was a very Christian man and was well beloved, and he was skilled in all sciences. However, Nicophorus had harmed and distressed them by his covetousness..Michael restored them and made them rich again. Note: Charles the Great was the first emperor after Michael. He was crowned emperor by Leo, the pope. From this time, the empire was translated from Greek to France and Germany. And for the translation of that empire, the Greeks were largely ineffective against the Romans. They strove evermore with them, but it was more with words than with strength. And more with craft than with battle. For they had such great envy of the Romans that they would not obey the Church of Rome. Indeed, when the popes wrote to them to obey the Church of Rome, they wrote back and said, \"You have taken our kingdom from our kin; therefore, we will not obey you; and we take from you.\" And for this foolish emperor, Charles, it should be understood. This man, when he was a young man, was anointed king of France by Stephen, the pope. In the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 754, when his father Pippin lived under whom..with whom he ruled for fifteen years until the death of his father. Then, after his father's death in the year 568 AD, Charles with his brother Caroloman ruled for two years. Then his brother died in the second year. And Charles held the entire kingdom for fourteen years, until the year 884 AD, in which year he went to Rome to be crowned Emperor by Pope Adrian. He ruled as Emperor for sixteen years, until the year 891 AD, when Pope Leo confirmed him again as Emperor. After that, he ruled for fourteen years and died in the seventy-first year of his age, which was the year 899 AD. If you want to learn more about Charles, go to the book of Turpin and Libraminus, his master, for they wrote these noble acts. Leo the Fourth was pope after Adrian for twenty years. This man, on a certain day when he went with the litany to send Peter's church, was taken by wicked people on Saint Mark's day. Both his eyes were put out and his tongue was cut off. But our Lord...\n\nCleaned Text: With him, he ruled for fifteen years until his father's death. Then, after his father's death in AD 568, Charles ruled with his brother Caroloman for two years. In the second year of their reign, Caroloman died. Charles then ruled the entire kingdom for fourteen years, until AD 884. In this year, he went to Rome to be crowned Emperor by Pope Adrian. He ruled as Emperor for sixteen years, until AD 891, when Pope Leo confirmed him again as Emperor. After ruling for fourteen more years, he died in AD 899 at the age of seventy-one. For more information about Charles, refer to the works of Turpin and Libraminus. Leo the Fourth succeeded Adrian as pope for twenty years. One day, while Charles was leading the litany to Peter's church on Saint Mark's day, he was attacked by wicked people. They blinded him by taking out his eyes and cut off his tongue. But our Lord....Meruelusfully restored him again his sight and speech, so that he spoke with an outward tongue and saw by Myracull. Afterward, he went to Charles in Gaul (to France). And he came with him unmanned to Rome and avenged the pope on his enemies. Then he crowned Charles and had him forecrowned confirmed again.\n\nLouis the Mild, the first-born son of Charles, was emperor after his father for twenty-six years. Whose time was put away that clerks should use no girdles with precious stones nor strange adornments. This Louis, of his first wife, had two children, and both had an ill end. He was patient and, in the end, overcame all things. For the end, God gave him a child who followed his conditions, and he died a blessed man.\n\nStephen the Fourth was pope after Leo. He redeemed many captive men and crowned Louis the emperor, and then he died and was buried at Rome.\n\nPaschal was pope after Stephen. This Paschal gave great alms to relics of the saints. And he took up innumerable bodies of the poor..Sentis and buried them worshipfully, as in the vision of St. Cecilia, he was commanded. Eugenius the Fourth was pope after Paschal. He was a very holy man. And those things that Christ commanded him to take charge of: this man was crowned a martyr, and by the laymen of Rome, he was buried in St. Peter's Church, yard.\n\nValentinus was pope after Eugenius, for forty-one days. And little is written about him: Gregory the Fourth was pope after him, for twelve years. This Gregory saw many heavy times for the plagues emanating from the common people. And at this man's petition, Louis the Emperor and Marquis, the prince of Lombardy, fled all seasons from Italy. And at the last, he died after a long reign of good deeds and works that he had done at St. Peter's. Lotharius, the first son of Louis, was emperor for fifteen years in Italy and Rome, and the parts of Germany next to the hills of the Alps. This Lotharius rose against his brother Louis and Charlemagne for the kingdom of Docheland. The which, at some time, Pippin, his brother, held. And they fought at a place called.Fontanello, where Lotherius was discomfited, and such slaughter was made on both sides that they had no men to resist their adversaries. This understood, a false Christian man sent word to the sovereign of the Saracens that he should come at once. And he took Rome; Peter's church was made a stable for their horses. But Lodowick with the Frenchmen and Lombards, that infinite multitude, destroyed it. And this was done with great shedding of Christian blood. Sergius the Second was pope after Gregory II for two years. This man was first called Porcius in English, hogsmote. Wherefore, that man, and after all the popes' names, were changed when they were chosen. And this for three reasons. The first, because Christ changed the names of those whom he made popes; the second, because as much as they changed their names, so should they be changed in life; the third, lest he who was chosen to an exalted degree should be hurt in name. Leo was pope after Sergius, for eight years. This Leo was a holy man and also wise as sharp as a two-edged sword..Serpent and in his hands as meek as a dove: He was born virtuously in a monastery, and when he became pope, he labored to repair his churches against the witches who had destroyed them after others. This man was a mighty writer and a great preacher, and mightily labored in watch and prayer. He died and was buried at San Pietro. Benedictus was a Roman and became pope after Leo II. This blessed one was named after the thing he was: in all things, he was blessed. This man ordained that clerks should go ordinarily and honestly. Louis, the son of Lothair, was Emperor at this time and was anointed by Sergius the pope. He reigned for a while with his father and afterwards for 21 years alone. This man had a son named Carolus. The devil entered him. He vexed him before his father. And in his time, many marvels occurred. Note. John Anglicus, of the nation of Magnus, was pope at this time. And she was a woman dressed in men's garments..She prophesied from the holy scripture. There was none like her. Then she was chosen as pope. But afterward, she was pregnant. And when she should have gone openly in procession, she traveled and died.\n\nThis was the sixth pope who, at that time, bore the name of holiness. And he was weak and this bishop, as other cursed popes were, was punished by God. She was not named in the book of popes. Nicholas, a Roman, was pope after her, ruling for nine years. This Nicholas was of great holiness, there being no greater pope after Great Gregory. And when he was made pope, Louis the emperor was present. After he died, a very good man and was buried there, I sent Peter's Pence to his church. Adrian, a Roman, was pope after Nicholas. This Adrian cursed Lotarius, his brother, the emperor, the king of Lotharingia, for his adultery. But when he came to Rome to excuse himself for his adultery, he said he was cursed unfairly. And he brought with him all the noble men of his region. And they all died..In this time, I [Alfred] was in York. And the king died on the way when he came to the city of Placentia: Alfredus\nAfter the death of this \u00c6thelred, his brother Alfred, who was called Dolfing, came into England. The Danes and their army came and went to meet Alfred, who had been newly made king of Southsex. They found him at Wilton with a small force. And he never less fought against them. But at last he fled from the field. And he went to Wessex and summoned so much people of his own realm and also of others until he had a strong host, so that the Danes had no power against him. He came to London with his host. And there the Danes encamped and he wanted to fight with them. But the Danes dared not fight against him. Instead, they asked him for peace and that they might go back to their own country and never again come to England to harm him.\n\nAnd upon this agreement, they should give him hostages and such others [as guarantees]..The English men asked. And on the same day that the Danes departed from London so quickly, they rode both night and day and never took rest until they reached Exeter and took the town and held it there. When King Alfred heard the news, he immediately took hostages and left for Exeter with all the power he had. And when the Danes heard of his coming, they left for Wesesse, where they found Hubba's body lying dead. They entered it and placed a great log there and called it Hubbershaw, and this name remains to this day. The barons of Somerset, Wiltshire, and Dorset were told that the king had been discomfited and had gathered all the power they could and come to him. They thanked God that they had found him alive, for they had feared that the Danes had killed him. They took a council with the king and his barons, deciding to go and fight the Danes with them all..all night they all went to seek and come the next day to Habyngdon, where the Danes were. The king Aethelred and his barons had assembled there and engaged in battle with the Danes, putting them to flight so that many did not know whether more people were slain. But it happened that King Aethelred obtained the victory with great honor, for the Danes were driven to the point of not knowing whether to turn back. For fifteen days, King Aethelred pursued them at his will, and they were glad and willing to speak of peace and accord. They took him as a good hostage and said that they would never again attack him or engage in debate. Moreover, they promised King Aethelred that they would go and bring their own king to him. And upon this condition, King Aethelred granted them life and limb. He told them that they should go and seek their king and return at a certain day that had been set. So they went forth quickly and returned at the appointed day..and all the Danes brought the king with them. The king Athelstan immediately allowed them to be baptized and their names changed. The king of Denmark was renamed Athelston, and some of his companions' names were also changed. The others were baptized into the right belief.\n\nThis was done at Westminster, and after that, King Athelstan held a feast with King Athelston and all his Danes for twelve days with great solemnity and gave them generous gifts. After they were baptized, they departed.\n\nKing Athelstan was at ease when his enemies had come and they had been converted to the right belief of Almighty God.\n\nLater, the Danes from Northumbria, who were pagans, came with a great strength and a large host from France. They had conquered England and given it to the Saxons. Those who came from France arrived in Kent and sent word to Northumbria that they should come to them. When these two parties met:.Hostis came and assembled. They went to destroy all the Christian people of England from place to place, causing much sorrow. This happened to us, for Almighty God gave England a hard time. King Alfred, who was accustomed to abate the Danes, died in the meantime. He reigned for thirty years and was a good king who could chastise his enemies. He was also a good cleric and had many books written. He made a book of English history about the deeds of kings and battles that had been done in the land. He also had other books of gestes written, which were of great wisdom and good learning. Through these books, a man may learn and look up. May Almighty God have mercy on his soul. King Alfred lies at Winchester.\n\nJohn VIII was pope after Adrian VIII. This John was anointed by Charlemagne, the Emperor. He suffered great wrong from the Romans because he did not favor the said emperor. For this reason, he put the said pope in custody. He also degraded him..Bishop of Portoense was the cause of all his sorrow. Charles II was emperor after Louis: This Charles had a brother named Louis, who was the king of Germany. And he raised an army against his brother; but Charles or they fought was poisoned. He founded many monasteries: Martin was pope after John II in the year 816; this Martin little prophesied, as he lived but a short time. Adrian III was pope after him in the year 855. Nothing is written about Stephen V, who was pope for six years. He translated the body of St. Marty with lies and was dead. Formosus was pope after Stephen V for six years. This man was formerly bishop of Portoense. Pope John was deprived for his disobedience and was degraded to the lay state by Martin the pope. But against his will, he came not only to Rome, but to offer him the dignity of the pope. For this there was great controversy. Boniface VI was pope in 896; Stephen VI succeeded him..Ioannes ruled for three years and one month, Theodorus the second ruled for twenty days, Johannes XI ruled for two years and fifteen days, Benedictus ruled for three years and two months, Leo ruled for forty days, Zephorus ruled for the first seven months. The Thessalians were in power for a little time. And since we cannot record noteworthy things about them except if we were to slander them, due to the unheard strife and contention among them. For the holy apostles saw one another's disputes and reproved each other's misdeeds.\n\nLudwig the third became emperor after Arnulf VI, who destroyed them and did not help the Romans against the Lombards. The Lombards vexed the Romans severely. Therefore, by the consensus of the people, they were excluded from the empire, and the Italians began to be emperors. The Alamans ruled in Germany until Otton, who ruled in both places. The French were compelled to remain in their own country and no longer to be..Emperor Berengarius was the first, Conrad and Beringarius the second, and Hugo were emperors after Louis, but they were not notable emperors for this war, as it was mainly in Almain and Italy. After this, Alured, Edward's son, reigned and was a good and wise man, known as Edward the Short. The Danes caused much sorrow in the land, and their power increased and began to grow stronger from day to day. The Danes frequently came into this land with their companies. When the king saw that he could not do better, he made peace with them and granted them his treasuries. However, the treasuries did not last long before the Danes began strongly to oppress the Englishmen and caused them much harm. Therefore, King Edward assembled a great host to fight against them. This King Edward reigned for 24 years and lies buried at Westminster beside his father.\n\nSergius was pope after Pope Xypher for seven years. This man was a cardinal of Rome: and.Was expelled by Formose, the pope. Then he went to the Frenchmen and, with their help, returned to Rome and expelled Cristofor, becoming pope himself. In revenge for his exile, he took out the body of Pope Formose where it was buried, arrayed him in the papal attire, and had him beheaded and cast into the Tiber River in Rome.\n\nFishers found him and brought him into the church. The holy images of Senatus were brought down to him as his body was brought into the church, so that all might honor him. However, Sergius destroyed all that the holy man had ordained. Anastasius was pope after him for two years. Laudo was pope for five months. John X was pope then. This John X was the son of Sergius, both by nature and manners, and he became pope by might. He was unworthily slain by Guy of Guido's knights; they put a pelisse on him and stopped his breath. After him, another was put in his place, but he was soon removed..Henry the Duke of Saxony was emperor of Almain for 18 years. He was a noble man, but he is not numbered among the emperors: for he ruled only in Almain, and he had a very holy woman as his wife, whose name was Matilda. He had another son named Brime, a monk of Portalea.\n\nAfter this, Edward his son reigned for four years. During this time, he waged battle against the Danes and drove King Gaufrid, who was king of the Danes and all his host, into the sea and rested by Scotland. He took strongly all the country an entire year. And after that, those of Cumberland and the Scots of Westmoreland went against King Athelstone, and he gave them such a strong battle that he killed so many of them that no man could tell the number, and after that he reigned for only three years and lies at Malmesbury.\n\nAnd after this, Adelstow reigned Edmod his brother as king, for Adelstone had no son. And this Edmod was a worthy man and a doughty..A knight of body and as noble as well: And three years after he was king, he went over Humber into the country where he found two Danish kings, one called Enalp and the other Renant. King Edmond drove them both from the land and afterwards took great prey in Cumberland. Edmond reigned for seven years and lies at Glastonbury.\n\nAfter Edmond, Eldred his brother ruled, avenging his father Edward against his enemies who had killed him. Eldred seized all of Northumbria into his hand and made the Scots bend to his will. In the second year of his reign, Arnalaf Guthrian, king of Denmark, came and seized all of Northumbria, holding it for two years. After that, King Eldred came with great power and drove him out of the land.\n\nKing Eldred was a noble man and good, of whose goodness Dustant was sent to preach. King Eldred ruled for eleven years and lies at Wichese.\n\nAfter Eldred, Edwyne, the son of Edmond, ruled..A literal man turned towards God and the people, for he hated people of his own land and loved and honored strange men. He little valued the church and took all the treasure he could from it, which was great shame and wickedness to himself and peril to his soul. God would not allow him to reign any longer than four years, and he died and lies at Winchester.\n\nLeo the Sixth, a Roman, was pope for six months. Stephen the Seventh, a Roman, was after him for two years. John the Eleventh, a Roman, was pope for three years. Stephen the Eighth, a German, was after him for eight years. Martin the Third was after him for three years. Of these six popes, nothing is recorded in scripture: for what cause I cannot tell.\n\nAgapitus, a Roman, was pope after Martin for two years and seven months. And nothing of him is written. John the Twelfth, a Roman, was pope after Agapetus almost eight years. He had a father named Alberic, a worthy man in the court of Rome. He persuaded the nobles to swear that after Agapetus' death, they should choose Octavianus his son pope..And so it was done. He was named John, and he was an hunter and a lecherous man, openly keeping women. Therefore, certain cardinals wrote to Ottoni, the emperor of Saxony, urging him to come. And after this, Edgar reigned, Edgar his brother, a man who greatly loved God, peace, and the church, and was a worthy man, a great lord of blood and mighty, maintaining peace well in the land. He was lord and king above all the kings of Scotland and Wales. From the time Arthur was gone, no king held his power. And this Edgar was sent Edward's father. When Edgar's wife was dead, Edward's mother entered. He heard speak of the fairness of Estrild, who was Osgar's daughter, a baron of Deveshire, so far renowned that all men spoke of it. He said to the noble baron Osgar of Deveshire, \"Go, see if this daughter of yours is as far renowned as men speak. If it is true, I will have her as my wife.\"\n\nThis knight who was called Edwin went forth his way..The king had said to him. Come where the lady is, and when he saw her so fair, he wished to have her as his wife. He spoke to Orgar, her father, who was an old man and had no other children but her. Edel was a fair young knight, worthy and rich, and well beloved by the king. He thought his daughter should be well married and pressed him. Her father granted it, if the good lord the king would consent. Then this Edelwold came again to the king and said that she was fair enough to see. But she was very unwilling. The king answered and said that he took little charge. Sir, said Edelwold, she is her father's heir; and I am not rich in lands. If you would send and grant that I might have her, then I would be rich enough. In God's name, said the king, I consent to Edelwold. He thanked the king much and went again into Deveronshire and married the damsel. And thus it happened at one time that he..This is what transpired: Edelwold informed his counsel and his wife of how he had deceived their lord, who intended to marry her. As soon as she learned this, she loved him no more than before. This lady conceived a son, and when the child was to be born, Edelwold went to the king and begged him to grant him a son at Fontstone. The king granted his request and allowed him to name the child Edgar, using his own name. Once this was accomplished, Edelwold believed that all was secure, for the king would not take his wife from him since his lord was a rival.\n\nAll men in King Edgar's court spoke and said that Edelwold had been greatly advanced through the marriage of his wife, yet they also remarked that he was arrogant, boasting of having married the fairest woman ever seen. The king heard so much about her beauty that he thought Edelwold had outshone him and had been unfaithful, and in his heart, he considered going to Desire as a result..The lady and other wild beasts should have been present where the lady or he departed, and this lady was dueling at a manner place beside the forest where the king would hunt and there he was entertained all night. When the time came that the king should sup and the sun had set: the king asked about his companion and his godson. Edelwold made her come before the king, and nevertheless, if it had otherwise been, she should not have come in his sight against his will. \u00b6The lady welcomed the king and sweetly kissed him, and he took her by the hand and sat her next to him and they suppered. And there was a custom and usage in this land at that time that when one drank to another, the drinker should say \"was-hail.\" And the other should answer \"drink hail.\" And thus did the king and the lady many times and also kissed. After supper, when it was time for the lady to go, he thought it would be his will to die if he had his way with her. On the morrow the king.In the forest, he went to amuse himself with deer, hinds, and all other wild beasts, as there was great abundance of deer. Then he went to console and speak with that lady while he remained there in the wood. After that, the king removed himself and considered how best to deliver Edelwold from his wife, as he had been advised to do so.\n\nSeven days after this, the king convened a parliament at Salisbury with all his barons to discuss how the countryside of Northumbeland could best be protected, so that the Danes would not come to destroy the land. Edelwold came to the king's parliament, and the king sent him to York to govern that countryside.\n\nIt happened that men who did not know him killed him on the way. As soon as the king heard this news, he sent for Estrild, the lady, to come to the city of London and be married to the king with great solemnity and worship. The king held a grand feast and wore a crown..Wos of gold and the queen another,\nAnd sent Dunstan Amorow to the king into the chamber, found the king in bed and the queen also, set Downstan asked the king who she was, and the king answered and said, \"This is Queen Estrid.\" The archbishop sent Dunstan, said, \"You do great wrong and against God's will, to take a woman to wife whose child you had taken at the fontstone. The queen, for that word, never after loved Dunstan, yet the good may warned of folly, but it availed little for the love between them was so much.\nThe king begot upon her a son, called Eldred, when this child was five years old, the king's father died. About that time he had reigned eighteen years and lies at Glastonbury.\nBeringarius the third was emperor after Henry VII. This Beringarius was emperor in Italy. In whose time was great division, and Henry the emperor died. Otto began to reign then, and Lotherius reigned after him two years and died when Otto reigned many. Had a.This is a medieval text describing the actions of Otto Berigarius and Popes Leo VI and John XII. Here's the cleaned version:\n\nOtto Berigarius, the wife of Dalnydam, married him after Otto's wedding to Berigarius the fourth. This man exercised great tyranny over Italy, leading the pope and other Romans to call upon Otto to deliver them. He accomplished this by force, taking Berigarius captive twice and freeing Lotharius' wife, who had been imprisoned by the tyrant. Leo VI became pope after Benedictus, in the year eight hundred and forty-one. He was chosen by the common voice, and John was deposed. Leo decreed that no pope should be made without the consent of the emperor. Due to the Romans' misdeeds oppressing them, this man granted all the gifts to Otto and his successors, which had been given by Justinian and Charlemagne to the church, so that they might defend Italy from rebellions. John XII was pope after him, ruling for almost nineteen years. He suffered great wrongs from the Romans, but Otto endured this, as he killed the noblemen of Rome and exiled some of them permanently. Benedictus..Six years after him, a man named Victor became pope. This man was captured and imprisoned in Castille. Note: The empire, which had deposed Pope Benedict the Vusurper, took him to Saxony, where he died in exile. The emperor who succeeded him, Otto the Second, was a noble man towards the church, as was his father, and he waged many battles against false men of faith. At the end, he came close to losing all his army at Kalabur. Yet, he persisted in sending Peter to help. Peter miraculously delivered him. And his wife was the daughter of the emperor of Constantinople of the Romans' blood. This man was crowned by Pope Benedictus.\n\nAfter this, Edgar reigned, Edward his son who begat him on his first wife. He ruled the land well and nobly, for he was full of all manner of goodness and led a very holy life. Above all things, he loved God and the holy church. However, Queen Estrid, his stepmother, had him killed for reasons of envy..King Edward went into a wood in the south countryside, near the town of Warham, where there was an abundance of deer and hinds. After a while, he thought of visiting his brother Eldred, who was with the queen at her residence, which was not far from the forest. Taking a small group with him, he rode towards his stepmother's castle at Corfe. As he rode through the wood to locate his brother, he lost his way and eventually emerged from the forest. Upon looking around, he saw his stepmother's manor house nearby. Alone, he approached it, but the queen was informed that the king was coming without an escort. She was pleased and thought:.She might have him slain as privately as she could and called one of her knights to whom she had revealed much of her counsel between them. They went together to the king and courted him, asking him to stay and visit, as well as to speak with Eldred, her brother. The queen often thanked him and begged him to alight and stay with her that night.\n\nThe king replied that he couldn't. But he insisted on returning to his people if he could find them:\n\nAnd when the queen saw that he wouldn't stay, she begged him to have just one drink and he granted her request. As the drink was being brought, the queen drank first to the king, and the king took the cup and set it to his mouth. In the meantime, the knight who was with the queen struck the king in the heart with a knife, and there he fell down dead on the earth.\n\nThe queen rewarded the knight generously with gold and silver, as well as sufficient other riches. And the knight immediately departed over the sea. So he escaped..In this land, after King Edward was martyred in the year of the Incarnation 1538, he had reigned for 14 and a half years and lies at Glastonbury. After King Edward, his brother Eldred reigned and had Dunstan crowned. Dunstan died soon after he had granted the queen penance for her trespass, which she had caused that led to King Edward's death. Queen Emma, her mother, died at this time. In this period, Swyne, who was king of Denmark, came to England to challenge and conquer all that his ancestors had previously held. He succeeded in conquering it all.\n\nDuke Richard the Good gave his sister Emma to Swyne in marriage, from whom he had two sons. One was named Alured..After the death of Swyne, a Dane, his son Edward ruled nobly and reigned for fifteen years, then died and lies at York. After Swyne's death, a Dane knight came to England and wished to be king. Eldred came out of Normandy with a large following, and the knight could not endure but fled to Denmark. Eldred regained his realm and held great lordship, destroying all those who opposed Swyne. Later, the knight returned from Denmark with great power, and King Eldred dared not fight him but fled to London and held out there. The knight besieged him for a long time until King Eldred died in the city of London and lies at St. Paul's. Boniface was pope after Benedictus for a short time. Boniface was after him for five months. Benedictus was after Boniface for ten years. This man crowned Otto as the second and made many Romans..This text describes the succession of popes following Gilbert ofNGrammont and the conflict between Popes John XIV, John XV, John XVI, and Gregory V. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nTo be taken: He obtained a consultation against King Francis of France concerning the deposit of Gilbert of NGrammont. John XII was pope after him for 8 months and was put in Castel Sant'Angelo and famed to death. John XV was pope for 4 months after him. John XVI was pope for almost 11 years. This man was educated in armies and wrote many books. Gregory V was pope after him for almost 3 years. This Gregory was made pope at the instance of Emperor Otto III, as he was his cousin. After he had been pope for a little while and Emperor Otto III had withdrawn from Rome, Placentinus was put in charge by Crescentius, a consul, for the money. And then there was a struggle for a few days. But the emperor soon returned and took Crescentius the consul and struck off his head, the man who had deposed his cousin from the dignity of the pope. And neither he nor his knights or dukes helped him in any way, for he had done that which he should not..Not done. And he suffered this disorder in the empire. Which from thenceforward has continued until this day. For the Frenchmen, or none other, elected Otta as emperor in the eighteenth year. This man was a worthy man on all the days of his empire. And, after the wisdom of his father, he was a very faithful man to the church. In many battles, he prospered because he was devout to Almighty God and his senses. And he gave mighty worship to the Relics of the Senses and often visited holy places. This man was crowned by Gregory his cousin and, at the last, he died in Rome.\n\nSilvester the Second was pope after Gregory's reign for three years. He was made pope with the help of the devil. To whom he did homage, for he should give him all that he desired. And he was called Hylbern. His enemy obtained the grace of the king of France and made him the bishop of Remes. But he was deposed. And after that, he obtained the grace of the emperor and was made the bishop of Ravenna and pope..He had an end soon, and so had all who placed their hope in false devils. Yet men were sad for certain demonstrations of his salvation, for the great penance he underwent in his last moments: For he had his head and legs cut off, and his body disseminated, casting out at the door to the foul ones, and his body drawn by wild beasts and buried wherever they rested, as an hound. And they stood still at the sentinel John Latham's, and he was buried there, and it was a sign of his salvation. Iohnnes the XVIII was pope for five months. Iohnnes the XIX was pope after him for five years, and these two related things. Henricus the First was emperor for twenty years. This Henry was duke of Barri, and according to him, he was chosen for his blessed fame. The which he had. And it is read that many of the dukes of Barri were only not alienated from fleshly desires, but lived in virtue. He had a wife who was as holy as he, whom he gave to the king of Hungary. And she brought all of Hungary to obedience..the cristi\u0304 faith. &\u0304 his wiuys name wos sc\u0304a Ko\u0304nogundis w\u00a6ith whom he leued a virgin all his days. & he did mony a bataill als well i\u0304 Italy as i\u0304 Almane ayens rebelians. & prospert righ\u00a6twysly at the last wt a blissed end he decessid. And in the lyfe of sent Laurens he & his wife be put for sampuls\nBenedictus wos pope after Ihon .xi: yere This man had gret strife in his days. for he was put out. and an other put in And this Benedict aft{er} that he wos deid. was seyn of an holy bisshope in a wricchid figure &\u0304 he had gret payn. And this figur said he tristed nothing in the merci of god And nothing profettit him that wos done for him. for it wos getyn with extorcion &\u0304 vn\u00a6iustly \u00b6Then this bisshop left his bisshopprik for dred of this sight: & we\u0304t i\u0304 to a monestari & leued vertuusly all his dayes. Iohannes the xx was pope after him xi. yere & lityt profettit\nANd after the deth of this Eldred Knoght that was a da\u00a6nois bega\u0304 to regne. but Edmond Irenside that wos ki\u0304g Eldredis son by his fyrst wyfe ordyned a.King Edward I and Edmund Earl of Ironside frequently quarreled over King Canute. The quarrels were so intense and violent that it was a wonder to behold. Queen Emma, fearing for her two sons, Alured and Edward, was deeply concerned that they might be harmed or harmed through this strife. Therefore, she sent them to Normandy to Duke Richard, her uncle, where they lived in safety and peace for a long time. Edmund Irsonside and Canute, the Danes, were strongly united but, in the end, they came to an agreement in this way: they would both leave the realm between them. And after that, they became good friends and loved each other so well that they seemed to be brothers, born of one body and one mother.\n\nKing Edmund Irsonside and Canute the Dane ruled together after that. However, it came to pass that in the same year that they were reconciled and their love and friendship were so strong, a false traitor, envious of their love and friendship, caused a rift between them..Who's name was Edrith of Stratton, a great lord, who was Edmond Irenside's man and held all the land that he had. Nevertheless, he thought his lord Edmond Irenside would betray him and make Knight king of the land, intending to be richly advanced and well-loved with him. Wherefore he prayed his lord Edmond Ironside one day to dine and duel, and the king granted it and came to the prayer. At the meal, the king's robe was served with various dishes and drinks. And when the night came that he should go to bed: the king took his own men and went to his chamber to take his night's rest. As he looked around, he saw a fair, well-made image, seeming as if it were an archer with a bow bent in his hand. In the bow, a fine arrow \u00b6King Edmond went nearer to see it better what it might be. And suddenly the arrow pierced his body and killed the king. For that engine was made to kill his own lord traitorously \u00b6And when King Edmond was thus dead and slain, he had reigned but ten years..The false traitor Edrith went immediately to Queen Edmondis, who knew of her lord's death. He took from her two sons, Edward and Edwyne, who were fair and young, and led them to King Knight, intending to do with them as he pleased. He told Knight how often he had killed King Edmond for Enchantment and love of him. Therefore, all England in its power could have been holy saved by thee, false traitor. Now, by my head, I shall reward you well for your trouble as you deserve. And immediately, let him be taken and bound hand and foot in the manner of a traitor, and cast him into the Thames. In this manner, the false traitor ended his life. The king took the two children and put them aside..them unto the abbot of Westminster to ward and keep them until he knew what was best to be done with them.\n\nIt happened soon afterward that King Knight had all the land in his hand and married Queen Emma through the consent of his barons: for she was the widow of Eldred's wife and the duke of Normandy's sister, and they lived together with much love, as reason would have it.\n\nThe king asked a day council of the queen what was best to be done with Edmund Ironside's sons. And she said they were the rightful heirs of the land. If they lived, they would cause much sorrow for you. And therefore, let them be sent to a foreign land, to some man who could defile and destroy them.\n\nThe king did not agree. He called a Dane named Walgar. And he commanded him to lead these two children into Denmark and\nso to do and order it so that they should never hear more of them.\n\nSir said this Walgar gladly. Your commandment shall be done. And immediately, he took the two children and led them into Denmark..Denmark, and he found the children to be fair and meek. He had great pity and regret for them and would not sell but gave them to the king of Hungary to be raised: for Walgar was well-known and well-loved with the king. One day the king asked when the children were. And Walgar told him and said that they were the right heirs of England and therefore men would destroy them. And so, they had come to you, sir, for mercy and help. And truly, if they could live among your men, they would become yours. And of you, they would hold all their land: The king of Hungary received them with much honor and let them be well kept.\n\nIt happened afterward that Edwy, the younger brother, died. And Edward the elder brother lived, a fair man and a strong and a land-giver. When he was made a knight, the king's daughter of Hungary loved him much for his goodness and fairness. She gave herself to him with good will, and Edward married her with great honor. The king of England..Edward sent word to all his barons and arranged a solemn feast and a rich wedding. It was made clear to everyone that Edward should be king after the decease of he who currently held the lordship, and therefore there was great joy at this news. Edward fathered a son upon this lady named Edgar Atheling, and later a daughter named Margaret, who became queen of Scotland. By the king of Scotland, who was called Malcolm, she had a daughter named Maud, who later became queen of England through King Henry, the first son of the conqueror who married her. And from Maude came the king of England, who is still called Henry the Emperors son.\n\nEdward also had another daughter by his wife, named Cristina, who became a nun.\n\nYou have heard of Edmund Ironside's sons, who King Canute is said to have had killed..A commodus named Walgar came before. And this knight held in his hand all the realm of England and Denmark. After that, he went to Norway to conquer that land. But the king of the land, called Elaf, came with his people and defended his land well. So there he fought with him. Until at last he was slain in that battle. And this knight took all that land into his hand.\n\nAfter he had conquered Norway and taken fees and homages there, he came again into England and held himself such a great lord that he thought in all the world there was no one his peer. And he became so proud and haughty that it was a great wonder.\n\nAnd it happened on a day that he had heard mass at Westminster and wanted to go to his palace. The waves of the Thames swiftly came against him. They almost touched his feet.\n\nThe king, with a proud heart, commanded the water to turn back or else he would make them.\n\nThe waves, for his commandment, would not spare. But flowed over him more..The king was so proud of heart that he would not flee the water but abode still in the water. With a yard he had in his hand, he commanded the water that it should wend no farther, but for all his commandment, the water would not cease but ever waxed more and more high. So that the king was all wet and stood deep in the water.\n\nAnd when he saw that he had abided there too long and the water would not obey his commandment, though soon he withdrew himself and stood upon a stone and held his hands high and said these words, hearing all people.\n\nThis god that maketh the sea thus arise high, he is lying of all kings and of all mights most. And I am a captive and a man dedeling. He may never die and all things do his commandment, and to him is obedient.\n\nTo that god I pray that he be my ward: For I know myself a captive feeble and of no power, therefore I will go unwilling to Rome with any letting my weakness to prevent and me to amend: for of God I claim my land for to hold..&\u0304 of none other \u00b6And anone made redy his hand when he come to rome al\u0304so. \u00b6And when he had bene ther &\u0304 for his synnes done pennance. he come aye\u00a6ne in to englond & become a good man & an holy. And leued &\u0304 le\u00a6ft all man{er} pride & stoutnesse &\u0304 leued an holy life aft{er} and made. ij abbeis of sent Benet on in englond and an other in norway for as moch os he loued sent benet more speciali then other santis. &\u0304 moch he loued also sent Edmo\u0304d the kyng & of the yaf gret yeftis to the house wherfor it wos made rich. &\u0304 when he had regned xx. yere he died & lieth at wynchestre.\nBEnedictus the ix. wos pope aft{er} iohn\u0304. &\u0304 he wos a gret li\u2223And he said to this man to whom he apperid. be not a ferde for I wos a man os ye be now bot I appeir now for i leuyd vnhappeli in old tyme like a best when I wos pope. \u00b6In this mans tyme ther was\ngret diuision and scland{er} to the chirche. for he wos put out and in two tymes \u00b6And here Tholomeus notis that the pride of bi\u00a6sshoppis had eu{er} an euell end. and it wos eu{er} the.This man, Conrad, became emperor after Henry's reign of twenty years. He made many laws and enforced peace more strictly than any other man. However, the Earl of Ludolf was accused and fled from his land. His son, however, was miraculously made emperor by God's command against Conrad's will. In the end, they were reconciled, and Conrad took Conrad's daughter as his wife.\n\nThe knight we have spoken of before had two sons by his wife Emma. One was called Hardknight, and the other Harold. He was commonly known as Harold \"Foot-soldier\" because of his prowess in battle. Harold did not possess the conditions or manners of a knightly king that was his father. He placed little value on chivalry or courtesy, nor did he show any worship. But he became so wicked that he exiled his mother Emma. She went out of the land to Flanders and lived there with the earl; henceforth there was no love between them..Between him and his brother. His brother hated him fiercely. After he had reigned for two years and a little more, he died and lies at Westminster. After this, Harold Harefoot ruled instead, a noble knight and much loved by all good men. And when this Hardknut had ruled for a little while, he uncovered his brother Harold, who was at Westminster, and struck off his head, casting the head into a well and the body into that church. In this way, Hardknut avenged himself: he could not be avenged in any other way. This King Hardknut was a great lover of food and drink. His tables were set every day three times with real meats and drinks for his men and for all who came to his court to be generously served with real meats. And this King Hardknut sent after Emma his mother and brought her into England, for she had been driven out of England. While Harold Harefoot ruled..Through the counsel of Earl Goodwin, who was the greatest lord of England next the king and had the power to do as he willed throughout England through his commandment, as much as he had married the daughter of the good king Knight, who was a Dane, and this queen was driven out of England and came to the Earl of Flanders, who was called Baldwin, her cousin. She found there all that she needed until she went again into England, for the king Hardknight had sent for her, and made her come back with great honor.\n\nKing Hardknight, after his death, having no heir of his body, the earls and barons assembled and made a decree that no Danish man, however great he might be among them, should ever be king of England, due to the displeasure the Danes had caused to England..If an Englishman had not bowed to the Danes, they would have been beaten and defiled. The Danes treated Englishmen in such a despising and violent way, which is why they were driven out of the land after the death of King Hardiknot. In this manner, England avoided the Danes, who never came back again. The earls and barons, with their common assent and counsel, sent word to Normandy to seek out the two brothers Alured and Edward, who were dueling with Duke Richard with the intention of crowning Alured the elder brother and making him king of England. To bring this matter to an end, the earls and barons made this agreement: However, Earl Godwyn of Wessex falsely and traitorously thought to slay these two brothers as soon as they came into England, intending to make his own son Harold king, whom he had begotten..his wife, who was King Knight's daughter, a Dane, went privately to Southampton. She intended to meet the two brothers when they were due to come ashore. It happened that the messengers who went to Normandy found only Alured, the elder brother, there. Edward, his brother, had gone to Hungary to speak with his cousin Edward the Outlaw, Edmund's son with the Ironsides.\n\nThe messengers reported to Alured that the earls and barons of England had sent for him and urged him boldly to come to England and assume the realm. For King Hardknight was dead, and all the Danes had been driven out of the land.\n\nWhen Alured heard this news, he thanked God and set sail with all possible speed. He reached Southampton, where Godwyn the false traitor, Guthwin, was. And though this traitor saw that he had arrived, he welcomed him warmly and undertook to lead him to London, where all the barons awaited him..And when they approached Gildesdone, Godwin the traitor advised Alured, \"Take care on your left and right sides. And if you become king, you shall have a thousand more. Now truly, I swear to you, if I am king I will ordain and make such laws whereby God and my people shall be well pleased.\n\nThe traitor had commanded all his men to slay all who were with Alured when they arrived at Gildesdone. They killed the company of twelve gentlemen who had come with Alured from Normandy.\n\nThey then took Alured and brought him to the Isle of Ely. There they put out his eyes, rent his womb, took the chief of his bowels, and impaled him on a stake..of the bolts there attached. With needles of Iren they pricked the good child, and so made him go about the stake until all his bowels were drawn out of his body. Thus died Alured there through the treason of Earl Godwin.\n\nWhen the lords of England learned and knew that Alured, who should have been their king, was put to death through the false traitor Godwin, they were greatly angered and swore by his holy names that he should die a worse death than did Edith of Stratony, who had betrayed her lord Edmund Ironside. They wished to put him to death. But the traitor fled thence into Denmark and held him there for four years and more, and lost all his land in England.\n\nSilvester the Third was pope after Benedict. This Silvester was chosen, and Benedict was expelled. And afterwards he was expelled, and Gregory was made pope; and he was a simple-minded man. For this reason, he chose another pope to be consecrated with him, and when many men\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English, and there are several errors in the OCR output. Here is a possible cleaned-up version based on the original text:\n\nOf the bolts there attached. With needles of Iren they pricked the good child, and so made him go about the stake until all his bowels were drawn out of his body. Thus died Alured there through the treason of Earl Godwin.\n\nWhen the lords of England learned and knew that Alured, who should have been their king, was put to death through the false traitor Godwin, they were greatly angered and swore by his holy names that he should die a worse death than did Edith, who had betrayed her lord Edmund Ironside. They wished to put him to death. But the traitor fled thence into Denmark and held him there for four years and more, and lost all his land in England.\n\nSilvester the Third was pope after Benedict. This Silvester was chosen, and Benedict was expelled. And afterwards he was expelled, and Gregory was made pope; and he was a simple-minded man. For this reason, he chose another pope to be consecrated with him, and when many men objected, he yielded and allowed the other pope to be consecrated alone.).We were displeased with this succession of two popes: the third was brought in, the one who should occupy the place of both. And they clashed among themselves. But Henry the emperor came to Rome and deposed them all. He made Clement the second pope. whom he made immediately crown him. And he told the Romans they should never choose a pope without his consent. And so, the sixth was put in. But many men say that this Gregory was a holy man. Damasus was the twenty-first day successor of Clement. This man was an usurper of the papal seat, and he died suddenly. Immediately, the Romans asked for a pope, and the Germans should have none: for they were so hard-headed that they could not be inclined to the emperor's intention. The which said there should be no pope chosen but if he would be of counsel in the election. But despite this, they put in this holy man Leo. And after he had given his consent and refused, he was chosen by the common assembly. Leo placed Christ in the form of a laurel wreath on his own bed..And in the morrow he found nothing there. And when this was done, all the barons of England sailed into Normandy. For that Edward should come into England with great honor. And this Edward, in his childhood, loved Almighty God and feared Him, and loved God and the holy church above all manner of things. And powerless men also he loved and held as if they had been his own brothers, and to them he often gave great alms with full good will.\n\nIt happened one day as he went from the church of Westminster and had heard mass of St. John the Evangelist. For as much as he loved St. John the Evangelist more particularly after God and our Lady than he did any other saint,\n\nAnd so there came to him a pilgrim and prayed him for the love of God, St. John the Evangelist, and the pilgrimage some good thing from him.\n\nAnd the king privately took his ring from his finger that no one preserved it. And he gave it to the pilgrim, and he took it and wore it and read:\n\nThis King Edward made all the good laws of England that yet stand..The earl Godwyn, dwelling in Denmark, had heard and was greatly impressed by King Edward's mercy and pity. He wished to return to England to experience this kindness and seek the king's grace. This lord asked the king, \"I, who have betrayed and slain your brother Alured, pray you to intercede on my behalf, granting me peace and my land.\" Godwyn replied, \"Lords, I have never betrayed nor slain him. Therefore, I have taken my place in the court.\" The lords said, \"Lords, you who are my lieges, earls and barons of the land, gathered here, you have heard my appeal and Godwyn's response. Therefore, I command you to render judgment and do what is right.\" The earls and barons convened to pass judgment by themselves..spoken among them. For some said there was no alliance by homage, service, or lordship between Godwyn and Aethelred, for which reason they might have drawn him to their side. And at last they devised and demanded that he should be put in the king's mercy altogether. The earl Leveric of Contersburg, a good man to God and to all the world, spoke up and gave his reason in this way. He said, \"The earl Godwyn is the best-friended man of England after the king. It would not be seemly said that, without Godwyn's counsel, Aethelred was never put to death. Wherefore, touching my part, I award that himself and his son, and each of us, the twelve earls who are his friends, should go before the king charged with as much gold and silver as we may bear between our hands, and praying you, king, for your evil will to the earl Godwyn and restore his homage and his land again. And they agreed according to this award and came in this manner, each of them with gold and silver as much as they might bear between..The hand before you sees a king and they presented the form and manner of their accord and award. The king would not grant this, but only as much as they ordered. He granted and confirmed it. Thus, Earl Godwin was accorded with the king, and he regained all his land. Afterward, he behaved well and wisely, and the king grew to love him greatly and was fully pleased with him. In a little time, they loved each other so much that the king married Godwin's daughter and made her queen. Despite having a wife, the king lived ever more chastely and cleanly with her, without any fleshly deed doing. The queen also led a holy life for two years and died. Afterward, the king lived all his life without any wife. The king gave the earldom of Oxford to Harold, Godwin's son, and made him earl. Both father and son were beloved by the king, and they were so private with him that they could do whatever they wished by right. Against right..King Edward did nothing for any man; he was so good and trustworthy in consciousness. Therefore, our Lord Jesus Christ showed special love to him. It happened on Whitsunday that King Edward heard Mass in the great church of Westminster, right at the elevation of the body of Jesus Christ, and all men were gathered into the church and came near the altar to see the sacrament: the king lifted up his hands. A great laughter arose. For above King Edward, I saw Swyn, the young king of Denmark, come with all his power to invade England, and I saw him and all his people drenched in the sea. I saw this vision between the priests during the elevation of the body of Christ, and I had such great joy from it that I could not hold back my laughter. The Earl of Leicester stood beside him openly and saw the form of bread turn into the likeness of a young boy. He took up his right hand and blessed the king, and afterwards the earl did the same..turned him toward the king to make her see the holy sight; and the king said, \"Sir Earl, do you see it well? Thank God that I have honored my God, my savior, in visible form, that is, Ihu Crist in human form, whose name is blessed.\n\nThis noble man reigned for eighteen years, and it happened at a time before he died that two men from England were going to the holy land and had completed their pilgrimage and were returning to their own country. As they went on their way, they met a pilgrim who courteously greeted them and asked them in what land and what country they were born. They replied, \"In England.\" The pilgrim asked, \"And who is the king of England?\" They answered, \"The good King Edward.\"\n\n\"Fair friends,\" the pilgrim said when they came back into their own country, \"I pray you to go and visit King Edward and often greet him in my name. And often thank him for his great courtesy in coming and lifting up his head and looking around and saying to his companion, arise..We were traveling, and one fellow asked another, \"Is this not the same country where we laid ourselves down to rest and sleep? For we are three miles from Jerusalem.\" They took each other's hands and blessed them, then continued on their way. As they went, they saw shepherds leading their sheep, speaking no other language but English.\n\nOne pilgrim asked his friend, \"What country is this, and who is its lord?\" One of the shepherds answered and said, \"This is the country of Kent in England. The good King Edward is its lord.\"\n\nThe pilgrims thanked Almighty God and sent John the Evangelist ahead of them. They came to Canterbury and from there to London. There they found the king and told him all from the beginning to the end as much as John had charged them, and they gave him the ring to King Edward.\n\nAnd after this, at Christmas Eve as the holy mass was being celebrated, the miraculous event occurred as the holy mother Mary....Edward attended matins at God's service to hear about the high feast, but became seriously ill. The following day, he endured the mass in great pain to hear it. After mass, he was taken to his chamber to rest. However, in his hall among his barons and knights, he could not summon them to comfort and console him as was customary at such a worthy feast. Therefore, all mirth and comfort were turned to sorrow for everyone in the hall, as they feared to leave the sick lord, the king. And after John the Evangelist came next to the king, he sent for him to undertake the king's church rights as is required of every Christian man. And two pilgrims were allowed to come before him and gave them rich gifts and committed them to God. The abbot of Westminster was also allowed to come before him and took the ring as a sign of God's honor and sent Mary and John the Evangelist. The abbot took and placed it among other relics: it is now at Westminster..\"The king shall lie in rest and be sought until the 12th hour, and the good King Edward died at Westminster, where he lies. This was the year of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, MLXV. After him, Victor the Second was pope, succeeding Leo. Little is written about Henry the Second, who came to power 17 years after the first Henry. This man was a cousin of Conrad and was born in a wood and taken captive twice as a child. But God protected him always. When he became emperor, he founded a monastery in the same place where he was born. This man was a victorious one. He entered Italy and took Pandulph, the prince of Capua.\n\nStephanus the IX was pope after Victor. He held the position for nine months. Benedictus succeeded him and held it for nine months before he died. Henry the Third was emperor after Henry the Second. This Henry was a peaceful man.\".A man named Gregory the VII caused trouble. He asked for forgiveness but was not granted it. Instead, another pope was brought in against him, labeled an heretic. Gregory cursed him. The emperors' champions chose Duke of Saxony to be emperor. Henry, this man, came to Rome with his pope and pursued Pope Gregory and the cardinals. Robert, king of Naples, then delivered him and the cardinals. He was a man of great alms. He fought in battle twelve times and died wretchedly. He was put to death by his own son, as he had done to others. Nicholas the Second succeeded Benedict II. This Nicholas called a council against Archdeacon of Turonosis, an heretic, who denied the faith while in the sacrament. Afterward, he was converted and became a holy man, but he could never convert his heretical beliefs fully..Alexander succeeded Alexander the Second as pope after a reign of fifteen years. This Alexander was a holy man. He decreed that under pain of cursing, no man should hear a priest's mass whom men knew had a mistress. But he was in conflict with a man named Codulo, whom he expelled as a usurper.\n\nAfter Edward was gone from this world and had worthily entered it as befitted such a great lord, the barons of the land wished to have Edgar the Atheling, Edward the Old's son, as king in his place. For he was the kindest of all the royal blood in the line of Edward the Confessor.\n\nHowever, Harold's son, through Earl Godwine and the strength of his father Godwine, as well as other great lords of the realm who were on his side, seized England into his hand and was crowned king immediately after Edward's interment.\n\nThis Harold, who was Godwine's son and the second year after Edward's death, had intended to go to Flanders but was driven there by tempests..In the country of Poitou, Harold was taken and brought before Duke William. Harold believed that Duke William would have been lenient towards him because Earl Godwin, his father, had allowed Alured to be killed, who was sent as an emissary to Duke William, primarily because Alured was the son of Queen Emma, who was Richard's mother, Duke of Normandy, who was always allied with Duke William. When Harold was in Duke William's custody and under his power, Harold, who was a noble and worthy knight, and whose father and he were close to King Edward, would not harm him. Instead, they spoke and arranged all matters between them amicably. Harold, by his good will, swore on a book and on holy relics that he would marry and wed Duke William's daughter after the death of King Edward, and that he would faithfully do his duty to keep and save the realm of England from harm and a threat to Duke William.\n\nAfter Harold had made these promises,.King Harald III of Norway made an oath to Duke William of Normandy. He released him and gave him rich gifts. Then Duke William went to England and acted in this manner: when Edward was dead, and although he had falsely sworn, he had himself crowned king of England and falsely broke the agreement he had made with Duke William. The king was therefore very angry with him and swore to avenge himself, no matter what might befall him.\n\nDuke William then assembled a great host and came to England to avenge himself against Harold and to conquer the land if he could. In the same year that Harold was crowned, Harald Harekj\u00f6tel, king of Denmark, arrived in Scotland and thought to be king of England. He came to England, killed and robbed, and destroyed all that he could until he reached York, where he killed many men of the army, a thousand. A hundred priests were also killed.\n\nWhen this news reached the king, he assembled a strong power and went to fight against Harald of Denmark. With his own hand, he killed Harald and the Danes..Discomfited and those who remained with much sorrow fled to their ships. And thus King Harold of England killed King Harold of Denmark.\n\nWilliam the Conqueror.\n\nHere come the Normans and expelled Harold, a Saxon.\n\nAnd when this battle was done, Harold became so proud and would not share with his people the things he had gained, but held it all for himself. Therefore, most of his people were angry and departed from him, leaving him only with his soldiers.\n\nAnd upon a day as he sat at table, a messenger came to him and said that William Bastard, the Duke of Normandy, had arrived in England with a great host and had taken all the land around Hastings and also besieged the castle.\n\nWhen the king had heard this news, he went there with a little people in all the haste that he could, for there was but little people with him.\n\nAnd when he was come thither, he ordered to give battle to the duke William. But the duke asked him of these three things if he would have his daughter to wife as he.Had made and sworn his oath or that he would hold the land of it in truth or that he would determine this thing through battle. Harold was a proud man and a strong and trusted wonder much upon his strength and fought with Duke William and his people. But Harold and his men in this battle were discomfited, and himself there was slain. And this battle was ended at Tower Bridge in the second year of his reign on St. Clement's Day, and so he was buried at Waltham.\n\nWhen William, bastard duke of Normandy, had conquered all the land, on Christmas Day the next year he was crowned king at Westminster and was a worthy king and gave largely to Englishmen land and to his knights: And afterward he went over the sea and came into Normandy and there dueled a while and in the second year of his reign he came again into England and brought with him Matilda his wife and was crowned queen of England on Whitsunday: And then immediately after the king of Scotland, it was called Malcolm..King William began to strive and was with Duke William: And he ordered him towards Scotland with his men, both by land and by sea, to destroy King Malcolm. But they were reconciled, and the king of Scotland became his man and held all his land from him. King William received his homage from him and came again into England.\n\nWhen King William had been king for 17 years, Queen Maude died, whom King William had begotten many fair children: that is, Robert Curthose, William Rous, Richard, and Henry Beauclerc, and Maude, who was the earl's wife of Blois, and other four fair daughters.\n\nAfter his wife's death, great debate began between him and King Philip of France. But at last they were reconciled. King William then led the king of England in Normandy, and no man dared oppose him or trouble him for long.\n\nKing Philip said to him one day in scorn of King William: \"King William has long lain in bed and long rested there.\"\n\nThis word reached King William where he lay..Norman at Rouen: And for this word, he was ill-paid and also grew very angry toward the king of France, swearing by God that when he arose from his bed, he would light a thousand candles for the king of France. And immediately, he assembled a great host of Normans and Englishmen. In the beginning of harvest, he came into France and burned all the towns that came in his way through the entire country, robbed and caused as much sorrow as he could throughout France. At the last, he burned the city of Amiens and commanded his people to bear wood and as much as they could carry, and helped them himself. And there was great heat, both from the fire and from the sun, which was so intense that it suffocated him and he fell into a great illness and weakness. When he saw that he was so seriously ill, he ordered and assigned all Normandy to Robert Curthose, his son, and all England to William Rufus and the Anjou region to Henry Beauclerc. And thus, he had....He underwent all the sacraments of the Church and died in the 22nd year of his reign, lying at Caan in Normandy. Gregory the VII: was pope after Alexander for 12 years. This man ordered a general synod that no priest should have a wife or live with women. However, the holy synod of Nicena and other decrees had allowed this. And then the priests paid little heed to his ordinances. This pope commanded that no woman should hear Mass from a priest who had a concubine. He, on a certain occasion when he was a cardinal and legate in France, proceeded sharply against prelates and priests who were involved in simony. Among others, there was a bishop who was greatly famous for simony. And those who accused him privately, he hired to say the contrary. The legate convened them publicly. He said, \"Let this judgment of this man be seen at this time, for it is displeasing. And let God dispose for it.\" He also said, \"It is certain that the dignity of a bishop is the vessel of the Holy Ghost.\".And whoever buys a bishopric: does against the Holy Ghost. If the bishop did not oppose the Holy Ghost, he should speak openly before all people. Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terroibus sancto: And many times he began to say it but he could never speak sancto. Then he was deposed from his bishopric: and after he could speak it well enough. Victor the Third: was pope after him in the year: And this man was poisoned with venom in the chalice. Urban was pope after him two years. This man cursed the king of France for his avowry. And he called a council at Claremont. In which he ordained that matins of our lady should be said every day and on Saturdays her solemn mass. It is said that this was shown to the Carthusian monks. Also he called another council at Tours for the holy land to be won back & provoked the people to that matter. And within a little after that time, the most part of the holy land was recovered & the glorious sepulcher of our Lord Jesus Christ: and an thyochia..Many other nobles were taken from the hands of the Saracens. It is said and believed that two hundred Christian men attended that day. For there went, besides, old and young, rich and poor. And no man was compelled. This passage was made by the vision of our lady: and the princes of this people were diverse. One was Geoffrey Billon, a nobleman of all the world and a true man. Another was Bemund, the duke of Naples. The third was Hugh, the king's brother of France. And many others who acted nobly for the faith of God. And it was too long in this place to recount their glorious deeds.\n\nAfter this, William the Bastard ruled his son William the Roux. This King William was a most contrary man to God and the holy church. He let Amade and rebuild the town of Carcassonne that the Paynims had destroyed.\n\nThis King William destroyed the church and its possessions wherever he could find them. Therefore, there was much debate between him and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm..For Edward, he ordered him to renounce his wickedness for destroying holy churches. And because of this, the king bore great wrath towards him and exiled him from the land. The archbishop then went to the court of Rome and engaged in a duel with the pope.\n\nThis king created the New Forest and destroyed and ruined twenty-six towns and eighty houses of religion. He did this to make his forest longer and broader. And he became wonderfully glad and proud of his wood and of the wild beasts that dwelt within it, so much so that men called him the keeper of woods and pastures. The longer he lived, the more he grew both wicked towards God and the holy church and towards all his men:\n\nAnd this king had the great hall of Westminster built. On a day, in the wintertide, he held his first feast there and looked about and said that the hall was too small according to his grandeur.\n\nAt last, he became so contrary that all things pleasing to God displeased him and all things..That God hated deathfully. And so it came to pass that he dreamed on a night that he died, that he was let blood and bled a great quantity, and a stream of blood leaked on him towards heaven more than a hundred vessels, and the clarity of the day was turned into night and darkness, and the firmament also. And when he awoke, he had great fear, so that he did not know what to do, and told his counselors of his dream and said that he had great dread and supposed that some mischance was coming to him.\n\nAnd the second night before a monk dreamed of the household. The king went into a church with much people. He was proud that he despised all the people that were with him, and took the image of the crucifix and shamefully bit it with his teeth.\n\nThe crucifix meekly suffered all that he did, but the king, as a madman, rent the arms of the crucifix and cast it under his feet and defiled it, and threw it all about. A great flame of fire came out of the crucifix's mouth..of which dream many men had great marvel and wonder: The good man who had this strange dream told it to a knight who was most prized by the king of all men; and the knight was called Hammond. Soon the monk and he told the dream to the king and said that it signified something other than good. And yet the king laughed twice or thrice and little heeded it, and thought that he would go and hunt and play in the forest. But I advised him not to do so that day, for no manner of thing would come in the wood. So it happened that one of his knights, named Walter Tirel, would have shot at a heart. And his arrow missed the mark and struck the king in the heart. And so he fell down dead on the ground without uttering a word and thus ended his life days.\n\nAnd it was no far cry for the day that he died he had let to farm the land..The archbishop of Canterbury and twelve abbots also caused great destruction to the holy church through wrongful takings and demands. No man dared to oppose him, and he would never withdraw from his cruelty. Therefore, God would no longer allow him to reign in his wickedness, and he had reigned for eighteen years and six weeks, lying at Westminster.\n\nPaschal was pope after Urban XVI, in the fifteenth year of his papacy, during which time, with his cardinals, he was imprisoned by Henry IV, the emperor. They could not be delivered until the pope had sworn that he would keep peace with him and would never curse him. On this promise, the pope granted the emperor a privilege. However, in the year after the pope condemned this privilege, he said:\n\nLet us understand all holy scripture, the Old Testament and the New, the laws and the prophets, the Gospels and the canons of the apostles, and all the decrees of the popes of Rome. That which I hold, they hold..that they damned me, and especially that privilege granted to Henry the emperor. This privilege was granted to avenge his males and increase the peace. I continue to condemn that same privilege.\n\nAfter William Rous died, Henry Beauclerk, his brother, was made king in his place because William Rous had no child born of his body. Henry Beauclerk was crowned king at London on the fourth day after his brother's death, that is, the fifth day of August.\n\nAs soon as Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was at the court of Rome, heard that William Rous was dead, he returned to England. King Henry Beauclerk welcomed him with great honor.\n\nIn the first year that King Henry reigned and was crowned, he married Maude, Margaret's daughter, the queen of Scotland. Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury performed the wedding.\n\nThis king begat upon his wife two sons and a daughter. That is, William and Richard, and Maude. And this Maude was.afterward the emprisse of Almayne: \u00b6And in the secund yere of his regne his brother Robert Curthose that w\u00a6as duke of Normandie come with an huge host in to englond for to chalenge the land but thurgh concell of the wise men of the land they wer accordid in this maner. That the kyng shold yeue the duke his brother a thousand pound eu{er}y yere and wich of them leued longest shuld be other heir and so bitwen them shuld be n\nwold not grant him for to take talagie of chirches at his will. &\u0304 therfor eftsone the Erchebisshop went ou{er} the see vn to the court of rome and ther duellid with the pope. \u00b6And in the same yere the Duke of Normandie come in to englond for to speke with his brother. \u00b6And among all other thinges the Duke of nor\u00a6mandie for yaf vn to the kyng hys brother the forsayed thousand pound by yere that he shuld pay vn to the duke. and with good lo\u00a6ue the kyng &\u0304 ye duke {per}ted &\u0304 ther the duke went ayen i\u0304 to norma\u0304di \u00b6And when tho ij: yere wer a gone thurgh enticement of the de\u00a6uell & of.lithermen a gret debate arose bitwin the kyng and the du\u00a6ke so that the kyng thurgh consell went ou{er} the see in to normandi \u00b6And when the kyng of Englond was cumyn in to Norma\u0304\u00a6die All the gret lordis of normandie turned vn to the ki\u0304g of en\u00a6glond and held ayens the Duke ther own lord &\u0304 him forsoke &\u0304 to the kyng them yelden and all the good castels and tounes of Normandie And sone aft{er} wos the duke taken & led with the ki\u0304g in to englond &\u0304 the kyng let put the duke i\u0304 to prison. \u00b6And this was the vengeance of god. \u00b6For when the Duke was i\u0304 the holy land. god yaf him such myght &\u0304 grace. that he was chosi\u0304 for till a bene the kyng of Ierusalem. and he forsoke it & wold not take it vppon hym. And therfor god send him that shame & des\u2223pite for to be put i\u0304 to his brothers p\u0304son. \u00b6Tho seysed ki\u0304g herri all Normandie in to his hand and held hit all his lifes tyme & i\u0304 the same yere come the bisshop Ancelme from the cour of Rome i\u0304 to englo\u0304d ayen and the kyng & he wos accordid.\n\u00b6And in the yere next.After King Philip of France and King Henry of England began a great debate. The reason being that King Henry had gone to Normandy, where there was a strong dispute between them. King Philip died, and his son Louis was made king immediately after his death. And King Henry went back to England and married his daughter Maude to Henry, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.\n\nWhen King Henry had been king for 17 years, there was a great dispute between King Louis of France and King Henry of England, because the king had sent Encheson to Normandy to his men, instructing them to help the Earl of Blois as much as they could against the king of France. And they were to be as ready to him as they were to their own lord. For this reason, the king of France was much grieved by Normandy.\n\nTherefore, King England was very angry and, in haste, sailed over the sea with a great power and came to Normandy to defend that land..And they fought each other until last, until at the last the king of France was discomfited and escaped with much pain, and the most part of his men were taken: and the king did to them what he liked. But afterwards these two kings were reconciled. And when King Henry had conquered all the land of Normandy and avenged his enemies of France: he turned again into England with great honor. And his sons William and Richard wanted to come after their father and wait at the sea with a great company of people. But before they might come to land, the ship came against a rock and broke all to pieces, and all were drowned who were there in safety except one man who escaped. This was on St. Catherine's Day. And these were the names of those who were drowned: William and Richard, the kings' sons, the earl of Chester Ottonell his brother Geoffrey Ridell, Walter Emurci, Godfrey, the archdeacon, the king's daughter..The earls of Perche. The king's nephews. The earls of Chester and others. Henry and other lords heard these news in England and were grieved. And two years had passed since the earl had dueled with the king when the earl left the king and began to cause harm in Normandy, taking a strong castle there and residing there all that year. And he received news that Henry, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who had married Maude his daughter, was dead, and that she no longer remained in the Holy Roman Empire but would come again to Normandy to her father. And when she heard this, the Englishmen made oaths and fealty to the enterprise, and the first man to do so was William, the Archbishop of Canterbury. David, king of Scotland, and after him all the earls and barons of England. Also, the nobleman, the earl of Angouleme, who was a worthy knight, sent word to them..kyng of englond that he wold graunte him for to haue his doughter to spouse that is to say Maude thee emprisse \u00b6And for encheson that hir fadre wist that he wos a nobull man. The kyng him grauntid and consentid ther to. \u00b6And tho toke he his doughter and lad hir in to Normandie and come to the nobull knyght Gaufrid and ther he spoused thee foresaid Maude with moch honour And the Erle begat vpon hir a son that was called Henri the Emprisse sone.\n\u00b6And after when all this wos done kyng Henri duelled al that yere in Normandi And after that long tyme a greu{us} seke\u2223nesse toke him wherthurgh he died \u00b6And this kyng henri reg\u00a6ned xxxv. yere and iiij. monethis. and after he died as is before sayd in Normandie and his hert wos entered in the gret chirche of our lady in Rouen. and his body was brought with moch hoy\u00a6nour i\u0304 to englond and entered at Redyng i\u0304 the abbey of the wich abbey he wos begynner and founder.\nHEnricus the fourth was em{per}our in Alman aft{er} Herri ye thrid xv. yer. This ma\u0304 put his own fad{er} i\u0304.person held him until he died. He took Pope Paschal with his cardinals and presented himself to the forum for this reason, as it is said, because he lacked ussu. For he had married Maude, the king's daughter of England, but afterward he came to grace. And all the laws of the church and the lands freely submitted to Calixtus, the pope. He begged him for penance, so that he might never return to his empire. He might have remission of his transgression. And after the opinion of many, he was willingly exiled. He and his wife both died in Chester in England. Gelasius was pope after Paschal for two years. He fled from Henry the emperor into Burgundy and died there. This emperor chose Benedict, a Spaniard, to be pope, who clashed with Calixtus. Calixtus was pope after him for two years and five months. This Calixtus was the son of the duke of Burgundy and was chosen in his place to come to Rome. He took the aforementioned Benedict and made him ride before him in shame. For he had on a hand....Mule turned his face to the tail of the mule and held the tail in his hand as a bridle until he passed through the city, where he was put in prison. And this pope made peace with the emperor. Honorius was pope after him for two years and little is written about him. Nota. Henry IV, the fourth emperor of Almain, died at this time and was buried with his progenitors after some men with such an epitaph. Filius hic: pater hic Aus hic: proaus iaczej istis: but it is likely that, according to Gerald's Itinarium, after he had honored his carnal father and his spiritual father, the pope with his cardinals, after being recalled, he was made an exile. And he left Maud his wife, the king's daughter of England, precisely. He lived an harmless life at Chester for ten years where he might live as no one knew him. He called himself Godiscale, the which Godison is called. So the emperor secretly went away. And Maude, his wife, went to her father Henry in Normandy. There immediately..After she was wedded to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Duke of Andega\u0304me: upon whom he begat Henry II, the second king of England, under whom Thomas of Canterbury reigned and died. Lotharius was emperor for 12 years after Henry IV. Little is written about him except that he was courteous to the church and that he subdued Roger, the usurper of the king of Cyprus. Hugo de Sancto Victor was a nobleman at Paris and a noble doctor of the Saxon nation. The Order of St. John Baptist at Jerusalem began at this time. The worshipful man Raymond was mightily disposed to works of mercy. All this order made their way to serve the poor.\n\nInnocentius was pope for 14 years and 7 months after Honorius. This man was a very devout man. He lived in society with such men and had a struggle for 7 years against Peter of Lion, who is named Anacletus II. By strength, he took the papal throne. Innocent saw this and, with two galleys, he fled to France. He was worshipfully received by Bernard..At that time, all the kings and princes were in his control. He provoked them to bring Pope Innocent back to his dignity again: the previous matters ceased, and his enemies were destroyed through God's judgment. He was pope once more. He lived and was buried at Avignon.\n\nAfter King Henry, the first one was succeeded by his nephew, Stephen, Earl of Bolton. Upon hearing news of his uncle's death, he crossed the sea and came to England with the counsel and strength of many great lords in England, opposing those who had made Maude empress and let her crown Stephen as king of the land. The Archbishop of Canterbury, William, was the first to renounce his oath to Maude and placed the crown on King Stephen's head and anointed him. Bishop Roger of Salisbury supported the king's party as much as he could.\n\nThe first year that King Stephen ruled, he assembled a great host and marched toward Scotland..In the fourth year of his reign, Maude the Empress came to England. She began a debate with King Stephen. Though he had not made homage to her, as he had done to Empress Maude, in the king's fourth year, Maude the Empress went to the city of Nicholl and took King Stephen's army and imprisoned him in the castle of Bristowe.\n\nWhen King Stephen was taken and brought into ward in the castle of Bristol, Maude the Empress was immediately made lady of all England, and all men regarded her as the lady of the land. However, those of Kentland, with the king's wife, and William of Pree and his retinue, opposed Maude the Empress and another came to their aid, the king of Scotland, with a large number of people. They went to Winchester, where the empress was, intending to take her. But the Earl of Gloucester came with his power and fought against them..emprise in the meyn while that the bataill dured: scappid from thens and went vn to Oxford & ther hir held And i\u0304 that bataill was ther the duke of Gloucestre discomfited and takyn. and wyth him mony other lordis \u00b6And for his deleueranse wos kyng Stephen deliu{er}id out of prison \u00b6And when he wos dely\u00a6uerid out of prison he went thens vn to Oxford & besegyd the em\u00a6prise that was tho at Oxford. &\u0304 the sege endurid fro Michelmase vn till seynt Andrewes tide. \u00b6And the emprise let tho clo\u2223the hir all in whit lynnen clothe. for encheson that she nat wolde\u0304 be know. for in the same tyme ther wos moch snow. &\u0304 so she ascap\u00a6pid by the thamse from them away that wer hir emnys. And fro thens she went to walynford & ther hir held. \u00b6And the kyng wold haue besegid hir. but he had so moch to done with the erle Ra\u0304\u00a6dulfe of chestre and with Hugh bygot that strongli wered vpo\u0304 hi\u0304 in eu{er}y place that he not wist whither for to turne And the Erle of gloucestre holp him with his pouer.\nANd aft{er} this the kyng went vn to.Wilton and Wold intended to build a castle there, but the Earl of Gloucester arrived with a strong power and nearly took the king. However, the king escaped with great difficulty. William Martell was taken captive instead, and in his place, the Earl of Gloucester was given the good castle of Shireborne, which he had taken. After this, Robert Earl and all the king's enemies went to Faringdon to build a strong castle. But the king arrived there with a strong power and drove them away. In the same year, Earl Randulf of Chester was reconciled with the king and came to his court at his command. The Earl thought safely to come and join the king, but he was immediately taken and put in prison and could never be released until he had surrendered the castle of Nicholl, which he had taken from the king with his strength in the 15th year of his reign. Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou, gave the castle to Henry his son, and in the year.In the same year, Earl Geoffrey and his son Henry died, turning again to Anjou. Henry, the emperor's son, Earl of Anjou and Duke of Normandy, was made earl with great honor of the land. And most of his land's people paid fealty and homage to him.\n\nIn the same year, a divorce was made between the king of France and the queen, his wife, who was the rightful heir of Gascony, due to the discovery that they were siblings and near in blood. Henry, the son of the Earl of Anjou and Duke of Normandy and Duke of Gascony, married her instead.\n\nIn the eighteenth year of King Stephen, this Henry came into England with a strong power and began to wage war against this king Stephen. He took the castle of Malmesbury and caused much harm. King Stephen had so much damage that he did not know how to proceed, except that they were reconciled through Archbishop Theobald and other worthy lords of England, on the condition that they would leave the realm..England was divided between Henry, Emperor's son, and Stephen so that Henry should hold the half of all the land of England. And thus they came to an agreement, and peace was proclaimed throughout England. When the accord was made between the two lords, King Stephen grew so sorry because he had lost half of England, and fell into such illness and died in the nineteenth year, six weeks, and five days of his reign. All were in mourning, and I was there, and he lies in the abbey of Furness, which he had allowed to be built in the sixth year of his reign.\n\nCelestinus II was pope after Innocent V for a month and did little. Lucius was after him and reigned for a short time as they both died in a pestilence. Eugenius II was pope after him for five years and four months. This man was the disciple of St. Bernard. Afterward, he was the abbot of Sens by Rome. He came to the church of St. Clement and was chosen pope by the cardinals, knowing nothing of it. And for fear of the senators, he was consecrated outside the city. This man was a holy man..A man suffered tribulations and at the last succumbed to them, lying at St. Peter's. And after him, Bernard succeeded. Peter Lambert, bishop of Paris, brother to Gracia, compiled the four books of the Sentences at this time. Peter Comestor, brother to Gratian and Perirus Luard, made the Scholastic History and other books. Frederick I, after Conrad, was emperor in Germany and Rome, ruling for 31 years. This man, after the death of Adrian, the pope who had crowned him, was cursedly opposed by Alexander, causing great prejudice. For he helped four men against the apostle. He fought mightily against the king of France through the power of the Danes and other nations. But Richard, king of England, helped to expel him. He destroyed Milan, whose walls were higher than those of any other city at the time. In the end, after inflicting many vexations on the pope, he was reconciled. He sought forgiveness, fearing that the Lombards would rebel against him again..of the pope. He took the cross and went to the holy land, doing many marvelous things there, almost as much as Charles Magnus. And there he came by a town that men called Armenia. He was drenched in a little water there. At Tiru, he was buried. Anastasius was pope after Eugenius IV, for four years and more. This was Abbot of Rufy. He was chosen cardinal and pope after that.\n\nAnd after this, King Stephen ruled. Henry the Emperor succeeded him and was crowned by Theobald, the archbishop, on the seventeenth day before Christmas. In the same year, Thomas Becket of London was made archbishop of Canterbury and became the king's chancellor of England.\n\nThe second year of his reign, he ordered the construction of all the new castles that were belonging to the crown, which King Stephen had given to various men and had made earls and barons to hold with him and help him against Henry the Emperor's son.\n\nIn the third year of his reign, he put himself under his own lordship the king of Wales. In the same year, the king of Scotland died..Scotland held in his hand the citadel of Carlisle, Bamburgh Castle, the new castle up the Tyne, and the earldom of Lancaster. In the same year, the king, with great power, went into Wales and destroyed woods and made roads, strengthening the castle of Rutland and turning a temple into a house. And in that year, Richard, his son who later became Earl of Oxford, was born. In the fourth year of his reign, he made Geoffrey Earl of Brittany. And in the sixth year of his reign, he led a large army to Toulouse and conquered it. In the seventh year of his reign, Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, died, and almost all of Canterbury was burned as a result. In the ninth year of his reign, Thomas Bek was chosen to be Archbishop of Canterbury. On Bernard's Day that year, he was consecrated. Helen, the king's daughter, was born in that year. In the tenth year of his reign, he sent....Edward the king was translated with much honor in the 11th year of his reign, and held his parliament at Northampton. Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, fled from thence, as there was great debate between the king and him. If he had been found there in the morning, he would have been slain. Therefore, he fled with three companions on foot, so that no one knew where he was, and went over the sea to the pope in Rome. This was the principal reason why the king wished to put to death clerks who were indicted for felony without the privilege of the holy church.\n\nIn the 12th year of his reign, his son was born. In the 13th year, his mother, Maude the empress, died.\n\nIn the 24th year of his reign, Duke Henry of Saxony married Maude, his daughter, and begot upon her three sons named Henry Otis and William.\n\nIn the 15th year of his reign, the good Earl Robert of Gloucester died, who founded the abbey of the Nuns of Eton.\n\nIn the same year, Marike, king of Jerusalem, died..co\u0304quered Babilon \u00b6And the xvi yere of his regne he let croune his sone Henri kyng at westmynster. &\u0304 him crouned Rog{er} Erchebis\u00a6shop of yorke. in harmyng of Thomas erchebisshop of Cantorbe\u00a6ri wherfor this same Roger was acursed of the pope.\nAFter the coronacion of kyng henri the son of kyng henri the emprise son \u00b6That same henri the emprise son went ou{er} in to Normandie &\u0304 ther he let marie Elenour the doughter of ye Dolfyn that was kyng of Almayn \u00b6And in the vij. yere yt the erchebisshop \nmony a day passid avengid vpon the erchebisshop Thomas. \u00b6And anone sir willm Breton. sir hugh Moruyle. sir wil\u00a6liam Traci. &\u0304 sir Reignold fitz vrse beres son in Englissh pre\u00a6ueli went vn to the see & comen in to englond vn to the chirche of cantorburi and ther they him e Incarnaci\u00a6on of ihu\u0304 crist .M.C:lxxij. yere. \u00b6And anone after Henri the new kyng began for to make were vpon Henri his fadre and vpon his brether. willm & O thus \u00b6And so vpon a day the kyng of fraunce and all the kynges sonnes and the kyng of scot\u00a6land.And the greatest lords of England were risen against thee, King Henry the Father. And at last, as God willed, he conquered all his enemies. The king of France and he were reconciled, and the former sent King Henry the Father a special envoy to the king of France, praying him earnestly for his love to send to him the names by letter of those who were the instigators of the war against him. The king of France sent back to him by letter the names of those who had instigated the war against him.\n\nThe first was John, his son, and Richard, his brother. Henry the new king was wroth and cursed the time that he had ever begotten him. And while the war lasted, Henry the new king, the emperor's son, lived and reigned. But during his reign, a great battle was fought in the Holy Land between the Christians and the Saracens..The earl of Tyre had killed many men through great treason. He desired to marry the queen of Jerusalem, who had once been Baldwin's wife, but she left him and took as her lord a knight named Sir Gawain. This enraged Earl Tyre, and he immediately went to Soladyne, a city subject to Babylon, and became its ruler. He abandoned his Christianity and all Christian law, and the Christians were unaware of this deed; they believed they would still have great help from him as they had in the past.\n\nWhen they arrived at the battle, this false Christian turned against his own nation and the Christians were killed by the Saracens. The city of Jerusalem was destroyed, and the holy cross was carried away.\n\nThe king of France and all the great lords of the land allowed the cross to go unguarded to the Holy Land. Among them went Richard, the first son of King Henry, to take the cross..The bishop of Tours did not embark on his journey at that time due to other necessities. And Henry his father had reigned for 36 years, 5 months, and 4 days before he died and lies at Fondreau.\n\nAdrian the Fourth was pope after Anastasy V. This pope was an Englishman. And the voice of the common people says he was a bondman to the abbot of Sainte-Alban-les-Bains. When he desired to be made a monk there, he was expelled and went over the sea. He was then made bishop of Albanenses. Afterward, he was made legate to the land of Wallachia. He conquered it for the faith: afterwards, he was made pope. For the wounding of a Cardinal, he entered Rome with his cardinals and cursed William the king of Cesare. He caused him to submit himself. This man was the first pope, along with his cardinals, to engage in battle in the old city. Alexander the Third was pope after him for 13 years.\n\nAlexander the Third had a struggle for 17 years with the four strikers..the Emperor set himself against him and came to them, cursing them; they all feared a bad death. This man also allied Frederick the Emperor and Manuel of Constantble and the king of Sicily. And this man sent Thomas of Cantorbery into exile. Note. Bernard was canonized by this Alexander and his abbot forbade him from performing any more miracles because of the great crowds. He obeyed them when he was dead and did no more. Lucius the Third was pope after Alexander IV for one year and two months. In his reign, Henry the First son of Henry the Second died and was buried with this epitaph:\n\nOmiaris honoris honos. decor et decus. urbis et orbis Milicie splendor gloria lumen apex. Iulius ingenio. virtutibus hector. Achilles viribus. Augustus moribus. Ore Paris. Urbanus the III was pope after Lucius II for a short time. This man died in sorrow when he heard that Jerusalem had been taken by the Saracens. Gregory the VIII: was pope after him for four months and he.Practices Maelis on how I Jerome might be won again. But he deceased. Clemenes was pope for three years after him, and little was done. And after this, King Henry reigned, his son Richard, a stout and strong and worthy and bold king. He was crowned at Westminster by Bishop Baldwin of Canterbury on the third day of September, and in the second year of his reign, King Richard himself, Baldwin the Bishop of Canterbury, Hubert Bishop of Salisbury, and Raudulf Earl of Gloucester, and other many lords of England, went to the holy land. And in this voyage, the Bishop of Canterbury died. King Richard went before to the holy land and did not rest until he came forth to Cyprus and took it with great force. And since King Richard went forth toward the holy land and gained as much as the Christian men had lost there before. And when King Richard came to the city of Acre to take the city..There was a great debate between him and the king of France, so the king of France went back into France and was angry toward King Richard. Yet, despite this, or because King Richard went back, he took the city of Acres. And when he had taken it, he stayed in the city for a while. But tidings came to him that the Earl John of Oxford, his brother, wanted to seize all England in his hand and Normandy as well. He intended to crown himself king of the land.\n\nWhen King Richard learned of this, he went again toward England with all the speed he could. But the Duke of Ostrich met with him and took him and brought him before the Emperor of the Germans. The emperor then had him brought into his prison. Later, he was released for a large ransom, which is to say, a hundred thousand pounds. And for the ransom to be paid, each:\n\nWhile King Richard was in prison, the king of France pressed hard upon him in Normandy, and John his brother did so in England. But the bishops and barons.of England withstood him with all the power they could get: and took the castle of Windsor and other castles. John the aforementioned saw that he had no might or power against the barons of England to fight, but went over sea to King France instead. And when King Richard was released from prison and came to England, none after Candlemas in great haste he went to Nottingham and the castle of Nottingham was yielded to him. There he dispossessed his brother John and those who were with him. Afterward, he went to the city of Winchester and there he was crowned king of England. And after that, he went to Normandy to wage war on the king of France. The king of France came with 5,000 knights towards Gisors, and King Richard met him and would have given him battle but the king of France fled. A hundred knights of his were taken and 2,000 were trapped with iron. Afterward, King Richard went to besiege the castle..Gaillard, as he rode by the castle to take advice, an archer shot him with a quarrel that was poisoned. The king pulled out the shaft of the quarrel, but the head remained in his head. It began to rankle, and he could not help himself or move his arms. He commanded his men to assault the castle fiercely, so that the castle would be taken or he would die. His men did so, and those within the castle were taken. The king did with them what he would and commanded his men to bring before him the man who had hurt him. And when he came before the king, the king asked him, \"What is your name?\" He replied, \"My name is Bartram Gurdon. Why do you want to kill me? I have never done you any harm.\" \"Sir,\" he said, \"though you have never done me any harm, you yourself with your hand killed my father and my-\".Brother. Therefore I have quite now your travel. Though King Richard who died on the cross to bring a soul from the pit of hell: for if I die and I also for if it is given to me. Though he commanded that no man should harm him, But all the kings defeating some of his men followed and killed him on the fifth day after the king had shrieked and deeply repenting having committed his misdeeds and was housed and anointed. And this king reigned for eight years and thirty-nine weeks and died and lies beside his father at Fontenay.\nHenry V was emperor for eight years. This Henry was the son of Frederick. He married Constanza, the king's daughter of Cecilia, and through her he subdued all the kingdom of Apulia. He drove out all the people who inhabited that land. Celestinus III was pope for almost three years. He was crowned on the Easter day. And the following day he crowned Henry the emperor. He built a palace at San Pietro and died. Innocent III was pope for six years after him..This man was a learned monk and he wrote a book on the wretchedness of human condition. He made numerous compositions. This man condemned the book of John Ioachim, which he made against Master Pers Lumbard, the maker of the sentences. At this time, Emperor Henry died. And the princes of Germany discorded: some chose Otto and some chose Philip, brother to Henry. Then Philip was falsely slain. And Otto was crowned by Innocent in fraud. The which immediately fought with the Romans, for they gave him no due honor. And for this reason, against the pope's will, he took the kingdom of Apulia from Frederick. Therefore, the pope cursed him. Then, after the fourth year of his reign, the prince of Germany made Frederick emperor and victoriously subdued Otto. William of Paris began the order of the Friars Minor, also known as the Franciscans, during this time. An Italian man of great perfection, Francis, performed many miracles for many people. He also ordained the Friars Minor..The year of Pope Innocent III. The order of the Friars Preacher began: under Dominic, but it could not be confirmed until the first year of Honorius. When King Richard was dead, as he had no heir, neither son nor daughter, his brother John was made king and crowned at Westminster, with Hubert, who was Archbishop of Canterbury, presiding. And when he began to reign, he became so remarkable and marched over to Normandy against the king of France. They remained in conflict for a long time until, at last, King John lost all Normandy and Anjou. He was greatly distressed and it was no wonder. Then he summoned before him at London archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and barons, and held a great assembly where he asked the clergy of England for a tithe from every church in England to raise and regain Normandy and Anjou, which he had lost. They refused, and he was very angry. At the same time, Hubert the prior and the count of Canterbury died, and was succeeded by another..King Geoffrey will be Archbishop Stephen of Cantorbury, a good clerk who was elected at the court of Rome and sent to the pope for confirmation. When the king learned this news, he was angry and drove the prior and monks out of England, commanding that no letter coming from Rome or any commandment should be enforced or obeyed in England.\n\nWhen this news reached the pope, he sent a letter to King John, asking him with good will and good heart to receive Archbishop Stephen of Cantorbury into his church and suffer the prior and his monks to return to their own duties. But the king would not grant it for anything.\n\nAt last, the pope sent his authority and enjoined the bishops of England that if the king would not enforce the prior of Cantorbury and his monks, they should impose a general interdiction throughout England and granted full power to four bishops to pronounce it..The first were Bishop William of London and Bishop Eustace of Ely, the third was Bishop Walter of Winchester, and the fourth was Bishop Giles of Hereford. These four bishops prayed the king kneeling before them, weeping that he would carry out the pope's commandment and showed him the pope's bulls of the interdict. But for no prayer they could offer, he would not consent to it.\n\nWhen the bishops saw this, they withdrew from the king. And in the morning after the Annunciation of our Lady, they pronounced the general interdict throughout all England, so that the church doors were shut with keys and other fastenings and with walls.\n\nWhen the interdict was pronounced, the king grew out of measure and took into his hand all the possessions of the four bishops and of all the clergy throughout the land. He ordered men to keep it so that the clergy could not have their living. Therefore, the bishops cursed those who put or caused the interdict..should meddle with the holy church against the will of those who owned it. And when the king would not, for no manner of thing, see this: These four bishops, as previously stated, went over the see and came to the bishop of Canterbury, and told him all the thing. And the Archbishop to them said that they should go again to Canterbury, and he should come thither to them, or else he would send certain persons in his stead who should do as much as he himself would there. And when the bishops heard this, they turned again to England and came one to Canterbury. The tidings came to the king that the bishops were come again to Canterbury, and he himself could not come there at that time. He sent bishops, earls, and abbots to treat with them, that the king might understand the steps of Archbishop Stephen and the prior and all the monks of Canterbury, and that he should never after that time take anything from the holy church against the will of those who owned it, and that he should make full amends to those from whom..He had taken any goods and the church should have all franchises as far as they had in Edward's time, the confessor. When the form of agreement was ordered, it was in the presence of witnesses and they put their seals to one part, and those coming in the king's name put their seals to the other part of the Indentures. Four bishops above mentioned took that part of the Indentures from them, and they bore the other part with them to show to the king. When the king saw the form and stood under it, he was fully satisfied with all things as they had arranged, except for the restoration of the goods. To this thing he would not agree and so he sent word again to the four bishops that they should undo and put an end to the point of restoration. But they answered that they would not do it on command; therefore, the king sent for the archbishop through the four archbishops that he should go to Canterbury to speak with him there and sent one to him..saun condition under pleas, that is to say, his justices Gilbert Pitevin, William de la Brener, and John Fitz Hugh, should safely allow him to come and go at his own will. In this manner, the archbishop Stephen came to Canterbury. And when the archbishop had arrived, the king came to Chilham, for he would not go to Canterbury at that time, but he sent his treasurer, the bishop of Winchester, to extract from the sheriffs the clause of restitution, in order to seize the goods. And the archbishop took an oath that he would never do or say anything contrary to what the bishops had spoken and ordained. And though the archbishop went back to Rome without doing anything more, King John was then other than he ever was before. And he commanded a common cry to be made throughout all England that all those who had church rents and had gone over the sea should return to England at a certain day or else they would lose their rents forever. And he commanded this to be done to every sheriff..All of England should inquire if any bishop, abbot, prior, or other cleric from that day forward received any command from the pope: That they should take the body and bring it before him, and that they should hand over to the king all the lands of the church that had been given to any man by the archbishop Stephen or by the prior of Canterbury from the time of the archbishop's election. And they commanded that all the woods that were the archbishops' should be cut down to the ground and sold.\n\nAt the same time, the Irish began to wear upon King John, and King John ordered him to go to Ireland and levy a large tax throughout all England, amounting to 35.5 million marks. And thus he sent throughout all England to the monks of the Cistercian order, asking them to contribute 6 million marks in silver.\n\nThe monks answered and said that they would not do anything without their chief abbot of Cistercian order. When King John returned,.From Ireland, they felt such sorrow and care that they did not know why to remain, as he took so much ransom from every house of them, amounting to IX.M.CC. marks. Thus, they were completely lost and destroyed, and their houses and lands throughout England were devastated. The abbot of Waterford was so fearful of his manace that he seized the abbey and secretly ordered him over the sea to the Cistercian house when the tides came to the pope, so much malice was he towards the king, full of wrath. He sent two legates, one called Pandolf and the other Durand, to the king, warning him in the pope's name to cease his persecution of the holy church and amend the wrong and the transgression he had committed against the Archbishop of Canterbury, the prior, and the monk of Canterbury, and all the clergy of England, and that he should restore all the goods taken from them against their will. Otherwise, they would curse him..The two legates came to England and went to Northampton, where the king held his parliament. They courteously greeted him and said, \"Sir, we have come from the pope of Rome and the peace of the holy church and the land. We first advise you, in the name of the pope, to make full restitution of the goods you have seized and taken from the holy church and the land. And you are to reinstate Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, and the prior and monks of Canterbury, and you must yield all his lands and rents back to him without any withholding. Furthermore, you shall make restitution to all of the holy church, for which they will be well compensated.\" The king answered concerning the prior and his monks of Canterbury, \"All that you have said, I will do gladly and whatever you order.\" However, regarding the archbishop, \"I will tell you in my heart as it is.\".The archbishop has lied that he let his bishopric go and that the pope would grant him another bishopric in England on this condition I would receive him and harbor him. And in England, as archbishop, he would never have such good conditions but he would be taken. Pandolf spoke to the king, \"Sir, the holy church has never been known to release an archbishop without cause. But it has always been the custom to chastise princes who are disobedient to God and the holy church.\"\n\nThe king replied, \"Manage me, Pandolf.\"\n\n\"No,\" Pandolf answered. \"But you have now openly declared as it stands in your heart. And we will tell you what the pope's will is. And this is how it stands: he has excommunicated and cursed you for the wrongs you have done to the holy church and the clergy.\n\nAnd since you dwell in duel and are in the will to remain in malice and wretchedness and will not come out of it or make amends, you shall understand that\".this time afterward, the sentence is upon you and holds steadfast and strength. And upon all those who have communed with you before this time, whether they be earls, barons, knights, or any other whatsoever, we pardon them safely up to this day. From this time afterward, we curse any condition that they be, if they come with you and speak a word. We publicly and specifically sentence them. And we pardon cleanly earls, barons, knights, and all other men of their homages and services. We confirm this news by giving plain power to the bishops of Winchester and Norwich. And the same power we give in Scotland to the bishops of Rochester and Salisbury. And in Wales we give the same power to the bishops of St. David and Landaff and St. Asaph. And furthermore, we send through all Christendom that all the bishops beyond the sea curse those who help you or give you aid..only manner is necessary in any part of the world for you \u00b6And we also declare them all by the authority of the pope: and command you to fight as if you were against him who is an enemy to all holy church \u00b6The king asked what more you can do to me. \u00b6The pope answered, \"In the name of God, you shall never again be crowned.\" \u00b6The king said to him, \"It is almighty God and I wish I had known this or that you had come to my land sooner, I would have made you ride all over it.\" \u00b6The pope answered, \"We would at our first coming have obeyed God and the holy church. And now we have shown it to you and pronounced the pope's will as we were charged to do. \u00b6Since you have now said that if you had known the cause of our coming, you would have made us ride all over the year. And just as well you might have said that you would have taken a year of respite by the pope's leave. \u00b6But to suffer\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English. No major OCR errors were detected, so no corrections were made.).what could you ordain. We shall not spare for telling you all the pope's message and his will that we were charged with. And immediately, the king commanded the sheriffs and bailiffs of Northampton who were in his presence to bring forth all the prisoners they might be able to bring, whom the king suspected would have gained their deaths for a cause of death, for all things that he had spoken before. When the prisoners were brought before the king, the king commanded some to be hanged, some to be drawn and quartered, and some to have their eyes plucked out. Among all others, there was a clerk who had forged the king's money. And the king commanded that he should be hanged and quartered. When Pandolf heard this command of the king, he started up sharply and at once asked for a book and a candle, and would have cursed him and all those who set a hand on the clerk. And Pandolf himself went to seek a cross, and the king followed him and delivered the clerk to him..And the clerk delayed and conveyed this to him. And Pandolf and Durant, his fellow, went from King John and returned to the pope in Rome, and told him that King John would not amend but would always remain accursed. And nevertheless, the pope granted throughout England that I might sing masses in credible churches and make the body of God and give it to the sick, and that children might be baptized over all the land.\n\nAnd when the pope knew and saw that the king would not be under the rule of the holy church for any reason, the pope then sent to the king of France in remission of his sins, that he should take with him all the power he could and go to England to destroy King John.\n\nWhen this news came to King John, he was greatly annoyed and greatly feared that he might lose his realm and himself be done to death. He then sent messengers to the pope, saying that he would be justified and come to a reconciliation in all things and would do penance..make satisfaction to all men according to the pope's ordinance. The pope was sent back to England again, and other messengers came to Canterbury. The king remained behind. On the 13th day of May, the king took an oath to adhere to the pope's ordinance before Pandulf, the legate, in all things in which he was a curse, that he would make full restitution to all men of the holy church and religion and the gods they had taken against their will, and all the great lords of England swore upon the book and by the sanctity of the church that if the king would not hold his oath, they said they would make him hold it by force. The king was put in the court of Rome and to the pope, and he received the realm of England and Ireland from him and his heirs for evermore. So that King John and his heirs should take the two realms from the popes hands and should pay annually to the court of Rome a thousand marks of silver. And the king took the crown from his head and set it on..him on his knees and these words were said: \"I resign up the crown and the realm of England into the pope Innocent's hand, the third. And put me in his mercy and under his ordinance.\n\nRegarding the obligatory letter that King John made to the Roman court. Therefore, the pope's pens have been gathered throughout all England.\n\nTo all Christian people throughout the world, greetings from King John, by the grace of God, of England. And it is known that, for as much as we have grieved and offended God and our mother church of Rome, and for as much as we have nothing worthy to offer in compensation to God and to the holy church but our own bodies, as well as our realms of England and Ireland:\n\nBy the grace of God, we desire to make amends for the love of him who made him to the death on the cross. Through the counsel of the noble earls and barons, we offer and freely grant to God and to the holy church..The apostles sent Peter and Paul to our mother church in Rome and to our holy father, Pope Innocent the Third, and to all popes who come after him, on behalf of the realms and patronages of the churches of England and Ireland, with their appurtenances, for the remission of our sins and help and health of our souls and all Christian souls. From this day, our special rents of the said realms pay Peter's pence to the mother church of Rome, annually a half mark of silver at two terms of the year for all customs that we should do for the said realms, that is to say, at Michaelmas and Easter. Seven marks for England and three marks for Ireland, saving to us and our heirs, our justices and other franchises and other realties that belong to the crown. And these things that have been said we will that they be firm and stable without end. And to this obligation we and our successors and our heirs in this manner are bound. If we or any of them fail..our heir, through any presumption, falls in any point against these things above said and is warned and will not right himself, he shall then lose the said realm forever. And this charter of obligation and our warrant for evermore be firm and stable without gain, we shall from this day forward be true to God and to the mother church of Rome and to Pope Innocent III and to all who come after him, and to the realms of England and Ireland we shall maintain truly in all manner of ways against all manner of men by our power through God's help.\n\nWhen this charter was made and sealed, the king himself under the fefe of Pandolf's hand and sent immediately to the Archbishop Stephen and to all his other clerks and lewd men that he had exiled out of this land that they should come again into England and have again their lands and also their rents, and that he would make restitution of the goods that he had taken of theirs against their will.\n\nThe king himself, Pandolf, earls, and others....The barons went to Winchester against Archbishop Stephen, when he had come. The king went against him and fell to his feet and said, \"Fair sir, you are welcome. I beg your pardon for the offense I have committed against you.\" The Archbishop took him up in his arms and courteously kissed him often and led him to the door of St. Swithin's church by the hand and reconciled him to God and the Church. This was on St. Margaret's day, and the Archbishop immediately went to sing mass. The king offered a mark of gold at the mass. And when the mass was finished, they all went to swear fealty to their lands without any man's gain saying. That day they made merry and rejoiced, but the truce was not yet released. For Henry, the pope had decreed that the truce should not be undone until the king had made full restitution of the goods he had taken from the Church and until he himself had done homage to the pope..A certain legate was to be sent to England. Tho took Pandolf's leave of the king and the archbishop and returned to Rome. The archbishop summoned prelates of the holy church at Reading to treat and counsel on how much and what they should ask of the king for restitution of the gods he had taken from them. They ordered and said that the king should pay the archbishop 3M marks for the wrong he had done to him, and also portions to other clerks 15M marks. At the same time, Nicholas, bishop of Tuscany, Cardinal penitentiary of Rome, came to England by the pope's commandment on the 5th of October and came to London on the 5th of November to ensure that King John and all the kings who came after him would always hold the realms of England and Ireland in obedience to God and pay tribute to the pope annually as above said.\n\nWhen King John had done his homage to the legate, he showed him the pope's letter that he should pay:.Iulian and yelde ayen that was kyng Richard wife the iij\u00b7 part of the land of englond &\u0304 of irland that he had with hold sith that ki\u0304g Richa\u00a6rd died\u25aa \u00b6When kyng iohn\u0304 herd this he was wond{er} wroth: for vtterli the enterditing myght not be vndone till that he had made\ngree and restitucion to the forsaid Iuliane of that she axed The legat went tho ayen to the pope aft{er} cristemasse. &\u0304 the kyng sent tho messangers ouer se to Iulian that wos kyng Richard wife for to haue a relese of that she axed of him: \u00b6And so it befell that Ivlian died anone aft{er} Estir And in so moch the ki\u0304g was quy\u2223te of that thing that she axed. \u00b6But tho at the fest of sent Io\u00a6han that come next aft{er} thurgh the popis commaundeme\u0304t the enter\u00a6diting wos frist relesed thurgh all englond the vij. day of Iuyll And vij: yere was the land enterdited. & i\u0304 the morne men rong & said masse thurgh out all london &\u0304 so aft{er} thurgh out all englo\u0304d \u00b6And the next yere after ther began a gret debate bitwene ki\u00a6ng Iohn\u0304 &\u0304 the lordis of.Engloded for Engechose that he would not grant the laws and hold those which Edward had ordained. He had used and held them until that time, but he had broken them because he would hold no law but did whatever he liked and desired, without the consent of lords and their peers of the land. He also despised the good Earl Randulf of Chester for this reason, that he undertook him for his wickedness. Moreover, for the cause that he did so much shame and disgrace to God and holy church, and also because he held and haunted his own brother's wife and lay also by many other women, great lords' daughters, for he spared no woman whom he liked to have. Wherefore all the lords of the land were with him in wonder and wrath, and went to London and took the city.\n\nAnd to cease this debate and show sorrow, the archbishop and other great lords of the land assembled them before the feast of St. John the Baptist in a meadow beside the town of Staines, which is called Runnymede. And the king made them there a charter of franchises such as they would ask and in such a manner..they were accused and that agreement lasted not long. For the king himself soon after acted against the points of the same charter, for which most of the lords assembled him and began to wage war against him. They burned his towns and robbed his people and did all the sorrow they might and made themselves as strong as they could with all their power and thought to drive him out of England. And King John sent over sea and ordered so many Normans and Picards and Flemings that the land could not sustain them but with much sorrow. And among all these people there was a man from Normandy called Faukis of Brittany, and this Normand and his company spared neither church nor house of religion but broke and robbed it and carried away all that they could take. So that the land was all destroyed on one side and on the other. The barons and lords of England organized among themselves the best speakers..wyse me. And they sent him over sea to King Philip of France and prayed him that he would send Louis his son into England to be king of England and undertake revenge for the crown.\n\nWhen King Philip of France heard this news, he made an alliance between them through a common election, that Louis, King Philip's son of France, should go with them into England and drive out King John from the land and all those who made homage to him, becoming his men. And the barons of England kept them still at London and denied Louis, the king's son of France. And this was the next Saturday before the Ascension of our Lord that Louis came into England with a strong power. At that time, King John had taken all the castles of England into alien hands.\n\nAnd thus Louis came and took Rochester castle with strength, and on the Thursday in Whitsun, the aliens who were there were subdued, and on the following Thursday, he came to London and was received there with much honor from the lords who bade him come and all to him..And after Trinity Sunday, he took the castle of Reigate, and the morrow after the castle of Guildford, the Friday next after the castle of Farnham, and the Monday next after the city of Winchester, was reported to him. John de Wolvesey and the Tuesday after the utas of St. Peter, they took the castle of Odiham; and the Monday after Margaret's day, he ordered himself towards Bawmour to siege the castle, and there he dwelt fifteen days and could not get the castle. And at the same time, the pope sent into England a legate named Swalo, who was a cardinal of Rome, to maintain King John's cause against the barons of England. But the barons had such a large part and help through Louis, the king's son of France, that King John did not know whether to turn or go.\n\nAnd so it happened that he wanted to go to Nicholls and, as.He came towards the abbey of Swineshead, where he stayed for two days. And as he sat at table, he asked a monk of the house how much a love was worth that was set before him upon the table. The monk replied that it was worth half a penny.\n\n\"Ah, the wheat here is expensive,\" said the king. \"Now I may live so little for such a love to be worth twenty shillings or half a year gone.\"\n\nHe thought much about this and sighed often, taking and eating bread, and said, \"By God, the words I have spoken shall be true.\"\n\nThe monk standing before the king was deeply sorry in his heart and thought that he would rather suffer death than speak such words. He went to his abbot and told him all that the king had said, and begged his abbot to absolve him, for he would give the king a drink that all England would be glad and joyful about.\n\nThe monk went into a garden and found a great....The king took her [the toad] and put her in a cup, poked her with a broach several times until the venom came out of every side of the cup. He then took the cup, filled it with good ale, and brought it before the king. The king said, \"Drink, sir.\" The monk drank a large draft, took the king the cup, and the king also drank a large draft and set it down. The monk immediately ran to the privy and died there. His belly was burst. When the king heard this, he became alarmed but it was for naught. His belly began to swell from the drink he had consumed, and within two days he died on the morrow after St. Luke's day.\n\nKing John had many fair children from his body. That is, Henry, his son who became king after his father; Richard, the earl of Cornwall; Isabella, the empress of Rome; and Eleanor, the queen of Scotland..And this king John ruled for 24 years and 5 months and died in Newark Castle. His body was buried at Windsor. Frederick II was emperor for 34 years. This woman was crowned by Honorius the Pope against Otto, whom he should fight with; he did so and expelled him. First, he nurtured the church and, later, he plundered it as a stepmother. Therefore, Honorius cursed him and all who were contrary to his opinion, the Pope excommunicating him. The same sentence Gregory IX renewed, and this man put Henry, his own son, in his place and had him murdered. When this emperor was sick with another son of his own during the time of Innocent IV, he was murdered. Honorius III succeeded Innocent X after 10 years and confirmed the Order of Friars Preachers. After this, King John ruled and was crowned at Gloucester when he was 9 years old, on Simon's Day, and Iude of Swalo, the legate of Rome, through the counsel of all the great lords..that held with King John his father: the Earl of Chester, William Earl Marshal, Earl of Penbroke, William Berners, Earl of Feriers, Serle the chamberlain, and all other great lords of England held with Louis, the king of France's son.\n\nAnd immediately after King Henry was crowned, Swalo the legate held his council at Bristol at St. Martin's festival, and there were eleven bishops of England and Wales, and a great number of other prelates of the holy church, earls, barons, and many knights of England, and all those who were at that council swore fealty to Henry, the king who was King John's son.\n\nAnd immediately after the legate entered, Wales for the earldom that they held with the barons of England, all those who had helped or given any counsel were again against the new king Henry. He cursed them at the beginning and put the sentence of the king of France's son, Louis, in the beginning.\n\nAnd nevertheless, the same Louis would not spare all that but took the castle of Barhamsted and also the castle of Herford..from that day afterward the barons did ther so moch harme thurgh out all Englond and principall the frens\u00a6shmen that wer come with king Lowys wherfor the gret lordis &\u0304 all the commyn pepull of englond let them dresse forto driue low\u2223ys and his companye out of englo\u0304d but sum of the barons and of\nthe frensshme\u0304 wer gon to the cite of Nicholl and toke the toune &\u0304 held it to kyng Lowys profit \u00b6But thider come kyng henris men with a gret pouer that is to say the Erle Raudolfe of Ches\u00a6tre and willm erle Marshall and willm the brener erle of Feri\u2223ers and mony other lordie with them and yefen bataill vn to Lo\u00a6wys men And ther wos slayn the erle of Perches and Lowys men wer ther foule discomfited. \u00b6And ther wos taken Serle erle of wynchestre &\u0304 Humfrey de Bowne erle of Herford and Robert the son of walter and mo\u0304y other that begane were aynes the kyng ther they wer takyn and lad vn to kyng Henri thatt wos kyng Iohaanes son. \u00b6And when the tidynges come to Lowys of the discomfitur that was the kynges son of frau\u0304ce he.removed from then and went to London and let the gates of the city be opened for him, and immediately after the king's messenger sent word to the burgesses of London that they should yield them to him and the city as well. He promised them all their former franchises and would confirm them with his great new charter under his broad seal.\n\nAt the same time, a great lord named Eustace the Monk came out of France with a great company of lords, intending to come to England to help Louis, the king's son of France. But Hubert of Burgundy and the five ports met them in the high seas and assaulted them severely, overpowering them and beheading Eustace the Monk and taking ten great lords of France as prisoners. They killed almost all the men who came with them and immediately drenched the ships in the sea.\n\nWhen Louis heard this news, he feared greatly for his life and safety and ordered a conference between the king and himself through the legate..Swalo and through the archbishop of Canterbury and other great lords, all the prisoners on one half were to be delivered and gone. Lowys himself should have for his costs a sum of one pound of silver; he should leave England and never return there again. In this manner, the accord was made between King Henry and Lowys. And Lowys was absolved of the pope's legate named Swalo at the session he was in. The barons of England also were absolved.\n\nAfter this, King Henry, Swalo the legate, and Lowys went to Merton, where the peace was confirmed between them and ordained. After Lowys left then, he went from there to London, took his leave, and was brought with much honor to the sea with the Archbishop of Canterbury. And with other bishops, earls, and barons, Lowys went to France:\n\nLater, the king, the Archbishop, earls, and barons assembled them at London at Michaelmas, which next came, as King John had granted..Romney-on-Thames: King Henry confirmed this charter, which is still held throughout England. In his time, the king took two shillings from every plough land. Hubert de Burgh was made chief justice of England. This was in the fourth year of King Henry's reign, and all foreigners should leave England and could no longer reside there. King Henry took all the castles into his hand that King John had given and taken away from him as pledges. But the proud Faulkes of Brancepeth refused to surrender his castle of Bedford, which he had received from King John. He held the castle against King Henry's will with might and strength. The king came there with a strong power and besieged the castle. Master Stephen of Langton, the archbishop, came to the king with a fair company of knights to help him from the beginning of the siege until the assumption of our lady. The siege lasted, and the castle was won and taken. The king had all those who were within hanged..\"In the castle, there were 100 men to guard it. Afterward, Faukes was found in a church in Couentre and swore to renounce England with great shame, returning once more to his own country. During King Henry's reign, Edmund of Abingdon, who was treasurer of Salisbury, was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. King Henry sent someone to the Earl of Provence to request his daughter, named Eleanor, to come to England for marriage. She arrived in England after Christmas and the following Hilliard's Day. The archbishop Edmund married them at Westminster with great solemnity. Edward, the next king after his father, Courtenay and generous, and Margaret, the Scottish queen, were among those present. Beatrice became countess afterward.\n\nAnd it came to pass that the lords of England desired some additions in the charter.\".The framches who had fetched fruits for the king spoke thus between them and the king, granting them all that they asked and issuing two charters: one called the Great Charter of Fruits and the other, the Charter of the Forest. For the granting of these charters, Earls, Barons, and all the communities of England gave the king a mark of silver. When King Henry had been king for forty-one years, he and the Earls and Barons of the realm went to Oxford and ordained a law in amendment of the realm. The king first swore to himself, and afterward all the lords of the land, that they would hold this statute forever. Anyone who broke it would be put to death. The second year after this ordinance, the king, through the counsel of Sir Edward, his son, and Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and other repentant lords, repented of the oath he had made to uphold this law and ordinance. He sent to the Roman court to be absolved of this oath. In the next year,.coming after was the great famine of corn in England. A quarter of wheat was worth 24 shillings and the poor people ate nettles and other weeds for great hunger. And in the 46th year of King Henry's reign, disputes began between him and his lords over the breach of the conventions made at Oxford. In the same year, the town of Northampton was taken and people were slain who were within for the same reason, that they had organized wild fire to burn the city of London. And in the month of May that came next after Pancras day, the battle of Lewes took place, that is, the Wednesday before St. Dunstan's day, and there King Henry himself, Sir Edward his son, Richard his brother Earl of Cornwall, and many other lords were taken. And in the same year, next to this, Sir Edward, the king's son, broke out of the ward of Sir Simon of Montfort, Earl of Leicester, at Hereford, and went to the Marches with the barons..They undermined him with much honor. At the same time, Gilbert of Clarence, earl of Gloucester, who was also in charge of the aforementioned Simon through the king's command, went from him with great heart. For Enyson had said that the aforementioned Gilbert was a fool in his counsel. Therefore, he ordered him accordingly and kept him with King Henry.\n\nOn the Saturday next after the middle of August, Sir Edward, the king's son, defeated Sir Simon Montfort at Kenilworth. However, the great lords who were with him were taken, including Baldwin Wake, William de Monchensy, and many other great lords. And on the Tuesday next after, the battle was done at Evesham, and there were killed Sir Simon Montfort, Hugh Spencer, and Montfort, who was Raffe Basset's father of Drayton, and other many great lords.\n\nWhen this battle was done, all the gentlemen who had been with Earl Simon were disinherited and ordered to gather and caused much harm to the land. They destroyed..And in the following year, coming in May, the fourth day before the feast of St. Dunstan, was the battle and defeat at Chesterfield of those who were dispossessed. And Robert, earl of Ferers, was taken there, as was Baldwin Wake and John Delahay, with much sorrow, and many of them were killed. And on St. John the Baptist's next sewing began the siege of Kemlworth's castle, which lasted until St. Thomas the Apostle's day. Sir Hugh Hastings was to keep the castle, and it surrendered to the king in this manner: he and those within the castle were to have their lives and limbs, as much as they had there, both horses and harnesses, and four days' respite to deliver the castle cleanly to themselves and all other things as they had with it. So they were allowed to leave the castle. Sir Simon Montfort the younger and the Countess his mother fled overseas..France and those who were exiled from England were held by the French. After this, it was ordered by the legate Octobone and other great lords of England that all those who had been against the king and were dispossessed should have their lands back by severe penalties after it was ordered. And thus they were reconciled with the king. The peace was proclaimed throughout England, and this was ended. And when this was done, the legate took his leave of the king and the queen and of all the great lords of England. They set out for Rome in the 15th year of King Henry's reign. Edward, John's son, the Earl of Richmond, John Vere, Thomas of Clare, Roger of Clifford, Otes of Granston, Robert le Brus, John of Verdon, and many other lords of England and beyond the sea set out for the Holy Land. King Henry died at Westminster at the same time, having reigned for 15 years and 19 weeks on St. Edmund's day. He was interred at Westminster on St. Edmund's day..King, in the year of the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ 1571. And of this Henry, Merlin prophesied and said that a lamb should come out of Winchester in the year of the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ MCC and 16. With true lips and holiness written in his heart, he spoke truly. For King Henry was born in Winchester in the year above mentioned, and he spoke good words and sweet ones and was a holy man and of good conscience.\n\nAnd Merlin said that this Henry should make the fairest place in the world that in his time should not be completed. And he spoke truly, for he made the new work of St. Peter's Abbey at Westminster, which is fairer in sight than any other place that any men know through all Christendom. But King Henry died or that work was fully at an end, and that was great harm.\n\nAnd yet Merlin said that this Lamb should have peace the most time in his reign. And he spoke truly, for he was a red fox that should come forth from the northwest and overcome him..drive him out of the water and it was well known that he would prophesy. For within a little time or the king died, Simon of Montfort, earl of Leicester, who was born in France, began again against him, through which doing many a good bachelor was sent and died, and disinherited. And when King Henry had the victory at Evesham, Simon the earl was slain through the help and might of Gilbert of Clare, earl of Gloucester, who was keeping and warding him by the king's ordinance, and came against the king with much power. Therefore, the said Simon was sentenced and that was great harm to the commons of England, for such a good man was shed for the truth and died in charity, and for the commons' profit of the same people. And therefore, almighty God has since shown many a full fair miracle to diverse men and women for the love of him. And Merlin also told and said in his prophecy that after that time the Lamb should leave no dwelling and then his\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English. No major OCR errors were detected, but there are some minor errors in spelling and punctuation that have been corrected for readability.).Seed should be in a strange land without pasture. And he said that King Henry lived no while after, when Simon Moufort was dead, that King Henry did not die immediately after him: And in the meantime, Sir Edward his son, who was the best king of the world of honor, was in the holy land and gained Acres. And in that region, he begot on Dame Elenour his wife Joan of Acres his daughter, who later was Countess of Gloucester. He made such a journey in the holy land that all the world spoke of his knighthood, and every man feared him, high and low, throughout all Christendom, as the story of him tells more openly later. And from the time that King Henry died until Sir Edward was crowned king, all the great lords of England were like fatherless children, without any support or government that they might maintain and defend against their deadly enemies.\n\nGregory IX was pope after Honorius. This man canonized many saints and defended the church mightily against Frederick. Therefore he.The pope took money from the cardinals who went against him. This pope was besieged in the city of Rome by the emperor. He saw that the Romans were corrupted by the emperor's money. He took in his hands the heads of the apostles Peter and Paul. And he went with procession from the church of San Giovanni Laterano to San Pietro's church. In this way, he gained the hearts of the Romans. Then the emperor went far away from the city. This pope made Friar Jaymond compile the five books of the decretals of Popes and Doctors. And after many tribulations of this tyrant and others, he died. William was made pope against Frederick by the pope's commandment, but they did not come to power because they both died around the same time. Thomas Aquinas, a holy doctor, Albert the Bishop of Ratisbon, Eustace, and Bonaventure, a devout doctor, were the ones who destroyed much heresy instigated by the Emperor at that time. Alexander was pope after..In the seventeenth year of Innocent's reign, Urbanus ruled for three years and three months after him. This man led his army, marked by the cross, against the Saracens who were near the church, which Maurice had sent against. The pope took the kingdom of Sicily from Maurice's brother in France. He was to fight against Maurice. And then he died. After Maurice's death and loss of his kingdom, Alfonso, the king of Castile, Richard's brother, was chosen as emperor after the long vacancy of the empire. The church's electors were divided internally, and there was great strife for many years. At last, Richard died, and Alfonso, the other emperor, came before Gregory IX by the sign of peace and utterly renounced all his claims to the empire. He was a very wise and noble astronomer. His tables, which he made, are very famous because they are comprehensive. Clement IV was pope three years and nine months after Urban's death..Was an holy man who spoke through the spirit of prophecy. It was to be understood that the enemies of the church should perish like the smoke. And it is to be believed that God showed this. And when he was pressed and after the bishop, he was sent to England as a legate. He knew nothing and was chosen pope and after his death blessedly for his virtues.\n\nGregory X was pope for four years after him. After he was made pope, due to his desire to visit the holy land personally in Lodouis in France, he convened a solemn council. In this council, the Greeks and Tartars were present. And there, the Greeks proposed to be reformed through the unity of the church. And the Tartars were barely baptized and proposed the same. And there were consecrated 15 bishops and a thousand patrons. And therefore, a certain man said, \"Gregory endeavors to gather all kinds of people.\" And it was decreed that all persons and workers should be called priests, and no man should assign his tithes to which church he would..The following men succeeded one another: after him, Innocent V ruled for a few months. Adrian followed, and reigned for a month. Johannes XXI came next, and he was famous in various sciences, but a foolish man, and died soon. Nicholas III was pope after Johannes XXI, and he was a noble and building man, who governed the city well and was chosen at Basilian. He took the cross for the holy land, but the pope lowered the election in favor of the holy land. Martin IV succeeded Nicholas III, a great lover of religious matters, and attended greatly to works of virtue. He cursed the emperor of Constantinople..So much as he promised to turn to the faith in the general council and did not, for which he suffered much passion and all the holy church cursed him. He also cursed the king of Aragon because he expelled the king of Granada from his kingdom and fought many battles against me because of misbelief and many tribulations suffered. He died and performed many miracles. Nicholas of Lyra was a Jew of nation at this time in Paris. This man was converted and profited in the order of Friars Minor and wrote over all the Bible. Or else he was in the year of our Lord 1352-1380. And some men say he was a Brunet and that his father and mother were Christian. But for poverty, he visited the schools of the Jews, and so he learned the Jewish language. Or else this Nicholas was feared by the Jews in his young age. Honorius the Fourth was pope after Martin II: little is written about him, except that he was a temperate man. Nicholas the Fourth was pope after him..This man was a friar minor. Despite being a good man in himself, many unfortunate events occurred for the church during his time due to numerous battles in the city caused by his involvement. And after him, there was no pope for two years and six months.\n\nAfter this, King Henry ruled, and his son Edward was the worthiest knight in the world in terms of honor. God's grace was in him because he had the victory over his enemies. As soon as his father was dead, Edward came to London with a fair company of prelates, earls, barons, and all manner of men who did him much honor. In every place that Sir Edward rode in London, the streets were covered over his head with rich clothes of silk and tapestries and with rich coverings.\n\nAnd for the joy of his coming, the noble burgesses of the city cast out at their windows gold and silver hands in token of love and worship, service and reverence. And out of the condition of Chepe ran white wine and red as streams do of water..Every man drank from it who would, at his own will. And King Edward was driven out of their presence, allowing them to go wherever they wished, and whoever could take them did so without any challenge. Afterward, Sir Edmond, King Edward's brother, a courteous knight and a man of renown, arrived, along with the Earl of Cornwall and the Earl of Gloucester. And after them came the Earl of Penbroke and the Earl of Garenne. Each of them, by himself, led a hundred knights, swearing to uphold the honor of God and the holy church, to maintain his honor, and to quell the disturbance of the common people.\n\nThe first year after King Edward was crowned, Lewelin, Prince of Wales, sent to the Earl of Mortain to request that he should marry his daughter. Through the counsel of his friends, the Earl agreed to this proposal. However, Lewelin, upon learning of this, sent his brother Aymar instead to ask for his daughter's hand. And Lewelyn prepared ships for his daughter..And for Sir Aymer and his fair company who were to go with him, this Lewelyn did great wrong. He was supposed to give his daughter to no man without the counsel and consent of King Edward.\n\nIt came to pass that a burgess of Bristol came in the sea with wine laden and met them, and took them with might and power. Another burgess sent them to the king.\n\nWhen Lewelyn heard this news, he was wonderfully angry and also sorrowful, and began to wage war against King Edward, threatening his lands between the kings' castles and causing much destruction.\n\nWhen tidings of this reached King Edward, he went to Wales, and through God's grace and his great power, he drove Lewelyn to much mischief, forcing him to flee with all his strength and surrender to King Edward. Lewelyn gave him a sum of 1,000 marks of silver to have peace and took the Damsel and all his heritage. Lewelyn made an obligation to King Edward to come to his parliament..In the year, and in the second year after King Edward was crowned, he held a general parliament at Westminster. There, he made the statutes due to the lack of law with the commune assent of all his barons. And next Easter, the king sent a letter to Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, commanding him to come to his parliament for his land and his holding in Wales. The strength of the letter was witness to this obligation.\n\nHowever, Llewelyn scorned and despised the king's commandment. And for power's sake, he began war against King Edward and destroyed his lands. When King Edward heard of this news, he became very angry with Llewelyn. In haste, he assembled his people and went towards Wales. He waged war against Llewelyn, the prince, until he brought him to great sorrow and sickness.\n\nLlewelyn saw that his defense could not save him and came again to yield himself to the king's grace. He cried for mercy and long kneeled before the king's feet. The king had pity on him and commanded him..David, Lewelin's brother, was fighting with King Edward at the same time. He was a cruel, cunning, and envious man, harboring far-reaching plans and much treason. He continued to watch and wait, trying to discern the kings' will. He maintained a deceptive appearance, appearing so trustworthy that no one could perceive his deceit.\n\nIt wasn't long after that David received the lordship of Frodesham from King Edward and was made a knight. Edward bestowed such honor upon no Welshman for Edward's favor. Edward kept his promise at London when he had finished his business in Wales and changed his money, which was foully cut and round. The Roman people were greatly astonished, so the king ordered an investigation into these transgressions. Three hundred were subsequently hanged.\n\nAnd afterward, [text truncated].The king ordered that the half penny sterling and ferrying should pass through his land and commanded that no one should give or grant houses of religion with land tenements without special leave from the king, and he who did so should be punished at the king's will. And it was not long after this that Lewelin, Prince of Wales, through the enticement of David his brother, and with their mutual consent, attempted to disinherit King Edward I as much as they could. Thus, through them both, the king's peace was broken.\n\nAnd when King Edward heard this, he immediately sent his barons to Northumberland and also the ferries, ordering them to go and take their voyage against the traitors Lewelin and David. It was surprising that this was happening, for it was winter in Wales while it was summer in other countries.\n\nLewelin prepared and well fortified and victualled his good castle of Swanscombe and was there with a huge number of people and an abundant supply of vital supplies. King Edward did not know why he should enter there.\n\nAnd when the kings met:.it persuaded and allowed the Welsh to bring in their barges and large planks as many as they could order and have for going to the aforementioned castle of Swando. But the Welsh had so many people and were so strong that they drove the English back, causing such a press of people at the turning back that the barges and boats sank. And there were drowned many a good knight, among them Sir Roger Clifford, Sir William of Lydesey, who was Sir John Fitz Robert, Sir Richard Tanny, and a huge number of others, all through their own folly. For if they had had good spies, they would not have been harmed.\n\nWhen King Edward heard this, he was deeply grieved.\n\nBut Sir John of Vesci came from the King of Aragon and brought with him many people, bachelors and Gascons, who were soldiers, and stayed with the aforementioned Sir John of Vesci and received wages from him..Withhold and noble men were determined to fight and burned many towns, killing many Welshmen whom they could take. And all those with strength and might launched an assault against Swandon Castle and took it. When David, the prince's brother, heard this news, he ordered his flight. Lewelin, the prince, saw that his brother had fled. He was greatly dismayed because he had no power to maintain his claim. And so Lewelin fled, believing he had escaped. But the next day, Sir Roger Mortimer encountered him alone with ten knights and surrounded him. Mortimer beheaded him and presented his head to King Edward. In this way, the Prince of Wales was taken, and his head was struck off. All his heirs were disinherited from the realm through lawful judgment for all time.\n\nDavid, who was the brother of the Prince of Wales, through pride, had hoped to become Prince of Wales after his brother's death. And on this account, he summoned Welshmen to his parliament at Dinbigh..folly made Wallace rise against King Edward and began to move against him, causing all the sorrow and distress that he could with his power. When King Edward heard of this, he ordered men to pursue Wallace. David fiercely defended him until he reached the town of Shrewsbury, where David was taken as he fled. The king commanded that he should be hanged, drawn, and quartered. His head was to be sent to London, and the four quarters to the four chief towns of Wales, as an example for them to take heed. Afterward, King Edward let his proclamation be cried through all Wales and seized all the land into his hand. All the great lords who were still alive came to do fealty and homage to King Edward as their rightful lord. He also summoned the laws of Wales that were defective. Afterward, he sent letters patent to all the lords of Wales, commanding them to come to his parliament. When they had assembled, the king said to them..them freely, Lordlings, you are welcome. I require your counsel and assistance to travel to Gascony to settle disputes that arose when I was there and to secure peace between the king of Aragon and the prince of Morocco. And all the kings liege men, Earls and Barons, consented and granted this. He made King Edward ready and we went to Gascony to settle all disputes against him. And regarding the dispute between the king of Aragon and the prince of Morocco, he ceased it and made them reconcile.\n\nWhile King Edward and Queen Eleanor his wife were in Gascony, the good Earl of Cornwall was made ward of England until King Edward returned. He inquired about his traitors who spread false rumors against him. Each of them faced their due punishment after they had deserved it.\n\nHowever, during the time when King Edward was beyond the sea to make amends for those who had wronged him, there was a false rumor circulating..A tour named Risap Meridoc, who was a traitor, began causing trouble against King Edward due to Sir Payne Tiptot being wrongfully grieved and distressed by him. When King Edward heard of this, he sent a letter to Risap Meridoc asking him to cease his actions and promising to address the grievances when he returned to England. This Risap Meridoc disregarded the king's command and continued to inflict sorrow upon the king's men in England. After being taken and brought to York, he was hanged for his crime.\n\nKing Edward had been at war in Gascony for three years when Sir Thomas Wylond, the king's justice, committed many wrongs and falsehoods..\"Englod was accused at the tower of London for falseness laid upon him. He was attainted and proven false. And another time, after the king had done his will with the justices, he ordered them to be questioned and asked how they deceived and beguiled his people through their sin of falseness and of treason, and he ordered a private parliament among his lords. They ordered that all the Jews should be expelled from Englod for their misbelief and for their false usage they had committed until the coming of Christian men. And to hasten and bring an end to this, all the community of England gave one fifteenth penny of all their goods to the king. And so the Jews were driven out of Englod. And they went into France and dwelt there by the leave of King Philip, who was king of France.\"\n\n\"It was not long after this that Alexander, king of Scotland, was dead. David, Earl of Huntingdon, who was the king's brother of Scotland, asked and claimed the kingdom of Scotland after his brother was dead, for rightful reasons that he was the heir.\".But many great lords of Scotland opposed him, therefore a great debate arose between them and their friends because they would not consent to his coronation. And at the same time, the aforementioned David had three daughters who were worthy of marriage. The first daughter was married to Balliol; the second to Bruce; and the third to Hastings. Balliol and Bruce challenged the land of Scotland, and a great debate and strife arose between them, each one wanting to be king. When the lords of Scotland saw the debate between them three, they came to King Edward of England and asked him to be their chief lord. And when King Edward was seized of the aforementioned lords of Scotland, Balliol, Bruce, and Hastings came to the king's court and asked him which of them should be king of Scotland. And King Edward, who was very noble and true, let it be inquired by the Chronicles of Scotland and the great lords of Scotland which of them was of the eldest..And it was found that Balliol was the eldest, and that the king of Scotland should hold of the king of England. He should pay fealty and homage. After this was done, Balliol went into Scotland, and there he was crowned king of Scotland. At the same time, great strife was upon the sea between the English and the Normans. But at a time, the Normans arrived at Douer and there they martyred an holy man who was called Thomas of Douer. Afterward, the Normans killed those who had escaped.\n\nSoon after, King Edward lost the duchy of Gascony through King Philip of France, due to his false casting out of the dipositaries of the land. Wherefore, Sir Edmond, who was King Edward's brother, gave up his homage to the king of France.\n\nIn that time, the clerks of England granted to King Edward a tenth of the church's goods in helping to recover his land again in Gascony. The king sent there a noble company of his knights, and he himself would have gone to Portsmouth. But he was prevented..thurgh on Maddoc of wa\u2223les that had seised the castell of Swando\u0304 in to his hand: &\u0304 for that encheso\u0304 ye ki\u0304g turned to wales at cristemase. And for encheso\u0304 yt ye nobull lordis of englo\u0304d yt wer se\u0304t i\u0304 to gascoyn had no co\u0304forth of ther lord ye ki\u0304g they wer take of sir Charles of frau\u0304ce yt is to say sir Iohn\u0304 of breta\u0304: sir robert Tiptot\u25aa sir Raufe ta\u0304ny sir hugh\nBardolf &\u0304 sir Adam of Creting. &\u0304 yit at the ascencio\u0304 was Ma\u00a6doke take in wales & an other yt wos called Morgan: & they wer sent to the tour of londo\u0304 &\u0304 ther they wer heded.\nANd when sir Iohn\u0304 bailloll kyng of scotland vnderstode yt kyng Edward wos wered in Gascoyn to whom the reame of Scotland was delyu{er}ed. Falsely tho ayen his oth with said his homage thurgh procuring of his folke\u00b7 And sent vn to the court of rome thurgh a fals suggestion to be assoiled of that othe that he swore vn to the kyng of Englo\u0304d. & so he wos by letter enbul\u2223led. \u00b6Tho chosen they of scotland Dousspers for to be nymme edward of his right: \u00b6And in that tyme come.ij. cardinales from the court of rome fro the pope Celestine to trete of accorde bitwen the kng of frau\u0304ce &\u0304 the kyng of englond \u00b6And as tho two Cardinales speke of accorde Thomas Turbeluill was ta\u00a6ke at Liouns &\u0304 made feaute & homage to the warden of Paris &\u0304 to hi\u0304 put his ij. sonys in hostage. for that he thought to go i\u0304 to englond for till aspie the cuntre &\u0304 tell them when he come in to en\u2223glond that he had brokyn the kynges prison of frau\u0304ce by nyght & said that he wold done yt al englisshme\u0304 &\u0304 walsh\u0304men sh\u0304old a bow to the king of frau\u0304ce. &\u0304 this thyng for to bring to the ende he swo\u00a6re. &\u0304 vpo\u0304 this couenant dedis wer made betwen the\u0304m. and that he sh\u0304uld haue by yere a .M\u00b7 pou\u0304des worth of lond to bring this th\u00a6ing to an ende \u00b6This fals tratour toke his leue &\u0304 we\u0304t the\u0304s and come in to englond vn to the kyng & said that he wos brokyn out of priso\u0304 & that he had put him in such {per}ill for his loue. wher\u2223fore the kyng coude him moch thanke and full glad wos of his commyng \u00b6And the fals tratour.From that day, the king and his council learned of Thomas Turbul's treason and falsehood. A clerk from England, who was in the king's household in France, heard of this treason and the falseness. He wrote to another clerk who was with Edward, the king of England, about how Thomas Turbul had formed his false conclusions, and how the council of England was planning to send him to the king of France. Through the letter that the clerk had sent from France, he was discovered and brought to London, where he was hanged and drawn for his treason. His two sons, whom he had left as hostages in France, were beheaded as well.\n\nWhen the two cardinals went back to France to negotiate peace at Cambrai, the king sent among them his earls and barons. Specifically, Earl Edmond, the brother of the king and earls of Lancaster and Leicester, Sir Henry Lacy, earl of Nottingham, and William Vesci, a baron, and about fourteen other baronets of the best and wisest of England..King Edward traveled to Scotland to meet with John Balliol, king of Scotland. Sir Robert Roos of Berewyke fled to the Scots, and King Edward marched towards Berewyke to besiege the town. The defenders manfully resisted, setting fire to two of King Edward's ships in disdain and reproach.\n\nKing Edward, with his long shanks, intended to take Berewyke and gather all our ingratitude. And when he had done with the gas pikes, he did the same.\n\nWhen King Edward heard this scorn, through his might he passed over the ditches and assaulted the town. He graciously killed twenty-five thousand and seven hundred Scots, and King Edward lost no man of renown except Sir Richard of Cornwall. Sir Richard was killed by a Fleming in the Red Hall with a quarrel, as the aforementioned Sir Richard was by his helmet. He commanded them to yield and put them at the king's mercy, but the Scots refused. Therefore, the hall was taken..And Brent and Castyn surrendered, along with all those within, to Brant. And King Edward suffered no more men lost during this simple expedition than 27. Englishmen. The wardEN of the castle handed over the keys without any resistance. William Douglas and Sir Simon Frisell, along with Earl Patrick, were taken and given to the peace. But Ingam of Humresmille and Robert the Bruis, who were with King Edward, deserted him and joined the Scots. Afterward, they were taken and put in prison. However, the king later pardoned them for their transgressions and released them from prison. And after that, King Edward besieged Berwick with Wallace and Dykes. Robert Rous later went to Tindale and set fire to Wye Bridge, Exham, and Lamerstoke, killing and robbing the people of that region. After that, he went from there to Dumfries. The first Wednesday of March, the king sent the Earl of Garenne, Sir Hugh Percy, and Sir Hugh Spencer with a fair company to besiege the castle. But on that day, Sir Richard was called..Syward, a traitor and a false man, imagined deceiving the English and sent messages to them, offering to surrender the castle if they granted him eight days of respite. He promised to inform Sir John Balliol, who was king of Scotland, about the condition of his men within the castle and to ask him to lift the siege of the English if they would yield the castle to them.\n\nThe messenger arrived at Sir John Balliol's camp, who was the king of Scotland, where he relayed the entire situation. Sir John and his host set out early the next morning towards the castle.\n\nSir Richard Siward saw him approaching, who was the master of the council and keeper of the castle, and said to the English, \"Behold, I see a fair company and well-appointed men. I will go with them to meet and assault them.\"\n\nSir Hugh Spenser saw through his deceit and treachery and said to him, \"Traitor, take that.\".Your falseness shall not save you. And Hugh spoke immediately to bind us all and hasten against their enemies and killed the Scots 20,000. For at that time, the Scots had no man of honor with them, save Sir Patrick Graham; it was a man of valor who fought long and in the end was killed. And the Englishmen reproached the Scots, \"These scattering Scots I hold for fools and cowards.\"\n\nEarly in the morning, in an evil timing, we departed from Dunbar.\n\nWhen those in the castle saw their defeat, they surrendered the castle to the English and offered their bodies, lands, and castles to King Edward. And they were taken in the castle: three earls, seven barons, twenty-seven knights, eleven clerks, and seven Picards. All were presented to King Edward, and he sent them to the Tower of London to be kept there.\n\nWhen King Edward had made an end of this and taken the chief captains of Scotland, Sir John Balliol came and surrendered himself to King Edward and delivered him up..In his grace, he was led to London. And when King Edward arrived, they were brought before him. The king asked them how they would make amends for their transgression and loss they had caused him, and they put themselves in his mercy.\n\nThe lords asked the king, \"I will not your lands nor your goods. But I will that you make an oath to me on God's body to be true to me and never again raise armies against me.\" And they all consented to the king's will and swore on God's body.\n\nThat is to say, sir John Comyn, the Earl of Strathmore, the Earl of Carrick, and four bishops submitted for all the damage. And the king delivered them and gave them safe conducts to return to their own land. It was not long after that they did not rise against King Edward again, but Sir John Balliol, King of Scotland, knew well that his land would suffer sorrow and shame for their falsehood. In haste, he went over..King Edward returned to his own lands and there he kept him, never to return again. The Scots chose unwilling King William Wallace as their king. A ribald and harlot came up unexpectedly, causing little harm to the Englishmen.\n\nKing Edward considered how he might deliver his people who had been taken in Gascony. I went over the sea to Flanders to confront the king of France. The earl of Flanders discovered me with great honor and granted me all his lands at my will.\n\nWhen the king of France heard that King Edward of England had arrived in Flanders and came with a huge power to destroy, he prayed for true truce for two years. English and French merchants might safely go and come on both sides.\n\nKing Edward granted it, requiring that he have his men out of Gascony. The king of France granted it immediately, and they were delivered.\n\nAt the same time, the Scots sent Bishop Andrews to France to the king and to Sir Charles his brother..Sir Charles should come with his power, and the Scots would come with theirs, intending to destroy England from Scotland to Kent. The Scots caused much trouble for the French, but they had no manner of great respect for that. Nevertheless, the Scots began to rob and kill in Northumberland and caused much harm.\n\nWhen this news reached King Edward, William Waleys had organized such a strong power, and all of Scotland was entangled and ready to kill Englishmen and destroy the land: he was greatly annoyed and sent a letter to the Earl of Warwick, Sir Henry Percy, Sir William Latimer, and Sir Hugh Cressingham, his treasurer, commanding them to take power and go into Northumberland and Scotland to keep the country.\n\nWhen William Waleys heard of this, he began to flee, and the Englishmen pursued him and drove him until he came to Stirling. There he held him in the castle..Walesmen every day were written to and menaced by them, and did all the damage they could. So that the English, at one time in a morning, went out from the castle the distance of ten miles and passed over a bridge. William Waleis came with a strong power and drove them back. For the English had against him no might but fled, and those who could, seized the bridge. But Sir Hugh, the king's treasurer, was killed there, and many others. Therefore, great sorrow was made.\n\nKing Edward had fulfilled all his needs in Flodris and was again come into England. And in haste, he took his way into Scotland and came there at the Ascension tide: And all that he found, he set on fire and burned.\n\nBut the powerful people of Scotland came to him in wonder and begged him, for God's love, to have mercy and pity on them.\n\nWherefore, King William Waleis fled from the battle. That same friar Brian pursued him fiercely, and as his horse ran, it started into a mare's belly up to the belly.\n\nAnd William Waleis turned again..There killed the aforementioned Brian. That caused much harm. And this while King Edward waited in Scotland to find any of his enemies. He dwelt as long as he liked there, and none dared oppose him. Soon after, King Edward went south to Hampton for he would not endure staying in Scotland during the winter season because of his people. When he came to London, he summoned many misdeeds that had been done against his peace and his law while he was in Flanders.\n\nLater, it was decreed through the Roman court that King Edward should marry Queen Margaret, who was Queen Philip's sister from France. Archbishop Robert of Winchester performed the marriage ceremony, which resulted in the peace treaty between King Edward of England and King Philip of France.\n\nKing Edward went to Scotland a third time. In the first year, he had subdued the land so effectively that there was hardly anyone left who did not come to his mercy, except those in the castle of Stirling, which was well fortified..King Edward came to the castle of Sterling and besieged it. But it availed him little, for the castle was so strong and well kept. And King Edward, seeing that he was on a quixotic venture, ordered two pairs of high gallows before the castle tower. He swore that as many as were within the castle would be made earl or baron, and they would be taken with strength, but if they preferred to yield, they would be hanged on the gallows. And when those within the castle heard this, they came out and surrendered to the king's grace and mercy. And the king granted them pardon. And there were all the great lords of Scotland who swore to King Edward that they would come to London for every parliament and would stand to his ordinance.\n\nKing Edward then went to London and intended to have rest and peace, which he had been occupied with for twenty years, that is, in Wales, Gascony, and Scotland..He thought of recovering his treasure that he had spent abroad, inquiring throughout the realm of Trollesbey, and ordered justices in this manner, recovering treasure without end. And his enemy was, for he had thought of going to the Holy Land to wage war against God's enemies. But this law that he had ordained did little good throughout England for those who were wronged, for those who transgressed were well chastised and the more merciless and the better. And the peace and power were in rest and peace. And at the same time, King Edward imprisoned his own son Edward, for the bishop of Chester, Walter, had complained. The king's treasurer, this Pers of Gansford, a squire of Gascony, had accused him through the counsel and procurement of one person of Gansford, of breaking the parks of the said bishop's lands. This Pers of Gansford..This text appears to be written in Old English, and there are several errors in the transcription. Here is a cleaned version of the text:\n\nKing Edward and his son Coulson led this same Edward. And for this reason, King Edward exiled his son from England forever. When King Edward had his enemies come against him in Wales, Gascony, and Scotland, and destroyed their campaigns, except for the rebellious William Wallace, who never yielded to the king, and at last in the town of Stirling, in the year of King Edward's reign 1306. That false traitor was taken and presented to the king. But the king would not see him and sent him to London to undergo judgment. And upon sent Bartholomew, he was hanged, drawn, and quartered. And his body was quartered and sent to four of the best towns in Scotland. And his head was put on a spear and set upon London Bridge. As an example, the Scots should keep in mind to do harm to their liege lord in the future.\n\nAt Michaelmas next, King Edward held his parliament at Westminster, and there came the Scots, that is, the bishop of Stirling..And Robert, Earl of Carrick, Simon Frasier, Iohun, Earl of Atholl, and they were agreed with the king and swore an oath that if any of them disobeyed King Edward, they would be disinherited for eternity. After this peace was made, they took their leave privately and returned to their own country.\n\nLater, Robert Earl of Carrick sent letters to the earls and barons of Scotland, urging them to come to him at Scone the morrow after the conception of our lady. For high necessities of the land. And the lords came on the assigned day.\n\nAnd the same day, Sir Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, said, \"Lords, you well know that in my person dwelt the right of the realm of Scotland. And since Sir Ian Balliol, who was our king, has forsaken and abandoned his land, I, though it may be that King Edward of England has wrongfully obtained my assent against my will, if you will grant that I may be\".King of Scotland, I shall keep you against King Edward of England and all manner of men. With this word, the abbot of Scon rose up and before them all said that it was reasonable for him and the land to be helped, and with these words, he granted the land to him and with their power, helped him to defend it. He defied King Edward of England and said that Robert Bruce should be king of England. The Lords said, Sir John Comyn then thinks upon the truth and the oath you made to King Edward of England, and concerning myself, I will not break my oath for any man. And he departed from that company at that time. Therefore, Robert Bruce and all those who consented to him were very angry and they threatened Sir John Comyn. They ordered another council at Dumfries to which came the aforementioned Sir John Comyn. He dwelt but two miles from Dumfries there where he was accustomed to serve and reside.\n\nWhen Robert Bruce....All the great lords of Scotland came to Scone, save Sir John Comyn, who was near Scone. He sent particularly for Sir John Comyn to come and speak with him, and upon that, he came and spoke with him at the gray friars in Dumfries, and that was the Thursday after Candlemas day. Sir John granted him leave to depart, and when he had heard mass, he took a sop and drank. Afterward, he mounted his palfray and rode his way to Dumfries. Robert the Bruce saw him come at a widow's place as he was in his chamber. And he made enough joy and came against him and greeted him kindly. And when all the earls and barons of Scotland were present there, Robert the Bruce spoke and said, \"Sir Lords, you know well the reason for this coming. If you will grant that I might be king of Scotland as the right heir of the land,\" and all the lords who were there said with one voice that he should be crowned king of Scotland..that they would help and maintain him against all manner of men on live and for him if it were necessary for him to die. The gentleman knight, Sir John of Comyn, answered and said, \"Certainly, never for me or to have from me as much help as the worth of a button. For what I have made unto King Edward of England, I shall hold while my life lasts. And with that word he went from the company and would have mounted upon his palfrey. But Robert the Bruce pursued him with a drawn sword and ran him through the body. Sir John Comyn fell down unto the earth. But when Roger, who was Sir John Comyn's brother, saw the treachery: he started towards Sir Robert Bruce and struck him with a knife. But the false traitor was armed under so that the stroke might do him no harm. And so much help came about Sir Robert Bruce. Therefore, Roger Comyn was there killed and all to pieces.\n\nAnd Robert the Bruce turned again towards Sir John Comyn the noble baron, who lay wounded and pining towards his death by the side of the high altar in the church..The church of the Gray Friars confronted Sir John Comyn, traitor. He shook his sword at the high altar and struck him on the head, causing his brain to fall to the ground and his blood to spatter high on the walls. To this day, that blood is still seen there, and it cannot be washed away. And Robert the Bruce, seeing that no man would allow his coronation, commanded all the poor to attend his coronation at St. John's Town in Scotland. It came to pass on Lady Day of the Annunciation that the bishop of Glaston and Bishop Sent Andrews crowned Robert the Bruce as king in St. John's Town. Immediately after, he drove all the English out of Scotland, and they fled and complained to King Edward about how Robert the Bruce had expelled them from the land and dispossessed them. When King Edward heard of this,.my scheef swore he would be avenged. He declared that all Scottish tours should be hanged, drawn, and never ransomed. King Edward considered this falsehood the Scots had done to him and sent after all the bachelors of England, urging them to come to London. At Westminster, he dubbed 24 scores of knights. This company that pursued the Scots burned towns and castles. Afterward, the king himself came with earls and barons, leading a fair company.\n\nThe Friday next before the Assumption of our Lady, King Edward met Robert the Bruce beside Johnstone in Scotland, and with his company, King Edward killed 5,000.\n\nWhen Robert the Bruce saw this mischief, he began to flee and hid himself so that no man could find him, but Sir Simon Fraser pursued him relentlessly. He turned again and engaged in battle. For he was a worthy knight and bold of body. The English pursued him relentlessly in every direction and killed his horse..Sir Symond Frisell rode towards them, and they took him and led him to the host. And Sir Symond began to flatter and speak fair, saying, \"Lords, I will give you four marks of silver and my horse, my harness, and all my armor. I will become a beggar.\"\n\nTheobald of Peuenes, who was the king's archer, answered, \"Sir, it is in vain that you speak. For all the gold in England, I would not let you go against King Edward's commandment.\"\n\nAnd he was taken before King Edward, but the king would not see him and commanded him to be led away to have his doom at London.\n\nAnd on our lady's eve, Narampant and Orabolus, with great iron crooks, scourged the gallows and tortured the bodies of those who had died. Many who saw them afterward were struck with fear, and some became mad or fell gravely ill.\n\nIn this battle, the bishops of Baston and St. Andrews, and the abbot of Scrope, all armed with iron, were taken as false traitors and false prelates, and they were brought before the king..The king sent them to the pope of Rome to do with them as he pleased. And at that battle, Sir John Earl of Atholl and his men fled. He sought refuge in a church but had no escape, for the church had been entered through a general sentence, and there he was taken. This Sir John went close to escaping death through enchantment, as he claimed kinship with King Edward. But the king would no longer be deceived by his traitors and sent him to London in haste. There he was hanged, his head struck off, and his body burned to ashes, but at the queen Margaret's intercession, his drawing was pardoned him because of the kinship he claimed with King Edward.\n\nWhen the greatest masters of Scotland were thus brought to evil deaths and punished for their deceit, John, William Waleis' brother, was taken and sent to his death in the same manner as Sir John Earl of Atholl.\n\nAt that same time, Robert the Bruce was greatly hated among the people of Scotland, and he did not know what would befall him..He was best for doing and hiding in Norway to the king who had married his sister. There, he received support to have peace throughout the land. Robert Bruce could not be found in Scotland. When King Edward had quelled his enemies, he turned southward again. A illness took him at Burgh upon Tweed in the march of Scotland, and he knew well that his death was near. He called for Sir Henry Lancaster, Earl of Lancaster; Sir Guy Earl of Warwick; Sir Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke; and Sir Robert Clifford, baron. He begged them, on the faith they owed him, to make Edward of Carnarvon king of England as quickly as they could. They should not allow Percy of Gansworth to return into England to make his son reign. They granted him this with good will. The king took the sacrament of the holy church as a good Christian should. And he died in very repentance..had been king for 55 years. He died and was buried at Westminster with much solemnity, may God have mercy on his soul.\nAnd of this King Edward, Merlin prophesied and called him the dragon, the second of the six kings who were to reign in England. He said that he would be mixed with mercy and also with strength and sternness, keeping England from harm by cold and heat. He added that he would open his mouth toward Wales and set his foot in Wick. He also said that he would close walls that would cause much harm to his seat. He spoke truly, for King Edward was mixed with mercy and fierceness towards his enemies in Wales and Scotland, punishing them for their falsehood and treason as they deserved it. He kept England safe from harm since he kept it from all manner of enemies who ran against him to do him wrong. He opened his mouth towards Wales and conquered it through the dread of his name..sword for Prince Leuelin and Dauid his brother Ris and Morgan were put to death for their falseness and folly. And he set foot in Wales and conquered Brecon. At this conquest, twenty-five thousand and nine hundred were slain and those who were burned in the red hall were taken. And the walls that he caused to be made shall be harmful to his seat, as I shall see in the life of Sir Edward of Camaravan his son. And yet Merlin said that he should make rivers run red and with brains. And that seemed well in his wars where he had the mastery. And yet Merlin said that there should come a people from the northwest during the reign of the aforementioned dragon, led by an evil hound that should crown the dragon as king. And that was proven by Sir John Balliol, for King Edward made him king of Scotland who falsely rose against him and afterward fled to his own lands of France and never came back again..To Scotland out of fear of King Edward. And Merlin said that the people who should lead the aforementioned hound should be fatherless until a certain time, and he said so because the Scots were greatly distressed since Sir John Balliol the king had fled from Scotland. And Merlin further said that the son would become as red as any blood in his time, signifying great mortality among the people, and it was well known when the Scots were slain. And Merlin also said that the dragon should nurse a fox that would move greatly against him, and this seemed to be the case with Robert the Bruce. King Edward had nursed him in his chamber, and afterwards the fox betrayed him and moved greatly against him, who was not ended in his time. And Merlin further said that this dragon should have the best body of all the world, and he spoke truly because King Edward was the worthiest knight of all the world in his time. And Merlin also said that the dragon should die in the march of another land, and that his land would be devastated..\"should be long without any good keeper, and yet I should weep for his death from the Isle of Shepey to the Isle of Marcill. Wherefore, alas, his song faded among the common people in the land. And that prophecy was known far and wide, for King Edward the Good died at Burgh upon Sands, which is upon the march of Scotland. Therefore, the English were discomfited and sorrowed in Northumberland. For this reason, King Edward's son was unable to set the Scots in order, and so, alas, the song faded through all England for lack of their good wardens. From the Isle of Shepey to the Isle of Marcill, you people made much sorrow for King Edward's death. For they thought that King Edward should have gone to the holy land, for it was holy his purpose. Celestinus was pope after Nicholas V, and nothing further is written about him except that he was a virtuous man. Boniface VIII was pope after him for eight years.\".This Boniface was a man involved in things pertaining to the court, as he was an extraordinary party in such matters. Since he had no peer, he showed no restraint in his actions and took great pride, declaring himself lord of the entire world. He acted as a fox, lived as a lion, and died as a dog.\n\nDuring this time, the year of grace was ordered from one hundred to one hundred. The first Jubilee was in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1300. Benedict XI succeeded Boniface X. This man was a holy man of the Friars Minor order, and he lived but a little while before his death. Adolphus was the emperor for six years during this time, and Anauxone's earl. He was not crowned by the pope..Albert was emperor after Slain in battle. He was the duke of Anstrie, and was first reprimanded by the pope. Afterward, he was confirmed by the same pope for the same misdeed. This Clement was the first pope to translate the papal seat from Rome to Avignon. It is uncertain whether it was done by the motion of God or the boldness of man. Iohannes XXII was pope after him for 16 years. He was glorious for the things that were accomplished through his active life. He published the constituions of the Clementines and sent them to all the universites. He canonized many saints and divided these fat bishoprics. He ordered many things against the plurality of benefices and condemned many heritages. But whether he was saved or not, our Lord did not show favor to those He loved well. Henri V was emperor after Albert, 5 years later. Henri was a noble man in war..He coveted to have peace by land and water. He was a glorious man in battle. And never overcome by enemies. And at last, he was poisoned by a friar when he was receiving the sacrament.\n\nKing Edward regned after him, Edward his son, born in Carnarvon. And this Edward went into France and there he married Isabella, the king's daughter of France, on the 25th day of January, at the church of Our Lady at Boulogne, in the year of our Lord 1471. And on the 20th day of February the following year, he was solemnly crowned at Westminster by the Archbishop Robert of Winchester and the Archbishop of Canterbury. And there was such great pomp of people that Sir John Bakwell was dead and Murdered:\n\nAnd immediately as the good King Edward was dead, Edward his son, King of England, sent after Percy of Gascony into Gascony, and he loved him so much that he called him his brother. And immediately after, he gave him the lordship of Walingford. It was not long after that..He never gave him the earldom of Cornwall against all the lords' will of the realm of England. And thus he brought Sir Walter of Langton, bishop of Chester, into prison in the Tower of London with two knights alone to serve him. For the king was angry with him because Sir Walter complained to his father. Therefore he was put in prison during the time of Troilbaston. And the aforementioned Percy of Ganseston made such great machinations that he entered the king's treasury in the abbey of Westminster and took the table of gold with the trystles of the same. And many other rich jewels that were once the nobles and good King Arthur's were taken to a merchant called Aymery of Friscombe. For he should carry them overseas to Gascony and so he went thence. And they never returned after. Therefore it was a great loss to this land. And when this Percy was so richly availed, he came so proud and so bold. Wherefore all the great lords of the realm held him in contempt for his great bearing..Sir Hervey, the earl of Lancaster, and Sir Guy, the earl of Warwick, along with good lords Edward, the king of England's son, charged that Percy of Gansworth should not enter England to bring his son Edward to riot. And all the lords of England assembled on a certain day at the Friars Preachers in London, where they spoke of the dishonor King Edward had brought upon his realm and his crown. They all agreed that the aforementioned Percy of Gansworth should be exiled from England forever. This was done because he had forsworn England and went to Ireland, where the king made him chieftain and governor by his commission. In Ireland, this Percy was the chieftain of the land and did as he pleased and had power at that time. The Templars were also exiled throughout Christendom due to accusations that they had acted against the faith and good belief. King Edward.loued Pers of Ganastone so moch thatt he myght not forlet his componye and so moch the kyng yaf and behight to the pepull of englond that the exiling of the foresaid pe\u00a6ris shuld be reuoked at stamford thurgh them that him had exi\u2223led wherfore peres of ganaston come ayen in to englond and when\nhe was come ayen in to his land he dispised the grettist lordis of this land and called sir Robert of Clare erle of glocestre horeson And the erle of Nicholl sir henri the Lacy brustynbely. and sir Guy erle of warwik the blak hound of Arderne. &\u0304 also he called the nobull erle and Thomas of Lancastre Churle and mony od{er} scornes and shame them said and mony other gret lordis of englo\u00a6nd \u00b6Wherfor they were toward hi\u0304 full angri & wroth & right sore annoyed \u00b6And i\u0304 the same time died the erle of Nicholl bot he charged or that he wos deid Thomas of Lancastre erle that w\u00a6as his son in law that he shuld maynten his quarell ayens this same Pers of Ganaston vpo\u0304 his blissing. \u00b6And so it befell thurgh help of the erle of.Lancaster, the earl of Worcester, sought revenge against Sir Pers, whom he had imprisoned at Gascony beside Werwick on the nineteenth day of June in the year of grace 1412. The king was greatly distressed and prayed God that he might avenge Pers' death that day. And indeed, this came to pass as follows. Alas, the time for Lancaster and many other great barons was put to painful deaths and martyrdoms because of this quarrel. The king was then at London and held a parliament, and he ordered the laws of Sir Simon Monford. The earl of Lancaster and the earls and all the clergy of England made an oath through the counsel of Robert of Wynchelse to maintain these ordinances forever. And Sir Robert Bruce, who had become king of Scotland and had previously fled to Norway out of fear of King Edward's death, also heard of the debate in England between the king and his lords. He organized an army and came to England..To Northumberland and completely destroyed the country. And when King Edward heard this news, he summoned his host and met the Scots at Edgestow in the day of the nativity of St. John the Baptist in the third year of his reign. In the year of our Lord 1414. Alas, the sorrow and loss that was done! For every noble earl, Gilbert of Clare, Sir Robert of Clifford, were slain, and King Edward was disgraced: Edmund Earl of March, the king's steward, in fear, bathed himself in a fresh river called Bannockburn. Therefore, the maids of England made a song about King Edward of England in this manner:\n\nMaidens of England, sore may you mourn,\nFor today you have lost your lovers at Bannockburn.\nWith heulethe. What think you, King of England,\nTo have gained Scotland, with Rumbleton?\n\nWhen King Edward, etc..Discomfited was he. He was greatly worried and quickly fled with the people who were left alive and went to Berwick, where he was held. Afterward, he took hostages - that is, the children of the richest man in the town. The king then went to London and took counsel on matters necessary for the realm of England.\n\nAt the same time, there was a rogue in England called John Tanner. He claimed to be the good king Edward's son and called Edward of Carnarvon, so he was taken at Oxford. There, he challenged the Carmelite church, which King Edward had given to them. At one time, this church was the king's hall.\n\nLater, this John was brought to Northampton and drawn and hanged for his deceit. Before he died, he confessed and said before all that the devil had instructed him to be king of England and that he had served the devil for three years.\n\nMiddle Sunday in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1416, Berwick..The town was lost through the false treason of one Percy of Spalding, who were put in charge of keeping that same town with many burgesses of the same town: Therefore, the children who were held as hostages by the burgesses of Beverwick followed the king's marshal's army many days, footsore and weary. And after that time, two cardinals came into England as the pope had sent them to make peace between England and Scotland. And as they went toward Dorham to have mass from Bishop Louis of Dorham and they went, they were taken and robbed near Winglesdune. Sir Gilbert of Middleton was implicated and taken, hanged, and drawn at London. His head was struck off and placed on a spear and set on a new gate. And the four quarters were sent to four cities of England. And at that same time, many misfortunes befell England, for the poor people died in England from hunger, so much and so quickly that unless men could barely carry a quart of wheat for 40 shillings and 1 year and a half..quarter. Wheat was worth sixpence. And often the power people stole children and ate them. They also ate all the hounds so they could take and also horses and cats. Afterward, there was a great plague among beasts in various parts of England during King Edward's lifetime.\n\nAnd in the same time, the Scots came into England again and destroyed Northumberland and burned that land and robbed it. They killed men, women, and children who were in their cradles. They also burned holy church and destroyed Christianity and took and bore Englishmen's goods as if they were Saracens or pagans.\n\nAnd when Pope John XXII, after sending Petrus, heard of the great sorrow and mischief that the Scots wrought, he was greatly sorrowful that Christianity was so destroyed through the Scots. Namely, they destroyed so holy a church, for which the pope sent a general sentence under his bulls to the archbishop of Canterbury and to the archbishop.If Robert the Bruce of Scotland would not be justified and make amends to King Edward of England, their lord, and make restitution for the losses and harm they had caused in England, and also restore the goods taken from the holy church that had been sentenced, this announcement should be proclaimed throughout all England. And when the Scots heard this, they would not abandon their malice for the pope's commandment. Therefore, Robert the Bruce, James Douglas, Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, and all those who joined them or helped them in word or deed were cursed in every church throughout all England every day at Mass, three times. No Mass should be sung in holy church throughout all Scotland unless the Scots made restitution for the harm they had caused to the holy church. For this reason, many good priests and holy men were slain throughout the realm of Scotland because they would not sing Mass against the pope's commandment and against his will to do and fulfill it..It was not long after this that King Henry ordered a parliament at York. Sir Hugh Spencer's son was made chamberlain during this time. The king then returned to Scotland, besieging the town of Berwick. However, the Scots crossed the water of Solway, which was three miles from the king's host, and privately came into England. They robbed and destroyed all they could find and spared nothing until they reached York.\n\nWhen the English left at home heard this news, all who could travel, including monks, priests, friars, and seculars, came and met the Scots at Manton on the xij. day of October. Alas, the English husbands could not save anything, as many were killed and drowned in the sea. The chief men, Sir William Melton, Archbishop of York, and the Abbot of Selby, with their retinues, fled and came to York..The Scots set fire to the stakes of hay and their smoke was so huge that the English couldn't see them. And when the English had crossed the water, the Scots came with their wings in the form of a shield and approached the English in a rush. The English fled before they had any men-at-arms. For the king had almost lost them at the siege of Berwick. And when the great host met the English, they fled between the hobilers and the great host. And the English almost were killed. He who could swim over the water was saved, but many were drowned. Alas, there were many more of the religious and seculars, priests and clerks, and the archbishop was deeply grieved. Therefore, the Scots called the battle the White Battle.\n\nKing Edward heard this news and removed his siege from Berwick and returned to England. But.Sir Hugh Spenser, the king's chamberlain, kept the royal chamber so that no one could speak with the king. But he had made a favorite for himself to do all his bidding, exceeding the measure: And this Hugh bore himself so stoutly that all men held him in scorn and disdain. The king himself would not be governed or ruled by any man but by his father and himself. If any knight of England had wished such manners or lordship, the king must grant it to them. Or else the mother, who should have it, would be falsely accused of forfeiture or felony. And through such actions, they disinherited many a good knight and gained much land, which was wonderful.\n\nWhen the lords of England saw the great covetousness and shamelessness of Sir Hugh Spenser and his son, they went to the Earl of Lancaster and asked him for counsel regarding the disorder in the realm because of Sir Hugh Spenser and his son. In haste, by one accord, they convened a parliament at Shrewsbury..The barons broke and destroyed the land belonging to King Edward and Sir Hugh Spencer and his son. They marched to Wales and devastated Sir Hugh's land.\n\nWhen King Edward saw the great harm and destruction the barons of England inflicted upon Sir Hugh Spencer's land and his sons in every place they encountered, he, through his counsel, exiled Sir John Monbray, Sir Roger Clifford, Sir Gosselin D'Aubigny, and many other lords who supported them. The barons did even more harm than before.\n\nWhen the king saw that the barons would not cease their cruelty, he was greatly afraid they would destroy him and his realm for his maintenance. He could only ascend to them.\n\nSo, he sent for them through letters, requesting they come to London to his parliament at a specified day.\n\nThey came with three battalions, each well-armed at all points..Sir Umfred of Boh, Roger of Clifford, Sir John Mombray, Sir Giles Daubeney, Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, Sir Henry Percy of Tours, Sir Iohan Giffard, and Sir Bartholomew Badewes were among those in the parliament, which was called the Parliament of the White Bend. Also present were Sir Roger Damory and Sir Hugh Dandel, who had married the king's niece, and Earl Gilbert Clare of Gloucester, who had been killed in Scotland as mentioned before. The two earls of Gloucester had two thirds of the earldom, and Sir Hugh Spencer, the son, had the third in his wife's half. The two lords went to the barons with all their power against Sir Hugh, their brother-in-law..Sir Roger of Clifford, Sir John Mombrey, Sir Goselin, Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, his nephew Sir Henry Trais, Sir John Giffard, Sir Bartholomew of Badesmore, and all their company, and many others who consented, came to Westminster to the king's parliament. And they spoke and did so that both Sir Hugh Spencer, the father, and also the son, were outlawed from England forever.\n\nSir Hugh the father went to Douai and made much sorrow and fell down by the bank of the sea with his arms and wept bitterly, saying, \"Fair England and good England, to almighty God I commend thee. I curse thee, England, and thrice curse the ground, and never wish to come back again. I weep full sore and curse the time that ever I begat Sir Hugh, my son.\" In their presence, he gave him his curse and went over the sea to his lands.\n\nBut Hugh the son,.He would not have left England but held him in the sea. And he and his company robbed two Drumodis beside Sandwich and took and carried away all the goods that were on them, worth xl.M. pound. It was not long after that King Henry made Sir Hugh Spencer the father and Sir Hugh the son come back into England against the will of the realm. And soon after, the king with a strong power came and besieged the castle of Ledes. In the castle was the lady of Badewesmore, holding it in defiance of Queen Isabella, King Edward's wife. But the principal reason was because Sir Bartholomew Badewesmore was against the king and held with the lords of England. Nevertheless, the king, with the help and support of me of London and also the help of southern men, took the castle despite them all and took with them all they could find. And when the barons of England heard this news, Sir Roger Mortimer and other lords took Burgaworth with strength..The king was angry and declared Thomas of Lancaster and Earl of Hereford, along with all those who supported the same cause, outlaws. The king assembled a large army and marched against the lords of England. The Mortimers intervened and the king showed mercy to them and to others, and they were sent to the Tower of London and kept in prison.\n\nWhen Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, heard this, he and his companions were filled with anger and all those of his party were greatly dismayed. They prepared their forces and besieged the castle of Tickhill. But those within defended manfully and the barons were unable to take the castle. When the king heard that his castle was besieged, he swore by God's name that the siege would be lifted and he gathered a large force of people and went there to relieve it..castell and his power increased from day to day. When the earl of Lancaster and the earl of Herford and their companions heard of this, they assembled all their power and went to Burton upon Trent to keep the bridge so the king could not pass over. But it happened on the 10th day of March in the year of grace 1321, the king and the earl of Pembroke, John earl of Warwick, and their forces crossed the water and discomfited Earl Thomas and his company. They fled to the castle of Tutbury, and from there they went to Pontefract. In this voyage, Sir Roger Danmore died in the abbey of Tutbury. At the same time, Earl Thomas had a traitor with him named Robert of Holand, a knight whom the earl had brought up from nothing and had given a thousand marks of land by the year. The earl loved him so much that he could do whatever he liked in the earl's court, both among him and the law. Therefore, this traitor was quite bold..The earl trusted him more than any man alive. And the earl had ordered, through his letters, to travel to the earldom of Lancaster to rouse men to help him on this journey - five hundred men of arms. But the false traitor did not come, nor did any men come to warn or help his lord. And when the false traitor hard told that his lord was discomfited at Boroughgood Earl Thomas was greatly shocked and said to himself, \"O all mighty God, how could Robert Holland find it in his heart to betray me, since I have loved him so much?\" God forbid that any man see him who could not dissuade another from doing so, rather than him whom he trusted most. He had shown me great kindness and the worship I owed him, and through my kindness I had raised him up and made him powerful. And he makes me go from high to low.\n\nGood Earl Thomas, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Herford, and.barons who were with him took counsel between them at the friars in Pountfret. Thomas spoke up about Robert Holland's traitorous actions and was reproved. Alas, Holland had betrayed him. Aye, it is the Reed of some evil deed. And by common assent, they should all go to Dunstanburgh Castle, which belonged to the earldom of Lancaster, and remain there until the king had pardoned them.\n\nBut when the good earl Thomas heard this, he answered in this manner: \"Lords, if we go towards the north, the northern men will say that we go towards the Scots, and so we shall be held traitors. Because of the distance between King Edward and Robert Bruce, who made him king of Scotland. And therefore, I say, concerning myself, that I will not go any further north than to my own castle of Pountfret.\n\nAnd when Sir Roger Clifford heard this, he rose up at once in wrath and drew his sword high, swearing by God's almighty name and by his holy names, but if he....The noble and gentle earl Thomas of Lancaster was greatly afraid. \"Fair sirs, I will go with you wherever you bid me.\" They went north with him and had an army of 5,000 men. They came to Burbrugge. And when Sir Andrew of Herkela, who was in the north by the king's order to keep Scotland, heard that Thomas of Lancaster was discomfited and his company at Burton upon Trent, he ordered a strong power and Sir Simon Ward, who was then sheriff of York, to meet the barons at Burbrugge. They immediately broke the bridge that was made of wood.\n\nWhen Thomas of Lancaster heard that Sir Andrew of Herkela had brought such a power, he was greatly afraid and sent for Sir Andrew of Herkela. \"Sir Andrew,\" he said, \"you must understand how our lord the king is led and misguided by much false counsel through Sir Hugh the Earl of Lancaster.\".Spenser and Sir Hugh his son, Sir John Earl of Arundell, and Sir Robert Baldock, a false priest who is now in the king's court, are dueling. Therefore, I pray you to come with us with all the power you have ordered and help us to destroy the venom of England and the traitors within it. We will give you all the best part of five earldoms that we have and hold. And we will make an oath that we will never do anything without your counsel. Thus, you shall be with us as ever Robert of Holland was. \u00b6Sir Andrew of Herkley answered and said, Sir Thomas, who would not I join you in this, for no manner of thing would you give me without the will and commandment of our lord the king. For if I did, I would be a traitor forevermore. \u00b6And when noble Earl Thomas of Lancaster saw that he would not consent to join us for any reason, Sir Andrew said, will you not consent to destroy the venom of the realm as we are doing?.Androw, Sir, I tell you this year is gone, and you will be taken and held as a traitor. You shall die a worse death than any knight of England ever did. Understand well that you have never done anything that you will regret more. Go now and do as you please. I will put myself in the mercy of God.\n\nThe false traitor, Tirant, went on. Through the noble Earl of Lancaster, he obtained the arms of the knights. Through him, he was made a knight. Men could see archers drawing their bows on one side and knights fighting on the other. Among others, Sir Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, a renowned knight through Christendom, stood and fought against his enemies on the bridge. As the noble lord stood and fought on the bridge, a thief, a ruffian, hid under the bridge and fiercely struck the noble knight with a spear..foundation, so that his belly is come out about his feet there. Alas for sorrow, for the flower of solace and comfort, and also of courtesie, were slain. And Sir Roger of Cliford, a noble knight, stood ever and fought well and worthily, defending himself as a noble baron. But at the last, he was sore wounded in his head, and Sir William of Sullay and Sir Roger of Bernfeld were slain at that battle. When Sir Andrew of Herkela saw that Sir Thomas of Lancaster was losing and yielding, he and his company came to the gentle knight Sir Thomas of Lancaster and said to him, \"Yield, traitors, yield to us.\" The noble earl answered and said, \"Nay, my lords, traitors we are not, and to you we will never yield while our lives last, but rather have us slain in our truth than yield to you.\" And Sir Andrew again urged Sir Thomas to yield, roaring like a wild wolf, \"Yield, traitors, take yield, yield.\" And he said with a loud voice, \"Beware, sirs, that none of you be so hardy on life and limb.\".to mysdone Thomas bodi of Lancastre \u00b6And with that word the good Erle Thomas we\u0304t i\u0304 to the chapell & said kneling vpon his knees &\u0304 turned his visage towardes the crosse and said Almyghty god to the I me yelde & holli I put me vn to thy merci. And with that the vileyns and ribaudes leped a boute him on eu{er}y syde as tirantis & wode turme\u0304\u00a6tours and dispolid him of his armurie and clothed him in a robe\nof rey that was of his squyers liueira and forth lad him vn to yorke by wat{er}. \u00b6Tho myght men se moch sorow &\u0304 care. for thee gentill knyghtis fled in eu{er}y side &\u0304 the ribaudis &\u0304 the vileyns egre\u00a6li them discried and gried an high yeld yow tratours yeld you. \u00b6And when they wer yolden they wer robbed & bounde as thef\u00a6ues Alas the shame and dispite that the gentill ordir of knyght\u2223hod ther had at that bataill and the land was tho with out law: for holy chirche tho had no more reuerance than it had bene a brodell hous and in that bataill was the fadre ayens the sone. and the vn\u00a6cle ayens his nepheu For so.\"Among the people of one nation in England, there had never been a man like that one before. For one kinrad had no more pity for the other than a hungry wolf has for a sheep, and it was no wonder. For the great lords of England were not all of one nation but were mixed with other nations: some Bretons, some Saxons, some Danes, some Picts, some Frenchmen, some Normans, some Spaniards, some Romans, some Henaudes, some Flemings, and other diverse nations. These nations did not agree with the kindred blood of England. And if these great lords had only married English people, peace and rest would have been among them without any envy. At that battle, Roger Clifford, Sir John Monbray, Sir William Tuchit, Sir William Fitz William, and many other worthy knights were taken. Sir Hugh Dandell was taken the next day after and would have been put to death if he had not married the king's niece, who was Earl Gilbert's sister of Gloucester.\".After Sir Bartolomew of Badewes was taken at Stoke Park, a man of the bishops of Lincoln was his nephew. And now I shall tell you about the noble Earl Thomas of Lancaster. When he was taken and brought to York, many of the citizens were glad. And upon him they cried with loud voices, \"Sir traitor, welcome, blissed be God. For now shall you have the reward that long time you have deserved.\" And they threw snowballs and other insults at him. But the noble earl all suffered and said nothing in return:\n\nAnd at the same time, the king heard of this same humiliation and was glad. In haste, he came to Pontefract, along with Sir Hugh Spencer, Sir Hugh his son, Sir John Earl of Arundel, Sir Edmund of Woodstock, the king's brother Earl of Kent, Sir Aymer of Valence, Earl of Penbroke, and Master Robert Baldock, a false priest and duelist who was privy to the king's court. And all came there with the king. The king entered into the castle..sir Andrew of Herkela a fals tirant thurgh the kynges commaundement to\u00a6ke with him the gentill erle Thomas to Pou\u0304tfret. &\u0304 ther he was prisoned in his own castell that he had new made that stode ayen the abbey of kyng Edward. \u00b6And sir hugh the spen{ser} the fad{er} & his son cast &\u0304 thought how & in what man{er} the good erle Tho\u00a6mas of Lancastre sh\u0304uld be dede with out ony Iugement of hys perys \u00b6Wherfore it was ordened thurgh the kyng{is} Iustices yt the ki\u0304g shold put vpon him pointes of treson. \u00b6And so it be\u00a6fell yt he was led to barre before the ki\u0304gis Iustis barehed as a thef in a fair hall in his own castell yt he had made ther in mo\u0304y a fair fest both to rich and to poer. \u00b6And thes wer his Iustises sir Hugh spen{ser} the father. & Aymer of valau\u0304ce erle of peenbroke. sir Edmo\u0304d of wodestoke erle of kent. sir Iohn\u0304 of Bretan erle of Richemond & sir Robert of Malemethrop Iustice. & sir rober\u00a6te him a coulpid in this maner. \u00b6Thomas at the frist. owr lord the kyng & this court excludeth you of all maner.Thomas, our lord the king accuses you of riding against him with a banner displayed, acting as a traitor.\nThomas, the earl, replied with a loud voice, \"Lord, indeed, I have never been a traitor.\"\nThe justice replied, \"Thomas, our lord the king accuses you of robbing his people and murdering his subjects as a thief.\"\nThomas, the king also accuses you of defeating his people in his own realm. Therefore, you and your people fled to the woods as outlaws.\nYou were also captured as an outlaw.\nAs a traitor, you will be hanged. But the king has granted you Jews for the love of Queen Isabella.\nThomas also wishes for you to be hanged, but the king has granted you Jews for a cause and out of affection for your lineage.\nBut since you were taken while fleeing and acting as an outlaw, the king will have your head struck off, as you have rightfully deserved.\nImmediately, bring him out and present him to the king..The gentle knight Thomas heard all these words with a loud voice. He cried sorrowfully and said, \"Alas, fair father, shall I be dead thus? Grant me now, blessed God, an answer: but all this meant nothing to him. For the cursed Gascons put him here and there, and they cried with a loud voice, 'King Arthur, most dreadful and well-known, now thy open treachery is revealed; a wicked death shalt thou die, have thou deserved it.' They set up his head in scorn and held a chaplet that was all to rent, not worth a half penny. And after that they set him upon a white palefrey, unseemly and bare, with a harsh bridle, and with a horrible noise they drove him out of the castle toward his death, and they cast upon him many balls of snow in mockery. And as the traitors led him out of the castle, he said these pitiful words and held up his hands toward heaven: 'Now the king of heaven give us mercy. For the earthly king has forsaken us.'.And a friar went with him out of the castle until he came to the place where he ended his life, to whom he had confessed all his life. The noble earl held the friar firmly by the clothes and said to him, \"Fair father, stay with us until I am dead. For my flesh trembles with fear of death.\"\n\nIndeed, the noble earl set him on his knees and turned him toward the east. But a ruffian named Higon of Moston seized the noble earl and said, in defiance of him, \"Traitor, turn toward the Scots. Your soul is dead to undergo judgment.\" And he turned him toward the north.\n\nThe noble Earl Thomas answered him gently, \"Now, fair lords, I shall do your will.\" And with that, the friar left him, weeping sorely. And at once, a ruffian went to him and struck off his head. The eleventh day of April in the year of grace 1321.\n\nAlas, that ever such noble blood should be shed to death without cause or reason. And truly, the king was a traitor..The false speakers through their counsel caused Sir Thomas, uncle to the king, to suffer such a death and beheaded against all reason. It was a great pity that such a noble king should be deceived and misgoverned through the counsel of the fallacious speakers, who maintained their folly despite dishonor and loss. Afterward, great vengeance ensued in England for the death of the aforementioned Thomas.\n\nWhen the earl of his life had passed, the prior and monks of Pountfret obtained Sir Thomas's body and buried it before the high altar. Sir William Tuchet, Sir William Fitz William, Sir Warren of Isell, Sir Henry of Bradborne, Sir William Cheynye, and John Page, esquire, were present.\n\nSoon after, at York, Sir Roger Clifford, Sir John of Mambray, and Sir Goselin Dauvill, knight, were drawn and hanged. Sir Henry of Wemington and Sir Henry Monfort, barons, were hanged at Bristol..Glocester drew and hanged Sir John Geffard and Sir William of Elmbridge, barons. In London, they hanged and drew Sir Henry Tyes, baron, and Sir Thomas Colepeper, knight. At Windsor, Sir Francis of Waldenham, baron, was drawn and hanged. At Canterbury, Sir Bertholome of Badelesmere and Sir Bartholomew of Ashburnham, barons, were drawn and hanged. In Cardiff, Wales, Sir William Flemming, baron, was drawn and hanged.\n\nKing Edward of England brought the flower of Chivalry to their deaths through counsel and consent of Sir Hugh Spencer the father and Sir Hugh the son. The king grew as woeful as any lion. Whatever the Spencers desired was done by the king, for he loved them so much that they could do anything they liked with him. Therefore, the king gave one earldom of Wiltshire to Sir Hugh Spencer the father and one earldom of Cardigan to Sir Andrew Harclay in preference and to the harm of his crown. Through the counsel of the Spencers, King Edward disinherited all those who had been against him..quarell with Thomas of Lancastre & mony oder wer disheri\u00a6ted also for encheson stat the spensers couetted for to haue ther lan\u00a6des and so they had all that they wold desire with wrong and a\u00a6yens all reson \u00b6Tho made the kyng Robert of Baldok a fa\u00a6ls piled clerke Chauncelar of englond thurgh caunsell of the for\u00a6said spen{ser}s & he was a fals ribaud and a couetise &\u0304 so they cou\u0304ce\u00a6led the kyng moch that the kyng let take to his own warde all the goodis of the lordis that were put wrongfully to the deth in to his own hond and as well they token the goodis that wer in holy chir\u00a6che as the goodis that were wythout. And let them bene put in to his tresorie in london and let them call his forfaittis & bi ther councell the kyng wrought for eu{er}more he dysherite them that the\ngoodis owghten. \u00b6And thurgh ther counsell let a rere a tal\u2223liage of all the goodis of englond \u00b6Wherfor he was the rich\u00a6est kyng that eu{er} wos in englond after willm basterd of Norma\u0304\u00a6die that conquerid Englond\u25aa \u00b6And yit thurgh councell of.Them he seemed to find no man in every town in England who would go and were upon the Scots, his enemies, where the king was in Scotland with a hundred thousand men at Whitsun in the year of our Lord 1422. But the Scots hid themselves in mountains and woods, keeping the Englishmen from day to day, preventing King Edward from engaging them in open field. Many Englishmen, who had little provisions, died there from hunger suddenly, both on the march and on the return. And particularly those who had been against Thomas of Lancaster and robbed his men on his lands:\n\nWhen King Edward saw that provisions failed him, he was greatly discomforted, not only because his men died but also because he could not overtake his enemies. So at last he returned to England.\n\nImmediately after, James Douglas and Thomas Randolph came into England with a large host into Northumberland..The Englishmen, driven out of England and robbed the country, killed the people, and burned the town called Northallerton, among others, to York. And when the king heard this news, he summoned all manner of men who could travel. The Englishmen met the Scots at the abbey of Beverley on the fifteenth day after Michaelmas in the same aforementioned year. The Englishmen were defeated there.\n\nSir John of Bretagne, Earl of Richmond, who held the country and the Earldom of Lancaster, was taken captive at this defeat. He paid a large ransom and was released. After that, he went into France and never returned again.\n\nAt that time, Sir Andrew Harclay, newly made Earl of Carlisle because he had taken the good Earl of Lancaster, had ordered through the king's commandment of England to bring all the power he could to help him against the Scots at the abbey of Beverley.\n\nAnd when the false traitor had....gadred all the pepull that he myght and shuld haue come to the kyng vn to the abbey of Beig\u00a6heland \u00b6The fals tratour lad them by an other cuntre thurgh Copeland & thurgh the erledom of Lancastre. & went thurgh the cuntre & robbed &\u0304 killed folke all that he myght \u00b6And forther more the fals tratour had taken a gret soume of gold and silu{er} of sir Iames Douglas for to be ayens the kyng of englond and to bene helpyng & holdyng with the scottis thurgh whos treson the kyng of englond wos discomfited at Beigheland or that he come thed{er} \u00b6Wherfor the kyng wos toward him wond{er} wroth. and let priueli enquere by the cuntre about. how that it wos\u00b7 \u00b6And so men enquerid and aspied so at the last trewth was fou\u0304d and sought & he atteynt & take as a fals tratour. as ye good erle Tho\u00a6ms of Lancastre him told. or that he wer put vn to deth at his ta\u00a6kyng at burbrugge: \u00b6And to him said or that yere wer done he shuld be take and hold a tratour \u00b6And so it wos as the holy man said. wherfor the kyng sent preueli to sir.A knight named Anthony of Lucie from the country of Cardoill was ordered to take Sir Andrew of Harkela and put him to death. To carry out this task, the king sent a commission. Therefore, this same Andrew was taken at Cardoill and brought to the bar in the manner of an earl, dressed and armed as such, with a sword girded about him and hosed and spurred. Sir Anthony spoke to him in this manner, \"Sir Andrew,\" he said, \"the king has charged me as much as you have wronged him in your deeds. He has made the earl of Cardoill and you a traitor to your lord the king. He has taken away his people from his country who should have helped him in the battle of Beachland and led them astray through the country of Copeland and the earldom of Lancaster. Because of your treason and falsehood, our lord the king was disgraced there by the Scots. If you had come in time, he would have had the battle. And you betrayed him for a great sum of gold and silver that you held under the control of James Douglas, a Scot.\".The king's enemy. And our lord the king intends that the order of knighthood by which you received all your honor and worship on your body be brought to nothing, and your estate undone. Other knights of higher rank may follow. The which lord has vacated the hollow crown in various countries in England. And it is expected that they truly serve as an example after him.\n\nHe commanded a knave at once to hew off his spurs from his heels. And after he let break the sword over his head, the king gave him to keep and defend his land with it when he had made him earl of Cardoill.\n\nAnd after he let him be unclothed of his furred tabard, his hood, and his furred coats, and his girdle. And when this was done, Sir Anthony said to him, \"Andrew, you are no knight but a knave, and for your treason, the king intends that you shall be hanged, drawn, and your head struck off.\" And your bowels taken out of your body and burned before you, and your despoiled body sent to London..and there it shall stand up against London Bridge, and the four quarters shall be sent to the four towers of England, so that all others may be warned and chastised by them. And so it was done, as Anthony said, on the last day of October in the year of grace 1322. And the sun turned to blood as the people saw, and this lasted from morning until it was eleven of the clock in the evening.\n\nAfter that, the good Earl Thomas of Lancaster was martyred. There was a priest who for a long time had dreamed in his sleep that he would go to the hill where the good Earl Thomas of Lancaster was martyred and that he would regain his sight. And so he dreamed for three nights.\n\nThe priest led him to the same hill. When he came to the place where he was martyred, he prayed devoutly there and earnestly prayed to God to restore Thomas's sight. And as he was praying, he placed his right hand on the same place where the good man was martyred. And a drop of blood fell from it..of dry blood and small sand clung to his hand, and therewith struck his eye. And instantly, through the might of God and Saint Thomas of Lancaster, he regained his sight. And when this miracle was known among men, the people came from every side and knelt and prayed at his tomb, which is in the priory of Pontefract. They prayed to the Holy Mother of Sorrows and of Help, and God heard their prayer.\n\nAlso, there was a young child drowned in a well in the town of Pontefract and was dead for three days and three nights. Men came and laid the dead child upon Saint Thomas' tomb, the holy martyr. And the child arose from death to live: as many a man bore witness.\n\nAnd also, many people were out of their minds and God had sent them back to their senses through the intercession of that holy martyr.\n\nAnd also, God had given them also the gift of healing to cripples going there, to crook their hands and feet, and to the blind also their sight. And to many sick people, their health from various maladies, for the love of this good martyr..In a town in Gascony, there was a rich woman named Also. She suffered from a malady that caused her right side to rot and fall away, revealing her liver and heart. She was so emaciated that people could barely see her. Her friends were deeply concerned, but at last, they prayed to God to send Thomas of Lancaster, who was on his way to Poitiers to perform a pilgrimage. They believed that the mercy sent Thomas to her, and he anointed her entire sick body.\n\nThe good man and his friends awoke the next day to find Also healed. Her flesh was restored, and the rotted and fallen parts were renewed. For this miracle, the good man and his friends loved God and praised Him continually. They returned to their own country and told of the miracle they had witnessed.\n\nThe good man himself came to England and brought with him four companions. They went to Poitiers to visit the holy martyr and the healed woman, who came there naked, except for her private clothes. Once they had completed their pilgrimage, they returned home to their own country..And yet miracles occur wherever they come. And I, myself, have been healed of the male ailment through the help of that holy martyr, though it may be deemed incurable. And when Sir Hugh the speaker saw this, his son sent a messenger from Pontefract to King Edward, who was at Gravenhurst at Scipton, to undo the pilgrimage. And as the messenger went toward the king to deliver his message, he passed by the hill where the good martyr was done to death. In the same place, he relieved himself. And when he had done, he went toward the king. But a strong flux came upon him and he came to York. And Sir Hugh, the speaker, heard this news and was greatly afraid. He thought to undo the pilgrimage if he could..And one man prevented it in this way. And another went to the king and said that they should be greatly shameful throughout Christendom for the death of Thomas of Lancaster if he allowed the people to make their pilgrimage at Pontefract. So he advised the king to close the church doors of Pontefract, in which church the holy martyr Thomas was interred. And thus they did again all franchises of the holy church. So that four years after, no pilgrim could come to it. And because the monks allowed men to come and honor the holy body of St. Thomas the martyr, through the counsel of Sir Hugh Spencer, the son, and through the counsel also of Master Robert Baldock, the false pilated clerk who was the king's chancellor, the king consented that they should be set to their wages and allowed to keep ward over their own good for a long time. And through the command of the aforementioned Sir Hugh Spencer, fourteen Gascoines kept the hill where the good man had Thomas done in..his death so that no pilgrim might come that way. He intended to take Christ's might: and his poverty and the great boon of miracles that he showed for his martyr Sent Thomas through all Christendom. And at the same time, the king made Robert of Baldock the false pilgrim clerk through the prayer of Sir Hugh Spenser, the son of Chaucer of England. And at the same time, Walworth Castle was held against the king by the prisoners within the castle, on account of Thomas' quarrel with Lancaster. Wherefore, the people of the court heard that he should be drawn and hanged at London. The day after, on the day before Lawrence's feast day, he held a fair feast in the tower of London. Sir Stephen Scrope, constable of the tower, and many great men were with him. And when they should sup, the aforementioned Stephen sent for all the officers of the tower, and they came and suppered with him. And when they should take their leave of him, a squire who was called Stephen was full private with the aforementioned Roger..The king counseled them all to drink so much that the least of them all slept two days and two nights. In the meantime, he escaped by the Thames and sailed over the sea, keeping him in France. Therefore, the king was greatly annoyed and had Stephen removed from his custody.\n\nThe king then went to London, and through the connivance of Sir Hugh Spencer, the father of his son and of Master Robert Baldock, a false priest, his Chancellor, seized all the queen's lands into his hands, as well as all the lands that belonged to Sir Edward and were put to her wages against all manner of resistance. And when King Francis heard of this falsehood, he was greatly annoyed against King Edward of England and his false counselors.\n\nTherefore, he sent a letter to King Edward under his seal, commanding him to come to France at a certain day to do homage, and there to summon her and else he would lose Gascony..was ordeyned in en\u00a6glond thurgh the ki\u0304g & his cou\u0304cell yt quene Isabell shold wend in to frau\u0304ce for to tret of pees bitwen hir lord & hir brother And that oliu{er} of Yngham shuld we\u0304d in to gascoyn & haue with him vij. thousand men &\u0304 mo of armes to be seneshall &\u0304 wardeyne of gas\u2223coyn & so it wos orddyned yt quene Isabel we\u0304t ou{er} se & come in to frau\u0304ce. & wt hir went sir Aymer of vala\u0304ce erle of pe\u0304brok yt wos ther mordred sode\u0304li i\u0304pue sege bot yt wos thurgh godis ve\u0304geaun\u00a6ce. for he wos on of ye Iustices yt {con}sentid to sent Thomas deth of la\u0304castre &\u0304 wold neu{er} aft{er} repe\u0304te hi\u0304 of yt wikkid dede: &\u0304 at yt tim sir oliu{er} of yngha\u0304 went ou{er} i\u0304 to gascoi\u0304 & did moch harme to ye ki\u0304g of Fraunca and tho he gat ayen that kyng Edward had lost and moch more ther to.\nTHe quene Isabell had but a quart of a yere duelled i\u0304 frau\u0304\u00a6ce bot sir Edward hir eldest son axed leue tho for to wen\u00a6de in to fraunce for to speke with his mother Isabell the quene. \u00b6And his fader the kyng grau\u0304ted him with a good.The king of France welcomed his nephew, Edward, with much honor and said, \"Fair son, in God's blessing and mine, come again as quickly as you may. And he went over the sea and came to France. The king of France, upon his arrival, took him under his protection without the consent or will of the father. I give you this lordship to hold it from me in heritage, as all your ancestors did before you. Therefore, he was called the Duke of Guines.\n\nWhen King Edward of England learned that the king of France had given the duchy of Guines to Sir Edward his son without his consent or will, he became very angry and sent letters to both his son and wife, urging them to return to England as soon as possible. Queen Isabella and Sir Edward were greatly alarmed by the king's anger and wrath, primarily due to the falsehoods of the Spencers..both of the father and the son refused to come at his commandment. Therefore, King Edward was greatly annoyed and ordered a proclamation in London that if Queen Isabella and Edward her eldest son did not come to England, they would be considered traitors to the realm and the crown of England.\n\nSince they would not come to England, both the mother and her son were exiled. When Queen Isabella heard this news, she was greatly frightened by the false reports of the soothsayers.\n\nThey waited with the knights who had been exiled from England, including Sir Roger of Wigmore, Sir William Trussell, Sir John of Cromwell, and many other good knights.\n\nThey took counsel and arranged among themselves to arrange a marriage between the Duke of Ghent, the king's son of England, and the earl's daughter of Hennaud. It was a noble knight of name and valiant in his time.\n\nIf this match could be brought about, they believed with God's help..With his help, they were able to recover their heritage in England, but they were put out through the false reporting of Spenser.\n\nWhen King Edward and Spenser heard that Queen Isabella and Sir Edward her son had allied themselves to the earl of Henault and to those exiled from England for the sake of Thomas of Lancaster, they were so sorrowful that they did not know what to do. Wherefore Sir Hugh Spenser the younger spoke to Sir Hugh his father in this manner.\n\nFather, cursed be the time and the council that ever you consented that Queen Isabella should go to France to treat of accord between the king of England and her brother the king of France, for at that time, indeed, your wit failed. I fear sorest that through her and her son, we shall be shorn but if we take the better counsel.\n\nNow, fair sirs, understand how marvelous treachery and falsehood the Spencers engineered and cast privily, filling five barrels with silver, the sum amounted to five thousand..Among all other things, they were brought to their deaths privately. But almighty God would not allow this: for when this Arnold was in the high sea, he was taken by sea landers who met him in the high sea and took him and brought him to their lord, the earl of Henault. Much joy was made for this taking. And at last, this Arnold privately stole away from them and came to London. And of this taking and other things, the earl of Henault said to Queen Isabella: \"Make merry, my lady. Be of good cheer, for you are richer than you thought. Take these five barrels, full of silver, which were sent to the twelve of France to kill you and your son Edward. Hasten to go to England, and take Sir John of Henault, my brother, and five thousand men of France with you, for many of the Frenchmen whom you have had great trust.\".The queen Isabella sent Thomas through Henaud and Flaudes for her suitors and ordered her to go every day to England again. She had Sir Edmond of Wodstoke in her company, who was Edward's brother of England.\n\nWhen King Edward heard that Queen Isabella and Edward her son would come into England with a great power of aliens and those who were outlaws from England for her rebellion, he was greatly afraid to be put down and to lose his kingdom.\n\nWherefore he ordered to keep his castles in Wales as well as in England with vitales and their apparatus and let keep his rivers and also the sea coasts. The five ports took to keep them and also the sea.\n\nAnd at the feast of Decollation of St. John the Baptist, the citizens of London sent to the king to procure a hundred men of arms.\n\nAnd also he commanded by his letters ordered it every hundred and wapentake of England\nto trials..men were to be assembled both of armed men and foot soldiers, and they commanded that all men be ready when any alarm or cry was made to pursue and take the aliens coming to England, to claim the land for themselves and put them out of their kingdom. And further, he let it be proclaimed through his patent in every fair and every market town of England that Queen Isabella and Sir Edward his eldest son, and the Earl of Kent, were taken and safely kept without any harm done to them, and all other people who came with them. And whoever brought Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore was to be given a hundred pounds for his trouble. And moreover, he ordered by his patent and commanded to make a fire upon every hill beside the rivers and in law countries to make high beacons, so that if it happened that the aliens came to the land by night, men could see the beacons..\"Should tend the beckons that the court might be warned and come and meet their enemies. And in the time died Sir Roger Mortimer, his uncle, in the Tower of London.\n\nWhen Queen Isabella and Sir Edward, her son, Duke of Gloucester, Sir Edward of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, and Sir John, the brother of Henry and their company: did not fear the king's menace nor that of his traitors. For they trusted all in God's grace and came to Herewich on the 24th day of September, in the year of grace 1426. And the queen and Sir Edward, her son, sent letters to the mayor and commune of London requiring them to be helpful in the quarrel and cause that they had begun, that is, to destroy the traitors of the realm. But no answer was sent back. Therefore, the queen and Sir Edward, her son, sent another patent letter under their seals, the tenor of which letter follows in this manner.\n\nIsabella, by the grace of God, Queen of England, Lady of Ireland, and Countess of Ponthieu, & I, Edward, the eldest son\".The Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Chester, of Pembroke and Moustroil send greetings to the mayor and all the commonalty of the city of London. Previously, we have sent letters to you detailing our arrival in this land with a good army and in good order, for the honor and profit of the holy church and our right dear lord the king and the realm, with all our might and power to keep and maintain, as we and all the good people of the aforementioned realm are obligated to do. Therefore, we ask for your assistance in this matter that concerns the common profit of the aforementioned realm. To date, we have received no response to our letters and do not know of your intentions in this matter.\n\nThus, we send this message again and request and charge you to be on our side, causing us no distress but that you are unhelpful to us in every way you can or know of. For be assured that we and all those who have come with us will not forget your actions..this realm thinks not of doing anything but that which is for the common profit of the entire realm, except to destroy Hugh Spenser, our enemy, and his allies, as you well know. Therefore, we pray and charge you in the faith that you owe to our lord the king and to us, and upon all that you shall make amends to us, that if the said Hugh Spenser, our enemy, comes within your power, you detain him hastily and keep him safely until we have determined our will. And leave it not in any manner as you desire honor and profit for us and for the entire realm.\n\nUnderstand well that if you do our prayer and commandment, we will be more bound to you. And also, you shall gain favor and profit if you send us a prompt answer to all your will again at Baldock on the 6th day of October.\n\nThis letter was sent early in the day on the day that Denis was taken upon the new cross in Chepe. And many copies of the same letter were tacked up on windows and doors..In the same time, King Edward was at London in the tower at his meal. And an messenger came into the hall and said that Queen Isabella had come to land at Herewich. She had brought with her Sir John of Hengham and an countless number of men-at-arms. And with that word, Sir Hugh the Spicer the father spoke up to the king and said, \"My most worshipful lord and king of England, now we welcome truly, they are all ours.\" The king found this comforting yet he was still full sorrowful and pensively pondering in his heart. And the king had not yet finished eating when another messenger came into the hall and said that Queen Isabella had arrived at Herewich in addition to Epswich in the south. Sir Hugh the Spicer the father spoke to the messenger and said, \"Tell the truth in good faith to the messenger, my fair friend, she has come with a great strength: \" Now, I assure you, she has not brought with her but.vij hundred men of arms. And what that word, Sir Hugh Spencer, the father cried with a high voice, and said, \"Alas, alas, we have all been betrayed.\" For Ceris with so little power she had never come to land if people of this land were not with her. And therefore after the meal they took their council and went towards Wales to be against Queen Isabella and Edward her son. All for the purpose of fighting, each one.\n\nAt the same time, King Edward was greatly afraid lest men of London would yield them to Queen Isabella and to her son Edward.\n\nWherefore he set Master Walt Stapil to be his treasurer for the ward and keeper of the city of London with the mayor.\n\nAnd so he came to the Guildhall of London and asked for the keys of the gates of the city through the virtue and strength of his commission and would have had the keeping of the city. And the commoners answered and said they would keep the city for the honor of King Edward and of Queen Isabella and of the duke, the kings..A son, without further delay, the bishop was extremely annoyed and swore that they all should stop it immediately as King Edward was coming out of Wales. And the citizens of the city took hold of the bishop and led him to the middle of the chepe (cheap or marketplace) and there they beheaded him and placed his head in his right hand. And afterwards, they beheaded two of his squires who supported the bishop. One was called William of Wale, the bishop's nephew, and the other was called John of Padington. They also took a burgher of London named John Marchall, who was Sir Hugh Spenser's father, and beheaded him as well. At the same time, the bishop had been making a fair tour in London without temple barriers along the River Thames. He failed to complete it because he commanded his men to go to the church of the Friars Carmelites and there they took stones, much sand, mortar, and old robes to make with the tower. Due to their disdain..A bishop and his two squires were buried in the sand as if they had been hounds, and they lay there for eleven weeks until Queen Isabella sent letters to the commune asking them to allow the bishop to be removed from that place and buried at Exeter at his own church. And so he was, and the two squires were buried at St. Clement's church without a temple bar. It was no wonder that the bishop died an evil death, for he was a covetous man and showed no mercy and evil counseled the king.\n\nShortly after, Arnold of Spain was taken, who had been in agreement to bring VM. pounds of silver to the twelve perpers of France to help and hasten Queen Isabella to her death and Edward her son as well. And this Arnold was put to death outside the city of London.\n\nWhen King Edward had sent Master Walter Stapilton, his treasurer, to London to keep the city loyal to him against Queen Isabella his wife and Edward her son..Somewhere, he and Sir Hugh Spencer, the father, Sir John Earl of Arundell, and Master Robert Baldock, his Chancellor, a false priest, took their way toward Bristow. And there, the king stayed a little time and made Sir Hugh Spencer the father the Constable and keeper of the castle. And the king and that other Spencer went into a ship and sailed toward Wales to be reunited with Dame Isabella the queen, the duke her son, the Earl of Kent, Sir John of Hanbury, and they pursued them relentlessly. Their power grew every day. So at last, the king was captured on a hill in Wales, and Sir Hugh Spencer the son was captured on the other side of the same hill. And the false priest, Master Robert Baldock, was found with them. And they were all brought back to England as Almighty God willed. The king himself was put in safe keeping in the castle of Carmarthen and he kept Sir Hereward it..Thomas Broderek of Lancaster was sent. Sir Hugh the father came and presented him to the queen and Edward, her son, Duke of York. But Sir Hugh, the speaker, spent time after he was taken and would never eat any food nor drink any drink, for he knew he would have no mercy except to be dead. The queen and her council had ordered that he should be put to death in London. But he was so feeble from his prolonged fasting that he was near death. Therefore, it was ordered that he should be judged at Herford and at a place of the tower. His hood was taken from his head, and from Robert of Baldock, who was a false pilgrim priest, and the king's Chancellor and men placed caps of sharp nettles on their heads. Two squires blew in their ears with two great bugle horns so that men might hear their blowing out with horns. They should be undone for more than a mile. And upon the morew (more), Sir Hugh's son was condemned to death and was drawn and hanged..He headed his bowels taken out of his body and burned. After that, his quarters were sent to four towns in England, and his head was sent to London Bridge. And this Simon, for displeasing Queen Isabella, was drawn and hanged on a stage in the midst of the aforementioned Sir Hugh Calves.\n\nAnd on the same day, a little from thence, Sir John Arnold was beheaded for the same reason, being one of Sir Hugh Spencer's counselors.\n\nAnd another after was Sir Hugh Spencer the father, who was hung, drawn, and beheaded at Bristol.\n\nAfter being hanged again by the arms with two strong ropes: and the fourth day after, he was hewn all to pieces and hounds ate him. And for the reason that the king had given him the earldom of Winchester, his head was sent thither and put upon a spear.\n\nAnd the false Baldock was sent to London, and there he died in prison among thieves. For men revered him no more than they would have done to a hound: and so died the traitors of England. Blessed be almighty God..The good Earl Thomas of Lancaster was condemned to death through the council. And all those who supported Thomas of Lancaster through the traitors were undone, and their heirs were disinherited. After this was done, Queen Isabel and Edward her son, and all the great lords of England, at one accord, sent to King Edward at the castle of Kenilworth, where he was being kept under the ward of Sir John Holand, the Bishop of Ely, and of Sir John Percy, a baron, to order his parliament at a certain place in England to redress and amend the state of the realm. King Edward answered and said to the lords, \"You see full well how it is. Here is my seal. I give you all my power to order a parliament where it pleases you.\" And they took their leave of him and returned to the barons of England. When they had the king's patent for this matter, they showed it to the lords. The parliament was to be held at Westminster at the utmost..sent Hillarie, and all the great lords of England ordered that the parliament should be convened at which day that parliament was to be held. The king would not come there for no reason as he had set and assigned. Nevertheless, the barons sent word to him once and other times. And he swore by God's soul that he would not come there on foot. Therefore, it was ordained by all the great lords of England that he should no longer be king but be deposed, and they declared that they would crown Edward his elder son as king. It was the Duke of Geneva who sent word to the king that he was in ward under Sir John Earl of Warwick and Sir John of Bothun, bishop of Ely, and Sir Henry Percy, a baron, and Sir William Trussell, a knight, who were with the Earl of Lancaster, to yield homages to him on behalf of all of England: And Sir William Trussell said, \"Sir Edward, for the sake of your people of England and for having undone many great lords of England without cause.\".\"You shall be deposed. And now, thanked be God, that you would not persist in defying the commons as you ordered at Westminster, as contained in your own letter patent, to treat with your legal men as a king should. Therefore, through the common assent and of all the lords of England, I tell you these words: the barons of England at one assembly will that you be no more king of England but utterly have put you out of your royalty for ever. And the bishop of Ely said this to the king: \"Sir Edward, I yield up fealty and homage for all the archbishops and bishops of England and for all the clergy. \"Sir John Earl of Garenne: \"Sir Edward, I yield up to you fealty and homage for me and for all earls of England: \"Sir Henry Percy: \"Also I, Sir William Trussell, yield up now to you, my fealty, and also for all the knights of England and for\".all those who held by servant or any other thing of you. From this day after, you shall not be claimed king nor be held as king. But from this time afterward, you shall be held as a singular man of all the people. And they went then to London where the Lord of England resided. Sir Edward remained in prison in good keeping, and this was the day of the conversion of St. Paul in the 20th year of his reign.\n\nOf King Edward, Merlin prophesied and said that there should come a Good one out of Carthage who would have horns of silver and a beard as white as snow, and a dip should come out of his nostrils that would signify much harm, hunger, and death of the people, and great loss of his land. In the beginning of his reign, there would be much leprosy.\n\nAnd he spoke truly, alas, the time for King Edward, who was King Edward the Son, was born at Carnarvon in Wales. For truly, he had horns of silver and a beard as white as snow when he was made prince of Wales..He had riot and folly. And truly Merlin prophesied that from his nose a dopple would come out. In his time, there was great hunger among the poor people, and strong death among the rich who died in foreign lands with much sorrow. Afterward, he lost Scotland and Gascony. While he himself was king, there was much lechery haunted him. And Merlin also said that this Goods should seek the flower of life and death. He did so, for he married Isabella, the king's mistress of France. Merlin also said that they should build bridges over the ditches of the sea. This was true when Banocks was born in Scotland, when he was discomfited there. Merlin also said that stones would fall from castles, and many towns would be made plain. He spoke truly, for when King Edward was discomfited in Scotland, the Scots besieged his castles and did them much harm, burning towns to the ground..Afterward, Merlin stated that a woman named Egle would emerge from Cornwall, bearing golden feathers, and she would have no pride. He should despise lords of blood. And after his death, it would come to pass at Gausich. This prophecy was well-known and true.\n\nFor by the eagle is understood Sir Pers of Gaveston, who was Earl of Cornwall and a most wonderful proud man who despised the baronage of Englod. But afterward, he was beheaded at Gausich by the Earl of Lancaster and the Earl of Warwick.\n\nAnd Merlin foretold that in his time, it would seem that the bear would burn, and there would be a battle on an army of the sea in a field arranged like a shield, where many would die with white heads. He spoke truly, for the burning of the bear is symbolic of great fear through the cutting of swords at the Battle of Milton. The Scots came in the manner of a shield in the form of a wing and slew many, including priests and seculars. Therefore, the Scots named that battle in contempt of this..Englishme the white battalion. And after Merlin said that you, the forenamed there, should do great harm to the Good, and that should be upon the southwest and also upon his blood. He also said that the Good should lose much of his land until the time that shame should overcome him, and then he should clothe himself in a Lion skin and should regain what he had lost and more through people that should come out of the northwest, making him afraid and seeking vengeance through the counsel of two owls. The first of these owls should be in peril to be undone. And these two owls should go over the sea into a strange land and there they should dwell until a certain time, and after that they should come to England again. And these two owls should do much harm one to another and it should cause the Good to move against the forenamed there. And you and the owls should go to an army of the sea at Borough by Trent and should go over, fearing that there you should flee with a Swan in his company towards the north..thurgh an vnkind outpul\u0304ter & that the Swan than shall be slayn with sorow & the Bere shuld be slayn full ny his ow\u00a6ne nest that sh\u0304old stond vpo\u0304 Pou\u0304tfret vpon whom the sonne sh\u2223all shed his bemes and mony folke him shall seke for vertu & he said soth for the good erle Thomas of Lancastre was borne in the northwest &\u0304 cosin to the ki\u0304g and his vncle son. \u00b6And by law he made the kyng lese moch land the wich he had purchesed wilfulli till at the last the kyng ther of toke shame & him self filled wyth cruelte \u00b6And after he gat ayen yt he had lost & moch more th\u00a6urgh folke that he let assemble out of the northwest yt made him to be adrad and a venged him of his barons thurgh cou\u0304cell of sir hu\u00a6gh the spen{ser} the fadre and of sir hugh the son that be fore wer owt lawed of englond for ther wikkednes \u00b6Bot afterward they cume ayen in to engloed sir hugh spen{ser} the fadre out of fraunce And so moch co\u0304celed the kyng that he shuld were vpon Thomas of Lancastre \u00b6So that the kyng and the spensers and the erle of.Arundell and his power encountered Thomas of Lancaster at Burton upon Trent and discomfited him, with Sir Humfrey, Earl of Herford, in his company. Afterward, Thomas and Humfrey, along with their companions, fled to Bruges, where they met Sir Andrew of Erkelan, also known as the unkind butcher, and Sir Simon Earl of York. They encountered Thomas of Lancaster again with a large company, and in this encounter, Earl of Herford was killed cowardly by the Bruges constable with a spear in the foundament. Earl Thomas was taken and brought to Pavia. However, after his capture, many sought him out for miracles that God had performed for him. In this time, Merlin lamented and prophesied that a people of his land would die for sorrow and harm. Therefore, many other lands would be bolder against him. He spoke thus due to the enmity of his barons who had been put to death. For Thomas of Lancaster, people of many lands became bold to move against the king: for.The blood was turned into many nations, and afterward Merlin told and said that the aforementioned Owls should do much harm unto the floor of life and death. They should bring her to much disease, so that she would wed over sea to make peace with the flour delise. And there should be a time when her seat should come and see her. And though they should both wait till the time that they should clothe them with grace: and though two Owls she should seek and put them into pitiful death. And that prophecy was well known and was full of truth.\n\nSir Hugh Spencer and Sir Hugh the son caused much sorrow and persecution unto Queen Isabella through her procurement to her lord the king.\n\nThey arranged among themselves that she was put to her wages, that is to say, 20 shillings in the day.\n\nWherefore the king of France, her brother, was greatly annoyed and sent to England by his letters, urging King Edward to come to his aid in Paris in France. But King Edward was reluctant to come there..for he wanted to have been arrested until he had made amends for the trespass that Sir Hugh Spencer, the father and the son, had done. And because of the harm they had done to Queen Isabella, his stepmother. \u00b6Through her order and consent, Queen Isabella went over to France to make an accord between King Edward and the King of France, her brother. \u00b6She remained in France until Edward, her eldest son, came to see her, and they both remained there until the alliance was made between them and the generous Earl of Henault. That if they could, they would destroy and overcome the venom and falsehood of the Spencers. Sir Edward should spouse Dame Philip, the worshipful lady and the earl's daughter of Henault. \u00b6Therefore, Queen Isabella, Sir Edward her son, Sir Edward of Woodstock, the king's brother of England, Sir John of Henault, Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, Sir Thomas Rochelin, Sir John of Coventry, Sir William Trussell, and many other men of the alliance..Getill Earl Thomas of Lancaster, who was exiled from England for his quarrel and disinherited of his lands, ordered great power and assembled at Herewich in the south. And soon after, they pursued the Spencers until they were taken and put to pitiful death, as previously stated, and their company did kill Edward and his people. Merlin also said more, that the good should be afflicted with great disease and great anguish and great sorrow he would lead his life. And he spoke truly, for after King Edward was taken, he was put in ward until the Spencers were put to death. Furthermore, for Enchester, who would not come to his own parliament at London as he had ordered and assigned himself, and to his barons, and also would not govern and rule his people and his realm as a king should, some of the barons of England came and surrendered their homages to him on the day of the conversion of St. Paul in the year of his reign..They put him out of his right for evermore, and he lived his life afterward in much sorrow and anguish.\n\nLouis the Fourth was emperor after Henry IV's reign. This Louis was the duke of Bavaria and he despised the coronation of the pope. Therefore, the pope deposed him. He had much labor and money afterward: And he troubled the unity of the holy church greatly. Then, against him, Frederick the duke of Austria was chosen. He overcame the duke and plotted a rebellion to his end. And in great parallel to his soul, at the last, Charles was chosen instead of him, who played the part. Suddenly, Louis fell down from his horse and died.\n\nJohn Mundeville, a doctor of philosophy and a knight, was in England around this time. He made a remarkable pilgrimage, for he went almost around the whole world. And he wrote his deeds in three languages and died and was buried at St. Albans. Benedict XII was pope after John XXI's reign for more. He was a monk. And in all his youth, he was good..\"The conversation was with a doctor of divinity. And when he was made pope, he reformed the order of St. Benedict in that thing which was necessary. He was a harsh man in granting benefices, lest he had granted it to an unworthy man. He issued a decree which began \"Benedictus Deus in donis suis.\" He was very cruel in his faith, and for this some men little loved him. He was such a stout man that almost he would not know his own kinsmen.\n\nAfter this, King Edward of Carnarvon reigned, his son, who was crowned king and anointed at Westminster through the counsel and consent and will of all the great lords of the realm on the Sunday in Candlemas Eve in the year of grace 1326, that is, fifteen years after his father had been in ward in the castle of Kenilworth and had also been deposed of his royalty. The realm of England was without a king from the feast of St. Catherine in the aforementioned year until the feast of Candlemas. And those present were all manner of the king's men at his behest.\".All sheriffs of England were commanded through writ to warn the parties to defend themselves against attacks and to release all prisoners who were attached through sheriffs, who were in the king's gaol. The king Edward, after his coronation at the prayer and beseeching of his liege of the realm, granted them a charter of steadfast peace to all those who asked for it. Sir John of Hanbury and his company took their leave of the king and of the lords of the realm; they turned home to their own country again. Each of them received full rich gifts, according to their worth and estate. England was in peace and rest, and there was great love between the king and his lords. Commonly among Englishmen it was said among them that the devil was dead. However, the treasure of the king's father and the treasure of Spencer, both the father and the son, and the treasure of the earl of Arundel and of Master Robert Baldock, who was the king's chancellor, were buried according to Queen Isabella's order, and Sir Roger Mortimer..of Wigmore. So the king had nothing of it but at her will and her delivery, or of their lands, as you shall hear afterwards.\n\nAnd yet in the same time was King Edward in the Castle of Kenilworth under the keeping of Sir Henry, who was Earl Thomas's brother, and Earl of Leicester at that time. The king granted him the Earldom of Lancaster, which his father had seized into his hand and expelled Thomas of Lancaster his brother. Therefore, he was Earl of Lancaster and of Leicester and also steward of England, as his brother was in his time. But Sir Edward, who was King Edward's father, was filled with sorrow without end. For he could not speak with his wife nor with his son, which caused him much mischief. For though it was so that he was led and ruled by false counsel, yet he was King Edward's father, called Edward with long shanks, and came of the worthiest blood of the world.\n\nAnd to those to whom he was accustomed to give great gifts and largesse, his own son and his enemies were most powerful..night and day, he procured a debate and conversation between him and his wife Isabella. But the friars, who were good friends to him, urged him both night and day on how they might bring him out of prison. Among their company, there was a friar named Dunhened, who had organized and gathered a great company to keep watch. But the friar was taken and put in the castle of Pou\u0444ret, where he died in prison. Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster, who had the king's father in keeping by command of the king, delivered Edward, the king's father, to Sir Thomas Berkeley. And so Sir John Mautravers and they led him from the castle of Kimbolworth to the castle of Berkeley and kept him safely. And at Easter, next after his coronation, the king ordered a huge host to fight against the Scots. Sir John Earl of Hereford, his brother, came from beyond the sea to help King Edward and brought with him seven thousand men of arms..Arrived at Douglas and they had leave for going forth until they came to York, where the king kept them. And the Scots came there to make peace and accord, but the accord did not last long between them.\n\nAnd at that time, the Englishmen were all clothed in coats and hoods painted with letters and flowers, long beards. And therefore, the Scots made a bill that was fastened upon the church doors of St. Peter near Stangate, and thus they quoted the scripture in contempt of the Englishmen.\n\nLong beards: Painted hoods. Gay coats grace the land, making England thriftless.\n\nAnd on the Trinity day next after, the taking place began in the city of York between the Englishmen and the Henauts. In that battle, the Earl of Nicholl and Mordred were killed, and after they were buried under a stone in St. Clement's churchyard in Fosgate.\n\nAnd for this reason, the Henauts came to help the king. There, peace was proclaimed on pain of life and limb.\n\nAnd in that other half, it was.The Englishmen initiated a debate at a time when the Scots had assembled all their power and came into England, killing and robbing everyone they could take and burning and destroying all the way through the northern countryside until they reached the park of Stanhope in Wyredale. But when the king learned through certain spies that the Scots were right there, besieging his host, the Scots were unsure where to go but only towards their harm, and they remained in the park for fifteen days, their provisions failing on both sides, leaving them greatly weakened. And since Brut first came to Britain at this time, there had never been seen such a fair host, composed of Englishmen and of Welsh and foot soldiers, who were ordered to fight against the Scots by Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster and Sir John Heneage, who were willing to cross the water..Sir Roger Mortimer did not send men to fight with the Scots because he had secretly made a deal with them to allow them to retreat back to their own country. Mortimer advised Thomas of Brotherton, Earl Marshal and Edward's uncle, not to assemble with the Scots at that time. However, Thomas was unaware of the deal between Mortimer and the Scots.\n\nMortimer, as Marshall of England, sent a message hastily to the Earl of Lancaster and Sir John of Hengham, instructing them not to engage in battle with the Scots to the detriment of him and his lands. If they did, they would do so at their own peril.\n\nThe Earl Marshal was prepared with his battalion at the rear of the Earl of Lancaster, intending to engage him and his men if he had decided to fight against the proud Scots. In this manner, the Earl Marshal was prepared..Decied and knew nothing of this treason. And thus was the king principally dissuaded. And when it was night, Mortimer had the watch to keep of the host that night disturbed the watch, so nothing could be done. And in the meantime, the Scots stole away by night toward their own country as fast as they could. And so was King Edward falsely betrayed, who believed that all the traitors of his land had been brought to an end, as it was said before. Now, here you lords, hear how traitorously King Edward was dissuaded & how marvelously & boldly the Scots were. For James Douglas with 100 men of arms rode through the entire host of King Edward the same night. The Scots were as surprised toward their own country as is above said, until they came to the king's pavilion and killed many men in their beds and cried some \"Naughton, naughton.\" And another time a Douglas. Wherefore, the king, who was in his pavilion and many other people were, were sore afraid. But blessed be almighty God, the king was not taken and in great safety..Parcel was thou the realm of England,\nAnd that night the moon shone full clear and bright.\nAnd yet the Scots, though the kings might deem them harmless,\nWere escaping to their own country.\nWho knew it the morrow, the king was sore and deeply wept with his young eye.\nYet he knew not who had done this treason.\nBut that false treason was well known a good while after, as the story tells,\nThough King Edward came again to York,\nFull sorrowful, and his host dispirited,\nAnd every man went to his own country with heavy cheer and mournful semblance.\nThe henchmen took their leave and went to their own country.\nThe king rewarded them hugely for their trouble.\nAnd on account of this journey, the king had spent much of his treasure and wasted,\nAnd in that time were seen two months in the firmament,\nOne was clear and the other dark as men could see through the world,\nAnd a great debate was then raging against Pope John XXII after he sent Petrarch.\nThe Emperor of the Germans, though, made him..Emperor opposed the pope's will who held his see at Avignon. Therefore, the emperor made his cry at Rome and ordained another pope named Nicholas, who was a minor brother. This was against the right of the holy church. For this reason, he was cursed, and the power of that other pope was soon led away. And because such marvels were seen, I said that the world was near its end.\n\nNow we go back to Sir Edward of Carnarvon, who was once King Edward, king of England, and deposed from his dignity: Alas for his tribulation and sorrow that befell him through false counsel that he loved and trusted too much, which later were destroyed through their falsehood, as God would.\n\nAnd this Edward of Carnarvon was in the castle of Berkelay under the keeping of Sir Morris of Berkeley and Sir John of Mautravers. To them he made his complaint of his sorrow and of his disease, and often asked them what he had transgressed against Dame Isabella, his wife, and Sir Edward, his son, who was made new king, that they would visit..And one of his wardens answered and said: My worthy lord, you do not displease me that I shall tell you. The reason is that if my lady your wife comes to you with anything, you would strangle and kill her, and also that you would do the same to my lord your son.\n\nHe answered with simple cheer. Alas, alas, am I not in prison and at your own will. Now God knows, I thought it never and now I would that I were dead, so God would have it if I were. For then all my sorrow would be passed.\n\nIt was not long time after that the king, through the conspiracy of Roger Mortimer, granted the ward and keeping of Sir Edward his father to Sir Thomas Touchet and to the aforementioned Sir John Mautravers by the king's letter. They took and led the king unwillingly to the castle of Corfe, which castle the king hated as any death, and they kept him there until it came to St. Matthew's Day, the 23rd of September in the year of grace 1327. That is, the aforementioned Sir Maurice was removed from the king's ward by the king's letter, and they took and led the king to Corfe Castle..Roger Mortimer sent instructions on how and in what way the death should be carried out for the man. And as soon as Thomas and John had seen the letter and its command, they made King Edward Carnavon welcome and gave him good cheer and company at supper, nothing betraying anything to the king about the traitorous plot. And when it was time for bed, the king went to his bedchamber and lay down and slept soundly, as did the traitors, falsely sworn against their homage and fealty, who came privately into the king's chamber and his company with them. They placed a large table upon his body and pressed and held down the corners of the table on him, waking the good man who was greatly afraid to be dead and slain, and turned his body upside down. The false traitors took a horn and put it in his fundament as deep as they could and took a copper spit burning hot and put it through the horn into his body, rolling it with his intestines and thus they killed him..lord that nothing was perceived and after he was entered at Gloucester.\nAnd after Christmas, Sir John of Hengham brought with him Philip his brother's daughter, who was the countess of Hengham, into England. King Edward married her at York with much honor. Sir John of Bothun, bishop of Ely, and Sir William of Melton, archbishop of York, sang mass for you on the Sunday at the conversion of St. Paul, in the year of grace 1427. But because the king was yet young and tender of age, many wrongs were done while his father lived. Because he believed the counselors who were false around him, who advised him to do otherwise than reason would suggest, great harm was done to the realm and to the king, and all this was directed by the king's deceit. And it was not so, almighty God knew. Wherefore, it was ordained at the king's coronation that the king, for his tender age, should be governed by 12 of the greatest lords of England, without which nothing could be done..The archbishops of Canterbury, York, Winchester, and Bath, the earl of Lancaster, the earl marshal, the earl of Kent, the earl of Warwick, Sir Thomas Wake, Sir Henry Percy, Sir Oliver of Ingham, and John of Roos were sworn truly to counsel the king. They should answer every year in the parliament of that which should be done in the king's time. But that ordinance was soon undone, and it caused much harm to all England.\n\nThe king, Edward, at Whitsuntide in the second year of his reign, through the counsel of his mother and Sir Roger Mortimer, governed and ruled in his place. And all things were done both among high and low. They took castles, towns, lands, and rents from them in great harm and loss to the crown and the king's estate beyond measure..King Mortimer ordered a parliament at Northampton. At that parliament, the king, through his council and no one else of the land, granted the following terms to the Scots: It was agreed that all the features and homages that the Scots should do to the English crown were granted to the Scots for eternity, as stated in the charter: And furthermore, an agreement was made between the Scots and King Edward, who was King Henry's son, which they called the Ragman Runes. In this agreement were contained all the homages and features. First, the king of Scotland and all the prelates, earls, and barons of the Scottish realm, with their seals affixed and other charters and remembrances, were granted back to them. This was done in return for the Holy Church and also the black cross of Scotland, which the good King Edward had conquered in Scotland and brought out of the Abbey of Dunfermline, a most precious relic. And furthermore, he\n\nCleaned Text: King Mortimer convened a parliament at Northampton. At this parliament, the king, through his council and no one else of the land, granted the following terms to the Scots: It was agreed that all the features and homages the Scots should do to the English crown were granted to the Scots forever, as stated in the charter: Furthermore, a treaty was made between the Scots and King Edward, son of King Henry, which they called the Ragman Runes. This treaty contained all the homages and features. First, the king of Scotland and all the prelates, earls, and barons of the Scottish realm, with their seals affixed and other charters and remembrances, were granted back to them. This was done in exchange for the Holy Church and also the black cross of Scotland, which King Edward had conquered in Scotland and brought out of the Abbey of Dunfermline, a precious relic. Furthermore,.The barons of England relinquished and forfeited all the lands they had in Scotland through old conquest. And this peace was to hold, and the Scots were bound to the king for 30,000 pounds of silver to be paid within three years, that is 10,000 pounds by each portion. Furthermore, above all this, between the parties above mentioned, it was spoken that David Drummond, who was King Robert II, the Bruce, the false traitor and false forsworn one, arose against his liege lord, the noble and good King Edward. And through this cursed counsel, David married Joan of the Tower, who was King Edward's sister, at Barwick on the Feast of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist in the year of grace 1400 and 28. To great harm and embittering all the kings' blood. Whence this gentle lady came. Alas, the time was that this fair damsel was dispirited since she was married against all common assent..of Englond And fro\u0304 the tyme that Brut had co\u0304quered Albion\nand named the land aft{er} his own name Bretan that now is cal\u00a6led Englond after the name of Engest: \u00b6And so the reame of Scotland wos holden of the reame of englond and of the crou\u00a6ne bi feaute and by homage. \u00b6For Brut conquered that land and yaf it vn to Albanak that wos his secund son and he cal\u2223led that land Albayn after his own name. So that the heires yt comen after him shuld hold of Brut and of his heires that is to sai of the kynges of Bretan by feaute and homage and fro\u0304 that tyme vn to this tyme of kyng Edward the reame of scotland wos holden of the reame of Englod by feautes and seruices as aboue is said i\u0304 the crenicles of Englond and of scotland. & bereth witnesse more planarly: \u00b6And acursed be the tyme that this parlament was ordeyned at Northamton. For ther thurgh fal\u0304s councell the kyng was ther falsly disherited and yet he was with in age. \u00b6And yit whan that kyng Edward wos put out of his rialte of englond. Yit men put not him out of.the feautes & seruices of the Reame of Scotland ne of the fraunchises disheri\u00a6ted him fer euermore. \u00b6And neu{er}thelas the gret lordis of en\u00a6glond wer ayens to confirme the pees and the trew\nWHen the forsaid Dauid had spoused Dame Iohane of the tand Roger Mortimer. \u00b6And it was not long after\nthat the quene Isabell ne toke in to hir own hand all the lordship of Pountfret. almost all the landis that wer of any value that apperteyned to the croune of Englond\u00b7 \u00b6So that the ki\u0304g had not for to dispende bot of his vses &\u0304 of his Escheker. For the que\u00a6ne Isabell and Mortimer had a gret menye of ther retenau\u0304ce yt folowed euermore the kynges court: And went and toke the ky\u2223nges prises for hir peny worthes at good chepe. \u00b6Wherfore the contre that thei comen i\u0304. wer full sore a drad and almost distroid of them \u00b6Tho began the comminalte of englond for to haue enuy to Isabell the quene that so moch loued hir before. wen she come ayen for to pursue the fals traitours the spen{ser}s from fraunce \u00b6And in that same tyme the.fals traitor Robert of Holland, who betrayed his lord Sir Thomas of Lancaster, was released from prison. He was warmly received by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer. But this availed Robert little, as he was taken at Myhmasse, the next sewing after, as he rode toward Queen Isabella in London, and Sir Thomas struck off his head outside the town of Alborough. Sir Thomas then engaged in combat with Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster, hiding him for fear of the queen, for she loved him greatly and begged the king not to execute him, allowing Thomas to be exiled from England instead. Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster had often heard the common clamor of the English about the disorders in England and the various wrongs done among the common people. The king bore the blame for these, as he was still young and tender in age. Thinking as a good man to remedy the situation and ease the king's displeasure,.The king was in danger of both life and limb because he was not guilty in any way. Therefore, he gathered all his retainers and spoke to them about the king's honor and the need to improve his estate. Sir Thomas Beaufort, Earl of Marsham, and Sir Edmond of Woodstock, the king's uncles, and men of London made oaths to him in this matter. The reason for this was that the king should maintain his house and his men as a king ought, and have all his rights and titles. The queen Isabella should deliver out of her hand into the king's hand all manner of lordships, rents, towns, castles that belonged to the crown of England, as other queens had done before, and should not meddle with anything else. Furthermore, Sir Roger Mortimer should dwell on his own lands, for which lands he had helped to disinherit many people, causing common people to be destroyed through wrongful taking. Also, the king wanted to inquire how and by whom he had been wronged..Betrayed and falsely disguised at Stanhop and through whose counsel the Scots went a way by night from the king. And also how, through whose counsel, the ordinance that was made at the king's coronation was put down. That is, the king, for amendment and help of the realm and in honor of him, should be governed and ruled by 12 of the greatest and wisest lords of the realm, without whom nothing should be granted or done, as before mentioned. These malicious men were put down from the king. Therefore, many harms, shame, and reproaches have befallen the king and his realm.\n\nAnd it is understood that Edward, at some time, was ordained by the assent of the commons to be under the ward and governance of Henry Earl of Lancaster, his cousin, for the salvation of his body. He was taken and led from Kemlworth castle, where he was in ward. And through the color of Queen Isabella and of the Mortimer, without the consent of any commons, they took and led him..There, after none of his kin could speak with him or see him, and after tournaments, he was treacherously murdered by Mordred. For whose death a scandal arose throughout Christendom. And also, the treasure that Sir Edward of Carnarvon had left in many places in England and Wales was wasted and carried away without the will of King Edward his son, to the destruction of him and all his people. Also, through whose counsel the king gave up the kingdom of Scotland. For which realm the kings' ancestors had suffered so sore trials, and many a nobleman had suffered for their right. It was delivered to David, who was Robert the Bruce's son, all the right that had no right to the realm. All the world knew this. And also, by whom the charters and remembrances of their right of Scotland were taken out of the treasury and taken to the Scottish kings' enemies, to disinherit him and his successors, and to great harm to his lieges, and great reproach to all Englishmen forever. Also, Dame Joan of the:.The king's steward Edward was dispersed and married to David. It was Robert Bruce, his son, who was a traitor and an enemy to England. Through his counsel, she was taken into the hands of our enemies outside of England. In the meantime, the Earl of Lancaster and his company took counsel on how to worsen the situations mentioned above, for the king's dishonor and his profit, as well as that of his lieges. Queen Isabella, through conjecture and subtlety, and also the Mortimer, permitted a parliament at Salisbury. And at that same parliament, Mortimer was made Earl of the Marches against the will of the English barons in prejudice of the king and his crown. Sir John of Eltham, the king's brother, was granted a sword of Cornwall and was called Earl of Cornwall. And furthermore, Queen Isabella so much practiced against her son the king that she had the wardship of the aforementioned Sir Edward and his lands. At that parliament, the Earl of Lancaster would not come but ordered all his..power opposed Queen Isabella and the Mortimer and men of London. They ordered them with five hundred men of arms. When Queen Isabella knew of this, she swore by God and by His names angrily that in evil time he thought against them. They sent Queen Isabella and the Mortimer after their retreat. After the king's retreat, they arranged among themselves a huge host and counseled the king that on a night they rode twenty-one miles toward Bedford. That night she rode beside the king, her son, as a knight armed for fear of death. And it was done to understand that Earl Henry of Lancaster and his company would have disturbed the king and his council forever. Wherefore the king was somewhat towards her, heavy and annoyed.\n\nWhen the Earl Marshal and the Earl of Kent heard of this news, they rode as messengers between them. The king granted him his peace to Earl Henry of Lancaster for a certain reason of 11,000 pounds. But it was never paid afterwards..The lords who were with Sir Henry of Lancaster were Sir Henry Bohemond, Sir Thomas Roscelin, Sir William Trussell, Sir Thomas Wyther, and about a hundred knights more who were to him convened. All these were exiled through the counsel of Queen Isabella and the Mortimer. The Mortimer desired to have their lands if he could, through any means; he was covetous and had great will, which was a great pity.\n\nIt was not long after that the king of France, through the counsel of his daughter, sent to King Edward of England that he should come to Paris and do his homage for the duchy of Guienne. And so, through the counsel of the lords of England, King Edward crossed the sea, and at the ascension tide he came unexpectedly to Paris in the third year of his reign to do his homage to the king of France and receive his homage and made him much joy and worship.\n\nBut when King Edward had made his homage hastily, he was summoned back to England through the queen..Isabella, his mother, and Isabelle came hastily into England on Shrove Tuesday without taking leave of the king of France, which made him very angry.\n\nNow I will tell you about Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, who desired and sought to be in a high position, and the king granted him the title of Earl of March throughout his lordship. And he became so proud and haughty that he wanted to abandon the name that his ancestors had always had. For this reason, he allowed himself to be called Earl of March, and no commoners of England dared to call him by any other name because the king ordered that they should call him Earl of March. The Mortimer was so haughty and proud that it was a wonder to behold, and he also disguised himself with rich clothes for no reason, both in appearance and in clothing. The Englishmen wondered among themselves how and in what manner he could have acquired or found such pride..Prid should not long endure. And at the same time, Sir Geoffrey Mortimer, the young Mortimer son, was called the king of folly. This came to pass later in reality, for he was so full of pride and wickedness that he held a rough tabula rasa in Wales to all men who came and counterfeited the deed and manner of King Arthur. But openly he failed. For the noble King Arthur was the most worthy lord of renown that existed in the world at that time, and yet none such came after him. For all the noble knights in Christendom, in deed of arms, contended with King Arthur and held him as their lord and sovereign.\n\nAnd this was well said, for he conquered in battle a Roman named Froll and took from him the realm of France and beheaded him with his own hands.\n\nAnd he also fought with a giant named Dinabus and killed him, who had ravished Fair Eleanor, daughter of King Hoel, king of little Britain.\n\nAnd afterward he killed in battle the emperor of Rome named Lucius..that had assembled ayens king Arthur for to fi\u00a6ght with him so moch pepull of roma\u0304s & Phethis & sarisens yt no man coud them no\u0304bre &\u0304 he discomfited them all as the stori telleth \u00b6And in ye same tyme co\u0304mune loos sprong in englo\u0304d thurgh coniecting & ordinau\u0304ce of the freres prechours that sir Edward of Carnariuan that wos kyng edward fadre of whom the geest telleth said that he was on liue in the castell of Corf. wherfor all the co\u0304myns all most of englond wer in sorow & i\u0304 dred wherfor that it wer so or not For they wist not how traitoursly the mortimer had him done mordrid.\nANd vpo\u0304 a tyme it befell so that sir edmond of wodstoke erle of Kent spake vn to the pope Iohan the xxij. at Aui\u00a6nion & said that almyght good had oft tymes done for Thomas loue of Lancastre mony gret miraclls to mony men and women that wer thurgh diu{er}se maladies undone as vn to the world and thurgh his praier they wer brought vn to ther hel\u0304th. \u00b6And so sir edmond praied the pope herteli that he wold grau\u0304te him grace yt the.Thomas could be translated, but the pope refused, stating that he should not be translated until the English clergy were better certified and obeyed his decision regarding Thomas of Lancaster, following Edmond Earl of Kent's suggestion. When Edmond saw he could not achieve his goal regarding the translation, he appealed to his council concerning Edward of Carnarvon, his brother, who had recently been king of England. A common rumor had spread throughout England that Edward was still alive and safe.\n\nUpon hearing this, the pope commanded Earl Edmond, with his permission, to help in every way possible to secure Edward's release from prison and bring this matter to a conclusion. The pope granted him a penance and absolved him and his companions of any guilt in this matter.\n\nEdmond then took action..Wodstoke left the pope and returned to England. Sir Edmond had come from the Order of Friars Preachers and said that Sir Edward, his brother, was still alive in the castle of Corfu under the keeping of Sir Thomas Gurnay. Thomas Sped, the said Edmond, hurried him as fast as he could until he reached the castle of Corfu. He met John Dauerell, the constable of the castle, who welcomed him and granted him audience and information.\n\nSir Edmond asked him privately about his lord, Sir Edward, and if he was alive. If so, he asked him to grant him a sight. John Dauerell was a brave and courageous man and answered Sir Edmond briefly, saying that Sir Edward was alive and in his care, and would not show him to anyone except the king's son, Edward of Carnarvon, and through him..The queen Isabella, the king's mother, gave the commandment to Sir Roger Mortimer that he should show his body to no man except only to them on the condition of granting his life and limb and disinheriting his heirs for eternity. But the false traitor falsely lied, for he was not in his ward but was taken and led to Berkeley Castle through Sir Thomas Gurney by Mortimer's command. Mortimer was dead before this, as previously stated, but Edmund, Earl of Wodstock, knew nothing of this and took a letter from Edward, his brother. He opened the letter and was instructed to carry out its message without fail. With this, Sir Edmund took leave of the aforementioned John and went to his own country and lordship, where he knew he had been. As soon as John knew that Sir Edmund had gone to see his lordship, he went as quickly as he could from Corfe Castle and came to Sir Roger Mortimer..Sir Edmund, Earl of Kent, had taken and sealed a letter for Sir Knight, my worthy and dear brother, and entrusted it to me. I, Sir Roger Mortimer, opened it and read its contents, which began with the following: \"Worship the Lord and reverence your brother's leave and submission. Sir Knight, most worthy and dear brother, I pray you earnestly that you may be in good health. I shall arrange matters so that you will be released from prison and delivered of the disease that afflicts you. Understand, my great lord, that I have secured the assent of almost all the great lords of England, along with their retinues - that is, their arms, treasures, without number - to support your cause. Therefore, you will once again be king, as you were before, and they have sworn to me on a book, both prelates and earls and barons.\"\n\nUpon reading and understanding the might and strength of the letter, Sir Roger's heart was filled with wrath..And the queen bore ill will toward Sir Edmond of Wodstoke, who was Earl of Kent. With all the haste he could muster, he went to Queen Isabella, who was the king's mother, and showed her Sir Edward's letter and his intentions. He had conceived and ordered the downfall of King Edward of Windsor, her son, from his right and his kingdom.\n\nNow, Sir Roger asked, has she done this: \"By my father's soul,\" she replied, \"I will be avenged if God grants me life, and in a short time.\"\n\nAnd with that, Queen Isabella went to King Edward her son, who was at the parliament at Windsor, to discuss the wrongs and transgressions that had been committed among the people in his realm.\n\nShe took the letter that Sir Edmond of Wodstoke, Earl of Kent, had made and sealed with his own seal. She urged him, on her behalf, to take vengeance upon Edmond: as upon his deadly enemy.\n\nThe queen was so angry toward Sir Edmond the Earl of Kent..Sir Kent and Cessor never prayed to his son to cease until he had sent all haste after him. And after that, the king sent letters after Sir Edmond of Wodstoke, commanding him to come and speak with him at Windsor. When Sir Edmond saw that the king had sent after him with letters, he detained him as much as he could until he came to Windsor. But when the queen knew that Sir Edward was coming to Windsor, she immediately prayed and went quickly to King Edward her son. The good earl was then still resting, and she brought him before Robert Hamond, who was coroner of the king's household, and she associated Sir Roger Mortimer with him. Robert then spoke and said:\n\n\"Sir Earl of Kent, you shall first understand that it has been done to us, and primarily to our liege lord King Edward of England, God save and keep him, that you are his deadly enemy and a traitor; and also an enemy to the realm.\".about a month for making private delivery of Sir Edward, sometimes King of England, your brother. This was done with the consent of all the lords of England, in the presence of our lord the king and also of his realm. \u00b6The good man answered and said, \"Indeed, Sir Understand well that I have never been a traitor to my king nor to the realm. & I do it on God and on all the world. & Therefore, by my king's leave, I shall deliver and defend it as a man ought to do. \u00b6The good man said, \"Sir Edmond, it is so. Therefore, it may not be gainsaid here in the presence of all who are here. Now, this false Mortimer had the same letter that Sir Edmond had taken for Sir John Daurier in the castle of Corfe to take to King Edward his brother. Sir Edmond knew nothing of this nor supposed anything about Sir John Daurier having been so false in delivering his letter in such a way to Mortimer. Mortimer said to Sir Edmond, &.Sir Edmond examined the letter and seal closely, recognizing it as his own. \"This, indeed, is my seal,\" he declared to all present. \"I will not relinquish it.\"\n\nMortimer confirmed, \"You have heard all I have said, and acknowledged this as your letter and seal. You may not depart from here.\"\n\nThe crowd cried out, demanding that Mortimer's sentence be carried out, and he was condemned to hanging, drawing, and quartering..A traitor's man and he and his heirs were disinherited for eternity. He was then led forth and put in prison. When this was done and the queen knew that he had been condemned to death, both for his life and limb, and his heirs disinherited for eternity through open knowledge in a public court, they thought it was necessary to hastily kill Sir Edmond without the king's knowledge or else the king might lightly grant him his death, causing them much sorrow if he was impeded. The queen, through the counsel of Mortimer and without any other counsel, sent in haste to the Bailiffs of Winchester to cut off Sir Edmond's head, earle of Kent, without any manner of delay or reprieve for life or limb, and that he should have no other execution, except for tarrying, according to the judgment. The bailiffs took Sir Edmond out of prison and led him beside the castle of Winchester, and there they made a hangman swiftly cut off his head..for none other dared do it, and so he died there. This is to say, on the 10th day of October, in the 3rd year of King Edward's reign. And when the king learned of it, he was deeply sorrowful and let himself be consoled by the friars at Windsor.\n\nAt that time, Sir Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, was so proud and haughty that he held no lord of the realm his equal. And he became so covetous that he followed Queen Isabella, the king's mother, and beset his enemies with the offices of the queen's household in the same manner that the king's officers did. He took bribes and also carriages in this way. He did all this for bribes and to gather treasure, and he did it without limit in everything he could.\n\nHe made himself favored by Queen Isabella and held so much power and respect from her that all the great lords of England were afraid of him. Therefore, the king and his council agreed and planned among themselves to undo him..Through pure resolve and law, King Edward was betrayed and murdered in Berkeley Castle, as mentioned more clearly in the same part of this book regarding his death. And some of the king's council, who favored Mortimer, informed him in private of the king and his council's plans to seize and undo him. Mortimer was greatly disturbed and angry towards those of the king's council, swearing revenge against them in any way he could.\n\nIt wasn't long after this that King Edward, Queen Philip his wife, and Queen Isabella the king's mother, along with Sir Roger Mortimer, went uninvited to Nottingham to muster soldiers. It happened that Queen Isabella, through Mortimer's counsel, took possession of the keys to the gates of Nottingham Castle, preventing any man from entering or leaving at night except by Mortimer's or the king's command or that of their council.\n\nAnd regarding the death of Sir Edward, his father,.A council was taken between Queen Isabella, the Mortimer, the Bishop of Lincoln, Sir Simon of Beverley, and Sir Hugh of Trumpington, and other members of their council, to undo all those who had accused the Mortimer before the king of his father's death for treason and felony. Wherefore, all those who were of the king's council when they learned of the Mortimer's casting aside privately came to King Edward and said that the Mortimer would destroy them because they had accused him of King Edward's father's death. They begged him to maintain them in their right. And these were the lords to pursue this quarrel: Sir William Montagu, Sir Humfrey de Bohun, who was in the castle. And privately, he told the king, \"I love you well: and therefore I counsel you that you go to the aforementioned constable and command him in my name to be your friend and your help for to...\".take the Mortimer all things I left in his care, regarding life and limb. Though Sir Montagu spoke for mercy, my lord. Sir Montagu went forth and came to the constable of the castle, telling him the king's will. The constable answered and said the king's will should be carried out as much as he could. He would not spare for any death and so he swore and made his oath. Sir William Montagu spoke to the constable in the hearing of all those helping on the same quarrel. Now, certes, dear friends, it behooves us to work and do, by your authority, to take the Mortimer since you keep the castle and have the keys in your ward, said the constable. Will you understand that the gates of the castle are locked with the locks that Dame Isabella sent here, and by night she has the keys thereof and lies them under the pillow of the bed until the morrow, and so you may not come into the castle by the gates in any manner whatsoever. But I know an alley that stretches out of the ward, underneath which.In the castle mentioned before, which is to the west, Queen Isabella and none of her men or the Mortimer or his company knew about it. I will lead you through that alley, and you will enter the castle without encountering any of your enemies. That same night, Sir William Montagu and all the lords of his quarrel, as well as the constable, waited with them, making it seem as if they were preparing to leave the Mortimer's sight.\n\nBut as soon as the Mortimer heard this news, he knew they would go to sea for fear of him, and he and his company held a council to let them pass and sent letters immediately to the gates so that no great lords would return to their own lands but if they were arrested and taken.\n\nAmong other things, William Eland, constable of the aforementioned castle, privately led Sir William Montagu and his company by the aforementioned way under the earth until they came to the castle and went up into the tower there..But Sir Hugh of Trumpington cried out loudly and said, \"Traitors! It is all in vain that you have come to this castle. You shall die a wicked death, each one of you. And one of those in Montagu's company struck him with a mace, splitting his head open and he fell to the ground, dead. They seized Mortimer as he armed himself at the tower door when he heard the noise and feared for his life. When Queen Isabella saw that Mortimer had been taken, she was deeply saddened and said to them, \"Fair sirs, I pray you do no harm to his body, a worthy knight, our dear friend and our dear cousin.\" They then brought Mortimer and presented him to King Edward, who commanded that he be brought in safely. But as they consented to Mortimer's deeds, they heard that he had been taken, they went and hid, and privately by night left the town each one..In that year, the Mortimer remained on his lands with a heavy heart and mourning. And the same year that the Mortimer was taken, he had at his retinue eighty knights, without squires and sergeants of arms and footmen. And the Mortimer was led to London, and Sir Simon of Beford was led with him and was taken to the constable of the tower to keep. But later, Mortimer's life was examined at Westminster before the king and all the great lords of England, to determine what harm might come to the realm and to inquire who were involved in Edward's death, the king's father. Additionally, it was investigated through whom the Scots escaped from Stanhope into Scotland without the will of King Edward. And also how the Ragman's charter was delivered to the Scots, in which the homages and fealties of Scotland were contained: that the Scots should do more for the English king for the realm of Scotland, and in his absence, he was condemned to be drawn and hanged for his treason. This was the main reason..In the year of the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ M.CCC. XXX, Andrewes presented to him Sir John Balliol as the new king of Scotland. Sir John Balliol was chosen because he came from the eldest daughter of Earl David of Huntington, who was King Alexander II of Scotland and died without a bodily heir. And how Sir John made fealty and homage to King Edward III for his land, through a false suggestion, he made an oath to the aforementioned King Edward over his estate and will. The pope, through his bulls, confirmed this oath to him. And King Edward, knowing this, ordered another of his barons to come to Berwick and conquer the town. At this conquest, there were slain twenty-five thousand and seven hundred men, and Balliol, who was king of Scotland, surrendered to good King Edward. Afterward, King Edward released him from the Tower of London. And all the great lords of Scotland, who were taken at that time, were with him..Berewick and his men were driven out to Scotland. And the Scots, through their falseness, brought harm to good King Edward. When Sir John Balliol, king of Scotland, saw this, he went over the sea to Dunbar and stayed there on his own lands as long as he could, until the Scots amended their ways and truces: and he took Sir Edward, his son, with him, for a small price. Sir John long remained in France until he died there. And Sir Edward Balliol, his son, inherited and did homage to the king of France for his lands of Dunbar. Later, Edward Balliol had a squire of England, born in Yorkshire, named John of Barnaby. This Edward Balliol loved much and was close to him and in private.\n\nJohn of Barnaby was quarreling with a Frenchman in the town of Dunbar, and in the heat of the argument, he killed him..The castle was to provide aid and assistance to its lord. Another officer of the tower came to take John Barnaby as a felon. Sir Edward, his lord, helped him and rescued him by night, allowing him to escape from the castle. He went to England unharmed.\n\nWhen the king of France saw that Sir Edward had rescued his felon, he became very angry with Sir Edward and had him arrested. He took all his lands into his own possession.\n\nSir Edward remained in prison until Sir Henry of Beaumont came to France. At that time, Sir Henry was earl of Angus in Scotland through his wife, and was deposed from the said earldom when the accord was made between England and Scotland through Queen Isabella and Sir Roger Mortimer and their companions for the marriage they arranged between David, Robert the Bruce's son, and Joan at the Tower, king Edward's sister of England. Sir Edward understood that it would eventually lead to his rightful position, but if it were through Sir Edward Balliol..Sir Henry, the right heir of Scotland, was in full favor with King Louis of France. King Louis loved Sir Henry greatly and intended to deliver Sir Edward Balliol's body to him, if possible. Sir Henry prayed to the king that he might be granted Sir Edward's body until the next parliament, so that he could stand trial by his peers. The king granted his prayer, and Sir Edward was released from prison in the manner described above. As soon as he was freed, Sir Henry took him with him to England and made him duel privately at Sandhall Manor in Yorkshire with the Lady Despenser. He ordered a large retinue of Englishmen and aliens to help him reclaim his heritage. Sir Henry gave much silver to the soldiers and aliens to aid him:\n\nThey pledged to help him in this endeavor..They might have. But they failed him at his most need. And at that time, Donald, earl of Moray, heard tell that Sir Edward Balliol was secretly coming into England and came to him and made great joy of his coming again, and said to him in private, \"All the great lords of England should be obedient to you and hold you as right heir of Scotland. I grant you homage and fealty.\"\n\nSir Henry of Beaumont came to King Edward of England and begged him in the name of charity that he would grant Edward Balliol safe passage from Sandhall to Scotland to recover his rightful inheritance in Scotland.\n\nThe king answered, \"If I allow Balliol to pass through my land into Scotland, the people will say that I am aiding his company.\"\n\nNow, I pray you, grant him leave to take with him English soldiers that they may safely lead him through your land to Scotland.\n\nAnd upon this condition that if it so happens....The king forbade that he be discomfited in battle through the Scots. I and all the lords who held lands from Balliol were, for eternity, released from your rents in England. And the king, upon this covenant, granted the bone as concerning him and those who were of the same quarrel, who claimed to have lands or rents in the realm of England.\n\nThe following lords pursued this matter: Sir Edward Balliol, who challenged the realm of Scotland; Sir Henry Beaumont, earl of Angus; Sir David of Strathbole, earl of Atholl; Sir Geoffrey of Monmouth; Walter Comyn, and many others who were put out of their heritage in Scotland when the peace was made between England and Scotland, as before is said.\n\nFirstly, you should understand that these lords took with them five hundred men-at-arms and two thousand archers and foot soldiers. They intended to ship at Ravenspore and sailed by sea until they came to Scotland and landed at Kinneil, which is 12 miles from John..town: and immediately sent out their ships again, for they should not be harmed nor imprisoned. Neither should any man go to the ships again, though they had need, but rather stay and endure death than flee, to maintain their true quarrel. \u00b6When the Earl of Fife, a fierce man and a stern one, heard that the Bailiff was coming to take the land of Scotland, he came hastily to Kinghorn with ten thousand Scots to destroy him, so that he would not come to land. \u00b6But Sir Edward Bailoll and his company met him there and defeated him at this discomfiture. Sir Alexander of Seton was there killed, and many others. \u00b6The Earl of Fife was greatly shamed and ill-pleased that such a small company had discomfited him and shamefully put him and all his living companions to flight. \u00b6So Sir Edward Bailoll came and took the country all around him until he came to the Abbey of Dunfermline, where he found provisions for himself and his people. Among other things, he found a chamber containing about fifty great statues..The earl of Fife took with him fine oak with long pikes of iron and delivered them to his strongest men. And immediately after, he left there and encamped in a field two miles from St. John's town. When the townspeople heard that the earl of Fife had been discovered by the Baillie, they were greatly alarmed and we might take the Scots that very night and boldly pursued them, for if they had traveled through us and seen our headmen, other Scots who had seen them so tired and weary would be even more afraid to fight us. Therefore, pursue them so that, through the grace of God Almighty, the whole world will speak of the valiance of our knights.\n\nUnderstand that all the company that comes with Sir Edward Baillie welcomed this counsel and were all the more glad. And immediately they pursued the Scots, who became greatly weary.\n\nThe Baillie and his company followed closely..them did then greatly harm and sorrow us, through their assault, so that they might not help us for fear of little people. But the Scots among them asked what was now befalling us, that such a small people as the bailiff had inflicted upon us caused us so much trouble and sorrow. Now indeed it seems that he works by grace. For he is wonderfully gracious in his quarrel, and we shall be dead or that we may come to him to yield, since his father set no price on us. And among other things, the Bailiff and his people passed the waters of Erne. Sir Roger of Swynerton's son was fierce and angry and went forth. They saw people well-armed and went unarmed towards them and fought with them and took as many as would remain. And notwithstanding at that assault, they thought it had been the great host of Scotland. And when it came to the morrow, they gathered them together and rested them a while. But while the English rested, the noble barons Thomas of Vescy and the noble baron.of Stafford urged his horse up the hills to keep watch of the countryside. As they ascended, they saw a great host of armed men with helmets and shields gleaming on them. Two lords returned to Ballollis' people and said, \"For the love of God Almighty, come out. You will have battle soon.\" Sir Frederick, the son of Gerard, a renowned baron, addressed the lords. Sirris' lords listened as he spoke. I have seen many diverse wages, both among Sarises and Iues as well as among the Scots. Yet, I have never seen the fourth part of a wing fight. If we are determined to face our enemies, we are now prepared to do so. But if we lack heart and will to fight with them, we are few against this company. Therefore, for the love of God, let us have good heart and be bold, thinking only of conquering our enemies and not of our wives or children..\"And through the help of our lord God, we shall overcome them. And with that, the Scottish host approached them seriously and against Sir Edward Balliol, with three battalions present with the Scottish. Balliol saw all this and said to Robert Bruce, the son of Robert Bruce, these words: \"Sir Robert said, it greatly grieves me in my heart that these people whom Balliol has brought with him should die without the sword of the Scots, since they are Christian men as well as we are. And therefore, I think it would be great charity to send one to them to yield them to our mercy and ransom them through heavy ransom as much as they have taken our land and done ill. Now, Sir Robert said, I have well perceived that you are an enemy and a traitor to Scotland since you consent to save our defeated enemies who have caused us much sorrow and shame. Now it seems well that you are of their company and of their consent.\" Now, Sir Robert replied, \"Sir Donald falsely lies: I am not of their company nor of their consent.\"\".And quickly you shall see this. For I will fight with them rather than any of this company. And Sir Robert said, \"I shall maim your head and assault them or you.\" And why did they proudly station themselves fiercely against Caskemore? And their wings followed them on a range. And they came and met the bailiff and his companions at a hanging bough of a narrow passage, and so fast they pressed them into the Englishmen: thus thousands fell to the ground, each over the other, horse and man. The bailiff and his men stood steadfastly against them and killed the Scots to the ground, and many of them were sore wounded, so long did they stand over them and threatened them with their swords and spears, until they became wonder-weary and did not know what to do. And the Scots who were left alive fled away to save themselves in the best manner they could. And then Sir Edward Bailloll and his men pursued them and killed some of them until it was night. And from there they went to send John Toward and took it, and held it..them there provisioned themselves at their will, finding enough there to make them merry. The bailiff's men, who were going to ship to help in healing their wounds, encountered a Flemish pirate and robber named Crabbe. At that time, there was a Flemish ship in the sea, a strong thief and robber that was driven out of Flanders for his wickedness. And this Flemish ship came to Scotland to align with the Scots and caused as much harm to the English as possible. Crabbe met the bailiff's men in the sea who had been wounded before in battle and were being sent back to England to heal. He launched a great assault against them and would have killed each one, but the Englishmen defended themselves well and manfully, discomfiting Crab and his company. Crab then fled to Scotland and, as he came towards St. John's Town, he found a great company of Scots coming to gather after the discomfiture of Gasconmore, which besieged Bailiff and his men in the same town of St. John's..told the Scots that he was disappointed with the Englishmen who were wounded at Gaskemore and were heading towards England to help their woods. He advised the Scots to have no power or grace from Young Edward Balliol, as he had humiliated and subjugated all the chivalry of Scotland with a handful of men, as if the Scots who were slain were accounted for as many as the Englishmen. Wherefore he counseled to remove the siege from St. John's town and keep them in the best manner they could and might.\n\nThe Scots understood this, and Crab said so and abandoned the siege, waiting there by night and helping themselves in the best manner they could.\n\nWhen this thing was known throughout Scotland how the lords and knights were discomfited at Gaskemore by Sir Edward Balliol of Scotland,\n\nThe lords, ladies, and gentlemen of Scotland came quickly to St. John's town and surrendered themselves to Balliol and did homage and fealty for their lands. And he.them resaued frely. \u00b6And fro the\u0304s he we\u0304t to the abbey of Scone and ther he was crouned kyng of scotland And aft{er} he let crie his pees thurgh out all the land \u00b6And at that same tyme it befell that kyng Edward held his {per}lament a\u00a6mong his lieges at the new castell vp Tyne for to ame\u0304d the tre\u00a6spaces and the wronges that had be done in his land. &\u0304 sir edward the bailloll kyng of scotland come to him thid{er} and did to him fe\u00a6aute and homage for the reame of scotland. \u00b6And in this maner kyng edward of englond gadred ayen his homages and feautes of scotland wher of he was put out thurgh councell and\nassent of Dame Isabell his modre and of sir Roger Mortimer erle of the marche. Tho toke bailloll kyng of scotland his leue of kyng Edward of englond & went thens in to his own land of Sotland and set bot litell by them that had counceled him and ho\u00a6lpen him in his quarell. wherfore they went fro him and went and leued by ther landes and rentis in scotland \u00b6And so it befell afterward not long that the kyng of.Scotland did not delay and went to the town of Annan. There, he took an oath and a company of knights, strong men and worthy, surrendered themselves to the king. He treated them so generously and courteously that he trusted them greatly. But as soon as the traitors saw that he trusted them so much, they planned among themselves to kill their lord, the king. But through the grace of Almighty God, he broke through a wall in his chamber and escaped. God averted their treachery, and all his men were killed. This happened during the conceiving of our lady.\n\nKing Edward sent the Baillol to King Edward of England to tell him how falsely and traitorously he had been put to shame and sorrow by his liege men, whom he had trusted even more. The king of England felt great pity..King Edward of England assembled a council at London and gathered men in various shires of England. When he was ready, he marched towards Berwick-upon-Tweed and met there King Balliol of Scotland with his power, besieging the town. Edward set up a fair camp outside the town. He made numerous assaults on the town with guns and other engines, destroying many fair houses and churches. The town's defenders held out, preventing the two kings from staying for long. The kings remained there until the town's provisions failed. They also grew weary of continuous fighting and were unsure of what to do next.\n\nYou should understand that.The Scots in Berewick's town, through common council and consent, called out on the town walls for peace with the English. They prayed the king for grace, mercy, and true truce for eight days according to this covenant. If they were not rescued from this side of the town towards Scotland within eight days, they would surrender themselves and the town to the king. To secure this covenant, they offered the king twelve hostages from Berewick.\n\nWhen the hostages were delivered to the king, the townspeople immediately sent one to the Scots and informed them of their sorrow and hardship. The Scots came quietly over the Tweed and Sir William Dykes, who was steward of Scotland, and many others accompanied him. They put the hostages in great danger at that time of their lives. They crossed over a bridge that was broken and many of their companions were there..The forsaid William and other companions of his went over and came by the English ships, and killed a barge of fifteen men. Afterward, they went into the town of Berwick by the water side. Therefore, the Scots held the town, rescued it, and asked for hostages again from the king of England. The king sent them word again that they had asked for the hostages with wrong intentions, since they had come into the town on the English side. For it was contended between them that the town should be rescued by half of Scotland. And King Edward then commanded to yield the town or he would take the hostages. The Scots said the town was well rescued, and they would hold it. When King Edward saw the Scots break their covenant that they made, he was wonderfully angry and let take Sir Thomas Fitzwilliam and Sir Alexander Seton, warden of Berwick. The latter Thomas was a person of Dunbar. He let them be taken first, before the other hostages, for the sake of Sir Alexander's father, who was keeper of Edinburgh castle..And though commanded every day two hostages from the town until they were all done to death, but if they yielded the town. And so he should teach them to break their covenants. When the people of the town heard this, they became worried and sent to the king of England asking him to grant them eight more days of respite. So that between them and the hundred men of arms and twenty men of arms, strength could go between them to the town of Berwick to vitalize it and save it from being held. And if so were that twenty-one or twenty-two or more were slain of the hundred beforehand, the town should not be saved. And this covenant to be held they sent to him other twelve of the aforementioned town in hostage. The king of England granted their prayer and took the hostages, sending Margaret his emissary. In the year of grace 1434, the Scots came fiercely with four wings of armies to meet King Edward of England and King Edward of Scotland and whatnot..The power came quickly and sharply against Evenong time, and at that time the water was at Berwick, preventing any man from crossing it on horse or foot. The water was between the two kings and the realm of England. At that time, the Scots remained on the other side, hindering the Englishmen from being drenched or slain.\n\nThis was the Scottish army that came against the two kings of England and Scotland. In the van of Scotland were these lords:\n\nThe Earl of Moray: James Fraser. Simon Fraser. Walter Stewart. Reynold Cheyne. Patrick Graham. James Cardoill. Patrick Parker. Robert Caldecott. Philip Melledrum. Thomas Gilbert. Rauf Wiseman. Adam Gurdon. James Gramat. Robert Boyd. Hugh Park. with 100 knights newly dubbed. & 25 men-at-arms and 300 commoners.\n\nIn the first part of the half battle were these lords:\n\nThe steward of Scotland. The Earl of Moray, James his uncle. William Douglas. David Lindsay, Maccolin Fleming..William of Kethe, Duke of Albany: in the second part of the battle were the lords James Stewart, steward of Colden, Alan Stewart, steward William Abrahall, John Fitz William, Adam le Mose, Walter Fitz Gilbert, John of Carlton, Robert Walham with 7 men-at-arms and 17 men-at-arms and Commons.\n\nIn the third part of the battle of Scotland were the lords: The Earl of Mar, William of Kirkcaldy, William Prendegast, Kristyn Hardy, William Gurdon, Arnold Garde, Thomas Dolphyn with 40 knights newly dubbed, 12 men-at-arms, and 15 men-in-communes.\n\nIn the fourth ward of the battle of Scotland were lords: Archibald Douglas, Earl of Lennox, Alexander Sandilands, Earl of Fif, John Campbell, Earl of Atholl, Robert Lawther, William of Wipount, William of Lonsdale, John de La Bel, Groos de Sherenlaw, John de Lyndesey, Alexander de Gray. In Graham de Umfraville, Patrick de Pollesworth, David de Wymes, Michell, Scot, William Landy, Thomas de Boys, Roger le Mortimer with 20 bachelors..The Earl of Dunbar, keeper of the castle of Bewick, and Sir Alexander of Seton, keeper of the town of Berwick, with 1,000 men of arms; the commune of the town with 4,000 men of arms and 7,000 foot men; the sum of earls and lords above mentioned amounts to 66; The sum of new-dubbed bachelors amounts to 100 and 40; The sum of men of arms amounts to 3,000; The sum of the commons amounts to 117,000; The total sum of the people above mentioned amounts to 161,440. These 66 great lords led all the other great lords above mentioned in four battles, as it is told before. King Edward of England and Edward Balliol, King of Scotland, had their people well-equipped for four battles to fight on foot against the Scots, their enemies. English minstrels blew their trumpets and pipes and hideously cried out..And though every English battalion had two wings of Price Archer's men, who at that battle shot arrows so fast and fiercely that the Scots couldn't help themselves. They struck the Scots thousands down and forced them to flee to save their lives: And when the English knights saw the Scots' discomfiture and their men falling fast to the ground, they spurred their horses to keep them from harm and set their masters at no disadvantage. And when the English saw this, they leapt onto their horses and pursued the Scots relentlessly, killing all who remained. Men could see the courage of the noble King Edward and his men, their manly pursuit of the fleeing Scots: And men could see many a Scottish man cast down dead, and their banners hacked into pieces: and many a good hauberk of steel in their blood bath. And many a time the Scots were rallied into companies, but they were never able to hold..Discomfited And so it came to pass that on this day, the Scots had no more foyson (foes) than twenty sheep should have against five wolves; and thus the Scots were discomfited. Yet the Scots had the advantage: five men against one Englishman.\n\nThis battle took place on Halidoun Hill, beside the town of Berwick. At this battle, the Scots lost fifty-three thousand and seven hundred and twenty-two men, but only fourteen Englishmen were killed. These were all foot soldiers.\n\nThis victory fell to the English on St. Margaret's Eve. In the year of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1432.\n\nWhile this was happening, the English pages took the plunder from the Scots, killing every man they could find without any challenging from any man.\n\nAnd after this gracious victory, the king turned again to the same siege of Berwick. When they besieged it, they heard and saw how King Edward had fared. They surrendered the town and castle on the morning after St. Margaret's Day.\n\nThe king then ordered.sir Edward Bailloll wyth other nobull and worthy men to be kepers and gou{er}ners of Scot\u00a6land in his absence. & him self turned ayen & come in to Englo\u00a6nd aft{er} this victori with moch ioye and worship. \u00b6And in ye next yere sewyng that is for to say in the yere of Incarnacion of our lord Ihu\u0304 crist a thousand CCC. &\u0304 xxxiij. and of kyng Ed\u00a6ward vij\u00b7 he went ayen in to scotland in wint{er} tyme. at wich via\u00a6ge the Castill of Kilbrigge in scotland for him & his men that wt hi\u0304 com he recou{er}yd and had ayens the Scottis. all at his own lust: \u00b6And in that same yere sir Edward Bailloll kyng of Scotland held his parlament in scotla\u0304d with moni nobull lor\u2223des of Englo\u0304d that wer at yt same parlament for encheson of ther landes &\u0304 also lordshippis that they had in the reame of scotland &\u0304 helden all of that same Bailloll. \u00b6And in the viij. yere of his regne about the fest of sent Iohan baptist sir Edwar\u00a6de Bailloll the veray and trew kyng of scotland as by heritage and right lyne made his homage and feaute vn to.King Edward of England, in the presence of many worthy lords and communes of both the realms of England and Scotland, received homage for the earldom and lordship of Richmond at the new castle upon Tyne. And in the same year, King Edward of England rescued the Duke of Brittany's homage for the earldom and lordship of Richmond.\n\nIn the ninth year of his reign, after Michaelmas, King Edward rode into Scotland, and John's Town was besieged almost the whole winter, and he held Christmas at Roxburgh Castle.\n\nIn the same year, throughout England, Clement's tide arose, and there arose such a springing and welling up of waters and sludge, both from the sea and from fresh rivers and springs, that the sea banks, walls, and costs broke up. Beasts and houses were drenched in many places, especially in low-lying areas.\n\nFruits were driven away from the earth through the continuance and habitation of the sea waters evermore..After warde, I was turned into more saltness and sourness of sauour. In the tenth year of King Edward's reign, King Edward entered Scotland after midsummer and gave battle to them and more he treated and bound to his peace through his daughter's doughtiness. And after Michaelmas, the next following was the Earl of Moray taken at Edinburgh and brought to England and put in prison. And in the months of June and July next following, in the eleventh year of his reign, it was seen and appeared in the firmament a bedecked star which clerks call Stella Comata. And after that, immediately there followed in England abundant good cheap and wonderful great plenty of all chief vitails and merchandise. And there against hunger, scarcity, mischief, and need of money. In so much that a quarter of wheat at London was sold for 2 shillings and a good fat ox at a nobel and 5 good doves for a penny in which year died Sir John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall. It was King Edward's..Brother lies at Westminster. In the year of our Lord 1347, during King Edward III's reign in March, at Westminster in Lent time, King Edward created the duchy of Cornwall from the earldom of Cornwall and gave it to his first son Edward, along with the earldom of Chester. Additionally, King Edward made six other earls at that time: Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester; William Bohun, Earl of Northampton; William Montagu, Earl of Salisbury; Hugh Audley, Earl of Gloucester; Robert Ufford, Earl of Southampton; and William Clinton, Earl of Huntington. In that same year, it was decreed in the same parliament that no woman should wear any clothing made in England, such as gold, silk, velvet, Damask, or Satin, nor Baudkin nor any other such material nor fur from beyond the sea. However, this ordinance and statute were.In the 14th year of his reign, King Edward went over sea to Brabant with Queen Philip his wife, bearing a child at Antwerp. There he stayed more than a year, treating with the duke of Brabant and other allies who were against him, challenging the kingdom of France to be given to King Edward of England by right and heritage after the death of Charles the Great king of France. His mother, Isabella, queen of Edward, was held and occupied unjustly by Philip of Valois, the emperor's son of King Charles. In these matters and all things related to them, King Edward found them ready and willing to submit to him, and he made and fought against him, securing his trust through good faith. After that, King Edward hastened back to England and left the queen still behind in Brabant.\n\nIn the 24th year of his reign, when all the lords of his realm and others who had come to be at his parliament were called and assembled,.The same parliament was held at London after the feast of St. Helena. The kings' needs were put forth and promoted regarding the kingdom of France. For this purpose, the king asked for the fifth part of all movable goods in England and the wool and the ninth sheaf of every corn. And all lords of every town where such things should be taxed and gathered were to answer to the king. He had it and held it at his own lust and will. Therefore, if I know the true truth, the inner love of the people was turned into hate, and common prayers into cursing, for the cause that the common people were so strongly grieved.\n\nAdditionally, the aforementioned Philip Valois of France had gathered a great host and destroyed many of the king's friends in towns and castles and many other harm, shame, and disgraces were done to the queen. Therefore, King Edward, when he heard this news, was strongly moved and therewith began....And he became angry and sent diverse letters to the queen and to others, reassuring them that he would be there himself as soon as possible. And immediately after Easter, he went over the sea again. The queen and all his friends were greatly pleased and made much joy upon his coming. And all those who were his enemies and against him mourned.\n\nAt the same time, the king, through the counsel of his true lieges and the council of his lords who were present with him, took the king of France's name and quartered it with the arms of England. He commanded his coin of gold, under description and writing of the name of England and of France, to be made as best as possible. That is to say, the florin that was called the noble price of 5 shillings and 8 pence, the sterling, and the half noble of the value of 3 shillings and 4 pence, and the farthings of the value of 20..In the next year after that, that is to say the fifteenth year of his reign, he commanded and had written his charters and other letters the date of the reign of France first. And while he was thus doing and traveling through France through his council, he wrote to all the palatines, dukes, earls, and barons, and also to diverse of the common people diverse letters and messages bearing date at Ghent on the sixth day of February. And another time after a little while he came again to England with the queen and her children. And in the same year on midsummer eve he began to sail toward France again. And he heavily and stubbornly fell upon Philip of Valois, who had long lain there and had gathered to him a full long and bustling multitude of diverse nations in the harbor of Sluys. And they fought to gain the king of France, and he with his hosts from midday to three in the morning. In this battle were slain thirty thousand men of the king's company of France and many ships..\"Cogges were taken. And through God's help, he had victory there and a glorious chivalry. In the same year, about James tide, without the gates of Sandwich, Robert of Artois, Iamys, and Flaundres fiercely fought against the duke of Burgundy and the Frenchmen. At this battle, fifteen French barons, eighty knights, and ships and barges were taken, numbering up to CC and XXX. In the same year, the king making and staying on the siege of Tours, the earl of Henault with English archers made an assault on the tower of Amada, where they killed one knight and many others and also destroyed the town. In the sixteenth year of his reign following, in the winter time, the same king continued to duel with the aforementioned siege and frequently sent to England to his treasurer and others. And when he had finished that, he dressed himself over the sea to come to England. As he sailed toward England in the high seas, the most unfortunate storms and tempestuous thunder and lightning threatened him.\".Lightnings fell to him in the sea, the witch who was said to have caused it, using sorcery and necromancy of the French, leaving the king's heart full of sorrow and anxiety, sighing and welling up. \"O blessed lady,\" he said to the Virgin Mary, \"why do more things and weather fall to me in France? I would have them all turning to England, but everything has fallen unfavorably and harmful, never the later, escaping all relations of the sea. As God would come to the Tower of London by night, and in the same year, the king held his Christmas at Menen and sent word to the Scots through his messengers that he was ready and would fight with them. But the Scots would not abide that and fled over the Scottish sea, hiding as well as they could. In the 15th year of his reign, about the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul, King Edward believed he had been in Scotland and saw that:.The Scots fled when he came back into England. Before Lent, there was a tournament at Dunstable. Young bachelors and knights of England, as well as many earls and lords, attended. King Edward himself was present. The following year, at Easter in his 18th year of reign, at Westminster, King Edward the Third made his first-born son, Edward, Prince of Wales. In his 19th year of reign, shortly after Easter in Ipswich, Edward let great nobles and festivities be held in the place of his birth at Windsor. There were never such sights there before. At this feast and revelry were two kings, two queens, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cornwall, ten earls, nine countesses, barons, and many burgesses. Representatives from various lands were also present. And when the festivities were over, King Edward made a great show in which he.ordered first and began his round table and ordered and fixed the day of the round table to be held there at Windsor in the witson week every year thereafter. In this time, Englishmen were so much enamored and ensnared by the wickedness and folly of the strangers that from the time of the coming of the Hanseats, eighteen years had passed. They ordered and changed their diverse shapes and disguising of clothing, abandoning all old honesty and good usage. Instead, they wore long, large, and wide clothes that were destitute and disheveled. The men, if I speak the truth, were more like tormentors and devils in their clothing and showing and other array than men. And the women, in turn, surpassed the men in array and lewd appearance. For they wore such tight clothing that they let hang fox taillets sewn within their garments to cover and hide their behinds. These disgusting practices and appearances..Pride brought forth many miseries and mischief in the realm of England. In the 20th year of King Edward, he went over into Britain, accompanied by the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Huntingdon, the Earl of Arundel, and many other lords and common people in a great multitude with a great navy of CC. and 40 ships. Immediately after midsummer, they went to avenge him of many wrongs and harms done by Philip of Valois, king of France, against the true agreements made beforehand. These true agreements he falsely and untruly lost and disputed through deceitful means.\n\nIn the 21st year of his reign, King Edward, through the counsel of all the great lords of the realm of England, called and gathered them to his parliament at Westminster before Easter or ordained him to pass over the sea again to dispose and destroy the rebels of France. And when his navy was gathered and made ready, he went with a great host on the 12th day of July and sailed into Normandy..King Richard at Hogges. After resting there for six days due to the turbulence of the sea and to provide all his men with necessities from their ships, he marched towards Cadomun, burning, wasting, and destroying all the towns he encountered. On the 26th of July at the bridge of Cadon, man-to-man and with the support of Normans, he led a strong battle that lasted long. A great multitude of people were slain. The Earl of Eve, the lord of Tankervill, and a hundred knights, along with me and six hundred foot soldiers, were taken prisoners. The town and its suburbs were plundered and stripped to the bare walls. After the king passed through the countryside for about twenty miles, he wasted all manner of things he found.\n\nWhen Philip of Valois learned of this, although he was nearby with a strong host, he did not come to help but broke all the bridges beyond the water of Seyn..King Robert to Paris. He himself fled there with all haste. King Edward, when he came to Paris, found the bridge broken within two days and had it repaired. In the morning after the Assumption of our Lady, King Edward passed over the water of the Seine, heading toward Crecy, and destroyed towns along the way where people were fighting. In the feast of St. Bartholomew, he passed over the water of some unnamed place with his entire host, where no man had passed before in any manner, and two hundred thousand were slain who guarded the passage. On the 26th of August, King Edward, in a field near Crecy, encountered Philip of Valois with four battalions. The English lost heavily in the three battles. When these two hosts met, the king of Bohemia, the Duke of Loraine, earls Dalassen, Bloys, Harcourt, and Aumale, were present..And there were more than 25,000 earls, barons, knights, and men-at-arms, without foot soldiers or other armed men not included in the number. And for all this, the unglorious Philip withdrew with the remainder of his people. Therefore, it was commonly said among his own people, \"Never was a retreat so fine: that is, our fair one withdraws him.\"\n\nThen, King Edward and the Englishmen thanked God Almighty for such a victory after their great labor for things necessary for their sustenance and saving of their lives. And, fearing their enemies, they remained there.\n\nAnd early in the morning after the Frenchmen came again to give battle and fight with the English, the Earl of Worcester, Northampton, and Northfolk, with their company, met and engaged them, killing two thousand and taking many prisoners of their men.\n\nThe remainder of the same host fled three miles thence. And on the third day after the battle, the king went to Calais to destroy it..all the towns as he rode on. He began to besiege the town with the castle three days after September 1st. The siege continued from September 3rd to August 3rd of the next year. In the same year, during the siege of Calais, the king of Scotland came into England with a great multitude of Scots, hoping and trusting to find the land destitute and void of people. For the king of England was beyond the sea. Only priests, men of the church, women, children, and laborers remained. The Scots came and robbed them, causing much private sorrow. Yet they found that they were not alone, by the grace of Almighty God. A day of battle was assigned between them and certain lords and men of the church who were of that country, along with other common people, near the city of Duresme. At that day, through the grace and help of.In the 21st year of King Edward's reign, the Scots had come. And yet, there were sold as many of them as of Englishmen. And all the Chivalry and knighthood of the realm of Scotland were slain. And taken were David, the King of Scotland himself, the Earl of Menteith, Sir William Douglas, and many other great men of Scotland. And after our Englishmen had rested them a few days and had appointed their keepers of the northern lands, they came to London. And they brought with them King David of Scotland and all these other lords who were taken prisoners to the Tower of London with all the haste they could. And they left them safely kept there until the kings were coming & we were waiting to go home again to their own country. Afterward, the king\n\nIn the twenty-first year of King Edward's reign, he crossed the sea during the winter and spent the entire winter laying siege to Calais. During this time, Philip, the King of France, cast treacherous plans and plots against him..A fraudulent attempt was made to lift the siege of Calais on the twenty-fourth day of July in the same year, with a large host and strong power, near the siege of Calais. Philip made known to King Edward on the last day of July that he would give him a plain battle three days later, around evening time, if he dared to come from the siege. And when King Edward heard this, without any hesitation or delay, he accepted gladly the day and hour of battle that Philip had assigned. But when King Francis heard that the following night after, he set his tents on fire and cowardly departed. Those within the town and castle, seeing this, realized they had no other help or support from King Francis or his men. Moreover, their provisions were spent and wasted, and due to the lack of provisions and refreshment, they ate horses, hounds, cats, and mice to maintain their loyalty as long as they could. And when it was discovered among them, at the last, that they had no provisions left..Among them, there was nothing to eat or live by, nor any support or rescue from the French on the other side. They knew they must either die from hunger or surrender the town. Immediately, they took down the banners and arms of France on every side that were hung out. They went to the walls of the said town at various places, as naked as they were born, except for their shirts and private clothes, and held their swords naked and the points downward towards the king and lord. The king received all of them with grace, and a few of the greatest persons of state and government of the town he sent into England to await their ransom and the king's grace. And all the common folk of the town, the king let go wherever they wanted in peace. And without any harm. And they were allowed to take with them all their things that they could carry away, keeping the town and the castle for himself.\n\nThrough the mediation of Cardinals sent from the pope, a true was made between France and England for nine years..In the months that followed, King Edward the Michaelmas came again into England with a glorious victory. And in the 24th year of his reign, in the eastern parts of the world, a pestilence and death of Saracens and Paynims arose, so great that there had never been heard of such death before. It wasted away the people so that fewer than one in ten were left alive. And in the same year, in the southern and western countries, there fell so much rain and such great waters that there was hardly a day or night between Christmas and Midsummer without rain. Through these waters, the pestilence was so infected and so abundant in all countries, notably at the court of Rome and other places, that fewer than one in ten were left alive to bury them. But they made great ditches and pits that were wide and deep. In them, they buried them. And they made a range of dead bodies and cast a little earth over them. Then they cast in another regime of dead bodies and another..In the reign above them. And thus they were buried, and none other wiser: but if it were the fewer who were men of great estate that were buried as honestly as they might. And after all this, in the twenty-fourth year of King Edward's reign, it was discovered to him that a treason had begun at Calais. Orchestrated to sell that town for a great sum of florins to King Philip of France through the falsehood and ordainance of a knight called Sir Geoffrey of Caveney, who was wonderfully private with King Philip of France.\n\nAnd when King Edward heard this, he took with him the nobles and gentlemen lords, and many other worthy and injured men of arms who were present with him for the solemnity of that high feast.\n\nAnd he went wisely and as privately as he could over the sea toward Calais.\n\nAnd that same year, the good King Edward held his Christmas at Harrington.\n\nAnd the morning after New Year's Day, the king was in the castle of Calais with his men of arms, that none of the traitors were there..aliens knew of it. And that false conspirator and traitor Geoffrey of Charney could not openly carry out his purpose with the castle. Privately and stealthily, he entered and held the town with a great host.\n\nWhen he and his men had come in, he paid the aforementioned sum of florins as agreed between them to a Genewy in the town, who was the keeper of the castle and consenting to the same deceit and treachery, and bound the English minstrels and servants who were in the castle, preventing them from helping themselves or hindering their purpose.\n\nFeeling secure enough, they openly spoke of all their wickedness and deceit.\n\nNow hear how they were deceived. They came in by a private postern over a little bridge of wood and when they had come in quietly and privately, the bridge was drawn up and kept so that none of those coming in could go out or any more come in to them.\n\nOur Englishmen then went out at private holes..Winded and over the walls of the town and of the castle, and went and fought fiercely with the Frenchmen who were outside. They had the better of them when they were occupied by their own side. The king who was within the town, having scarcely thirty men of arms with him, drew out his sword and with a loud voice he called up \"Edward! George!\"\n\nAnd when people heard that, they came running to him and gave their enemies such great assault that there were more than two hundred men of arms and many more other slain, and many fled away. And so, by the grace of God Almighty, the victory fell to the Englishmen. Then the king took with him this Geoffrey, who had discovered this treachery, as well as many other French prisoners. And within a short time after, he returned to England.\n\nIn this same year, and in the year before and the year next after, there was such great pestilence of men from the east to the west, notably through boils, that those who fell ill on this day died on the third day..After those who died in this pestilence had little respite from lying, the pope, out of his goodness and grace, gave them full remission and forgiveness of all their sins. This pestilence lasted in London from Michaelmas until August next, almost an entire year. Those days were death without sorrow, weddings without friendship, willful penance and death without scarcity, and flight without refuge or succor. For many fled from place to place because of the pestilence, but they were infected and could not escape the death. After this pestilence ceased, as God would have it, fewer than one in ten of the people were left alive. And in the same year began a wonderful thing that all who were born after this pestilence had two checks on their heads less than they had before.\n\nAnd in [sic].In the 25th year of his reign, around St. John's Day during harvest, King Edward had a great battle with the Spanish near Winchelse. Their ships and navy were cornered, forcing them to fight or be drenched.\n\nAnd so, our worthy men of arms and the navy from Winchelse and Romeny were gathered and our navy and ships were ready where the English met the Spaniards coming fiercely against them. And when the Spanish vessels and navy were closed in all around, there was a strong battle on both sides, lasting which battle few fought but they were fiercely hurt. After the battle, 21 of their ships were taken, and so the English had the better.\n\nIn the following year of his reign, that is, the 26th year, the king, through his council, ordered and made his new money, that is, the penny, the gross value of which was four pence and the halfpenny was two pence, but it was of less weight than the old sterling..In the 25th year of his reign, there was a great famine of victuals, which was called the \"dear summer.\" In the 27th year of his reign, a parliament was held at Westminster after Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster was made Duke of Lancaster. In this year, there was such great drought that from the month of March to the month of July, no rain fell on the earth. Therefore, most fruits, seeds, and herbs were lost due to the lack of water.\n\nAs a result, there was great disease among men and animals, and the scarcity of victuals in England was so severe that this land, which had previously been abundant, needed to seek its vitality and refreshing from other islands and countries.\n\nIn the 29th year of King Edward, it was agreed and sworn between the King of France and King Edward of England that he should regain all his lands and lordships that belonged to the Duchy of Guyenne in olden times, which had been withdrawn and wrongfully occupied by various kings of France..before hand, I have and will hold, freely, peaceably, and in good quiet, to King Edward and to his heirs and successors, the kingdom of France and the title that he claimed thereof. And on both sides, the said treaty was sent to the court of Rome for embulling. But God ordered otherwise for the kings' worship of England. For through fraud and deceit of the French and through allowing the pope and the court of Rome, the said treaties were disquieted and abandoned. In the same year, the king revoked by his wise and discreet counsel the staple of wool from Flanders into England, with all the liberties, franchises, and free customs belonging to it. He ordered it in various places, that is, at Westminster, Canterbury, Chichester, Bristol, Lynn, and Hull..And long before this, the king himself swore that this should be done. Prince Edward, his son, and other great witnesses who were present bore witness. In the thirty-xth year of his reign, shortly after Epiphany at the parliament held at Westminster, it was reported and certified to the king that Philip, who held the kingdom of France, was dead. John, his son, was crowned king, and Charles, his son, was given the Duchy of Guyenne, which King Edward, upon learning of this, took great indignation against and was greatly displeased. Before all the worthy lords assembled at that parliament, he called Edward, his son, to him, to whom the Duchy of Guyenne rightfully belonged. He ordered him to defend it and take revenge on his enemies and maintain his right. Afterward, King Edward and his eldest son Edward went to various places..Saints in England went on pilgrimage to have more help and grace of God and His saints. And two Kalends of July, when all things were ready for this voyage and battle and all his retinue and power assembled, and his navy also ready, he took with him the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Salisbury, and the Earl of Oxford, and a thousand men-at-arms and as many archers. In the Nativity of our Lady, they took ship at Plymouth and began to sail. And when he came and arrived in Ghent, he was there worshipfully received by the most noble men and lords of that country. And immediately after, King Edward took with him his two sons, that is, Sir Leonell, Earl of Richmond, and Sir John, his brother Earl of Richemond, and Sir Henry, Duke of Lancaster, with many earls, lords, and men-at-arms and two thousand archers, and they waited for the king at Calais. Afterward, the king waited with his aforementioned people and other soldiers who remained beyond the sea for the second day..November, and he journeyed towards King John of France, as he believed he would find him there, according to his letters and agreement. And when King John of France heard tell of the king of England, he went away with his men cowardly and shamefully, wasting all the vital supplies that the Englishmen should not have. And when King Edward heard that he had fled, he pursued him with his entire host as far as Hedene. Then, upon seeing the waiting and scarcity of vital supplies, as well as the cowardice of King John of France, he turned back, wasting the entire country.\n\nMeanwhile, the Scots privately and by night took the town of Berwick, killing all who resisted, except for the English who were there. Then King John of France, having learned of this, turned back to England in anger. Therefore, a great mourning was held for him at Westminster..Every reason for wool selling during the term of six years, so that he might more effectively fight and defend the realm against the Scots and others. And when all things were ready, the king hastened them to the siege ward.\n\nIn the thirty-first year of his reign, on the fourteen day of January, the king, with a few men, was in Berwick Castle. The town was yielded to him without any defense or difficulty, except for King John Balliol of Scotland, who, considering that God had given Scotland and the Scottish crown into the hands of England under his patent letter, was immediately crowned king there of Scotland:\n\nAnd when all things were done and ordered in those countries at his pleasure, he turned again to England with great worship. And while this voyage was taking place in Scotland, Edward, Prince of Wales, was in England..A man inspired by God was I, Guyhen, in the City of Bordeaux, treating and speaking of the challenging circumstances. And of the king's right of England that he had over the realm of France, and that he would avenge himself with strength and the prelates, priests, and mighty men of that country consented well to him. Then, Sir Edward the prince gathered a great host on the sixth day of July and departed from Bordeaux, traveling and truly passing through many diverse countries. He took more than six thousand men of arms by the country as he journeyed and took the town of Remorantin, sacking Salonica and besieged the Castle for six days. And on the sixth day, they surrendered the castle to him. There, the lord of Crois and Sir Bursigaud, and many other knights and men of arms more than eighty were taken. And from thence, by Toren and Peten, fast by Cheney, his noble men had a strong battle with the French, and a hundred of their men of arms were slain. The earl of Dunquoise and the steward of France were taken with a hundred men of arms.\n\nIn this year.The nineteenth day of September, ordered by Peter, the same prince, with a thousand and nine hundred men of arms and archers, formed a battle against King John of France approaching with seven thousand chosen men of arms and a large number of other people. In this battle, the duke of Bourbon and the duke of Athens, as well as many other nobles, were killed. And from the prince's men of arms, a thousand and eight hundred were slain, according to the true account and reckoning. King France and Sir Philip his younger son, as well as many other dukes, nobles, and worthy knights, were taken prisoner. And those taken prisoners were set free and charged with ransom and knighthood. But the prince took with him King France and Philip his son with all the respect he could muster and returned to Bordeaux with a glorious victory. The number of men:\n\nThe prince's men of arms: a thousand and eight hundred\nThe enemy's men: seven thousand (approximately)\n\nTotal: approximately eight thousand eight hundred men..that there were taken prisoners, and of them who were slain on the day of battle were 4,004,40. In the 44th year of King Edward, on the 5th day of May, Prince Edward with King John of France and Philip his son, and many other worthy prisoners, arrived graciously at Plymouth's haven. On the 24th day of the same month, about three hours after none, they came to London via London Bridge. We waited for them to go to the king's palace at Westminster, and such a great multitude and pressing crowd of people gathered around them to behold and see that wonder and that remarkable sight from midday until night they could not get to Westminster. And King Francis' ransom was taxed and set at three million scutages; two of which should be worth a nobleman. You should understand that a million is 1,000,000. After some time, his ransom was set at three million florins, and this was all settled in that year. And solemn justice was made in Smithfield, where the king of England, the king of France, and the king of Scotland, and many other worthy persons, were present..In the 34th year of his reign, King Edward at Windsor, out of love for knighthood and his own dignity, and in reverence of the King of France and other lords present, held a most wonderful and costly feast for St. George, surpassing any that had ever been held before. The King of France, in a scornful manner, remarked that he had never seen or heard of such solemn feasts or revelries being held without payment in pages of gold or silver.\n\nIn the 32nd year of his reign, the 14th of Kalends of July, Sir John Earl of Richmond, King Edward's son, wedded Blanche, daughter of Duke Henry of Lancaster, his cousin, with the dispensation of the Pope. And in the meantime, Justices were ordered in London for three days of Rogations, that is, to summon the mayor and aldermen of London, in whose name and stead King Edward, with his four sons Edward, Leonell, John, and Edmond, and other 19 great lords, held the field with worship..In the same year, as reported and stated by those who witnessed it: blood emerged from the tomb of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, as fresh as the day he was put to death. And in the same year, King Edward chose his burial and lying-in-state at Westminster, near the shrine of St. Edward. After the 27th day of October, he went over to Calais and made a declaration that he would never return to England until he had resolved the war between France and himself. In the 36th year of his reign, during the winter, King Edward was. And traveling along the Rhine coasts, he parted from his host and went to Burgundy, where he met the Duke of Burgundy and asked for 70,000 florins to spare his men and his son Edward before the strong thieves were upon the towns of Harlech and other places and villages along the coast had been entered as enemies in the town of.Wynchelse and Slewen all who opposed them and spoke against their coming. Therefore, the king was greatly moved and angry. He turned again towards Paris and commanded his host to destroy and kill with sword and might those whom he had previously spared.\n\nThe twelfth day of April, the king came to Paris and his host engaged in numerous battles with 4,000 knights on his side. Sir Henry, Duke of Lancaster, under truce and true, went alone to the gates of the City. Offering to them that would remain for battle in the field, he proposed that if the king of England were to come, then he should never challenge the kingdom of France.\n\nThey gave him short and scornful answers, and he returned to inform the king and his lords of what he had heard. Then, the new knights went forth with a great multitude, making assaults against the City, and they destroyed the suburbs of the City haphazardly.\n\nAnd while these things were happening,....Things were in progress among the Englishmen, who were making preparations to avenge the shame and disrespect inflicted upon them that year at Winchelsea. They organized a navy of 80 ships, under the command of Lord Sandwich and other merchants, with 14,000 soldiers and archers. They sailed and searched the sea, capturing the Isle of Caux. The French, that is, Abbot of Cluny, the Earl of Tancarville, and Bursy, who was Steward of Flanders, with many others of the same culture, by the consent of King Charles VII of France, hastened and went to King Edward IV of England to ask for and beseech steady peace and everlasting truce on certain conditions that were shown in writing. When the king and his council had read it, it pleased him never a little. But since it would be none other in a time of better accord and deliberation, the Frenchmen urgently and with great insistence asked for true's seal for their sea costs, and the king granted it to them. And in addition, they agreed upon a truce for ten years..the morrow after the victories at Pasche, the king turned with his host toward Orl\u00e9ans, destroying and wasting the entire country en route. And as they went in that direction, they encountered such a storm and tempest that none of our nation had heard or seen anything like it before. Thousands of our men and horses in their journeying were suddenly slain and perished because of this vengeance. The tempests, however, did not deter the king or much of his people from continuing their journey, which they had begun. Around the feast of Philip and Jacob in May, the aforementioned lords of France met with the king of England at a peaceable accord and final conditions, specifically gathered and written to last discreetly. Both kings, with the assent of Charles, regent and governor of France, and of Paris of the same realm, wrote and made under the date of Carnocu, the fifteenth day of [...].May they offer and have offered to King Edward of England requiring his grace, granting them benevolently and holding them firm and steadfast to them and their heirs, for more than this which is written and the articles. When King Edward had seen them, he granted them so that both parties should be sworn, on God's body and on the evangelists, that the aforementioned convention should be stabilized. Therefore, on every side, two barons, two bannerets, and two knights were ordered and dressed up to admit and receive the oaths of Lord Charles, the regent of France, and Sir Edward, the first and heir of King Edward of England.\n\nOn the tenth day of May, a solemn mass was sung at Paris. And after the three Agnus Dei, it was said in the presence of the aforementioned men who were ordered to admit and receive the oaths, and of all others who might be present, \"We offer you peace.\" Charles laid his right hand on the patent and his left hand on the missal and said, \"I swear.\".The god's body and the holy gospels require us to hold peace and the agreement made between the two kings in a steadfast manner, doing nothing contrary. Among his lords, the king distributed the relics of Christ's crown to the knights of England. They courteously pledged their allegiance. On the following Friday, in the presence of the aforementioned knights and other worthy men, Prince Edward took an oath. Afterward, both kings and their sons, as well as the most noble men from both realms, made the same oath in the same year. To strengthen these things, the king of England requested the greatest men of France: six dukes, nine earls, and twelve barons and worthy knights. When the time and place were arranged for both kings and their councils to meet, they spoke to ratify and make firm and stable all these things. The king of England.One went toward the sea, and at Honfleet began to sail, leaving his hosts behind due to his absence, much to their displeasure. And after the 19th day of May, he came into England and went to his palaces at Westminster. On St. Dunstan's Day and the third day after, he visited John, king of France, who was in London at the time, and released him freely from all prisons except for the first, which they were first accused of for his ransom. The king welcomed him and treated him with all comfort and pleasures fitting for a king on his journey homeward.\n\nThe ninth day of July in the same year, this same John, king of France, who had been here as a hostage, returned to his own land to deal with these matters and others concerning the governance of his realm.\n\nLater, they met and came together at Calais, where both kings, with their councils, discussed the conditions and points of the peace and the accord..Both sides written. And on either side, graciously they were accorded. A solemn mass was sung and, upon God's body and the mass book, both kings and their sons and the greatest lords of both realms and their councils that were present swore the oath that they had made and titled between them. In this same year, men's beasts and houses were destroyed by sudden tempests and strong lightning. The devil appeared bodily to many people in various places in the country and spoke to them in that likeness.\n\nKing Edward, in the 36th year of his reign, immediately after Christmas, held his parliament at Westminster in which the accord and the treaty that was established and made between the two kings was put forth and displayed. This accord pleased them..\"March people. And therefore, by the king's commandment, there were gathered and came to gather in Westminster church the first Sunday of Lent, that is, the 2nd of February, the aforementioned Englishmen and Frenchwomen. There was sung a solemn mass of the Trinity by the archbishop of Canterbury, Master Simon Islep. And when the Agnus Dei was done, the king being there with his sons and also the king's sons of France and other nobles and great lords, with candles light and crosses, brought forth all that were called to it. And they, who were named there, swore upon God's body and on the mass book in this manner: we, N. and N., swearing upon God's body and on the holy gospels steadfastly to hold and keep towards us the peace and the accord made between the two kings and never to do the contrary. And when they had sworn thus, they took their oaths that others were included in the notaries. And this same year, on the Feast of the Ascension around midday, the son's clothes were seen.\".followed such a drought that for default of rain there was great scarcity of corn, fruit, and hay. And in the same month, the sixth Kalends of June, there fell a bloody rain almost like blood at Burgon. And a bloody cross from morning until prime was seen, and after it moved and fell in the mid-sea. And in the same time in France and England, and in many other lands where they were playing tournaments and deserted fields bore witness, suddenly there appeared two castles, from which went out two hosts of armed men. And one host was clothed in white, and the other in black. And when battle was joined between them, the white overcame the black, and immediately after the black took heart in themselves and overcame the white. And after that they went again into their castles. And then the castles and all the host vanished away. And in this same year was a great and an huge pestilence of people, and namely of men. Whose wives, as women out of control, took husbands, both strangers and others..In this year, lewd and simple people forgot their honor and married those of low birth. Among them were Henry, Duke of Lancaster, and Edward, Prince of Wales. The latter wed the Countess of Kent, who was once married to the Earl of Holland. She had previously been married to the Earl of Salisbury but left him due to that knight. Around this time, a large company of various nations gathered, with English leaders and governors. They were called the \"people without a head,\" causing much harm in France. Not long after, another company of various nations arose, known as the \"White Company,\" which caused much sorrow in Lombardy.\n\nIn this year, John of Gaunt, the son of King Edward III, was made Duke of Lancaster due to his wife, who was the daughter and heir of Henry, Duke of Lancaster at one time..The thirty-fifth year of King Edward the Fifteenth: on the day of January, that is to say around the beginning of Lent, about even in this same year came into England three kings, to wit, the King of France, the King of Burgundy, and the King of Scotland, to visit and speak with the King of England. They were most warmly welcomed and greatly revered. And after they had been here for a long time, two of them returned to their own countries and kingdoms. But the King of France remained in England due to great sickness and illness, and in the thirty-ninth year of his reign, there was a strong and huge frost that lasted long, from Lent until the fourth Kalends of April. The tilling and sowing of the earth and other such field work and labor were much hindered and left undone due to the cold and hardness of the earth. And at Orl\u00e9ans in Brittany at that time was ordered a great deadly battle between Sir John of Montfort, Duke of Brittany, and Sir Charles of Blois. But the victory fell to the aforementioned Sir John..Through the help and support of the Englishmen. And there were taken many knights & squires and other men who were unborn in this battle. In which battle Charles himself was slain, along with all those who stood around him. And of the Englishmen, only seven were slain. In this year, John, the king of France, died. Whose service and funeral King Edward ordered and had performed worshipfully in various places. And from there, he was brought into France. And he was buried at St. Denis.\n\nIn the 40th year of King Edward VI, in the calendar of February, was born Edward, Prince Edward, who when he was seven years old, died.\n\nAnd in the same year, it was ordained that the Peters Pence from that time on should no longer be paid. King Yorke, some time King of England of the race of the West Saxons, began to reign in the year of our Lord God 1279. He first granted to Rome for the school of England to be continued.\n\nAnd in this same year.During that time, it rained so much that it destroyed both corn and hay. There were debates and fierce fighting among various places in these days, and men found countless dead bodies in the fields as they went. Additionally, there was such a pestilence that no one had ever seen before. People went to bed and died peacefully. At that time, a sickness called the pox affected both men and women.\n\nIn the 41st year of King Edward's reign, Richard, the second son of Prince Edward of England, was born at Bordeaux. He was named Richard after King Richard of Aquitaine, who reigned after him. When his father, King Edward, and King Edward himself were both dead, Richard was crowned King of England in the 11th year of his age through right lineage and heritage, as well as by the common assent and desire of the realm.\n\nApproximately at this time, during King Edward's command of England, when all castles and towns were yielded,.to him that long wer holde in frau\u0304ce by a gret companie as\u2223sembled to ged{er} sir Bartram Cleykyn knyght an orped man and a good weriour went and purposed him to put out Pers kyng of Spayn out of his kyngdom with help of the most {per}tie of the forsa\u00a6id gret companie trustyng also vpon help and fauour of the pope for as moch as it come to his heir that the same Pers shuld lede and vse the most werst and sinfullest life out. the wich Pers smi\u00a6ten with drede of this tidyng fled i\u0304 to Gascoyn to prince Edwar\u00a6de for to haue help and socour of him. \u00b6And when he wos fled out of Spayn Henri his brother that was a basterd by assent of the most partaand\nthay not wele apaied ne plesed of the ansuer that they had ther tur\u00a6ned homewardis ayen leuyng be hind them in ther innes priuely writen in scrowes and on wallis Yit shall Danois wast thee wanes. Than happid ther an english writ{er} &\u0304 wrot ayenst the dane in this maner wise. Here shall danys fet ther banes \u00b6And in this tyme Pers kyng of Spayn with other kyng{is} yt.The king of Naune and the king of Malogre being neighbors and seeking counsel and help from Sir Edward the prince. Through his counsel, when he had understood their articles and desired that he was required by the kings, he was reluctant and ashamed to refuse and contradict them. However, he was also fearful lest it would be prejudicial to the pope and he delayed them for a long time or that he would grant or consent to their request until he had better counsel and advice with careful deliberation from King Edward his father.\n\nBut when he was with every day and continuous beseeching of many noble men and was spoken to, and with many prayers sent and made between them. Then Prince Edward sent to his father, both in plain letters and also in comforting ones, all their suggestions and causes, as well as the king of Spain's Epistles and letters, for comfort and help regarding the wrongs, not only to the king of Spain, but also for such things that might fall to other kings.\n\nAlso, if it had not been sooner,.helped and amended through the domain and help of knighthood for those who asked and desired it. The which letter, when the king and his wise council had seen such a king's spoiling and robbing with much marvel, they sent again comfortable letters to Prince Edward his son and to that aforementioned king. They warned them to arm and prepare themselves against that misdoer. And to withstand them by the help of those who were such enemies to the kings. Who this noble prince had received these letters himself with that other king before, all their counsel called to gather or he would undertake the quarrel: he bound and knitted the key that was deposed\nwith a great oath that he should ever after maintain the right and belief of the holy church and the holy church also with all its mistresses' rights and liberties to defend from all their bitterness and destruction. And all that were against it to push and destroy. And all the rights, liberties, privileges of the holy church increase and maintain and amend all things..You are wrongfully taken. We draw and bore away hastily to restore again. And to drive and put out saracens and all other misbehaved people out of his kingdom with all his strength and power, suffering none such for any manner of thing or cause to dwell therein.\n\nAnd when he had taken a Christian woman, he should never cohabit with any other woman, nor allow any other man's wife to defile.\n\nThese aforementioned things truly are to be kept and fulfilled, as he was bound by other forenotaries in presence and witnesses of the kings and other princes.\n\nThen that gracious prince Edward undertook the cause and the quarrel of the king who was deposed, and with the grace of Almighty God, he restored him again to his kingdom. He let him ordain and gather forthwith all his navy with men of arms for to wear and fight in his aforementioned cause.\n\nAnd in this same time, upon the son of the Scottish feud, three mighty men it saw..Two eggs came out, one from the south and one from the north. They fiercely fought and wrestled, and the egg from the south came first, tearing and ripping it with its bill and claws so it wouldn't rest or take a breath. After the egg from the south flew back to its own costes, immediately after that, in the morning before the sun rose and after the last day of October, many stars gathered on a heap and fell down to the earth, leaving behind them fearsome bright beings in the manner of lightning. Their flames burned and consumed men's clothes and those walking on the earth, as it was seen and known by many a man. Yet, the northerly wind was ever ready and disposed to all evil from the Kat's Eve until the third day after, during which good weather was lost without a trace, and in the same days, such lightning, thunder, snow, and hail fell, wasting and destroying my best beasts, houses, and trees.\n\nIn the....In the year of our Lord 1457, and of King Edward IV on the third day of April, there was a strong battle and great one in a large field called Priors, near the waters of Narcea in Spain, between Sir Edward the Prince and Henry the Bastard of Spain. However, the victory fell to Prince Edward by the grace of God. And this same Prince Edward had with him Sir John Duke of Lancaster, his brother, and other worthy men of arms numbering about thirty thousand. The King of Spain had on his side men of diverse nations to the number of an hundred thousand and more, which made and drove the rightful party back a great way, but through the grace of Almighty God, the noble Duke of Lancaster and his host, or that Prince Edward came near him, were able to disable the huge host mightily. And when Henry the Bastard saw that he turned with his men in such great haste and strength to flee, an huge company of them in the aforementioned battle were....The flood and part of the bridge thereof fell down and perished. And also the Earl of Denemarche and Sir Bartram Clekyn, the chief maker and cause of the war, along with the captain of the van ward of the battalion, and many other lords and knights, numbering approximately 2,000, including 2,000 French and many Scots, were taken in the field on our enemies' side. There were also felled on our side lords, knights, and common people numbering around 6,000 and more, and Englishmen, but only a few. After this, the noble Prince Edward restored the same Pers to his kingdom again. The Pers, afterwards, through the treachery and falseness of the bastard of Spain, as he sat at his table, was strangled and died. But after this victory, many noble and hardy men and nobles of England in Spain, as well as in the same year, the March of Comata was seen between the North coasts and the west. Whose banners stretched toward France. In the next year, during King Edward's reign, there was a rebellion in the Marches..In the year 44 of King Edward's reign, Sir Leonell, Edward's son and Duke of Clarence, traveled to Millyne to wed Galois's daughter and claim half the lordship of Millyne. However, the Duke of Millyne died shortly after their wedding, during the same year. The French broke the peace, riding through the king's lands and counties of Pountife. They took and held Castelles and towns, falsely accusing the Englishmen of breaching the peace.\n\nIn this same year, the Duchess of Lancaster died and was buried with great honor in St. Paul's Church.\n\nThe 44th year of King Edward's reign saw the greatest pestilence, affecting both humans and livestock, as well as the great falling of waters at that time. The harvest suffered greatly, and a bushel of wheat was sold next year for 40 shillings..In the same year, around the last week of May, King Edward held his parliament at Westminster. In this parliament, they discussed and spoke about the issues and the true peace that had been broken between him and the King of France, and how he might best avenge his enemy. In this same year, at the assumption of the Virgin Mary, Queen Philip of England, a noble and good woman, was buried and entered into Westminster with great worship. Around midsummer, the Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Hereford, with a great company of knights, went to France, where they received little respect and honor. There was a large force of freshmen on Chalkhill Bridge and another English force nearby. Many worthy men and great Englishmen organized and gave counsel to fight against the Frenchmen. But the said lords would not consent or agree to this.\n\nSoon after, Earl Wiltshire arrived there..& when the frensh\u00a6men herd of his comyng or that he come fully to land they left theAnd when the erle was comyn to land with his men he went in all hast toward Normandie &\u0304 destroyed the Ile of caws thurgh dynt of swerd and thurgh fier \u00b6But alas in his re\u2223turnyng to englondward home ayen at Calais he wos taken wt sekenesse of the pestilence & died not leuyng behind hi\u0304 aft{er} his dai\u00a6es so nobull a knyght and orped of armes \u00b6In wich tyme re\u00a6ned &\u0304 wered thilk orped knyght sir Iohn\u0304 Hawkewod yt was an englishma\u0304 borne hauyng with hi\u0304 at his gou{er}nau\u0304ce thilk white co\u0304\u2223panie that is aforsaid the wich o tyme ayens holy chirche and an other time ayens lordis werid &\u0304 ordeyned gret batailles and ther in that same cuntre he did mony meruelus thynges \u00b6And a bout the conuersion of sent Paule the kyng when he had endid and done the entering and the exiquies with gret costes and rialtes a bout the sepulture & berieng of quene Philip his wife he held a {per}\u00a6lament at westmynstre in wich {per}lament was axed of the.Clargie agreed to pay a great sum of money, that is, three years' worth, during the term of three years. And the clergyman put it off and would not grant it to Ester next coming. Instead, they agreed that the money should be paid for three years by certain terms. Additionally, from the lay fee, a three-year grant of fifteen was given to the king.\n\nIn the 45th year of King Edward, at the beginning of King Edward's reign, with wise counsel and undiscerning advisors, he borrowed a great sum of gold from the prelates, merchants, and other rich men of his realm, saying that it should be spent on defending the holy church and his realm. However, it ultimately profited him nothing. Therefore, about midsummer, he gathered a great host of the worthiest men of his realm, among whom were the Lords Fitzwater and Graunson, and other worthy knights. The king appointed Sir Robert Knolles, a proven knight and a man of proven valor in battle, as governor, and through his council and governance, all things were to be governed..And when they approached to face us: as long as they duelled and held us at bay, the freshmen dared not attack them. But at the beginning of winter, due to envy and desires among them, and discord, they separated and divided themselves into various companies unwisely and foolishly. However, Sir Robert Knolles and his men kept us safe within a castle in Brittany. And when the freshmen saw that our men were divided into various companies and places, not holding together as they should, they fell fiercely upon our men. Most of them took them or slowed them down, and those they could catch led away as prisoners. In the same year, Pope Urban came from Rome to Avignon to negotiate and cause it to be agreed and made peace between the king of France and the king of England forever. But alas, he began his treaties on the 21st day of December and died of sickness. He was buried in the cathedral church of Avignon, near the time..And the year after he had lain so, his bones were taken out of the earth and reburied in the abbey of St. Victorie, where Marcille of the which abbey was himself some time Abbot. At both places where he was buried, there were many great miracles done and worked through the grace of Almighty God to many a man's help and to the worship of God Almighty.\n\nNext, following him, and made Pope Gregory Cardinal Dean, who before was called Pers Roger.\n\nIn this same year, the city of Limoges rebelled and fought against the prince, as other cities in Guyenne did, for great taxes, tolls, and reasons that they were put and set by Prince Edward. These charges were unbearable and too heavy, so they turned from him and fell to the King of France. When Prince Edward saw this, he was sorely chafed and grieved. In turning homeward again to England with sorrow, skirmishes, and great assaults, he fought with them and took the aforementioned city and destroyed it almost to the ground..and slew all that were found in the city. And to speak the truth, for various sicknesses and ladies he also had, as well as a lack of money, he could not stay nor tarry with his enemies. He hurriedly returned to England with his wife and many loyal men, leaving them behind in Gascony. The Duke of Lancaster and Sir Edmond, Earl of Cambridge, with other worthy and experienced men of arms, were among them.\n\nIn the 46th year of King Edward, at the ordinance and sending off of King Edward, the King of Navarre came to him at Claringdon to discuss certain things concerning his land in Normandy, where King Edward had left certain sieges in his stead until he returned.\n\nBut King Edward could not succeed in that matter. He asked him about it, and so the King of Navarre, with great respect and great gifts, took his leave and went home again.\n\nAnd about the beginning of the march, when the peril at Westminster was begun, King Edward asked the clergy for a subsidy of 1,000 pounds. This was granted and ordered by a general convocation of the clergy..That it should be paid and rendered to the lay fee. And in this parliament, at the request and asking of the lords in hatred of men of the holy church, the Chancellor and the treasurer, who were bishops and the clerk of the private seal, were removed and put out of office. In their stead were secular men put. And while this parliament lasted, solemn embassies came from the pope to treat with the king. They said that the pope desired to fulfill his predecessors' will. But for all their coming, they accomplished not their purpose.\n\nThe ninth day of June, King Edward IV, in his forty-ninth year of his reign, held his parliament at Windsor, and it lasted but eight days. To this parliament were summoned by writ four bishops and four abbots, without any more.\n\nThis parliament was held for merchants of London, Norwich, and other places, in various things and points of treason, which they were defamed for. That is, they were rebellious and would rise against the king.\n\nThis same year, the duke.In this year, Lancaster and the earl of Cambridge, their brother, emerged from Gascony into England and took and married the daughters of Peter, the king of Spain. Of these two daughters, the duke had the elder and the earl the younger. At the same time, two cardinals were sent from the pope: one English and one from Paris, to negotiate peace between these two realms. When they had been in their provinces and places long enough, they took with them letters of proxy and returned to Rome without achieving the purpose of their mission.\n\nIn this year, there was a strong battle at sea between the English and the Flemish. The English had the victory and took 25 ships laden with salt, slaves, and drenched all the men on board, unwittingly causing much harm because there was no peace and accord between them. And in this same year, the French besieged the tower of Rochell..The Earl of Penbroke was sent with a great company of men-at-arms to lift the siege that had passed the sea and safely reached the harbor of Rochell. However, when they were at the harbor mouth, ready to enter, a strong Spanish navy suddenly appeared and inflicted heavy damage and killing of many people on the English, as they were not yet prepared to fight or warned of their approach. And in the ensuing encounter with the Spaniards, all the English men, other than a few who were either taken or killed, and ten of them were led to their deaths. All their ships were burned. The Earl, along with a huge treasure of the realm of England and many other noble men, were taken to Spain on Midsummer Eve, which fell on Edeldred's day, and led them there.\n\nIt was no great wonder that such misfortune befall the Earl, for he was a very ill-lived man, openly disregarding the rights and wrongs of the Holy Church. He also manipulated the king and his court..In the counsel given to him, the man of the holy church was advised that he should ask for more support from men of the holy church than other lay folk. However, the king and his council accepted and took ill opinions and causes against men of the holy church instead of defending and maintaining the rights of the holy church. It was said on many occasions that, without fortune and grace, they would not have carried away such great victory and power against their enemies as they had before.\n\nIn the same year, the king, with a great host, entered the sea to relieve Rochell, but the wind was contrary to him and prevented him from going far from the land. He remained a certain time on the coast, waiting for a good wind, but it did not come. At last, he came to land with his men to ward off the enemy. As soon as he was on land, the wind began to turn and was in another direction than before.\n\nSome time after, in the 46th year of King Edward's reign, the Duke of Lancaster, with a great power, went into Flanders and passed by Paris through Burgundy and all..France reached Bordeaux without any hindrance from the Frenchmen. He caused them little harm beyond taking and ransoming many places, towns, and men, and allowing them to go free afterwards. In the same year, the king sent an embassy to the pope requesting that he desist from interfering in the English court and the keeping and reservations of benefices in England. He demanded that bishops and other church dignitaries be freely chosen, with full right to enjoy and have their confirmations conferred by their metropolitans and archbishops, as had been the custom in olden times. The pope responded by instructing them to certify him of the king's will and that of his realm regarding these matters. In the same year, John, Archbishop of York, John Bishop of Ely, and William Bishop of Worcester died. In their stead, bishops were appointed by the pope's authority..Master Alexander Neuville to the archbishop of York, Thomas of Arundell, to the bishop of Ely. & Sir Henry Wakseld to the bishop of Worcester. In this which time it was ordained in the parliament that all cathedral churches should rejoice and have their elections whole, and that the king from this time afterward should not write against those who were chosen but rather help them by his letter to their confirmation. And this statute much profited. And in this parliament was granted to the king a penny of the clergy and a shilling of lay fees. In the 49th year of King Edward died Master William Witlesey, archbishop of Canterbury, and the monks of the same church asked and desired a Cardinal of England to be archbishop. And therefore the king was agreed and had met and purposed to have expelled the monks of the same house. But yet the king would not consent nor grant to their election of the Cardinal nor of the pope and his cardinals..And at the beginning of August, it was treated and spoken about certain points and articles between the pope and the king of England. This treaty lasted almost two years. At the end, it was agreed between them that the pope, from that time onward, should not use or deal with the reservations of benefices in England. The king should not grant or let any benefices pass by his writ that is called Quare impidit. However, regarding the election mentioned earlier, nothing was touched or done.\n\nThis same year, around Candlemas, many noble and worthy men from both sides met at Bruges to treat peace between the two kings. This treaty lasted two years with great costs and huge expenses from both sides. And at the end, they departed without any accord or agreement..In the year following King Edward IV's reign, in May, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Master Simon Sudbury, Bishop of London, was made Archbishop, and Master William Courtenay, Bishop of Hereford, was made Bishop of London. At the same time, a true peace treaty was agreed upon between France and England, lasting from midsummer to midsummer. Around the beginning of April, the Duke of Brittany, with many earls, barons, and other English lords and men, sailed over to Brittany where he had fulfilled all his desires and intentions, and the aforementioned treaty allowed this. During this time, the Isle of Constantine, where the castle of St. Sauveur is located and had long been contested, was yielded to the French with all its appurtenances, causing great harm and hindrance to the realm of England..And in this same year, there were great and passing hetes, and with it, a great pestilence in England and other diverse parties of the world, which destroyed and slew violently and strongly both men and women without number. In this same year, Sir Edward, the lord Spenser, a worthy knight and a bold one, died. And in the minster of Teukesburi, he is buried. Lastly, this pestilence, at the instance and prayer of an English cardinal, granted to all people in England who died as sorrowful and repentant for their sins, full remission by two bulls under the lead of six months next to the last. In this same year, the Earl of Penbroke was taken and ransomed a little while after he died. And in November next after this, the Duke of Lancaster and the Duke of Angouleme met at Burgers with many other lords and prelates of both realms to treat of peace.\n\nNot long after the 13th year of King Edward's reign, he ordered and held at Westminster the greatest parliament that was seen many years..In the parliament, the commonalty asked the king, as he had done before, for a great subsidy to be governed well by evil officers, so that the realm might be abundant in merchandise and riches. And they offered themselves to help the king with their power and state, if he would certainly prove and stand by them. After this was published and shown in the parliament, many complaints and defects of various officers of the realm were presented, and particularly of Lord Latimer, the king's chamberlain, both to the king and to the realm. Furthermore, there was spoken and treated of Dame Alice Perrers for the great wrongs and evil governance that was done by her council in the realm. The aforementioned Dame Alice Perrers, whom the king had held for many days and a long time as his mistress, was the last wonder, despite the women's excusing and her personal charm..The wise knight and eloquent man named Pers delamare was chosen by the communes to speak for them in the parliament. He publicly revealed the truth and listed the wrongs committed against Dame Alice and other persons, as instructed by the communes. Trusting much in the prince's support and favor, Pers delamare was immediately imprisoned upon the prince's death, at Alice's instance. Pers delamare was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment..In the castle of Nottingham, Prince Edward, the first son of King Edward, spent two years from the 6th of July lastly, during which he was accustomed every year, wherever he was in the world, to hold and make the most solemnity he could, on Trinity Sunday, the festival day he was wont to observe. Whose name and fortune in knighthood, if it had been that of another Hector, both Christians and pagans, while he lived and was in good health, marveled much and feared him greatly. The body of this same man is worshipfully buried in Canterbury Church. In this same year, the monks and the earls of Worcester arose maliciously against the abbot and convent of Evesham, and their tenants, and disturbed the abbot and the town and waged war against them. They went to their men's places and did much harm, broke their perks and their closes, broke and slew some of their men, and chased them: breaking their fish ponds' heads and letting the water of their ponds stew..Rivers ran out and took the fish and bore it with them, causing them all the sorrow they could. In so far that forsooth they had destroyed perpetually that abbey with all its members and appurtenances, but if the king, the son, had helped it and taken care of them. And therefore the king sent his letters to the earl of Warwick, commanding him to stop, redress, and amend the evil doers and bakers of his peace. And so by means of lords and other friends of both sides, peace and love was made between them. And for this hurting, as it was said, the king would not be governed at that time by his lords who were in the palace but he took and made his son the duke of Lancaster his governor of the realm, who stood so steadfast as governor until the time that he died. The same year afterwards, after Candlemas or the palace was done, the king asked a subsidy from the clergy and laity, and it was granted to him, that is to say, he should have from every person of the laity, both man and woman..A woman who was twenty-four years old was to take power over beggars who were known openly as needy beggars. He was to have twelve pence from every man of the church who was beneficed or promoted, and four pence from all others. The bishop of Chester and around this time, the cardinal of England was suddenly struck with a palace and lost his speech and died on Marie Magdalene Day.\n\nRight after, in the twelfth year of King Edward, in the beginning of October, Pope Gregory the XI brought and removed his court with him from Avignon to Rome.\n\nThe twelfth day of April, Iohn Monsterworth knight at London was drawn and hanged, then quartered and sent to four chief towns of England. His head was struck off and placed upon London Bridge. For this same John was utterly untrue to the king and to the realm, and covetous and unstable. He took great sums of money often from the king and his council..for men of arms who were owed wages that he should have paid them, and took it for his own use. He feared that at the last he would be shamed and accused for the same reason and fled privately to the king of France and was sworn to him and became his man, and begged him to lead a great navy out of Spain into confusion and disorder.\n\nBut rightful God, to whom no privacy is unknown, allowed him first to be shamed and split or to act so traitorously and falsely towards his liege lord, the king of England and his people in whose realm John was born, wickedly through battle destroying or bringing about his cursed purpose.\n\nIn the festival of St. George, the next after King Edward, Richard of Burgundy received his heir, Prince Edward's son, at Windsor. There he was ordained a knight, which King Edward, who had reigned for eleven and a half years of June, died at Sheen and is buried worshipfully at Westminster. May God have mercy on his soul, amen.\n\nThis King Edward was renowned for his passing goodness and full graciousness..among all worthy men of the world, he was the most distinguished, endowed with grace from God surpassing all his predecessors, who were noble and worthy. He was a man of good heart and courage. He feared no misfortune, and he achieved victory. He was meek and benevolent, homely, sober, and soft towards all men, strangers as well as his subjects, and generous under his governance. He was devout and holy towards God and the church. He worshipped and maintained the church and its ministers with all reverence. He was treatable and well-versed in temperament and words. In his dispositions and manners, he was gentle and well-taught, having pity on those who were in distress and plentiful in bestowing benefits and almost alms. Bisi and curious, he built and illuminated, bearing and enduring adversities and harm. In any occupation to which he was given, he left all other things for the time being and appeared seemingly of body and a mean stature..In his high and noble bearing, and with such grace bestowed upon him that no man had ever beheld his face or dared to dream of him, he hoped that all things would be joyful and pleasing to him. He went about his kingdom gloriously, being large in yield and wise in appearance, filled with all honesty of good manners and virtues. Under whom to live was as if reigning, for his fame and his lofty reputation spread far and wide, reaching even to heathen lands and barbarous peoples. His worthiness and manhood were proclaimed in all lands, and no land beneath heaven had produced such a noble king, so gentle and so blessed, or could produce another like him when he was dead.\n\nNever in his later years did the lustful desires and cravings of his flesh trouble him. Rather, it is to be supposed that, for the unfathomable fulfillment of his lust, his life was shortened.\n\nTake good heed, I entreat you, of his deeds, for in the beginning all things were joyful and pleasing to him and to all people. In his..During the Middle Ages, everyone passed through a period of great joy and blessedness. Right as he grew older, drawing near to age, joyful and blessed things began to decline and unfortunate, unprofitable harms with many evils started to emerge. Clement the Sixth was pope after Benedict X. This man, in name and deed, was virtuous, and many things that Benedict had done were rigorous. He established ease and certainty, and the rigor of Benedict's faith was praiseworthy. But even more praiseworthy was Clement's meekness. This man was a noble preacher. He gave good counsel to many and let no man pass from him without it. He died a blessed man. Charles IV was Emperor after Louis XXxi. He was the king of Bohemia, a wise and mighty man. This man was chosen as Emperor by the command of Clement: Louis, being\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English or a variant of it. However, the given text is already in English, so no translation is necessary. The text is mostly readable, but there are some minor errors and inconsistencies in spelling and formatting. I have corrected the obvious errors and formatting issues while preserving the original text as much as possible.).on living in his court. Because he humbly asked the pope's blessing and to be crowned, as good kings did. Therefore, he was protected by God and prevailed over all his enemies. And many false law codes he made for spiritual men, which are still called Carolingian. At the end, he died a rich man in virtues and goods. Innocent VI was pope after Clement X's reign. He was a great lover of religious men and founded a monastery in France of the Carthusian order and was a great canonist. Urban V was pope after Innocent. This man was abbot of Maillezais of the Order of St. Benedict. A doctor, he is taken for a saint. He made the cross preached against the Turks. And he made a passage to the Turks. And to him, Brigid was sent from Christ for the confirmation of their rule. And then he was poisoned and died. Gregory XI was pope after him for eight years. This Gregory did little. And after him, the tribulation which our Lord showed to St. Brigid for sin was followed..The Clarus, son of Carolus, was Emperor at the age of twenty-four. He was a child when chosen, while his father was alive, but he neglected the empire. He was warned numerous times to take charge but refused. He was deposed due to his excessive indulgence in lechery. His behavior was a disgrace, as it greatly deviated from the noble manners and virtues of his father. The imperial crown was then bestowed upon Sigmund, his brother.\n\nUrban was pope after Gregory VI, for fourteen years. He was elected in Rome by the Romans' strength but not willingly by the Cardinals. Fearing for their lives, they fled to the City of Forum and chose Robert of Geneva, the same year, who was named Clement VII.\n\nNote: And here began the twenty-second schism in the church. It was more destructive than any other before, as it was so subtle that.The wisest men, who were the best conscienceed, could not determine with whom it was best to side. And this strife lasted for forty years, causing great scandal to the clergy and much harm to souls. There was no doctrine in the church for misdoings. And from this dispute, I do not know who was pope among the seven: Vrbane, Boniface IX.\n\nThe feast of the Visitation of our Lady was ordained by Urbane the sixth, after the form of the Sacrament of the Altar, for peace and unity among them, through the merits of our blessed lady. Boniface IX. was pope after Urbane's fifteen-year reign. This Boniface\nwas chosen at Rome instead of Urbane. And the strife continued, as Benedict was chosen in Ancona in place of Clement and was called Pietro de' Luna. He refused to yield and instead obstinately remained in the cell of Constantine. And finally, he died in the kingdom of Aragon..commanded his cardinals to choose another pope whom they did not. And set up an idol and named him Clement, but they profited not.\n\nAfter King Edward the III, who was born in Windsor, ruled Richard of Bordeaux, who was Prince Edward's son of Wales. Prince Edward was also known as King Edward, the son.\n\nAnd after the good King Edward the Third, who was born at Windsor, ruled Richard the Second, who was Good Sir Edward's son, Prince of Wales. King Richard was born in the city of Bordeaux in Gascony and was crowned at Westminster in the eleventh year of his age.\n\nIn the second year of his reign, there was a debate between Lord Latimer and Sir Rauf Feriers, knights, who were against Hawell and Shakell squires concerning the prisoner they had taken in Spain. This prisoner was the Earl of Despenser, whom they had taken in the Battle of Spain. For this reason, these two lords came into the church at Westminster and found this one squire..In the year three of King Richard, the French galleys arrived in England at various ports and burned, robbed, and killed many English people, such as Winchelsea, Portsmouth, Hampton, Stormore, and Gravesend. They caused much harm and returned home again. In this same year, a parliament was held at Westminster, and it was decreed that every man, woman, and child over the age of fourteen, both peasants and others, should pay a tax of four pence. This led to great hardship and much disease among the common people..In the fourth year of King Richard's reign, commons arose in various parts of the realm and caused much harm, which they referred to as the building time. The men of Kent and Essex appointed two chiefains, Jacque Straw and Wat Tyler, to rule and govern the company of Ket and Essex. They convened their followers on Blackheath in Kent, and on the Feast of Corpus Christi day and afterward, they marched southward and broke open the king's bench and the marshalsea, releasing all the prisoners.\n\nOn the same day, they arrived in London and robbed the people, killing all aliens they could find in the city and its surroundings and plundered their goods, making a mockery of the situation.\n\nOn the Friday next after that, they came to the Tower of London, where the King was present. They took out of the tower the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir Edmund Sudbury, Sir Robert Hales, the prior of the Hospital of St. John, and a white friar..confessour vn to ky\u00a6ng Richard &\u0304 brought them to the tour &\u0304 they smyten of thet wos called the sauoy. &\u0304 ther they deuourid &\u0304 destroied all the goodis that they might find ther &\u0304 bare them a wa and brent vp the places \u00b6And than aft{er} they went to sent io\u00a6hanes with out smythfeld & destroied the goodis ther &\u0304 brent vp\nthat hous\u25aa and went to westmynster and seint Martins graunte and made them gone out of the sent were all that wer with in for any maner of gyrth: \u00b6And than come vn to the tempull & to all other yns of men of law and dispoiled them & robbed them of ther goodis & also tore ther bokis of law. & than they come to lon\u00a6don & brake vp the prison of new gate and drofe out all the priso\u00a6ners felons & other. and of both countours and all the pepull yt were with in them and distroied all the bokis of the countres. \u00b6And thus they continued both satirday & sonday vn to the mo\u0304day next aft{er} in all ther malace &\u0304 wikkidnesse. \u00b6And th\u00a6an on mo\u0304day ki\u0304g Richard with his lordis yt wer with hi\u0304 yt tym and.With the mayor of London, William Walworth, came the aldermen and the commons of the city and came to Southwark to hear and know the intention of these rebels and misgoverned people. And Jacob Straw made an annoyance in the field that all the people of accord should come near and hear his clamors and his cry and his will.\n\nAnd the lords and the mayor and the aldermen, having indignation of his covetize and falseness and his foul presumption, and William Walworth, who was mayor at that time, drew out his knife and slew Jacob Straw. And right there, his head was struck off and set upon a spear shaft and so it was borne through London and set high upon London Bridge.\n\nAnon these risers and misgoverned men were void and clean vanished, as if they had never been. And then, by the king's great goodness and by the prayer of his lords, he made six knights of good and worthy men of the City of London. That is, William Walworth, who at that time was mayor and slew Jacob Straw..The second was Nicholas Brembre and the third John Philipot, along with the fourth Nicholas Twysden, returned again to the Tower of London, and remained there until this people were better settled and at peace. By process of time, as they could, they took and hanged these rebels and risers throughout the realm of England, in every lordship, for 40 shillings, 30 shillings, 10 shillings, and 12 pence, as they could be obtained and taken. In the fifth year of King Richard's reign, there was a great earthquake, and it was general throughout the world on a Wednesday after Shrove Tuesday in the year of our Lord 1481. Therefore, all manner of people were greatly terrified and fearful for fear of the vexations that our Lord showed and did. In the sixth year of King Richard, Sir Henry, Bishop of Norwich, went with a Crusade over the sea into the country of Flanders, and there they took the towns of Gravning and Bruges, Dunkirk and Newport..loaded and brought li. ships with furs to come into England with these ships and goods. And the bishop of Norwich and his council burned these ships with all the furs in the same harbor to hard ashes, and at Dunkirk was done a great battle between the Flemings and the Englishmen. And at this battle were slain a great multitude of these Flemings and an huge number. And then went the bishop with his retinue to Ypres and besieged it for a long time but it could not be taken. And so left that siege and came again into England. For our Englishmen were poorly defeated and many died on the fields.\n\nIn this same year came Queen Anne into England to be married to King Richard. And her father was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Bohemia. And with her came the Duke of Tassis, her uncle, and many other worthy lords and knights of her court of Bohemia and of other ducal tongues to do her reverence and worship. And Sir Simon Burley, a worthy knight of the Garter, and other knights..squires who were the king's embassadors brought her to England and on to London. The people of the city rode against her to welcome her, and every man in good array and every craft with its minstrel rode with her on the black heath in Kent. They brought her to London through the city and on to Westminster to the king's palace. There she was married to King Richard worthily in the abbey of Westminster and crowned queen of England. Her friends who came with her were given great gifts and were well cared for and refreshed as long as they stayed there.\n\nIn the same year, a battle was fought in the king's palaces at Westminster for certain points of treason between Sir John Ansley, the defendant, and Carton squire, the appellant. But Sir John Ansley overcame Carton and made him yield within the lists.\n\nImmediately, Carton was dispossessed of his possessions..Sir Edmond of Langley, Earl of Cambridge, the king's uncle, went to Portugal with a fair maiden. When his journey was completed, the Earl of Cambridge returned to England with his people in haste. Blessed be God and his blessed gift.\n\nIn the same year, King Richard and the king of Ermines fled from their lands and came to England to seek help and support against their enemies. They were brought before the king at Eltham, where the king held his royal feast of Christmas. Our king welcomed him and showed him great respect and worship, commanding all his lords to show him every courtesy they could. Then he begged the king for grace, help, and comfort in his need. He asked to be restored to his kingdom and land, as the Turks had devastated it..The king lost a large part of his land. And for fear, he fled and hid for succor and help. Then the king, feeling pity and compassion for his great misfortune and grievous disease, summoned his council and asked what should be done. They answered and said, \"If it pleases you, give him any good thing. As for your people to travel so far to foreign lands, it is a great hardship. So the king gave him gold, silver, and many rich gifts and jewels and taught him about God. And so he passed again out of England.\n\nIn the same year, King Richard, with a real power, went into Scotland to avenge the falseness and destruction the Scots had done to Englishmen in the marches. Then the Scots came down to the king to treat with him and his lords for truces, as for certain years.\n\nAnd so our king and his council granted them truces for certain years to their asking. The king turned him again to England. And when he had come back.In the year to York, where he stayed and rested, there Sir John Holand, the Earl of Kent's brother, killed the Earl of Stafford and his heir with a dagger in the city of York. The king was greatly annoyed and grieved by this, and removed himself to London. And the mayor, aldermen, and commons, with all the solemnity that could be done, rode against the king and brought him in triumphantly through the city and on to Westminster, to his own palace.\n\nIn the ninth year of King Richard's reign, he held a parliament at Westminster, where he created two dukes and a marcher earl. The first to be made duke was the king's uncle, Sir Edmund of Langley, Earl of Cambridge, whom he made Duke of York. And his other uncle, Sir Thomas of Woodstock, who was Earl of Buckingham, he made Duke of Gloucester. Sir Lionel was made Earl of Oxford. Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster's son, was made Earl of Derby. And Sir Edward, Duke of York's son, was made Earl of Rutland..Sir John Holand, brother of the Earl of Kent, was made Earl of Huntingdon by him. Sir Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham and Earl Marshal of England, and Sir Michael de la Pole, knight, were also made Earl of Southampton and Chancellor of England by him. The Earl of March, who was present at the parliament held at Westminster, was proclaimed Earl of the Marches and heir to the English crown after King Richard, the Earl of March, who went to Ireland with his lordships and lands. For the Earl of March is Earl of Ulster in Ireland by rightline and heritage. And there, at his castle, he lay at that time. And there came upon him a great multitude of wild Irishmen to take and destroy him. He came out fiercely from his castle with his men and fought with them. And there he was taken and beheaded, and there he died. In the tenth year of King Richard's reign, the Earl of Arundel went to the sea..In King Richard XI's reign, a great navy of ships armed with men-at-arms and good archers met with you. Upon seeing you broadly, they set upon you and took all, bringing them to various ports and havens of England, some to London. There, you could have had a ton of Rochill wine of the best for 20 shillings sterling, and so we had cheap wine in England at that time, thanked be God Almighty.\n\nDuring the same reign, five lords arose at Ratcliffe Bridge in the destruction of rebels, who were all the realm at that time.\n\nThe first of the five lords was Sir Thomas Woodstock, the king's uncle and Duke of Gloucester. The second was Sir Richard Earl of Arundel. The third was Sir Richard Earl of Worcester. The fourth was Sir Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby. The fifth was Sir Thomas Mombray, Earl of Nottingham.\n\nThese five lords saw the mischief, wickedness, and falseness of the king's council. Therefore, those who were chief at that time..The kings council fled from this land over the sea. This included Sir Alexander Neville, the Archbishop of York, Sir Robert Lewesmark, Earl of Devlin, Earl of Oxford, Sir Michael de la Pole, Earl of Southfolk, and Chancellor of England. These three lords went over sea and never returned, as they died there.\n\nAfterwards, these five lords made a proclamation at Westminster. They took Sir Robert Tresilian, the Justice, Sir Nicholas Brembre, knight and citizen of London, and Sir John Salisbury, a knight of the king's household, and used Serjeant-at-Arms and many more of other people. They were taken and judged to death by the council of these five lords in their parliament at Westminster for the treason they had plotted against them. They were drawn from the Tower of London through the City and so forth until they reached Tyburne, where they were hanged and their throats were cut. Thus they were served and died.\n\nIn this same parliament at Westminster was Sir Simon Beaufort, a knight..The garter and Sir John Beauchamp, knight who was steward of the king's household, and Sir James Berners were summoned and led to Tower Hill, where their heads were struck off, and many others were as well. In the same parliament and in the 12th year of King Richard's reign, he proclaimed and ordered a general justice, known as a tournament of knights and squires. This justice and tournament were held in London, in Smithfield, welcoming all manner of strangers from what land or country they may have been. And from the king's side, there were provided tents, armor, shields, horse trappings, and all was white hearts with crowns above their necks and chains of gold hanging upon them. The crown hanging before the heart of the body was the king's own levy that he gave to lords and ladies..knights and squires were to know his house from others; and at this feast came the twenty-four ladies, leading the twenty-four lords of the court with chains of gold and all the same suits of hearts as before mentioned, from the tower on horseback through the city of London to Smithfield, where the feast and justices should be held. And this feast and justices were held generally for all who would come there from what land or nation, and from Holland came the Lord Ostrevant, the duke's son of Holland, and many other worthy knights with him, well armed. And when this feast and justices had ended, the king thanked these strangers and gave them many rich gifts. And then they took their leave of the king and other lords and ladies and went home again to their own countries with great love and much thanks. In the thirteenth year of King Richard's reign, there was a battle in the king's palace at Westminster between a squire..of Naune, who was with King Richard, and another squire named John Walsh, accused of treason that Naune placed upon Walshman. But Naune was overcome and yielded him to his adversary. Immediately, he was deprived of his armor and taken out of the Palaces to Tyburn, where he was hanged for his deceit. And in the fourteen year of King Richard's reign, Sir John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and others were cast into great dangers and many other evils, as many as eight chariots could carry. And every year after during the life of the duke of Lancaster and of the duchy, he took a horse loaf from the baker's basket. He asked him why he did so. The Roman turned around and broke the baker's head. Neighbors came out and tried to restrain this Roman, but he broke free and fled to the lord's place. The constable wanted to seize him, but the bishop's men kept the gates shut and prevented anyone from entering. Then more people gathered there and said:.And they would have them out or else they would burn up the place and all that were there. Then the mayor and sheriffs, with other influential people, quelled the malice of the commons and made every man go home to his house and keep the peace. At that time, the Roman lord, Bishop of Salisbury, Master John Waltham, who was then treasurer of England, went to Sir Thomas Arundell, archbishop of York and chancellor of England. There, the bishop made his complaint to the chancellor against the people of the city of London. And these two bishops of great malice and vehemently came to the king at Windsor and made a great complaint against the mayor and sheriffs. And afterward, all the city was before the king and his council. They cast a grievous heart and great wonder upon them. And another time, the king sent after the mayor of London and for the two sheriffs. They came to him at the castle of Windsor. The king rebuked the mayor and sheriffs severely for the offense that they had caused..They had wronged him and his officers in his chamber at London. Therefore, he dismissed and appointed the sheriffs - this was done fourteen days before the feast of St. John the Baptist. The king then called to him a knight named Sir Edward Dallingridge, made him wardEN and gaoler of the city and chamber of London, and over all his people there. He kept this office for only four weeks because he was so gentle and considerate towards the citizens of London. The king then dismissed him and made Sir Baldwin Radington knight, courtier of the king's household, wardEN of his chamber and of his people there. He chose for him two worthy men of the city to be sheriffs with him, to uphold the king's laws in the city. One was called Gilbert Mawfield, and the other Thomas Newenton. Then the mayor and the two sheriffs, along with all the worthy craftsmen of London, went on foot to the Tower. And there came out the Constable of the Tower..The mayor and the sheriffs, together with their charges, appeared in the Eschequer of Westminster at the king's court of his Justices and Barons of the Eschequer. Afterward, they returned home. And then, the king and his council, due to the great malice and disdain they had received in London, removed his entire court from Westminster to the city of York. This included the Chancellor, the Eschequer, the king's bench, and the common place. They held all these courts of law there from midsummer, that is, from the feast of St. John the Baptist until the feast of Christmas next following. However, they found it not as profitable there as it was at London. Therefore, he removed it again to London and then to Westminster for the great ease of his offices and a profit to the king and all the realms' common people.\n\nWhen the people of London saw and knew that these courts had returned, the mayor and the aldermen, along with the chief commoners of the city, held a gathering..The mayor of the city and all the worthy men rode after him in good array to meet him on this side of the manor of Shene, submitting themselves humbly with all manner of obeisance. They brought the king and queen to London. Upon arriving at the bridge of London, they presented him with a milk-white steed saddled and bridled and trapped with cloth of gold and red. The queen presented a paltry, all white, similarly trapped with white..The people of London ran with wine, both red and white, for all manner of people to drink, who would. Between sent pole and the cross in Cheape was made a stage, a real standing one, high upon it. Therein were many angels with diverse melodies and song. And then an Angel came down from the stage high by a ladder and set a crown of gold paved with rich pearls and precious stones upon the king's head, and another upon the queen's head. And so the citizens brought the king and the queen to Westminster, to their palace. On the morning after, the mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen of London came to the king at his palace at Westminster and presented him with two basins of silver, gilted full of coined gold, the sum of twenty hundred pounds, praying him of his high mercy and grace and lordship and special grace that they might have his good love with the liberties and franchises likewise as they were wont for to have before times, by his letters patent and his..The charter was confirmed. And the queen and other worthy lords and ladies fell on their knees and begged the king for confirmation. Then the king took the queen and granted her all that she asked. And they thanked the king and the queen and went home again.\n\nIn the sixteenth year of King Richard's reign, certain Lords of Scotland came into England to seek the king's favor. These were the persons: the Earl of Mar and he challenged the Earl Marshal of England to a certain number of points on horseback with sharp spears. They rode towards each other as two worthy knights and lords. But the Scottish earl did not accept the full challenge.\n\nFor he was cost both horse and man: and two of his ribs were broken with that fall, and so he was carried out of sight off the battlefield unconscious. And within a little time after, he was carried home in a litter and at York he died. Sir William Darell, knight, and the bearer of Scotland's banner, then made another challenge with Sir Percival, the king's knight..A bannerer of England rode in certain courses on horseback in the same field. When he had ridden certain curses and attempted to have the better, he gave it up and would no longer accept his challenge with Sir Pers courteous knight and the king's banner of England. He turned his horse and rode home to his own inn:\n\nAnd one Cockborne, a squire of Scotland, challenged Sir Nicholas Hawkwood knight of certain courses, riding sharp spears on horseback and riding five courses together. At every course, the Scot was cast down both horse and man. And thus our English lords, thanking God, had the field.\n\nIn the seventeenth year of King Richard's reign, the good, gracious queen Anne, who was wife to King Richard, died in the manner of Shrewsbury in the shire of Worcester on Whit Sunday. And then she was brought to London and to Westminster.\n\nIn the twentieth year of King Richard's reign, he went over sea to Calais with Dukes, Earls, Lords, and many other worthy squires with great array and common people of the realm..good aray as lo\u0304ged to such a ki\u0304g &\u0304 p\u0304nce of his no\u2223bley & of his own {per}son to do hi\u0304 reu{er}ence &\u0304 ob{ser}uau\u0304ce as ought to be done to ther liege lord & so mighti a ki\u0304g &\u0304 em{per}our i\u0304 his own. to abide & resaue ther that worthy & gracious lady yt shuld be his wyfe a yong creature of xix. yere of age dame Isabell the king{is}\ndoughter of fraunce and mony othir worthy lordis of gret name both barons and knyghtis with moch other pepull that comen vn to the toune of Grauenyng and ij. dukis of fraunce. yt on was the duke of Burgoyn and that othir the duke of Barre yt wold no ferther lesse than they had plegges for them \u00b6And tha\u0304 the kyng Richard deliu{er}ed ij. plegges for them to go sauf and cum sauf his two worthi vncles the duke of Gloucestre & the duke of yorke \u00b6And thes two went ou{er} the wat{er} of Grauenyng and abeden ther as for plegges vn to the time that the mariage & the fest was done & that thes ij. dukis of fraunce wer comen ayen vn to Grauenyng water. \u00b6And when thes ij. worthy dukis comen.over the water at Gravening and so to Calais, with this worshipful lady Dame Isabella, who was the king's daughter of France, and with her came many a worthy lord, and also ladies and knights and squires, all in the best array that might be. And there they met with our men at Calais, who welcomed her and her men with the best honor and reverence that might be. And so they brought her into the town of Calais.\n\nAnd there she was received with all the solemnity and worship that might be done unto such a lady. Then they brought her before the king, and the king took her and welcomed her and all her fair company, and made them all the solemnities that might be done.\n\nAnd then the king and his council asked the French lords whether all the conventions and forwardness with the composition that were ordered and made on both parties should be truly kept and held between them.\n\nAnd they said yes. And there they swore and took charge upon a book and made them both well and truly pledge to hold in all manner of points and conventions..With no contradiction or delay in any manner whatsoever. And she was brought without to St. Nicholas church in Calais, and there she was worthy wedded with the most solemnity that any king or queen might be. With bishops and priests and all the ministers of the holy church. And then they were brought home to the castle and set to a feast. And were served with all manner of delicacies of real meats and drinks plentifully to all manner of strangers and all others, and no creature was warned that the feast was ending. But all were welcome. For there were great halls and tents set up without the castle to receive all manner of people and every office ready to serve them all. And thus this worthy marriage was solemnly done: and ended with all reality. Then the two dukes of France with their people took their leave of the king and queen and went again to Gravelines. And the French lords, that is to say the two dukes and all their men, came over the water to Gravelines, and there they met..I. King Edward returned to Dover, and the French lords crossed the water and went back into France again. And immediately after that, the king made ready with the queen and all his lords and ladies and all their people, and came over the sea into England and to London. The mayor and the sheriffs, with all the aldermen and worthy communes, rode out against them to the Blackheath in Kent; and there they met the king and the queen and welcomed them with good array, and every man in the clothing of his craft, and their minstrels before them. II. And they brought them to Southwark and took their leave there. The king and the queen rode to Kennington, and then the people of London turned back home again. III. In turning back to London bridge, there was such a great press of people, both on horse and on foot, that eleven persons, men and women and children, were killed on the bridge on whose souls almighty God have mercy..Afterward, the queen was brought to Tower of London and stayed there all night. The next day, she was brought through the city of London all the way to Westminster, where she was crowned queen of England. Then she was brought back to the king's palace, and an open and real feast was held for all kinds of people at her coronation. This was done on the Sunday next after the feast of St. Clement in the 20th year of King Richard's reign.\n\nOn the 25th day of August next, due to the evil instigation and false counsel of the king, and his great wrath and malice towards the good duke of Gloucester and the earls of Arundel and Warwick, the king, by his evil instigation and counsel, suddenly made ready with his strength and rode into Essex to the town of Chelmsford. Sir Thomas Woodstock, the good duke, was there..The good duke of Gloucester lay there. The king came to welcome him immediately. The king rested and then, without delay, was led to the water and put on a ship to Calais, brought into the captain's ward to be kept in custody by the king's command in England. At that time, the Earl Marshal was captain of Calais. The king and his false council, by command, ordered the captain to put him to death. Certain men who had the good duke in custody took this counsel: they should approach him when he was in bed and asleep on a feather bed. They bound his hands and feet and told him to lie still. When they had done this, they took two small towels and made knots on them. They cast the towels over his neck and then took the sheet that lay under him and cast it above them. They drew their towels each towards themselves..we and some laid upon the fourth bed next to him until he was dead, as he should make noise in this manner. They thus strangled this worthy duke and on whose soul God have mercy, amen. And when the king had rested, he sent this worthy duke and his uncle to Calais. He came again to London with a great multitude of people. As soon as he was come, he sent for the Earl of Arundel and the good Earl of Warwick. And as soon as they came, he arrested them, himself, Sir John Cobham, and Sir John Cheyn, in the same manner until he made his protestation. And the Earl of Arundel went at large until the pardon time, for he found sufficient surety to abide the law and to answer to all manner of points that the king and his council would put upon him. And in the twenty-first year of King Richard's reign, he ordered a pardon at Westminster, which was called the great pardon. This pardon was made for.To bring this to the three worthy lords, and others as they wish, at this time. And for this judgment, the king allowed a large hall to be made in his house, which was called a hall and covered with tiles outside and it was open all about on both sides, and at the ends, so that all manner of men might see through it. And the judgment was held upon these lords and it was given at this parliament.\n\nAnd to come to this parliament, the king sent his writs to every lord, baron, knight, and squire in every shire throughout England, that every lord gather and bring his retinue with him in the shortest time and in the best maintenance and strength of the king against them who were his enemies. And they came to him in pain of death.\n\nThe king himself went to Cheshire to meet the chief men of that county. They gathered and brought a great and huge multitude of people, both of knights, squires, and principal men of Cheshire..which men and archers the king took to his own court and gave them a bowge of court and good wages to be keepers of his body both by night and by day above all others, most loved and best trusted. These men, who later caused the king great loss and shame, hindering and utterly undoing and destroying as you shall hereafter read. And at that time came Sir Henry of Derby with a great multitude of men of arms and archers, and the Earl of Rutland came with a strong power of people, both men of arms and archers. The Earl of Kent brought a great power of men of arms and archers. The Earl Marshal came in the same manner. The Lord Spencer came in the same manner. The Earl of Northumberland and Sir Henry Percy, his son, and Sir Thomas Percy, the earl's brother, all these worthy lords brought a fair multitude and a strong power, each man in his best array: and the Duke of Lancaster and the Duke of York came in the same manner with men of arms and archers following the king. And Sir William Strop, treasurer of England, came..In the same manner, and thus all the worthy men of this land came to our king. All these people came to London on one day. In so much that every street and lane in London and the suburbs were full of them, logged and x or xii miles about London every way: And these people brought the king to Westminster and went home again with their logging both horse and man. Then on the Monday, the 12th day of September, the pallmation began at Westminster, which was called the great pallmation.\n\nAnd on the Friday next after, the Earl of Arundel was brought into the pallmation among all the lords. This was on St. Matthew's day, the apostle and evangelist, there he was dragged unto his death in this hall that was made at the palaces at Westminster. And this was his judgment. He should go on foot with his hands bound behind him from the place that he was dragged in. And so forth through the City of London until the Tower Hill, and his head to be struck off and so it was done in deed in the same place. And six..of the great lords who sat on his judgment rode with him to the place where he was done to death. And so, to witness the execution, the king's commandment went before us on foot, an immense multitude of men-at-arms and archers from Chestershire, strengthening the lords who had brought this Earl to his death, for they feared lest the Earl should be rescued and taken from them when they entered London. Thus he passed through the city to his death, and there they gave the same judgment to the Earl of Worcester that the aforementioned Earl had received. But due to the lords' compassion for him because of his age, they released him to perpetual prison and sent him to the Isle of Man.\n\nThe following Monday, Lord Cobham of Ket and Sir John Cheyney knight were brought into parliament to the same hall, and there they were sentenced to be hanged and drawn, but through the prayer and great instance of all the lords, the judgment was forgiven them, and they were released to perpetual prison..This was the time when Richard Whittington was Mayor of London, and John Wodecoke and William Askham were sheriffs. They ordered strong watches of men-at-arms and archers at every gate of London during this parliament. The king made five dukes and a marcher and four earls. The first of them was the Earl of Derby, who was made Duke of Hereford. The second was the Earl of Rutland, who was made Duke of Arundel. The third was the Earl of Kent, who was made Duke of Surrey. The fourth was the Earl of Huntingdon, who was made Duke of Exeter. The fifth was the Earl of Northampton, who was made Duke of Northumberland. The Earl of Somerset was made Marquess of Dorset. Lord Spencer was made Earl of Gloucester. Lord Neville of Raby was made Earl of Westmoreland. Sir Thomas Percy was made Earl of Worcester. Sir William Scrope, who was treasurer of England, was made Earl of Wiltshire, and Sir John Montagu was made Earl..In the city of Salisbury, when the king had finished this, he held a parliament and welcomed all his lords and the people, as was fitting. In this same year, Sir John of Gaunt, the king's uncle and Duke of Lancaster, died in the bishop's palace in Holborne. He was brought from there to St. Paul's and there the king held his funeral with all his lords in the church of St. Paul's in London, and he was buried beside Blanche, his wife, who was daughter and heir to the good Henry, the Duke of Lancaster. In the same year, a dispute arose between the Duke of Hereford and Duke of Norfolk so greatly that they waged battle and then they were taken prisoner and imprisoned. The battle was to be at Coventry, and the king with all his lords was to come there on that day and was encamped in the field. Then these two worthy lords came into the field, well and clean armed and dressed, with:\n\nAnd they came into the field, well and clean armed and dressed, with:.all the men were ready to engage in battle and were ready in place to fight at Utterance. But the king ordered them to cease and took the quarrel into his hand. And immediately, the Duke of Hereford was exiled for a term of ten years, and the Duke of Norfolk for eternity. Sir Thomas Arundell, Archbishop of Canterbury, was exiled the same time for eternity and departed from his see out of malice of the king. And these three worthy lords were commanded and defended the king's realm. And they immediately obtained ships at various harbors and went over the sea to diverse lands, each his way. The Duke of Norfolk went to Venice and there he died. May God have mercy on his soul, amen. And King Richard made a clerk of his Sir Roger Walden, Archbishop of Canterbury. And in the 22nd year of King Richard's reign, through false counsel and the greedy imagination of covetous men who were about him, blank charters were made and sealed with all manner of rich treasure throughout the realm..\"Although they compelled diverse people to swear allegiance to him. And this was done for great covetousness, wherefore all good hearts of the realm were turned away from him who was king ever after. This was utterly destruction and an end to him who was so high and excellent a prince and king, and through covetousness and false counsel he was falsely betrayed. Alas, for pity that such a king might not see. And King Richard set his kingdom and his realm of England to farm out to four persons. Sir William Strange, earl of Wiltshire, and Sir John Bussh, Henry Green, and Sir John Bagot, who turned things to mischief and death within a little time. As you shall afterwards find written here. And King Richard made great ordinance and went over sea into Ireland and many great lords with him with great hosts to strengthen his king with men of arms, archers, and much equipment as longed for. And before he passed over the sea, he ordered and\".Sir Edmund Earl of Langley, the Duke of York, was appointed as England's lieutenant in the king's absence, along with the governance and council of the four knights who had taken Edward to a truce with the king. They crossed the sea and were warmly received in Ireland. The rebels, known as the \"wild Irish,\" surrendered to the king and pledged their bodies, goods, and allegiance to him. They did homage and fealty, offering good service. In little time, the king conquered the majority of Ireland.\n\nMeanwhile, King Richard was in Ireland when Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford (previously exiled from the land by the king), returned to England to claim the dukedom of Lancaster as his rightful heritage. He arrived in Calais from France by land and was met there by Sir Thomas Arundell, the Bishop of Canterbury, who had also been exiled..englond. &\u0304 with him com the erle of Arundell his son & heir the wiche wos in ward and kepi\u0304g of sir Ion shelley knyght sum tyme wt the Erle of Hunti\u0304g\u00a6done and with the Duke of Excestre thee wich wos tho in thee Castell of Reigate in Southsex. And ther he stole him away and come to Calais and ther he wos kepid well and worthely till thees othir two lordis wercomen to Calais. And than this worthy Duke and the Erchebisshop of Cantorburi Arundell shippid in the hauen of Calais and drew ther course northward and ariued in Yorke shire at Rauensporne fast by wydelyngto\u0304 and ther he come and entred thee land and two lordis with him and ther manye. \u00b6And than moche pepull of the reame yt herd of his commyng and knewen wher that he wos anane they drew vn to him and welcomed these lordis and so coraged them in all maner thyng and passed forth in to the land and gadred. moch pepull \u00b6And whan kyng Richard herd and wist that thees ij. lordis wer cumen ayen in to englond and wer londid. \u00b6Than the kyng left his ordynau\u0304ce in.Irland came into England and came to the castle of Fint to take counsel, and none came to him but the problems were rampant. Sir Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester, who was the king's steward and knew this, came into the hall among all the people. He broke the yerd of the royal household and immediately every man was dispersed and each went his way, leaving him alone.\n\nThus King Richard was brought down and destroyed, and he stood alone without comfort or succor or good counsel from any man. Alas for the pity of this real king.\n\nSuddenly came tidings that Sir Henry Bolingbroke was advancing with a strong power of people, and all the shires of England had risen in strength against King Richard. Soon he came out of the northern country to Bristol and there he met with Sir William Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire, and the Treasurer of England..Iohan Bussh, Sir Henri Grene, and Iohan Bagot asked for leave and went into Ireland. These three knights were taken, and their heads were struck off for their false covetise. And then King Richard was taken and brought before the duke. Immediately, the duke put him in a fast and strong hold to await his coming to London.\n\nThere was a Roman in London causing a great disturbance, and the people of London ran there, intending to do much harm and damage had not the mayor and other worthy men calmed them down with fair words and turned them back home again to London.\n\nSir Iohan Slake, a member of the king's chapel at Westminster, was taken and brought to London and put in prison at Ludgate.\n\nBagot was taken in Ireland and brought to London and put in prison in Newgate to be kept and to await his answer.\n\nSoon after, the duke brought King Richard privately to London and put him in the Tower under strict guard..prisoner And the lords of the realm with their council came to Tower to speak with King Richard and accused him of his misgovernance and extortion, oppressing all the common people and the realm. Wherefore, the common people of his realm would have him removed as king. And so he was removed from the Tower of London by all his lords' council and the common consent of the realm. And he was taken from there to the castle of Windsor in Kent and kept for a while. Then he was taken from there to the castle of Poultrey in the north country to be kept in prison. Shortly after, he met his end there. And when King Richard was removed and had resigned his crown and his kin and was kept in the realm with the common consent, he chose this worthy lord,\nSir Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, Duke of Hereford and Duke of Lancaster by right lineage and heritage, and for his rightful manhood that the people found in him..Before all others, they chose him (Hi\u0304) and made him king of England among them. Innocenius the VII was chosen at Rome and lived only two years, then Gregory the XIV was after him for sixteen years. There was constant debate. Then Alexander was chosen in the council of Pisa. He was first called Peter of Candia. And so strife arose among those three, each claiming to be pope. Then there was a council at Pisa where they began to make a concordat. There, they deposited two and the third stood aside, so great was the division then. For they had not ordained properly. Robert was emperor after Wenceslaus, nine years after. This man was the duke of Bavaria and the earl of Palatine, a just and good man, and was crowned by Boniface IX. This man entered Italy with a great host of Almain soldiers against John, the duke of Galicia. But with a heavy burden he turned back. He was worthy to suffer for his righteousness. John XXI succeeded Alexander, ruling for four years. First, he began well, for unity. He was in the council at Constantinople..and he offered him the pope hood and after secretly and truly he fled away. But it profited him not. For he was taken and constrained to make peace. And was made a Cardinal and buried at Florence. Sigismund was emperor after Robert for twenty-seven years. He was the son of Charles, king of Hungary, and a most Christian prince. He was so devoted to God that he desired to be a canon. This man helped the church through his merciful prudent and wit. For he spared no labor nor anything that he had until he had made a full peace among the clergy. And he had nine battles against the Turk. And he ever had the victory. And what more. All things that were ever written in loving to Constantine, Theodosius, Carolus, Otto may truly be written of him. He was crowned in Hungary and deceased a blessed man.\n\nAfter King Richard II was deposed and out of his kingdom, the lords and the commons all with one assent and all other worthy of the realm chose Sir Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, son and heir of John, the duke..King Henry was crowned king of England at Westminster by the consent of the realm, following the deposition of King Richard. He made his eldest son, Henry, prince of Wales and duke of Cornwall and Chester. He reinstated Thomas Arundell as archbishop of Canterbury, as he had been before. Roger Walden, whom King Richard had made archbishop of Canterbury, he made bishop of London, as the position was vacant at the time. He made the son of Arundell, who came with him over the sea from Calais into England, earl of Arundell, just as his father had been, and put him in possession of all his lands. He received homage and fealty from his liege lord, the king, as all other lords had done. And immediately after this, King Richard died in Pontefract Castle in the northern region. He was kept there for four or five days without food due to his keeper..drink and he made his end in this world. Yet many people in England and other lands said that he was alive many years after his death. But whether he was alive or dead, they held their false opinions and believed that many people came to great mischief and foul death, as you shall hear afterward.\n\nAnd when King Henry knew and was certain that he was dead, he had him treated in the best manner and\nclosed him in a fine chest with various spices and balms and placed him in a linen cloth, leaving his face open so that all men might see his visage from all others. And so he was brought to London with torches lighting the way and sent to Paul's Church and there he had his mass and his dirge with much reverence and solemnity of service.\n\nAnd when all this was done, he was brought from Paul's to the Abbey of Westminster and there he had all his service again.\n\nAnd from Westminster, he was brought to Langley and there he was buried. May God have mercy on his soul..In the first year of King Henry's reign, he held his Christmas at Windsor Castle. On the twelfth evening, the Duke of Aumerle arrived unannounced and informed the king that he and the Dukes of Surrey, Exeter, and Salisbury, as well as other relatives, had conspired to kill the king on the twelfth night. The Duke of Aumerle then warned the king. That very night, the king went to London in great haste to seek help and comfort. The conspirators fled immediately, knowing that their plot had been discovered. The Duke of Surrey and the Earl of Salisbury, along with their men, fled to the tower of Cecaster. The people of the town attempted to arrest them, but they refused and fought manfully. However, they were eventually overpowered..and they took the duke of Surrey's head and the earl of Salisbury's head, and many others, and there they quartered them in England and displayed their heads:\nAt Oxford, they took Sir Blount knight and Sir Benet Cely knight and Thomas Wyntersell squire. These were beheaded and their heads were set upon poles and brought to London and set upon London Bridge. And the quarters were sent to other good towns.\nIn the same year, at Petworth in West Sussex, Sir John Holand, duke of Exeter, was taken with the support of the countryside. They brought him from Petworth to Pleshey. And at the same place, King Richard had stayed Sir Thomas Wydeville, duke of Gloucester. There they beheaded the duke of Exeter. His head was brought to London and set upon London Bridge.\nIn the same year, at Bristol, the lord Speaker, whom King Richard had made earl of Gloucester, was taken by the townspeople..In this same year, they brought him to the market place of the town and beheaded him, then sent his head to London and placed it on London Bridge. Sir Bernard Broke, knight, was also taken and imprisoned in the Tower of London, along with Sir John Shelton and Sir John Maudley. Persons of King Richard's court. The king's justices came and sat in the Tower of London, where they were all condemned to death. The domain was given to Sir Bernard Broke, allowing him to leave the Tower of London on foot through London to Tiburn, where he was hung and beheaded. Sir John Shelton, Sir John Maudley, and Sir William Feribe, persons of King Richard's court, were drawn through the city of London to Tyburn and hanged, and their heads were removed and placed on London Bridge.\n\nIn this same year, Queen Isabella was sent back to France by King Henry..In the second year of King Henry IV, Sir Roger of Clarington and two of his men, the prior of Laude, eight minor friars, and some masters of divinity, along with others for treason, were drawn and hanged at Tyburn. A great discord and debate arose in the country of Wales between Lord Grey of Ruthin and Owen Glendower, squire of Wales. Owen gathered a great number of Welshmen and kept the entire country strong. He caused much harm and destruction throughout Wales, robbing and killing the king's people, both English and Welsh. He endured this for fifteen years.\n\nOwen took Lord Grey of Ruthin prisoner and kept him in hold until he was ransomed by the prisoners of the march. He kept him in hold for a long time. At last, he made him marry one of his daughters..And he kept him there with his wife and son after he died. Then King Henry, knowing this mischief and destruction that Owen had wrought, immediately ordered a strong power of men and archers, and much other equipment, to attend and destroy the malice of this false Welshman. And then the king came into Wales with his power to destroy Owen and other rebellious Welshmen. But they fled into the mountains, and there the king could do them no harm in any way. And so he returned to England for the relief of more of his people. And thus he did not find them there. In this same year, there was great scarcity of wheat in England, a quart of which cost sixteen shillings. And merchants of England were sent to Prussia for wheat. And another they had loaded and freighted ships, and they came home safely, blessings be to God for all his gifts. In the fourth year of King Henry's reign, there was a star seen in the firmament that showed itself..Through all the world for various reasons it should befall soon after the star was named and called by the clergy Stella Comata. And on the following sent Mary Magdalene's day in the same year was the battle of Shrewsbury. There came Sir Henry Percy, the earl of Northumberland's son, with a great multitude of men-at-arms and archers, and gave battle to King Henry IV. Through the false counsel and wicked advice of Sir Thomas Percy, his uncle, earl of Worcester, Sir Henry Percy was slain on both sides. And on the king's side in that battle were slain the earl of Stafford and Sir Walter Blount under the king's coat of arms and banner, and many more worthy men. [In the fourth year of King Henry's reign came the emperor of Constantinople with many great lords, knights, and much other people of his country to England to see King Henry with him and to speak and to entertain themselves and to see the good government and conditions].of our people and to know the commodities of England. Our king, with all his lords, received and welcomed him and all his men who came with him, showing him all reverence and worship they could. And the king commanded all manner of officers to serve him worthy and royally, as befitted such a worthy lord and emperor, at his own cost, as long as the emperor was in England and all his men who came with him.\n\nIn the same year, Dame Jane, the duchess of Britain, came to England and landed at Falmouth in Cornwall. She was brought from there to the city of Winchester and there she was married to King Henry IV in the abbey of St. Swithin's of Winchester, with all the solemnity that could be done and made.\n\nSoon afterward, she was brought from there to London. The mayor and aldermen and the commons of the city of London rode against her and welcomed her and brought her through the city of London to Westminster, and there she was crowned queen..In England, the king held a grand and solemn feast for her and all those who wished to attend. In the same year, Blanche, the eldest daughter of King Henry IV, was sent across the sea with the Earl of Somerset, her uncle, Master Richard Clifford, the Bishop of Worcester, and many other worthy lords, knights, ladies, and squires, who longed to serve such a worthy king's daughter.\n\nThe Duke of Barre's son arrived with a large retinue and rescued this worthy lady. The Bishop of Worcester married and united them as husband and wife according to the holy church. A grand feast and great joy ensued in their honor, and the Bishop and all his men pledged their loyalty to the lord and lady. They returned safely to England, thanking God Almighty.\n\nIn the fifth year of King Henry's reign, Lord Thomas, his son, sailed over the sea with the Earl of Kent and many other lords, knights, men-at-arms, and archers..The text describes an event in which the Carrick pirates, who had caused significant harm to Englishmen and merchants in various towns and ports, were brought before King Richard in Cambre before Winchelsea. One of the Carrick pirates was burned there. The lords and people turned them back and did not go further at that time. In the same period, serjeants of King Richard came into England from Scotland to collect taxes, and they told the people that King Richard was alive in Scotland. Many people believed their words, leading to great error and discontent towards the king due to false information and lies spread by the serjeants. However, they were later taken in the north country and brought before the law, and were drawn through every city and good borough towns in England. They were eventually brought to London before the Justice, and there they were dealt with..was Iugged for to be brought to the toure of london. and ther to be laid on a hurdell. and than to be drawen thurgh the cite of londo\u0304 to Tyborne &\u0304 ther to be honged & than quartired &\u0304 his hede smyte\u0304 of and set on Londo\u0304 brigge and his quarters to be sent to iiij. go\u00a6od tounes of englond and ther set vp. & thus endid he for his false treson &\u0304 desseyd. \u00b6And in the sext yere of kyng Henris reg\u2223ne the iiij. The erle of Marre of scotland by saifcondit come i\u0304 to Englo\u0304d to chalenge sir Edmand the erle of Kent to certayn cour\u2223ses of were on horsbake: \u00b6And so this chalange wos acceppid and grau\u0304ted & the place taken in smythfeld at londo\u0304. & this Erle of Marre the scot com proudly i\u0304 to the feld as his chalenge asket \u00b6And anone come in the erll of Kent and rode vn to the scot and manfulli rode to geder with sharpe speris diu{er}se courses but the erle of Kent had the feld and gat him moch worship and than\u00a6ke of all man{er} of men for his manfull dedis. \u00b6And i\u0304 the vij yere of kyng Henris regne the iiij. Sir.Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York and the Earl Marshal of England, gathered a strong power against King Henry. And the king, learning of this in all the haste he could muster, came northward with his power and met them at York. There, two lords were taken and brought before the king. And immediately the judges were set, and these two lords were brought forth and condemned to death. And both their heads were struck off, and there they met their end. May God, in His mercy, have mercy on their souls. Amen.\n\nWhen this was done, the king returned to London and remained there. Immediately, through God's great goodness, many great miracles were worked and shown for this worthy clerk, Archbishop of York, who had thus been put to death.\n\nIn the seventh year of King Henry's reign, Dame Luke, the duchess's sister of Milan, came to England and to London. She was married to Sir Edmond Holland, Earl of Kent, in the priory of St. Mary Overy in Southwark, with much solemnity and great worship.\n\nThe king was present himself and gave her away at the ceremony..\"Church door: When they were married and mass was finished, the king's own parson led this worthy lady to the bishop's place in Winchester. There was a great feast held for all manner of people who came. And in the same year, Sir Robert Knolles died at his manor in Northfolk. From there, he was brought to London on a horse with much torchlight. He was brought to the White Friars in Fleet Street, and there was held and made for him a solemn feast and entertainment for those who came. He lies buried there by Dame Constance his wife in the middle of the body of the church. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen.\n\nIn the same year, Sir Thomas Rampston, Knight Constable of the Tower of London, was drenched at London Bridge as he came from Westminster inward to the Tower in a barge.\n\nIn the same year, Dame Philip, the younger daughter of King Henry, was taken over the sea.\".Sir Richard, Duke York's brother, Sir Edmond Courteney, Bishop of Norwich, and many other lords, knights, squires, ladies, and gentlewomen who belonged to the noble king's daughter, came to Denmark. The king received this worthy lady as his wife and welcomed these noble lords warmly. They were brought to a town called London in Denmark, where the lady was married and crowned queen of Denmark with great solemnity. There was much festivity.\n\nAfter this grand wedding and celebration were over, these lords and ladies took their leave of the king and the queen and returned to England in haste. In the eighth year of King Henry's reign, there was a man named the Welsh clerk. He had made some accusations against him. Then he was disarmed and drawn out of the field to Tyborne, where he was hanged. The knight was taken to grace: he was a good man.\n\nIn this....In the same year, Sir Henry Earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf emerged from Scotland with the intention of causing harm to King Henry. As a result, the people of the northern regions rose against them and defeated them, capturing both men. Their heads were cut off and their quarters were sent to London, where they were displayed for treason against the king.\n\nIn the ninth year of King Henry's reign, Sir Edmond Holland, Earl of Kent, was appointed Admiral of England to protect the seas. He set sail with many well-equipped and adorned ships, filled with a large number of soldiers, archers, and defenders, all in the name of the King of England. He eventually landed in the coast of Brittany on the Isle of Brak, where he besieged a castle and successfully took it. However, another siege followed..A quarrel struck Good Earl Edmond on the head, causing his death from this wound. Yet they did not leave until they had taken the castle and all who were within. And this good lord died there. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen. Then this company returned to England with the earl's body and was buried among his ancestors, fittingly. In the same year, there was a great frost in England that lasted fifteen weeks. In the fourth year of King Henry's reign, the Seneschal of Henault came with other men to seek allies and to get him worship in arms, both on horse and on foot, at all manner of points. And the Seneschal challenged Earl Somerset. Earl Somerset delivered him fully of all his challenges and put his adversary to the worse in all points, gaining him great worship and the degree of the field. The next day after came another man of arms from the Seneschal's party against him. And against him came Sir Richard of Arundell..knight and Henry had the better of him in foot combat, for he brought him to his knees. And on the third day, another man-at-arms came to the field and faced him there. Sir John Cornwall, knight and valiant, released him from his adversary in all respects and gained the upper hand. And on the fourth day, another man-at-arms of Henry's party came to the field. Against him came Sir Iohan Cheyne, valiantly releasing him from his adversary, for he had cast horse and man into the field. And the king, in recognition of his valor at that time, dubbed him knight. And on the fifth day, another man-at-arms of Henry's party came into the field, and to him came Sir Iohan Steward, valiantly releasing him from all points and gaining the upper hand. And on the sixth day after, another Henry came into the field, and to him came William Porter, squire, valiantly releasing him and gaining the upper hand. And the king dubbed him knight at the same time. And on the seventh day after, another Henry came into the field..And to him came John Stanford, squire and manly he quitte him on his adversary and had the better in the field. The same day the king dubbed him knight. And on the same day came another Henry and to him came a squire of Gascony, proudly and manly he quitte him on his adversary and had the better. Anon the king dubbed him knight. And on the eighth day came into the field two men-at-arms of Henry and to them came two soldiers of Calais, brothers called Burghes, well and manfully they quitte their adversaries; and had the better in the field. Thus ended the challenges with many worships. And the king, at the reverence of the strangers, made a great feast and gave them rich rewards; they took their leave and went home to their own country. And in the eleventh year of King Henry's reign, there was a great battle in Smithfield between two squires. It was called Gloucester, he was the challenger. Arthur was the defendant. They fought manfully and long time. The king..for his manfulness and grace, the man took the quarrel into his hand. He made them go out of the field at once, and so they were divided from their battles. And the fourteenth year of King Henry's reign, Sir Risde, a squire from Wales who was a rebel and supporter of Owen of Glendre, causing much destruction to the people of Wales, was taken and brought to London. He came before the justices and was condemned for his treason. And then he was laid on a hurdle and drawn through the city. There, he was hanged and his body quartered, and the quarters were sent to four towns: and his head was set on London Bridge.\n\nIn the seventeenth year of King Henry's reign, Sir John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, who was captain of Calais, died and was buried at the Abbey of the Tower Hill. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen.\n\nAnd in the same year, Lord Thomas, King Henry's son, wedded the Countess of Somerset.\n\nAnd in this same year, [something] came..Embassadors of France in England, from Duke Burgoyne, went to Prince Henry, king of England's son and heir, to request help and support in men of arms and archers against Duke Orleanuce. They crossed the sea with the Earl of Arundell, Sir Guillebert deUMfreville, Earl of Keme, Lord Cobham, Sir John Oldcastle, and many other good knights, worthy squires, and men of arms and good archers to France and reached Paris to meet Duke Burgoyne.\n\nThere, they were received and welcomed by the Duke and others. It was then reported to him that Duke Orleanuce had come to Pontoise near Paris with a great number of men of arms and arbalests. Our Englishmen went there and fought with them. They took the bridge of Pontoise and slew many Frenchmen and Armagnacs. The remainder fled and would no longer stay.\n\nOur Englishmen then returned to Paris and took their leave of the Duke and returned safely to England..The Duke gave them great rewards. Afterward, the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans sent embassadors to King Henry IV to request his help and support against his deadly enemy, the Duke of Burgundy. And then, King Henry made Thomas his son Duke of Clarence, his other son John Duke of Bedford, and his other son Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, and he made Thomas Beaufort Earl of Dorset and the Duke of Awmarel Duke of York. Afterward, the King ordered his son Thomas Duke of Clarence, Thomas Beaufort Earl of Dorset, and Sir John Cornwall, with many other lords, knights, squires, and men-at-arms and archers, to sail over the sea to France to help and strengthen the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans. These worthy lords, with their retinue, were shipped at Hampton and sailed over to Normandy and landed at Hogges, where they met with Lord Hambe and his army of 7,000 Frenchmen and three sergeants-at-arms with them. All were put to flight, and they took 15,000 men of arms and 400 prisoners..The men, who were not slain in the field, rode forward through France and took castles and towns, slaughtering many Frenchmen who resisted and took many prisoners. They passed on until they reached Bordeaux, where they rested for a while and set the country at peace. When the duke and his men returned safely to England, God be thanked.\n\nIn the same year, the king's coin was changed throughout England by the king and his council, that is, the nobles, half-nobles, and farthing of gold.\n\nIn the fourteen year of King Henry's reign, he let make galleys, for he had hoped to have passed the great sea and so forth to Jerusalem. And there to have ended his life. But God visited him soon after with infirmities and great sickness, and he was taken and brought to bed at Westminster in a fair chamber.\n\nAs he lay in his bed, he asked his chamberlain,.They called it the chamber where he lay, and he answered, \"Jerusalem.\" Then he said that the prophecy stated that he should bring an end and die in Jerusalem. Afterward, he prepared himself for God and disposed of his will. Shortly after, he died and was carried by water from Westminster in a barge to Feathersham. From there, he was carried to Canterbury by land, accompanied by much torchlight, and was entered and buried in the church which had long been desired and necessary for your defense of the faith. This ended the reign of the worthy King Henry around mid-Lent Sunday in the year of our Lord 1414. May God have mercy on his soul.\n\nArticle V was in effect. And so peace came into the church, which had long been desired and necessary for you. This was the mightiest thing against him. But what came after, he was always of great abstinence and good fame, and I leave it to your judgment of God.\n\nAfter the death of King Henry IV, his son, who was born at, reigned..Monmouth in wales that was a worthy kyng and a gracious man and a gret con\u00a6querour. And in thee frist yere of his regne for gret loue & goodnesse he sent to the freris of Langely ther as his fad{er} had do berie kyng Richard the secu\u0304d. and let take his body out of the erth t blake\nveluet and baners of diuerse armes about and all the hors draw\u2223yng the chare wer trappid in blake and beten with diu{er}se armes. &\u0304 many a torche brennyng by all the way till he come to westmi\u0304\u2223stre: and ther he let make for him a riall and a solempne entere\u2223ment\u25aa &\u0304 beried hi\u0304 by quene Anne his wife as his own desire was on the ferther side of sent Edwardis shrine in the abbey of seint Petris of westmynstre on whos soule god haue merci \u00b6And in this same yere wer a certayn of lollers taken and fals heritikis that had purposed thurgh fals treson for to haue slayn our king &\u0304 for to haue distroid all the clargie of the reame. & they myght haue had ther fals purpose. \u00b6But our lord god wold not suffre it. for in hast our kyng had.warning them of all their false ordinances and works. King Henry suddenly came with his power to send Joantes without Smithfield, and they immediately took a certain number of the Lollards and false heretics and brought them before the kings presence. There they revealed all their false purpose and ordinances, how they would have ruled and acted, and they might have reigned as they pleased: and there they named their captains and governors. Then the king commanded them to the tour of London and took more of them both within the city and sent them to Newgate to both countries. And they were brought before the clergy and the king's justices for their false heresy and condemned before the justice for their false treason. This was their judgment that they should be drawn from the tower of London to be hanged and quartered, and Gilesfeld was also taken and sentenced to be hanged and burned. And in the second year of King Henry, Sir Roger Acton was also taken and sentenced to be hanged and burned..He reigns, the fifth, he held a council of all the lords of the realm at Westminster. There he put forth this demand: and prayed and besought them of their goodness and of their good counsel and good will to show him concerning the title and the right that he had to Normandy, Gascony, and Guienne. Which the king of France unjustly and wrongfully withheld. These, which his ancestors before him held as true title of conquest and right heritage. Normandy, Gascony, and Guienne, which the good king Edward of Windsor and his ancestors before him had held all their lives. And his lords gave him counsel to send embassadors to the king of France and his council, and that he should yield up to him his right heritage, that is to say Normandy, Gascony, and Guienne, which his predecessors had held before him. Or else he would win it with the swiftness of a sword in a short time, with the help of Almighty God.\n\nThe Dauphin of France answered to our embassadors in this manner: that the king was willing to make peace..ou{er} yong and to tendre of age to make any were as ayens him &\u0304 wos not like yet to be no good weriour to do & to make such a co\u0304\u00a6quest ther vpon him: \u00b6And somwhat in scorne and despite he sent to him a Tone full of tenys baules. be cause he wold haue su\u0304 what for to play with all. for him and for his lordis. for that be come hi\u0304 bettir tha\u0304 for to maynten ony were. \u00b6And than ano\u0304e our lordis that wer embassatours token ther leue and come in to Englond ayen and told the kyng & his cou\u0304cell of the vngodli an\u00a6suer that they had of the Dolphyn. and of the present the wich he had sent vn to our kyng. \u00b6And whan the kyng had herd ther wordis and the ansuere of the Dolphyn he wos wond{er} sore agre\u00a6ued & right euell apayed toward the frenshmen &\u0304 toward the ki\u0304g & the Dolphyn. & thought to avenge hi\u0304 vpo\u0304 them as sone as god wold send him grace & myght. and ano\u0304e let make te\u0304nys bal\u2223les for the Dolphyn in all the hast that myght be. And they wer gret gonstonys for the Dolphyn to play with all. \u00b6And th\u00a6an anone the.The king summoned all his lords and held a great council at Westminster. He informed them of the answer they had received from the Dolphin and of his worthy gift that he had sent to him and to his lords to play with. And there, the king and his lords agreed that they should be ready in arms with their power in the best array that could be done. They also ordered men-at-arms and archers by water. The king then gave his orders to the captain of the town and charged him to deliver the town. The captain replied that he would deliver it to no one. Nor would he yield it to him: but urged him to do his best. Then our king laid his orders before the town, that is to say, Gonnys Engines and Tripettes, and ordered them to be shot and cast against the walls and also against the town. He destroyed both towers and the town and laid them in the dust. And there were played at tennis with his hard balls. Those within the town sang well, alas, that ever such tennis balls were made. And they cursed all those who had begun it..And whenever they were born, they were summoned to the king's gate the next morning. The king cried out at the gate of the town that every man should be ready early the next day to assault the town. William Bouchier and John Grant, along with twelve other worthy burgesses, came to the king and begged him for his true princedom and power to withdraw his malice and destruction inflicted upon them. They begged for a respite of eight days and true terms, offering to surrender the town and all their goods if rescue came. The king sent forth the captain and kept the remainder with him.\n\nThe lord Gaucorte, captain of the town, went forth to Royn in all haste to the Dolphin for help and support, but there was none, nor any aid that came. Thus, this captain returned to the king and surrendered the town and delivered him the keys. The king then called his uncle, the earl of Dorset, and made him captain of Harlech town and delivered him the keys..The king ordered him to expel all French people, women and children, and fill his town with English people. And then the king sent word to England and cried in every good town of England that any craftsman who would come and inhabit that town should have a house and household for himself and his heirs forever. And so many diverse merchants and craftsmen came and inhabited them there to strengthen the town, and were welcome. And when the king saw that this town was well populated with both people and supplies, this worthy prince took his leave and went to Calais by land. The French heard of his coming and thought to stop him. In their haste, they broke down all the bridges where any message was for horse and man, so that no man could pass over the rivers, neither on horse nor on foot: but if he should be drenched. Therefore, our king with all his people sought a way far up to Paris..All the real power of France was assembled and ready to give him battle and destroy all his people. But almighty God was his guide and saved him and all his men. He gave thanks to God for saving him and his title as king.\n\nAnd then our king, beholding and seeing the multitude and number of his enemies to stand in his way and give him battle, lifted up his hands to almighty God and begged for His help and succor. And that day to save his true servants.\n\nAnd then our king gathered all his lords and others about him and bade them all be on good cheer. For they should have a fair day and a gracious victory and the better of all their enemies. He prayed them all to make themselves ready for battle, for he would rather be dead that day in the field than fall into the hands of his enemies. For he would never put the realm of England up for ransom for his person.\n\nThe duke of York fell on his knees and begged the king..of a bone. Yet he granted him that day the avowry in his battalion and the king granted him his asking. He said, \"Grant me mercy, of York, and pray make me ready.\" Then he had every man prepare him a stake of tree and sharp both ends, so that the stake might be pitched in the earth at a slope, so that their enemies should not come upon us on horseback suddenly at the first coming of them at the first burst. For there was false purpose and they all raised themselves for that, to suddenly ride over our men at the first encounter.\n\nAll night before the battle the Frenchmen made many great fires and much revelry with howting and showing and played our king and his lords at dice and an archer always for a blank of their many. For they thought all had been there. The morrow arose the day sun.\n\nAnd the king, by good advice, arrayed his battalion & his wives and charged every man to keep them in good order and prayed them all to be of good cheer:\n\nAnd when they were ready he asked what time of the day it was. They said, \"Prime.\" Then said.Our king now is a good time. For all England praises us, and this is for the good cheer and let us go to our journey. And then he said with a loud voice in the name of the almighty God, and sent George a vaunting banner and sent George this day thy help. And then these Frenchmen came pressing down as they would have overridden all our men, but God and our archers made them stumble: for our archers shot never an arrow amiss but it passed and brought both horse and man to the ground. For they shot that day for a wager, and our stakes made them top each other. They lay on heaps two spear lengths high. And our king with his men and with his men-at-arms and archers, thanked them so much with arrows and laid on with stakes, and our king with his hands fought manfully that day. And thus Almighty God and George brought our enemies to the ground and gave us that day the victory. There were slain of the French that day in the field of Agincourt more than eleven thousand..prisoners were taken that day numbering more than six thousand from the French, and fewer than nine thousand from the English. And on that day, we received news that a new battle of the French was being prepared to attack us and was approaching. Our king then ordered that every man should kill his prisoners, and the battle was readied again to fight against the French. When they saw that our men were killing their prisoners, they withdrew their army and dispersed.\n\nOur king, as a worthy conqueror, had victory in the field of Agincourt in Picardy that day. Our king returned again to the place where the battle was to see what Englishmen had been slain. There were killed in the field the Duke of Barri, the Duke of Alencon, the Duke of Brabant, the Earl of Naunton, the chief Constable of France, and eight other earls..Archbishop of Souance, and of good barons a thousand and one hundred and more, and of worthy knights with great armor a thousand and five hundred. And so, on that day, the good duke of York and the earl of Southfolk, and all other Englishmen, except for twenty-six bodies, were slain. Thank God.\n\nThis battle was on a Friday, which was Crispina and Crispinian's day in the month of October, at none. The king commanded that they and the duke of York, the earl of Southfolk, be brought with him, and there were prisoners: the duke of Orleans, the duke of Bourbon, the earl of Vendome, the earl of Ewe, the earl of Richmond, and Sir Bursigaut, Marshal of France, and many other worthy lords were taken in this battle of Agincourt, and were brought before the tower of Calais. And over these, with the king, went to England and landed at Dover in Kent with all his prisoners, in safety, thank God.\n\nAll mighty. And so, they came to Canterbury, in the countryside of Kent, the next way to Eltham..and there he remained until he was ready to come to London. And then the mayor of London and the aldermen, sheriffs, and all the worthy commons and craftsmen came to welcome King Henry warmly. And they thanked Almighty God for His gracious victory that He had shown him. And so the king and his prisoners passed on past them, coming to Thomas Watering. There they were met with him and all religious in a procession, who welcomed him warmly. The king rode on through the city of London, where many a fair sight was shown at all the conditions and at the cross in Cheape, as if in a heavenly array of angels, archangels, patriarchs, prophets, and virgins, with various melodies sounding and singing to welcome our king and all the conditions running with wine. The king passed on to St. Paul's and there met with him fourteen bishops, who received and mitered him with censers to welcome the king. And there they sang for his gracious victory: Te Deum laudamus..In the third year of King Henry's reign, the Emperor of the Romans, Charles V, came to England and rode to Westminster. The mayor took his leave of the king and returned home. In the third year of King Henry's reign, the Emperor of the Romans, Charles V, came to England and rode to Westminster. The mayor took his leave of the king and returned home.\n\nAnd in the third year of King Henry's reign, the Emperor of the Romans, Charles V, came to England and rode to Westminster. The mayor took his leave of the king and returned home.\n\nThe fifth year of King Henry's reign saw the Emperor of the Romans, Charles V, arriving in England with the intention of visiting and coming to the City of London. The mayor and aldermen, along with the sheriffs and worthy craftsmen of London, met him at the Blackfriars in the best attire they could manage on horseback.\n\nAnd they welcomed him and brought him into London with much honor and great reverence. And then Thomas Woring met with him, the king with all his lords, in good attire. And there was a worthy meeting between the emperor and King Henry V, and they kissed each other on the cheeks and embraced one another. Then the king took the emperor by the hand, and they rode together through the City of London all the way to St. Paul's, where they dismounted and offered sacrifices. And all the bishops stood reverently with thuribles in their hands, sensing incense towards them.\n\nAnd then they took their horses..And he rode to Westminster. The king lodged the Emperor in his own palace, and there he rested while, and all at the king's cost. Soon after, the Duke of Holland came into England to see the Emperor and speak with King Henry VII. He was received and lodged in the bishops' houses in Ely, all at the king's expense.\n\nWhen the Emperor had well rested and seen the land in various parts and learned of its commodities, by the passage of time he took his leave of the king, but before he went, he was made a Knight of the Garter and received it. We rode away. Then he thanked the king and all his lords.\n\nThen the king and he waited over the sea in Calais for a long time to receive an answer from the French king. At last it came and pleased him not at all.\n\nThe Emperor took his leave of the king and passed on in God's name. King Henry came over again into England as quickly as he could..In the year following Lambeth's arrival, I came to the palace at Westminster. In the third year of King Henry's reign, the fifth parliament was held at Westminster in the beginning of October and lasted until the Purification of our Lady. A general tax was granted to him for maintaining his spiritual and temporal affairs. The king then prayed all his lords to prepare themselves to support him in his right. He immediately had a new retinue made and ordered all to be ready at Hampton in the following week without delay. At Hampton, the king appointed the Duke of Bedford as protector and defender of England in his absence, charging him to keep his laws and maintain both spiritual and temporal matters. The king had made all the necessary arrangements. On Marsh day, he took his horse from Westminster and rode to Pouls..and he offered and took his leave. So he rode through the city, taking leave of all manner of people, both rich and poor, praying them all in general to pray for him. And so he rode forth to Sent Georges and offered and took his leave of the mayor, urging him to keep well his chamber. And so he rode forth to Hampton and stayed there until his revenue was ready and came. For there were all his navy of ships with his ordinance gathered and well supplied, as required for such a real king, with all manner of victuals for such real people, both for horse and for man. That is to say, armor, gonnys, Tripolians, sows bastilles, bridges of leather, scaling ladders, malls, spades, shovels, pavies, bows, bowstrings, tonnys, chests, and pypis full of arrows, as needed for such a worthy warrior. There came to him ships laden with guns and gunpowder. And when this was ready and his revenue arrived, the king and.All his lords with their real host went to ship and took the sea and sailed into Normandy and landed at Touques on Lammas day, the next after. There he made 48 knights at his landing. And then, the king hearing of many enemies on the sea, that is, nine great carracks, hulks, galleys, and ships that were coming to destroy his navy, he immediately commanded the Earl of March to be chief captain and many other worthy lords with him, with men-at-arms and archers, to go to the sea, so that no enemies defiled his navy nor entered his land in any part for the purpose of disturbing his voyage or his journey. And immediately the Earl took his men and went to ship and kept the sea coasts, so that no man of the enemy dared to row upon the sea. And then the king sent his heralds to the captain of Touques and charged him to deliver him his castle and his town, or else he would neither leave man nor child alive. And then the captain and four other burghers of the town brought the keys to the king..And he begged for grace. The king gave him the key to Sir John Kelley and made him captain, commanding him to expel all Frenchmen from both the castle and the town. There was also the castle of Louis, where the king sat the earl marshal with a fair number and summoned the town and brought him the key. He brought them to the king, and the king took him back and made him captain of the castle of Louers and of all that belonged to it, charging him to deliver out all the Frenchmen.\n\nThen the king set out for Caen, which was a strong and fair town and a real castle there. He also sent his heralds to the captain and charged him to deliver the town and his castle or else they would be taken by force. The heralds answered and said that he took them for no keep and that they would deliver none to him:\n\nAnd then he immediately laid siege to the town and laid siege engines on every side and battered down both walls and towers and slew many..Many people were in their houses and in the streets. The good duke of Clarence knocked down the walls on his side towards the ground. Within a short time, the king, with his counsel, surrounded the town. And none, the duke of Clarence had entered into the town and slaughtered unjustly until he came to the king and spared neither man nor child. They cried out, \"Clarence, Clarence,\" and sent for George.\n\nA worthy man was killed on the walls on the king's side, who was called Springs. The king commanded that he be buried in the abbey of Canterbury, next to William the Conqueror. May God have mercy on his soul.\n\nThen the king came to the town with his brother, the duke of Clarence, and many other worthy lords with much solemnity and mirth.\n\nThe king commanded the captain to deliver him his castle and he sought the king to give him fourteen days of respite if any rescue would come and if none would come to deliver him, the keys and the castle at his command.\n\nUnder this composition was:\n\nthe.Our king pitched all his tents before the castle of Cane, which seemed as much a town as Cane. By this time, tidings came that no rescue would come there. At the end of the fourteen days, the captain of the castle came out and delivered the keys and the castle to our king, as well as Baious and the fourteen towns to him. The king then delivered the keys to the Duke of Clarence and made him captain of both the town and the castle, and captain of Baious and all the other towns as well. He entered the town and the castle and there he held a feast of St. George. He made fifteen knights there, including Sir Lowys Robersart, Salvin Chayne, Mougomery, and many other worthy men. The king commanded them to expel all the Frenchmen and women. No man was to disturb any woman or take anything from them but let them pass in peace..And over fifteen women left the town on one day. And our king ordered the town and castle to be garrisoned with Englishmen and appointed two captains, one for the town and another for the castle, charging them with keeping the town and castle faithfully. And when our king went there, he besieged Newcastle and laid siege to Chirbury. The Duke of Gloucester came with a strong power and, by the passage of time, took it and made a captain of the same town. At the same time, the Earl of Warwick laid siege to Dunfraises and took it, installing a captain there.\n\nRegarding the Earl of March, the king had ordered him to sail the sea and protect the coasts of England against all manner of enemies. But the wind arose against them, and they all thought they would be lost. However, through the grace of Almighty God and good governance, they rode out the storm.\n\nTwo carracks and two balingers, along with their merchandise, were lost..And good men and all those within the carriages drove before Hampton. And another carriage drew before them. They feared they would be drowned as the water closed them in, so that they could not get out except at the last. God Almighty and this pig brought them out safely, and there they caught a guide who knew the country and brought them through a quick sand and into an island. They took many prisoners on their way to the king in their journey and came ultimately to Can. And there the king welcomed him and took his journey at Argentun. Immediately, it was reported to the king and they had their lives and went on their way.\n\nAnd then our king removed to a strong town that was then called Cesae and there was a fair minster and they gave it to the king. And then the king went from there to Alba and won the town and the bridge. The earl of Warwick was sent by the king to a town called Belesme with a huge and strong power, and immediately they yielded and put them all in prison..In the king's grace and mercy, many strong towns and castles in the parties yielded. And from there they went to Vermillon in Perche, and it was reported to the king about the town and the castle, bodies and goods at the king's grace. Thus, the king took and conquered all the towns and castles. Pyles' strength and Abbeys up to Poulterge. And from there, in the fifth year of King Henry's reign, Sir John Oldcastle, who was the Lord Cobham, was arrested for heresy and brought to the Tower of London. Immediately after, he escaped from the tower and went into Wales, where he was kept for a long time. At last, Lord Powys took him, but he held out at great defense for a long time and was severely wounded or he would have been taken. So, Lord Powys' men brought him out of Wales to London in a wheelbarrow. And thus, he was brought to Westminster, where he was examined on certain points put upon him. He said nothing and was consequently convicted by the clergy for his heresy..In the 6th year of King Henry's reign, he sent Uncle Sir Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, with a large army and archers towards the city of Rome. He displayed his banner and sent heralds to the town, demanding that they surrender to our king, their liege lord. They replied that they would not keep him nor yield the city unless it was bought and compelled by their hands for any other answer, they would only go. Duke Exeter took careful note of the surrounding terrain. Additionally, a great number of men from the city came out, both on horseback and on foot, and our forces answered..men met with them and threw an heap over their bodies. Some good men were taken and slain. The remainder fled back into the town. The Duke went to Pountlarge to tell the king all that had happened and how he liked the ground.\n\nAnd immediately as he was going, they threw down all their tents around the city on the hard ground. For the king should have no refreshing at his coming. And the Friday before Lent, our king with his host came before Ron and immediately set his siege around that city. And the king and his lords were lodged in the charter house and great strength was about them, which was in the eastern part of the city.\n\nThe Duke of Clarence logged him at the western end in a waste abbey before the Porte Chanx. The Duke of Exeter was on the north side before the Porte Beauesyn. And between the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Exeter was the Earl Marshal logged with a large force..And the Earl of Ormond, Lord Harington, and Lord Talbot were before the castle gate with their retinue. And Sir John Cornwall and many other noble knights, with their retinue, lay with the Duke of Clarence. And from the Duke of Exeter towards the king were Lord Roos, Lord Willoughby, Sir William Port, knight, and their retinue before the port of Sandwich. And the Earl of Mortain was with his retinue logged in the abbey of St. Catherine. And the Earl of Salisbury's retinue lay on the other side of St. Catherine. Sir John Gray, knight, was logged at the abbey called Mount St. Michael. And Sir Philip Lech, knight, the king's treasurer, was lodged between the water of the Seine and the abbey and kept the ward under the hill. And the Baron of Carrow was lodged under the water side to keep the passage. And Ienico the squire lay next him on the water side, and these two squires kept the water of the Seine and fought fiercely..The enemies often lay on one side of the Seine, and on the other side of the Seine lay the Earl of Huntingdon, Master Neil, the Earl of Westmoreland's son, Sir Gilbert Umfreville, Earl of Keme, Sir Richard of Arundell, and the Lord Feriers, with their retinue before Port-de-Ponte. Each of these lords had strict orders. The king made, over the water of the Seine, a strong and mighty chain of iron and put it deep in the ground, which passed over the reverence of the Seine, preventing any vessel from passing through in any way. Near this chain, the king built a bridge over the water of the Seine, so that men and horses, and all other transportation, could go to and fro at all times when needed. Then came the Earl of Warwick and had gone down to King Henry of England.\n\nThe king immediately sent the Earl of Warwick to Cawood to besiege it. When he came before the town, he sent his heralds to the captain and demanded that he surrender the town upon pain of death. Immediately, he laid siege to it..The captain begged the Earl to come to his presence, and it pleased him and they spoke with each other. Therefore, the good Earl granted him permission to come. Then he came out, and four other burghers came with him. They entreated the Earl that this town was to be placed under composition, as the city of Ron did, and the Earl granted and consented to this on the condition that the king's navy, with its ordinance, might pass safely through without any kind of let or disturbance. And to this composition they set their seals. The ships passed safely through and came before the city of Rome in a hundred ships and there they cast their anchors. And when all this was done, the Earl of Warwick came again to the king. He lodged between the abbey of St. Catherine and the king until the abbey admitted him and was brought before the king:\n\nAnd then he removed him [from there] and lodged him before Porte..The Earl of Salisbury was ordered by the king to prepare for a ride, but before Port St. Hilaire, closer to the town, the crown of England and he encountered his enemies with great ordinance, using forty rods within quarrel range. The Earl of Southfolk and the Lord of Bergeney were with him, along with their retinues and strong ordinance. They fought manfully and proudly every day against their enemies outside the city. Then, the Prior of Kilmain from Ireland arrived with a fair number of men of their own country's arms, about 150 bodies. The king welcomed them and made them good cheer.\n\nMeanwhile, news came to the king that the king of France, the dolphin, and the Duke of Burgundy would come down and rescue the city of Rouen with a strong power of all kinds of nations and break the siege. The king cast them to enter..The north side of the host was chosen because it offered the best entrance and most level ground. The king therefore assigned the Prior of Kilmain with his power and stationed him on the north side of the host to control the passage. They were near the forest of Lyons, and the men were pleased with this arrangement and proceeded in haste, maintaining the ground and the place designated by the king and his council.\n\nNow I will tell you which were the chief captains and governors of the city of Rome.\n\nSir Giles Botiller was the chief captain of both the city and the castle. Sir Termagant was captain of Port de Canx. Sir de la Roche was captain of the Disns. Sir Anthony was lieutenant to Sir Giles Botiller. Heri Chantfleury was captain of the Porte de la Pount. John Mantreuas was captain of the porte de la Chastell. Sir de Preanx was captain of the porte of Sent Hilaire. The bastard of Tyne was captain of.The port Martenille. And Grant Iakes was a worthy captain, he was Captain of all men there. He was governor outward both on horseback and on foot of all men of arms when they issued out of the City of all the gates. Each of you captains led out 5,000 men of arms and some more.\n\nAnd at the first coming of our king, there were numbered into 300,000 men and women and children, young and old. Among all these was many a manful man with his hands. They proved them when they issued out of the city both on horseback and on foot. For they came never at one gate out alone, but at three or four gates, and at every gate two or three thousand good men were countered with our Englishmen. Many people were killed various times with guns quarrels and other ordinance.\n\nThis siege lasted twenty weeks, and they of the town attempted to be rescued but none came. So at the last they kept the town so long that they died..Thousands were within the town due to lack of men, women, and children. They had hired their horses, dogs, and cats that were in the town. And frequently, the soldiers drove out the powerless people out of the town gates for lack of provisions. Our Englishmen then drove them back into the town again. So, at last, the captain of the town saw the harm they were not rescued and also the scarcity of provisions. And every day, thousands were dying for lack of food. Young children lay and sucked their mothers' breasts and were dead. Then, another time they sent to the king begging for his grace and mercy and brought the keys of the town to him: they delivered the town to him, and all the soldiers left the town with their horses and harnesses, and the common people of the town remained to dwell and fight annually to pay him and his successors for all manner of customs, fees, and tolls. And then the king entered the town and stayed therein..Castell was set in rule and governance. After that, Rone was obtained, and many other towns in the BAS Normandy gave themselves over without strike or siege when they stood under the condition that the king had obtained Rone. In the same year, a peace was made and sworn between the Duke of Burgundy and the Dauphin, who were sworn to love and assist each other against their enemies. After this, contrary to this oath, Duke John of Burgundy was slain and pitilessly murdered in the presence of the Dauphin. Therefore, the French were greatly divided and in real necessity had to have a treaty with the king of England. The king of England daily took their towns, castles, and fortresses. In the same year, Queen Jane was arrested and brought into the castle of Leeds in Kent. And one Friar Randolf, a doctor of divinity, was her confessor, who was later killed by the perpetrator falling at words and debate. After Queen Jane was delivered..In the seventh year, the kings of France and England came to an agreement. King Henry was made heir and regent of France and married Catherine, the king's daughter of France, at Troyes in Champagne on Trinity Sunday. This was arranged by Philip, newly made duke of Burgundy, who had sworn allegiance to King Henry and become English. The king, with his new wife, then went to Paris where he was warmly received. From there, he and his lords, along with the duke of Burgundy and many other French lords, laid siege to various towns and castles that belonged to the Dauphin's party. However, the town of Melun held out for a long time due to its good defenders.\n\nIn the seventh year, the king and queen crossed the sea and landed on Candlemas Day at Dover. The fourteenth day of February, the king came to London, and the twenty-fourth day of the same month, the queen was crowned at Westminster. That same year, shortly after Easter, the king held a parliament..at Westminster, it was ordained that the gold in English coin should be weighed, and none received but by weight. And after Whit Sunday, the king sailed to Calais and passed into France. I marched twenty-two days before the king crossed. Before he came over, the Duke of Clarence was slain in France, and various lords were taken prisoners, such as the Earl of Huntingdon, the Earl of Somerset, and all, because they would not agree with the archers but thought to deal with the French themselves. Yet when he was slain, the archers came and rescued the duke's body, which they would have carried with them. God have mercy on his soul. He was a valuable man.\n\nBetween Christmas and Candlemas, the town of Meaux was yielded to the king.\n\nIn the ninth year, on St. Nicholas Day in December, Henry, the king's firstborn son, was born at Windsor. Whose godfathers at the font were Henry Bishop of Winchester and John Duke of Bedford..The Duchess of Holland was godmother. In the tenth year, the city of Meaux was taken, which had long been besieged. And this same year, the queen shipped at Hampton and sailed over to King Francis of France, where she was warmly received by the king; and by the king of France, her father, and her mother. Thus, King Henry won firmly in France and held great state, sitting at dinner at a great feast in Paris crowned, and the queen also, who had not been seen before. All people resorted to his court, but as for the king of France, he held no state or rule, being left almost alone.\n\nAlso, this year the weathercock was set upon Poul's steeple at London. And in the month of August, the king fell ill with the sweating sickness. When he saw that he would die, he made his testament and ordered many things for his soul and devoutly received all the rights of the holy church. So, when he was anointed, he said the service with the priest. And at the verses of the psalm Miserere mei Deus that..Wos Benigne de construct in bona volonte tua, so that the walls of Jerusalem could be built. He begged to stay there and said, \"O good lord, you know that my intent has been and is, if I may leave to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. And then this most noble prince and victorious king flourished in his time of Christian chivalry, whom the world doubted. He gave his soul to the honors of God and died, making an end of his natural life at the forsaken Bois de Vincent beside Paris in the threescore and sixth year of his age. May God have mercy on his soul, amen. Then the body was anointed, crowned, and laid in a real chariot, and an image like to him was placed upon the corpse with diverse banners and horse covered richly with arms of England and France. And also the arms of St. Edward were sent, with Edmund and others with a great multitude bearing torches. The king of Scotland and many other lords accompanied the body until it came to Westminster in England..In every tower, by the way, he had simply performed his dirge on the evening and mass on the morning. And much alms was given to the people by the way. And on the seventh day of November, after the corpse was brought through London with great reverence and solemnity to Westminster, where he now lies. It was worshipfully buried. And after, a real image like to himself of silver and gold was laid on his tomb, which was made at the cost of Queen Catherine. And thus ends and is entered and buried the noble king Henry the Fifth, on whose soul and all Christian God have mercy, amen.\n\nNote that this King Henry the Fifth was a noble prince after he was king and crowned. But it was before, in his youth, he had been wild, reckless, and spared nothing of his lust and desires: but accomplished them according to his liking. But as soon as he was crowned, anointed, and consecrated suddenly, he was charged to be a new man and set all his intent to live virtuously in maintaining of holy church, destroying heretics, keeping justice, and defending his..And since his father had been deprived of his kingdom by King Richard's actions and died for the offense committed against him in violation of the law, he went to Rome to seek absolution. For this offense, the pope, our holy father, enjoined him to have four tapers burn perpetually around his body. This was to ensure that his bodily life would be remembered and his soul would live in spiritual life in heaven. Furthermore, he was to give twenty shillings every week on the anniversary of his death to every monk, which were called the \"performed things\" of this noble king for his father. However, King Henry IV did not carry out these obligations during his life. It is said that God touched him and he died like a leper before he could complete them. Additionally, this noble prince summoned all the abbots and priors of the Benedictine order in England and had them in the chapter house..of Westminster for the reform of the order where he had communion. And also with bishops and me of the spirituality. In so far that they doubted sore he would have the tempers out of their hands. Wherefore by their threats, labor, and the spiritual's encouragement, the king challenged Normandy and his right in France. To thence he intended to set him a work, that he should not seek occasions to enter into such matters.\n\nAnd all his life after, he labored in the wars, conquering great part of the realm of France. By the greatness of King Charles, he had all the government of the realm of France. And was proclaimed regent and heir of France. And so, notwithstanding all this great war, it was yet that he remembered his soul and also that he was mortal and must die. For which he ordered by his life the place of his sepulcher where he is buried, and every day three perpetual masses were sung over him in a chapel over his sepulcher. Of which the middle mass and the first and last mass were as his..Assigned by Henry, as it appears in these ushers following. Here are the five masses listed in Henry's missal, which successively were celebrated by monks. The first should be for the feast of the Almighty Virgin. Christ requests the last one, rising from the dead. The first greets the feast of the Virgin, announcing the angelic lauds. The last one confesses God born of the Virgin Mary. It commemorates the birth, so the last mass is for Mary. The first should be celebrated in honor of the Almighty's nuptials. The last conceives as Mary, purified. It should fit as the first, celebrated from the holy cross. And the last greets Mary. All to the saints, it is the first to be rendered. The last for the repose, it petitions to be for the departed. It will always be the mediator, of the property of the day.\n\nAnd yet, no one king Henry the V founded two houses of religion called Syon beside Brayford, of the Order of St. Bridget, for men and women. And on the other side of the River Thames, a house of Carthusians..which two places he is continually prayed for night and day. For ever who they of Syon rest, they of the chartrehouse do service. And in like wise who they of the chartrehouse rest, the other goes to. And by ringing of the bells of either place, each knows when they have ended their service, which are nobly endowed. And they daily do great alms deeds. As I certain child am found to say and at certain alms given daily. Yet besides this, he had fostered a recluse who was always to be a priest to pay for her by the said chartrehouse. This noble prince, who reigned so little time, not fully twenty years, did so many noble acts for his soul to be perpetually remembered and prayed for as much for his worldly conquests. He began in his most lusty age to despise and eschew sin, and was useful and a great justicer. May all princes take example by this noble prince who ruled so little time, not even ten years, and who did so many noble deeds for his soul as much as for his worldly conquests..The text describes events during the papacy of Felix V, who became pope when Eugenius VII was deposed after nine years. Felix was a devout prince and an old man, who was chosen as pope by the Council of Basilians. During Eugenius' reign, there was prolonged strife, and Felix had little obedience for his deposition. Eventually, Eugenius died, and Felix resigned in favor of Nicholas V to secure peace. He was made legate of France and cardinal of Sabina. This was the twenty-first conflict between Eugenius and Felix, and it lasted sixteen years. A new cause for this conflict was that the Council of Basilians had deposed Eugenius..The very pope obeyed not the decrees of the Council of Constantinople, as they claimed, nor did he charge obedience to the Council of Basel. Instead, he advocated for the opposite to be done. There was great controversy in this matter, as some argued one way and others another, and they could not agree on this issue up to that day. Some claimed that the council was above the pope, while others asserted the contrary, that the pope was above the council. However, they left it undetermined, and therefore, God disposed of the best outcome.\n\nAlbert was emperor after Sigmund in the year. This Albert was the duke of Anstein and nephew to Sigmund, and therefore, he was king of Bohemia and Hungary for his daughter, or other heir he left not. This man was chosen as Emperor of the Germans. But he was poisoned and died. He was in all things a true man, as all said, a president to all kings. Frederick the Third was emperor after him. This Frederick was the duke of Anhalt and chosen emperor..of Almain, but it was logical or he was crowned by the pope for division. At last, a unity was made and he was crowned with great honor by the pope in the city and was a peaceful and singularly pious man. He did not hate the clergy, and he married the king's daughter of Portugal. In his time, while he reigned, he convened a great assembly of princes in Toledo. For the defense against the Turks, and showed them that within this 20-year period, Christianity had been reduced by two hundred miles. He warned them to be ready to resist him.\n\nAnd the imperial city of Constantinople was taken by the heretical Turks and betrayed by a Janissary. For his labor, the Turk made him a king as he had promised him, and the fourth day he called him back and punished him for his disobedience. There was great sorrow and weeping among Christian people for the loss of that noble City and of Christian men and women. For many a Christian man was slain and innumerable were sold into slavery. And the Empress was....Slain and due to envy, the Turk had his head struck off when he was dead. Nearly all the faith in the land of Greece collapsed. Nicholas the Fifth, a Janus, was chosen as pope after Felix the Sixth, in Rome, in the pleasure of Eugenia. Yet the strife continued. And little by little, they obeyed him. And all men marveled that a man of such a powerful nation should obtain power against the duke of Subandia, who was his cousin and almost allied with all the princes of Christendom. Then, in the year after this, a peace was made. And Felix rejoiced for it, requesting that our lord's name be glorified by an object in the world, as Janus had been, in comparison to the duke. This Nicholas was a master in divinity and an active man. He was a rich man, considering. Many things had fallen, which he rebuilt. He renewed all the walls of Rome out of fear of the Turk. And there was a verse made of this unity and published in the city: \"Light shone full: Felix ceased to be, in the year of our Lord.\".The year of grace was confirmed and an innumerable number of people were devoted to the apostolic see. After King Henry V, his son Henry, who was but a child and not fully of age, began his reign on the first day of September in the year of our Lord M.cccc.xxii. This king, being in his cradle, was much disturbed and feared due to his father's great conquest and also the wisdom and guidance of his uncles, the Duke of Bedford and the Duke of Gloucester. In this year, on the 21st day of October, King Charles of France died and was buried at Saint Denis. At that time, the Duke of Bedford was made regent of France, and the Duke of Gloucester was made protector and defender of England. On the first day of March following, Sir William Tailor, priest, was degraded from his priesthood and, the next day, was burned at Smithfield for heresy. In this year, Sir James Stewart, King of Scotland, married Lady Jane, the daughter of the Duke of Clarence, at St. Mary's, from her first husband, the Earl of Somerset..August 17, the battle of Vernon took place between the Duke of Bedford, regent of France, and the Duke of Alencon. The Duke of Bedford was on one side with the Earl of Salisbury, Montagu, Talbot, and all the power they could muster in Normandy. The Gascon forces kept the other side company, with many captains and a large number of the Duke of Burgundy's men. On the other side was the Duke of Alencon, the Duke of Touraine, Douglas, Earl Boucicaut, and many lords of France, a great company of Scots and Armagnacs. Earl Douglas challenged the Duke of Bedford, John, with the Loden sword. He sent him a message again that he would find that day that his sword was of steel. The battle joined on both sides and fought for a long time, with no one knowing who would have the better of it. However, at the last, as God willed, victory fell to the English party. The Earl of Douglas, who little before was made Duke of Touraine, was slain..The Earl of Bougan, the Earl of Almarre, the Earl of Tour, and the Viscount of Nerbonne, one of those who slew Duke John of Burgundy, were among those killed before the Dolphin, and there were taken prisoners the Duke of Alanson and many other lords and gentlemen of France, but Scottish men were slain that day in great numbers. And in the third year of King Henry VI, the Duke of Gloucester married the Duchess of Holland. He went over the sea with her to Hendaye to take possession of his wife's inheritance, where he was honorably received and taken as lord of the land. But soon after, he was willing to return home again, leaving his wife and all his treasure that he had brought with him in a town called Mons in Hendaye. She was promised to be faithful to him. However, they delivered the lady to the Duke of Burgundy, who sent her to Gaunt. She escaped from him in a man's clothing and came to Zeland to a town..In the fourth year, the duchess of Holland, Ziorixee, went to a town in Holland called The Hague, where she was strong enough to withstand Duke Burgoyne. And soon after, Duke Gloucester sent Lord Fitzwater with certain men, including archers, to aid and support the duchess of Holland. This made no difference.\n\nThis year, there were sixty-six castles.\n\nAt this time, Normandy and a great part of France were under the obedience of the king of England. The remainder of France was in great tribulation and distress.\n\nIn the fourth year, on the same night that John Coucher had taken charge as mayor of London, there was a great watch in London for a fight between the bishop of Winchester and Duke Gloucester, protector and others. The mayor and the people of the city wished to remain with Duke Gloucester as protector of the realm. However, this was opposed by the lords, particularly by the labor of.The prince of Portingal. It was determined that no harm had been done. After the battle of Verneuil, in which the Duke of Bedford came over into England, and on Shrove Tuesday of that same year at Leicester, he dubbed King Henry knight. And immediately after, the said King Henry dubbed the following knights: Sir Richard, Duke of York, also the son and heir of the Duke of Norfolk; the Earl of Oxford; the Earl of Westmoreland; the son and heir of the Earl of Northumberland; the son and heir of the Earl of Warwick; the Lord Roos; Sir James Butler, the Lord Marquess; Sir Henry Gray of Tankerville; Sir William Nevill; Lord Fauconberg; Sir George Norreys; Lord Latimer; the Lord Welles; the Lord Berkeley, the son and heir of Lord Talbot; Sir Ralph Gray of Wark; Sir Robert Willoughby; Sir Richard Hungerford; Sir Robert Wynkfeld; Sir John Botteler; Sir Roland Cobham; Sir John Drury; Sir William ap Thomas; Sir Richard Carpenter; Sir Richard Wydeville; Sir John Shridle..William Cheyne, Sir William Babington, Sir John Juyn, Sir Gilbert Beauchamp. In the 5th year, the Duke of Bedford and his wife went to Calais by sea. Before that, they went to Henry, Bishop of Winchester. On our lady day, an announcement was made in our lady church at Calais. The Bishop of Winchester, after singing mass, was made Cardinal. The Duke of Bedford placed the hat upon his head. And there were his bulls read, as well for his charge as for the rejoicing of his spiritual and temporal benefits.\n\nAnd in this year, there was great abundance of rain. The substance of both the harvest and the corn was destroyed, for it rained almost every other day.\n\nAnd in this year, the good Earl of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Montague, laid siege to Orlyance. At this siege, he was killed by a gun that came out of the town. May God have mercy on his soul. For since he was killed, Englishmen never prevailed in France: but ever after, they began to lose little by little..In this year, all was lost. A breton murdered a good widow in her bed without her consent, taking all that she had. Afterward, he took the girth of Holy Church at St. George's in Southwark and renounced this land. As he went, it happened that he came by the place where he had committed this cursed deed in the suburbs of London. The women of the same parish came out with stones and coal dung and killed and ended him there. Nevertheless, the constables and many other men were present to keep him. Yet they had no pity:\n\nAlso in this year, the Duke of Northfolk with many gentlemen and women embarked on his barge on the 9th of November at Southwark to pass through London Bridge. Due to the misfortune of the barge, it overturned on the piles, and many men drowned. But the duke himself, along with two or three others, leaped onto the piles and were saved with the help of men who were above the bridge, who cast ropes to them..In this year, Leonard de Vicomtes was crowned king Henry, who was 21 years old, at Westminster. At his coronation, 36 knights were sent. This year, on George's day, he crossed the sea to Calais towards France. Around this time, and before the realm was in great misery and turmoil: the Dolphin, with his party, began to make war and seized certain places, causing distress to English men through the actions of his captains, namely La Hire and Poton de Xaintrailles. There was also a maid named la Pucelle de Dien. This maid acted like a man and was a valiant captain among them. She took on many great enterprises, leading people to believe they could recover all their losses through her.\n\nDespite this, after many great deeds, she was ultimately defeated with the help and resources of Sir John Luxembourg, a noble captain of the Dukes of Burgundy, and many English pirates and Burgundians who had previously been on our side beforehand..In the twenty-fourth day of May, the said girl of Compyne was taken in the field armed like a man, and many other captains with her. They were all brought to Rouen and she was put in prison. There, she was sentenced to be burned. But she claimed to be pregnant, which granted her a reprieve for a while. However, it was later discovered that she was not pregnant, and she was burned in Rouen. The other captains were put to ransom and treated as men accustomed [and so on].\n\nIn the same year, around Candlemas, Richard Hunter, a woolpacker, was condemned as a heretic and burned at the tower hill. Sir Thomas Baggely, priest and Vicar of Mauen in Essex, was also discredited and condemned as a heretic and burned in Smith Field.\n\nMoreover, during this same year, while the king was in France, there were many heretics and lewd persons who had planned to make a rising and cast bills in many places. Praise be to God Almighty, the captain of them was taken, whose name was William..Maundeuill, the reeve of Abendon and bailiff of the same town, who named himself Iak Sharp of Wigmoreland in Wales, was arrested at the aforementioned Abendon during the witson week on the Tuesday. In the same year, the sixth day of December, King Henry VI was crowned king of France at Paris in the church of Our Lady with great solemnity. The Cardinal of England, the Duke of Bedford, and many other lords of France and England were present. After this coronation and great feast at Paris, the king returned from there to Rouen and continued towards Calais. On the ninth day of February, he landed at Dover. The communes of Kent met him between Canterbury and Dover, all in readiness. He came forth until he reached the black heath. There he was met by Mayor Johan Wellis with all the craftsmen of London, dressed in white. They brought him into London on the twenty-first day of the same month. In the same year, a restraint of the Calais wools was made by the soldiers who were there at the time..The captain came to Calais the Tuesday in the Easter week. On the morning after, many soldiers of the town were arrested and put in ward. The captain then rode to Therouanne. By the means of the bishop of Therouanne, he married the earl's daughter of Sete-Poule and returned to Calais. And on the 11th of June, Barnabas' day, four soldiers of Calais were sent, who were the chief causes of the restraint. These were John Maddeley, Iohan Lunday, Thomas Palmer, and Thomas Talbot. A thousand and ten were banished from the town at that time. Before this, a hundred and twenty soldiers had been banished. And on Midsummer evening, the lord regent and his wife came to London.\n\nAbout this time, Pope Martin died. After him, Eugene the Fourth was chosen as Pope. This man was practically chosen in Rome by the Cardinals and was undoubtedly pope. But shortly after, he was put out of Rome in such a manner that he was forced to flee naked. At this time, he was summoned to the Council of Basel to which he was cited to come..This year, about Whitsuntide, the heretics of Prague were destroyed. Two journeys of them, more than twenty-two thousand with their captains, were destroyed. That is, Procopius, Saplico, and Lupus, the presbyters. Also, this same year, a great frost and a strong duration of eleven weeks occurred. It began on St. Catherine's Eve and lasted until St. Scholastica's Day. At this time, the vintage that came from Bordeaux reached the shore.\n\nThis was the council of Arras, and a great betrayal took place between the king of England and the king of France. Many great lords of both parties were assembled at this council. Offers were made to the king of England by a Legate who came from Rome, who was Cardinal of San Crosso. These offers were refused by the Cardinal of England and other lords who were present..The king. Therefore, the Duke of Burgundy, who had long been English sworn, switched sides and made peace with the French king, seeking recompense from the king for the death of his father. The County of Mouchtar and other specified lands were part of the treaty. The embassadors returned home in worse condition than they had departed, as they lost the Duke of Burgundy, who had been instrumental in the conquest of Normandy and Flanders.\n\nThis same year saw a great sea battle between the Jews and the King of Aragon. The Jews emerged victorious and captured the King of Aragon, the King of Navarre, the great master of the Order of Santiago, and three thousand knights and squires, among other people. This took place on St. Dominic's Day.\n\nAnd this same year, three suns were seen at once. Following this, the threefold governance in the Church, that is, Eugenia, was instituted..The Council of Neutrality. In the same year M.cccc.xxxiiij, a great wind passed, causing steps and trees to be overthrown. Around this time was a holy maid in Holland named Lydwith. She lived miraculously, consuming no food. This year, the Duke of Burgundy began his order at Lille of the Golden Fleurs. He ordered certain knights of the order and established statutes and ordinances according to the order of the garden. Also, this same year, the French had begun to plot to steal Calais during the fishing season. Many French boats had hidden near Calais to take part in the attack. The soldiers of the town had a custom to come to the church and leave their staffs standing at the church door. The French, disguised as fishermen, intended to seize their weapons and take the town, but one of them lay with a common woman the night before and told her his council. She, on the following day, informed the lieutenant who immediately commanded that.every man should keep his weapon in his hand, preparing for time and other [events], and when they [encountered] this, they sailed straight to Deep and stole and took that town. And on the New Years, even after they took Harflet, English began to lose a little and a little in Normandy.\n\nThis year there was great unrest throughout England because the Duke of Burgundy intended to besiege Calais. Therefore, the Earl of Mortain, with the army he was to lead into France, was detained and charged to go to Calais instead. Calais was at that time well provisioned and manned. For Sir John Ratcliffe was lieutenant of the king in that town, and the Baron of Dudley was lieutenant of the castle.\n\nThe ninth day of July, the Duke of Burgundy, with all the power of Flanders and much other people, came before Calais and set his siege around the town. And every tower of Flanders had its tents by it [self].\n\nThis siege lasted for three weeks. Meanwhile, the Duke of Gloucester, being protector, [was] present..of England took the most part of the Lords of England and went over sea to Calais to rescue the town or to fight with the duke and his host if they would have stayed. This time London and every good town of England sent over sea certain people well armed with the best and chosen men. \u00b6And the second day of August the aforementioned duke of Gloucester arrived at Calais with all his army and five hundred ships and more. \u00b6And the Duke and all his host, who were in the siege, as soon as they saw the sails in the sea, approached Calais haven suddenly in the morning, leaving behind them much baggage and provisions, and fled to Flanders and Picardy. And in like manner did the siege that lay before Guines. Whereas they of Guines took the great gun of brass called Digion and many other great guns and serpentines \u00b6And then when the duke of Gloucester had arrived with all his host, he went to Flanders and was there for twelve days and did little harm..except he burned two fair villages, Popering and Belle, and other houses which were of no strength. And so he returned home again. And this same year, the king of Scotland besieged Roxburgh with much people. But Sir Rauf Gray defended from the castle and ordered for rescue. But as soon as the king understood his delaying, he suddenly broke his siege and waited his way and left much ordinance behind where he gained no worship.\n\nThis same year, the second day of January, Queen Katherine, who was the king's mother and wife to King Henry VIII, died and was carried truly through London and so to Westminster, and there she lies worshipfully buried in our Lady chapel.\n\nAnd also this same year, the fourth day of January, the gate with the tower on it on London Bridge toward Southwark came down with two arches and all that stood thereon.\n\nThis same year, a great traitor was held between Gravening and Calais between the king and the Duke of Burgundy. Therefore, the king was the Cardinal of England..In the sixteenth year of King Henry, the Duke of Norfolk, along with many other lords, held power as regent and lady of his lands on behalf of the Duchess, who had taken control for a certain period in her name rather than his, as he had gone against the laws and agreements he had made with King Henry and therefore the king would not write or oppose anything she did.\n\nIn the same year, Queen Jane died on the second of July. She had been King Henry's fourth wife and was carried from Bermondsey to Canterbury where she lies buried, married to Henry the Fourth.\n\nIn this same year, all the lions in the Tower of London died. They had not been seen for many years before this.\n\nIn the sixteenth year of King Henry, Sigismund Emperor of the Germans and Knight of the Garter died. The king kept his body at St. Paul's in London, where a grand funeral was held. The king, in his grief, wore blue and was present at the funeral and the interment..Morrow at mass and thereafter, Albert, duke of Ostrich, was elected and chosen. He had married Sigismund's daughter to be empress. This marriage was taken and received by the Romans and Hungarians because of his wife, who was Sigismund's daughter, leaving no other heir. This Albert was emperor for only one year, as he was poisoned and died. Some say he died of the plague. However, he was a virtuous and kind man, so much so that all who knew him said the world was not worthy of his presence.\n\nIn the same year, Owen, a Welsh squire, a man of law, secretly wedded Queen Katherine and had by her four sons and one daughter. She was taken and commanded to Newgate prison by the Lord of Gloucester, protector of the realm.\n\nAnd this year he broke prison with the help of a priest who was his chaplain. Afterward, he was taken again by Lord Bemond and brought back to Newgate. He was later released. And one of his sons afterward was made an earl..In the year of 1455, Richmond and another earl of Penbroke, as well as a monk of Westminster, died. On New Year's Day, at Baynard's Castle, a stake of wood suddenly fell down in the afternoon and killed three men, causing great harm to others. Eighteen men were murdered without a stroke as they exited the commune hall at Bedford on a shrove day. Many were also severely injured.\n\nIn the eighteenth year, Sir Richard Beauchamp, the good earl of Warwick, died at Roun. At that time, he was the king's lieutenant in Normandy. His body was then brought to Warwick, where he lies worshipfully in a new chapel on the south side of the quire.\n\nAlso in this year, there was a great famine in all England; a bushel of wheat was worth forty pounds in many places of England, and yet people could not afford enough. Stephen Browne, at that time mayor of London, set to work and brought certain ships loaded with rice to London. This did much good to the poor people, as corn was so scarce in England..In the year that the Council of Basil I deposed Eugenius, they chose Felix, Duke of Sauoy, as his successor. This marked the beginning of the schism that lasted until the year 1447. Felix was a devout priest and saw his grandsons. After living a holy life, he was chosen as pope by the Council of Basil I. However, Eugenius was not deposed easily, and for the most part, the majority of Christianity continued to recognize him as the true pope. It was unclear to God who was the true pope between the two, as both occupied the position during Eugenius' lifetime.\n\nIn the same year, Sir Richard, who was the keeper of Hermitageworth, was ordained a priest at St. Paul's and climbed Tower Hill as a penance on Botulph's day. He died a good Christian man afterwards. After his death, many people came to the place where he was burned and offered prayers, and they built a heap of stones there..In this year, a cross of tree was set up and held before him until the mayor and sheriffs, by the king's commandment, and the bishops, destroyed it and made a dunghill. Also, the sheriffs of London sent Martin the Grim, the sheriff, with five persons. These persons were later restored to the sheriff's office by the king's justices.\n\nAfter Albert, the third, Frederick was chosen as Emperor. This Frederick, Duke of Austria, was long Emperor and differed in being crowned at Rome because of the schism. However, after unity was achieved, he was crowned with the imperial diadem by Pope Nicholas the Fourth. This was a peaceful man. Quiet and of singular patience, he did not hate the church. He married the king of Portugal's daughter and so on.\n\nIn this year, Eleanor Cobham, Duchess of Gloucester, was arrested for certain points of treason laid against her. Whereupon, she was examined in the chapel of St. Stephen at Westminster before the Archbishop of Canterbury. And there, she was enjoined to do penance and go forth..Through Chepe bearing a taper in her hand and afterwards to perpetual prison on the Isle of Man, under the keeping of Sir Thomas Stanley. At the same time, Master Thomas Southwell, a canon of Westminster, and Master John Hume, a chaplain of the said lady, were arrested. Master Roger Boldingbroke, a clerk using necromancy, and Marjorie Jourdemayne, called the Witch of Eye, besides Westminster, were arrested for being in council with the Duchess of Gloucester. And Master Thomas Southwell died in the tower the night before he should have been tried on the morrow. For he himself said it should be in his bed and not by the justices. In the twentieth year, Master John Hume and Master Roger Boldingbroke were brought to Guildhall in London, and there before the mayors and chief justices of England were tried and condemned to be drowned and hanged and quartered. But Master John Hume had his charter and was pardoned by the king. But Master Roger was drawn to Tyburn, where he confessed that he died guiltless..\"No one had transgressed before he died. Nevertheless, he was hanged, headed, and quartered. May God have mercy on his soul. Margaret Jurmain was burned in Smithfield. Additionally, there was a great disturbance in London in Fletcher's Street at night between men of the court and men of London. Many men were slain and some were hurt. On her bottle was the chief instigator of the misgovernance and affray. Additionally, this year, at the election of the mayor of London, the commons named Robert Clopton and Raulin Holland, tailor. The aldermen took Robert Clopton and brought him to the right hand of the mayor as the custom is. And certain tailors and other craftsmen cried, \"Not this man, but Raulin Holland.\" Therefore, the mayor, who was impatient, sent those who cried thus to Newgate. Where they remained in prison until and including this year. In this same year, various ambassadors were sent to Guyana for a marriage for the king for the earl of Armagnac's daughter. This was concluded. However, by the means of the earl of Suffolk, it was allowed.\".After this, the earl of Suffolk sailed to France. There, he arranged the marriage between the king of England and the king's daughter of Cecile and of Jerusalem. The following year, the marriage was fully concluded, by which marriage the king was to deliver to her father the duchy of Anjou and the earldom of Maine, which was the key to Normandy. Then, the earl of Suffolk departed with his wife and various lords and knights in the most real state that could be mustered from England. They set sail with new charters and palfreys, passing through Cheape. And so they crossed the sea. They rescued her and then brought her back to him in the Lent, before Lent, at Hampton, where she landed safely.\n\nOn Candlemas, even before a great tempest of thunder and lightning, St. Paul's steeple was set on fire in the middle of the shaft in the timber, which was quenched by the labor of the mass priest of the boat in Cheape. It was thought impossible..In this year, the Earl of Stafford was made and created Duke of Buckingham; the Earl of Worcester, Duke of Warwick; the Earl of Dorset, Marquis of Dorset; and the Earl of Suffolk was made Marquis of Suffolk.\n\nThis year, King Henry married Queen Margaret at Southwark. She came to London on the 18th day of May, and all the lords of England received her worshipfully at various places. In particular, the Duke of Gloucester received her at Blackheath, with the mayor, aldermen, and all the craftsmen in blue gowns, bordered with the device of his craft, so that they might be recognized and brought her to London. Wherever she went, various pagents and representations of different histories were shown in various places of the city, genuinely and costly.\n\nAnd on the 30th day of May, the said queen was crowned at Westminster. There were three days of festivities before the abbey.\n\nThis year, the prior of Kilmainham accused the Earl of Ormond of treason, who was....A day was assigned to them for fighting in Smithfield. And the lists were made and the soldiers drilled. But when it came to the point, the king commanded that they should not fight. Instead, he took the quarrel into his hand. This was done at the instance and labor of certain preachers and doctors of London, including Master Gilbert Worthyngton, Parson of St. Andrew Holborn, and others.\n\nAlso, around the same time, a great embassy came into England from France. Their goal was to conclude a perpetual peace. However, in the end, it turned into a year of truces.\n\nAbout this time, Dread Bernardin, a gray friar, began the new reform of that order in many places. Those who were reformed were called observants. The observants increased greatly in Italy and Germany.\n\nThis Bernardin was canonized by Pope Nicholas V in the year of our Lord 1451.\n\nJohn Capistrano was his disciple, who profited much from the reform of that order. God showed many fair miracles for him. Also here is to be mentioned....From this time forward, King Henry never profited or advanced. But fortune began to turn against him on all sides, in France, Normandy, Guyana, and England. Some men held the opinion that King Henry gave commission plentifully to Sir Edward Hull, Sir Robert Roos, Denys Sans-Souci, and others to conclude a marriage for him with the sister of the Earl of Armagnac. This was promised and did conclude. But afterward it was broken, and he wedded Queen Margaret, as previously stated. Which was a dear marriage for the realm of England. For it was known verily that for having her would have been delivered the duchy of Anjou and the earldom of Maine, which was the key to Normandy for the French to enter. And about this, the said Marquess of Suffolk asked in plain terms fifteen thousand and a half to fetch her out of France. Lo, what a marriage this was. As to the comparison of that other marriage of Armagnac. For there should have been delivered so many castles and towns in Guyana and so much good..In the 25th year of King Henry, a great assembly was held at Burh, where all of England should have been present to be enriched. But contrarywise, every great prince ought to keep his promise. For the reason of the breaking of this promise and for Queen Margaret's marriage, what loss has the realm of England suffered by the loss of Normandy and Guyana through division in the realm. The rebellion of communes against their prince and lords. What division among the lords. What murder and slaying of them: what fields fought and made: in conclusion, so many that many a man has lost his life. And in conclusion, the king was deposed, and the queen with her son fled first to Scotland, then to France, and from there to Lorraine, the place where she first came from. Many men believe that the breaking of the king's promise to the sister of the Earl of Armagnac was the cause of this great loss and adversity.\n\nIn the 25th year of King Henry, an assembly was held at Burh for all the communes of the country to be present in their best defensive array to await the king..\"Lament comes the Duke of Gloucester, uncle to the king who had protected England throughout his non-age. And immediately after he was in his lodgings, he was arrested by the Viscount Beaumont, the constable of England, who accompanied the Duke of Buckingham and many other lords. And forthwith all his servants were commanded to depart from him. Forty-eight of the chief among them were arrested and sent to various prisons. And after this arrest, the said duke was dead on the morrow. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen. But how he feared and in what manner is not known: some said he died of sorrow; some said he was murdered between two feather beds. Others said that a hot spite was put into his foundation, but how he died God knows to whom nothing is hidden. \u00b6And when he was dead, he was laid open so that all men might see him. Both lords and knights of the shires with burgesses came and saw him lying dead. But they could not perceive how he\".A duke died. Here men may mark what this world is. This duke was a noble man and a great clarke. He had worshipfully ruled this realm to the king's behoove. And never could fault be found with him. But envy of those who were governors and had promised the duchy of Angouleme and the earldom of Maine caused the destruction of this noble man. For they feared he would have prevented that delivery. And after they sent his body to be taken to Albion with certain lights for burial.\n\nSir Geruays of Clifton had then the charge to convey the corpse. And so it was buried at St. Albans in the Abbey. And five parsons of his household were sent to London. And there were reigned and judged to be drawn, hanged, and also quarted. Of whom the names were Sir Roger Chambray, a knight, and Sir Medelton, a squire, Herbert a squire, Arthur a squire, and Richard Nedham. These five persons were drawn from the tower of London through Chepe to Tyburn and there hanged and their bodies quartered. And then they were to have been headed and quartered..The Marquess of Suffolk showed them the king's pardon under his great seal. And so they were pardoned of the remainder of the execution, and had their lives restored. They were then brought back to London. After this, trouble began in the realm of England for the death of this noble Duke of Gloucester. All the commons of the realm began to murmur and were not content.\n\nAfter Pope Eugene was dead, Nicholas V was elected pope. This Nicholas was chosen as Eugene's successor, yet he still had the schism. Nevertheless, he gained the obedience of all Christian realms. For after he said, \"Almighty God shows miracles for me.\"\n\nThis was the twenty-first schism between Eugene and Felix. It lasted sixteen years. The cause was this: The general council of Basel deposed Eugene, who was the only pope and undisputed, as it was previously stated. He did not yield obedience to that general council in any way..This Nicholas, from Jenna, a doctor of divinity and an active man, had disputes among writers regarding the council. One party claimed the council was above the pope, while the other party insisted the pope was above the council. God bless all things, he granted peace in the holy church, the spouse of Christ.\n\nNicholas was a man of humble birth. He restored broken and ruined places and built a great wall around the palace and made the wall new around Rome due to fear of the Turks.\n\nThe people marveled at the election and resignation of Felix, considering him a man of such humble birth. On the other hand, another was of affinity to the most pertinent Christian princes, as previously stated.\n\nIn the year of King Henry XXVII, between France and England, a knight of the English party named Sir Francis Aragon took a tower of Normandy named Foug\u00e8res against the true heirs of which taking began..This was the occasion by which the French gained all of Normandie and more. Around this time, the city of Constantinople, which was an imperial city in the great realms of the Church of Hagia Sophia, was robbed and despoiled. The relics and images were taken, and the Rod drawn about the straits, which was done in spite of Christian faith. Shortly after, all of Christianity perished and ceased to exist in Greece. There were many Christian men slain, and immeasurable numbers sold and put into captivity. The taking of this town greatly increased the Turk's pride. It is a great loss to all Christendom.\n\nIn the twenty-eighth year, there was a great holding at Westminster. From then, it adjourned to the Black Friars at London. And after Christmas, it returned to Westminster again. In the same year, Robert of Canterbury, a knight from the western countryside, with a few ships intercepted a great fleet of ships coming out of the Bay of La Rochelle. These ships were from Bruges, Flanders, Holland, and Zeeland, and they brought them to Hampton. The merchants of England, being Florentine merchants, were therefore enraged..arested i\u0304 brug\u2223es I pre & od{er} places might not be deliu{er}ed ne ther dettis discharged till they had made a poi\u0304teme\u0304t for to pay for the hurtis of thos shippis wich wos payed by the marchantis of the stapull euery\npenny. And in like wise the marchantes and goodis beyng in da\u00a6nske wer also arestid and made gret amendis. \u00b6This same yere the frenshmen in a mornyng toke by a trayn the toune of po\u00a6unt al arche and therin the lord Fauconbrige wos take prison{er} And aft{er} that in decembre Roan wos take and lost beyng ther in the duke of Somersete Edmond: the erle of Shrewsberi. wich by a pointement left plegges and lost all Normandie and come ho\u00a6me i\u0304 to englond. And during the said parlament the duke of sof\u2223folke wos arested and sent i\u0304 to the toure & ther he was a moneth and aft{er} the kyng did do fetche him out. for wich cause all the co\u0304\u00a6munes of Englond wer in a gret rumer. what for the deliuerau\u0304\u00a6ce of Angeo and mayn and after losing of all Normandie & i\u0304 especiall for the deth of the good duke of.Gloucester was so much hated that in some places men gathered and made them captains, such as Beverley and others. These were taken and resisted, and had trials and died. And then the said lament was adjourned to Leicester. And there the king brought with him the Duke of Suffolk. And when the commons understood that he was out of the tour and coming there, they desired to have execution on those who were responsible for the delivery of Normandy and had caused the death of the Duke of Gloucester. They had sold Gascony and Guyenne. Of these, they named Nicholas of Towton as one who was involved in the seizure of a ship called the Nicholas of Towton, which they encountered with his ship. They took him out and brought him aboard their ship to the master and captains, and there he was examined and eventually condemned to death. And so they put him in a sack and his chaplain for confession. And that done, they brought him to Dover Roads. And there they set him in a boat and struck off his head and brought the body on land upon the sands..And he set the head there. And this was done on the first day of May. Lo, what awaited him now, all his delivery of Normandy and so forth. And here you may hear how he was rewarded for the death of the duke of Gloucester. Thus began sorrow and death for death. This year of our Lord M.cccc.l was the great grace of the Jubilee at Rome. Where was great pardon in so much that from all places in Christendom great multitudes of people resorted thither. And this year was a great assembly and gathering of the commons of Kent in great number and made an insurrection and rebelled against the king and his laws. And they ordained a captain called John Cade, an Irishman. This captain held them together and made ordinances among them and brought them to the black heath. Where he made a bill of petitions to the king and his council and showed what injuries and oppressions the power commissioners suffered. And all under color for to come to his aid. He had a great army..And the seventeenth day of June, the king and my lord captains and I were on our way towards him to the black heath. When the Captain of Kent understood the king's coming with such great power, he withdrew with his people to a little village called Sevensoke. And on the twenty-eighth day of June, being withdrawn and gone, the king came with his army in order and encamped at the black heath. By advice of his council, Sir Umfreville Stafford, knight, and William Stafford, squire, two valuable captains with certain men, were sent to fight against the captain and take him and bring him and his accessories to the king, which was at Sevensoke, and there the captain with his fellowship met them and fought against them. In conclusion, he slew them both and as many as remained and would not yield, and were slain. During this skirmish, a great variance arose among the lord's men and common people on the black heath against their lords and captains, saying plainly that they would go to the aid of the Captain of Kent to assist and help him, but if they were not allowed to do so, they would join him..might have executed the traitors around the king. The king said no. They declared openly that the Lord Saye, Treasurer of England, the Bishop of Sarum, the Baron of Dudley, the Abbot of Gloucester, Tresilian, and many more were traitors and worthy of death to please the lord's men. The Lord Saye was arrested and sent to the Tower of London. After hearing news of the death and overthrow of the Staffords, the king withdrew to London and then to Kilmingworth. The king and lords did not dare trust their household men. After this victory over the Staffords, the captain took Sir Umfreville and his brigantines filled with gold. He also took Sir Umfreville's gilt spurs and arrayed himself as a lord and a captain, and he and all his men returned to Blackheath. The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Buckingham came to Blackheath and spoke with him..as it was said, they found him witty in his talking and made a request. So they departed. And the third day of July, he came and entered into London with all his people. There he made cries in the king's name and in his name, that no man should rob or take any manner of goods but if he paid for it. He rode through the city in great pride and struck his sword upon London Stone in Cannon Street.\n\nAnd he being in the city was sent to the Tower to have the lord mayor say. And so they set him and brought him before the Mayor and Aldermen. There he was examined, and he said he should and ought to be judged by his peers. But the commons of Kent took him by force from the mayor and officers and took him to a priest to shrive him. And before he could be fully shriven, they brought him to the standard in Chepe. And there they struck off his head. Amen.\n\nAnd thus died Lord Saye, Treasurer of England. After this, they set his head on a spike and bore it about in the city..The right, and the same day about a mile end, Crowmer was beheaded. And the day before in the afternoon, the captain, with certain of his men, went to Philip Malpas' house and robbed him, taking away much good. From thence he went to send Margaret Patoryns to Gerstis' house and robbed him, taking away much good as well. At this robbery, various men of London, neighbors of the victims, were present and took part with them. For this robbery, the people's hearts turned against him. Every thrifty woman was afraid to be served in the same way. For there were many a man in London who desired a common robbery. Which almighty God forbade, for it is to be supposed that had he not robbed, he might have gone farther or been overcome. For the king and all the lords of the realm of England were departed except Lord Scales, who kept the watch of London. And the fifth day of July, he did smite a man's head in Southwark. And the night after, they intended to assault the captain with the men of Kent..And they came to London Bridge to the southward or the captain had any knowledge of it. There they encountered those who kept the bridge, and the Kentishmen went to seize it and shot and fought with them, taking the bridge. They made the Londoners flee and killed many of them. This continued all night from the third to the ninth hour of the clock. At last they burned the drawbridge where many of the Londoners were drowned. In this night, Sutton, an alderman, was slain, along with Roger Heysant, Matthew Gohe, and many others. After this, the Chancellor of England sent a pardon to the captain and his men. Then they departed from Southwark, each man to his own home. And when they were all departed, proclamations were made in Kent, Surrey, and other places. Whoever could capture the captain quickly or kill him was to receive a reward of a mark. After this, on Alexander Iden, a squire of Kent, took him in a garden in Southwark during the capture..In the 30th year of the king, John Cade was captured and afterward had his head set on London bridge. And immediately after that, the king came to Kent. He held his justice sessions at Canterbury and inquired about the causes and chief cause of this rebellion. Seven men were judged to death on that day, and in other places more. And from there, the king went into Sussex and the west country. A little before that, the bishop of Salisbury was slain. In this same year, 21 heads stood on London bridge at once.\n\nIn the 33rd year of the king, the Duke of York came out of the march of Wales with the Earl of Devonshire and Lord Cobham, and a great power for the reform of certain injuries and wrongs. He also took a field at Bramber beside Dartford in Kent, which was a strong field. For this cause, the king with all the lords of the land went to the Blackheath with a great and strong multitude of people, who were in the best of readiness..The wise duke had mustered his men on the heath. Certain lords were sent to him to treat and make an appointment with him. These included the bishops of Ely and Winchester, and the earls of Salisbury and Worcester. They concluded that the duke of Somerset should be taken into custody and answer to the articles put upon him by the duke of York. Then the duke of York broke camp and came to the king. However, when he was approaching the promised place, the duke of Somerset was present in the field waiting and had him ride before as a prisoner through London. After they intended to put him in custody, but were disturbed by the news that the earl of March's son was coming with 10,000 men towards London. Therefore, the king and his council fled..concludid that thee duke of yorke shold de{per}te at his own will. \u00b6About this tym began gret diuision in Spruce bitwen the gret mastir and the kn\u00a6yghtis of the duche ordre wich wer lordis of that cuntre. For the comunes and tou\u0304es rebellid ayenst the lordis and made so grete were that at the last they called the kyng of Pole to be ther lord the wich kyng come and wos worshipfully resaued and laid sege to the castell of Marienburgh wich was the chief castell of stren\u00a6gth of all the land. & wan it and drofe out the mastir of dansk &\u0304 all othir places of that land And so they that had ben lordis mo\u00a6ny yeres lost all thirseygnorie and possessions in tho landis. \u00b6And the yere of the Incarnacion of our lord M.cccc:liij. on sent Edwardis day the quene Margaret wos deliu{er}ed of a fa\u2223ir prince wich wos named Edward That same day Iohn\u0304 Nor\u00a6man wos chosin for to be maire of londo\u0304. And the day that hee shuld take his oth at westmynsire he went thed{er} by wat{er} with all the craftis: wher afore tyme the maire.aldermen and the craftsmen rode on horseback, which was never used after that time. Instead, they had always gone by water in barges. Contrary to the king's promise and the conclusions reached between the king and the Duke of York at Sandwich, the Duke of Somerset did not go to war. Instead, he remained near the king and held great power. Shortly after he was made captain of Calais, he ruled the king and his realm as he saw fit. Therefore, the great lords of the realm, as well as the commons, were displeased. For this reason, the Duke of York, the Earl of Warwick, and the Earl of Salisbury, with many knights, squires, and a large population came to remove the Duke of Somerset and others from the king. The king, hearing of their approach, considered, according to his council, going westward instead of meeting them. He would have had with him the Duke of Somerset, the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl of Stafford, the Earl of Northumberland, the Lord Clifford, and many others. And what time that the Duke of.york and his fellowship understood that the king was detached from the lords in London. Immediately, he changed course and reached St. Albans on the twenty-third day of May, where he met with the king. The king sent certain lords to keep the peace and departed. However, while they were discussing this on one side, the Earl of Warwick entered the town on the other side with his march men and others, and fought against the king and his party. Thus, the battle began and lasted a great while. In conclusion, Duke York obtained and had the victory of that day. In this battle, the Duke of Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, Lord Clifford, and many knights and squires, and more, were slain. On the morning after, they brought the king in great distress to London, which was recorded in the bishops' palace. Immediately after, there was great lamentation. In this lamentation, Duke York was made Protector of England, and the Earl of Worcester was made Captain..Calais and the Earl of Salisbury, Chancellor of England, and all such persons who had ruled before the king were set aside and could no longer rule as they had before. In this same year, Pope Nicholas V died, and after him came Calixtus III. This Calixt was a Catalan, and I will speak of him later.\n\nIn this same year, a great disturbance occurred in London against the Lombards. The cause began because a young man took a dagger from a Lombard and broke it. Therefore, the young man was summoned before the mayor and aldermen in the morning and was committed to prison for the offense.\n\nAnd then the mayor departed from the Guildhall to go home for his dinner. But in Cheap, the young men of the Mercery, for the most part priests, held the mayor and sheriffs and would not allow them to depart until the time that their fellow who was committed to prison was delivered. And so, by force, they rescued their fellow from prison. And after this was done, the mayor and sheriffs departed..The prisoner was delivered, and if he had been put in prison, he would have perished from it. And then began a riot in the city against the Lombards, and the very craftsmen of the town rose up and went to the Lombards' houses, despoiling and robbing many of them. Therefore, the mayor and aldermen came with the honest men of the city and drove them out, and sent some of those who had stolen to Newgate. The young man who was rescued by his fellows saw this great riot and robbery for the first time and was terrified. He went to Westminster to report it, or else it would have cost him his life. For another time, a group determined to do justice on all those who had rebelled against the Lombards in the city. Sitting with the mayor at that time were William Marow, the Duke of Buckingham, and many other lords, to see the execution carried out. But the common people of the city secretly prepared themselves and armed themselves in their houses, intending to attack the commune..bell: wich is called bow bell. but they wer let by sad men. wich come to the knowleche of the duke of Bokyngham and othir lordis. and incontinente they arose for they durst nolanger abide. For they doutid yt the hole cite sh\u0304uld haue arisen ayenst them. \u00b6But yit neuerthe\u2223lesse two or iij. of the cite wer Iugged to deth for this robborie. &\u0304\nwer honged at Tiborne \u00b6Anone after the kyng &\u0304 the quene and othir lordis rode vn to Couentre and withdrew them fro\u0304 lon\u00a6don for thies cause. &\u0304 a litell before ye duke of yorke wos se\u0304t fore to Grenwich & ther wos discharged of the {pro}tectourship. And my lord of Salisberi of his Chancelarship. &\u0304 after this thei wer se\u2223nt fore by priue seale for to cum vn to couentre. wher they wer al\u00a6most deceyued & the erle of werwike also. and shuld haue bene de\u00a6struyed if they had not seyn well to.\nTHis yere wer takyn iiij. gret fisshes bitwen Eereth and london. that on wos called mors marine. the secund was a swerd fisshe. and the othir twayn wer whales. \u00b6In this sa\u00a6me yere for.certain affrays were done in the north country between Lord Egremond and the Earl of Salisbury's sons. The said Lord Egremond, who had been taken, was condemned to a great sum of money to the Earl of Salisbury. And therefore committed to prison in Newgate in London. When he had been there for a certain time, he broke prison and escaped with three prisoners.\n\nAlso, this year the Earl of Worcester and his wife went to Calais and took possession of his office.\n\nAbout this time, there was a great reformation of many monasteries of religion in various parts of the world: which were reformed according to the first institution and continued in many places.\n\nThis same year, there was a great battle in the marches between the lands of Hungary and Turkey at a place called Septeredra. Where innumerable Turks were slain more by miracle than by man's hand. For only the hand of God struck them. John of Capistrano was present and provoked the Christian people, who were then afraid, to fight..porsue the Turkis. wher an infi\u2223nite\nmultitude wer slayn and destroyed. And the Turkis said yt a gret nombre of armed men folowed them. that they wer aferd to turne ayen. and they wer holi angellis. \u00b6This same yere the prisoners of newgate in london brake ther prison & went vp on the leedis & fought ayens them of the cite &\u0304 kepid the gate a lo\u00a6ng while. but at the last the toune gat the prison on them. & than they wer put in fetrris &\u0304 Irons & wer sore punysshed mensam\u2223of othir \u00b6In this yere also ther wos a gret erthquake in Na\u00a6ples in so moch that ther perisshed xl\u00b7 thousand pepull that sanke ther in to the erth: \u00b6Item in the yere xxxvi. sent Osmond sum tyme bisshop of Salisberi wos canonised at Reme by pope Ca\u2223liste: And the xvi. day of Iuyll he was translated at Salisbe\u00a6ry by the bisshop of Cantorburie and mony othir bisshoppis. \u00b6And in August after sir Pers de Bresay seneschall of Normandi with the Capitayn of Depe and mony othir Capita\u00a6yns and men of were went to the see with a gret nauy. and come in to.The earls arrived by night at Sandwich. In the morning, before daybreak, they landed and approached the town both by land and water. They took the town and plundered and despoiled it. They took many prisoners and left the town bare. Which was a rich place and contained much good. They took with them many rich prisoners.\n\nIn this same year, in many places in France, Almain, Fauldris, Holand, and Zeland were gathered by great companies to go on pilgrimage to St. Michael's mount in Normandy. The people marveled at this and many believed that some wicked spirit had instigated them to do so. But it did not last long because of the long journey and also due to a lack of provisions as they went.\n\nIn this year, Rainold, Bishop of Chester, was found to be an heretic. The third day of December was renounced at Lambeth in the presence of the Archbishop of Canterbury and many other bishops, doctors, and lords. His books were burned at Poulse Cross. You have heard before how\n\ncertain lords were slain at St. Michael's mount..The earls of Warwick and Salisbury were always a grudge and wrathful towards the duke of York. Therefore, the king, through his council, summoned them to London. The duke of York arrived on the 26th day of January with 400 men and lodged at Baynard's Castle in his own place. On the 15th day of January, the earl of Salisbury arrived with 500 men and lodged in the north of the city. The lord Egremond and the lord Clifford arrived with 150 men and lodged outside the city. At that time, Geoffrey Boleyn kept a great watch with the citizens of the city, riding about the city by Holborn and Fletcher Street with a thousand men, well arrayed and armed, to keep the peace. On the 14th day of February, the earl of Warwick came to London from Calais, well seen and worshipfully, with 600 men in royal liveries, bearing a ragged staff behind and before him. He lodged at Grahame's. On the 17th day of March, the king came to..In London and the queen. And there was a concord and a peace made among the lords. And they were set in peace.\n\nOn our Lady Day, the 15th of March in the year of our Lord 1454 and 57, the king and the queen and all the lords went procession at St. Paul's in London. And immediately after the king and the lords departed.\n\nIn this year, there was a great affray in Flete Street between men of the court and men of the same street. In which affray the queen's attorney was slain.\n\nAlso, in this same year, as the Earl of Warwick was at council at Westminster, the king's household men gathered them together to have slain the said Earl. But by the help of God and his friends, he recovered his barge and escaped their evil enterprise.\n\nThe Cooks came running out with spits and pestles against him. And the same day, he rode toward Warwick and soon after he got a commission and went over the sea to Calais.\n\nSoon after this, the Earl of Salisbury coming to London was encountered at Bloreheath with Lord Audley and many others..other people ordered to destroy him. But he, knowing this, was accompanied by his two sons, Sir Thomas and Sir John Neuill, and a great fellowship of good men. And so they fought against them. There, the Earl of Salisbury, when the field was in disorder: and the Lord Audley was slain, and many gentlemen of Cheshire and much people were hurt. And his two sons were hurt and, going homeward afterward, they were taken and held by the queen's men.\n\nAfter Calixtus III was chosen as pope in this year 1455. He was called before as an eloquent man and a poet laureate: He was the emperor's ambassador before that time And he wrote in the council of Basilica a noble treaty for the authority of the same.\n\nAlso, he canonized Catherine of Siena. This pope granted great indulgences and pardons to those who would go and wage war against the Turk. & wrote an epistle to the great Turk, exhorting him to become Christian. & in the end, he ordered a passage against the Turk at Ancona. to which.moch pepull drew out of all {per}ties of cristyndo\u0304. of wich pepull he sent mony home ayen because thei suffised not. & anone aft{er} he died at the said place of Ankone the yere of our lord a .M.cccc.lxiiij. the xiiij. day of august:\nTHe duke of yorke the erles of warwike and of Salisbiri saw the gou{er}naunce of the reame stode most by the quene &\nhir councell. & how the gret princes of ye land wer not callid to councell but set a {per}te. & not onli so bot it wos said thurgh the rea\u00a6me that tho said lordis shuld be destroyed vtterli as it openli was shewed at Bloreheth by them that wold haue slayn the erle of sa\u00a6lisberi. \u00b6Than thei for sauacion of ther lyues. and also for ye comyn well of the reame thoght for to remedie thes thyng{is} as\u2223sembled them to gedre with moch pepull and toke a feld in thee west cuntre. to wich the erle of warwike come from calais wt mo\u00a6ny of thold soudgers. as Andrew trowlop & othir. in whos wi\u2223sedom as for the were he moch trusted. \u00b6And whan they were\u0304 thus assembled and made.The king sent out his commissions and private seals to all the lords of his realm to come and wait on him in their most best defensible array. And so every man came in such wise that the king was stronger and had more people than the duke of York and the earls of Warwick and Salisbury. It is here to be noted that every lord in England at this time dared not disobey the queen: for she ruled peaceably all that was done about the king, who was a good, simple, and innocent man.\n\nAnd then when the king was come to the place where they were, the duke of York and his fellowship had made their field in the strongest way and had purposed verily to have stayed and have fought. But in the night Andrew Trollop and all the old soldiers of Calais with a great fellowship suddenly departed from the duke's host and went straight to the king's field where they were received joyously, for they knew the intent of the other lords and also the manner of their fields.\n\nThen the duke of York with the other lords came to the king..The duke of York took a council shortly in that same night and departed from the field, leaving behind them the main part of their people to keep the field until the morning. Then the duke of York, with his second son, departed through Wales toward Ireland, leaving his eldest son, the Earl of March, with the earls of Warwick and Salisbury. These rode to gather up to three or four thousand persons and strengthened themselves in Deanshire. With the help and aid of one Denham, a squire, they obtained a ship which cost 200 nobles, and with the same ship they sailed from there to Garnsey. They were refreshed there and from there sailed to Calais, where they were rescued into the castle by the garrison or the townsfolk knew of it. The duke of York took shipping in Wales and sailed over to Ireland, where he was well received.\n\nKing Henry, being with his host in the field and not knowing of this sudden departure in the morning, sent out all the haste men to follow and pursue..after taking them, but they did not find them as God willed. Then the king went to Ludlow and dispersed the castle and the town. He sent the duchess of York with her child to my lady of Bokingham, her sister, where she was kept for a long time after. And immediately the king appointed the duke of Somerset as captain of Calais. These other lords, as before mentioned, were proclaimed rebels and great traitors. Then the duke of Somerset had to go to Calais and take possession of his office. When he arrived, he found the earl of Warwick there as captain. The earls of March and Salisbury were also there. He landed by scales and went to Guisnes. There he was rescued, and it was forced that some of those ships that came over with him entered Calais harbor of their own free will. In these ships were taken diverse men, among them Ienyn, Finkhill John, Kailes, and the purser, who were beheaded soon after in Calais..after this, men came daily over the sea to these lords to Calais. And they grew stronger and stronger. They borrowed much from the staple. And on the other side, the Duke of Somerset being in Guisnes got people to him. Which came out and skirmished with those of Calais, and they with them, which endured many days. During this same skirmishing, much people daily came over to these lords. Then, at the advice of counsel, the lords at Calais sent over Master Denham with a great fleet to Sandwich. Which took the town and there they found the Lord Rivers and his son, the Lord Scales, and took many ships in the harbor. And brought them all to Calais. With these ships, many mariners of their free will came to Calais to serve the Earl of Warwick. And after this, the Earl of Warwick, by the lords' orders, took all his ships and manned them well and sailed himself into Ireland to speak with the Duke of York and to take his advice how they should enter into England again. And when.he had been there and done his errands, he returned again toward Calais and brought with him his mother, the countess of Salisbury. And coming in the western countryside on the sea, the duke of Exeter, Amiral of England, being in the grace of the Duke, was accompanied by many ships. They met with the earl of Warwick and his fleet. But they did not fight. For the people of the duke of Exeter were of better will and more favor to the earl of Warwick than to him. And they departed and came to Calais in safe, blessed be God.\n\nThen the king's council, seeing that these lords, the earls of March, Warwick, and Salisbury, had come over with a great multitude and their lands, to whom all the country drew and came to London armed. And to let the lords of the king's council know their truth and also their intent: they assembled them and told them that they intended no harm to the king's person, save that they would remove from him such persons who were about him. And so they departed from there..London, with great power towards Northampton. There the king was accompanied by many lords and had encamped outside the town. And there the two parties met and were engaged in a great battle: In which battle were slain the Duke of Buckingham and the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Viscount Beaumont. Lord Egremont and many knights and squires, and others. And the king himself was taken in the field and later brought to London.\n\nImmediately after this, a parliament was held at Westminster. During this parliament, the Duke of York came out of Ireland with the Earl of Rutland, riding with great pomp to the palaces at Westminster. He took the king's palace and entered the parliament chamber, claiming the crown as his proper inheritance and right. He also had his title written and proclaimed. Therefore, much needed to be done. But in conclusion, it was appointed and decided that King Henry should reign and be king during his natural life. For as much.as he had been king for a long time and was possessed of the crown, and after his death, the duke of York should be king, and his heirs king after him. The duke should be proclaimed heir apparent and should also be protector and regent of England during the king's life. Many other things were ordained in the same parliament, and if King Henry, during his life, departed from this opinion or concluded any article in the said parliament, he should be deposed, and the duke should take the crown and be king. This was all enacted by the authority of the said parliament, at which parliament the commons of the realm, being assembled in the Commons House, suddenly fell down the crown: which hung then in the midst of the said house, which is the fetter of Westminster Abbey. The crown which stood on the highest tower of the steeple in the castle of Douer fell down..This year, the queen was in the north country where her son, the prince, was absent and refused to comply with matters decided in parliament. It was decreed that Duke of York should go north to bring in the queen and subdue those who refused compliance, with the Earl of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Neville, and many others. At Wakefield during Christmas week, they were all defeated and killed by the lords on the queen's side. The Duke of York was killed. Duke of York, may God have mercy on your soul and all Christian souls. And at this time, Earl of March, hearing of his death, was in Shrewsbury.\n\nThis is how the noble prince was slain, the Duke of York..The father desired assistance and aid from the Tower to avenge his father's death. After that, he went to Wales. There, at Candlmas, he had a battle against the earls of Penbrooke and of Wilshire. The earl of March had the victory. Then, the queen with the lords of the north, after they had gathered strength and power from the people, came to the king to defeat conclusions taken before by the parliament. Against their coming, Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Warwick with much people and ordinance went to send Albans and summon King Henry with them. They encountered each other and fought in such a way that Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Warwick, with many others of their party, fled and lost the day. Where King Henry was taken, along with the queen and Prince Edward, his son, who had gained the field. Then, the queen and her party, being above, sent immediately to London on Askiswediniday, the first day of Lent. For which the mayor ordered..by the Aldermen that certain carts laden with victuals should be sent to St. Albans, unless. And when those carts come to Cripplegate, the commons of the city, who kept that gate and would not suffer it to pass, then were the goods plundered if they had come. During these troubling times, the Earl of Warwick met with the Earl of March on Cotteswold, coming out of Wales with a great number of Welshmen. Both were coming towards London.\n\nAs soon as this news was known, the king, queen, prince, and all the other lords who were with them departed from St. Albans northward, along with Lord Bonville and Sir Thomas Kiriel.\n\nThe Duke of York, being at London, hearing of the loss at Swillington Hatton and many others, took a ship of Andewear for the purpose of going to Zeeland. On the other coast, were.taken from Colompne, a French ship, were taken prisoners. He took them and brought them to France, where they paid greatly for their ransom. There was much wealth and riches in that ship. Then, when the Earl of March and the Earl of Warwick had met to address matters in Cotswold, in the continent they agreed to go to London and sent word immediately to the mayor and the city that they should come. And the city was glad of their coming, hoping for relief. And so they came to London. And what they came with had spoken with the lords and estates, concluding that as much as King Henry had gone north with them, he had forfeited his crown and was to be deposed according to the acts made and passed in the last parliament. And so, by the lords spiritual and temporal then being in London, the Earl of March, Edward, by the grace of God, eldest son of Richard, Duke of York, as the rightful heir and next inheritor to his father, was declared king on the fourth day of March, in the year of our [year]..Lord M.ccccxxix took possession of the realm of England at Westminster, in the great hall, and after, in the church of the abbey, offered himself as king with the royal scepter: to whom all the lords, both spiritual and temporal, did homage and obeisance as to their sovereign liege lord and king. And forthwith it was proclaimed throughout the city: King Edward the Fourth, by name. And immediately after the king's road, he summoned all his lords to subdue his subjects who were in the north and to avenge his father's death.\n\nAnd on Palm Sunday after he had a great battle in the northern countryside at a place called Towton, not far from York. Where, with God's help, he gained the field and had the victory. In which battle were slain of his adversaries thirty thousand men and more, as it was said by those who were there.\n\nIn which battle were slain the Earl of Northumberland, Lord Clifford, Sir John Neville, Earl of Westmoreland's brother, Andrew Trollope, Duke of Somerset, Lord Roos, and others towards Scotland.\n\nAnd the next day, King Edward.With all his army entered York. And he was proclaimed king and obeyed as he ought to be. The elder men and commons swore to be his liege men. After he had stayed a while in the north, and all the northern countryside had turned to him, he returned southward. Leaving behind him the Earl of Warwick to keep and govern that country. About midsummer, after the third year and the first month of his reign, he was crowned at Westminster and anointed king of England, having possession of the entire realm.\n\nCalixus the third was Pope after Nicholas the Fourth, for five months. This Calixus was an old man when he was chosen pope, and was continually sick. He could not fulfill his desire, which he intended to do against the heretical Turks, for death came upon him. He was chosen in the year of our Lord 1455, and he died on the sixth day of that month and made the canonization of St. Vincent, a friar preacher. And there was a great reformation of many things..Monasteries were diverse parties of the world, and these reformations were made many times. But almost none of them lasted, as they returned again after the death of the revered fathers. By the passage of time, a reformation was made during the papacy of Calixtus. It was ordered on the seventh of September, 1453, for there was a marvelous victory given to the Christian men in Hungary against the great Turk in Hungary on that day. For there was a marvelous victory bestowed upon the Christians in Hungary against the great Turk. Calixtus lost many men and fled shamefully due to fear of enemies, and no one followed them. But alone the hand of God delivered the Turk and his host on the day of Calixtus. And on that day, John of Capestrano was present. He urged the people who were afraid to follow the misbelieving Turks. And there was great vengeance upon them. The Turks said that there was such a great number of knights following them that they dared not look back. Therefore, they fled and left all their treasure behind. And they were holy..Angels caused them to flee.\nNote. Printers of books were greatly multiplied in Maguncio and throughout the world at this time. And they began first and held the craft. At this time, many men began to be more skillful in crafts and suffering than ever before.\nPius the second was pope after Calixtus VI, in the year of our Lord M.IV.hundred and LVI. He was called Eneas, an eloquent man and a great orator and poet: before he was the emperor's ambassador. In the council of Basilien, he wrote a noble treatise for the authority of the same. This man desired to have a passage to the Turk: And many of all kinds came to Rome, and he blessed them and sent them home again, for they were not sufficient for the Turks' host. After his death,\nPaul III was pope after Pius VII, in the year of our Lord Ihu Crist M.IV.hundred and LXII. And immediately he allowed the festival of the presentation of our Lady..Lady as Pius did, this man was a thoughtful man in righteousness and he said it was better to make few things and keep them steadfastly than to make many and soon reverse them. He built a great palace at St. Mark's and died before completing it. In the year of our Lord Jesus Christ M.IV.CLXxi.\n\nLeodia, the land of Lucca, was oppressed with many tribulations. And after the year of our Lord Jesus Christ A.D. 1440, it was utterly destroyed by Carlo, Duke of Burgundy. He married Dame Margaret Sutton to King Edward the Fourth of England.\n\nThe same Duke Charles entered the land of Gelder and conquered it.\n\nThe year of grace was also changed by Pope Paul VI for the favor of man's soul from the twenty-fifth year to the twenty-fifth. And because sin abounded so much: grace also abounded.\n\nSixtus IV, an Ianuens and a Minorite friar, was Pope after Paul. He is still at the making of this book. This man was general in the order of the Minorites..He was Cardinale, chosen in the year of our Lord God 1461. He was called before Franciscus de Sancto Nina, of good fame and virtues. He was chosen Cardinal without a knight's helmet until he was made pope. In the same year that he was chosen pope, the Turk had taken from Christian men two empires and four kingdoms, 20 provinces and two hundred cities, and had destroyed men and women without number. This moved the pope to dispose them to withstand him and to raise an army against the Turk. The pope granted great indulgences of pardon of the church's treasure for all Christian realms\nso that he might arrange some treasure to withstand that misbegotten bull Turk. In the land of England, the worshipful father and doctor John Thoresby of Habington was the pope's legate to dispose this godly treasure: of the church to every faithful man who was disposed and would receive it.\n\n\u00b6End of the Chronicles of England with the fruit of time\nSanctus Albanus.", "creation_year": 1485, "creation_year_earliest": 1485, "creation_year_latest": 1485, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "This and these (hic et hec et hoc) are interrupted and it is doctrine, not excepted. They give these if the goats and swine grow and if they keep them for themselves. The author says that these vowels in the penultimate position retain their sound in us. They are of the feminine gender, like this health of health and this strength of strength.\n\nThis monosyllable they give as \"thus,\" but \"drus\" is different. This gives and it gives you suckling pig. The author says that these vowels in the third declension terminate in us. In this penultimate one, this vowel must be retained. They are of the genus fe. Like this \"thus,\" but \"drusest\" is ge. Fe is sus, but cois is ge. Mus, however, is of a different genus. And the declensions of these words have been explained above.\n\nThis is the beast of the herd, the beast of the herd, this is the beast of the flock. The author says that the beast is of the herd, ge, fe, and the beast is of the flock, neu, indeclinable. Drus eoru ph visus auditus fructus currus. These infinite nouns encompass us. They regularly form from supine verbs like \"video,\" \"visus,\" \"risus,\" \"us,\" \"rideo,\" \"fluo,\" \"fluxus,\" \"us.\".Ab audio est audius. Ab haurio haustus est audius. A colo cultus est audius. A fruor fructus est audius. A gradior gressus est audius et cetera. Item continet multa nova in Hec acus atque trius et porticus et manus idus Hec anus et pinus nurus socrus and domus add.\n\nCuquod nom sit in aus illi iugitur ut laus. Dicit quod nova terminata in aus diphthongum S.\n\nAdiectiva notae quibus unum genus dare debes. Hic ponit exceptionem dicens quod adiectiva non excipiunt quod sui sunt hoc et hec et hoc. Dens quod quadras Mons posunt fons hic dant Mars seps stirps. Dicit auctor quod nova in littera posita sunt ge. mas. Hic fons est fontis. Hic Mars est deus belli. Hic seps est serpens. Hic stirpes est trucus arboris. Hec stirps est progenies. Hec quadrans est quadrans instrumentum ad sciendum horas diei.\n\nEt partes assis torrens sociabitur istis. Atque chalybs. Quod genus est siue metallum. Dicit auctor quod partes assis sicut quincunx et cetera..This text appears to be written in Old Latin, and it seems to describe the division of a Roman pound into various units. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"And this flowing torrent unites the aforementioned. Below, it is known that there are twelve ounces in an ass. If one ounce is removed, what remains is one ounce less, i.e., eleven ounces. If two are removed, those two removed will be called seconds, as if the sixth ounce from the ass. But those ten that remain are called decuns, i.e., ten ounces. If three are removed, those three removed are called quarters, as if taken from the sixth ounce. And those nine that remain are called novens, and interspersed among them is nine. If four are removed, those four removed are called treens, as if the third part of the ass. And from three treens, four are taken: therefore, there are four thirds of the ass. And those eight that remain are called bisse, and interspersed among them is eight. And it is Greek. Furthermore, if an ounce is removed from the ass, what remains is seven.\".Illa quisque remotique dicunt quicuncs a quibus. Septem quae remanent dicunt septuns a septem. Si removentur ab assis, sex illa sex dicunt semis. Et de semis semisquidem, quod est dimidius. Assis quae disimidia persis assis. Torrens torrentis efluuis vel aqua veniens repetina magnus hic incrementum. Sed advenientia estate calore solis torridet, aridet, desiccantur. Unus propheta Covertus deum captivitate narraverunt sicut torrens in austro Chalybs fluvius eiusque populos ihabitantis dictos Chalybes. Apud quos sunt minere optimi ferri quas nudi illi laborantes effodiunt. Similiter et alii eodem loco cogniti sunt populi iuxta Paphlagonia in Pontus et Amazonides. Capitur plerique Chalybs propter ipsam ferri massam. Nonnumquam vero propter instrumentum ex chalybe confectum..Dant hic psi ucta polisillaba svariat Hic aut dicit forceps et adeps s hic seps. Dicit quod nova terminata in s precedente sunt mas. Polisillaba i. plurius illabas. Sed forceps idest instrumentum capiendi ferrum et adeps variant hic aut hec. Idest sunt generis incerti. Sed hoc nomen seps pro serpente est generis masculini. Inuenitur etiam hec seps pro quo dicit sepes sepis.\nPluraque dat h et hec celebs ifasque pareque. Protulit ouidius infancia detulit ora. Et pinceps effrons illi coniuge bifrontem. Dicit auctor quod plura reperiuntur in communi genere declinata. Ut h et hec celebs i. castus h et hec infans h et hec parentes h et hec pinceps h et hec effrons i. sine fronte hic et hec anceps. Idese ponas, sed plurima demere debes. In hac parte auctor determinat de generibus noium terminatoru in x. Et dicit quod nova in x terminata sunt ge. Fe. Deinde dicit quod plura debent excipi. Facit exceptionem..[An adjectives should be marked in three ways, the Latin language notes that adjectives end in -us, -a, -um, such as felix, hec, hoc.]", "creation_year": 1485, "creation_year_earliest": 1485, "creation_year_latest": 1485, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase2"}
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